7J- THE AMERICAN FARMER'S PICTORIAL cyclopediasjLive stock. EMBRACING Horses, Cattle, Swine, Sheep ^ Poultry, INCLUDING DEPARTMENTS ON ZDOO-S J^ISTJD BEES: BEING ALSO A OMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR; COMBINING THE EFFECTIVE METHDE DF OBJECT TEACHING WITH WRITTEN INSTRUCTION. GIVING ALL THE FACTS CONCERNING THE VARIOUS BREEDS; CHARACTERISTICS ANU EXCELLENCES OF EACH. BEST METHODS OF BREEDING. TRAIN- ING, SHELTERING, STABLE MANAGEMENT, AND GENEKAL CARE, WITH SPECIFIC DIRECTIONS HOTV^ TO BUY ^ND HO^\^ TO SELL, INCLUDING CAREFUL AND ILLUSTRATED ANALYSES OF THE POINTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS, WITH ALL THE DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT, HOW TO KNOW THEM, THE CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE — GIVEN IN PLAIN, SIMPLE LANGUAGE, FREE FROM TECHNICALITIES, BUT SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT, AND PKESCRI- BING REMEDIES READILY OBTAINED AND EASILY APPLIED. DESIGNED FOR THE Sl'CCESSFUL AND PROFITABLE USE OF THE American Farmer and Stock Owner, ' • HON. JONATHAN PERIAM, Editor "American Encyclopedia of Agriculture ;"e Member Illinois Department of Agricultun 'Prai . Superintendent of Agri Industrial University; Life-member American ^omological Society "History Farmers' Movement," "Lesson for Life," A:c., A'c AND A. H. BAKER, V. S., nerican Field;" Veterinarv Surgeon Illinois Humant Society •College; Member ot theMontreal Veterinary Medical Asso- WITH OVER 700 APPROPRIATE ENGRAVINGS. SAINT LOUIS, MO.: X. D. THOMPSO.^ & CO., Publishers, 520. 522 and 5:: |. Pine Street. iSSj. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSt, by N. D. TH0MP30.V ii CO., Zn the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. D. C < At ^ '■^:^' ^^i:^:;^^ PUBLISHEKS' PKEFACE, In pi-cseating this xuliiinc to the public, the publishers feel especial pride. In authorship, it represents the unremitting lul>or of many years, and the facts are derived from long, pi'actical experience, and thorough education in the line of its subjects. They believe that in it they present a volume of every-day, practical value, unequalled in the literature of this department of study. The completeness and scope, careful arrangement, and fulness of illustration, make it unique of its kind. Of its high scicntitic and literarv merit, it is needless to speak. The simplicity in teaching and practice, and ad:iptal)ility both to the ready comprehension and use of the ordinary farmer and stock owner, are equally apparent. The modern method of " Oljject^teaching," so popular in our higher schools, has been utilized to an extent never before equalled. Its striking appropriateness will not fail to impress and instruct. In addition to sim- ple teachings by word, it instructs through the eije as well, and with a definiteness in both respects that will enable any one to become well versed in a practical knowledge of the value, use, care, disease and treat- ment of domestic animals. In addition to this important requisite, and to the valuable Charts illustrating the ages of horses and cattle, it contains many features i)eculiar to itself. It is withal so concise, original and apt in its teachings, that, in point of excellence and comprehensiveness, there is nothing similar to it among American agricultural publications. "With the exception of a few reprints of English books which are nar- row in scope and design, pooi'ly applying to the necessities of this coun- try, there is not a similar work of reputable, competent authorship, covering the subjects embraced. Those of s])ecial pretentions are mere compilations bv non-professionals, who assume professional titles, and tliiis impose upon the credulity, and tritie with the valuable interests, of the farmer and stock owner. The full index, the plan and arrangement, the careful system through- out, are such that any fact in its contents can be readily found, so that, as a work of ready reference, as well as general study, it will be found especially convenient as well as reliable. Impressed with the belief that it fills the all important requirement of availability for ready and unerring use, and that it is a tliorouglily pract ical work — one that will sei-ve the farmer as a valuable hand-book, both for study and constant reference, and which will enable him to turn the in- dustrj' of stock breeding, raising, buying and selling to greater profit — it is re -jectfuily sulnnitted with the confident hope of approval. AUTHORS' PREFACE. Tliis work is especially dcsii^iuHl to supply fhe need of the busy Amcri- eaii faniuT and stock owner. It is somewhat remarkable that in this book-makiug age there is no well authenticated, systematic work acces- sible to the farmer in whicli the known facts and pi'inciijles of the art of improving and breeding domestic animals, and of the causes, symptoms, prevention and cure of diseases, are presented in convenient form for study and refei-ence. Yet such is the fact, notwithstanding the paramount im- portance of live stock to the farmer, and the wonderful progress that" has been made in its improvement. The pi-esent effort to supply this want has been made in response to frequent solicitation, and especially sug- gested by oft repeated inquiries, received as journalists, for such a work covering safely the ground occupied by this volume. The inqiortance of the subject cannot well be overestimated when we consult statistics giving the millions of dollars invested in live slock, in this great country, and it becomes especially inq)ortant, wIk'U we consider tliat the bulk of this immense value is distribut(^d among those of minor wcaltli, as the farmer and small stock owner, who havc^ no access to educated veterinary practitioners, and who ai'c not fully informed as to the practical principles applicabl(> to the most successful and protital)le biveding, training and general cai'e of domestic animals. In liiis \olume the effort is made to furnish such facts in systematic form, tiuis enabling the farmer ever}'- where to turn the business of stock raising to more i)rotitable account. Long c.\[)erience and observation leads to the belief that a carefully ar- ranii'cd and classified work giving the facts in the art of breeding and general care of live stock, derived from the experience of the practical and most successful stock men, will be of incalculable benefit to every owner of domestic animals. In the following pages the value of kind treatment has l)ecn urged with marked freciuency, and the fact is mentioned with no apologetic intent. It is urged as a policy both humane! and prolitable. What can be done to improve the condition and advance the comfoi-t of tliest' true friends of humanity is in the interest of economy. There is a much n(>eded reform in the breeding, v.wv and treatment of domestic animals, and the en- deavor is here made to direct tlie way and point out its advantages. In ti-eating of the various breeds of live slock, it li:is been the pur])ose to uivc the special charaeterist ies, with the excellences and defects in AUTHORS I'REFACE. each, so that tlic reader ma}" know exactly which will serve best his exact purpose. Ill this, partiality for anyone has been avoided and an honest effort made to j)oiiit out the adaptal)ility of each to special puri)oses. This much needed information will enable the reader to select for siiecial ob- jects with unerring judgment. There has been an undcviating purpose to avoid the too common custom of advocating the claims of any one breed or class of l)reedei's, at the expense of another, or in contradiction to cor- rect statement. The method of advertising specialties, too conmion in such books, has been scrupulously avoided. The authors haA'e h)ng been impressed with the almost universal want of ability to judge accurately of the value of a horse, cow, or other ani- mal of the farm, as also of its particular features of excellence, from general appearance, manner and physical development. Yet this is sus- ceptible of almost exact knowledge. Intelligent study of these, with proi)er information ought to enable an}' one to, determine the character- istics of a horse or cow, and whether it is best adapted to the purpose for which it is wanted. Not only can the matter of physical constitution and adaptability to a specific pui'pose be determined, but it is also within the power of the intelligent observer to detect vicious habits, disease and unsoundness, by the same analvtic ol)servation. A special feature of this work has been to give this information in such clear, specific, and analytic form, both by written word and illustration, as to make any intelligent reader a good judge of the value and qualifications, so to speak, of any horse, cow or other domestic animal. The age of an animal has an important bearing in estimating both value and use. To cover this point of vital interest we have, in the Horse and Cattle departments, introduced illustrated Charts giving the formation of the teeth at the various ages, accompanied by such explanation and instruction as will enable any one, by a little study and observation, to ascertain with almost perfect accuracy the ages of these animals at any peri- od. The value of this knowledge cannot well be overestimated. With this information, and the ability to understand special characteristics and de- fects, instruction on which is herein given and illustrated in such careful detail, the arts of tho jorket/ will be effectually provided against. The subject of training has received elaboi'ate consideration, and as the value of an animal depends greatly on the care and success w^ith which it has been /mined., it is believed that the attention given to it will be productive of valual)le results. In this, as in other departments, gentle and huinano methods are advo- cated as the most satisfactory and effective. Allied to this, the direc- tions and facts given concerning proper shelter, and convenience and economy in building, derived from personal experience running from AUTHORS I'llEFACE. tlie i)riniitivi' shelter of the pniirics, tliirty-tive j'earsago, to th(^ ])reseiit eliihoriite and costly ham, are doenied f)f interest and value. In the veterinary departments spoeial effort has hecn made to give the caus(^s producing disease, so that knowing the cause the disease may be obviated. Prevention is better than cure, and this fact is emphasized throughout the volume. Equal care has been observed in descrihinrj antl giving Kijmptomx, so that the reader ir.a}', with as unerring certainty as possible, know tlic nature of the disease, and hence v^liat to do. When the services of a skilled veterinary surgeon are required it ha% been candidly advised, and care has been taken to distinguish between popular treatment and that requiring scientific and skillful management. In prescribing I'cmcdies, the effort has been to give those within the reach of the farmer — such as he can procure, prepare and easily adminis- ter. In like manner, unfamiliar wi-rds and technical phrases have been avoided as far as possilile, consistent \vith scientific accuracy of statement. Clearness and conciseness of expression have been carefully' consulted, and, to further conduce to a correct understanding, an elal)orate glossary is a|)pended thoroughly explanator}' of the meaning of every word in the book not familiar to every day life. In the attainment of clearness, the generous and prodigal liberality of tiie Publishers in illustrating, by accurate, well executed and striking engrav- ings, every department and chapter of the work, deserves special mention. As aiding and strengthening the enforcement of fact, this feature, made at enormous outlay, is of a jjractical value impossible to exaggerate. In conclusion, the hope is indulged that the fai-mer and stock raiser who will attentively read these pages, and reduce to practice the sugges- tions therein given, will find such increase of success, profit and pleasure in his noble calling as to justify his good opinion and unqualified endorse- ment. If so, the authors' purpose in writing this book will have been accomplished. THE AUTHORS. T/^BLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. THE HORSE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTER- ISTICS OF THE A^YRIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. his ancient and modern history. Page. Connected with Man from the Earliest Historical Peviod. — I. The Horse in Ancient History. — U. The Horse in Civilization. — IH. Preserving Breeds in Purity. — IV. The Wild Horse of To-day.— V. Fossil Horses.— VI. Horses of Asia.— VH. European Horses. — VHI. Artificial Breeding and Diseases. — IX. Opinions Re- lating to Breeding.— X. In-Breeding of Horses. — XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics. — XII. A Careful Study Necessary. — XIII. About Object Les- sons 33 CHAPTER II. ILLUSTRATING THE ANATOMY OF THE HORSK. I. Frame-work the Index of Value. — II. Master the Details of the Skeleton. — III. Division of the Several Parts. — IV. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse. —V. Analyzing the Skeleton.— VI. The Foot. -Vll. The Head and Neck.— VIII. Bones and Muscles of the Front Limbs. — IX. The Hind Limbs 41 CHAPTER III. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HORSE. I. The Economy of the Muscular Covering. — II. Muscles of the Head and Neck. — UI. Muscles of the Shoulder and Back. — IV. Muscles of the Hinder Parts. — V. Muscles of the Fore Limbs. — VI. Muscles of the Leg and Foot. — VII. Studying the Structure. — VIU. Internal Economy of the Horse. — IX. External Parts of the Horse ,56 CHAPTER IV. OUTW.\Kl) APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE AS INDICATING VALUE. I. Action the First Requisite of a Good Horse. — II. Fast Walking Horses. — HI. Horses for Different Kinds of Work. — IV. The Head Illustrated Outwardly.- V. . The Body and Limbs.— VI. Bad Fore Quarters. — VII. The Body as Seen from the Front.— Vni. What a Critical Horseman Said.— IX. Front View, Showing Bad XI Xn TABLE OF (X)NTKNTS. Pace. Fore (iiiarti'is.— X. The Hinder Parts Illustrated. — XI. The Propelling Power. — XII. \Vlial the Ancients Knew of Horses. — XIII. What One Need not expect. . . 70 CHAPTER V. THE HOUSE'S TEETH, AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. I. The Dental Fornuila.— II. The Teeth are the Trne Index of Age.— III. The Foal's Teeth. — IV. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horse. — \. Allowances to )>e Made.— VI. Illustrating by the Chart !>:$ CHAPTER VI. BREEDS OK HOUSES AND THEIIl CHAIJACTEKISTICS. I. Inrtuenees of Country and Climate. — U. The Farm Horse. — III. The Clydesdale Horse. — IV. The Xorman-Pcrcheron. — V. The Percheron of To-day. — VI. The Couestoga Horse. — Vll. Road Horses. — VIII. Trotting Horses. — IX. Hunting Horses. — X. Light Driving Horses. XI. Couch Horses. — XII. The Cleveland Bay. — XIII. Ponies. — XH'. The Vermont Draft Horse. — X'\\ The Narragansett Pacer 9!) CHAPTER VH. THOROUGHBRED HORSES. I. p:nglish Tlioroughl)reds.— II. Herbert's History of the English Horse.— III. The First London Kace Course. — IV. Horses Taken to England by Crusaders. — V. Bone and Bulk Imparted to the English Horse. — VI. The Horse in the Times of Henry VIII and James I. — ^Vfl. American Thoroughbreds. — VIII. The Arabian. 121 CHAPTER VHI. ABOUT TROTTING HORSES. 1. The Breeding of Trotter.^.- II. Progenitors of Fast Trotters— Messenger.— III. Imported Bellfounder.— IV. The Modern Trotter.— V. What Goldsmith Maid was Like. — VI. The Movement in Trotting.— VII. Disuse of the Trotting Fac- ulty.— VIII. A Record of Sixty Years.— IX. Strains of Trotting Blood 133 CHAPTER IX. THE BREEDING AND REARING OF COLTS. I. Tniportauce of Accurate Knowledge. — II. Breed From Mature Animals. — III. No Proflt in Inferior Horses. — IV. Heredity in Animals. — V. Peculiar Organic Struc- ture. — VI. Heredity of Disease. — VII. Atavism or Breeding Back — Breed to None but the Best. — VIII. Variation and Development. — IX. Transmission of (Jualities. — X. The Impress of Color and Form. — XI. Relation of Size in Sire and Dam. — XII. Breed Only From Ptn-e Sires. — XIII. The Best are Cheapest in the End. — XIV. Sclectionof Stallion and Mare. — XV. Service of the Stallion. —XVI. The Period of (testation— Treatment.— XVII. Treatment After Foaling. — XVIH. How to Know if a Mare is in Foal. — XIX. How to Know the Foaling Tui¥>. — XX. The Foaling Stall. — XXI. Abortion, or Slinking the Fcetus.— XXII. lldw to Raise a Colt 144 CHAPTER X. ASSES AND MULES. I. The Mule and Ilinny Detined.— II. The Ass.— III. Anti(jMity of the >fule.— IV. Breeding-Jacks.— V. Longevity of the Mule. — VI. The Value of Mules for Labor. VH. Mules are not Vicious.— VIII. The Breeding of Mules 157 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XI. now TO ti;ain a horse. I. The Old System and the Kew. — II. The American 'Way Better than the English. — III. Difference Between Breaking and Training. — IV. FirstLessons. — V. Learn- ing to Lead. — VI. Toilakea Colt Come to You.— VII. Lessons in Sound .Signals. — VIII. Flexions. — IX. The Proper Age for Work. — X. Harnessing and Driving. —XI. TheAgeforRealWork.— XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt.— XIII. Hand- ling a Vicious Colt. — XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. — XV. Training a Stallion for Sei-vice.- XVI. Training for Draft.— XVII. How to Have a Good Plow Team.— XVIII. Forming a Good Saddle Horse.— XIX. The Different Gaits.— XX. Training to Trot in Harness.— XXI. Forming a Trotter.— XXII. To Train a Racer.— XXIII. Saddling.— XXIV. Harnessing IGG CHAPTEK XII. STABI.es and other .SlIELTEI!. I. The Economy uf Comfort.— II. IIow to Build Stables.— HI. Where to Keep Har- ness. — IV. Temperature and A'entilation. — V. The Arrangement of Stalls. — VI. Construction of Mangers and Racks.— VII. The Hay and .Straw Loft. — VIII. An Economical Granary. — IX. The Wagon and Carriage Floor. — X. The Harness Room.— XL The Stable-Yard and Out-Sheds.— XII. Grass Lots ne.ir the Stable. — XIII. A Good Supply of Water.— XIV. Cleaning the Stable 182 CHAPTER XIII. FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMING. L The Good tliat a Sieve Will Do.— II. How to Feed.— HI. When to Feed.— H'. What to Feed. — V. Condiments.— VI. Ilow to Make Mashes. — VII. How to Make Gruel.— VIII. The Quantity of Grain to Feed.— IX. Hay and Straw.— X. Groom- ing.— XI. AVhen to Groom.— XII. General Stable Care.— XIII. Blankets and Other Clothing 1!)0 CHAPTER XIV. HUMANITY AND COMMON SEN.SE. I. The Economy of Humane Treatment. — II. Common Sense in all Things. — III. Thrift and LTnthrift Contrasted. — TV. Cruelty and Improvidence vs. Thrift and Kiiiilness. — V. Why the Horse Re(iuires lutelligent Management. — VI. How to Know an Intelligent blaster.— VII. Pictures from Real Life.— VIII. The Kind Man Will Have a Willing Team.— IX. The "(Jood FellowV" Cruelty.— X. How- to r,se One"s Means 1!)8 CHAPTER XV. now TO niv and sell a house. I. Accurate Knowledge Necessary. — 11. Buying Cheap Horses. — III. A Guarantee of Soundness. — IV. Know A\Tiat you Buy for. — V. The Proportions of the Hor.se. — VI. Description of Eclipse. — VII. What Constitutes a Good Horse. — VIII. Models for Buying.— IX. The Racing and the Trotting Form.— X. The Roadster —XI. Saddle Horses.— XII. A Horse of High Form.— XHI. Buying for Blood. — Xr\'. Choosing the Brood Mare. — XV. Selecting the Stallion — XVI. How to Detect Vices and Defects. — XVII. Some Faults and Imperfections. — X VIII. AVhat is rnsonndness?— XIX. Blemishes 209 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART II. DISEASES OF THE HORSE.— HOAA^ TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. symptoms and general treatment. Page. I. Introduction. — II. Outward Manifestations of Disease. — III. Symptoms of Internal Diseases. — IV. Importance of Prompt Treatment. — V. Know What You are Treating.— VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. — VII. Explanation of Terms Used. — VIII. Graduation of Doses. — IX How Often to Give Medicines. — X. Forms of Medicines, and How to Administer 231 CHAPTER II. FEET OK THE HORSE AND THEIR I)ISE.\SES. I. Corns. — II. Quittor. — III. Quarter and Sand Cracks. — TV. Seedy Toe — V. Prick- ing from Xails.— VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis. — VII. Chronic Founder or Laminitis.— VIII. Pumiced Feet 240 CHAPTER HI. FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Thrush. — II. Navicular Disease. — HI. Contraction of the Foot. — TV. Gravel. — V. Canker.— VI. Calks.— VII. Fracture of the Bone of the Foot.— VIII. Stone Bruises. — IX. Side Bone 253 CHAPTER IV. SHOEING AND CARE OF THE FEET. I. Wbat a Shoer can do.— II. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. — III. Where the Bearing Should Rest. — IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them. — V. Care of the Feet in the Stable.— VI. The Floor of the Stall 2G4 CHAPTER V. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISJiASES. I. Bone Spavin. — II. Bog Spavin. — III. Occult Sp.avin.— IV. Blood .Spavin. — V. Thoroughpin.— VI. Curb.— VII. Ring Bone.— VIII. Splint.— IX. Sprainof Bacl; Tendons of the Foie Legs. — X. Broken Down 268 CHAPTER VI. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Capulet or Capped Hock and Elbow. — II. Fractures. — III. Open .Joint. — IV. Broken Knees.— V. Knee Sprung.— VI. Cocked .Viiklcs. —VII. Wiudgalls.— VIII. Shoulder Lameness and Sweeny. — IX. Cramp of the Muscles of the Thighs 282 CHAPTER VII. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. Stilled. — II. Hip Lameness and Hipped. — HI. Stocking. — IV. Elephantiasis or Lymphangitis. — V. Scratches or Cracked Heel. — VI. Grease. — VII. Mud Fever. TABLE OF CONTENTS. XV Page. — VIU. Fiu-imculns or Caibimele.— IX. Dislocations.— X. AVoimds.— XI. Sore Shiiis.— XII. Osteoplij'tes, Following Sore Shins.— XIII. Poreelaneous Deposit. —XIV. String Halt.— XV. Interfering.— XVI. Overreaching.- XVII. Forging. — XVIU. Rupture of 3Inscles.—XIX. Atropli.v of the Muscles 2!)S CHAPTER VIII. BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. I. Caries. — II. Necrosis. — III. Osteo Sarcoma. — FV. Osteo Porosis. — V. Exostosis of the Jaw.— VI. Broken Back.— VII. Sprain of the Back.— VIII. Broken Kibs. -IX. Broken Tail.— X. Fracture of the Skull.— XI. Tumors.— XII. Goitre — XIII. Inflamed Parotid Gland.— XFS'. Fistula of the Parotid Duct.— XV. Fistulous AVithers.— XVI. Poll Evil.— XVII. Inflamed Jugular Vein.— XVUI. Saddle Galls.— XIX. Sit Fasts. —XX. Surfeit.— XXI. Drops}-.- XXII. Chordes. — XXm. Hernia.— XXH'. Warts.— XXV. Eat-Tail.— XXVI. Itchy Tail.— XXVn. Itchy Skin.— XXVIIl. Melanosis.— XXIX. Hide Bound.— XXX. Eczema 317 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATOIIY ORGANS. i. Tumor in the False Xostril.— II. Polyims.— HI. Catarrh.— R^. ?fasal Gleet.— V. Laryngitis, Roaring and Whistling. — VI. Qiiin.^y. — VII. Bronchitis. — VIII. Pneumonia. — IX. Heaves. — X. Congestion of the Lungs. — XI. Pleurisj-. — XII. Hydrothonix.- XIH. Clironic Cough 33S CHAPTER X. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE .\LIMENTARV CANAL. I. Teeth— Ache, Decay, Filing— Wolf Teeth.— H. Tongue Laceration.— IH. Sore Mouth.— ^V^ Lampas.— V. Pharyngitis.— VI. Choking.— VII. Gastritis.— VHI. Stomach Staggers — IX. Dyspepsia. — X. Spasmodic Colic. — XI. Flatulent Colic. — XII. Rupture of the Stomach, Intestines or Diaphi-agm. — XIII. Constipation. — XIV. Diarrhoea and Superpurgation. — XV. Dysentery. — XVI. Enteritis. — XVII. Peritonitis. — XVIII. Calculi. — XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie.. . 3154 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. — H. Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. — III. Apoplexy. — IV. Megrims. — V. Tetanus or Lockjaw. — VI. Paralysis. — VU. Sun- stroke 37.5 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS. I. Inflammation of the Endocardium. — H. Enlargement of the Heart. — III. Atrophy of the Heart — IV. Induration of the Heart. — V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart. — VI. Obesity of the Heart. — VII. Cyanosis or Blue Disease. — VIII. RuiJ- tm-e of the Heart. — IX. Rupture of a Blood Vessel. — X. Aneurism. — XI. Phle- bitis, or Inflammation of a Vein. — XH. Thumps 383 CHAPTER XIII. GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. I. Influenza — Epizootj- — "Pink Eye." — II. Purpura Hemorrhagica. — UI. Rheuma- tism. — IV. Abscesses. — V. Erysipelas 387 xvi tahle oi' contents. Page. CHAPTER XIV. CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. I. Glanders and Farcy. — II. Strangles. — 111. Kaliie.- or Hydrophobia. — W. Hor.*e l"ox or Eiiuine Variola 394 CHAPTER XV. DISEASES OF THE UlilNARY ORGANS. 1. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. — II. Congestion of the Kidneys. — III. (Jy.stitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder. — IV. Paralysis of the Bladder. — V. Eversion of the Bladder. — VI. Spasm of the Neck of the Bladder. — VII. Rup- ture of the Bladder — VIII. Diabetes Insipidus or Profuse Staling.— IX. Hiema- turia, or Bloody Urine. — X. Suppression of the I'rine, or Dysuria. — XI. Drib- bling of the Urine, or Enuresis. — XII. Stricture of the Urethra. — XIII. Gonor- rlicca.— XIV. Foul Sheath.— XV. Urinary ( 'alculi 401 CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OP GENERATION. Of the Male :— I. Inflammation of the Testicles.— 11. Hydrocele, or Dropsy of the Scrotum.— III. Evil Results of Castration. — IV. Wounds of the Penis.— V. Gon- orrhcea. — VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis. — VII. Masturbation. Of the Female: — VIII. Parturition. — IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb. — X. Inflannuation of the Ovaries.— XI. Leucorrha^a. — XII. Puerperal Fever.— XIII. Mammitis.— XTV Hysteria.— XV. Abortion 411 CHAPTER XVII. DISEASES OF THE LIVER. I. Congestion of the Liver. — II. Hepatitis, or Inflammation of the Liver (Acute or Chronic). — HI. Ceroma. or Fatty Degeneration. — r\'. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous Degeneration.— V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows.— VI. Biliary Calculi, or Gail- Stones.— VII. Hypertrophy.— VIII. Atrojihy.- IX. Softening, or Ramollisse- meat. with Rupture -llS CHAPTER XVIII. DISEASESOF THE EVK. I. Specific Ophthalmia, or Moon Blindness.— II. Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunc- tivitis.— III. Amaurosis, Gutta Serena, or Glass Eye.— FV^. Glaucoma.— V. Iritis. —VI. Leucoma.— Vn. Cataract.— VIII. Filaria Oculi. or Worm in the Eye — IX. Entropium.— X. Ectropiuin.— XI. Torn Eyelids.— XU. Cancerous Tumor in tlie Eye.— XIII. Obstruction of the Lachrymal Duct 422 CHAPTER XIX. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE HORSE. I. Intestinal AVornis.— II. Bots.— HI. Lice.— H". Mange.— V. Ringworm 4;i0 CHAPTER XX. VICES IN THE STAHLE. I. Cribliing.— II. Wind Sucking.— III. Gnawing the Manger. Clothing, etc.— r\'. Kicking while Eating (irain.-V. Wasting the (Jrain.— VI. Pulling Back, and Hreaking the Halter.— VII. Balking 437 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XXI. CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES, AS RELATED TO HYCIENE I. Necessit}' for Stables. — II. Constriu'tion of Stables. — III. Feeding and AVateiing Stock. — IV. The Care of Stock when in Stable. — V. Additional Directions for Giving Medicines. — VI. Detection of Disease 441 CHAPTER XXn. OPERATIONS. I. AniEsthetics, andHow to UseThein. — II. Bandages. — III. Bleeding. — IV. Blister- ing. — V. Casting. — VI. Castration. — VII. Extirpation of the Eye. — VIII. Firing. — IX. Lithotomy. — X. Lithotrity. — XI. Xeurotoni) . — XII. Nicking and Dock- ing. — XIII. Opening an Abscess. — XTV. Tapjjing the Chest, and Tapping tlie Abdomen. — XV. Pricking. — XVI. Probing and Opening a Fistula. — XVII. Spaying. — XVIII. Sutures. — XIX. Tajjping the Belly for Flatulence. — XX. Tenotomy. — XXI. Tracheotomy 4.'jl CHAPTER XXni. CONCERNING THE VETERINARIAN'S CERTIFICATE OP SOUNDNESS. I. Examinations iu this Countiy and in Europe. — II. Wliat the Veterinarian Should See to. for His Client. — III. Conditions Modifying the Certificate. — IX. The Seller's Guarantee Should Cover Vices 463 CHAPTER XXIV. POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES. I. General Knles. — II. Poisoning from Drugs, Minerals, etc. — III. Poisoning \\ Idle Grazing. — IV. Poisoning of the Skin. — V. Poisoning from Stings 46.5 CHAPTER XXV. INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINES. I. What Instruments to Keep, and How to Use Them. — II. Surgical .Apparatus and Appliances. — III. A Cheap and Serviceable Surgical Outfit. — IV. Veterinary Medicines and Doses. — V. When and How Often may the Dose be Itepeated? — VT. Simple Directions for Preparing and Using Medicines. — VII. Weiglits and Measures 472 CHAPTER XXVI. RECIPES FOR THE HORSE. Recapitulation of Recipes in Part U 480 XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART III. CATTLE.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. kakly history and typical breeds of cattle. Page. I. Wild and Semi-wild Herds. — II. The First Chroniclers and Breeders of Cattle. — III. The Original Type.— IV. ITiidoniesticated Herds of Europe and Asia.— V. Spanish-American Breeds.— VI. Th<; Devons.— VII. The Herefords.— VIII. The Durham orTeeswater Breed.— IX. Irish Cattle.— X. Scotch and Hifthland Cattle. —XI. Swiss Cattle— Xtl. Dutch Cattle.— XIII. Fossil Cattle.— XI V. The AVild Cattle of England — XV. Xative Districts of some Breeds 491 CHAPTER II. JiTUUCTURE OF THE OX. I. Comparative Description. — II. A Good Cow Described In Verse. — III. Slceleton of the Ox.- IV. Analysing the Head.— V. External Parts of a Fat Ox.— VI. Teeth of the Ox.— VII. Age of Cattle Told by the Cliart .i08 CHAPTER III. UKVELOPMENT AND I M I'ROVE.MENT OF BREEDS. I. — -Viicicnt and Modern Breeding. — II. Cattle of the Campagaas. — III. Pioneers of lmi)roved Stoclv.— IV. Illustrations of Noted English Breeds.— V. Do Xot At- tem;)t to Form a Breed. — VI. How a Breed is Formed. — VII. Breeding for Cer- tain Uses.— Vlir. Variation in Tyi)e. — IX. In-and-in Breeding and Breeding in Line. — X. Altering the Character by Crossing. — XI. Influence of .Shelter and Feeding. — XII. Heredity in Cattle. — XUI. Hereditary Influence of Parents. — XIV. Atavism. — XV. Peculiarities of Ancestors Perpetuated. — XVI. How the Short-Horns were Bred up. — XVII. Short-Horns Diu-ing the Last Fifty Years. — XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains.— XIX. The Three Principal Types of Cattle. . 516 CHAPTER IV. THE BREEDING OF CATTLE. 1. Early Systems of Breeding.— II. Baliewell's Ten Rules.— HI. What the Breeder Must Know. — IV. Compare Kesults. — V. The As.siniilation of Food. — VI. The Breeder .Must be a Good Farmer. — VII. Breeding for Beef. — VIII. Breeding for Milk.— IX. Breeding for Labor.— X. The Breeds for Beef and Milk.— XI. .Some Fai!ts About Beef.— XII. Value of Sires in Different Herds.— XIH. Know "What You Breed for. — XFV. Detinition of Terms.— XV. How to Start a Herd.— XVI. How the Herd will Grade. — XVH. Taking a Line Cross. — XVUI. Some S|ieci- mens of Close Breeding.— XIX. The Gestation of Cows .527 CHAPTER V. .SHORT-HORN CATTLE. 1 Shi irt -Horn Breeds. — II. The Old Teeswaters. — lU. Origin of Modern Short- llorns.— IV. What Made Them Famous.— V. The Bull Hubback.— VI. Beef From the Old Teeswaters. — VII. Short-Horns in America. — VUI. The Great Ohio Im- portation.— IX. Kentucky and Other Importations.— X. Importation of Bates TABLE OF CONTEXTS. XIX Page. Cattle.— XI. Canadian Short-Horns.— XII. Westward March of the Short-Horn. — XIII. Short-Horns as Beef Makers.— XIV. The Tatton Family of Short- Horns.— XV. Grade Cows and Steers.— XVI. Short-Horns ( 'ritieally Deseribed. —XVII. The Head.— XVIII. The Neck.— XIX. The Body.— XX. The Legs Short and Straight. — XXI. The Loin Broad — XXII. Wide in the Crops. — XXIII. The Back Straight and Broad.— XXIV. The Kibs Barrel-Sliaped.— XXV. -The Touch.— XXVI. The Hide.— XXVII. Tlie Hair.— XXVIII. The Color.— XXIX. Beef Points Illustrated.— XXX. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Bulls.— XXXI. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows 53S CHAPTER Vr. THE JERSEYS, ALUERNEYS AND GUERNSEYS. L A Fa.sliionable Breed. — II. The Guernseys. — III. The Alderney in Youatt'sTime. — IV. The .Jersey of To-day. — V. Crossing the Jerseys. — VI. The .Jersey Deseribed. —VII. Milk Mirrors.— VHI. Guenon's Theory of Milk Mirrors.— IX. Their Prac- tical Utility.— X. The Escutcheon Marks.— XI. Good Milkers in all Breeds.— XII. Value of Heredity. — XIII. Iiilluence of Good Digestion and Assimilation. — xrv. The :\Iilk Veins.— XV. The Udder and Twist Veins.— XVI. ilv. Sharp- iess" Opinion. — XVII. Symmetry Essential AVhatever the Breed. — XVIII. The .Tersey not a Dairy Cow. — XIX. Scale of Points for Jersey Cows and Heifers. — XX. Rules in Awarding Prizes.— XXI. Scale of Pointsfor Jersey Bulls.— XXII. Estimating tlie \'alue of Points.- XXIII. Color and Size.— XXH'. From a Practical Stand-point 558 CHAPTER VH. MIDDLE HORNED CATTLE — THE HEREFORDS. I. The Valuable Breeds of Middle-Horns.— H. The Hereford Color.— IH. Tlie Here- fords Fift}- Years Ago. — IV. Yonatfs Testimony. — V. The Herefords in Amer- ica — VI. The Importation of ]>i-;o. — VII. Hereford Grades Forty Years Ago. — VIII. The Oliio Importation. — IX. Ilei-efords in Canada. — X. Early Imported Herefords not Fairly Tried. — XI. The Herefords West. — XII. The Hereford as a Work Ox.— XIII. ThellerefordCow.— XIV.— Points of the Hereford.— XV. the , Hereford of To-day in England. — XVI. High and .Vnthoritative Praise. — XVII. Distribution in the Southwest and Fiu- West 578 CHAPTER VHI. MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE — THE DEVON AND THE SUSSEX. I. Aiitiqnity of the Devons. — II. The Devons Comparatively Small Cattle. — IH. Xat- ural Grazing Grounds of the Devons. — IV. Working Qualities of the Devons. — V. Their Deceiving Appearance. — VI. Points of the Devon. — VH. Notable Char- aeteiistics.— VIII. The Legs of the Devon.— IX. The Body and Tail.— X. The Devon Cow. — XI. Mr. Allen's Testimony. — XII. They are Active and Handy. — XIII. In the First Class for Beef.— XIV. AVeight of the Devons.— XV. Sussex Cattle.— XVI. The Sussex Color.— XVH. Distinguishing Marks of the Sussex.— XVIII. The Sussex Cow. — XIX. Glamorgan Cattle 5SG CHAPTER IX. POLLED CATTLE. I. Polled Cattle in General.— II. The Gallowaj-s.- IH. Points of the Galloway.— IV. The Limbs and Head.— V. The Skin.— VI. The Color.— VII. The Galloways in America.— VIII. Polled Angus Cattle. — IX. Color of the Polled Angus.— X. Angus Cows as Milkers. — XI. The Angus Compared with the Galloway 597 TAIII.K o;- (ONTKXTS. CHAPTER X. I>AIKV CATTLK — THK AVKSIIIKES. t. The Antiquity ot -lyrshire Cuttle. — II. Ayrshire Aueestiy. — III. The Ayrsliire as a Milker.— IV. Quality of the Jlilk.— V. Mr. YouatfsOijiniou.— VI. Quality of tlie Fle.sh. — VII. The Ayr.-ihiros in .Vineriea. — VUI. Ayrshire Points Eighty Years Ago.— IX. The Ayrshire of To-tlay.—X. Pointsof Ayrshire Cattle.— XI. Eseut- eheoii or Milk Mirror. — XII. The Points Summed Up. — XIII. The Body. — XIV. 'i'he Skin.— XV. Milk Points.— XVI. Tlie Mead.- XVII. The Xeek. Body anrTCH BREEDS. 1. .Vnliiiuiiy of Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Race. — II. Friesianand Batavian ('atllc. — III. Ituteli Cattle Older than those of Ilolstein.— IV. Establishment of Kegular Cattle Markets. — V. Importation of Danisli Cattle into Friesland. — VI. Fa<'l - about Dutch Cattle.— VII. Varieties Described.— ATII. Races of Dutch Cattle — IX. Dr. George May"s Testimony. — X. Breeds of Xorth and South Hol- land and Vest Friesland.— XI. Their Color and Form.— XII. Yields of Milk.— XIII. Feeding Qualities —XIV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed.— X\'. Thi' Earlie.st Imi)ortatious. — XVI. The Lcroy Importation. — XVII. The Chenery Im- portation. —XVIII. AVhat Prof. Roberts Says —XIX. :Measnrements .Vdopted for Dutch Friesian Cattle.— .\X. IIow to Select Dairy Cows CIS CHAPTER XH. THE RAISINc; AX1> ECONOMICAL KEEDINC OK CATTLE. I. Importance of Proper Care while Young. — II. Difference between Good and Bad Care.— III. 'i'he Starved Calves at Grass.— IV. The Other Side.— V. Good AVin- ter Keeping for Calves. — VI. When and How to CastrQ.te. — VII. Young Beef. — VIII. Heavy Steers.— IX. Full Feeding and Early Maturity.— X. Economy in Feeding. — XI. The True Policy with Young Stock. — XII. Feeding the Young Calves.— XIII. Feed Grass and Oats Early.— XIV. AVhere the Profit Conies In. —XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor.— XVI. Reaching Results.— XVII. When and IIow to Feed. — XVIII. Out-Door Feeding AVliere Corn is Cheaji. — XIX. .V (iood Condiment.- XX. So-called Perfect Foods (!2;j CHAPTER Xni. I'ASTURAliE AND FEEDING FOR I'ROKIT. !. Stttdy the Conditious. — U. Provide against Droughts. — I'.I. Kimls of Feed to Raise.— IV. Pasture the Poor Man's Wealth.— V. The Valual)le Clovers.— VI. Alfalfa or Luzerne. — VII. Clovers Xot Generally Valuable. — VIII. Forage and Feeding Plants — IX. Grass is the Most Valuable. — X. Grasses of Special A'alue. —XI. The Coming Grasses for the West.— XII. The Time to Pasture.— XIII. Feeding in Winter. — XIV. Watering. — XV. Feeding in Sunuuer. — XVI. Econ- omy of Full Summer and V.'inter Feeding.— XVII. Snniming I'li. — XVIII. Fin- ishing a Steei .—XIX. \Vbeu to .Sell (VM CHAPTER XIV. HERDINt; AND <;i!A/,IS,< I. Great Herds of tlie Southwest.— II. Losses from Cold and Xegleet. — HI. Cattle do not Wander Far.— IV. Ttn-ee Things Xecessarv in Herding.— V. IIow to Raise TABLE OF roNTENTS. XXI Page. Water.— VI. Tanks and Pools for Stook.—YIl. Have the Pool Deep.— VIII. Pro- tection against Storms G42 CHAPTER XV. THE HUMANE MANAGEMENT AND CAUE OK CATTLE. A Merciful Man is Merciful to his Beast. — II What Constitutes Good Care and Kindness. — III. How to Manage a»Kieker. — IV. To Prevent Sucking. — V. De- vices to Prevent Goring. — VI. Driving to and from Pasture. — VII. Amenities of the Barn Yard. — VIII. As between Good and Bad Management. — IX. Assim- ilation of Food. — X. Two AVays of Looking at it. — XI. The Profits of Humane Treatment 646 CHAPTER XVI. THE TRAINING AND WORKING OK CATTLE. The Difference between Training and Breaking. — II. When the Whip is Xeces- sary. — III. Two Ways of Doing It. — IV. Advantages of Training Young. — V. Wliat an Ox should be Taught. — VI. Training the Calf. — VH. Training to Lead. — VUI. Training a Bull.— IX. Training a :Milch Cow.— X. How to Milk Prop- erly- — XI. Do not Feed at Milking Time. — XII. How to Manage a Kicking Cow. XIII. How to Train Steers. — XIV. Train Them while They are Young. — XV. A Summing Up. — XVI. A Sailor as a Teamster 6.53 CHAPTER XVH. SHELTEIl FOB CATTLE. 'Die Economy of Shelter.— II. The Xatural Heat Must Be Kept I'l).— III. Food as Related to Shelter.— IV. Four Classes of Stockmen. — V. How to Shelter.— VI. Something thut will Bear Kepeating. — VH. A Cheap and Good Shed. — VIII. A Framed Shed with Loft.— IX. Cattle Ties.— X. Barns for Various Uses.- XI. The Basement and Other Floors. — XII. An Oblong Barn.— XIII. A Bain with Wings. — XIV. A Model Barn Basement. — XV. Main Floor of !>Iodel Barn. — XVI. Bound and Octagonal Barns.— XVII. Build for the End Desired.— XVIII. Summer Shelter 663 CHAPTER XVHI. UAIKYING AND DAIRY BUILDINGS. A Profitable Industiy.— H. Om- Dairy Products.— lU. The Dairy Buildings.— FV^. How the Factory is Built. — V. The Management of Milk. — VI. Patent Cream- eries. — Vn. Driving off Animal Odors. — VIU. TemiJerature of the Daiiy Room. — EX. Butter Making in Europe. — X. Dairy Btitter in the West. — XI. How to Color Butter.— XII. Salting.— XIII. How to Pack Butter.— XFV. Preparing a Package for Use. — XV. Cheese flaking — Cheddar Cheese. — XVI. Cheshire Cheese. — XVH. How- to Prepare Rennets 675 TABLK OF CONTENTS. PART IV. DISEASES OF CATTLE.— HOW TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES, PEE\^XTION AND CUKE. CH.APTER I. general principles. Page I. Importance of this Departtneut of Practice. — 11. Pathology of Cattle aud of the Horse Compared. — III. Action of Remedies In Cattle.— r\'. The only Safe Prin- ciples for Most Cattle Owners. — V. Familiarize Yourself with the Phenomena of Health. — "\^. Tlie Pulse, Eespiration and Temperature. — VU. Other Special Signs of Disease GS9 CHAPTER H. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. I. Contagious Pleiu-o-Pneumonla. — II. Eiuderpest or Cattle Plague.— III. Texas Fever, Span; h or Splenic Fever. — TV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and jMoutli Disease, or Epizootic Aphtha. — V. Anthrax. — VI. Variola Vaccinae or Cow-Pox. G93 CHAPTER III. NON-CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. I. I'lethora. — II. Anaemia. — III. Kheumatism. — IV. Urfemia. — V. Septieremia and Pyaemia. — VI. Tuberculosis and Piithisis Pulmonalis. — VII. Cancerous Ulcers and Osteo Sarcoma. — VIII. Piirpuralloemorrh.igica. — IX. Asthenic Ilaimaturia, or Red Water in Cattle.— X. :Malignant Catarrh.— XI. Malignant Sore Throat... 706 CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. I. Simple Catarrh or Cold. — II. Laryngitis, or Common Sore Tliroat. — III. Bron- (•hitis.— IV. Pneumonia. — V. Pleurisy.— VI. Ilydrotliorax.— VH. Emphysema of the Lungs 715 CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. I. Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue; and P.ar.alysis of tlie Tongue.— II. Hoven, or Tympanitis. — III. Impaction of the Rumen, or 3[aw-Bouud. — IX. Impaction of the Omasum, or Fardle-Bound.— V. Dyspepsia.— VI. Constipation. — Vn. Diarrhoea, or Scours.— VIII. Dysentery.— IX. Enteritis.— X. Peritonitis. — ^XI. Hernia. — XH. Strangulation, or Gut-Tie 723 CHAPTER VI. DISE.\SES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. I. Xephritis, or Inflammation of tlic Kidneys.— II. Retention of the I'rine, or Dysuria. UI. Incontinence of Urine, or Enuresis. — IV. Albuminuria, or Albuminous Urine.— V. Ilicmaturia, or Bloody Urine.— VI. Cystitis, or Inllammalion of tlic Bladder.— VU. Lithiasis, or Gravel.— VUI. Calculi 736 tablk of contents. xxiii Page. CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OK THE OUGANS OF GENEUATION. I. Malpreseutatious, etc., in Partiu-itlon. — n. Prolonged jWter-pains. — in. Eeteii- tiou of the After-birth. — IV. Abortion and Miscarriage. — V. Uterine Hemor- rhage, or Flooding — ^VI. Inversion of the Womb — VII. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb.— ^^II. Puerperal Fever, or Metro-Peritonitis. — IX. Parturient Apoplexy. — X. Leueorrhcca, or Whites. — XI. Gonorrhcea. — XU. Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Udder. — XIII. Sore Teats. — XFV. Xyuaphomania and Sterility V42 CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. Phrenitis, or Inflammation of the Brain. — 11. Apoplesj-. — III. Epilepsy. — IV. Paralysis. — V. "Tetanus. — VI. Kabies or IIydropli(.)bia. — VII. Nervous Debility at Parturition 761 CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. I. Simple Ee/ema. — 11. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis. — III. Eiysipelas 764 CHAPTER X. PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. 1. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis). — II. The Gadfly and Grub (GCstrus Bo- vis). — III. Lice. — ^rV. Tapeworm. — V. Mange. — ^VI. Kingworm 766 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EYE. I, Ophthalmia or Conjunctivitis. — U. Fungus Hfematodes, or Bleeding Cancer. — III. Torn Eyelids. — r\'. InversKin ir.id Eversiou of the Eyelids. — V. Foreign Suli- stances in the Eye 770 CHAPTER XH. ACCIDENTS, ETC. I. Choking.— II. Fractures. — III. Wounds.— IV. Dislocations. — V. Sprains.— VI. AVeus 772 CHAPTER XIII. OPERATIONS. 1. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Belly.— 11. Tracheotomy.— III. Tapping the Kumen (Paunch) for Iloven. — IV. Eumenotomy. — V. Castration. — VI. Spaying. —VII. Tapping the Bladder of the Ox or Bull. — XIU. Sutures and Bandages. — EX.. CKsarian Operation. — X. Bleeding 776 CHAPTER XIV. RECIPES FOR CATTLE. Recapitulation of Becipes in Part TV 780 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART V. SWINE.— HISTORY, MANAGEJilENT, AM) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAl^TER I. history ani> statistics of swink. . Page. I. Origin and Antiquity of tlie Hog. — II. The Xiitivo Aiuorioan Species. — III. Swine of Einoiie, Asia and .Vfrioa. — IV. The Wild Hogs of Europe. — V. Teeth of the Hog. — VI. Brought to Anieriea by Oolunihus. — VII. Three Great Swine Pro- ducing States. — VIII. Inii)ortanee of the I'ork Interest 791 CHAPTER II. BREEDS OF SWIKE. 1 Sires of Improved Breeds. — U. Chinese Swine. — III. Xe.apolitan Swine. — IV. The Hog of India.— V. English Breeds— the Berkshire.— VI. The Essex.— VII. The Bhu'k Dorset.— VIH. The Suffolk.— IX. Tlie Yorkshire.- X. I.aneashire Breeds XI. .Vnieriean Breeds.— XII. The Chester White.— XIII. The r<>laiid-China.— .\IV. The Cheshires.— XV. Jersey Red Swine.— XVI. Duroe Swine.— XVII. SiMuniary of Breeds 795 CHAPTER III TIIK BREEDING AND CARE OF HOGS. L Tract ieal Value of Improved Breeds. — II. Care in Selection. — lU. .\ge of Breed- ing Swine. — IV. How to Select Breeding Animals. — V. Form and Feeding Qual- ities. — VI. The Care of Breeding Stock. — VH. Farrowing. — VIII. Weaning the I'igs. — IX. Castration. — X. Gestation of Sows. — XI. Necessity of Good Care. — XII. Ringing a Hog 812 CHAPTER lY. THE FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF SWINE. I. Feed the Breeders for Health. — 11. The Proper Food for Swine. — HI. Summer Feeding for Pork. — IV. Grasses and Clovers. — V. Koots. — V[. Grain tlie Main Kelianee. — VII. Feeding in the Fields.— VIH. Gleaning in the Fields and After t'attle.— IX. Value of Mast for Hogs. — X. Hog-feeding in the South. — XI. Feeding in Close Pens.— XII. Hog Barns.— XIII. The Best Form of Hog Barn. — XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs. — XV. Economy of Full Feeding from Birtli 819 PART VI. DISK.V-^ES OF SWINE.— HOW TO KNOAA' THEM. THEIR CAUSES^ PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. MALIGNANT AND ETIDEMIC DISEASES. The Frevention of Disease. — II. Malignant Epizootic Catarrh. — III. Contagious Fever of Swine. — IV. Contagious Pneumo-Enteritis. — V. Splenic Fever, or table of contents. xxv Page. Malignant Anthrax.— VI. Sumniaiy of Treatment for Malignant Diseases.— VII. Rules for Disinfection.— VIII. Difficulty in Giving Medicine to Swine.- IX. Watch Symptoms Early, and Use Preventives S27 CHAPTER II. THE COMMON DISEASES OF SWINE. Iiitlammatorj' Diseases. — II. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs. — III. Quinsy, or Inflammation of the Tonsils.— IV. Apoplexy. Staggers, or Congestion of the Brain.— V. Colds, or Rising of the Lights.— VI. Catarrh or Snuffles.- VII. Measles and Trichina.— VIII. Trichina Spiralis.— IX. Other Intestinal Parasites. —X. Parasites of the Skin— Mange or Scah.— XI. Lice.— XII. Diarrhcea.— XIII. Leprosy. — Xr\'. Skeleton of the Hog 835 PART VII. SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSB.VNDRY.— EMBRACING ORIGIN, BREEDS, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT; WITH FACTS CONCERNING GOATS. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS. I. Native Country of Sheep. — II. Their Diversified Character. — III. Anatomy of the Sheep.— IV. Top and Vertical Views of Skull. — V. Dentition of Sheep.— VI. Points of Sheep Explained. — VII. Divisions of Fine Wool. — VIII. Comparative Value of Fine and Coarse Wool. — IX. Ranging and Flocking of Different Breeds. — X. Regions Adapted to Sheep. — XI. Points of Excellence of the Princii)al Breeds. — XII. Standard for American Merinos. — XIII. Standard for Middle- Wooled Sheep.— XIV. Standard for Cotswold Sheep 847 CHAPTER II. VARIETIES OF SHEKP AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. I. Long-Wooled English Sheep.— II. Lincoln Sheep.— III. Romney Marsh Sheep. — IV. Leicester Sheep. — V. The Cotswolds.— VI. New Oxfordshire Sheep.— VII. The Oxford-Downs.— VIU. Middle and Short-Wooled British Breeds.— EX. White-faced Mountain Sheep.— X. Black-faced Highland, or Scotch Sheep.— XI. Hampshire-Downs. — XII. Shropshire-Downs. — XIII. South-Downs. — XR^. Other Breeds of Great Britain.— XV. Dorset Sheep.— XVI. Fine-Wooled Shee]). — XVn. American Merinos. — XVIII. The Atwood and Hammond Merinos. — XIX. The Rich Merinos. — XX. About Sheep in General. — XXI. 'Ilie Average Wool per Sheep. — XXH. Summaiy of British Breeds 8D8 CHAPTER III. BREEDIX(; AND CARE OF SHEEP. I. Constant Watchfulness Necessary.— II. The Breeding Age of Sheep.— HI. Crossing. — IV. Coupling. — V. The Proper Time for Coupling. — VI. Gestation. — VII. Keej) a Record of the Breeding.— VIU. Management and Training of Rams.— IX. Pasturage for Sheep.— X. Water.— XL Protection from In,seets. — XU. Early VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. and Late Pasture and Feeding. — XIII. Winter Feeding. — XTV. Sheep Barns. — XV. Grading the Sheep. — XVI. Feeding Troughs and Racks. — XVII. Castration and Doeliing.— XVIII. Weaning the Lanil)s.— XIX. Lambing Time.— XX. The Xursery. — XXI. Tagging Sheep. — XXII. AVasliing and Shearing. — XXIII. Tying the Wool. — XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Sheep. — XXV. A Word about Goats. 878 PART VIIl. DISEASES OF SHEEP.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. GENERAL DISEASES. Referring to Scientific Terms. — II. Inflammatory Diseases. — III. Distemper or Epizootic Catarrh. — IV. Grubs in tlie Head. — V. Hydatids on the Brain. — VI. Apoplexy. — VII. Inflammation of the Brain.— VIH. Inflammation of tlie Eyes. — IX. Swelled Head. — X. Vegetable Poisoning. — XI. Tetanus or Lockjaw. — XII. Paralysis or Palsy. — XUI. Babies or Canine Madness 895 CHAPTER II. PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. Scab, Ticks and Lice.— II. Foot Rot.— III. Foul in the Foot.— IV. Swollen Foot and Gravel.— V. Maggots from Blow Flies.— VI. Intestinal Worms.— VII. The Kot or Liver Fluke. — VIIL Lung Worms.— IX. Sheep Worried liy Dogs.— X. Sprains, Strains and Bniises.—XI. Care When Lambing.— XII. Xavel 111 900 PART IX. POULTRY.— HISTORY, MANAGEMENT, AND CHARACTERIST- ICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND VARIETIES OF FARM BIRDS. I. Origin of the AVord Poultry.— II. Types and Native Conntry of Barn-Yard Fowls. —III. Changes Due to Breeding. —IV. Division of Fowls.— V. The Wild Turkey. —VI. Ducks.— VU. Geese.— VIII. Tlie Swan.— IX. Pheasants.— X. Guinea Fowls.— XI. Peafowls.— Xn. Anatomy of the Hen 91$ CHAPTER II. BARN-YARD FOWLS. L English Breeds— Dorking Fowls.— II. Silver Gray Dorkings.— HI. Gray Dorkings. — JV. Fawn-Colored Dorkings.— V. Black Dorkings.— VI. Bolton Grays, or Cre- oles.— VH. French Fowls— Houdans.— VIH. La Fleche Fowls.— IX. Creve Cceurs.— X. Breda or Guelder Fowls.— XI. Spanish Fowls.— XII. Hamburg Fowls— Black Hamburg.— XIII. Penciled llamburgs.— XIV. Leghorn Fowls. —XV. White Leghorns.— XVL American Breeds.— XVII. Dominirpie Fowls.— XVIII. Ostrich Fowls.— XIX. Plymouth Bock Fowls 924 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. XXVII CHAPTER III. GAME FOWLS, AND OTHER UARE BREEDS. I. Game Fowls and their Varieties — II. Earl Derby Games. — HI. Brown-Breasted Red Gaines. — IV. Ducli-Winged Games. — V. White Georgian Games. — VI. Game Bantams.— VII. Other Bant.ains.— VIII. The Seabright Bantam.— IX. Japanese Bantams. — X. Frizzled Fowls. — XI. Eumpless Fowls. — XII. Silliy Fowls 941 CHAPTER IV. ASIATIC FOWLS. I. The Various Asiatic Breeds. — II. Dark Brahmas. — HI. Light Brahmas. — FV. Coehin Fowls. — V. General Characteristics of Cochins. — VI. White Cochins. — VII. Buff Cochins.— VIII. Partridge Cochins 951 CHAPTER V. BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OK POULTRY. I. A Study of Points Necess.ary. — II. Explanation of Points. — III. Pointsof the Head. —IV. The Plumage Illustrated and Explained.— V. Ideal Shape of Fowls.— VI. Breed to a Fixed Type.— VII. Number of Hens to Each Cocli.— VUI. How to Mate. — IX. Breeding Upon a Mixed Flock. — X. Incubation of Various Fowls. — XI. General Management of Fowls. — XII. Proper Food for Fowls. — XIH. Poidtry Houses and Coops. — XFV^. Feed Boxes and Drinking Fountains. — XV. Breeds for Market.— XVI. Breeds for Eggs.— XVII. How to Fatten.— X'Vin. Killing and Dressing Fowls. — XIX. Packing and Shipping to Market. — XX. Glossary of Terms Used by Poultry Fanciers 959 CHAPTER VI. THE TrRKEY, AND ITS V.^RIETIES. I. Varieties of the Domestic Turkey.— II. The Bronzed-'Black Turkey.— HI. The Conuuon Turkey.— IV. The Ocellated Turkey.— V. English Turkeys.— VI. Rare Varieties.- VII. The Care of Turkej's 975 CHAPTER VII. GEESE AND THEIR VARIETIES. I. The Management of Geese. — II. Enibden or Bremen Geese. — III. Toulouse Geese. • — IV. White Chinese Geese. — V. Hong Kong Geese. — VI. The African Goose. — Vn. The Canada or Wild Goose —VIII. Egyptian Geese 980 CHAPTER VIII. VARIETIES OF DOMESTIC DUCKS. I. Ducks on tlie Farm. — II. Varieties Best Adapted to the Farm. — HI. Aylesbury Ducks. — IV. Rovien Ducks. — V. Tlie Common White Duck. — VI. Cayuga Black Ducks.— VII. Muscovy Ducks. VIII. BLack East India Ducks.— IX. Call Ducks. —X. Other and Rare Ducks 987 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART X. DISEASES OF POULTRY.— HOW TO KNOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVENTION AND CURE. CHAPTER I. the care and treatment of sick fowls. Page. I. Division of Diseases into Groups.— II. Apoplexy. — III. Vertigo. — IV. Paralj'sis. —V. Crop-Bound.— VI. Diiinhoea.— VII. Catarrh.— VIII. Broucliitis.- IX. Roup. — X. Gapes. — XI. Pip. — XII. Consumption. — XIII. Inflammation of the Egg Passage. — XH'. Leg Weakness. — XV. Rheumatism. — XVI. Poultry Lousiness 999 PART XL DOGS.— HISTORY, :MANAGE]MENT, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. CHAPTER 1. DOGS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. I. Something of Dog History. — U. Zoological Classification of Dogs. — HI. So-called Wild Dogs. — IV. The Dog as a Companion of Man. — V. Characteristics of the Genus Canis.— VI. Gestation of the Dog.— VII. Peculiarities of Dogs.— VIII. The Principal Varieties of Dogs.— IX. Their Diversified Chaiacter 1007 CHAPTER II. DOGS OV THE CHASE. I. Hounds.- II. The English Greyhound.— III. The Rough Scotch Greyhound or Deer-hound.— rV'. The Grecian Greyhound.— V. The Persian Greyhound.— VI. TheRu-ssian Greyhound.— VII. The 'I'urkish Greyhound.- VIII. The Irish Wolf- hound.— IX. The Stag-houniL— X. The Fox-hound.— XI. The Blood-hound. — XU. The Dachshund. —Xlll. Other IIouuds.—XI\'. The Fox-terrier 1018 CHAPTER III. SPORTING OR FIELD DOGS. I. The Pointer.— II. The Setter.— III. Pointr, of the English Setter.— IV. Points of th(! Irish Setter.— V. Training to Work.— VI. The English System of Training. —VII. The English Retriever.— VIII. The Chesapeake Bay Retriever.— IX. The Clumber Spaniel.— X. The English Spaniel.— XI. The Irish AVater Spaniel.— XII. The Springer.— XIII. The Cocker Spaniel 1029 CHAPTER IV. WATCH DOGS. L House Watch Dogs.— II. The Mastiff.— HI. Tlic Bull-dog.— IV. The BuU-ter- liBi-.—V. The Newfoundland Dog.— VI. The St. Bernard Dog.— VII. Shepherd Dogs.— VIII. The Scotch Collie —IX. The Spanish Shepherd Dog —X. The Drover's Do"-.- XI. The Pomeranian or Spitz Dog.— XII. The German Sheep Dog " ll^^" TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. PET AND TOY DOGS. I. Their Diversified Character.— 11. The Black-aud-taii Terrier.— III. The Scotch Terrier.— IV. The Yorlishiro Terrier.— V. Tlie Skye Terrier.— VI. Tlie Maltese Dog.— Vir. The Italian Greyhomul.— VIII. The Poodle.— IX. The King Charles Spaniel.— X. The Shock Dog.— XI. The Lion Dog.— XII. The Barbet.— XIII. The Piig Dog lOGO CHAPTER VI. MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING OF DOGS. I. The Feeding of Dogs.— II. Exercise.— III. The Housing of Dogs.— IV. Cleaning. —V. Four Kules of Health.— VI. Training.— VII. Training to Carry.— VIII. Retrie^•ing. — IX. Training to Drop to Hand. — X. Training to the Gun. — XI. Obedience Imjierative 10(39 CHAPTER Vn. DISEASES OF DOGS. I. Introduction. — II. Distemper. — HI. Fits and Br.aln Diseases. — FV. Diarrhcea and Dysentery. — V. Constipation. — Yl. Inflammation of the Bowels. — VII. Throat and Lung Diseases. — VIII. Goitre. — IX. Rabies or Hydrophobia 1074 CHAPTER Vni. DISEASES OF DOGS— CONTINUED. 1. Parasitic Diseases of the Dog. — H. Mange. — in. Fleas. — IV. Lice. — V. Ring- worm. — VI. Intestinal Worms. — VU. Worms in the Kidneys and Heart. — VIII. Surfeit. — EX. Abscesses and Phlegmonous Tumors. — X. Fractures and Wounds. — XI. Diseases of the Genitive Organs, Obsteti-ics, etc. — XII. Chorea. — XIII. Tetanus. — XFV. Paralysis. — XV. Poisons and their Antidotes lOSI PART XII. BEES.— HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS, WITH DIREC- TIONS FOR THEIR SUCCESSFUL iLlNAGEMENT. CHAPTER I. VARIETIES AND PECULIARITIES OF BEES. 1. Xatural History of Bees. — II. The Three Genders of the Honey Bee. — III. Varie- ties of the Honey Bee. — TV. The So-called Queen or Mother Bee. — V. The Xumber of Eggs Laid. — VI. Drones or Male Bees. — VH. Neuter or Worker Bees. — VTH. Varieties of Iloney.—IX. Wax and How it Is Formed. — X. Plants Adapted to the Production of Honey 1093 CHAPTER II. THE GENERAL M.\NAGEMENT OF BEES. I. Hives. — II. Number of Swarms Profitably Kept on a Farm. — III. Swarming. — IV. Hiving New Swarms. — V. Taking the Honey. — VI. Wintering Bees. — VII. Im- plements of Use.— Vin. A Motherless Swarm.— IX. Fastening Empty Comlis in Frames. — X. Feeding Bees. — XL Enemies of Bees. — XII. Foul Brood.— XIII. Conclusion 1101 GLQSSAKT OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS, IN GENERAL USE HOG THE AMERICAN FAK^IEU's STOCK BOOK. OfK Dumb Friends . . The Stable-yard 30 Among the Cattle 4ss CHROMO-LITHOGKAPHS. Page. . (Frontispiece) . | Swine, Page. 7SS Sheep-run S44 Domestic Fowls OlO ENGRAVINGS. Page. Hon. Jonathan Pekiam 4 A. H. Baker, V. S 5 Skeleton shown against outline of horse 42 Bones of hinder parts 44 Skeleton of horse 46 Sectional view of the hones of the foot. 47 Vertical section of lower leg and foot. . 47 Front and back view of boiies of foot. . 48 Bones of head and neck 49 Bones and muscles of the fore legs 51 Bones of the knee 52 Bones and articulations of the foot.... 53 Billies of the hock 55 Horse's head, oi)en to view 56 The muscles In walking 57 Muscles of the head and neck 59 Muscles of shoulder and adjacent parts 62 Bear side view of the muscular covering 64 Muscles of the hind quarters 65 Longitudinal section of horse 6S External parts of the horse 69 Movement in walking 71 Front view of heads — good 74 Side and front view of neads — ^bad 75 Fore quarters, showing a good shoulder 77 Front view of fore quarters — bad 78 Front view — good breast and limbs.... 79 Side view of fore quarters — bad 82 Good hind quarters 83 Side \'iew of hind quarters — bad 86 Back view of hind quarters — good 87 Back view of bad hind quarters 88 Section of horse's grinder 95 A good horse foV light work 100 "Gold Dust" 101 Clydesdale stallion 103 Modern Xorman-Percheron horse 105 Xoiiiiiui-P( irherou mare 107 A liirlit hunting horse 110 A heavier hunting liorse Ill A line trotter in light harness 112 An Englisli coach horse, heavy draft.. 114 A Cleveland Bay 115 Shethmd ponies 118 AniiM-ican tlioruughbred of to-day.... 127 An Arabian of the desert 129 Yo\ing Clvdesdales 130 '•Shales" 135 A trotting horse of to-day 137 Goldsmith Maid 139 Movement in trotting 140 "Dervish" 151 A Poitou ass 159 A high-class Kentucky mule 160 Young Spanish jennet 161 PerchiTon niiire and mule foal 163 Old style Derbyshire cart horses 164 Wiruering in the woods 105 A good form for a halter 169 Au unnatural position of the head 17S Page. Head carried naturally 178 Device to cure the habit of pulling 181 A device to cure the habit of kickmg.. 1S7 Norman-Percheron horse in action... 195 Cruelty and improviilence 200 Kindness and good sense exemplitied. 201 An average farm team 203 An uuijrotitable method of feeding. . . . 204 The shelter of the pro\ident man 205 An improvident man's barn 205 An imthrif ty home 205 A kind man's team 200 A cruel man's team 200 A "good fellow's" barn 2ii7 His door-vard gate 207 His field gate 207 Scale of measurements (for horse') 211 A model form for a racer 214 A tine roadster 215 Good form of a saddle horse 216 A horse of good form and action 217 Haif-lired Clvdesilale, front view 219 Half-liivd (;lyclcs,l;ile, rear view 220 Blind horse in motion— exaggerated... 225 Outward exhibition of some diseases. . 233 Manner of giving a drench to a horse. 239 Sole of a foot showing new corn 240 Sole of a foot showing corn 241 A quittor 242 A quittor, later stage 242 Quarter crack 244 False quarter 244 Quarter crack, pared and shod 245 Quarter crack, pared, dressed, etc.... 245 Closing a hoof crack 245 False quarter, pared and shod 246 Sand crack, pared, etc 246 Sand crack, dressed and bandaged... 246 Seedy toe 246 Diagram of shoe 247 View of afoot 247 Pricking fi-om nails 247 The sole of a foot 248 Foot with a weak sole 249 Position taken in acute founder 250 Soaking the feet of foundered horse. . . 250 The movement of a foundered horse.. 251 A deformed hoof 2.52 Diagram illustrating neurotomy 255 Shoe left on too long 256 A low heeled. Hat foot 2.57 A strong, niiright, high heeled foot... 257 Canker of the sole 258 Canker of the frog 253 Calks or treads on the coronet 250 Diagram of foot 2ol Bottom of foot '201 Diagram of a foot 262 The cramp on, to i)revent slipping.. . . 2(>.5 A plain shoe 260 ' ILLUSTRATIONS. Veius of the horse's foot 2(j(j C'lib-biting ■ 207 Resting with the hind feet highest 2G7 Bone spavin 2GS Feeling for a spavin 268 Position of foot in spavin 2G9 Position of healthy foot in easy trot. . 200 Hoek joint 271 Enlargement of hoek joint 273 Diagram illustrating thoroughpin 273 Siekle or cow hocks 274 Diagram illustrating ringbone 276 Foot of a horse 276 Diagram illustrating splints 277 Splints of a serious kind 277 Dishing im a trot 278 Fli'xor tendons of fore legs 279 Capped hock 2S2 An unusually large capijed hock 282 Slings for a horse with fractured limb 286 Baker's brace for broken knee 288 AVhere joint oil is 288 Broken knee — probing 200 Broken knee— opening 200 Windgalls 204 Windgalls— dissected 204 Devic-e for a stifled horse 209 Alii|ipe(l horse 300 Discdvering the elephant leg 302 Cracked heel 303 First symptom of grease 304 First stage of confirmed grease 304 Second stage of confirmed grease 305 Grapes 305 Stitching with a fixed seton needle 309 A bad case of string-halt 312 Enlarged knee from speedy cut 313 A good form 314 Ankle boots in common use 314 Caries 317 Bony tumor 319 Partial paralysis of the hind legs 320 Test for sprain of the back 321 A liorse dying from abscess in brain. . 3'23 Mad from inllammation of the brain. 324 Goitre or bronchoeele 325 Enlargement threatening fistula 326 Fistulous withers — worst stage 326 Poll evil during the first stage 327 I'oll evil in its secondary stage 328 Inflamed jugular vein 328 Inflamed jugular vein, with abscess... 329 A horse afflicted with surfeit 330 Crow-bait— effect of dropsy 331 Head covered with warts 334 Showing si^ns of prurigo 335 Predisposed to melanosis 335 Melanosis 336 Diagram showing respiratory organs 338 Face of horse 338 Forceps 330 Polypus 339 A horse's head with cold 330 Lymphatic gland of swollen throat... 340 Nose-bag 340 A horse with the throat blistered 340 Nasal gleet 341 Effect of laryngitis 342 .V tit subject for founder or bronchitis. 343 A painful cough of bronchitis 344 A horse dressid for l)ronchitis 345 A case of ecmgi'stidn 346 Horse with imeumonia 347 Position a>suiu('(l ill pneumonia 347 Bad position of lii'ad for heaves 349 Horse with hydrothorax 351 The act of coughing 3.")2 A seton in the throat of a horse 353 A horse witli toothache 354 A horse quidding 355 Parrot mouth 355 Sore mouth from misuse of bit 356 Sore mouth 356 Injury by the bit 350 Misuse of the curb 350 Scalded mouth 357 Burning for lampas 357 Lampas iron 357 Clioking 358 The low choke with flatulence 3.59 Horse suffering from acute gastritis. . . 359 Chronic gastritis 300 Stomach or sleepy staggers 301 The first stage of spasmodic colic 302 Second stage of spasmodic colic 303 Third stage of spasmodic colic 304 Horse dying of flatulent colic 305 Trochar and cannula 366 Attitude inilicatlng abdominal injmy.. 367 Nose strained ujiward 367 A horse with chronic dysentery 370 Position indicating abdominal injmy. . 371 Enteritis 371 Another test for enteritis 372 Application of an auuuouiaeal blister. 372 luflauunation of the brain 375 A horse mad from brain disease 376 Expression characteristic of megrims. 378 The test for ti-tanus 378 How tetanus limits motion 379 Abscess in the brain 380 Unsteady gait of partial paralysis 381 A horse with influenza 3S9 Purpura 390 Glanders, first stage 305 Glanders 305 Examination for glanders 395 Glanders, advanced stage 396 Glanders, last stage 306 Section of glanderous lung 306 A bad case of strangles 308 Countenance of a horse with rabies. . . 309 Destructive impulse of hydrophobia.. 300 Straddling gait in urinary diftieulty. . . 401 Test for intiauniiation of the kidneys. . 402 Horses with eiuigestiou of the kidneys 403 Horse suffering with bloody urine 407 Test for heuiorrahage of the liver 421 Specific oiilitliahnia 4C2 Simple ophthalmia 424 Manner of o|iening the eye 42 1 Eye affected by Serena 425 Manner of sliailinga horse's ej-cs 420 A frequent roult of imperfect vision. . 427 Obstruction of lachrymal duct 42^ Spreading the mange 4,;0 XXXII THE AMEHICAX FAKJIKU S .STOCK 1500K. Pagb. Appearance of colt having worms 4;il Itubbiug nose — symptom of worms... 431 I'eutastoma toenoides 4:12 The gadfly 4:!2 A hot 4;i-2 The gadfly, at various stages 4^2 Bots fastened lo the stomach 4;i;S Hen louse of tlie horse 4;!:! Goniodes stylifer of the tiirliey 43:i HoBmatopinns of horse and ass 43 1 Trichodectes or bird louse of the horse 434 Derniatoeophagus equi 434 Dermatocoiites eiiui 434 Mange mite (^ magnified) 435 Sarcoptes equi 435 Test for mange 435 Kingworm 436 Cribbing 437 Gnawing the manger 438 Playing with the grain 4;i!i Points of the leg 442 Injured tendons 442 Osteophytes on the pastern bones 443 Diseased hock joint 443 Lazy man's way of cleaning the legs. . 444 The proper way -145 The old way of giving a ball 446 Scratches 447 Showing the veins of the foot 447 Exostosis of the coffin bone 447 The proper way to give a ball 448 Feeding a horse with tetanus 449 A sick norse 449 Aphtha 450 Many-tailed bandage 452 Eaising tlie vein before bleeding 452 Strikiiig tliinlcam with blood-stick... 4.52 Catchiiig tlie blood 454 A hock When blistered 454 Extirpation of tlie eye • 456 Opening the abscess of strangles 459 Opening the skin in tapping chest 4.59 Water rowing from the chest 459 Uninterrnptea suture 460 Qtiilled suture 460 Performing tracheotomy 461 Structures met with in tracheotomy. . . 461 One test for roaring 464 Gastro-enteritis ■166 Drastic poisoning 467 Central American ox 493 Devon bull of tifty vears ago 493 Cherokee anilTs for unibilieal lieinia Ox Willi intlumnuilion of the kiduej-s. . Urctiiul canal, etc., of the ox .Jointed hcK.ks Straiglit hook (_'oiicealc(l knife First nialpresentation Si'ciind uialpreseutatiou Third inalpreseutation Fourth nialiH-esentation Fifth lualpresentation Sixth nialpresentation Seventh inalpresentatiou Eighth nialpresentation Ninth inalpivsentation IIydn>ceiilialus with nialpresentation. .Vscites, or dropsy of the belly Uterine hemorrhage Inversion of the womb 'l"o prevent inversion of the vagina. . . Twi-tcil ro|ie U>iug the >t>Miiach pump Parturient a|ioplexy Method of supporting the udder Chronic eczema, or '"rat tails" Ox gadfly (oestrus bovis) Grub of gadfly. Ox louse Calf louse Bird louse Appearance of a cow afflicted with lice Ox tick Head of tapeworm got by eating beef. (iauiasusof musty fodder FuMgus liM'iiiatodes Transverse and olilique fractures Jlaiiv-taileil haii(la-e Dislocation of the patella Method of preventing a recurrence... Making the incision with the knife. . . . The fluid tlowing from the chest Operation for removiug urine from ox. Ox |irepared for bleeding AV'ild hogs of the West and Southwest. Chinese sow Chinese boar Neapolitan boar and sow Neai>olitan and Essex cross Berkshire sow BcrUshire sow, breeder Essex boar and pig Essex sow Black Dorset sow Short -faced Lancashire hogs ( 'hestcr White hogs Poland-China boar Improved ( heshire J Hiroc sow A prairie ranger. . A backwoods liog. Page. S13 SU A breeding sow in good condition ... 815 Kinging a hog 818 Head (if the t:enia solium 837 Cysiicercus cellulosa 837 Adult iuli'siiual trichina spiralis 838 Muscle trichina encysted 838 Stcphaiiiirus dcntatus or lard worm.. . 839 Eustrongvlus gigas 839 ILciiiatopinus . . .' 840 Skeleton of the hog 841 Skeleton of Leicester sheep 848 Skull of a polled sheep 849 Head of sheep, vertical section 849 Exterior points of sheep 850 Division of wool 851 Standard Merino ewe 857 Leicester ram 859 Leicester ewes and lambs 860 (ri-oup of Cotswold ewes 862 C.it-«oM ewes 863 Shea lid ( oiliire ewe 865 Yearling Oxford-Down 866 Oxford-D( .« n ram 867 Wliite-faced Highland sheep 868 Black-faced Highland sheep 869 Hampshire-Down 870 South-Dowu ram 871 Dorset raui 872 Merino ram 873 Group of American Merinos 874 English lamb creeps 881 Shec-p allowed to sliift for itself 882 Winlered « ith good shelter and feed 882' Simple .-heller, but good care 883 Coniliination ti-ough SS4 Iiiil>roved sheep rai-k 885 Cariug for the lambs 8S6 Old way of washing sheeji 888 The new way of washing sheep 889 Angora buck 830 Female Angora 891 Sheep gadfly 896 Grub of gadfly 896 Demodex 900 Scab in sheep 001 Sheep tick with eggs 902 Triehodectes of the sheep 902 Fasciola liei)atica 905 Distoneum laneeolatuin 905 Strongvlus filaria, male enlarged 905 Navel" ill 906 The rot 907 ( reve CuMir cock and hen 914 Gallus Soinierath 915 IIiMd of single-wattled Brahma fowl. .910 Wild turkey lieu 916 Head of Breda or Gueldre 916 Mexican wild turkey cock 917 Cayuga ducks 9is Einbden or Bremen geese 919 Sjieckled Guinea-fowl 921 White Guinea-fowl 921 Peacock 922 THE AMERICAN FARMEU .S STOCK BOOK. Page. Anatomy of the lien !)2:H White Dorking coi-k !»25 Gray Dorkings '.):is, so among all the civilized nations of the earth, the great care is to preserve breeds in their purity. Hence pedigrees were established, first among the Arabs, and later for the English thoroughbred, while within the last thirty years stud-books are becoming common for the various valuable breeds of horses that have originated from time to time. Breeders are also beginning to understand the value of kind and careful treatment, as well as of careful training, in their infiu- ence upon hereditary traits. These things seem to be far better apijrc- ciated in America than in Enghmd. To the early and careful handling THE HOUSE, HIS ORIGIX, ETC. 35 of colts iu this country, mtikiiig them companion-servants, rather than machine-slaves, subjecting them to the rule of kindness, rather than the law of brute force, in short to training rather than to bi-eakiug, is due the docility of American horses, in contrast to the temper and stuliborn acquiescence of English horses ; and this we believe is coming more and more to be generally acknowledged. rV. The Wild Horses of To-day. Of the so-called wild horses of the various countries of the earth, we have the authoiity of Mungo Park for the fact that wild horses exist in great herds, in the country of Sudamar, far to the southward of the great desert of Sahara, and in all that district extending to Nubia and Upper Aliyssinia, where there are fertile, well-watered, grassy plains, and partially wooded countries. In northern Asia, and espcciallv in southern Siberia, vast droves of wild horses are known to exist ; and in all that great jiasturaljle region inhabited by the Tartars, I)oth iu Russian Europe and Asia there are countless herds semi-wild. These Tartar horses are said to owe their origin to the cavalry steeds turned loose in 1657, at the siege of Azof. In Canada, and in the Falkland Islands horses released from control become wild and sustain themselves in that condition. It is stated that horses released from the dominion of Man, and gone wild, have been found in Hayti and Jamaica. The great pampas and other grassy plains of Central America, North and South of the equator, including the Empire of Bra- zil, and also in Mexico, Texas, California, and elsewhere in the southern portion of the great plains of the United States, once contained immense droves of wild horses, the progenitors of which, escaping from the Spanish conquerors of these countries, at length multiplied into countless numljers. At the present day however there are but few that are not claimed l>y proprietors except perhaps in some isolated regions near the Equator. V. Fossil Horses. The fossil remains of horses are not rare in America. These fossil remains, have also been found in Great Britain, in the oldest formation, and of such extreme antiquity as to have been contemporaneous with the elephant, rhinoceros, tiger and hyena, in Great Britain, and with the mammoth and other similar fossils in America. These classes of animals were entirely different from the aninuils of to-day, and the only means of marking the lapse of ages intervening since they lived, is the succes- sion of geological fornuitions, and changes that have since taken place, carrying to total extinction the series of animals that then, and subse- quently, up to the advent of man, suecessively occuj^ied the earth. 30 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK I500K. VI. Horses of Asia. Aside from the modern breeds of Europe which will be treated of separ- ately, the Arabian is the most celebrated and undoubtedly combines more good qualities than any other Asiatic breed. In India there are many horses of more or less repute, the most valu- able of which is said to be the Turco, a cross between the Turcoman, a breed of South Tartary, and the Persian horse. It seems to be a fine animal, as it is said to be stately in movement as it is beautiful in form, and tractable in disposition. With the exception of the Turcoman, or horse of South Tartary, the Tartar and Calmuck horses are small, and ill shaped. They have the reputation, like our Indian ponies, of being able to perform long journeys under heavy burdens, ■while subsisting on the most indifferent food. The horses of China are also small with but little excellence in any point. Ill shaped and spiritless, they seem effete like their masters, who possessing the most ancient civilization of the earth, were slowly but surely retrograding, until they came into contact with the civilization of Europe. In Turkestan there appear to be two distinct races of horses. One is described as being heavy-headed, ewe-necked, with long legs and weak bodies ; while the other has high crests and long bodies with limbs of good bone and substance. In Bokhara, is a small, stout, shaggy breed of horses, Avith very long manes and tails ; they are called Kussaks, and are considered excellent little animals. VII. Eirropean Horses. In the chapters devoted to special breeds, the more important will be treated of separately. We shall only notice here such as have no promi- nence among the celebrated sub-families of the horse. The German States have horses noted chiefly as l)eing large, wcll- formed and well-adapted to the purposes of heavy draft. Belgium and Holland also have breeds of horses large, strong and well-formed. The Flemish horses were at one time much valued in England for draft and heavy coach horses, and they undoubtedly form one of the principal ele- ments in the pedigree of some of the more celebrated of the English horses. The Hungarian horses ai-e supposed to have the same general origin with the German horses. They are however lighter, more active, show more spirit and better action, which is probably due to a more recent infusion of oriental blood. Italy has not as good horses now as formerly. Some of thcin however are large, handsome, spirited animals, which do good service in carriage THE HOUSE, HIS ORIGIX, ETC. 37 harness. The same may be said of the horses of Spahi. The common use of mules, both under the saddle and in harness, is not conducive to careful breeding in horses, still in Spain there are many fine horses espe- cially for saddle use ; the pure blooded Spanish barb being elegaut, siJrightly and docile. Norway, Sweden and Finland, have a hardy race of little horses, which run half wild in the woods. They have fairly good forms, and are active and spirited. The people, however, give themselves but little trouble in breeding them. In Iceland the horses are still smaller, active, hardy fellows, who pick up a scanty living for themselves, when not at work. Their origin is attributed both to the Swedish horse and those of the Shetland Islands, and they have points of resemblance to both. Thus it is seen that each country has its own peculiar breed of horses, the result of local peculiarities. The further we go North the more dwarfed they become until some of them are found but little, if any, larger than the best of the larger breeds of long wooled sheep. As -we go South to the tropics the horses increase in size until we reach the middle region of the temperate zone, where the largest and heaviest, as well as the fleetest and most valuable are found. Continuing still fur- ther southward the horses begin again gradually to decrease in size until as we reach the tropics we find them but little larger than the animals we call i^ony-horses. They are moderately swift, and of the most endui-ing bottom . The horses of Arabia have been celebrated in all modern times, and justly so, for the reason that owing to careful breeding and the kindest treatment, in connection with the most excellent training, they came to possess the perfection of form, united with great speed and en- durance, and almost human intelligence. That careful and scientific bi-eeding was understood and appreciated by the ancients is evidenced bv the lines of the first lyric poet of the time of Augustus Ca.^sar, which we find translated freelv, but pointedly as follows : •■ The brave begotten are by the brave and good. There i.s in steers, there is in horses" blood The virtue of their sires. Xo timid dove Springs from tlie coupled eagle's furious blood." VTEI. Artificial Breeding, and Diseases. It is well known that wild animals like saA'age triljcs are little subject to disease It is the artificial surroundings, and artificial living which produce diseases unknown in a state of nature. Hence, on the farm, animals are less suscepti])le to disease than in city stables, where the life of the horse is purel^y an artificial one, and where he must be dependent 3S THE AMERICAX FAUMElfs STOCK liOdK. upon man, even for the water he drinks. Unfortunately lie is too often dependent upon ignorant and l)rutal "helpers" who, the moment the eye of the master is turned, shirk their duty and the animal suffers. Henee the absolute neeessity that all large stables should possess in the person of the foreman a competent head, and one whose sj'mpathies are with the helpless animals under his charge. Such a person Mill not only earn his wages fully, but Mill save largely to the owuer every year by his constant Matchf ulness and care. Artificial breeding also gives rise to a num- ber of diseases, peculiar in themselves, and Avhich may only be guarded against by intelligent care. Among the most serious of these are abortion, and all that class of diseases incident to animals kept in contineuient in large numbers, and which, Avith other diseases of domestic animals, will be treated of separately iu appropriate de])artnients of this work. IX. Opinions Relating to Breeding. In tracing the history of liorscs, and all that relates to their care and treatment. Me shall find various opinions relating to breeding. The sys- tems of in-and-in-breeding, and cross-breeding, each have intelligent and successful advocates. In-and-iu-breeding may be defined as being thi^ breeding together for generations, of closely related members of a fam- ily of animals. For fixing a breed and for perpetuating the special ex- cellences sought, there is no doubt of the soundness of the practice. It is in this M'ay and l\v careful selection of parents that all ucm' breeds arc established and fixed. What distinguishes the successful from the im- successful breeder, is the knoM'ing, or not knowing, just how to select, how long to breed in, and in departing from the rule, so to select tlie new sire, that there may be no violent change of characteristics. For it is a M-cU established fact that long-continued in-breeding reduces the constitutional vigor of the animal Mhile it is fixing excellencies for per- petuation. BakcM'ell, Collins, Bates, Webb, and many other emi- nent breeders of modern times, have been most successful in this direc- tion, Avith cattle and sheep. The modern breeds of smMuc, also, omc their chief excellencies to this system, though in them it is modified by more frequent infusions of far related blood, since SAvine are peculiarly liable to degeneration of the vital forces, scrofula, and other diseases, supposed to be due to too close inter-breeding of near relations. X. In-Breeding of Horses. In horses, in-and-in-brccding has never been practiced to the same ex- tent as with cattle. The horse is bred chiefly for his muscular powers and endurance. To this is required to be added, beauty of form, and as supplementary to speed and endurance, great lung power and constitu- tional vigor. Hence, M'hen a sire possesses these merits in an eminent TlIK HOIiSK, HI8 OniGIX, KTC. 39 degree, he is eagerly sought far and wide. In the selectiou of marcs, this vigor of constitution, comhined with ample room for the develop- ment of the foal is sought. Hence the breeder seeks to breed to such sires as shall endow their foals with their own special characteristics, be- ing careful only that the cross shall not be a violent one, such as might produce decided alterations of form from that previously had. XI. Value of Hereditary Characteristics. Intelligence, stamina, gi'cat muscular power, constitutional vigor, and absence of congenital or hereditary disability, must all ])e taken into ac- count in selecting sires. If the blood of an animal has been sub- ject to any hereditary disability, as consumption or other disease arising from weak lungs, or has shown a lial)ility to form curbs, spavin or other bone disease, such an animal should be discarded. Intelligence is a he- reditary characteristic of special families which should be carefully looked to. Here again we tind that this quality may be steadily increased by careful training. This is especially noticable in dogs bred for a sin- gle pui'pose, as shepherd dogs, pointers, setters, retrievers, etc. The he- reditary instinct becomes at length so strongly marked in them, that the young animal takes to its special task of its own volition, and l)efoi"e the age for regular training is reached. lu like manner certain breeds of horses are noted for their wonderful intelligence, as are the Arab horses, owing to hundreds of years of careful Ijreeding, and to the training im- parted bv the master, who is the friend and companion of his horse. Xn. A Careful Study Necessary. To most surely and successfully compass all this, the breeder must carefully study the horse from various standpoints. He must be familir.r with the anatomy, or bony structure, the muscular development, the vital oro^ans, the organs of digestion, and the other viscera of the animal. Asain, the outward conformation is of the utmost importance, since from this a fair indication of all the rest may be arrived at. The girth and the barrel vdW give a good indication of the heart, lungs and digestive api)aratus. From the head, the intelligence and docility of the animal may be clearly established. The shoulders, the loin and the haunch will be the index to the muscular power, and the bone and sinew may be accu- rately estimated from a proper examination of the limbs by one who will carefully study the succeeding chapters. Xin. About Object Lessons. Object lessons, the delineation of a subject by charts, plates and figures, have come to be regarded as one of the most important factors in modern education. They bring to the eye exactly what a thing is, and 40 TIIH AMERICAN lAUMEIt S STOCK BOOK. its pret-isc location. Hence, there has been prepared for this work the most accurate ilhistrations of every subject upon which it treats. lu connection with this, the phiinest descriptions and exphmations are given, avoiding, as much as possible, technical scientific terms. These, when used, are explained, so far as possible, and should be learned by refer- ence to the glossai-y, since, now-a-days, they are coming to be more and more used iu everj^-day life, and in all languages, where used, mean ex- actly one and the same thing. If the latter part of this chapter has been somewhat discursive, it seemed necessary to a fair mrderstanding of what is to be said in the succeeding ones. In the next chapter we take up the horse in the rela- tion of the liones to the body. Its scientific name is Anatomy — short enough and comprehensive. CHAPTER n. ILLtrSTBATING THE ANATOMY OF THE HOKSE. I. FKAME WORK THE INDEX OF VALUE. II. MASTER THE DETAILS OF THE SKELE- TON. III. DIVISION OF THE SEVERAL PARTS. IV. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF MAN AND THE HORSE. V. ANALYZING THE SKELETON. VI. THE FOOT. VII. THE HEAD AND NECK. VIII. BONES AND MUSCLES OF THE FRONT LIMBS. IX. THE HIND LIMBS. I. Frame Work tha Index of Value. A close and comprehensive study of the anatomy and physiology of the animals of the farm, is of the first importance to every person M'ho breeds, rears, or buys them, with a ^^e^v to profit from their sale. In the case of the horse it is especially necessary that this study 1)e care- fully made, since, in the perfection of the several parts, constituting solidity and fineness of bone, a firm and complete muscular development, large, healthy lungs, and the highest state of normal activity of the digestive organs, lies the real value of this most useful of the servants of man. The owner or purchaser mu.st also know distinctly what an ani- mal is intended for, and should select him with special refei-ence to the ser- vice required, whether it be for special work, for trotting, racing, road-driving, light or heavy draft, or for what is termed general utilit}'. "With reference to these several uses the bony structure of the animal is of the first importance, since it is the skeleton upon which all else is built. Without a knowledge of the bones, the situation of the muscles cannot be accurately determined, or their actions, in connection with the several parts, to which they are attached, and especially their action on the liniljs be definitely understood. II. Master the Details of the Skeleton. Hence we must first master the details of the bony structure. Next the nuiscles may lie studied, and from this we may easily understand the minute but important action of the several parts as a whole. While the ordinary observer will be altogether misled, in estimating the value of an animal from his outward appearance and movements, he who has carefully studied the physical jiroportions with the e^'e of a care- ful anatomist will quickly and accurately understand the true value of the animal from the relation of the several parts one with another. For these habits of accurate observation will readily detect, in the livmg horse, the true character of the bony structure, and especially of the muscular system, which covers and envelops it. In order to make the bony structure plain to the reader it is here shown by 41 42 THE AMEUICAX FAKJIEU S STOCK HOOK. diagrams or object lessons, since this is the most graphic, and at the same time the most accurate, method of presenting information of this kintl. To make our object lesson still more easj' we give in the engraving, not only the framo-worl<, hut this resting on or shown against a hat-k ground illustrating tiie outer form and contour of the horse. THE ANATOMY OK TIIK HORSE. 43 The skeleton, as shown in the engraving, may })e divided as follows : 1 — Cranium, or Head. 2 — Cervical vertebrse, or bones of the neck. 3 — Dorsal vertebra;, or bones of the withers and back. 4 — Lumbar vertebrae, or those of the loin between the false ribs and the upper edge of the Haunch Bone. 5 — Sacral vertebrte, or those of the rump, or lying between the haunch bone and tail. 6 — Caudal vertebne, or bones of the tail. An observation of the dotted lines will show these correctly. 7 — The Eibs, showing their correct position. 8 — Sternum, or the breast bone. 9 — Scapula, or shoulder bone. 10 — The front liml)s. 11 — The Pelvis, the cavity of the body formed by the union of the haunch bones with those of the back and hip, and formed by the Sacrum at the top, the Ilium at the sides, the Ischium and the Pubis at the bottom. 12 — The hind limbs. III. Divisions of the Several Parts. Thus we have given the entire skeleton of the horse, showing the bones as they appear in their natural positions and relations to each other. We next proceed to a more detailed study of the several parts. The Head and Back Bones. — The head may be divided into two parts, the skull and the face, each having its particular bones, the variation of which may affect the jjroper grinding of the food and thereby influence the general condition of the animal, to say nothing of the relation be- tween the shape of these bones and the horse's intelligence. Tlie vcrte- brte are divided into live groups, of which the Cervical or neck, contains seven l)ones ; the back, or Dorsal, eighteen ; and the Lumbar, six. The Lumbar vertebrse really belong to the back, and added to the eighteen Dorsals, nnike a total of twenty-four. The Sacral vcrtebrre are five in number, and the Caudal fifteen, making a grand total of fifty-one vcrtc- brte in the animal. The Ribs. — The ri))s arc eighteen in number and are jointed to the transverse processes of the veilcbrte, and curve, with some variations in their outline and direction, down to the sternum. Seven or eight of tlicm are true ribs, and are composed of cartilage and attached to the breast bone and to the vertebrie, to allow full expansion of the lungs in breath- ing. Thus the spring of the ribs, as it is called, is most important to the horseman. The remaining ribs are called false ribs. They are not attached to the breast bone, but are united by cartilages, each on its own side, the union terminating in the sternum. Thus, all the ribs act in con- cert, giving play not only to the lungs, but also to other viscera. The Sternum. — Tiie Stermum, or breast lionc, in the young liorse, is composed of six bones, but in the full grown animal these become uni- ted into a single piece. The front of this bone is convex and sharply 44 THE AJIERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. keeled and its upper part projects so as to be plainly outlined in what is called the point of the breast, that part which the lower portion of the collar just covers. The Hinder Limbs. — The Hinder Limbs are the propelling power of all animals, and especially so in the horse. Hence the haunches are strong and the upper portion is pow- erfully developed in muscle, and the lower correspondingly so in ten- dons. The illustration will give a perfect \iew, and the explanation the proper names of the parts. The names and reference to the letters and figures are as follows : a. Sacrum ; b, Ilium ; c, Ischium. These bones constitute the Pelvis, as seen at a, d, c, and 1), b. The other bones are : e, Femur ; f , Patella ; g. Tibia; h. Fibula; i. Tarsus; j, Metatarsus ; k. Digit. The figures 1, 2, 3, refer to the Phalanges of the foot, corresponding to the toes in man. The Haunch or Pelvis.— The Pel- vis is made up of six bones, three on each side, all firmly united into one. The Ilium is strongly attached to the Sacral vertebrse, and may be called the keystone of the pelvic arch, while the lateral prolongations of the Ilium produce the prominences just above and in front of the hind-quarters. The Ischium or hip-bone is a backward contiimation of the Ilium, and bears an enlargement which projects on each side a little below the tail. The pubis is a single ))one and is connected with the others, forming an inverted arch with them, and composing the upper surface of the lower i)art of the pelvis, rv. Comparative Anatomy of Man and the Horse. The anatomy or bou}' structure of the horse is not so widely different from that of man as at first sight it would seem to be. Indeed, it was discovered by Aristotle in the days of the ancient Greeks that the horse, though a hoofed, and apparently a single-toed animal, actually has the >y IlINDKl! I'AKT; THE ANATOMY <>K THE HOKSE. 45 rudiments of toes ciivel<)i)ed in the flinty hoof which has developed around the foot and protects it fr;)ni the rough soil over which the animal travels. And when a parallel is once found to exist even between the toes of the horse and those of man, there is nothing strange in the fact that other parts of the skeleton closely correspond. The names of the different portions of the liml)S of the horse and of man are given below, in par- allel lines, so the reader may see at a glance, those exactly correspond- ing, though called l)y different names. A reference to the skeleton proper, as given in the cut, page 4t), will show the precise location of each of the bones mentioned in the horse. Front Limbs. JIAX. HORSE. -ii-iu (iluiiieriis) oorrespoiuls to t)»e - - Lower bone iif shoulder. Fore anil " " - - Ann. Wrist (Carpus) ■■ " - - Knee. Hand (Metai-arpus) '• '" - - Leg, cannon and splint bones. Knuckles " " - - Fetlock. Finger " " - - Pasterns. Hind Ijimbs. MAN. HORSE. Thigh (Femur) corresponds to the - - - Upper bone of thigh. Knee '• .. - . . stifle joint. Leg ■■ •• - - - Thigh. Ankle (Tarsus) •• " - - - Hock. Heel '• •• - - _ Point of hock. Foot (Metatarsus) •• ..... Log. Ball of Foot •■ ..... Fetlock. Toe ■■ ..... Pastern and foot. This is (|uitc different from tiic generally received idea of the compar- ative anatomy of man and t'.ic iiorse, and yet it is strictly true. This the skeleton will show, the proper names of each bone being given. The study is interesting, and tiie explanations will enable any one to fully understand the names and location of the parts. V. Analyzing the Skeleton. The bones of the spine, (vertebne) have already been mentioned. The parts of the skeleton as shown in the next figure, are : A, Cervical Vertebrse ; BB, Dorsal Vertebra;; C, Lumbar Vertebrre ; D, Sacrum, the bone which forms the back part of the pelvis; E, Coccygeal bones, or those forming the tail ; FF, Eibs ; G, Costal cartilages, or the carti- lages joining the ends of the ribs ; H, the Scapula or shoulder blade ; I, the Humerus, or the upper part of the fore leg ; KK, the Radii, or outer bones of the fore legs, below the humerus and knee ; L, the Ulva. This is the larger of the two bones of the upper part of the fore leg, Unng behind the radius and extending from the knee to the lower part of the chest; M, the Knee, (Carpus). This is composed of 8 bones, viz: 4(l THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. 1, Scaphoid, 01' boat shaped bone; 2, Semilunar, or l)oiie resembling a half moon ; 3, the Cuneiform, or Avedge-shaped bone ; 4, the Trapezium, resembling the geometrical figure of that name ; 5, the Trapezoid, re- CcT 3. — Thk Skeleton. semliling a trapezoid ; (i, the great bone of tlie knee, (Os ]\Iagnum) ; 7, the Hook-shaj^ed bone, (Unciform bone) ; 8, the pea-shaped bone, (pis- iform bone) ; NN, the big bone of the fore leg, the cannon bone or large metacarpal ; O, Splint bone, or small metacarpal ; PP, Sessamoid bones — two small bones in the substance of the tendons, where the fore leg is joined to the ankle ; QQ, Phalanges. These are : 1, the upper pastern bone ; 2, lower pastern bone; 3, the first bone in the leg, (os pedis), inside the hoof, tiie coffin bone, and the navicular or ship-shaped bone, not marked here. The Hinder Parts. — Coming to tlie hinder parts, R shows the pelvis. Tills is formed by : 1, tlie Ilium or rtanii bone ; 2, the Pul)is, or fore part of one of the bones of the jiclvis ; 3, the Ischium, or hinder and lower part of the hip bone. S, the Femur or thigh l)one ; T, tiie Patella or small bone covering the stifie joint ; U, the Tibia or the large, long bone between the hock and the stifie joint ; Y, the small, long bone behind THE ANATOirV OF TIIK HORSE. CnT 4. uad tittached to the Til)i;i ; AV,tlu' Ilofk, which is comjjosed of the follow- ing siniiU bones : 1, buck point of the hock, Os Calcis ; 2, the Astraga- lus or upper bone of the hock, supporting the Til)ia ; 3, Cuneiform Mag- iiuni, the hirgest wedge-shaped bone ; 4, Cuneiform INIedium, or middle- sized wedge-shaped bone ; 5, Cuneiform Parvum, or smallest wedge- shaped bone ; 6, the small or cubical-formed bone. X, Large Metatarsal or front bone of the hind leg, between the hock and pastern joint ; Y, yinall Metatarsal or small bone of the hind leg, in rear of Large Meta- larsal. The Head. — 1, the lower jaw, (Inferior Maxilla) ; 2, the upper jaw, (Superior Maxilla); '6, outer part of the jaw, (Anterior ]\Iax- illa) ; 4, bone in front of the nostrils, (Nasal bone) ; T), the prominent cheek, (Malar bone); 6, the forehead, (Frontal Ijone) ; 7, Parietal bones or sides and upper part of the skull, (wall) ; 8, Occipital, or bone of the hinder part of the head ; 9, Lachrymal bone, inclosing the lach- rymal gland and duct ; 10, Squamous or scaly jjortiou of the tcmi)oral bones; 11, Petrous or hard part of tiie Temporal bones, inclosing the organs of hearing. VI. The Foot. We Avill now enter upon a more critical examination // of the foot, one of the most important parts in the M anatomy of the hoi'se. We give a cut showino: the section of the lower leg and foot. The '// jj A several parts here ill- ■^ I ustratcd are: a, can- non or large ]\Ietacar- pal bone ; b, large Pas- tern bone ( Os Suffra- ginis,) c, one of tlie Sectional view of C , • 1 1 , THE bones of the oessamoid bones ; d, foot. Os coronaj, small iJastern bone ;€, navicu- lar bone ; /, Pedis or coffin bone ; (/, g, g, Flexor Perforans or penetrating tendon ; h, h, Flexor Perforatns or penetrated ten- don ; i, extensor tendon ; j, suspensory ligament ; k, k. Capsular ligament or membraneous elastic bag surrounding the joint; ?, fetlock joint; ?«, pastern joint; n, coffin joint ; o, horny crust of hoof ; p. Vkutical Section op the Lower Leu anu Foot. 48 THE AMEliKAN KAHMKU .S (STOCK ItOUK. ClT 6. ^>, horny sole ; q, the frog ; r, sen!rtremi- t}' with the lower row of the bones of the knee and below with the upper i)asteni of the fetlock joint. It has scarcely any muscle, those parts not covered by tendons, as well as the parts so covered l)eing envel- oped directly by the skin. The leg l)one is nearly straight, rounded in front and flattened or slightly <'Oncave liehind. The splint bones, slender bones attached to the cannon to strengthen it , diminish to a point before they reach THK AXATOMV OF THE HORSK. 53 the fetlock joint. Behind this arc two supplementary bones, ealled ses- amoids, b, in cut 10, and page 47 c. These serve to protect the back of the joint and somt^ important ligaments passing over it. More fully to illustrate the lower p:ut of the front limbs, we give four figures, show- ing the bones and articulations of the joints of the foot. CUT 10. — BONES AND AKTirULATJONS OF THE KOOT. The names of these bones are as follows : a, cannon, or shaidv ; h, sesamoids ; c, fetlock joint ; d, upper pastern ; e, lower pastern ; y, cof- fin bone ; g, navicular bone. The upper and lower pasterns, d, e, have considerable motion one on the other to allow the foot to be bent back. The toe is formed by the coffin bone. This is surrounded and covered in by the horny hoof. Hence, its form is never seen unless dissected for. Another small bone, the navicular, g, lies behind and partly within the junction of the coffin and lower pastern. Like the coffin bone, it is inclosed bv the hoof. 54 THE A.MEltKAX FAKMEIt's STOCK liOOK. IX. The Hind Limbs. The bones of the limbs terminating and inclosed witlihi the bod}' of the horse, as well as the whole of the front limbs have been earefuUy illustrated and described. "Slimy persons suppose, if they understand something of the anatomy of one limb, that the}' understand them all. This is a mistake, for while there are points in common, there are many differences. Hence the necessity of illustrating ever}' pail fully in order that the reader may get a full comi)rchension of every part. Further on we give a cut showing the bones of the hock joint and portions of the bones above and below. In the illustration, i)age 44, the anatomv of the entire limb nuiy be studied. Anatomy of the Hind Limbs. — The great bone of the thigh (femur) which articulates ANilh the upper ))one (ilium), whicii in turn is joined to the baek, is very strong, stout and short for its bulk. It is also further strengthened by large projections (trochanters), placed in the direction of the length, or longitudinally, for the attachment of important nms- cles. The upper extremity of the femur has a rounded head on the inner side, fitting into, and articulating with, a horny cup (acetabulum) formed at the junction of the three pelvic bones. At the lowei- end are two prominences fitting into depressions in the true bone of the thigh (the lower part of which is shown in the preceding illustration) and in front of which is placed the knee cap (patella), making what is called the stifle joint, which, anatomically, corresponds to the knee in man. The thigh bone is nuide up of two jsarts, the ti1)ia, or bone proper and a small bone at the top (fibula), which reaches down the bone for about one-third its length. It is attached to the large bone hy cartilage, and corresponds to the small bone (ulna) in the shoulder of tlie liorse. The next illustration shows the liones of the hock. Figure 1, l)a(k view, inner side ; figure 2, front view, outer side. Bones of the Hock. — The names of the bones of the Hoi-k (Tarsus) as shown in cut 11 are: a, Tibia; h, Os Calcis ; c. Astragalus; d, Cu- noides ; e, Naviculari^ ;_/', Outer Cuneiform : //, Splint ; /, Cannon, (shank bone.) The hock is as important as it is complicated. It corresponds to the ankle and heel in man, and is a. prime factor in tlic means of progi-ession. Like the knee of the horse, it consists of small liones, interposed between the ui)per bone. Tibia, and the Cannon bone behnv. These are .six in numlx'r, as given above. Tlie projecting l)one at the ])ack, the heel bone, (Os Calcis), is moved by tendons arising from muscles in the lower l)art of the limb. One of the Main Springs. — Tlie principal one of these is the tendo- Achii!is. In all fast animals it is much developed, since an increa.se in AXATOIIY OF THK HORSE. the length of this lever adds force to the spriiiii' ; f<>i' it must be remeiiibered that progi'cssioii is simply a succession of springs. Hence, in all four-footed animals, the chief motive power lies in the hinder limbs. CUT 11. — BONKS OF THE HOCK. and hence, again, the reason why these are so much developed. Whether the animal be recjuired for draft or saddle, the propelling power re(iuires to be especially studied. The skeleton is the frame-work upon which all this is developed. CIIAPTKK III. THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM AND INTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE HORSE. I. THK KCONOMV OF THE MITSCt'I-AR COVERING. II. MI'SCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK. III. MUSCLES OK THE S1101IL1>EH AND BACK. IV. MISCLES OKTEIK IIINDEU PARTS. V. MUSCLES OF THE FOlfE I.IMBS. VI. MrS( I.ES OF THE I,E(1 AND FOOT. —VII. STrDYlNO THE STRrCTl'KE. VIII. INTKUN Al, ECONOIIV OF THE HOUSE. IX. EXTEUNAL I'AUTS iiF THE lIoliSE. I. The EconDiny of the Muscvilar Covering. While, as already stated, the bones arc the frame-work of the animal, the covering of the bones, viz : the sinews, muscles, nerves, membranes, etc., are really what constitute the motive power of the aniin;'!. With the nerves and membranes wo shall have little to do ; their study will not be necessary to a correct understanding of the value of a horse to the farmer, breeder, or buyer. The bony and muscular development being perfect, and the digestive a[)paratus, the viscera, and all that pertains there- to, being healtln.the nerves and incnibranes maybe taken for granted as being in good order. We 1 lieici'Drc pniceed al once to a I'onsideration of the more important organs which cDnstitutc the working parts of the horse. This we have most carefully illustrated on the next page by a cut, show- ing the entire figure of the horse with the principal nmscles laid l)are. They need not be referred to here, since they will be named further on in considering the illustrations of the several parts. The engraving is considered necessary, as showing the connection of the parts, one with anotlici', as tlie animal appi-ars in walking. A Vertical Section of the Head. — A section of the head may here be studied to a is shown jiart of tlu^ lower, (max- CiT 1. IIoKSE".-> Head. Oi'En to \m;w. THE ECONOMY OF TIIK MUSCULAR CO\'Ei;i\(; . tUari/) jaw bone, with the lower iiipper (incisor) tuetli. Coming to the numerals: 1, is the large portion of the brain, (cprcbrum) ; 2, the small brain (cerebellum') ; 3, the upper portion of tiio spinal marrow (me- duUa oblongaf a), ^vhcre it leaves the small brain; 4. the spinal mar- row itself . The capitals slinw, at yl, the thin bony })lntes, (turbinated bones) in the form of a scroll, which serve to distribute the linmg mem- brane of the nose ; ^,the cartilaginous division, (septum nasi) between the nostrils ; C, C, the lips ; D, the tongue ; E, the valve of the larynx (epiglottis ;) F, the wind pipe, (tnicliea); G, the gullet (ncsopthagux). 58 THE AMKltlCAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. Economy of the Head. — Wi' li;i\ e heretofore spoken of the l)oiies of the licad hciiii; in piurs. So also are the various organs of the body as a rule, namely : the ears, eyes, nostrils, lips, the lobes of the lungs, the valves of the heart, the kidneys, etc. Thus the two frontal bones (a) miikc up the forward part of the head. The wall bones (6) cover the outer lobes of the large portion of the brain. The occipital bone (d) is strong and solid, and at its back contains the spinal marrow, and some nerves and ai'teries which pass from the brain ; at the point where it is jointed to the tirst bone of the neck it is rounded and smoothed to make the articulation perfect. The sphenoid l)onc (^) forms the inferior and central part of tiie skull [cranium). Near the bones of the face (facial bones), are sinuses or channels, that are named from the bones which they pierce or channel. The bones of the head are of two kinds, the soft and scaly, (squatnouft), and the hard, (petrous), bones. The temporal ])oncs are likewise of both kinds ; the hard portion contains the organ of hearing, and on its inside surface are openings for the passage of the auditory nerve, and on its outside larger openings for the passage of sound. II. Muscles of the Head and Neck. The muscles of the head are not man3\ Those of the mouth, nostrils, ears and neck, are the most important from the standpoint of the breeder. Cut 3 on the next page we give shows, at two views, the various nmsclcs of the head and neck. The Muscles of the Head. — ", the cheek, (Massster) muscle ; h, tem- poral muscle, (temporalis) ; c, circular nuiscle, (orbicularis), iiurvoanding the eye ; d, the raising muscle, (levator) ; e, orbicularis ovis ; f, the di- lator naris lateralis; g, Zygomaticus; h, nasalis labii superioris ; i, de- pressor lahii iaferioris. Muscles of the Neck. — -j, complexus major; k, splenius; I, levator an- gnl! scapular ; vi, Jljoideus; n, sterno-maxillaris ; o, levator liumeri ov deltoides. The masseter (a), forms the check of the horse, extending along a ridge by the side of the head, below the eye to the rounded angle at the rear of the lower jaw ; its function is to close the jaw. The tem- poral muscle, (b), also assists in the action, and the dimpling seen above the eye in the process of chewing, arises from the action of this muscle while opening and closing the jaw. The action of the muscle orbicularis is to close the eye-lids. Above the eve, passing inward and upward, over this muscle is the levator nmscle (d). Its office is to raise the upper lid. The nmscles of the ear are not conspicuous. Oi>c of them proceeds from the base of the ear, extends forward and tuniM the ear forward. The second, situated behind the ear, turns it inward and backward, while the tiiird muscle, a narrow strip, descends at the back of the cheek, and turns tlie ear outward. THE EC0X03IY OF THE JlUSCULAPv COVERINC;. sg TliG muscular covei'ing of the frontal and nasal liones is noi promi- nent and does not require mention here. Muscles of the Nose and Lips. — Tlie muselcs of the nose and lips are important, since on them depend the act of gathering food, and also the expansion and contraction of the nostrils in breathing. Thej are also Imo 1. Cut 3. — Muscles ok the Head am> Xeck an index, together with those of the ears, in discovering much of the temper of the horse. OrhiruJansorii' (e) is one of the most important of these. It entirely surrounds the mouth, and by its acti AM.IACENT I'AKTS. The muscle occupying the outer surface of the shoulder l)lade (scap- ula,) on the front side of the spine or ridge of that bone is termed antea spinatus, and is shown at h, on pages 57, 62 and 64. It proceeds ti> the lower bone of the shoulder, and dividing into two parts, is inserted into the two prominences in front of it. Its use is to extend the bone forward. Situated on the other side of the shoulder blade and inserted into the upper and outer head of the bone, drawing it outward and raising it, is the muscle called postea npinatus. Behind it is a small muscle (teres minor) (d,) or little pectoral. Its office is to draw the shoulder forward towards the breast. Inside tlie arm, at its junction with the l)ody, is an important and conspicuous muscle, the large pectoral muscle (pectoralis major) shown THE ECONOMY OF THE MUSCULAR COVEKIXU. ()3 at pill, pan'e (J4. This muscle pulls the whole fore leg inwaixls keep- ing it ill a Hue with the body, so as to iiiduee an even and regular action of the limb. On the outside of the shoulder, and easily seen when a horse is in motion, are two muscles, (e) (anconceus longus) and (/") anr.ona'us externus) whose office is to straighten and extend the arm. That is, to bring the front limb down perpendicularly, and in a line with the lower bone of the shoulder {humerun). Arising from the lower bone of the shoulder, they are inserted into the point of the elbows. The muscles which bend the arm upwards are not visible in the living animal, being almost entirely coveted by those of the shoulder. The principal muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi, shown on page 62 as e.xtending from the shoulder to the haunch, and on pages 57 and 64 at the * ; it is strongly attached to the processes of the back bones and ribs, and is employed in raising the fore and hind cjuarters, and in I'caring and kicking. The portion which comes nearest the surface is that part which is covered by the saddle. No portion of it, however, is distinctly' apparent M'ithout dissection. IV. Muscles of the Hinder Parts. The muscles shown in cut 4, are : x, Trapezius ; a , Pevtoralis minor ; b , Antea spinatus ; c, Postea spinatus; d. Teres minor; e, Anconoeus longus; f, Anconoeus externus; g, Serratus major ■* , Latissimus dorsi ; pm, Pectoralis major. These two latter are figured in the illustration on page 64. The Muscles of the Hind Quarters. — The illustration on page 65 shows all the prominent muscles of the hind quarters laid bare. Their names and references are as follows: I, Olutoeus externus; m, Glutceus medius; n. Triceps femoris \ o, Biceps; p, semi Membranosus, (shown on page 57) ; q, Musculus facial lata; ; r. Rectus; s, Vastus externus; it. Gracilis; v, E xtensor pedis ; w, Peronoeus ;x, Plexor pedis ; y, Gastroc- nemii ; z, Plexor metatarsi. The Muscles Described. — The muscles of the hind parts are mostly strongly marked, and the situation of the principal ones will 1)6 easilv recognized. With them will be included those concerned in or connected with the motion of the hinder limbs. Among the most prominent of the muscles on the front and outer parts of the haunch is that one (the Glu- tceus medius) arising from the j^i'ocesses of several of the vcrtoln-a! of the loins and from the jDrominent pai'ts of the ilium, (the side bone of the pelvis heretofore described) and terminating at its insertion in the great trochanter or projection on the upper bone of the thigh {femur). 04 THE AMElilCAX FARMER S STOCK H(JOK. It is an important and poworfnl muscle and is used in raising and bring- ing forward tlic upper hone of the tliigh. It has l)een not inaptly called the kicking muscle, and is sliown at m, on pages 57 and (i4 and 65. Tht' fflutie us externuif, I, is a slender muscle attached to the kicking nuis- cle and has a similar origin and function. It may he called the assistant kickinage 74 show the perfectly-formed head of a well-bred horse, present- ing a side and front view, that may be taken as a type constituting perfec- tion, as near as may be. The side view exhibits the head fine and taper- ing to the muzzle, and the chin handsomely developed. The l)ro\v is smooth, distinct, and yet not lu-avily prominent. The eye is large, full, clear, and has a placid, intelligent expression. The ears are fine and flex- ible, rather large, but well j)()inted, and alive with intelligent motion. The jaw is strong but fine. Observe the muscularity of the neck, and at the same time, its lines of swelling and delicate grace. Observe especi- ally the manner in which the head is set u])onthe neck. Again, it will be seen that the face is dished slightly, showing spirit, tempered to intelli- gent tractability. Kow take the front view of the same head. Oltserve the great smooth swelling forehead, looking really broader between the eyes than it is. "Why? It will be seen that the eyes arc apparently at the side of the OUTWARD appf:aranck of the horse. 73 head, and yet look stniight forward. The temporal bones at the side of the e^'es, and the occipital ])one at the top of the head between the ears, are prominent. The nostrils and lips are large and flexible, and if one could turn back the folds of the nostrils at the ends, we might see a moist and healthy inside surface. In the living head corresponding to the fig- ure, all this would be apparent. If we examine the side and front views of the heads shown on the opposite page, the side view at the top indicates a head somewhat heavy, with the nose and lower jaw too thick. The nose swells out above Ihe nostrils. The face is not dished, but is depressed. The e^-es are bright, but with a somewhat wild expression. The eyebrows are prominent, and the head broad. The ears are thrown back, and the muzzle is cruel in its expression. The head is set on the neck at too great an angle. The expression, as a whole, is indeed that of an intelligent and spirited horse, but it is the intelligence of malice, and the spirit of self-Avill. In the front view, it will be seen that the ej'es are too close together, and are in tlie front of the head rather than at the sides. The ears are pointed close together and backward, as though the animal only Manted the chance to do mischief. The face is full of strong lines, but not smooth ones. They are those of a stubborn animal that may do as you wish, if he cannot cw dare not do otherwise. The next figure to the right shows not only a cruel, but a stupid expression. There is a lack of intelligence, which, in the horse, means spirit, courageous docility, and a generous desire to do the Mill of a kind master. While this head does not show particularly bad form, yot the general expression, drooping ears, and the dull eye, show less chai'actcr than the average horse should possess. There is yet another fonii, and a worse one. It is shown at the bottom of the page. Here we have self-willed obstinacy, and a wild, sulky dis- position. The profile is curved, giving a Roman nose, and the eyebrows are raised, indicating self-will and wildness. The firm jaw and lower face are cruel. It is a face that never goes with a horse safe to drive single, or to ride, except in the hands of one who is pci'fectly master of himself, ajid at the same time, always watchful and firm. Thus we might go on describing all the peculiarities of temper down through nervous timidit}', as shown by the thin, clean face, the cowardly head, the idiotic, and even the head showing evidences of insauit}' ; for that there are horses subject to hallucinations, aberrations of mind, and even actual insanity, there is no doubt. The cowardly, the vicious, and the idiotic horse is never safe. The aberrant and the insane horse is always dangerous, even to the most practiced horseman, since neither caresses nor punishment avail. They will run their "muck" at any hazard. 74 THE AMERICAN FARMEK 8 STOCK BOOK. SlPK AND KKOST viKW oi' iiKAUS — cooi). (Soe Exi)liin:Uion.> OUTWARD APPEARA>'CE OF THE HORSE SIDE AND FKONT VIEW OF HEADS— BAD. (.See ExlllaiiatioU.) 7C THE AMERICAN FARMEll's STOCK BOOK. V. Body and Limbs. The iiiijiire given on page 77 shows a side view of the head, neck, .shoulder, and fore limbs, as they should be seen in a perfectly formed aniiual. On page 82 are side views of the fore quarters of horses, even down to those which easily become distorted from labor or use. In the perfectly formed horse, the neck is muscular and fine at the top, where it joins the head. There is no useless flesh, though where it joins the shoulder it is full and yet fine in proportion. The shoulder is deep, ob- lique or slanting. The shoulder-blade is high, giving stability to, and at the same time fully supporting, the withei's. The breast is prominent, but narrowing to the point where the legs leave the body. The arm is long, nmscular, and tapering to the knee. The joints are large, but firm and compact. The fetlocks are long but flexible. The hoof s are rather large, and are round, deep, tough, and sound. Itisthe shoulder of a sad- dle horse, of speed, bottom and endurance, that is seen in the cut. Few horses, even of the highest class, possess this perfect ideal conforma- tion. For the harness, the shoulder may be less ohli(|uc. The horse of all work, is more rigid and upright in limb and shoulder than the more speedy one ; yet the illustrations we give may be taken as the standard in judging a horse intended for every kind of work. The general appear- ance of the best animals of the various breed* is shown by cuts ii> their appropriate places in this volume. A conqiarison will show that Avhile there are differences, yet the rules here laid down will ajjply generally to all horses, modified only by the differences required to enable a particu- lar breed to perform special labor. The trotting gait, as exhibited in a high-caste roadster, combining stj'le with high action and great and long continued speed, would be execrable in a saddle horse. The springy, ncj^'ous action, and the long sb'ide of the elegant saddle horse, Avould not g-Q fin' towards i^ulling a dead weight, however honest and courageous the attempt might be — and ^ye have seen thorough])reds as honest and courageous at a dead pull as could be desired in a draft horse. While the highly-bred horse, especially the road horse, will fill more places than any other, 3'et the horseman must seek the animal best suited to his purpose. A study of the various models we i)resent will enable any intelli- gent person to judge for himself, as well as an exi^ert whom he would have to pay for his sci"vices. It should certainly prevent the palming off of anv "sorry brute," as is often done upon those who, while scorning intelligent study, imagine they "knoM- all al)out horses." VI. Bad Fore-Quarters. In the illustrations on page LIMBS. 'See Explanation.) 80 THE AlIKUICAX FAmiEIl's JSTOCK HOOK. Tho left hand lowci- figure exhibits a shoukler tolerably well placed, but the liuibs are set too far under, and the pa.sterns are too straight, so that the aninuil appears to stand on his toes, and there is a general laek of muscle and sinew. The lower right hand tigurc will convey a good idea of what old age, abuse, hard work and want of care will bring to either of the three pairs of shoulders and limbs just noticed. Abuse and ill-usage might ruin the living representative of the perfect figure on page 77, but the limbs would remain comparatively sound to the last. Vn. The Body as Seen from the Front. In the illustration on page 70, the neck and shoulders are oval or egg- shaped. The chest seems narrow rather than broad, but this is because the muscular development about the breast bone is ample and full. Observe how grandly the muscle above the arm swells out, and what mag- nificent muscularity the arm presents with tho two great thews running down to the knee. The joints are large and ample, as they should be, but also firm. The hoofs are tough and hard. Look carefully at the white space between the limbs running from the hoofs upwards. See how the neck, gradually rising from the chest, shows strength and a perfect proportion of one part to the other. The joints are compact and rounded, to meet the articulating shank and fetlock bones. The staunch strong hoofs are rather ojien behind, but show no indication of a flat foot. Set this and the preceding illustrations against the wall, retire until you get a perfect view, study them as an artist would a subject, compare them with the living animal, and, if you buy a horse for breeding or other use, l)uy as near to the model as possilile. Vni. What a Critical Horseman said. One of the best authorities of all writers on the horse, a liighly edu- cated P>nglishnuni, whose estimate of an animal was always made from the standpoint of general excellence, the late Henry William Herbert, in his exhaustive work, "The Horse of America," says : "The points of the phj'sical structure of a horse on which the most, indeed the whole of his utility depends, are his legs. Without his loco- moters all the rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothing worth. Therefore, to these we look first. The fore-shoulder should be long, obliquely set, with a considerable slope, high in the withers and thin above. The upper arm should bo very long and muscular, the knee broad, flat and bony, the shank, or cannon bone, as short as may be, flat, not round, with clean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints moderately long and obli([ue, but not too much so, as the excess produces springiness and weakness ; the hoofs firm, erect or deep, as opposed to flat, and the feet OUTWAIiD APPEARANCE OF THE HORSE. 81 jrenerallv large aiul round. In tlic hiiid-leg;s the quarters should be larl!K-(jrAlSTEKS, MIOWINCt BAU CONFOKM ATION. (Soo ExillaniUioil.) Ol'TWAKD AITEAKANCK Ol" TIIK 1I()1!SK. .S3 very much out ; such a liorsc li;is not due .-^ti-cnirth, and the action will l)c increasingly had with aire. The figure to (tic right shows the reverse of the preceding. The knees are turned out, and the toes are turned in — a horse unsightly, weak and danirerous cither to drive or ride. cooi) HIND QiAKTERS. (.See Exi)lan:itioii.) The lower left hand figure is unsightly enough. The legs sprawling, weak, straddling, with turned out toes. Some mi^dit think that such a 84 Till': AMKKICAX I'AK.MKU's STOCK BOOK. horso had a suro fouiulalion to stand on ; perhaps so, if lie always stood at the, manger. Such horses might bo tolerably sure-footed, if not hard driven, and carefully managed. They are often seen *in the hands of persons who will not l)ay for accurate information. 'Die gooil judge of horseflesh lets them severely alone. The lower right hand figure is as bad as possible all over, — a weak- leggod, knock-kuccd, splay-footed l)rute that is unserviceable, dangerous and costly to the owner. This conformation often goes with what some call style. Horsemen term them "weeds." Thus we have carried the reader through a t'arefnl study of the front half of the horse. If carefully studied and the inforuuition kept fully in mind, the reader may reasonably expect to bo able to buy a horso with good fore parts, from an outside view, upon liis own judgment. X. The Hinder Parts Illustrated. 'I'lie a(iag(> that if tlie fore-(iuarters of a hoi'se are strong enough t) hold him up, the hind-quarters will carry him forwai'd, is true in a sense, since if ahorse is perfect in his fore-quarters, the hind-quartei's are pretti' sm-e to be good. Yet the majority of hor.ses if they break down at all do so first in their forward limbs, sjiavin being one of the principal dis: - bilities of the hind limbs. The real facts arc that the proportions of the whole animal must be harnu)nious, each jiart assisting the others while at the same time it is doing its own appropriate work. This will be more f idly understood by referring to what has been said in the chapters on Anatomy, on the muscular conformation. Asalready stated, the hind quarters are the real propelling power of the animal. The forward motion is given by successive springs or leaps, very clearly shown when tiie lun-se is galloping. Then the fore parts act more in the nature of a balance than either in walking or trotting, or in that artificial movement, the amble or pace. In the last named the change of the center of gravity is from side to side in connection with a slight one front and rear. In walking and in trotting the change of the center of gravity is more equally distributed between the sides and f(n-ward center. In running, the change of gravitv is almost entirely fi'om front to rear. XI. The Propelling Power. If it is to do its work effectively, the propelling power must lie pr()\i- ded with a large loin, strong, nuiseular quarters, great K'ugth of hii) ; strong, dense and necessarily fine bones ; strong joints, and flat, wide legs, with sinews steel-like in their strength, and standing out like great cords. It is this great tendinous development that gives the lower limbs the flat appearance, seen in all horses of great power. The bones them- selves are not flat ; the bones and tendons however combine to form a flat oiTWAiii) ArrKAitA.vci', or ■iiiK ii()i:sK. S") It'"'. Oil jmiic >>.i is im illustration of a perfect liiiid-(iii!irter, seen from the side. On pugc 8l> ino four lijiui-es showing fair to 1)ad liiiid-(iuar- tcrs. The horseman, iu studying his animal, should observe whether if, when vitnved from the side, Hie horse stands perpeiidieuhirly oiieaehfoot iliUe. There should be no straddling-out, or gathering together of the limbs, but he should stand straight, square and distinctly alike on e:icli limb. If he docs not stand in this way, move him for«1ird on level ground and observe if, in coming to rest, ho assumes tlio 2)osition we have describ- ed ; if not, something is Avrong. Examine him for defects, injured back or sinews, ring-bones and sj)liiits in front; and for bone spavin, blood or bog spavin, curb or thorough-pin behind. If he stands :»s in tlie figure, page S;!, showing jiood hind-quarters, the horse is right, if freii i)iigo 80, are four figures, side views of hiiid-qiiaitcrs. Many persons woidd call the one on tlu; upjier left hand side, tine. It is not bad. The, buttocks are round, for fat may give a round buttock. But they lack character, real muscular develop- ment, and the legs are too straight and far bc^hind. The left hand lower figure is fair in its general outline, l)ut the animal stands too straight on the pastenis, and the legs are thrown too far for- ward. Never buy a horse which, to use a horseman's phrase, "can stand in a half-!)ushel." They are like a horse which, to use a similar phrase, "can travel all day in a half-bushel." The right lower figure has not a liad (|uarter. The limbs, how(>ver, are badly placed, and tlu; position is cramped. The upper right hand figurti is bad in every way — "goose-runipcid," "cat-hammed," Aveak in the hock and ankle, while the legs are thrown far liack to ccjualize the strain. 8fi I111-: A.MKincAX lAii.Mr.i; s ^tix k i'.ook. siitK vir.w i)i- inM>-(.iiAi;Tr.i;s— iiAi>. (,S.m- Kxpl:ui.itioii ) ■KAKANCK -(,irAlfIKi:S— coon. (Sci' J';x|l!:iu:llil)ll.) liar swell to the inside oftiie tliiiih, and arc dcscrilicd iu the chapter on inuscular formation. The outside muscle of tin; Lnt^at bone of the Ic"-, (^?7>m) cannot M'cil be too large, and the tendons, connecting with the HH rilK, A.VIKKICAX FAUMKU S STOCK HOOK. BACK VIKW OK HAD lHM>- side or the other. And it is better that a horse should have prominent than hollow eyes, for such an one will see to a greater distance. And widely ojjcncd nosti'ils are far better for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect ; for when one stallion is enraged against another, oi if he become angrv while lieing ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier the crest, and the smaller the ears, the OUTM'ARD APPEARANCE f)F THE HORSE. Dl more hor.se-liko and haiulsomc is the Iioad rciulcred : while lofty withers give the rider a surer seat, and produce a firmer adhesion between the body and shoulders. "A double loin is also softer to sit ui)on and pleasanter to look upon than if it be single ; and a deep side, rounded toward the belh', renders the horse easier to sit, and stronger and more easy to keep in condition ; and the shorter and broader the loin, the more easily will the horse raise his fore-quarters and collect liis hind-quarters under him in going. These points, moreover, cause the belly to appear the smaller; which, if it be large, at once injures the appearance of the animal and renders him weaker and less manageable. The quarters should be broad and fleshy in order to correspond with the sides and chest, and, should they be entn-ely firm and solid, they -would be the lighter in the gallop, and the horse would be the speedier. But if he should have his buttocks separated under the tail by a broad line, with a wider space between them, by so doing he Avill have a prouder and stronger gait and action, and will, in all respects, be the better on them. A proof of which is to be had in men, who, when they desire to raise anything from the ground, attempt it by straddling their legs, not ])y bringing them close together." XIII. What One Need Not Expect. We have, in the foregoing cha^jters and in this, illustnited and explained the several parts of the horse and his excellences so fully that none need go astray in studying the points of an animal. If these illustrations and explanations are borne in mind, a horse may be accurately judged by his actual bone and muscle, whether fat or lean. The intelligence of an animal nniy also, by the same study, l)e accurately estimated. A fat horse is generally smooth and round, and many a sorry brute has been fattened for the puqjose of palming him off on the unwary. "VVe need not expect a fat horse to go right to work, and keep fat. The horse for hard work must first be brought into condition, and this means working off the mere fat, and getting down to bone and nmsde. We must not expect a horse to be useful because he is big, unless he is wanted for heavy draft. If the draft is heavy it should be slow, and thus the horse may be big and also keep fat. For general work, the medium- sized horse is the best. A pair of horses, each K! hands high and weigh- ing 1,200 pounds are well suited for city teaming and other ordinarv draft, except the hauling of heavy trucks. A fifteen-and-a-half hand, 1,100-pound horse is suitable for the road, and if one-half hand less in height and correspondingly light in weight, say 1,000 pounds, he will do quite as well in single or double harness. Sixteen-hand horses are Jilso suitalile for coaches and heavv carriaires, while the lii2rhter animals will i)-2 TlIK AMKUICAX FAItMEK S STOCK liOOK. scrvf iis doublo toanis for roiul (liiviiii:-. If they are irood ones, free from vice, well-mate lied, and perfectly trained, do not bo afraid to ask a jrood round pi-ice for them. But do not expect to get a largo price for a cheap horse, nor need you expect to buy a perfect horse for a low price. He may, however, be cheap at any price your \nirse may afford. In buying, keep constantly in view what you want tho animal for, but do not buy any horse because he happens to strike your uneducated fancy. You cer- tainly will not do so, if you have caret uU} studied tho preceding chapters. CTTAl'TER V. THE HORSE'S TEETH ; AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. I. TUK DENTAL FORMULA. II. THE Tf;ETU ARE THE TRUE TNPEX OF AOE. III. THE foal's TEETH. IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TEETH UF FOAL AND HORSE. V. ALLOWANCES TO BE MADE. VI. ILLUSTRATING BY THE CHART. I. The Dental Formula. Tlie iiiunes and numbers of tlio teeth of tlie horse are as follows : In- cisors (front teeth or nippers) | ; canine, or tushes or hook teeth, in the mule only, \\ ; molars, or grinding teeth f |, making forty in all. This is for the male. The mare has hut thirty-six, since she lacks the tush- es, or canine teeth. These sometimes also fail to develop in the geld- ing. II. The Teeth are the True Index ol Age. Almost every horsemau is supposed to he able jirctty accurately t.<> de- termine the age of his horse. Among old horses, the eyes, the sharpness of the jaw bones, and tlie bones of the tail, are, by many, claimed to give u clear indication of tlie animal's age. But these are all fallacious. They may be, and in fact arc, helps, but the only true indication is given l)y the teeth ; and to the educated eye, these are sufficient to tell the age accurately up to eight years, and thereafter with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes. From the time the colt is foaled until death, the teeth are constantly undergoing change. Hence, if a person carefully studies the changing conditions of the teeth, he may accurately determine the age either of the colt or horse. The incisors furnish the chief indica- tion, but to some extent the tushes or hook teeth, and the grinders give valujible assistance, since they may correct, or corroborate, what is seen in the incisors. To assist in this study we give in this chapter, a chart show- ing, from accurate drawings, the precise appearance of the teeth from colt-hood up to the age of twenty-nine years. This chart, with the ac- companying explanations, will enable any person of intelligence to judge the age of a horse, even though he Imve been "Bishoped." as the making of false marks on the teeth is called, trorn the name of tiic rascal who in- vented the practice. in. The Foal's Teeth. When just foaled, the colt has no front teeth, but hi most cases twelve back teeth appear just above the gums. At from two to three months of age four central iiip])ers appear, two in each jaw ; in six weeks anoth- er tooth comes out on each side of these, or four more all together ; aud 13 •*i TUK AMEltlCAX I'.\i;.Mi:i;"s STOCK BOOK. at till' :ij:;e of eight or nine months the four eoriier nippers iiro seen. At thi.s ago the colt has all his teeth, uppei- and lower. They are the foal's teeth and arc changed by the lifth or sixth 3-oar for the permanent or horse's teeth. As before stated, the three front double pairs of grinders arc seen at birth, and are afterwards changed. The fourth double pair, those seen from the eighth to the nmtli month, arc the first that remain stationary, and arc fomid in the mouth of every 3'ear-old colt. The iiftli doulilc pair (fifth four), appear in the second year, while the sixth double 2)air gencrall}' come in the fourth or early in the fifth year. These three doulile i^airs of back teeth remain michanged, as also do the tushes or hook teeth. The tushes do not appear at a fixed age ; sometimes they arc seen in the stallion at the end of the third year, and sometimes not until the middle or the end of the fourth year ; sometimes they do not come until the fifth year, and occasionally not until the sixth year. Tiic mare never has them, and in the gelding they occasionally fail to develop. rv. Differences Between the Teeth of Foal and Horse. Tlic difference between t!ie nippers of tiie foal antl those of the horse should be carefully studied. The^^ differ, ( 1 ) by their regular con- ical formation; (2) by a narrow contraction called the neck, visible almost in the center of the body of each tooth, -while nothing of the kind is seen in horse-teeth; (H) by their smaller size, even when full grown. The milk teeth (those teeth which arc shed), taken from tlie jaws of dead foals and compared with horse-teeth similarly obtained, are found to be only about half as long as the latter. The breadth is not to be depended on, since the milk teeth of large foals appear almost as broad as those of small horses. When the nippers become horse-teeth they form a great contrast to the middle and corner teeth. The size of these last ^^■i\\ at on<'(! show them to be milk teeth. (4) The outer sur- face of the foal-teeth is smooth and striped with brown, while on horse- teeth the same surface is divided by a dirty yellow indentation inclining toward the center, Avhich is sometimes double upon tlie ui)per teeth. A study of the nippers of the horse taken at different ages will mater- ially assist the beginner. The incisor and all other teeth, consist, first of the enamel or biting or grinding surface ; then of a bony substance, and lastly of the root imbedded in the jaw. The teeth of the foal as well as of the horse, are constantly but slowly worn away in the act of feed- ing. If the animal feed on sandy or gritty, and especially on short pasture, the teeth are worn faster ; if he feed on longer grass, and on the prairies the teeth wear slowly. Horses kept in the stable, have less wear on the nippers than those Avhicli have to forage for themselves. Thus in old aire the teeth, ome two and a half or three inciies long, will THK IIOKSE's teeth, AM) HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. 95 tiiKiU}' be not more tluin half an inch in length, aiul the breadth decreases in about the same proportion. There is this difference, how- ever, between the teeth of the foal and those of the horse. The thick- ness and breadth of the foal's teeth are constantly decreasing from the grinding surface or enameled part toward the root, while the teeth of the horse decrease by contraction. The grinding surface of a nipper, which has not lieen used, is three times as broad as it is thick, and is hollowed from the top downward, the hollow having two sharp edges inclosing it. This hollow is called the mark. In the center of this mark the kernel is seen. This is a tube commencing at the end of the root, and contains the nerve, which must not be confounded with the mark. The mark is the outer depression, lying next to the sharp edges. The inner cavity is a funnel shaped socket of enamel, a hard shell. Around this, and in- side the outer shell, is a thick fluid, which remains as long as the tootii retains sensibility, but becomes bv degrees a gray matter. Figure S, on the chart, will illustrate this. Again, the outer edge of an incisor (nipper) alwa^'s rises a line or two — a line is the twelfth part of an inch — above the inner edge. Thus, at tirst, only the outer edges of the upper and lower nippers meet, and the inner edges do not toucli until the outer edges are sulficiently worn to al- low them to meet, or until they are of an cpial height. Horse-teeth reach this condition in about a year. When the colt is two-and-a-half years old, the teeth begin to shed, and the permanent or horse-teeth be- gin to appear. The chart. Fig. 7, A, will e.Kplain this gro^\'th, and Fig. 7, B, will show still further development and wear. The grinders have but little to do in determining the age of a liorse, but still they assist thereto. The crowns of the grinders are entirely covered with enamel on the top and sides, but the grinding of the food wears it away from the top and there remains a compound surface of al- ternate layers of crusted enamel and ivory, which serve, in grinding the food, to fit it for the stomach. Nature has therefoi'e made an additional provision to render them strong and enduring. To illustrate this we represent a grinder sawed across. The fine dark spots show bony matter. The shaded portions show the enamel, while the white spaces represent a strong bony cement uniting the other parts of the teeth. In the dental formula at the l)eginning of this chapter we have given 40 as the number of teeth for the stallion, and 3(3 for the mare, the stallion having 4 hook teeth, or tushes (canines), which the mare lacks. Sometimes, however, the mare has imperfect teeth in the portion of the mouth corresponding to tliat of the tushes in y() THK AMEllK'AN l-'AUMEU S STOCK BOOK. the .stallion. Twoiity-four of tiic tci'th in 1)otli horses aiul marcs arc sit- uated in the upper part of the mouth, that is back of the tushes, or above the lii)s. These arc the true teeth or grinders {tnolam). They are di\ided into si.K double pairs, counting from below upwards. Those situated next the nippers of a mare, or the tushes of a horse, and in all the four i-ows, are called, first ; those next, second, and so on until the last doul)lc pair are reached, which are called back teeth. There are also sometimes in young horses imperfect teeth, just before the grinders, ig- norantlv denominated wolf-teeth, and are supposed to cause lilindncss. They sometimes do produce irritation of tlie ej'cs, from intlaniation by sympathy, and should be removed with the f(n-ceps. In the lower portion of the mouth, or that portion surrounded by the lips, there are twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw and six in the lower jaw. These are the nippers (^incisors). They occupy the entrance to the mouth, and each six are in the form of an arch. These teeth are divided into three pairs in each jaw. The four central ones, two in each jaw, ai-e called "nipping teeth," or nippers. The two outside teeth in each jaw are "corner teeth," and those between the corner teeth and the nippers are called middle teeth. It is the attrition of the upper surface of these teeth on each other in eating that causes wear, and thus cnaljles us to judge with tolerable accuracy of the age of the horse, — usually to a cer- tainty up to eight or nine years ; quite closely up to fourteen or fifteen years, and approximately up to the age of twenty-five or thirty years. The nippers (incisors) of the upper jaw are broader and thicker than those of the lower jaw. The tushes [canines) are placed singly, one in each side of the upper and lower jaws, between the corner teeth and the grinders, but nearer the corner teeth of the upper than of the lower jaw, so that they never come in contact with each other. The age at which a hor.se attains the full number of teeth is from four-and-a-half to five years. He is then, iu horseman's phrase, said to have a "full mouth." From this time onward the more a permanent incisor loses in length by wear, the more it loses in Avidth, and the nearer the worn surface approaches the root, becoming narrower and thicker in appearance. Another fact is worth renu'ml)ering ; as the horse advances in age the gums recede, so that a smaller portion of the teeth is covered. Hence the reason that the teeth become luirrower and thicker with age. It is from being uncovered ; and hence again, aged teeth are longer iu their visible jjortions than those of younger horses. V. Allowances to bo Made. Large horses have larger teeth than small ones. The rules given are for horses of medium size. Some horses have liaider bones than others. THE horse's teeth, AND HOW TO TELL HIS AGE. 97 and harder teeth. The differeiiee in food and in pastures has already been spoken of. Some breeds of horses develop more slowly than others. Spanish horses develop slowly. Again, a false system of feeding vnU. mature an animal sooner than if he were fed in the ordinary way. But animals which de\'elop slowly generally live longer than those which develop quickly, so that in the end, the years of service, judging from the teeth, are about the same. The slowly-developed horse is, however, older by perhaps one or two years than would appear from his teeth. In like manner, the age of a mule is difficult to determine with exactness, though it may be determined closely enough ; and a mule of twelve or fifteen years of age, if he has not been injured, has many years of ser- vice yet in him. VI. Illustrating by the Chart. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 show how the age of a colt may be determined until he is two years old. The followi»ng further explanations, taken in connection with the chart ivom Fig. 7 to Fig. 4(3, inclusive, will show how the age, from two to thirty, can be ascertained. The incisors being the reliance, our remarks must be understood to refer chiefly to them. The length of the tooth of a horse of medium size is three inches, or thirty-six lines. After the changed tooth has arrived at its proper length, it shoots up a line regularly every year, and if the teeth stand right the grinder is worji off a line every year. It is also, as has been said, worn off in both width and ])rcadth, so that the grinder becomes, from year to year, shorter and smaller, as shown by the chart. If, however, the teethstand too far forward, (irregular teeth, see chart, Fig. 41), they do not wear down in the same proportion as they shoot upward, and they become very long. The age in this case can be ascer- tained, with ease and exactness, by observing directions given under Fig. 41, and noticing with care the following points : At the age of five years, the corner teeth of the lower jaw have grown up five lines above the gum ; each middle tooth seven lines ; and each nipper nine. At eight j^ears and older, each corner tooth of the same horse projects only four, the middle teeth six, and the nippers eight lines above the gums. This is aljsolutely necessary to be taken into account, because it is the only means by which one can determine with certainty the age of a horse whose teeth have become longer than they would have been if set I'ight, and wearing regularly. Deceptions may be practiced with very thrifty young horses, when it is desirable to make them appear of suitable age for work or for breeding, by knocking out the incisors a year sooner than they would naturally 98 THE AJIERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. change themselves. If a purehaser suspeets deeeption, lie can detenniiic the matter by closcl}' examining the remaining teeth. If the nippers have changed, and the inner edges of the corner teeth have not yet come into contact, the foal is but one year old — and so on for succeeding years. The opposite cheat, that of trying to make a horse appear younger than he really is, by burning artificial marks in upon the teeth — can be detected by closely examining the enamel and the effect of the mark upon it. When a horse has reached an advanced age, say twelve to twenty, the enameled surface has become so minute that burning in so large a mark as is found in horses considerably younger would disturb the whole enamel, and so leave a means of detecting the fraud. In the case of crib-biters, that wear out their teeth prematurely, and 80 appear older than they really are, examination must be directed to the corner teeth, which are seldom injured ; or if the corner teeth i)rove to be injured, deduct from the apparent age as many lines as are wanting to make the teeth of the natural length. To feed constantly, from Avean- ing time, upon hard, unshelled corn, sometimes produces tlie same effect as crib-biting, and the same directions must be followed in forming an estimate. A short vocabulary, l)y reference to whiclithe reader may more readily apprehend the meaning of the terms employed in the ensuing chart, is appended. Incisor. — A cutter ; a foretooth which cuts or bites. In the horse, those twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw and six in tlie lower, which are surrounded by the lips, are called incisors. Grixdkk. — As used in the present chapter, it denotes the liard, grating, upper portion of the front teeth. Line. — One-twelfth of an inch. Mark. — As used with reference to horse-teeth, it denotes that depres- sion in the grinder lying inside the sharp edges and adjacent to them. Nippers, ok Incisors. — Those two teetli in each jaw that occupy the middle of the semi-circuiar row. Corner Teeth. — The two outer of the si.x front teeth in each jaw. Middle Teeth. — The teeth between the nipper and the corner teeth. Tushes, or Hooks. — Four teeth, two in each jaw, situated over the corner teeth or beyond the incisors, reckoning from the front of the lips, and having a cylindrical and somewhat hooked shape. Milk Teeth. — The front teeth of a foal wiiicii appear at about three months of age, and are cast within two or three years. Fold-out Placeholder This foid-out is being digitized, and will be inserted at , future date. ^ CHAPTEPv YT. BREEDS OP HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. I. INFLUENCES OF COTINTKY AND CLIMATE. II. THE FARM HORSE. 111. THE CLYDESDALE HOUSE. IV. THE NORM AN-PKKCHEKON. V. THE FEKCHEliON OF TO-DAY. -VI. THE CONESTOGA HOUSE. VII. KOAI) HOUSES. VIII. TUOTTINO HOUSES. IX. HINTINO HOUSES.— — X. LUillT l>UIVIN(t HOUSES. XI. COACH HOUSES. XII. THE CLEVELAND BAY. XIII. I'ONIES. XIV. THE VERJIONT DRAFT HOUSE. XV. THE N AURAGANSETT PACEU. I. Influences ol Country and Climate. Every couutiy of the earth h.-is u breed or breeds of lior.ses, eiicli with its peeuliar eharaeteristics ; and the horses of Asia, Africa, Europe and America have their i)oints of difference as strongly marked as do the hu- man iiihal)itant.s of these grand divisions of the gk)l)e. Besides tiio pe- culiarities resulting from local influences of climate, topography, etc., the horse has others -which are due to the treatment and training received at the hands of his masters, since from a long course of artificial breed- ing and feeding, he has become a purely artificial animal, except among barbarians or savage tribes. Among savages, his hard environment has made him degenerate — has in fact reduced him to a condition inferior to that of the horses found running Avild where they have increased and multiplied on pastura1)le lands, after having escaped from domestication. The horse in the latter condition has already lieen sufficiently mentioned in the first chapter. In the present chapter we jiurpose to notice only the more important breeds of civilization, or those that have ac(iuired celebrity for their valuable (lualities. II. The Farm Horse. The farm horse is the most important member of the ecjuiiie family, for the reason that he is used by the largest number of people, and is employed in the production of that which sustains life iu man. The farm horse cannot lay claim to the dignity of a distinct breed, as he is composed of mi.Kcd blood, and is dependent for whatever valuable qualities he possesses, upon the intelligence of the people by whom he is lired. The majority of farm horses are inferior to the more respec- table of the fixed breeds, though of late j'ears thej^have steadily increas- ed in valuable qualities, through the introduction of superior blood ; and in many districts they are, as they should be, bred with reference to their sale for particular uses, after they have partially paid for their care by their lalio" f)ii the farm. The Horte of All Work. — The farm horse should essentially be a horse of all work, of good style and action, and of about 1200 pounds weight. 100 THE AMEHICW FAK^rEl! S STOCK HOOK. Sufli liorscs will bo al)le to do anything that may he nocossaiy tobcdonc about the farm, plo-\viug, reaping, hauling, or drawing the family carriage to church. When of suitable age thoy will liring good prices, the best of thorn for use as carriage hoisos, and others for anything except heavy draft in cities, for express work, drawing oninil)Uses and other la- bor, recjuiring style and action, combined with strength. The figure BREEDS OF HOUSES AND THEIU CIIARACTEIJISTICS. 101 page 79 front view, and page S3 side view, and page .S7 back view of hind (juarters will illustrate our meaning. Light Farm Horses. — There is another horse that may well tind a place on all large farms, a horse about fifteen hands high and weighing from 950 to 1050 pounds. Such a horse as this is called, in England, a cob, a square-built, active animal, good for the saddle and all light work. Such a horse is represented on the preceding page. The tail, however, should never be docked : for docking is a ljarl)arous practice, and one now 102 THE AMEIMC.W lAUMKlfs 8TOCK BOOK. happily goiuM)iit of f.isliioii. The Morgans, or rathor tlicir crosses, whoa bred up to Ihe wcijiht last mentioned, make admirablo horses of this chiss. The Gold Dust Horses of Kentucky. — Tlie Gold Dust Horses, M'hich wer(^ ori^iuated hy hreeiliug from Morgan stnllions on good thorough- bred mares, and earefully selecting for generations, make admii'able light farm horses. High-strung, elegant, fast-going, staunch, and able for all light work on the farm, cither for the saddh^ or harness, as light driving buggy horses in single harness, or for the light carriage iu double harness, they are most excellent anim:ds. III. The Clydesdale Horse. Another class of horses that may be made profital)le on tlie l)reeding farm are what arc known as draft horses proper. In tiie United Strifes, the best representatives of tliis class are the Clydesdales and the Nornian- Pcrchcrons. The Clydesdales are an English-Scotch breed of great power, bone and substance, and are capalilo of drawing immense loads. In Canada there are many excellent representatives of this breed, and in the West they are attracting more and more attention every 3'ear. The West of Scotland has long been famous for its excellent draft hor- ses. Their origin is proliably due in part to the blood of Flemish mares, though but little is authentically known of their ancestry. Whatever fheir origin may be, it is certain that they have made Scotland famous for its draft-horse stock, and much of the excellence of the draft horses of the North of England, where the Clydesdale originated, is due to an infu- sion of this Scottish blood. In England these heavy horses are useful to farmers in working their tough clay soils. In the United States, especi- ally in the West and South, the alluvial nature of the soil does not re- quire such strength of team in plowing; but the vast amount of hauling to be done in and near cities, where the raili'oad and steam(>r trafhcof the country centres, will always cause a demand for large, able-bodied draft horses. Points of the Clydesdale. — Tiie jaw is broad and strong, and the muz- zle, though ni'ilher well developed nor tine, is provided with large nostrils capable of being widely dilated. The eye, though mild, shows courage and vigor. The foi'chead is broad between the eyes, and capacious. The ears are rather long, and by their intelligent motion indicate activity. The head is well set on the neck, and the neck, as it swells to tiie shoul- der, is massive, with great dcvolopment of nuisde on top. The shoul- der is tolerably obli(|ue, fully so for a draft horse. The breast is full, broad and strong. Tlie leg is long from the arm to the knee, aiu] short from the knee to tlie fetlock, '['he forearm is amply provided witii liUi.KD8 Ol' llOlit^ES AND TJlEIlt ClIARACTEKISTIClS. ]();} 104 TlIK AMERICAX FARMER S STOCK BOOK. muscle. The knees are large andl)oiiy, and from the knee to the fe*^lock, and from the hock down, the limb is covered with long hair ; at the fet- lock the hair becomes thick and shaggy. The back and body of the Clydesdale can hardly be called symmetrical, 3'et the barrel is round, with the ri!is extending well ])ack toward the hip. The quarters arc l)road and low, with muscular thighs and large, clean, broad, well-developed hocks. The lower limits are flat, as the}' will be in any hoi'se well developed iu muscle and tendons. The hoofs, large, tough, Avide, are joined to ob- lique pasterns. The characteristic color of the Clydesdale is brown with white marks. The height is about sixteen and a half hands ; and both in walking and trotting there is a majesty about their movements, showing the jiower that nerves their action. IV. The Norman-Percheron Horse. Norman-Percheron horses are now generally divided into two classes : the Norman, a heavy, muscular, closely-built animal of great bone and muscle, weighing sometimes 2,200 to 2,300 pounds, and the Percheron, a lighter, cleaner built and more active animal, attaining a weight up to 1,800 pounds. Both these strains of Norman blood are among the best of draft stock ever introduced into America. They are superior in some respects to the famous Concstoga horse of Pennsylvania, now prac- tically extinct. Much has been written about these excellent animals, both by partisans and l)y those who have investigated their liistory \vith a view to arrive at the real facts in relation to their ancestiy. On the one hand it is contended that they arose from a cross of the Aral)ian upon the heavy native horses of Normandy ; and the defeat of the Sara- cens by Charles Mart el, in which great numbers of their admirable cav- alry horses fell into the hands of the French, is cited in sijpport of this view. ]S[any of these Saracen horses, it is said, were I)rought to Nor- mandy and to La Perche, and hence the commingling of blood which resulted in the present admirable breed. The old Norman war horses were heavy, bony, slow, but strong, and capable of enduring much hard- ship. They were admirably adapted for their day, since they were capa- ble of carrying a knight in his heavy armor. Afain, it is asserted that the Norman horse is descended from a race then peculiar to Brittainy , and used for draft , rather than for war. Another writer asserts that the Percheron is descended from a remote cross between the Andalusian, mixed with the Morocco barb, and again crossed upon the Norman, because, it is said, the Norman was too slow, and the Andalusian too light, for a knight in full armor. The old Norman horses are said to have transmitted to the race their great bone and muscle, while the Aral), or Andalusian, or whatever the cross may have l)een. BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIU CHARACTERISTICS. 105 added spirit, action, speed and bottom Whatever may be the facts as to their origin, both the sub-families of the Norraan-Peivlieiou combine the strength of the ohl Norman bail) with something of tlie speed of the Arabian, and are capal)le of carrying great weights and of drawing heavy 106 THE AMEKU'AN KAIi.MEU'iS STOCK liOOK. loads at a fair rate of speed. A pair of the liiiliter Perelio horses (ealled in France Diligeuec horses, from their use m 'hawing tlie coaches of this name) are capable of going at a speed of seven or eight miles an hour. These horses may now by regarded as having become a tixed race, cap- able of reproducing itself perfectly, unchanged, and without deterioration through generations, when pure sires are bred to \nu-e dams. Bred to inferior nuires, the stallion marks his impress wonderfully upon the pro- genv, and the pure mares also transmit their ciiaracteristics in the same wonderful manner. V. The Percheron of To-Day. The Percheron makes a capital cross upon any of the large, roomy mares of this country. When the Percheron is bred to this kind of dams, the progeny ■will possess great size, and will partake essentially of the qualities of the sire. If this progeny is again bred to a pure sire, the result is a three-quarters-bred horse that is but little inferior to the Per- cheron in all that constitutes power and capability for woik. The Percheron is not what would be called a fast horse. He is not suited for pleasure driving, and yet he is capable of making long jour- neys at a speed fully e(jual to that of horses of more pretentions to speed. An instance is given where 58 miles out and 58 miles back was accomplished by a Percheron horse, in two days, the traveling time out being four hours and two minutes, while in returning the time was four hours, one minute and a half ; and this without being urged with the whip. Again, a horse of this breed was driven 55 3-5 miles over a hilly and difficult road in four hours and twenty-four miimtes, without distres.3 to the animal. In outward appearance the Percheron presents a head that is not long, with broad brow and slightly dished face, showing intelligence, in which respect he resembles the Arabian. The neck is of fair length, strong, muscular and well-arched, but, like the head, well proportioned to the close-ril)bed, round-barreled, short-backed bod}-. The hind-cpiarters and shoulders arc muscular, the lower part of the leg short, hairy and pos- sessing immense tendons. The hoofs are hard, sound, free from disease ; but the Percheron is somewhat inclined to ))e Hat-footed. The height is from fifteen to sixteen hands, though many excellent specimens of the breed are somewhat undi'r fifteen hands, esi)ecially the lighter Percheron proper. The same description will apply to the Norman jiroper, except that he is larger and sonuMvhat coarser. Their general color is gray, running from iron-gray to the handsomest dappled gray. So difficult is it to draw the dividing line between the Norman and tiie Percheron, that the editor of the Percheron-Norman stud book seemed undecided just what, and ^vlKlt not, to admit into tiie stud book. Hence BREEDS OF lIOnSE.s AND THEU; CHAKACTEUISTICS. 107 the plan was adopted of giving a full aroount of the breeding, and crosses, so far as olitainahlc, and admitting to reeistrv all stallions and mares imported from France as Percherou, >'orman, Penheron-Norman, or Nornian-Pcrehcron. 108 THK AMEllICAX FAi:]MKl!\s STOCK BOOK. VI. The Conestoga Horse. It is unfortuimtc that the Couostoga, one of the very best of Ameri- can horses for draft, for all work in fact on the road or on the farm, should have been allowed to become extinct. Strong and able in every respect, a handsome, quick-stepping animal, and as honest as an ox at a dead pull, the Conestoga horse possessed qualities Avhich entitled his breed to perpetuation. His original home was the Conestoga Valley, of Pennsylvania, and hence the name. This valley was originally settled by Germans, who undoul)tedly brought with them the heavy German and Danish horses of their native land. Under the ample feed and genial climate of the Conestoga Valley, these foreign horses were, by careful selection, and an occasional dash of the staunch thorough blood of those days, developed into a race of horses ranging from sixteen to seventeen hands in height, weighing from 1250 to 1500 pounds, and proving to be among the most valuable horses ever known for drawing great loads over hill and mountain. A cross of the Cleveland Bay ujjon large, round- barrell(>d, roomy mares might again result in something like this horse. The exjjeriment would be well worth the trial by breeders, who have the will and the years before them to originate a breed of horses, that would be capable of doing any work, from deep plowing, to wagoning and heavy can-iage work. Though the Conestoga is no longer bred in purity, there are yet many mares in Pennsylvania descended from this stock, which if crossed with the Cleveland Bay, as we have known him, would, the breed being carefully perserved in, produce a stock of horses possessing most of the valuable qualities of the Conestoga. There are nnmy such horses, in the pastures of Ohio and Pennsylvania. They are high headed, rather louij; in the limbs, not quite good in the barrel ; but, if l)red as we have descinbed the outcome would be most satisfactory. The Cleveland Bay is not realh' a draft animal, but is most excellent as a horse of all work, and will he described further on. Vn. Road Horses. Many persons get their ideas of what a can-iage horse, and especially a driving horse, should be, from English books, and from travelers Avho have visited that country. So far as action for show, in harness and the saddle, are concerned, they are admirable models, omitting their docked tails, which, are happily going out of fashion there ; and Avhich, in this country of generally dry roads and stinging insects, are not to be toler- ated at all. The model English roadster is a horse in high condition for service, not overloaded with fat, but in a condition of nniscular strength and ability tliat would be difficult to better. A horse for similar road service should be 15 to l.i 1-2 hands iiigh, of good style, and well-nuis- cled througliout. If lie be iialf to tin-ee (juarters-bred from accepted bi:eeds of horses axd theiu chakacteristics. 109 trotting families, so imu'li the better. In fact, in the United States, as has for many years been the rule in England, the road liorses of the bet- ter class, are strongly imbued with thorough blood. Such were the Jlorgaus, and such are the Gold Dusts, while many gentlemen's driving horses now-a-daj's are closely bred to the lilood of Hambletonian, Bell- founder, Abdallah and other famous getters of horses for the trotting course. In another part of this work will lie found portraits of the American t^i^e of trotting horses, among them Goldsmith's Maid, and the liighh'-bred roadsters. The road horse should not only be a horse of good substance in bone and muscle, but ho should also be an animal of fine style, a quality which is not alwa^'s found in the trotting horse of the race course. If he can go fast and safely with high action, it is better ; but stjdc he should have, and his temper must be without fault. His head must be light and held well up, the limbs strong and clean, the shoulders and pasterns oblique, and having that springy, nervous action characteristic only of high breeding. VTII. Trotting Horses. "The trotting horse" of the turf has appropriated the name because he is par excellence the fleetest and most highly-valued of trotters. The road horse, though having the same gait, falls short of being a "trotting horse," only in that he cannot make speed with the wheel-and-harncss kings of the turf. If a trotter have great speed the lack of style in him is overlooked. If he is stylish and fast enough for fine driving ho will bring a good price as a roadster, even though he do not possess great speed. A trotter which lacks both style and speed degenerates into a mere hack. IX. Hunting Horses. Another valuable class of horses, especially in the South, are what would be denominated in England, light hunting horses. The light hunt- ing horse must be well-bred, able to gallop at speed, and to leap ordinary obstacles, as hedges, ditches and fences ; in this country he should be taught to swim easily and take to the water promptly, especially when deer is the game hunted. Thoroughbreds, that are not fast enough for the turf, make capital hunting horses, for foxes, and, in open, smooth country, for deer and prairie wolves ; but they are not capable of carry- ing heavy weights in a rough country, or over serious obstacles, and under such conditions necessarily soon come to grief. No matter what may be the blood of a horse, if he do not take kindly to the water and to leaping, he would be dangerous in the extreme to ride to hounds, or at least would soon fall behind the chase, which is but little less mortifving to the ti'ue huntsman than to be landed in a ditch. The hunter of to-day 110 TiiK AJii;i;uAN r.vu.MEi; s stock book. i,s fill- better-))rL>d jiiid liiihtei- than those which men now in niiddlo :ige rode in youth, thougli a tiiree-(juarters-l)red horse, of the Monnioiith- Ec'lipsc blood, upon Avhich, as a lioy Me followed the eliascin Illinois, up to thirt}' years ago, was well-enough bri'd for to-day. He was a large, slashing horse, that never refused a Virginia fence, ditch or water, — there were no hedges in the "West in those days — and never l)rought the rider to grief, tiionirli sometimes disaster seemed near enough as we went i!i:i::cDS of iiokses axd tiieiii c-hai:actki!Istics. Ill flouuderinir in and out of deep, muddy streams. The horse, the deer- hound, the mastiff and the boy were all good friends, a veritable happy family Avho Avere in at the death of many a deer and prairie Avolf , before fenees ol)strueted the chase iu Northern Illinois. A Heavier Hunting Horse. — The next illustration shows a heavier huntiui;- horse for the saddle, when speed and bottom are desired. He is a horse of good style and action, capable of long and high speed under 112 THE AilERlCAN FAR31ER S STOCK BOOK. the wei'i-ht of a m;iu of 180 pound-; — and heavier men should never hunt. Such a horse should be capable of groat speed when called on,. able, and Avilling to take any leap a sensil)le man would put him at, and surc-foolcd to a liigh degree. To this end, every hunting horse should have large lungs and heart, the l)est possil)le form, hard, firm bones,, BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 113 strong tendons, and great muscular power. He should l)e cleanly formed, oblique shouldered and fetlocked, with high withers. If, in addition, he have what is called a double loin, he will cany his rider safely and easily, and combine in his form all the requisites of a good saddle horse, that will leave any cold-blooded horse blown in a very short trial of l)otlom ; for the horses we have Ijeeu describing are not found outside the range of highly bred animals. Nevertheless, it must be remembered that the hunting horse is not to be put to the labor of draft ; in fact, he should never be harnessed. He is a saddle horse, and the form required to move easily in harness, and especially under a load, would soon unfit him for the saddle, and for the hunting field. X. Light Driving Horses. The light driving horse is not required to have high speed ; eight to twelve lnile^s an hour is sufficient ; l)ut he must be of unimpeachable style and action. Such horses are much sought, for driving on smooth roads, in ijarks and pleasure-grounds, where style and luxurious surroundings are the rule. They are also valuable for any service when only one per- son, or, at most, two light ones, are to be carried, since they M'ill often go rapidly over roads with one person where heavier horses would labor. Here, again, we present an English tjqje which shows a horse, the per- fection of style and action, in movement. Sometimes they are fast, but not when going in the form shown in the illustration. The head is out of position for fast work, but is right for style and dainty movement. It will be observed that there is no check-rein. The horse has been trained under a curb, and requires nearly as light a hand to manage as though under the saddle. XI. Coach Horses. The carriage horse bears to the coach horse the same relation that the light driving horse liears to the roadster. Horses, for the light or medi- um-weight carriage, should be handsome in appearance, and of better speed than those used for the coach or bo xed-in vehicle. Anyroad- horse of lO'iO to 1100 i)ounds will be suitable for the light or medium carriage. For the coa<-h, a more stately animal is sought. He may have rather long limits, if he is othei-wise of suital)lo form and of goodstjde ; but he must not be deficient in muscular j'ower, since a fair speed is required, and without muscle no horse can drag a coach over muddy, difficult roads. The illustration we give of an English coach horse shows a long-limbed, rangcy horse, stylish and nmscular. He should be from 1(5 to 17 hands high, with clean-cut head and neck, since only this class of horses can acquire the high stepping action, so much sought bv 114 TIIK A:MK1;ICAN FARMEU S t TIIEIll CIIAIJACTEIilSTICS. 117 roild luickucys ; ii style of liorsc uiihuijpily now almost extinct, and hav- ing, unequally, sul)stitutcd in its j)lac(\ a wretelied, M'eedy, half-bred or three-(]uarter-l)rcd heast, til iicitlici' to u'o tiie })ae(^ with a weitiht on its back, nor to last tlie time. " From these Cleveland J>ays, however, though in their pure stiite nearly extinct, a very superior animal has descended, which, after several steps and gradations, has settled down into a family, common through- out all Yorkshire, and more or less all the midland counties, as the farm- horse, and riding or driving horse of the farmers, having about two crosses, more or less, of l)lood on the original Cleveland stock. " The first gradation, mIicu pace became a desideratum with hounds, was the stinting of the best Cleveland Bay nnires to good thoroughln-ed horses, A^th a view to the ijrogcny turning out Imntcrs, troop horses, or in the last resort, stage-coach horses, or, as they were termed, machiners. The most promising of these half-bred colts were kept as stallions ; and mares, of the same typo with their dams, stinted to tlieni, ])rodu(cd the improved English cai-riage horse of tifty years ago. " The next step was the i)iitting of half-bred tillies, by thorouijhbreds out of Cleveland Bay mares, a second tinu', to thoroughbred stallions ; their progeny to become the hunters, while themselves and their brothers were lowei'cd into the carriage horses ; and the half-bred stallions, which had l)een the getters of carriage horses, were degraded into the sires of the new, improved cart-horse." Thus it will be seen that mc have good authority for our admiration of this splendid animal. Canada has of late 3'ears become celebrated for finely-bred and finely-matched carriage horses ; which is due to the .saf^ac- ity of sonu? Canadian l)reedei-s, in selecting Cleveland Ba\- stallions for sires. XIII. Ponies. Ponies !U-e nmcli sought, of late yeai-s, for children's ridiu"-, and for pony carriages. Indian ponies, Canadian i)onies, and Shetlands have all been called into requisition, while in the West and South, the smaller ]\Iustaugs of Texas are used. Unless taken j-oung, the Mustano-s are wild, intractable, and often vicious. The Indian pony is fast becoming ex-tinct, and Canadian ponies are also growing scarce. These latter, many of them, are really handsome, small horses, of thirteen to fourteen hands high, hardy, docile and of the mo.st steadfast nerve, courage and bottom. They are self-willed, l)ut perfectly tractable if not abused. Shetland jjoiiics are still smaller, and rou"her ; but they are ambitious little fellows, and scamper along easily at a good pace, with a twelve year old bo}' or girl on their backs. The illus- tration, shows a grou]) of these hardy little animals. It is claimed that lis TIIK A.MEKICAX TAU.MEU S STOflC HOOK. no true Slictliind can be more than elovon liands high, and sonic of those in the extreme northern isles of Tell and Unst do not exceed seven and t/ a half hands. The average is from nint to ten hands. Although the smallest of ponies, they arc the most perfect in form, round and closolv BREEDS OF HORSES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. 119 ribbed-up, with lean bony heads, wide between the eyes, and othenvise well sliaped, very museular, with eoarso bushy manes and tails. They are gentle and easily trained ; and it is said that some of them arc capable of carryiiiii' a liirht man forty miles between smirise and sunset. The Mustang. — The IMustangs arc undersized and not handsome ; de- scended from horses gone wild after escaping from the early Spanish ad- venturei's, they have degenerated owing to the scanty f ai-e and hard usage received at the hands of their Indian masters. They are of various colors, as are all the semi-wild horses of Texas and Mexico. The Indian ponies found in the West are undoubtedly of the same origin as the Canadian pony. They are pm-e, but modified, Norman, escaped from domestication and bred in a half wild state by the Indians of the Northwestern States and Territories. They are larger and heavier than the Indian horse or Mustang of the Southwestern plains and are in every way superior animals. Some- times they are fourteen hands high, but the average is about thirteen hands. They are compact, closely ribbed, stout, muscular, couragous little fellows, docile and sagacious in the extreme, with Avavy tails, and shaggy manes falling on both sides of the neck. If carefully bred in high northern latitudes, and well-trained, they would make admirable chil- dren's ponies and would readily sell for large prices to the wealthy. Xrv. The Vermont Draft Horse. This is another breed of horses of most admiral)le qualities, specimens of which are now very rare, proliably because their use in cities has been superseded by the introduction of the Pcrcheron, Clydesdale and other heavier animals. The Vermont draft horses would weigh from 1,150 to 1,200 pounds; of fine lirecding, clcan-liml)ed, handsome, muscular, with fine crests, capable of drawing heavy loads at a good pace, they were in the days preceding the advent of the locomotive, the crack horses of the stage companies of the Northern New England States. As cavalry horses, they were said to have no superior, since they moved with speed, alertness, and with- great force and power by reason of their weight. It is to be hoped that we may find, in the Cleveland Bay and his crosses, as good an animal of all work, both for saddle and harness. XV. The Narragansett Pacer, Here is another of the extinct races of American horses, one that is said to have originated in Rhode Island, from an Andalusian stallion brought from Spain at an early day. They were largely raised, during the last century and the first part of the present century, for exportation to the AVest India Islands for the use of the families of the planters. Their only gait was a pace of the most perfect and easy-going descrip- tion. They are reputed to have been so easy-going that ladies could ride 1-20 THK A.MKItlCAN r.VltMKU S STOCK HOOK. them forty miles u day for many days in succession without experiencing excessive fatigue. Tliat tliey were horses of great Ixittoni, and some- times of extraordinary speed, is und()ul)tedly true. Tiie Colonial divine, Dr. McSparren, in his "America Dissected,"" speaking of the horses of Vir<>;inia, savs : "There were i)lenty of a small sort of horses — the best in the world, like the little Scotch Galloways ; and 'tis no extraordinary journey to ride from sixty to seventy miles in a day. I have often, but on larger pacing horses, rode fifty, nay, sixty, miles a day, even here in New England, where the roads are rough, st(niy and inieven." Again, speaking of the Narragansett pacer particularly, as an animal for exjiort, he sa3's : " They are remarkable foi- swift pacing ; and I have seen some of them pace a mile in a little more than two minutes, and a good deal less than three." The good doctor probably did not hold a liming-watch on them. The story, however, is fully as credible as that other stoi'y of Flyiu" Childers having run a mile in a minute. CHAPTER VII. THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 1. ENGLISH THOKOUGHBHEDS. II. HERBERT'S HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH HORSE. III. THE FIRST LONDON RACE COURSE. IV. HORSES TAKEN TO ENGLAND BV CRUSADERS. V. BONE AND BULK IMPARTED TO THE ENGLISH HORSE. VI. THE HOKSE IN THE TIMES OF HENRY VIII AND JAMES I. VII. AMERICAN THOROUGH- BREDS. VIII. THE ARABIAN. I. English Thoroughbreds. The English thoroughl)reds arc horses of nii.xed lineage. They are not a pure race, l)red for hundreds of j'ears without admi.xture of foreign blood ; hut they rather owe their great excellence to the crossing of Arabian, Barl), and other Oriental blood, upon the best racing stock of the last and the preceding century. Tiio English have been famous, dur- ing the hist thousand years, for their liorses, especially for horses of speed and endurance. They have ahvaj^s had a passionate fondness for the chase and for racing ; and their kings and nobles have done much to keep alive this feeling, by securing, from time to time, the best foreign blood that could be secured to impart fresh stamina and vigor to their stock of horses. Many persons are prejudiced against thoroughl)red liorses, because they have been used for gambling purposes on the turf, but this fact should not be allowed to create hostility against valualile animals. As Avell might wheat and corn be placed under a ban l)ecause these indispensal)le cereals are used for purposes of gaml>ling specula- tion. It is this passion for trying the speed of horses, which has pre- vailed during the lastten centuries, thathas led to the selection of the best breeds and given an impetus during the past 100 years to really scientific breeding. And it is to these latter causes that we owe all that is of val- ue in any of the improved breeds of horses existing to-day, not even ex- cepting our draft horses. Let us look at the history of the blooded horse of England, and view its gradual rise and progress, even from be- yond the Christian era. II. Herbert's History of the English Horse. Henry William Herbert, in his admirable and voluminous work on the Horse of America, now unfortunately out of print, has traced the Eng- lish horse so carefully, and at the same time so eonciselj'jtiiat one cannot do better than extract therefrom matter that otherwise the mass of the readers of to-day could not come at. He says, upon the authority of Youatt : "That horses were introduced into Britain long before tiie Christian era, M'e have abundant evidence, and that the inhabitants had 121 122 TiiK a:\iki;ican faumeii's 8tock isook. ;K'(|uired grciit experience in their use is equally certain. In the ancient Britisii language liJiediad is the word for a race — rhcder, to run — and rhedecfa, a race. All these spring from the Gaulish rhcda, a chariot. Here, then, is a direct evidence that horses were introduced from Gaul, and that chariot-races were established at a very early period.' "This evidence" says Mr. Herbert "is not to my mind direct or con- clusive, as to the fact of the introduction of the horse from Gaul ; al- though it is so, as to the antiquity of chariot-racing in both countries, and to the non-Roman descent or introduction of the British or Gaulish animal. As the l)lood, the religion and the language of the Britons wure cognate, if not identical, with those of some, at least, of tiic Gallic tribes, it is no more certain that the CJallic Rlwda is the theme of the British rlieder, than that it is derived therefrom. It does, however, in a great degree prove that the (iallic and British horses were identical, and de- scended not from any breed transmitted through Greece and Ital^-, but from one brought inland to the northward of the Alps ; perhaps by those Gauls, who ravaged Upper Greece and Northern Italy, almost before the existence of authentic history' ; perhaps by their original ancestors ; at all events, of antique Thracian or Thessalic descent, and, therefore, of re- mote but direct oriental race, in ail })i-obability again improved by a later desert cross, derived from the Numidian cavalry of the Carthaginian Barcas, long previous to the Ca;sarian campaigns in Gaul or the invasions of the sacred island of the Druids. This, however, is of small imme- diate moment, and is more curious and interesting to the scholar and the ant.(juary, than to the horseman or horselireeder. "From the different kinds of vehicles, noticed by the Latin writers, it would appear that the ancient Britons had horses trained to different purposes, as well domestic as warlike. "It is well observed by Youatt, in his larger work on the horse, that from the cumbrous structure of the car, and the fury Avitli which it was driven, and from the badness or non-existence of roads, they must have been both active and powerful in an extraordinary degree. 'Crosar,' he adds, though without stating his authority, 'thought them so valuable, that he carried many of them to Rome ; and the British horses were, for a considerable period afterwards, in great request in various parts of the Roman empire.' " 'During the occupation of England by the Romans, tlic liritisii horse was crossed to a considerable extent by the Roman horse,' continues the author in the volume first quoted ; for which I would myself, for reasons above stated, prefer to sul)stitue by the foreign homes of the Roman mercenari/ or allied cavalry, 'and yet, strange to say, no opinion is given by any historian, Roman or British, as to the effect of this. After tiie THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 123 evacuation of England by the Romans, and its conquest by the Saxons, considcrablo attention was paid to the P^nglish breed of horses, and we know that after the reign of Alfred, running horses were imported from Germany ;' this being the first historical intimation -we have of running horses in England. It is scarcely to be doubted that this importation produced a marked effect on the character of the native T)reed, but here, as before, no historian has thought it worth his while to record the fact of either improvement or deterioration. " 'English horses, after this, appear to have been highly prized on the continent, so that the German horses which were jDresented by Hugh Capet to Athelstan had been turned to good account. The English them- selves were, however, anxious to preserve the monopoly of the breed, for in 930, A. D., a law prohibited the exjiortation of horses. In Athclstan's reign many Spanish horses were imported, whi<'h shows the desire of the English, even at that* early period, to improve the breed. It is no won- der that their descendants should have produced the finest horses in the world. Shortly Ijefore the Norman conquest a horse was valued at thirty shillings, a mare or colt at twenty shillings, au ox at'thirty pence, a cow at twenty-four pence — these prices in case of their 1)cing destroyed or negligently lost — and a. 7nan at a. pound.' Money, it should be noted, then being equivalent to at least fifteen times its present value. William the Conqueror took great pains to improve the English breed, introducing many fine animals from Normandy, Flanders and Spain. This monarch owed his success at Hastings chiefly to his cavalry ; his own horse was a Spanish one. In this reign we have the first notice of horses being employed in agi'iculture. They had been used for the saddle for many centuries, Bede informing us that the English began to use horses as early as (VPA A. D., and that people of rank distinguished themselves by appear- ing frequently on horseback. During the Conqueror's reign the then Earl of Shrewsbury, Roger de Belesme, l)rought a number of Spanish horses to his estate of Powisland. The breed issuing from these is highly eulogized by Giraldus Cam1)rensis and Dayton. In the reign of Henry I. we have an account of the first Arab horse imported into the country. It was presented by Alexander I., King of Scotland, to the church of St. Andrew's, with many valuable accoutrements and a considerable estate. History, however, is silent as to the purposes to which this animal was dsvoted, or as to what ultimately became of him. " It has been well pointed out, in this connection, that the ancient liisto- rians, being exclusively monks and churchmen, naturally paid little atten- tion to the breeding of horses, which were held to belong to war rather than to agriculture, and were forbidden to their order; and farther, it may bo observed that, until, comparatively speaking, verj' recent times, ll'l TIIK AMERICAN FARMKU's tiTOCK BOOK. no heed has been given to the ?;tatistics of agriculture or animal iniprove- nieut, and little mention made of such mattei's, beyond a casual and pass- ing notice, even by the best historians. III. The First London Race-Course. " ' The English,' proceeds the work from which I quote, "had now,' — that is to say in the reign of Henry I. — 'become sensible of the vain;' and l)reed of their horses ; and in the twelfth centuiy a regular race-course had been established in London, this being no other than Smithtield, which was at once horse-market and race-course. Fitz Stephen, who lived at that period, gives the following account of the contests between the palfreys of the day. 'When a race is to be run by horses, which in their kind are strong and Heet, a shout is raised, and common horses are ordered to withdraw from out the way. Two jockeys then, or sometimes three, as the match may be made, prepare themselves for the contest, such as are used to ride, and know how to manage their horses with judg- ment, the grand point being to prevent a competittn* from getting liefore them. The horses on their part are not without cnudatiou. They tremble, and are impatient and continually in motion. At last the signal once given, they hurry along with unremitting veloeit}' ; the jockeys inspired Avith the thoughts of applause and the hopes of victory, clapping spurs to their willing steeds, brandishing their whips and cheering them with their eric-;.' IV. Horses taken to England by Crusaders. " It IS stated by Mr. Youatt, altliough, singularly enough, he main- tains that the crusaders did not introduce eastern horses, that Eichard I, did import two from CA^jrus, which he observes were of eastern origin. The statement is made on the faith of an old metrical Romance, which is that entitled b}' the name of the n)ouarch whose feats it celebrated, usually supposed to be of the time of Edward I., and contained in Ellis's Metrical Romances. The lines are curious, as they indicate a full ac- quaintance with various animals, natives of the East, and more particu- larlv with the especial qualities of the oriental horse, his speed and sure- footedness. '• These horses were named Favell and Lyard — ' III the world was not their peer, Droineilaiy, not desti-ere. Steed "nibyte, ne caniayl, Tliat ran so swift sans fail, For a thousand pounds of gold, Shoidd not that one be sold." Destrere, is the old spelling of the word Destrier, in Korman French, derived from the barbarous, Middle Aiie Latin, Dextrarius signifying a THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 125 war-horse. Edward I. also is known to have introduced horses from the East ; and that accurate and inquiring antiquar}^ Sir Walter Scott, de- scribes his spirit, or the demon of the haunted canq) under his form, in the nocturnal tourney A\nth Alexander of Scotland, as being recognized by the horse he bestrode. 'Alike his Syrian coui'ser's frame, The rider's length of limb the same.' V. Bone and Bulk Imparted to the English Horse. " Spanish horses, had come to be renowned, as chargers, so early as the Norman conquest, but it is more than questionable whether their su- periority was as yet known to arise from their being traceable, in nearly two thirds, to the blood of the Desert. At this time, it would seem to have been considered desirable to stengthen the English horse, and gain bone and bulk, rather than blood — not, I imagine, as Mi . Youatt sug- gests in the following sentence, for agricultm-al, but rather for mihtary purposes ; in order to endure the ponderous burden of the mail-clad men- at-arms. " King John, he says, 'paid great attention to the improvement of horses for agricultural puri^oses, and to him we are indebted for the ori- gin of our draught-horses. He chiefly imi^orted Flemish horses' — one hundred chosen stallions on a single occasion ; the Flanders horse being — as it was even in the tinae of ]\Iarlljorough and Prince Eugene — the most approved cavalry trooper — ' and such was his anxiety to possess the finest stock from these, that he would accept strong horses as rent for crown-lands, and as fines for the renewal of leases. His personal stud Avas both numerous and excellent.' One himdred j'ears afterward, Ed- ward II. purchased thirty war-horses and twelve heavy draught-horses. "Edward the III. devoted one thousand marks to the purchase of fifty Spanish horses ; and of such importance did he conceive-this addition to the English, or rather mingled blood, then existing, that formal applica- tion was made to the kings of France and Spain to grant safe-conduct to the troop. When they had safely arrived at the royal stud, it was com- 2)uted that they had cost the monarch no less than thirteen pounds six shillinsis and eight pence per horse, equal in value to one hundred and sixty pounds of oiu- money. This monarch had many ruyining horses. The precise meaning of the term is not, however, clear. It might h<.- lisjht and speedy horses in opposition to the war-horses, or those that were literally used for the purposes of racing." VT. The Horse in the Times of Henry VIII. and James I. Our authority follows the history of the horse in England up to the reign of Heiuy YIII., who compelled the destruction of under-sized 12(i Tlir. AMKHICAN KAHMK.U's STOCK BOOK. horsos, ;uul rendered coiiiijulsory the inaiiitenanoe of so <;reiit si uumbev of full-sized luures iiiul .stalli!;iis, in every deer park, and in every rural parish of the realm, that the reiu;n of this monareh was niarkeil Iiy a deeided inerea>e in tiie breeding of powerful, Mell-fornietl animals. It appears thai llie Kiiii; even rode a raee himself, for it is stated, liy Miss Striekland, that the King rodo a-Maying, with Katherine and the royal bride, I\Iarv, widow of Louis XII., of Franee, and the bride of Charles Brandon. The amusements of the day, says Miss Striekland, were brought to a elose by the King and his brother-in-law, the Duke of Suf- folk, riding raees on great eoursers, whieh were like the Flemish breed of dray horses. During the reign of Henry VIII., an annual race was run at (Miester, the prize being a wooden ball, handsomely embellished, for whieh, in 1540, a silver bell. called St. George's bell, was substituted. Hence the phrase, " Hear the bell,'" in allusion to one who has come off victorious in a contest. In the reign of James I. races were merely matches against time, trials of speed and bottom for long and " cruel distances." From the time of .James I. the history of the English raee-horse, and of English racimr, may be said fairly to begin, though no existing pedigrees are traced back to that time, lint, though pedigrees bo not directly traced to great antiquity, enough has been given of the history of English horses to let the reader know how long was the time, and how careful the breed- ing, required to produce, in the thoroughbred of to-day, the most superb raee of horses the world has ever known ; for wind, speed and bottom, he is without a rival in ancient or modern times. The horse has of course always tigured })rominently in fiction and rd- manee ; but in this connection it will sutiice to state the fact that in the Homeric poems of the Trojan war, there is no mention of the trumpet or of cavalry. In Virgil, mounted men, saddles, spurs, and clarions are mentioned. In the romant-e of " Sir Bevis, of Southampton."' he speaks of races of three miles, for "forty pounds of ready golde." Homer knew nothing of horsemen and trumpets in war. while Virgil Avas famil- iar with them. The author of " Sir Bevis," in his day and generation probably saw raees of long distances, and long-f Aikizo. Horses of this breed are of lofty stature, have narrow eliests, l)ut are deep in the girtli, and (heir cars are long. They arc remarkable for spirit and tleetness, Imt are ex- ceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst is a remarkable feature. " The Secaloni, a breed from the eastern part of the desert, somewhat inferior to the Dgelfe, though resembling him in most i)oinls. " The jSIcfki, a handsome horse, but not so fleet as either the Dgelfe or the Secaloni. In Kgure, he bears a resemblance to the Spanish or Andalusian stock. " A fourth breed is called the Sabi, similar to the Mefki, but seems to possess no sj)ccially useful or striking (lualities. " The Fridi. This breed is very common; but they are often vicious and untrustworthy, and lack some of the excellent ((ualities possessed by the l)est of the others. " The Nejdi, found chietly in the region of Bussorah. Thes(> are said to be at least the ecjuals of tlu^ Dgelfe and the Secaloni. Some judges assert that there is no horse to be comi)ared with them, and they stand very high in the market." The Dgelfe and Nejdi are reported to be the most valuable. They are known to be the favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many line ani- mals of these stocks having been carried thither liy the sportsmen of that country. Other writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to which they attribute names different from those above given ; and it is difficult to reconcile tlu^ statements of the two, and to determine whether they have really agreed in any way in pointing out tiie same animal, though ))v diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences which have made a certain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class speak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at home or abroad, which they call the Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild state. Then come the Kadischi. a sort of half-breed stock, possessing some points of resemblance to the true blood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealers for the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the \nirvt des('end- ants of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call the Kochlani or Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shannnar and Aneyza tribes. The Arabs themselves pretend to trace the Kochlani back to the days and the stables of Solomon. While this cannot bo credited, it is known that some of them have written pedigrcH's for at least four liundred years, with extreme care, and always on the side of the nuire. They are 132 Till'. AMKRICAN I'AKMKU's STOCK liOOK. finely-formed, enduring, fleet, nithcr small-sized horses of great vivucity and intelligence, but for speed, bottom and physical developnuMit decidedly inferior to our thoroughbrcdM. Yet, though not as swift as the English or American thorougiibred, the Arabian is one of the best of horses. And M'hile we could hardly g'iiiu any advantage from a fresh infusion of this blood, the Arabian is hing on his native deserts, and no other liorse could there fill his place. He is peculiarly adapted to the wants of the people and to the topography of that barren country. So good a horse is he to-day that English residents m India pay from $700 to $1 ,000 for the best that are offered for sale ; and it is well known that the best horses of the desert are never sold at any price. The illustration, i)ag(^ 12!t, shoM's the best form of llic Arabian, as they are found in their native deserts. As showing the wonderful variations in breeds, we present an iliustrn- tion on page 1()4, as an object lesson of the immense DerbA'shire cart horsi of England, now comparatively rare. In the United States they are not considered valuable, having been superseded by the nu)re modern and valuable Clydesdales and Norman-lVrchcrons. A comi)arison with the Arabian will fully conve}' our meaning as between the dclicalely bred and nervous Arabian and the stolid and elephantine cart horse. CHAPTER VI IT. ABOUT TROTTING HOBSES. I. THE BREEPTNfi OF TROTTERS. II. PROGENITORS OF FAST TROTTERS — MESSENGER. III. IMPOKTED BELLFOUNDER. IV. THE MODERN TUOTTEK V. WHAT GOLDSMITH MAIU WAS LIKE. VI. THE MOVEMENT IN TROTTING. VII. DIS- USE OF THE TKOTTING FACULTY. VIII. A RECOItl) OP SIXTY YEARS. IX. STRAINS OF TKOTTING BLOOD. I. The Breeding of Trotters. Tlic production of 1i-otting liorscs, like 1li;it of r.-it-ors, lias come to ))e a distinct branch of hn'cdimr, and is pursued as a specialty, Mith a view to developing, in the highest possible form, the best trotting action ill the horse. Ilence, any person undertaking this branch of the breeder's profession needs to understand the peculiar form to be attained, and also to know tin; families fi'oni which the best trotters have been bred. The Morgans. — Twenty years ago the trotting form was thought liy many to be most strongly develojicd in the ]\Ioigans ; at least it was hoped that this breed might be found to possess the qualifications nec- essary to develop the highest degree of trotting speed. The Morgans, however, disappointed the expectations i^laced upon them. The records of the turf have proved that fast trotters owe their speed to thorough breeding ; and that their speed is directly in proportion to the degree of blood of thoroughbreds of trotting peculiarities that is in their veins. Ethan Allen. — Ethan Allen, one of the most celebrated of the Mor- gans, was a good trotter for his day, and yet he was never able to beat Flora Temple. At three years old ho trotted a mile, three heats, in 2 : 42 ; 2 : 39 and 2 :3() minutes, which was the fastest time then record- ed for that age. The false estimate placed upon Morgan hor.ses up to twenty years ago, not only kept back the development of really excellent trotters, but was a positive and incalculable damage to the horses of the country generally, in that it caused the size of the farm ani- mals to be reduced. For tlio fanners especially went zealously into the rage for possessing Morgan horses. Development of the Trotting Horse. — The trotting horse of America has been entirely developed within the last forty years. He is not an animal of a separate and distinct breed ; for first-rate trotters have come of Canadian or Nonnan-French blood, from the horses of the middle States of mixed blood, from the Morgans and other New England breeds, and from A\'estein horses of mixed blood. 133 l;^4 THE AMERICAN FARMEU'S STOCK 1500K. II. Progenitors of Past Trotters. Notiible among tlio horses that have made -wonderful records in trot- ting of hite 3'ears are those descended from, and partaking hirgely of the blood of, Messenger, Bell founder and of Hauil)letonian. Hambletonian, after a career of varied success as a racer, at length became distinguished as a getter of trotting horses of elegance, finish, speed and endur- ance, either under the saddle or in harness. It is not our purpose to go minutely into the record of noted performances on the American trotting turf. Nowhere else in the world is the fondness for exhibitions of speed in trotting, so nearly universal among the people, as it has become here ; and in no other country are such exhibitions so patronized by every class. Even in Russia, the home of the famous Orloff breed, this sport is by no means a national one. "Where the general reader is usually so well informed of current events, the familiar details of exploits upon the turf are deemed to contain far less interest than will be found in a brief account of some of the most celebrated sires, whose descendants have proved constant in their performances. Messenger. — The original source of our best blood. Imported Mes- senger, not only gained fame for himself, but becpieathed his excellen- ces to a long line of descendants, who have been famous in the annals of the turf. His own ancestry possessed character for great and peculiar merit. Foaled in 1780, his first sire was ]\Iambrino ; second sire, En- o-ineer ; third sire, Sampson ; fourth sire, Blaze ; fifth sire, Flj-ing Childers ; sixth sire, The Darley Arabian. On the female side, his dam was by Turf ; second dam, the sister of Figurante, was by Regulas ; third dam by Bolton Starling ; fourth dam. Snaps by Fox ; fifth dam, Gipsey by Bay Bolton, and so on through Ne\\ castle Turk, Brierly Turk, Taffolet Barb, to the ninth dam by Place's "White Turk, out of a natural Barb mare. Messenger was threfore in-bred to a considerable degree, and combined in his veins tlie purest and richest l)lood of early English race horses. Potency of Arabian Blood. — Godolphin Arabian appears three times m the pedigree of Messenger. Flying Childers was the phenomenon of the Eu'dish turf in his day, and the accounts of his performances appear almost fabulous. Of one of the progenitors of Messenger, Sampson, it is said that while the thoroughbred of his day was scarcely more than fourteen and a half hands high, rarely reachingfif teen, Sampson was fifteen hands two inches, and was reported to be the largest-boned l)lood horse then ever bred. Horses of the Sampson blood, as we knew it nearly forty years ago, were Avonderf uUy compact animals of great bone, nuisde and sinew. Sampson, Engineer and Maml)rino were all rough and coarse, and the last two were considered the strongest and heaviest-l)oned horses AliOlT TKOTTIXCt HORSES. 135 of the English turf. It was ii most hicky circumstance for American studs that a scion of these coarse horses was imported, to stamp his impress upon the thoroughbred of this countrj-. "We have found t'.mt kind of coarseness to be the embodiment of strength, bone, muscle, and consequcntl}' of most enduring speed and bottom. m. Imported BeUioimcier. This wonderful animal was Ivuown in his day as the Norfolk trottei, and was, like Flying Childers, a phenomenon of the turf. He was fifteen hands high, a bright bay in color, M-ith l)lack legs. Being seven years old at the date of his importation, in 1S22, he must have i;')*) TJfE AMERICAN KAiniEIi's STOCK HOOK. been foaled in 1jilt/f^j r^ ■what they have done. First is Goldsmith Maid with a recoid of 2 : 14 ; and a further record of 232 heats with 2 :30 as the slowest. We also have Major Edsall, who made his mile in 2 : 29 ; and "Wood's Hambletonian, 138 THE AMKHITAN KAKMF.U's f^TOCK ]50()K. with sons mtikiiig records in from 2 : 23 to 2 : 27|. Pacing Abdallah, the getter of excellent roadsters, was another of his sons, as was Belmont, the sire of horses going the mile in 2 : 23 ito 2 : 30. Again, there is Thern- dale, a compact and muscular stallion, greatly celebrated, not only for his own great speed, butforthe excellent trotting qualities of his offspring. In 187(), after serving eight years m the stud, he made tivemile heats in 2 : 22J ; 2 : 22J : 2 : 32i ; 2 : 20 ; 2 : 25. Another remarkable son of Alexander's Abdallah, is Almont. His offspring are yet young to the track, but Pied- mont, at four years old, trotted in 2 : '601. V. What Goldsmith Maid Was Like. The likeness of Goldsniitli Maid shows her appearance, when in trot- ting condition, and will be studied with interest as an accurate view of the proportions of this most famous and one of the best bred of the Queens of the trotting course. She was fifteen hands andonemchin height, and seems rather delicately made m a superticial examination of her form. Yet the quality of her make-up is in every respect superb. An accurate and capable writer says of her: "Her head and neck are very clean and l)lood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ; middle piece tolerably deep at the gii'th, but so light at the waist as to give her a tucked-up ajipearance, and one would say a lack of constitution, but foi the abundant evidence to the contrary ; loin and coupling good ; quarters of the greyhound order — broad and sinewy ; her limbs are clean, tine- boned and ■w'iry ; feet rather small, but of good qualitj'. She is high mettled and takes an abuudaiice of work without flinching. In her high- est trotting form, drawni to an edge, she is almost deer-like in appear- ance, and Avhen scoring for a start and alive to the emergencies of the race, with her great flashing eye and dilated nostril, she is a jierfect pic- ture of aninuition and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and sweep- ing, and she is, in the hands of a driver acquainted with her peculiarities, a perfect piece of machinery. She seldom makes an out-and-out break, but frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing nothing in either case. Aside from the distinction of having trotted the fastest mile on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest three consecu- tive lieats ever won in a race, which renders any comments upon her staying qualities unnecessary." The time of Goldsmitli Maid has been beaten several times since 1877, but this detracts nothing from her wonderful ])erformance. She con- tinued on the turf until past twenty yeai's old, and after completing that age she closed her public career with the year 1877 by trotting, during that year, forty-one heats in 2 : iU) or better, and making a time record of AliOUT TROTTING HORSES. 139 2 : 14J. Her record stands at the close of Iicr career at 2 : 14, with 332 heats in 2 : 30 or better. Her record and her career are the marvel of the age. VI. The Movement in Trotting. A trotter, especially if he go fast, must go level and square, both be- fore and behind, and with as low action as may be compatible with the necessary stride. It is this abilitv to go close to the ground, or in what 140 Tin: A5iEi:iCAX fai;mku s stock hook. has been eullccl by some the sling-trot, and by others the slouehinjr trot, of the thoroujihl)red, that enables the l)est trotters to make their great speed : the sling-trot is simply the gait in which the animal reaches far for^\ard without raising the feet unnecessarily high, thus economising tinie and muscle. This movement, it an t i->v gut, ot, si\ twihcimles an hour, is well displayed in the cut illustiating the trottmg moAcmcnt. It is not an artificial gait, as has been stated by some good English horse- men. Every on(^ who has reannl a well-bred eolt has seen it, when fol- lowing the dam, strike naturally into this gait, Avith head up and tail ABOUT THOTTIXG HOUSES. 141 straight out. The trot is a natural gait of any horse, and is ahvaj-s used wlien going at easy speed on a smooth surface ; but the best trotting action is tlie result of breeding and training. VII. Disuse of the Trotting Faculty. Tliat tlie English lilood-horse has lost the trotting faculty to a 2;reat extent, is not because it was never in the bh)od, but because it was never allowed to be exercised in the training. And, as few horses could ever gallop faster far, Avithout special training, so, no horse can trot to the best advantage unless the gait has been developed b}' long practice ; and it is a peculiarity of this gait that the trotting horse, unlike the runner, seldom arrives at his best, until he is over eight 3'ears old. The same rule will apply to fast M-alking horses. They must be speciall}' trained to walk fast, and there is no better preparation for the trotting horse than this preliminary training in walking. VIII. A Record of Sixty Years. This chapter could not be more appropriately brought to a close, than by a brief record of events showing the development of trotting horses, and the growth of speed. For the facts we are indebted to Porter's Spirit of the Tiines. They have been selected with special reference to their i-nterest to the readers of this work : In 1824, A. M. Giles trotted his horse 28 miles in one hour and fift}-- seveu seconds. The same year Topgallant and Betsy Baker were matched to ti'ot three miles in harness for $1,000 a side. The race was won by Topgallant by 40 yards, in 8 minutes, 42 seconds. Topgallant also trot- ted 12 miles on the road in 39 minutes. The "Albany pony" did a mile in 2 minutes, 40 seconds. The Treadwell mare did one mile in 2 : 34 ; and Boston Blue trotted 18 miles within the hour. Boston Blue is re- jDorted to have been the iirst horse that trotted a mile in three minutes ; it having been done in 1818. So that it will be seen that the Treadwell mare in 1824 had reduced the tnne to 2 :34. Yet for man}' 3'cars after, a 2 : 40 horse was considered extraordinary, as also was any horse capable of going on the road in 3 minutes. In 1827, on the Hunting Park Association course of Philadelphia, Screw- driver won two heats at two miles, beating Betsy Baker in 8 :02 and 8:10, the third best time on record. Dutchman afterwards accomplished the same distance in 7 : 32i, and Lady Suffolk in 7 : 40i. In 1840, on the Long Island course, Jerry beat "N^Tialebone in a tliree- mile trotting race, in 8 : 23 the first heat, and 8 : 15 the second. The best time for 2 mile heats that year was 5 :22, 5 : 21 ; for 3 miles, 8 : 26, 8 : 27, 8 :41, 8 : 50. On long distances Sweetbrier accomplished six miles hi 18 : 52. 142 TlIK AMKIiir.VN ]AI!MKi;"s STOCK HOOK. Ill 1.S34 Eilwiii Foni'sl, ;i-< v1^, })Oiiting Sallv Miller. Tlu^ coui'so Avas 1 mik" and 10 yards in length. In 1835 Dutchman made four miles, undei- the saddle, in 11 : lH and 10: 51, antl Dolly, by Messenger, out of a thorouirhhred marc, live miles to Avagon, carrying two men, weighing 310 pounds, in 10 : 45 ; and im- mediately was started again to do 10 miles more, which she aceomplished in 34 : 07. Tho same year the horse Daniel D. Thompkins, under the saddle, trotted three-mile heats in 7 : 59 and 8 : 10. In 1842 Eipton heat Lady Suffolk, at three miles in harness, in 5 : 07 and 5 ; 17. In 1843 Lady Suffolk made mile heats in '2 : 28A, 2 : '2^, 2 : 28, 2 : 29 and 2 : 32, which was not again equaled until 1854, when this record was covered byTacony. In 1844 Cayuga Chief made the iirst half-mile of a race in 1 : 15, the fastest yet made in public : and Fanny Jenks accomi)lished 100 miles in harness, in 9 hours, 38 minutes and 34 seconds. The slowest mile was done in (5 : 25 and the fastest in 4 : 47. At the end of tlie race tills mare was driven an e.xtra mile in 4 : 23. In 1849 Lady Suffolk trotted 19 times and won 12, beating Gray Eagle and Mac twice, Pelham five times. Lady Sutton twice. Trustee four times ; also beat Black Hawk, Gray Trouble, Plowboy and other horses. This your a Canadian mare. Fly, is said to have been driven from Cornwall to Montreal, ninety miles, in 8 hours and 15 minutes. Fanny Jenks made 100 miles in 9 hours 38 minutes and 34 seconds. Fanny ^Murray trotted 100 miles in 9 hours 41 minutes and 23 seconds. In 1852 Tacony won 12 races, beating all the best horses of the day, making a single mile in 2 : 2(> ; two miles in 5 : 02 and was beaten only twice. As a 3 year, Ethan Allen trotted this 3'ear in 3 : 20. Floia Tem- ple this year won her first purse, on the regular turf, in 2:41. In 1853 the entire sporting interest was centered in Flora Temple and Tacony. Flora this jear beat all the best horses of the day winning sev- enteen times. Her best time at mile heats was 2 : 27, 2 : 2S, and at two- mile heats 5 : Oli, 4 : 59. This year Tacony trotted a mile in 2 : 25i. In 1856 the contest lay principally between Flora Temple and Lancet. Flora made 11 races, winning 9, beating Lancet four times in harness, and Tacony three times in harness, Tacony going under the saddle. This year Flora Temple lowered the one-mile record to 2 : 24i. IX. Strains of Trotting Blood. That the trotting horse of Amcriivi owes his great powers to the infu- sion of tliorouder rsui iifford to kocp the .sires at liis own expense orliv cd-dpcratioii, or in i)iii'tiK'rsliii), with othei's. Taking it for granted that the reader accepts, as true, the foregoing propositionts, wo will next in((uiro into some points that should be borne in mind by every one wlio ho])es to win success as a breeder, whether from the staiid-])oint of protit or with a view to the pleasure of doing a thing well. IV. Heredity in Animals. We have dwell with some emphasis upon the imporlanee of l)reeding from sound, vigorous parents ; for like produces like, and the rule is constant even in the case of phenomenal animals. p]xtraordinary devel- opment is by no means the result of chance, though it may be the bring- ing out in an extraordinary degree, of qualities that have been dormant, perhaps for generations, for the want of wliat breeders call nicking. By "nicking" is meant the development of dormant traits through the union of a sire and dam of peculiar qualities, of the most excellent traits perfectly blended together, and conferring vigor of constitution, soundness and tinencss of bone, along with great muscular developnu-nt , good digestion and excellence of the respiratory organs, and of the nerv- ous system, and nerve force. With these, au animal must l)e good ; and how to have them good is the object of this work. Let us now see what goes to make up that (pialit}' called heredity, which is carried in the breeding of an animal. Charles Darwin has writ^ ten A'oluminously and conclusively on this subject, as have many others. Dr. INIiles, late professor of Agriculture in the Michigan State Agricultu- ral College, in a treatise on the laws of development and heredity, in rela- tion to the improvement and breeding of domestic animals, has collected and arranged nnich valuable matter bearing upon this subject; and he cites heredity of normal characteristics, atavism, variation, the relative intluence of parents, influence of ])revious impregnations, and vai'ions other matters, as being well worth the study of the breeder. Tlie l)osition we have assumed is, therefore, founded upon correct and long- continued observation by the most (>minent minds of this and other ages ; for more than a glimmering of the laws of heredity was had even by the ancients. In classic times thei-e were families of athletes among the Greeks ; and the extract ah'cady given from Xenophon shows that he no less understood what a horse should be, than he did how to conduct the memorable retreat of the ten thousand, and to fight successful battles. Later researches by Galton have shown that the b(>st wrestlers and oars- men belong to a small number of families in which strength and skill have become hereditary. The most successful of oiu- trotting hoi'ses are THK BUEEDINC. AND liEARING OV COLTS. 147 derived fioiii three families ; of these the descendants of Messenger are most sti-ongly marked in hereditary trotting qualities. Among running horses Eclipse l)egat 3;>4, and Ilerod 4i)7 -winners. The hereditary trans- mission of strongly marked peculiarities in races is conspicuously shown in the Jews and in the Gypsies, who intei'many, each, only, among their own race. Hence, says Kibot, "their distinguishing characteristics have remained the same for centuries." So, certain breeds of sheep, as the Spanish ^lerinos, certain breeds of cattle, as the Devons, like certain l)recds of horses, are strongly characterized >)y their hereditary traits and tendencies. V. Peculiar Organic Structure. No less remarkable is the tcndeiuy, sometinu>s seen, to inherit abnor- mal organic structure. A peculiar structui'e of the ear, nervous system and vocal organs, gave to the family of Sebastian Bach, that power which in eisi'ht generations produced no less than twenty-mnc eminent singers. Fecundity, length of life, abnormal peculiarities of members of the body, day-blindness, total l)lindncss, peculiar forms of intirmity, and of disease, are well known to ])e hereditary in some human families. Accordingto Finley Dun a tendency to consumption and dysentery iii cattle is indicated by certain well marked signs ; the most obvious of which, he says, are a thin and long carcass, narrow loins and chest, flat ribs, a hollow appear- ance at the flanks, extreme thinness and fineness of the neck and withers, hollowness behind the ears, fullness under the jaws and a small, narrow muzzle. All these are indications of defective nutrition, and will apply generally, not only to cattle, but to other animals ; and defective mitri- tion is the parent of disease. VI. Heredity of Disease. Of 1000 cases of insanity noted in France, .">;>() were hereditary. In the family of Le Conipt, thirty-seven children and grand-children became blind like himself, and in this case the lilindness, for three sucees.sive generations, occurred at iibout the age of seventeen or eighteen years. Blindness is well known to Ijo hereditary in horses. Spavins, curbs, ring-b(mcs, strains of the back tendons, swelling of the legs and grease, roaring, thick wind, chronic cough, partial as well as total blind- ness, niahgnant and other tumors, epilepsy and various neiwous affec- tions, are also distinctly hereditary in the horse, and often do not appear until mature age. Hence, it is necessary to know that the stock you breed from is not only sound, but that it came of sound ancestry ; for disabilities may lie dormant for one, two or three generations, and then appear. 1 is TMK AMKUK'AX KAUMKu's STOCK ItOOK. Tlic jirt'dispositiou most to be guarded against in horses, is licreditarv disability m tlie bone, sinew, xiscera, anil espeeiaily in tiio sight. Defee- tivo siiilit h-ads to siiying, fright luni (•onse(juent unnianageal)ility, and is therefore dangerous in the extreme. VII. Atavism or Breeding Back. In breeding, if an abnormal eharacteristie appears in any of the young, and this is found to be valuable, it should be sedulously preserved and fostered. What is called breeding back or throwing l)aek, may oeeur after the lapse of many years. The occasional ajjpearance of horns in (lalloway cattle is a case in point. Mr. Darwin mentions the occurrence in two of a litter of Essex pigs, of marks of a Berkshire cross, that had lain dormant for twenty-eight years. The rei)roduction of a ))eculiarity of an ancestor, near or remote, whether of form, color, mental trait or predisposition to disease, is termed atavism. It is a valuable trait when good qualities arc thrown, and they are likely to be, if the good qualities are inherent. It is to be guarded against, if the qualities transmitted arc ])ad. Hence wt- have laid it down as a rule: Breed to none 1)ut tiie best. VIII. Variation and Development. Variation is among the rarest of the occurrences that the bi-ceder ever encounters. It is in fact not susceptible of proof that distinct and well- marked variation of a race is possible. Its occurrence is probably due to the thi'owing back to some long dormant quality of a remote ancestor. Wild animals do not change ; among them one is like the others. If transported, tluy may be dwarfed in size, and acquire a more abundant cov- ering of hair, while their stomachs iind other organs may become modi- tied to suit the changed conditions in a rigorous climate, or, with ■warmth and abundant food they may be increas(>d in size and gciu^-al develop- ment. But this is not what we understand by variation, which is not some sudden change in the species. Variation is rather tlu^ departui'e of the individual from the well-known traits of his spi'cies or family, and is due, as already stated, to avatism or breeding back to some ancient ancestor, and to some remote cross or mingling of blood. Species may acquire certain traits by development, but the process is gradual, and when once attained the traits may he perpetuated. This development is most gradual in horses, somewhat quicker in cattle, yet faster in sheep, and still more so in swine. Horses breed but once a year, mature the most slowly of all farm aninuds, and rarely produce more than one A'oung at a birth. Cattle mature faster, breed younger and frequently produce twins. IShee[) ma- ture still faster, and often produce two or nu)re at a birtli, while swine mature rapidly, breed young, and produce many at a birth. Till': lillKEDlNC AM> KIOAIUXa OF COI.TS. 14i) IX. Transmission of Qualities. Ill breeding, there are two points to he taken into consideration, in relation to the transmissiou of the qualities of the sire and dam. As a rule the sire of pure blood, coupled with a "cold-blooded" mare, by which we mean a mare of mixed blood, will get a foal more strongly resembling himself tiiaii the mare. Some sires have this power of im- pressing tlu^ir characti'ristics upon the progeny in a r(Miiarkal)le degree. A fact that is still more striking is that some females have the faculty of bringing young remarkaljly like the sire. This is a species of atavism. If a mare possesses this peculiarity, she is invalu!i})le, and if of pure l)lood should never be served by any but the best sires. If of cold blood then she should be served by a sire of like peculiarity as to the transmis- sion of blood, and possessing the qualities which are wanted in the foal. Again, the oftener a female is served by the same sire, the stronger will be the likeness of the progeny to the sire, as a rule ; and the ofti'iier the sire is changed, the greater will bo the danger of variation in the progeny. Hence, the absolute importance of lireeding in such manner that the blood souglit will bo more and more impressed with the characteristics required ; and, hence, again, the imperative necessity that the first time a female, especially one of pure lineage, is allowed to breed, it be not only to an animal of known purity of blood, but to one bred in the same line, that is, having the same qualities as herself ; for, not only is the dam impressed with the blood of every sire with which she has had contact, but the first impress is stronger than any succeeding one. It is not nec- essary here to go into a demonstration of these facts. They an^ so well established that they may be taken for granted. X. The Impress of Color and Form. Breeding to color is also an important point to be considered. Never use a parti-colored stallion, but always use one of self-color. Bays and chestnuts Avith darker manes and tails are the best colors, as a rule. These colors may be broken with white at the fetlocks, and by a star in the forehead; ])ut too much white should be avoided, while "calico mark- ings" are the least desirable of all. Certain breeds have characteristic colors, as the gray in the Percheron, bays and browns in the Clydesdales, and black in the English cart horse. Adhere to definite colors, whatever they may be ; if others incline to crop out, especially marked ones, be sure they are due to atavism, from some near or remote cross. With regard to form, the rule more generally acknowledged to l)e cor- rect, and the one borne out by many facts, is, that the sire impresses outward form and color to a great degree, and the mare the inner and jihysical form to a corresponding degree. If the sire be of the pui'est 150 Till': AMERICAN I'AiniKlfs STOCK HOOK. lineage, liis inipref^.s, all tlirough, will he the stronger, and if the mare l)e the purest, her cluiracteristies will predominate. In breeding up to a higher standard, be sure, therefore, that the sire is of the purest and the most strongly marked eharacteristies, as to impress of blood. XI. Kelation of Size in Sire and Dam. In the production of full-formed, vigorous and symmetrical animals, if it is desired to increase the size, the mare should be relatively lariicr than the horse. But if the size is correct, according to the breed, select sire and dam of relative size ; that is, select a sire proportionately larger than the dam, according to the breed. In Devon and Hereford cattle, for example, the cows are smaller than the bulls, wherein they contrast with the Short-Horns, where the relative size between male and female cor- responds more nearly with the relative size of horse and mare. Above all, never make the mistake of attempting to breed-up the size by using overgrown males. Such an ex|ieriment must always end in disaster, as many farmers have found by breeding snuiU mares, which they huppen to have, to some coarse, large-l)oned horse, with the idea of getting large, able-bodied colts. At the time Avhen overgrown horses were fasliional)le in End, it will serve to show a result of cross breeding. The i)rogeny partakes more of tiie tliorough tiian of the mixed l>lood. Tlie cut of Siiales, a iiaif-lu-cd iiorse foaled in England, early in tin; century, and noted during his whole lift' as a most wonder- ful trotter, shows the residt of a tlioronghl)red sire, with a dam of nuxed lineage. Here the preponderance is in favor of the thoroughbred sire. The cut of Dervish shows an example of pure breeding, and probably of close, or at least line, breeding. lie was a little bay Arab, of great style and fineness, remarkable for his darting, square trot ; that is, for throwing out the fore-leg, and straightening the knee bcfoie the foot touched the ground. vril. The Best are Cheapest in the End. The highly-bred trotters of to-day, those (pdte or nearly thorough- bred, show the value of breeding in line, that is, we repeat, the l)r(!eding together of animals of close descent, or those having ehai'aeteristics in conunon. Many of our best thoroughbred racers show examples of in- and-in breeding, and, as a rule, those bred in the same line of descent are more uniform in their (lualities, than those w'hich havc^ been produced by the luiion of many sub-families of the same original blood. The objec- tion to close in-and-in breeding is, that, if persisted in, it M'ill ultimately result in weakening the constitution, while at the same time it retines. To establish a breed it nuist be closely followed, departing from tiie rule only when undue delicac}' of constitutional vigor is feared. In the wild state, gregarious animals, such as horses and cattle, breed in-and-iu for two or three generations, or >nitil the strongest males become enfeebled with age, or arc obliged to suceiunb to younger and more vigorous ones ; which is in accordance with the princi[)le of tiie survival of the fittest, and may l)e called a moditication of in-and-in breeding alternated with breeding to line. The same rule would be a sound one, if modified by careful selection, in the artificial breeding of (If)mcstic animals, alwavs keeping in mind that in sheep, and especially in swine, the rule nnist not be so closely followed. But in all this, remember constantly tiiat the Ti:i', i',i!F.r.i)i\(; ani> ];f.arix<} of coi.ts. 153 Lest are always clieapr.st in the end. Jt is true that the breeder's jjiirse must l)e considered ; but, be he rich or poor, it is always a iiioiiey-losing business to ])rec(l to an ill-forni(Ml inal(! because he is cheap. XrV. Selection of Stallion and Mare. Tlie sel(H'tion of the stallion, while it will i-iniarih' u[ioii what the colts are intended fin-, should always bo for the good there is in him. lie should be of full medium-size for the breed, and should possess the characteristics we have previously stated, in -WTiting of Ijreeds. He should bo masculine in every fiber, with the distinguishing beauty, strength, fire and courage of the nuile. Never breed to a feminine-look- ing male. The outcome -will always be a failure. Selection of the Mare. — The selection of the mare is no less important. It is she that is to noui'ish the fcetus, and after birth give suck to the young. The mare, whatever her size, should not be coarse at any point. Her beauty needs to be feminme, just as that of the stallion must be masculine. She should cany more muscle or flesh than the horse, be more rounded in outline, but be iincr in head, neck and limb, and thin- ner in mane and tail than the stallion. Her strength should be that of flcetness, her fire that of docnlo playfulness, and her courage that of am- bition to perform. She should have a larger pelvis, relativelv, than the horse, and her barrel should be rather rounder and more roomy. Her milking rpialitles should of (iourse l)e good, for upon them depends, in a great measure, the future usefulness of the colt. XV. Service of the Stallion. The mare may be ser\ed just as she is coming into heat, but better just after her greatest passion of heat has passed. The lii-st time for service is early in the morning. After being served let her remain quiet, or, if she seem fretful, walk her slowly about, and, after fifteen minutes, turn her into a pasture that she may amuse herself eating gi-ass ; but not in a pasture where there is other stock. A mare will usually receive the horse on the eighth or ninth day after foaling, even though she exhibit no particular sign of heat ; if not, she may conn! into ht^at MJien the colt is about four weeks old. Treatment after Service. — After being served, try her with the horse on the ninth day ; if she refuse, try her again on the seventh day follow- ing ; upon a second refusal, try her again on the fifth day after that ; if she then refuse, she may be fairly conceded to be with foal. Above all things, the mare should be kept away from teasing horses ; from l)adly castrated geldings ; from ridglings, or horscsimperfectly gelded, and bear- ing ono testicle in the bod}' ; from yearling colts, and from other mares in heat. When once the time of heat is known, and service gi\-en, the ir)4 llll'; AMI'.KICAN lAl.'MI-.li's STOCK HOOK. iniiro should !»' rclunuMl (otlic lior-c ms iccdiiiiiu'iuliMl, so llmt tlio time mav nol run ()\t'r wlicii llicinan' slinuKl rccc'ncllio hursc. Forty-four weeks Ihmuu; tlu" UMial liino (lie uiaro goes wilh t'oal, if the service of the >l:il- liou is delayed it will liriu^' the hirtii of the ne\l foal too late, [)ei-hai)s, in tlie next \i-.w : and, possilily one year may have to he iiilenuil let! in lireod- in. This period may, howevei', aeeordini!; to the (ilisi'r\atious (d" Mr. Vouatt , he diminished l>y ti\ i^ weeks, orexteuded h\- six week^. Thus it will he seen that there is a variation of nearly eh'\eu wei>ks, or nearly three months. .M. l''essier, a l-'reneh ohsei'X'er, count ing .'">''^l' mares, finds the lonii't'st pei'iod Nil days, the shortest '-'ST davs iind the jiverae-e iVM days. In au ohservation hy M. (iayotoii (wenty-tivo niari"s,(ht> average was ;> I.'! days, thelongost [UM-iod 'Mu tlaysand liio shortest period .'>:? t days. SnudI mares, as a rule, go a shorter time liian large ones, and a mare is apt to carry a horse colt longer tlian one which is a female, 'i'he oliservations of M. Fessier m.iy he taken as (lie nuiNt eonclusi\c, since they were extended oxer a period of forty ye;ir>. Treatment During Gestation. — Tho n\are should not he worked inune- dialcU' after hcingscrxed. Once (|uietcd, it is pi'opei' that she ha\-e ordi- nary work until within al)ont three months of thetinu> of foaling. .Vfter tills slu> mav do light work, not fast work, with l)enetit lo herself and the foal, ('arc, however, must he taken that she do not slip or strain herself, iiiU' fall down XVII. Troatmont After Foaling. After foaling, and until the e(dt is ainonth old, the maro .shoidd do no work. In fact, no valuahle mare should do any work, certainly not more than enough for exercise, until the e(dt hegins to eat gra.ss and grain freelv. 'rhei-i> art" more colts dwarfed, and mares injured, hy the dam being worked hard while sueklingtho eolt, than at any other time, and hy all other means w hatc\er. She is then weak, liahle to hecome overheated, and any disal)ilit\' ex[>ericuccd hy the mare will >urely lie participattnl in by the foal. XVIII. How to Know if a Mare is in Foal. As .dready >tatcd, if the mare refuse the hoix' upon the third trial, on tlie twcnt\-tirst Aiw after service, she may be considered to bo with foal. Uetween these trials, however, if the mare bo not gra\id, or in foal, llu' lips of the vagina will be moist, bright, and of a fresii tlorid TIIIO KliKKDI.Vd AM) ItKAKINO OK COI/FS. 155 Jippcuniiicc, and with ii fio.sh droj) of fluid iit tho lower purt, which ])eiiig tou('li(!d will iiicHiKsto extend. If hIk; iM^gnivid, tiio .surfaco of the vai^ina will 1)0 dry and of a dirty brown or rusty color, wliilo tiie drop that l)cfore wan ch^ar fluid, will bo dark and brown. After tlu; thii'd month, the belly will l)egin to swell, and at th(! iicccssarv to kcci) up Iht ((ludilidii. If, at wiaiiiiiL;' tiiiir, tlu' marc do not drv off kindly, tlic milk should lie di-aw n liy hand, often cnouirli lo lu'cvcut. inllammation ; kccpinj; licr on dry food will assist in the l»ro- fC'ss of drviujj;, cspcciallv if slii> he put to steady l)uL lii^ht wnik. Al all I'Vent.s slio should have ])lenty of walking' exei-eise daily. The coll shonhl 1)0 handled luul fondlcil fi-oin Ihc time it is a week old, if si ii mi;-, and a lili'lit lialler should 1)(! put on, lo lead it liy. 'I'hus i( carl\' hccnmcs ac- (■Ustomc(l lo Ihc master, and if kindly trcalcd will somi come lo seek the foiidlinn' hand. .Vs soon as il will ea(, say al thi-ce months ohl, il- should he accuslomcd to a lillle crushed o.ils daily, and the mess may he in- creased from tim(> to time, until il i;-c(s a full ration, al six mouths old. Many jjersons suppose thai a colt ni'cds no walcr. NothiniT <'oul(l he further from the trulh. .\flcr il is a week old, the colt should he offered water onee a day, at noon, ami as il increases in a^e, oflener. Wheu ready lo wean, it will already have been accustomed lo lead hy the halter. Tie it .securelv where it may not hurt itself, prefer iMy in siuht- of the mare ; feeil it generously, jiive it plenty of water, and allow il to run al play evurv day. CIIAl'TKR X. ASSES AND MULES. I. THE MII.E AND IIINNV lIKKINED. II. THE ASS. III. ANTIQIHTi' OK TIIEMrLE. IV. IMIEKDINU-JACKS. V. 1.0N(;EVITV OK TIIK. MUI.K. VI. THE VAI.IE OK Min.KS FOlt I-ABOU. VII. MILKS AltE NOT VHIOUS. VIII. TIIIC HUKEKINO OF MULES. I. The Mule and Hinny Defined. TIk! woi'd iimli^ siifiiifics :i liyhrid, tlint is, IIk^ ofrs])riiiir of ;iiiiiiial.s hcloii^^iiii;; to \\\t' siiiiKf <^(:ims, and fertile one witli tlio otlKsr, Imt of dif- fcii'iit ^ijxM-ics. Mules or hyhrids ai'o usually inf(^rtil(!, oiio with aiiotlicr, and arc always iiicapahli! of iH-op.-if^atiug the K[)eeios iiide(iiiitel\-. As now iijenorally a<'cepted, IIk! word niiilo is used to dosiirnato the on's|)iin;^ of the jnalo ass with the mare. 'rh(yha\(! hcen known and Iti'ed siiiee the time of r(!rnot(!st history, havin;^; always been prized for their loiiiiovity, sur<'-footedn('ss, and al)ility to labor in e.xirenie heat. The Hinny. — Tiro hinny is the produce of a sli(!-ass, bred to a hors(!. 'I'hey were; called Jiiniiiis by the Romans ; — hencu!, our name, hinny. They i-csemble the horse more than the ass, just as the inul(!, spruii;^ from the mare and ass, ros(Mnbles the male parcMitmost. Ilinnies are handsome, round-))odied lik<^ the horse, l)ut ('.xceedinj^ly small, and are also said to be slow and more difficult to Tnana<;e than the mule ))roper. The\' have, therefore, seldom lireu l>r('lonian Empin^ Those; now found in the northern region of India are said to bo so fleet, in the liill country, that no liorso can overtake them. Four different races s(!(^in to ))e indicated in tiie II(0)rew Scriptures, where thc^y ai"e named Para, Olianior, AIoh and Oritd. Of the wild ass Para, Scott's version of the description by ,Iob is as follow> : '■Willi Iciiaiit of llic; uiislc, I .-lilt him tlirn- AiiKing the slinitts, to breath in l''i<'ciloin'H iiii-. Swift as an arrow in his speed hiinets, as the female of the ass is called, is confined to l)ut few hands. These breeding studs are mostly located in Kentucky and Tennessee, though some are found in Ohio, Indiana, Il- linois and ilissouri. Up to the time of the late war the breeding of tliis stock was an important industry', the jacks produced l)cing distrib- uted for service all over the Southern and Western States. Since the war, with the bi-eaking up of the great breeding studs, the industry has languished, owing to the decreased demand for mules. A new impetus, YOrN(! SPANISH JENXET. however, has given rise to the breeding of jacks again in considerable num- bers in the South, and this branch of husbandry will undoubtedly asain assume more than its original importance ; for the agricultural interests of that section are steadily growing, and a constant improvement is noted in the quality and numbers of the live stock. What tiic jacks should be may be seen in the illustration of a Poitou ass, a modification of the liest form of the Spanish jack, on page 1.t9, and that of the best form of the nuilo in the cut on page 160, sho\\-ing the manner of trimming, (I'oaching) the mane and tail. The cut of a Spanish jennet g_iven above will also convey an accurate idea of the best form of jennet. 162 THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. V. Longevity of the Mule. The longevity of the mule is proverlnul. It wus a common saying dur- ing the civil war that "mules never died;" they might sometimes bo knocked over by a shot, but if one ever died a natural death the army wags refused to credit or I'ecord the fact. Pliny gives an account of one, taken from Grecian history, that was eighty jcars old ; and thougli past labor, followed others, that were carrying materials to build the temple of Minerva at Athens, and seemed to wish to assist them ; which so pleased the people, that they ordered he should have free egress to the grain market. Dr. Rees mentions two that were seventy years old in England. Mr. P. S. Skinner says, "I saw myself, in the West Indies, a muleperfoim his task in a cane mill, that his owner assured me was forty years old ;" and adds, writing nearly twenty years ago, "I now own a mare mule twenty-five years old, that I have had in constant work twenty-one years, and can discover no diminution of her powers ; she has within a year past often taken upwards of a ton weight in a wagon to Boston, a distance of more than five miles. A gentleman in my neighborhood has owned a very large mule about fourteen years, that cannot be less than twenty-eight j^ears old. He informed me, a few day since, that he could not perceive the least failure in him, and would not exchange him for any farm horse in the country. And I am just informed, from a source enti- "tled to perfect confidence, that a highly respectable gentleman and eminent agriculturist, near Centerville, on the eastern shore of Maryland, owns a mule that is thirty-five years old, as capable of labor as at any former period." VI. Value of Mules for Labor. It is be3'ond dispute that mules will continue to lalior for at least dou- ble the period of the usefulness of the horse. They endure extreme heat better, but are pinched with cold. It is a mistake to suppose that the mule will subsist on far less food than the horse. In pi-oportiou to size, they require about the same quantity ; but, weight for weight, they will draw a heavier load ; and, for the reason, that they take little notice of what is going on about them, do not fret and seldom scare. As pack- animals, they are far superior to the horse ; while, in sure-footedncss and freedom from disease, no farm animal, except the goat, can compete with them. The impression that mules can get along with little or no care, and that they may be turned out in the winter to shift for themselves, has led many people to be disappointed in their use. In summer, when a horse would seek the shade, we have seen mules lie prone in the sun and enjoy th(! heat. For ordinary farm labor and all teaming purposes, mules Ijecome more and more valuable as we go south of 40 des. As we ASSE.S AM) MILES. 163 j)rocecd north they bccoiiio less and less serviceiihlo, and few are found in use north of 45 degrees. VII. Mules are not Vicious. It is generally supposed that the mule is naturally vicious. This is a mistake. He is resentful and never forgets an injury ; and if subjected to a long course of ill usage he at length becomes A'icious. On the other hand, no animal is more susceptible to kindness, or will exert himself more strenuously for a kind master. Nevertheless, the mule must have a mas- ter, one firm and yet kind. The mule, as some of our readers pro))abIy know, has a most perfect means of offense and defense, namely, his heels. PERCHEKON MARE AND MULE KOAL. These he knows how to use to far better purpose than does the horse. They arc not used, however, except under the impulse of fear or revenge. If kindly used the mule is at once amiable, tractable and Milling to per- form any flue amount of labor. On the contrary, if ill used he becomes sullen, vicious and often l)alky in the extreme. VIII. The Breeding of Mules. In the breeding of mules, as of all other animals, attention must be paid to the use for which they are intended. If for packing in the moun- tains, small, compact mules, such as are bred from small, tine Spanish 1(U THE AMERICAN rAHMEU S STOCK HOOK. ,11 i((; h'''l" --CJ m i ASSES AM) MULES. Kif) jacks, are required. These are at onee iigilc and sure-footed. For work ou Southern phiiitations medium-sized mules are most souglit. These ari' bred from mares of ordinary size, by good-sized jacks. In breeding nudes for the road ;uul for heavy teaming, large, roomy mares are used. These are served with the largest jacks, and at three years old command, when well matched, from $300 to $()00 a span. The treatment of tlie marcs and of the mule colts should bo precisely like that described in the preceding chapter. The colts should be handled young, gently treated and made completcl}' subordinate to the will of the master. At two 3'ears old WINTEIiING IN THE WOOUS. they may l)e l)r()ken. They should he carefully harnessed, without fright- ening them, and hitciiedtoa strong wagon, when tluy will generally move off without much difficulty. Thereafter they may do light work until they arc four years old, when they may be put to full labor. Their denti- tion is similar to tiiat of the horse, and the rule for telling their ages is identical with the advice for that animal. The illustration on page 1(53, shows a roomy Percheron nuire and mule foal. Above is seen a group of mules as wintered in mild climates. CILVrTKU XI. HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. I. THE OLD SYSTKM AND TIIK NKW. 11. THE AMEKK^AN VAYBETTICll THAN THE EN- GLI.SII. III. PIFFEUENCE BETWEEN BKEAKINC} ANDTKAINING. IV. FlK^iT LES- SONS. V. LEAKNINGTOLEAD. VI. TO MAKE A COL T C'OMETO VOL". VII. LES- SONS IN SOIND SIGN AI.S. VIII. FLEXIONS. IX. THE PKOFER A<;E FOB WOUK. X. IIAKNESSINO ANDUHIVINO. XI. THE Als through fioundcring, it will thereafter bo quiet. Next take the halter in the right haiul, and bid the colt go on. If it refuse, tap it under the belly with the switch, luitil it moves. If it roars again, again subdue it. So continue until it moves forward. Then talk to it, and pet it, and it will soon lead kiiuiiy, turning to the light or left at will HOW TO TKAIX A IIOKSK. Id!) IIilV( VI. To Make a Colt Come to You. loiiir il('xil)l(' wliip. I'lacc yourself just so fur alicad of tlif colt that you can easily touch him in tlio ilank, and then hid him "come here," at the same time pulling on the halter. If he will not come, tap him m the flank, or on the fore legs, and .so continue until he obeys. Jf hv. pulls back, check him, and continue touching him until he comes up. Then pet him and give him a small taste of sugar, or something he likes. Continue in this wa}' until he conies readily at the word. The colt will not always l)ecome perfect under the tirst or secoiid lesson. Perseverance will accom- plish each and every other lesson more easily than if violence were used. VII. Lossona in Sound Signals. We have showm that the lirst lessons are to accustom the colt to prompt obedience to the will of the trainer, as expressed by the voice or signals. The voice, however, nmst be the chief reliance. The signal by soimd, should precede tiie signal by sign, or the check by thestrai) or rein ; and should always precede the tap of tiie whip, when the whip is necessary. A child is taught to speak thi'ough its po«er of imitation. If it nevei- heard spoken language, it would never learn to articulate speech. So, the same word should always be used, to induce the perform- ance by the colt of a certain act, as : Whoa ! Back ! Go on ! Conic here ! "When this has been accomplished, and tlie colt has been taught to stand at rest, to lead quietly or to circle about the tutor, at the end of tlie rein, he should next be taught to follow the master about the yard with- out leading, first with the halter strap in the hand, the tutor backing as the colt follows, and afterwards with the strap over the neck of the colt. The preliminary lesson in backing may be taught, l)y taking tiie colt by the head, standing in front of him, and using the word "))ack," at the same time, pressing in the proper direction, and tapping it on the breast, if neci'ssarv. After a time the animal will back promptly and continuously at the word. Tills lesson, and all others of flexions, must 1)6 taught with the bridle and l)it, since to back easily and properly, the iiead must be raised. In ail tirst lessons the form of the halter is important, ^^'e give that of a good one, which will not hurt the colt unless ho pulls strongly on it. Upon ceasing, the halter will let up of itself. When once the animal is taught to stand quietly, an ordinary halter may bo used. .\ <;oo:) i'okm ion a n ai.tki.. 170 TIIK A.MKK1CAN IAUMKK's STOCK BOOK. Vni. Flexions. 'rii.it till' (dU may hi- alilc promptly to turn in any dire, t ion, what are I'alloil (loxions siioiikl 1)0 praoliocd. Tln' mon- simpli" of these are, raismi:' the head iiiiiii, puttinjf it down ilose to the grouiul antl then I'ais- mlmuid sHp easily, and the bit should just touch the upper part of the lips, and that only in the slightest manner. Stand in front of the horse, take the off oi right rein with the right hand al)out six inches from the branch of tlie hit, and the near or left rein with the left hand, at al)oiit half the dis- tance from the brunch. Draw the right hand to the body, and press with the left, so as to turn the hit in the mouth. If the horse hacks, follow him up, pressing steadily until he lowers his head, and flexes his jaw. Then slii) the left hand along the rein until it is opposite the right hand and press tlie head to the lireast, holding it curbed perpendicularly but (ibli(|nelv to the right, until the horse will maintain the itositioii himself. 'riieii Ilex the jaw to the left by a reverse action to that above given. Teach the horse to raise his head high and perpendicularly, by taking each rein, six inches from the branch, and raising, and pressing slightly back. Teach him to lower the head by a contrary action. \ext teach him to sway the head to the right and to the left, to raise ami lower the head alternately, l)y means that will readily suggest themselves. It will surprise you to find how soon the average horse will understand. in all this, use no undue violence, and above all bear in mind that a curb-bit is a jjowerful lever, and must be carefully handled. When the animal is perfect in these flexions, take the reins in the left hand, near the branches of the bit ; and standing close by and facing the shoulder, holding the head fairly uii, and to you, induce (he animal to move his hind feet, in a circle from you, the fore feet remaining stationary, as a pivot. This lesson perfect, make him stand linn behind, and move his fore parts from vou in a circle. There are many other tlexions taught in the meiiaue ; l)ut the foregoing are sufficient fora saddle horse or light HOW TO TKAIX A IIOKSK. 171 driving horse ; and these are not necessary unless tiie aniniiil Ix! intended for this kind of work, or for racing or trotting. Remember one thing, teach only one lesson at a tim(^. Again, let us repeat the caution, never to use undue violence, and never lose your temper, never speak loud, or jerk the reins, or ac^t upon sudden impulse. Keep cool. Your object is to train, not break the will. When the animal understands the wish, and performs it, reward it with something it likes, and let it rest ; a bit of carrot, or sugar for instance, goes a great way with a }()ung horse. IX. The Proper Age for Work. Thepreliniinary training may go forward from th(! time the colt is six months old, until the age of two years is reached. It will by this time be <|uite 8ubniissi\e to the will of the trainer, and without fear. A l)ad, with light stii'rup-Ieathers attached, may be put oti, and the colt be allowed to play about the yard with it, at the end of the rein. A well- fitting bridle may bo put on, with keys attached to the center of the bit, with which the colt may amuse itself. When the colt is one year old and over, the crupper-strap may be j)ut on, and the little animal may be reined loosely to the top of tiie pad. Later, the side reins maybe put on, and the head gradually brought into position. The colt, if stabled, should bo regularly cleaned. His feet should be raised, and the hoofs lightly tap})ed with a hammer. lie; should be taughtto lead, walk and trot, beside the trainer. Thus at the age of two years, if w(!ll-grown, he will be ready to bo trained to light work, or, as it used to be put, "broken to harness." Under the course of treatment we have laid down, he will have learned the use of the reins, — to go back, or forward, and to turn to the right or left at tilt! word ; and above all, he will have confidence in himscilf, and no fear of his master. In nine cases out of ten, if the colt has been taught to lead beside a well trained team, and used to the rattling of the wagon, he will go off pretty nmch like an old horse, excej)t for his super- abundant life, the first time he is harnessed. X. Harnessing and Driving. Two years is the best age for putting the colt to light work. He has better tei'th then than at three years old, and has arrived at the ])eriod when careful driving will assist to spi-ead and develop the frame. The colt will, of course, first have been taught to allow himself to 1)0 harnessed and unharnessed kindly. Put the hariiess on carefully and hitch him up beside a well-trained horse, usually on the off side, and start the team ; then, if he plunge, he can do no mischief. Tie the dou- ble-tree of the old horse, so that he can \ni]\ all the load if nicissaiv. 17:.' TlIK AMERICAN IAi::\l IM;" S STdClv liOOK. and l)'ul tlioin go. If the colt pliuigo and rear, kcop the steady horse in motion, and talk to the colt. If he show too niiuh temper, a few sharp outs of the wdiip Avill bring him to terms, but in punishing him strike but once, and repeat if necessary. This discipline, administered vith care, and driving to make them way-wise, is all the difficulty one need ever have with colts. XI. The Age for Real Work. Having performed light work, when from two to three years of age, let the colts have rest during the twelvemonth from three to four years of age. They are then shedding their principal teeth, and should be allowed to grow. At five years they may be put to real work, and they Avill then go on getting better and wiser, until they are eight years old, at which age a horse should be kind and without fear under any circumstances, and fit for anv one to drive, who can hold the reins, and has judgment enough to keep from running against obstacles. This may seem lik,' a long course of training, and one accompanied by much trouble. It all, however, comes in the regular routine of farm life, and must be undertaken in one way or another, unless the animal ])e intended for mere drudgery. XII. How to Subdue a Wild Colt. The narrative of how the writer once subdued, and rendered i)erfectly amenable to the will, a pair of wild, high-bred four-year-old colts, that had never even been haltered, may prove interesting. The colts had been l)urchascd from a person Avho was a capital and humane horseman, but believed in never handling a colt until four years old — and this is cer- tainly better than imperfect handling. The two were driven together, into a dose stall. From the outside of the stall, after many trials, in which no violence was used, but, on the contrary, soothing words, strong cavosson halters, such as are shown in (he illustration, were put on the ani- mals and buckled. A rope twentv-four feet long, and with a powerful snap hook in the middle, M-as attached to tlie ling of the halter, leaving the ends twelve feet. Two men were placed at each end of the rope, whose only duty was to keep it s])read, and, so accommodate themselves to the movement of the colt, as to keep it as nearly within bounds as possilde. Our horseman friend superintended one colt, myself the other. The colts were allowed to find their way each into separate j-ards. The men picked up the ends of the rope, and the struggle began. The nnisters' part was simply to direct the movements of the men, and talk, each to his own colt. In ten minutes the rearing and plunging of one colt was over, and in less than fifteen minutes the struggles of the HOW TO TRAIN A HORSE. 173 otltor had ceased ; in less than twenty minutes each of the colts, ex- hausted, allowed the hand of the mastei" to be placed on the nose, and himself to bo gently fondled. Standing a short distance before the colt, with a flexible whip in hand and a cord attached to the ring of the halter, the men still holding the ends of the rope, but slack, I bade the colt come forward, tapping it on the knee after every word, with the end of the whip. The colt did not fear the master, only the assistants, and soon first one, and then the other, came forM'ard promptly, and within an hour would follow like a dog. They were led home and put in the stable. The next day they were bitted, and their training proceeded steadily. Within a week each of them was ridden, and in ten days they were harnessed together and driven. Tiiey were broken, during the season, to light driving under sharp curb- bits, accustomed to various odd sights, and having first been rendered submissive to the voice and will of the master, never showed fear that could not be quieted by a word. xm. Handling a Vicious Colt. Some colts are naturally vicious. The head of such an animal is rep- resented in one of the illustrations given with Chapter III. If you un- fortunately have one, get him into a close stall, fasten him securely in, halter him and get him in the yard, using ropes to the halter-ring, not less than twenty feet at each end. After he has struggled and exhausted himself, proceed to make him lie down. This can be done in the follow- ing manner. Ha\e ready a strong bridle with a snafilc-bit, and put it on him ; also fasten around the refractory youngster a good padded sur- cingle, with a strap for the fore leg having a loop that will draw tight around the fetlock. Raise the leg, buckle the end of the strap securely around the arm, and you have him so he cannot kick. Fasten a longer strap with a similar loop, but no buckle, around the off fetlock ; pass the end under the surcingle, taking the end in the right hand, while the left grasps the bridle by both I'cins ; cast off the hampering ropes, and as the horse rears to free himself, pull tight the strap that has been passed under the sur- cingle, and when he comes down it ^y\\\ be on the knees. As he strug- gles, press his head from you, bj^ jDuUing the off rein tight over his neck, and he will fall over on the side. When he gives uj) entirely, and lies still, the horse should be fondled, the straps taken off, and after a time, he should be allowed to rise. If not entirely subdued, the same thing must be gone over again. This is essentially Mr. Rarey's ])lan. It need never be resorted to ex- cei)t under extraordinary circumstances, and the operator must have Ill Tin; AMi;i;ic.\.\ fakmki! s stock uodk. lii'cii ;u'rust()iiu'(l to Imiulliiiii; horses, jiiul uiidrrstaiul tlic iiio\i'in(Mits nec- essary in overcoming vicious and rearing animals. Another phm is to hopple the horso and throw him down, hnt tlic one we have described is the best and most successful. It sliouhl never he a( tempted, however, except in a yard so thorouglily eovcred witli sonic soft material that the animal will not liiirt itself in falline-. XIV. Subduing a Vicious or Tricky Horse. No person who is not well assured of his own power, should havi> anv- thing to do with a vicions horse, especially if the animal be vicious from some physical infirmity, such as partial insanity, wicked temper, vtv. If the horse has been made tricky hy a previous timid owner, the case is not so bad. (Jo into the stable where he is tied, and speak to liim in a lirni voice. Put a strong snatHe bridle on him, take it by the bit, and order him to back. If he do not obey, strike him sharply with the whip on the fore limbs, holding him withthe left hand, yourself partly facing to the rear, but so you can see every motion of the eye and ear. If he kick, cut him sharply with the whip (a rawhide is best) just above the hock, over the Heshy part of the leg. If he rear, cut him over the fore legs — n(>ver, however, giving more than one stroke at a tinii-. When he backs, take him into a small, close yard, and make him obey you, coming forward, backing, or standing, as you ordei-. If he again show signs of temper, or unruliness, proi'ced to make iiini lie down, as before directed. 15ut a horse that has been in the habit of having his own way with a jn-evious master, is thereafter never safe for any one to dri\ e, except him who has become his con(iueror. In making a horse lie down, never use undue violence. Once the straps are fastened, you have him com|)letely in your power. Let him struggle ; it will do him good. You have simply to watch, kecj) him from hurting you, and seize the pro[)er moment for subduing him. Once you have him down, and (piict, show him a buffalo robe, or any other t)bject he dislikes ; touch him with it, and let him touch it with his nose. When he at length smells at it, let him satisfy himself that it will not hurt him. At the tirst attempt at i>utting him down, if ho get tlie advantage, let him rise and then try again. When, however, you have him in vour power and (|uict, soothe him ; pass your hand repeatedly over his body ; breathe in his nostrils ; open his mouth ; gently stroke his ears and nose, and let him taste of something he likes. Thus, by using judgment, knowing your own power and ability to manage an animal, the most vicious can be subdued to your will, if not to that of other drivers. l^ut, once von undertake to sui)dnc a horse, do not l(>ave him until he gives u[> completely. HOW TO TUAIN A IIOUSK. 175 XV. Training a Stallion for Service. For till' reason (liat a sliillioii is stronger, nion; courageous, liiglicr in nervous force, and more self-willed than the gelding, it is absolutely necessary that his actual training begin from the time he is a year old. lie must be stabled, unless a pasture be providi^d where he may run every day. The ordinary training to halter, and in the Hexions, learning to go forward, to back, to stand, to go kindly under the saddle and in harness, may be proceeded with much as in the case of any other colt. In addi- tion to these exercises, he should 1)0 taught to circle at the end of the long bridle rein, to the right and to the left at the word of command, to descril)c the figure eight, to kneel, to sit on his haunches, and to I'car and to come as suddenly down at the word of connnand. These lessons being acquired, he should l)e exercised in them frequently, and bo also tauglit to come instantly to his master at the word, without bridle or halter- rein. It will take time, all this, but henceforth he will not be found dragging his keeper about as though h(f were a toy attached to him. ^^'hcn IIk^ actual season of service is at hand, it will save many an accident, when in contact with imruly marcs. Sooner or later, there may come a time when the stallion will resist authority, and then there nuist be no hesitation. The whip must then be used sharply and strongly, to subdue him. If he comes at you with mouth open, strike him suddenly a stinging blow across the nose. If he rears, cut him across the fore legs. If he kick, strike across tin? hind legs, just under the stifle. The whip should be strong, long, flexible, of the best workmanship and loaded with lead at the handle. W(^ ha\i' known its use, in striking a frantic brute behind the ears, to bring him down . Remember what has been said about not striking more than once. Let there be a distinct intci-A-al between each sharp stroke, accompanied by as distinct a word of command. There is really little danger, to the cool horseman. The horse and master should never lose temper at the same time. If so, the strongest brute-force ■will certainly conijuer. After a stallion is once thoroughly trained, never trust him to any but a thoroughly compe- tent groom, and one of calm courage. Ho is too valuable an animal to be either abused or spoiled. And during the season of sei-vice, never allow him to be ridden from one station to another. Ho should be led beside another horse, even Mhen taking his daily exercise. This exercise should be thorough, out of the season of service, except for a period of rest of a month's duration immediately after the season. During the season. 17(i TiiK AMi:i;i(\\ i'\i;mki;"s snicK hook. till' fxnriso iiuitit 1)0 suliiiknil to kocp tlio iimsi'iilar iDiulition well up, ami tlio digestive organs iu perfect onKr. Thus only can you oxpoit to have the most jierfect colts as the produce of your sire. XVI. Training for Draft. A liorse to he used safch' for draft, reciuires less training tlian any otlu'r. He has hut one thing to learn ; viz: to <'\erf his strciii;tli to the hest ailvantage when occasion requires. To acconiplisii this, he should he chdlv exercised at a dead pull, heing cari-fnl always not to overload, until he has aecinirod his niaxiniuni strength, which will not ho until the aire of ciulil oi' nine \i'ars is reached. Training to the Wagon. — I'he wagon-liorse should h(> trained to trot steadily with a light load, and to walk fast with a medium load, lie must turn readily to the right and left, and descrihe short circles ; he should also he taught to stop suddeidy, by throwing himself in the hrei'chings, so as to hold a M-agon steady in going down hill, and last, hut not least important, he should he taught to hack all that he can draw forward. XVn. How to Havo a Good Plow Team. A plow team should be thorougiily under control. The animals should be trained to the word, fully as much as to the rein, and taught to obey promi)llv the slightest signal. They nnist he evenly matched for strenulh and agility ; for a fast, fresh horse, and a slow, dull one, to>;ether, are bad enough anywhere, but worst of all at the plow. AVith suehateam, no plowman can do good work, and without good i)lowing we need not expect good crops. The team should be taught to move forward without crowding together or pulling ai>art ; at tho end of the furrow, the horse describing the least segment of the circle, should keep a little behind the other when connng about, so as to avoid being step- l)ed on ; and in the case of coming short -about, as in turning corners, ho should make the turn by a series of short steps. To accom})lish this, the team nuist be talked to, though few take tho trouble to do it, and hence wo seldom see a really perfect plow team, one that can aecomi)lish thoiv task with the least labor to tlu'mselves and liieir dtivcr. XVm. Forming a Good Saddle Horse. The formin;: of a saddle-horse, perfect in all his gaits, and anuMUihle to the slisrhtest sign of the bridle, voice, or heel of the rider, is more didicult than any other special training. It can only be done under a sharp curb-bit, and, to use this properly, the rider must liave perfect command of himself in the saddle, and the lightest possible hand in using tho reins. He must first l)eeome a horseman himself, before lie can train a horse to the saddle. The animal should be perfectly flexed. now TO Tl;\l\ A IIOItSK. 177 to render s\H)l)le. eveiy poilioll of tlic body :ilil he tauglit lo with licad wcU-up and haunches W(!ll under him, 1o desiiilie short cii'ch's and tlio figure eight, to turn, uwing tlie liind feet as a pivot, and also with tiio fore feet as a pivot ; and he should know how to wheel suddenly without danger of unseating his rider. This latter is acconi- plished by a turn of the hind feet, tin' for(^ feet lieing in the air, and just after the impulse is partially given for the forward movement. A saddlohorse should also be taught to ehange the leading foot, while in motion ; and under whatever gait. The idea will 1)0 caught from llie manner in which a person changes the leading foot in cateiiing tlie step of another jjcrson. The horse's head is to be turned soinewhat out of line by jjressure on the bridle-rein, and also by jn'cssure of the opposite foot of the rider. 'J'his will throw the head and crouj) out of the natural line of prog^(^ssion som(^what, as is done at starting, and then by a pecu- liar movement of Uu- limbs their motion is changed. Thus, if the horse is leading with tli(! right fore-leg, turn the head to the right, and, with the heel turn tiie erouj) to the left, and virp, vt^r.sa. Once learned, it is never forgotten. Xrx. The Different (Jaits. The natural gaits of the lujrse are walking, trotting and galloping. Walking is jjerformt^d in 1-2-3-4 time, and in regular cadence. The ordinary trot and the jog trot are but modifications of the walk. Galloping is pei-formed in 1,2-3,4 time, and the faster the stride, the more nearly sinmltaneouslyare the fore feet and hind feet brought down, so that when the horse is ruiniing at speed, the movement is ap|)ai'entlv in 1-2 time. Then the animal is extended to the utmost, witli head and tail straight out. The gait is truly a succession of leaps, ami socjii exhausts the animal. The slower tlie gallop, the less should the animal Ix; extended, and tjje more should the; head be raised and the haunches thrown under tlie body. Thus when an animal ac(juires the distressing, but fashionable, jiromen- ade canter, if he is handsome and has other coi-responding accomplish- ments, he is almost priceless. The promenadi; canter is taught by rein- ing the horse in to get his head well u]), and then restraining him to the l)ace required. Thus the slower he goes, the more upright he holds hini- S(!lf. To teach this, the spur nuist be used, but with discretion. The canter then is a slow gallop. Tlie hand-galloi) is faster and is an easy gait for the horse, since ho goes at lialf speed and in a natural man- ner. The running gait is not distressing until the violent exertion begins to tell on tlie wind and bottom. 178 TIIK AMKRIC'AX KAUMKU S STOCK I; Besides tliese, aiul otluT iirtiticial moiiilications of the gallop, tlir puce and its modi ticat ions, are the only other gaits wliieh :i horse may he taught ; for leaphig, wheeling, rearing and springing forward or from side to side, are all forms of the gallop. The amble is s )nietinies classed as a modified pace. It is, in reality, a slow gallop, easy and smooth, and, like any other saddle gait, must be taught under the curl). The true pacing horse lifts the fore and hind feet simultaneously on a side, first on one side and then the otlicr. Like running at speed, it is performed in 1-2 time. The rack is a modiried pace. Instead of two feet being lifted simultaneously on the one side and then the other, the feet are lifted in 1-2,3-4 time, l)ut not regularly as in the walk. Single-foot, again, is a trained rack. Some horses t:ike to it easily, and in fact almost naturally, just as some horses take to pacing natui- ally. But it often takes time to instruct the horse therein, though once ac(iuired, it is not soon forgotten. No written instructions can be given for adapting all these gaits, except such general rules as are laid down for rendering the animal amenable to training. Once, by practice, you have imparted the gait, be sure to give the animal a kind word, and a rewarding caress. XX. Training to Trot in Harness. If a horse have the trotting instinct, all that is necessary in order to develop it is perseverance and training. The head should be carried toler- a])lv high, but not unnaturally so. The conformation of the horse must be studied, (see Chapter IV), and to assist the reader further, two cuts are given, one showing a horse's head, strained unnaturally and unduly AN ANNATIKAL POSITION. IIKA1> CAKKIKH NATIKALI.Y. 1)V tlic bearing rein, the other showing the head drawn up naturally with the l)it. In the one case the head is strained up by both check rein and curb, while in the other it is simply liold in proper position by the curl). There is no objection to the use of the check rein if it be not improp- erly used. It serves to keep the horse in shape under a slack rein, and from putting his head to the ground, when standing at rest A matter in relation to driving in light harness, under the curb, may here be worth relating. We once trained a pair of fine roadster colts to ItOW TO TRAIN' A HORSE. 17i* dnvc together iu Lanio.ss, solely under a pair of sharp curb-bits. This was thirtj"^ jcars ago. We were told that we could get no speed out of them, and that there would be danger of their falling. The last we knew to be nonsense, and the first we found to be a mistake. There were few teams that could out-foot them on the road ; and, trotting at speed, they seemed to be going upon a slack rein. Not so, however; their mouths had never been calloused by the sawing of the "pulling bit," and they wt-re amenable to the slightest sign. In fact, they were kept in perfect form, but it required delicate handling to do it. How much more ele- gant was this than the "g'lang" style adopted by too many persons Mhen driving for pleasure on the road. Train, therefore, a pair of hoi'ses or a single light-driving horse, under the curb always, and, then, if you wish, vou may drive them handsomely under the snaffle. XXI. Formirig a Trotter. All that is required in a horse for trotting a race, is that he go fast enough. Tlie training of trotters is a fine art, and one in which l)ut few persons gain eminent success. Yet, a fair amount of the speed that is in a horse, may be gotten out of him, by strict attention to feed, wa- ter, grooming and proper work. He must be exercised every day to bring his muscles into proper condition for fast work, and at some jjcriod in each exercise, he must be made to trot as fast as he can, without break- ing into a run. Thus his speed may be gradually increased, until at last he will forget the impulse to run, and if, in urging him strongly, he goes f)ff his feet, he can readily be made to catch the stride again, by chang- ing the bit ; that is by pulling him a little out of line, as in making a horse change his leading foot. It is not necessary that you pull him hard to make him trot fast. The pull should only be hard enough to keep him steady and up to his gait. The real work is done by long continued di-iving, and l)y lengthening his stride, by means of every persuasion jjossible. Do not ex^^ect to suc- ceed the first or second jt'ar with a colt. A horse seldom comes to his full trotting power, until he is seven or eight A'cars old, and often not until he is eleven or twelve. Hence, the large prices the fast ones bring. XXII. To Train a Raeer. With running horses, as with saddle horses, it is necessary that they first be trained into perfect obedience ; and the lessons in flexions must also be attended to, so that their limbs and bodies may be rendered supple. This part of the training having been thoroughly accomplished, all that is required is to keep them in perfect nuiscular condition, by proper feed- ing, grooming and exercise. They are then taught to increase their stride by daily speeding them, extending the trial from time to time until they 1,S0 THK AMIOUICAN FAK.MKU S STOCK HOOK. ntt:iin tlu'ir host speed. This tniitiiug should liegiii at two years old. At three, tiiey should he given an extended stride, and they wU reach their full powers at four, live or six j'ears of age. The training of colts to run fast races at two years old, is severely to be condemned, if the future usefulness of the animal is to be considered. Nevertheless, as long as it is found profitable by breeders and trainers, it will no doubt be practiced. The training of running horses, like the training of trotters, is a fine art. Yet the general principles, we have given, may be understood by all. A diet of oats and hay, the best of stable care, and daily work upon a proper course, under the eye of an intelligent master, ai-e the things necessary to get the speed out of well bred horses ; and no other than properly-bred animals should ever be trained for great speed. It is not in them. The horse being in motion, the rider throws nearly all his weight in the stirrui)s, steadying himself Mith his knees and thighs. The rear of the l)ody is thrown back and the loin arched, so as not to carry the weight too far forward. The trainer must know how to ride with the greatest ease to the horse, and to assist the movement by ever}' means in his power ; thus, the leg, from the knee, will be slightly thrown back, so that by stiffening the leg, the rider's center of weight may be easily changed, without his ceasing to bear firndy in the stirrups. These directions are for riders or jockeys of medium weight. Lighter ones ride with longer stirrups, supporting themselves more by the thighs. The best race-riders scarcely, if at all, touch the seat of the saddle. This gives a good command of the horse, but is only used in race-riding, since it soon tires out the rider. The same position, however, will ease any hoise in galloping over bad or rough ground, or any space that must be (juieklv ridden over. XXUI. Saddling. It will only be necessary to add some general directions to this chapter. In saddling a horse, for Mhatever purpose, do not use muhu^ haste. Do not tiirow the saddle on, especially if the hors(i l)e young, or in the least inclined to nervousness. (Jo about the matter quietly and in a business- like way. Sec that the saddle fits. If it do not, make it fit. See that the girths are properly adjusted, and tightened, and that tiie crupper- strap, if there be one, is smooth and well fitting. The bridle must also !)e looked to ; see that it is strong, properly put on, and of the right leniith from the head-piece to the bit. Before mounting, look again to the girths. They may need tightening another hole. XXIV Harnessing. In harnessing a horse it is also necessary that the gear be perfect in its tit, and not heavier than oeeasion recjuires. See that tin? back band does HOW TO TKAIX A HORSE. ISI not pinch, that the hames lit the coUar, aiul tliat the collar fits tlic horse. For draft, espetially, there should he room enough betweeu the lower pai"t of the collar and neck for the hand to he easily thrust between. If it is a breast collar, see that the draft-band is at the right place on the breast. For light Avork, a horse may have a closer-fitting collar than for heavy work, but whatever the work, the collar should be made to lit the horse, and not the horse to fit the collar. A horse may, indeed, work in u badly fitting harness. So may a man with an ill made tool. But in cither case, it is at the cost of much discomfort, and loss of j)ow('r ; and, this is but another M'ay of saying, a loss of money. Pulling at the Halter. When a horse accjuires the ha])it of j)ullingon the halter, it is verv dif- ficult to l)reak him. We have already stated the prevention ; the first halter put on the colt should be strong enough to resist all attempts at breaking. The cure may be effected by the device shown in the cut. DEVICK TO (TUK THE HABIT OK PULLING. A strong Ifitting harness and fastenings that cannot be broken are arranged so that, when the horse pulls back, the whole weight of the pull will come on the jaw. One effort will satisfy him of his in- ability to break loose, and the punishment will be such that he will not pull thereafter. (II AFTER XIT. STABLES AND OTHEK SHELTER. I. THE ECONOMY OF COMFORT. II. HOW TO BUILD STABLKS. III. WIIEIiP: TO KEKP HARNESS. IV. TEMPERATURE AND VENTILATION. V. THE AKKAN(JEMENT OF STALLS. VI. CONSTRUCTION OP MANGERS ANU RACKS. VII. THE HAY AN1> .STRAW LOFT. VIII. AN ECONOMICAL GRANARY. IX. THE •\VAGON AND CAK- KIAGE FLOOR. X. THE HARNESS ROOM. XI. THE STABLE-YARD AND OUT-SHEDS. XII. (iRASS LOTS NEAR THE STABLE. XIII. A GOOD SUPPLY OF WATER. XIV. CLEANING THE STABLE. I. The Economy of Comfort. Ill Imildiiij^" a .stable, or other structure for housing animals, however rough it may be, the economy of comfort .should be as carefully .studied as though the building were intended for the famil}'. Even tiie wealthiest do not always do this. Everything may be elegant and costly, and yet there is often less real comfort and economy, in the arrangement of their .stables and barns, than is found in the j^oor man's buildings which, though rough, may, nevertheless, be arranged with an intelligent aptitude for making a place for everything needed and proper facilities, crude though they be, for doing the work and providing for the comfort of the occu- pants in the easiest but most thorough manner. The selection of the site is of importance, since much depends upon this, when drainage and ventilation are considered. A commanding situ- ation is generally selected for the dwelling house, and there is no reason why the next -best location should not b(^ taken for the stable. The horse- stable should, if possible, be a building separate and distinct from the barn. In a suburban place, it need not be entirely hidden from the house. Neither, on the farm, is it proper that it be glaringly exposed to view, to save steps in the morning. In either case the stable nuiy be somewhat hidden by planted trees, but not so much so as to cutoff the free circula- tion of air. On the farm, if there is a chaiu-c for a I)ank-l)asement, breeding-cattle, requiring extra care, may occuj)y the basement ; but never put horses there. Like birds, they I'equire an abundance of air, but must not be exposed to drafts. The stable should be comfortably warm in winter and cool in summer. Attention to this point not only secures economy in feeding, and perfect health, but promotes that pecu- liar In.ster and softness of the hair, which all the grooming possible can- not give without it. II. How to Biiild Stables. The stable floor should not be less than sixteen feet wide. The walls should be at least eight feet high, though nine is better; and the horses 182 STAHLES AM) (ITIIF.U SIIKI.TER. IS.) sliould stand in a single row, when l)ut few arc kept. The iieads of the animals should be toward the wall, so that the ventilators may atiniit air directly to them, and as near the top as possible. If more horses are kept than a single row will accommodate, in a barn of the size wished, they may stand in a double row, with sutficient space behind each 1-1 >w that they cannot kick each other. Thirty-four feet in ■rtidth will be ain[ili'. HI. Where to Keep Harness. Kor farm or draft horses, the harness may hang in the stal)le on pegs seven feet high, at the rear of each horse. But carriage harness, or other tine gear, should be hung in the harness room, out of the way of dust and the effluvia of the stable. The harness room is, indeed, the proper place for all harness, but few persons will take the trouble to carry it there, and it is, on the whole, economy to hang it as we have stated, especially wlu'ii there is abundant light admitted to the stable of draft horses from proper windows, and the ventilation is perfect. IV. Temperature and Ventilation. The proper temperature for the stable is tifly degrees, ranging to sixty- tive in summer, but never below forty in winter. The reason is obvi- ous. The horse is especially sensitive to cold, and when the temperature is less than fifty degrees, the system becomes chilled. This may be obvi- ated by clothing; and, here again, is one of the most important matters in stable management, both on the score of economy and of comfort, though it is one too generally neglected. The proper heat of the bod}' must be kept up in some way. It is cheaper to do so ])y means of cloth- ing, than by extrsi feeding. So, in summer, a thin sheet keeps the l)0(ly cool, and is esi)ecially useful in ^jrotecting the animal, measurably, from flies. Ventilation, again, is all-important, since by this means not only is the proper supply of fresh air constantly admitted, and without undue drafts, but it is also an important means of regulating the temperature, espe- cially in winter. If the stable be made with hollow walls, the ventilation may come up through these. In any case, however, the air should be admitted as high up as possible. A simple means of admitting air is liy the use of sliding panels, which may ])e moved easily up and down, if hung with sash-weights, as in the case of windows. If the ^nndows themselves are the ventilators, the same rule will apply. Not the least important, in this connection, are the pipes for conveying the impure air up through the building and out at the roof. The main ventilating trunk shf)uki be not less than four feet scjuarc, bi'giiniing at im TIIK WIKIMCAN FAKM I'.l;' S STOCK lldOK. llic ccnlin' of tlic stiihk- nm\ Icailiiig ti) llic pi^ak of tlio I'oof. Fuiiiu'l- sliaprd l)r!inches, opcuiiifj; lu'liiiul cacli two or throe hordes, sliould comicct with tlio main trunk. If the iiuiiu vi'iitilatiiifz; trunk ho provided witli liroper doors, it may serve lo con\-ey straw down fi'oni al)o\e for hedding, and also iiay, if open inauiicrs are used : and it may I)e reinai'ked, in jjassinir, liial open niaiijiers are altoiictlier the best, to our \\:i\ of lliinlcinii'. An exeellenl additional means of ventiUition to supply cool uir in sum- mer and warm air in winter, is Mr. Wilkinson's plan of suh-oarth vonti- hition. This consists, simply, in laying an eight or ten-inch tile tube at a depth of four to six feet under ground, and extending for HOO to 400 feet away, to an out-lot. The air coming from this pipe will always be eool, or about lifty degrees in winter, and seldom more than that in sum- mer. If four funnel-shaped op(Miings are provided at the upper end of the upright lube, it will always catch air from whatever direction the breeze comes. This means of ventilation is especially valuable in country dwell- ings, cellars and dairies. V. The Arrangement of Stalls. Large stalls are best, and each lu)rse should have a separate stall. AV'hether built cheaply or elaborately, the stalls should vary in width from five feet, to tivo feet six inches, according to the size of the liorse, and should bo ten feet from front to rear. The partition-posts at the I'ear should 1)0 rounil, not less than five inches in diameter, with a gain cut on the inside, to admit the ends of the plank forming the sides of the stalls. The j)artition })lanks may lie betw(H'n cleats. The jjosts may in- cline inward or not. If they do so incline, the bottom should be ten feet fi-om the wall, and the top eight feet. The sides should be four and a half feet high, of two-inch plank, and if on the top of this there l»e placed a strip of strong woven-wire cloth, two feet higher, it will prevent ugly horses from biting or gnawing each other, and at the sanu' time allow good-tempered ones to get their noses near together for companionship. The tloor should be double, and the upper one should be in throe parts ; that is, the tirst three feet in front, of liard-wood, two-inch jjlaidc should be laid close and nailed solid ; the other two sei'tions, of narrow, hard- wood |ilaid< -.iw nailed on strong end-pieces, and with half-inch spaces between. These are to be hinged to other plaidi nine inches witie, next the sides of the stall, so as to shut together at the middle, to within half an inch of each other. Thus, all the rKjuid matter ])asses directly through to the solid and water-tight floor beni>ath, made of i)laned and grooved jilaidv, and ending just inside the posts, in a narrow gutter, whence it is »'onveved awav to a tank. STAHr.KS AM> (ITIir.i; SlIKI.TKi;. 1H'> Thus the animals arc always clean, and the iii)|)( r floor is readily i-aisi-d for the daily washing it should receive. The solid dung and litter may he wheeled outside, or if there is a liasemcnt, throw it down through a trap door, to be made into compost. If the expense of such a floor, as that described, is deemed loo great, the floor may be made of hard-wood plank, or lieft(n-, of smooth cobble stone laid in sand. Hard-rammed clay makes a most eonifurtaMe floor to stand on, if it be kept repaired, and straw enough is used for bedding to keep the animals clean. Plenty of straw must be used, what- ever the floor, where the animal lies down. The Economy of Bedding.— It is mistaken economy to stint the bed- ding. \\ith a full bed, so that the animal may not only lie clean, but comfortably in other respects, there is no moi'e straw soiled than with a thin ])ed. What remains clean can be used again. And, if it be an object, nuich of the soiled straw may be dried and used again. On farms where there is much straw wasted, it is incomprehensible that an animal should lie scantilv bedded. The soiled straw, contains the nu)st valuable por- tion of the manure — the urine — and is a mine of wealth to a careful farmer. VI. Construction of Mangers and Racks. The construction of the manger should be such as to allow plenty of room for hay. It should be liuilt from about eighteen inches above the Hoor, with a slat bottom or a tight bottom as preferred. It need not be more than two feel four inches wide at the top, by eighteen inches at the bottom, and about three feet four inches high. It should extend clear across the stall, the top rail being of sound, solid oak, with a feed-liox two feet wide, for grain and cut feed, and as long as the manger is wide ; sixteen inches will be depth enough, and if it slopes to about ei, and the bottom of two-inch plank. IStj THK AMKIiKAN 1 AU.MK.K S STOflv HOOK. unless it )je inudo of iron and liiiigcd at tlic l)aek, to U't down for flcan- in", in which case a secure catch nni.st he used in front. The top-front of the manger should be protected with two and a half inch iron bands, rounded at the edges, firmly screwed on, so as to project slightl}^ over the top bar. They prevent the manger being gnawed and disfigured. It is also better that a post be placed from the ground to the under-side of the top bar of the manger, and midway from the sides of the stall. In this case a ring may be screwed by the shank, or stapled into the post, in such a way that it may play freely. The tie may have a light weight at the end, so that the bight of the halter will be in no danger of get- ting under the fore legs of the horse. VII. The Hay and Straw Loft. Every stable should have a loft for hay and for straw, with chutes, or tubes, for easily throwing it below. The chute for straw may be the tube used for ventilation and, of course, must have a tightly-fitting door to prevent effluvia from entering the hay loft. The ventilating tul)e may be used for hay, even if the hay has to be carried from the floor to the mancr, poles and puncheons, carefully smoothed, answer every purpose. If you are not an adept at framing and must do your own work, strong stakes set in a pretty deep trench, or driven solid, and quite close together, evened at the top, and a cross-piece nailed securely on the top will serve as a manger. The rack may l)e made of two polos, bored lialf through with a two inch auger at A DEVICE TO CUKE THE UAlilT <)1' KU KING. the bottom, and clear through the top piece, with au inch and a half auger, to receive the slats, which may be straight saplings, properly shaved . So, the rear posts may be young trees, six inches in diameter, properly dressed. Thus any inside tixture may be easily arranged, and at light <()st by any one ordinarily handy with axe, saw, drawing knife and ham- mer, as ever}^ farmer should be. The device for kicking horses shoMu, is the one in common use. It is illustrated to show how faulty it is. A far more sensible plan for a kicking horse, if you are so unfortunate as to have one, is to replace the log with a good compact Ijuuch of osage orange brush. This will punish without injuring the horse. 188 Tin; amicimcan iai;:mki:'s stock hook. IX. Tho "Wagon and Carriage Floor. It is good ocononiy lo liavi' ample space in ihv liorse-liani in wiiicli to keep the carriage, Imggy and other more eostlyvcliicles. No on(> should own u vehicU^ for pleasure, or even ii spring wagon, without j)roi)er nutans of sheltering ; and it is needless to say that fowls, pigeons or other birds, are never to l)e allowed inside the horse-stable and carriage house. The ordinary farm wagons may be kept under a proper shed, when not in use. If the habit were formed of putting every vehicle in its jilaee, even if to bo used again soon, it would be found not to take any more tinu! than to have them left wherever the driver may think jiroper. In nine cases out of ten they are left just where they are in the way, or else they are exposed to the heat of the sun, or to sudden storms. X. The Harness Room. The harness room should be near the carriage floor, and easy of access from the stable, but separated from each by a tight partition. This room, besides containing pegs, or hooks for hanging each harness, should also contain a table for cleaning and oiling harness, and a cupl)oard for oil, l)lacking brushes, sponges, tools for mending harness, needles, thread, wa.\, a saddler's horse, pieces of leather, buckles, etc. XI. The Stable Yard and Out-Sheds. The stable yard should be dry and tiriu, and large enough to ])roperly exercise and train an animal in. It should l>c j)rotected on every side by a tight fence six feet high. On one side, but not facing in th(\yard, will l)c found a good place for the wagon shed. Along one side, and opening into the yarti, n\ay be a shed containing feeding troughs at the wall. It will be useful for many ]Kirposes. XII. Grass-Lots Near the Stable. At least one grass-lot should be near the stable, and, if large enough to be divided into pasture and meadow, so nuich the better. The pasture -will often bo wanted to turn a lame or partially disabled animal into, and it is also a good place for the colts to have a run. If there is no spring or stream in thei)asture a trough, under .shelter, nuist 1)0 pro- vided, and this may be connected with the house-pump by an underground pipe. XIII. A Good Supply of Water. It is essential that a constant supply of fresh water Itc had at the stable. The best stable buildings are provided with a windmill at the lop, and a tank in tho loft, to secure the needed water from the nearest well or stream. The tank should bo closed tight and should be provided with STAHLES AM) OTltKI! SIIKLTEH. IS'.) a waste i)ipe at the top. Aiiotlier pipe, from the bottom, leads to the stable, with a bnuu'h to the pLiee where the carriai>es are washed. A hose will thus eiuibk» you to wash vehicles thoroughly and easily. Tiie windmill and tank may be placed anywhere on an elevation, from which the water may be carried by underground pipes to the stable or to any other part of the premises where it may be wanted. XIV. Cleaning the Stable. This should always be done at the proper time, twice a day regularly, and oftener if waste matter accumulates. A s[)lint broom will easily sweep away the accumulations of manure, that gather from time to time during the day, and the satisfaction of seeing everything neat and clean will more than compensate for this light extra labor. A stable- man should always be held to account for any neglect of this duty. The tools necessary in a stable are two good manure-forks, a hay-fork, brooms, a scraper for pulling aM'ay manure, strong pails, sponges, brushes, curry-combs, a card-comb, scrapers for taking the sweat from the body, and plenty of cloths for rubbing the body and limbs of the horses. There should be also provided a thin sheet for every horse in summer, and warm blankets ff)i' winter. There should be a full set of tools for cleaning the animals for every two, or at most three, horses kept in the stable. CIIAlTKli XIII. FEEDING, WATERING AND GROOMINQ. 1. THE GOOD THAT A SIEVE WILL UO. II. HOW TO FEED. III. WHEN TO FEED. IV. WHAT TO FEED. V. CONDIMENTS. VI. HOW TO MAKE MASHES. VII. HOW TO MAKE GKUEL. VIII. THE Ql ANTITV OF GRAIN TO FEED. IX. HAY AND STKAW. X. GKOOMISG. XI. WHEN TO GKOOM. XII. GENERAL STABLE CAKE. XHI. BLANKETS AND OTIIEK CLOTHING. I. The Good that a Sieve Will Do. There is, of course, such atliiug us l)ciiig-too iiiethodieal, but more fail- ures result from want of proper atteutiou to the little things that go to make up the whole, than from too minute an attention to details. A com- petent knowledge of the requirements in every case, combined with accu- rate judsimcnt to carry each one out according to its relation to the whole, is what marks a man of sensible, methodical habits, l)y contrast with one who works at random, or neglects some detail that may be of the first importance. How few farmers, for instance, think it necessary to have a sieve for cleaning the grain which is fed to horses ! And yet, this is one of the most important of the minor implements of the stable. The use of a sieve saves cleaning the dirt from the feeding boxes ; saves horses the an- noyance of swallowing l)its of wire and other trash, quite common in these days of automatic binders ; saves the teeth of the animals from being broken on gravel, or other hard substances in the grain, and gives one the satisfaction of knowing that the horse is enjoying a meal, clean and wholesome as that of his master. Many careful men wash the grain after it is cleaned from trash in the sieve ; which is a most sensible opera- tion, and an easy one, since you have only to drop the sieve partly in water and shake it, or pour a bucket of water over it and let it drain. n. How to Feed. A horse must be fed with reference to what he is to do. The horse doinir slow but hard and exhausting labor, should have all the clean, sound grain he will cat three times a day, with as much clean, sweet hay at ni'dit as he will consume, though we seldom find hay so tine and good that all will be eaten. The grain, during the heat of summer, should be oats, in cooler Aveather oats and corn, while in winter the corn may con- stitute fully half the ration. If cut feed he used, half oats and half corn, ground together, may be used, and this mixed with one-third its bulk, not weight, of bran. When the animals are fed whole grain, this mess should be given two or three times a week, at evening, as a change. I'.in FKEDIXfi, WATEKIXC AND (Uii )O.MING. • IHI The ordinary fanii-horsc should \w given as mucli oats a.s he will eat three times a day, in summer, and l)e allowed grass or hay at night, in their proper season. When not at work, on Sundays, they are sometimes put upon pasture, and we have known farmers turn out their horses at night to feed. This plan we dislike. The farm-horse has exhausting labor, and should rest in the stable when not at work. The grass at night is good ; let the farm-horse have it by all means, Imt cut and carry it to him. Horses kept for drivmg, light pleasure horses, and the business-man's horse, should l)e fed on sound oats and hay, with a sweet mash of bran once or twice a week. Many ^lersons of this class, turn their horses out to pasture during the summer. Nothing could be more injurious. The animals are eaten up by flies and moscjuitos ; they get out of condition, and the owner blames the person who has grazed them at so much a week. If they are turned out at night and sheltered during the day, and get half rations of oats, it is not so bad. The proper time for a horse to have a run at gi"ass is in May and early in June ; but the animal should have a little oats daily. A month at grass is amply sufficient. The full feed for driving horses is from four to six quarts of oats, three times a day, according to size, and as much sound hay as they will eat. Musty grain, musty or dusty oats, gives rise to heaves and other disorders, and should never lie fed to any horse. Hence, in using ground feed, be sure that it is made from sound grain. Washing and kiln-drying does not cure musty grain, though it may deceive the unwary. Hence, again, the best plan with all driving horses, and horses for other fast work, is to feed whole grain to them. III. When to Feed. A horse should get his feed as regularly as a man. His stomach, like that of a man, is small, and the size has been reduced by artificial breeding and care. Horses doing fast and exhausting work, should lie fed grain four times a day ; at six and at ten o'clock in the morniny tiiis time Ik; will prol)al)ly have taken some hay. Hay Tea. — To make hay tea, fill a bucket with the l)est of hay, clean and bright. Pour over it enough boiling water to fill the pail. Cover closely to keep in the steam, pressing the hay down occasionally, or put it on the stove to keep it hot while pressing. In fifteen minutes it will be sufficiently steeped. Turn off the water into another bucket, and add enough cold water to make six or seven quarts, and give to the horse when cool enough to drink. It is nourishing and an excellent stimulant for a tired horse. Vm. The Quantity of Grain to Feed. Grain should always be fe(| by weight. If a team require a bushel of oats a day, tills will be 3(j pounds of scjund, ck^an oats ; if the oats are not clean, the bushel will weigh only 32 pounds, or less. If coi-n is to be substituted, give only a half l)ushel, or 28 pounds of shelled corn 194 TIIF. A.MKKICAN lAi;MKi;"s STdCK UOOK. to the team, at throe feeds. If this is not cnougii, the allowance may be iuereascd to thirty-six pounds. If the corn be on the ear, thirty-five pounds is the weight of the half bushel. In every case a half bushel of corn is the equivalent of each bushel of oats fed. In other words, the stable lises seventy pounds of ear corn, or fifty-six pounds of shelled corn, for every two bushels of oats discontinued. The change, however, should never be made suddenly, but gradually. Barley, rye and wheat are not injurious to the horse, but we must not feed more pounds than the regu- lar ration of the grain previously fed. If ground feed is given, one-lifth less in weight will be rocjuired. rx. Hay and Straw. As fx'fore stated, none l)ut sound hay should be used. Timothy, Blue grass, (poa pratensis or poa compressa), Vowl meadow, {poa sero(iiia). Orchard grass, (dactylis glome ra ta ), awd Red Top, all make excellent hay. Clover should never he fed to horses ; it is always dusty, and gen- erally badly cured. Hungarian grass, if cut just when in blossom, may be given once a week ; if fed constantly, or if too ripe, it acts strongly on the urinary organs. Straw should always be used for bedding — oat-straw is the best ; and a feed of sweet, clean, bright straw is relished occasionally by the horse. We once kept twenty pairs of farm mules all winter on bright straw and corn, with a feed once a week of Hungarian hay, and never had them come through better. X. Grooming. IStable tools are to be used, not al)used ; nor is the animal to be tor- tured with them. The groom who strikes a horse on the hocks, or othei part of tiie l)ody, with tlie curry-comb or other stable tool, should be discharged instantly. The groom who uses the curry-comb to the posi- tive discomfort of a horse, or about the joints, should be admonished, and if he persist he should be discharged. The use of the curry-comb is simply to loosen the scurf and dirt, and to clean the brush. The curry-comb should be carried lightly and in circles over the body, and then a good bristle brush should be used to clean the horse. The brush should bo used with firm, long strokes, and after every two or three strokes it should l)e drawn over the comb to free it of dust. Vcrj' short- haired and tender-skinned horses require little more than the brush, to be followed with a damp wisp of straw, finishing with cloths. The wisp and doth should always be used to finish a horse. If the legs are dirty and wet, they should be washed clean and rul)bed div ; if they are dirty, clean them with the brush. Be particular al)out FEEDINC, WATEUIN<> AND (iliOOMIXCi 1!»5 1!I6 THE AMEiaCAN 1'ARMER's STOCK BOOK. the fetlocks, and the Iniijf lisiir of tlie Inwcr ]inil)s. They must he h'ft both dry and elcan. The mane and tail should never be touched with anything except a coarse-toothed horn comb, and the brush. Brushes are made especiallj' for this purpose. The feet sliould always be looked to and cleaned when the horse comes into the stable. lie may have picked up a nail, or graveled himself. Whatever injury of this kind he may have sustained should be promptly treated. XI. When to Groom. Every day, i)efore going to work, the horse should be thoroughly cleaned. If he comes in dirty at night, he should certainly be cleaned before the master goes to bed. It is an open question among horsemen, whether a horse should be washed when dirty. Our plan is to scrape the body as dry as possible immediately, l)lanket in cold weather, bandage the legs to keep them warm, and clean when dry. The tired horse should never be placed in a draft of air t<> cool. If he do not cool kindly, he wants a stimulant, hay tea or gruel. If necessary, he may be walked about in the air ; it will both dry and refresh him, unless he be l^adlyused up. XH. General Stable Care. Of a'('ii<^i"al stable care we have previously written. The animal should have done for him what ho cannot do for himself. It is poor economy to l)e without any necessary article to properly care for the horse. The ordinary tools have been already indicated. Proper tools for cleaning the stable must be had, and proper implements for cleaning the horse are quite as necessary. The drinking bucket should never be used for wash- ing the horse. When not in use, both drinking and washing buckets should be prevented from falling down. Keep them full of water, and change when necessary, but never mistake the wash bucket for the drink- ing bucket. A wheel-barrow is a most useful thing in the stable, and its uses are also various al)Out the place. The list of cleaning tools is a long one, but a horse may be cleaned in the most thorough manner with a good curry-comb, a brush, a wet sponge, a wisp of straw and rubbing cloths. A scraper should always be near for use upon sweaty horses. A section of a flat barrel-hoop will do very well at a pinch. xm. Blankets and Other Clothing. The driving horse siiould have a summer and a winter stable-blanket, and a summer and winter blanket for the street ; also a hood for the head and neck, and other appliances for protecting the limbs, as bandages, etc. FEEDIXG, WATERING AND GROOMING. 107 The farm horse requires only a summer and a winter blanket, and a hooded sheet, or good fly net, when driven in summer. Each horse should have his own blanket, plainly marked. If you have them, you will of course use them Avlieu necessary. A l)lanket is of but little use without a surcingle. See that the surcingle is properly buckled, and protected, so it will not hurt the horse. Each blanket should have one or two breast straps and liuckles, and a proper cord to jjass across the buttocks, under the tail, to keep the blanket from moxang to one side or the other. We repeat : proper horse clothing is among the most necessary and prof- itable investments for the stable. CHAPTER XIV. HUMAIOTY AND COMMON SENSE. I. THK ECONOMY OF IHIMANE TKEATMENT. II. COMMON SENSE IN ALL T IIINC.S. 111. THRIKT AN1> INTIIUIFT CONTKASTED. IV. CUIELTY AX1> I MI'UOV!I>EN('E VS. THRIFT AND KINDNESS. V. WIIV THE HORSE REQIIRES INTELLIGENT MANAC.E- MENT. VI. HOW TO KNt)\V AN INTELLIGENT M.ASTER. VII. I'lOTlRES FROM REAL LIFE. VIII. THE KIND MAN WILL HAVE A WILLIN i.MCKOVIllKNCE AND I'MEIK !SlKKOlM)LXGS. exist, and their only mission in life seems to l)c to reduce the average price of live stock, and the average yield jjer acre. Look at the other picture, if you wish to see a thrifty and al>le master with a handsome and alile team, going off as though they meant business. There, also, are the happy children, just come out with tiie lunch basket ; HUMANITY AND COMMON SENSK. 201 tliorc is nothing miserable here. The master is hard at work increasing the average yield of wheat, and l)y the exercise of humanity and common sense, raising the average price of farm stock. rv. Cruelty and Improvidence vs. Thrift and Kindness. The cruel or improvident man's team stands exposed to tlies, or shiv- ering in the street of the village, while the man is guzzling Ijeer or whis- KlNDNESS AND COMMON (SENSE E.XEMPLIKIEU. key close l)y. They stand in their own filth at home, uncleaned, as they are half fed. The team of the kind and thrifty master stands in the stii- l)le at home, eating generous provender, when not at labor on the fjirm, or hauling heavy loads of produce to the market. The animals do not '202 THE AMEKIf'AN' FAUMEU's STOCK liOOK. lack blankets when uoeessarv. They have no bony shonldcrs to be galled. They are not jerked about by the bits, nor are thej' lashed or beaten with a club while at work. They have simply been trained to obedience, and have been taught something of the English language. In the streets of our large cities we can sec plenty of such teams as we have describetl, teams both of the cruel and the provident master. On the average farm, we see none of the first kind. They arc, happily, con- fined mainly to a rare class, shiftless, drunken squatters on waste land, though occasionally such masters are found, as renters, with their worth- less brutes on the lands of a landlord too greedy to give an industrious laborer a fair rental for his labor. Do such landlords thrive? Unhap- pily yes. Sometimes, by denying themselves and families the connnon or decent necessaries of life, and by cheating even the poor knackers whose imiirovidencc has thrown them in their way. V. Why the Horse Requires Intelligent Management. It is because horses are intelligent animals. They have a sense of reason, which may be improved by training. They are naturally dis- posed to rely upon their masters, and this disposition should never l)e over- come by the fear of injury. They are courageous, and at the same time timid. Their courage should be fostered, since it increases their spirit and decreases their timidity. They fear objects with which they are unfa- miliar. Once they learn that an object is harmless, they cease to fear it. Thus they may be accustomed to the sound and sight of a locomotive, one of the most fearful oljjects to them naturally, and if allowed to satisfy themselves that a locomotive is not dangerous, they will at length want to touch it with the nose ; for this is the last means a horse uses to fully satisfy himself that an object will not injure him. Thus satisfied, all further fear of that object is passed. VI. How to Know an Intelligent Master. An intelligent master, however poor he nuiy be, will not drive a broken-down, rat-tailed, spavined team, with ears toi"n away, eyes knocked out, ill-kept and ill-fed. He will not have rusty tools, nor keep a hog- wallow by the side of his door. His wife M'ill not be found pulling down and burning the remnants of a fence, for want of better firewood. His team, indeed, may not be in high flesh. The necessity of extraordinary labor, and plain food, may keep master and horse thin, but there will be intelligent care shown even in poverty. Cunning is not intelligence, neither is brute force power. Tlie intelligent man, however unlearned, may be known by his surroundings, and by the care of his horse, if he is for- tunate enonudi to own one. HLMAXITY AND COMMON' MCXSE. 20.3 All horse owners eamiot have tine teams, butaio man can afford to own a ijoor team. They must be kept in proper condition for labor, else the owner is losing money on them constantly. All farmers cannot have fine houses and barns, but no farmer should have either cold, or, in other ways, uncomfortable buildings. By studying chapter XII, one may ea''il\ leain how to make the die ipc^t stiuctuit comfoitable. The illustration on this [) i_,c tull\ illusli itcs I-M M\S A.S I.MI UO\ II 1M M \N 1 akn. to build better. However poor, there will be method in his labor. He will sow no more crops than his team can properly prepare the ground for, and himself can carefully tend. His debts Avill not be for useless trumpery, and what tools he has will be in good order. His animals will be no more than can be properly cared for, so that, in the end, his barns and 3'ards may look something like the picture of the shelter of the provident man. The barn of the improvident man w ill l)e dilapidated. The door will be off the hinges, and propped up with rails. There may be some attempt at chinking up cracks. His wagon will stand anj'^vhere in the storm, while his harness will lie handy, perhaps on the tongue of the wagon, or else be flung on the floor of the hovel he calls An Untukifty Home. a barn. His animals will be unsheltered, and allowed to shift for them- selves at aneighl)oring hay stack, yet he will be so fully employed, that he will have no tune to do better He will have no barn filled to the ridge-pole with fodder, no horses, cattle and sheep enjoying themselves 206 TIIK AMEKICAX FAKMEU S STOCK HOOK. ill the stiihles. His pigs csiii (if course shift for thoinselves entirely, 'riiey will 1)0 so thin that they can easily slide through any fence near hy, within which, indeed, all his stock have prohahly helped themselves, unless his careful neighbors have made their fences "horse-high, hull- proof and j)ig-tight."' As to his home, it may look sonicthing like the picture, airy in sumTiier, but not comfortable in winter — for a brush-pile, eked (Uit with bark torn from the fences, does not make generous fuel. Dear I'cader, have you not recognized the picture in your travels? Have not some of us seen the same thing uear home? The home of the intelligent and thrifty man will in time come to look like the one shown in the illustration of kindness and connnon sense exempli- fied. At all events, however humble, neatness and good care will be apparent everywhere. VIII. The kind Man will have a Willing Team. The team of the considerate man, if they unfortunately become chafed hy the harness, when away from home, in a storm, are immediately at- tended to. They are kept warm, dry and clean ; and jiowcvcr tired at A Kim'.Man"-; Ii.am. A Ckiki. M\\^ li \m night, are always ready for work the next day, because tiiey have rested in plenty of clean straw, with ph'uty to eat. If the master's nu-ans will l)ermit, they will be lordly looking animals, not uidike the picture of a kind man's team. At all events, they will luit resiMnl)le a cruel man's team, with ribs show- ing like bean-poles, and thenisidves the pictures of hunger, gazing at an <'inpty bucket, — or at least, a bucket empty except for the air it con- tains. IX. The " Good Fellow's" Cruelty. There is aiu)ther class, known as good fellows, whose tinu> is so taken Uj) helping their friends, that they never have leisure to care for anything at honu'. They have time to hunt and fish, to play cards and driid<. AVhen they work, they work very hai'd, and are generally so used up, both man IIITMANITV AND COMMON' SKNSE. 207 !ind team, that they re(iuirc rest for seveiiil days. These "good fellows" often own but one horse, and borrow some other "good fellow's" horse to "splice ateam." Their borrowings are extensive, and their more intel- ligent, because more careful, neighbors lend, for the sake of the poor family at home. Some people would call them lazy ; perhaps this is as good a name for it as any other. They certainly do not work when they can avoid it. They do not tiiink themselves cruel. Are they not? Yes, cruel in their neglect at home. The "good fellow's " surroundings may be shown in three pictures. First is seen his barn, if he has a barn, with his sorry old horse mournfully contemplating the chances for the coming winter. He has a house ? Yes, «we show a corner of it, and his door ryard gate. He has, perhaps, a farm, or has hired a part of some richer good fellow's farm. Here is the other good fellow's tield gate, and himself coming home after having had a good time. If too tipsy to open the gate, it will not be difficult to push it over. X. How to use One's Means. This chapter may not, perhaps, be altogctlicr i)racti('al, except in the sense of .showing the impractical, and the folly of neglecting to use the means which any man may have. All cannot own fine teams ; all cannot own strong teams, but every man who owns a team of any kind, should keep it in a condition for labor. The man who is improvident in the neg- lect of his farm and stock, is improvident in the underlying princi])le ui)()n which all else rests. Hence, the pictorial story of thrift and unthrift may not come amiss ; and the thrifty man who buys this l)ook. • (iooiJ fellow's"' barn. HIS 1)(j(m;-vakj IIS KIELD-GATK. may become an angel in disguise, if he willlend it to his unthrifty neigh- bor. It may l)e the means of mending his ways. The unthriftv man we have depicted seldom sees ])ooks — his family almost never, unless they be loaned to them. May-be it will teach the use of means at his command. 2().S THE AMERICAN I'AI!:MEI; S I^TOCK BOOK. to improve his condition. If t From the elbow-point to the ground 3it From the withers to the poll, just behind the ears, in a straight line 30 Tlie same measured along the crest 32 Length of head 2'i 212 THK AMEKICAN IAK.MKK's STOCK BOOK. Inches. Width aoross the forehead '> 1-2 From the wilhcrs to the liip 2'2 From the stille to the point of the liock, in tlie attitude sliown in tlii' plan 211 From the root of the tail to tlie stille-joint 2i> From tlie point of the bocli to the ground 22 1-2 Length of arm from tlie elbow to the pisitoi-m bone (the rear bone of those forming the upper articulation of tlie knee) • 11) 1-2 From the pisiform bone to the ground 1!i 1-2 ( iirtli varies from "s to 7'.» (Mreiimfereuoc of fore-eannon bone (large metacarpal or shauk bone, extending from the knee to the fetlock) 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 1-2 and 9 ( 'ircunifereiice of arm just below tlie elbow IG 1-2 I o 18 VI. Description of Eclipse. That wondci'ful horso, Eclipse, differed essentially from this model. His head was of the average length in the six horses above, but was of extraordinary width across the eyes — said to have been twelve inches. He was very low before and yet was (it! inches in height. As Mr. Percival sums him up, "he was a big horse in every sqnse of the word ; he was tall in stature, lengthy and capacious in liody, and large in iiis limbs. For a big horse, his head was small, and partook of the Arabian character. His neck was unusually long. His shoulders were strong, sufficiently oblicjue, and though not remarkable for, not deficient in, depth. His chest was circular. He rose very little in his withers, being higher liehind than before. His back was lengthy, and, over the loins, roached. His quarters were straight, square and extended. His limbs were lengthy and broad, and his joints large. In particular, his arms and thighs were long and muscular, and his knees and hocks broad and well- formed." As a weight-carrying, swift, long-distance racer it is not probable that his equal will soon again be seen. Ho was a phenomenon. For racing, and especially for leaping, and for saddle horses, select the superior points of Eclipse, as many of them as you can find, leaving out the low withers. P^xcept for draft, the horse that will come nearest to the points we have named, will be sure to give satisfaction. VII. What Constitutes a Good Horse. It is the ability to perform in the best manner the particular labor for which he is intended, that constitutes a good horse. "\\'ithin the last fiftv vears, and especially within the last thirty years, particular atten- tion has been paid to the lireeding of animals especially adapted to draft, to the road, to use as fine carriage horses, and to trotting. The race horse, the saddle horse, and the hunting horse may be said to have attained about as higii a degree of perfection as man is alile to give them. HOW TO BIY AND SELL A HORSE. 213 The fine roadster, the trotting hor.se and the horse for general utility, may 3et be much improved. Within the last ten j-ears the speed of the trotting horse has been greatly developed. In 1880, ]\Iaud S. made a mile in 2 : lOi, thus beating the record of 2 : 14 nuide by Goldsmith Maid in 1874, and in 1881 we saw her trot two heats in 2 : 11 and 2 : llf, the fastest two heats ever made.* AVe also saw Little Brown Jug pace a mile in 2 : 13. There are now a number of horses that can trot the mile in 2 : 15, and not a few that can do it inside of 2 : 20. Where the limit of speed for trotters is, or how near they may yet come to the fastest ruiming time, no one, of course, can tell. In buying a horse to breed colts for fast time, great attention must be paid not only to form, but to the pedigree as well. You may breed fast horses from those of good pedigi'ee, though they do not themselves possess extraor- dinary speed. But you cannot breed fast horses from those which have no pedigree, however good their apparent form niav be. Viii. Models lor Buying. For reasons heretofore given, we have insisted that, to judge correctly the merits of a horse, one nmsthave accurate knowledge — knowledge not only of what constitutes general excellence in horses, but minute and familiar knowledge of the qualities which fit them to perform in the best manner, the various services requii-ed. Knowing the great value of object lessons, we have not only presented numerous general forms, showing proportion, muscular development and anatomy, but have also given faithful representations of the more celebrated breeds. If you find an animal of the particular Ijreed, conforming to the standard, do not fear to buy if you wi:?h fine from wliMi to lireed. TJL. The Racing and the Trotting Form. As a model for study in racing form, the illustration we give is good. The illustration of the American thoroughbred in Chapter VII, may also be referred to in this connection. In Chapter VIII, some of the best trotting forms are shown, and exqilicit information about trotting horses is there given. The racing horse should be from 1.5i to 1(5 hands high, muscular all over, short-backed, round-bodied, with long hips and deep and oblique shoulders ; the head clean and the neck rangy and well set on. The limbs should bo clean-cut, sound and firm in the lionc, — not small and slender by any means, — and the eyes especiallv should he full, bright and clear, but mild, denoting, with the broad forehead, high CO irage and energy, combined with docility of temper. X. The Roadster. Roadsters must possess so many valuable qualities, good size, fine action, elegant carriage, high form, docility, and undoubted bottom, that * Maud S. has since trotted a uiile in 2 :10i,. L>1'4 Till", .\:\1K1M(AX FAUMKU S STOCK HOOK. it is (liffieult to define their distinet points, seriatim. A sixtoen-hand mare, handsome and fairly bred, f^encrally brings first-ehiss roadsters, when stinted to good trotting sires. If j-ou arc going to l)recd them, select those that come nearest 1o Die forms we give. Tf you are going to l)ny for use on the road, selcet the form to correspond to the models, and then insist upon a thorongli and extended trial, and take a guarantee before you pay a high price for one or a pair. HOW TO lUY AND SELL A HOUSE. 215 XI. Saddle Horses. The saddle horse is the most difficult of all to get in perfection, except the fastest turf and trotting horses. They must be handsome, large enough to carry the weight easily, be perfectly trained ; and then the better the breeding, the more valual)lc they are. The illustration on the next page shows a good form for a model, if the horse is to be used both for driving and for the saddle — one thut M'ill perform well, look well and not easily tire. Such a horse will, upon marcs of high style but rather light in the limb, and perhaps with the pasterns somewhat 210 TIIK AMKCKAN KAUiMKU S STOCK liUUK. too weak, get hijili-ea.ste, ea.sily-tniined, flexible troers, that will sell anywhere. And those not of i)crfect form for tin; saddUs will make good driving horses, oi- good horses for general utility ; foi- it must l)e rcnienibcred, that, ^\hatl'\■er the breed, only comiiaratiN cly a few may he trained to a degree a])proaehing perfection. But, the better tiie stock, the more |)erfcct animals tlie l)reeder will secure. XII. A Horse of High Form. Fortine action, higii form, ability to carry weight and good perform- ance, espi'cialiv in the hunting tichl, a horse at least three-(|uarters now TO RIV AXU SELL A IIOUSK. 217 bred is to be preferred. The taste for hunting is largely indulged in in the Soutii, and, as wealth increases, it will become more and niorefash- ional)le in the A\'est. In fact, the demand for horses of hiuli form and breeding, for saddle use, is increasing in the West, and many Kentucky and Tennessee horses are bought for tins purpose. It nuist be con- fessed, that as a rule they are not as good as they ought to lie, many of 218 THE AMERICAN FAKMEK'S STOCK BOOK. tliciu laiiii'iiiix as iiiuliT-sizcd. Colts from ii "horse of good form and ai'lion," (111 iirojx'r mart's, stauiu'h, handsome and well-hrcd, will turn out to l>o \\\i\ animals dosh'od. Such ii horsi! will have a great stride, lino leaping powers, and the bottom to carry weight at high si)ccd. It must 1)0 admitted, also, that such a stallion, when fouiul, would cost a rather large sum of monev ; but the eolts would sell correspondingly well. Why should not every well-to-do fai'iuer, who breeds horses, breed good ones, and for a particular purpose ? There is no reason why he should not have a well-trained and well-))red saddle horse to sell, M'hen called for. There is no finer country for training than the West and the South- west, and the training could easily go on during the use of the colt . If tiie reader has given close attention to tho chapter on training, the ;.bil- itv to succeed will come with practice. But do not try to maUe a good saddle horse out of a "plug." It cannot bo done ! XIII. Buying for Blood. A person who buys blooded horses with a vie\T to bi'ceding must not only understand the form and tho various other (pialitics that go to make a good horse, as wo have described them, but ho must also understand l)edigrces, or else depend upon some friend who does. There aro about as many chances of raising a crack colt from the ordinary thoroughbred, even of unstained lineage, as there are of drawing a prize in a lottery. The sire and dam must not only be of perfect lineage, but tho descent must bo direct through a lino of winning horses. Such sires aro not numerous, and aro in the hands of but few breeders. The well-to-do farmer cannot expect to compete with them, but he can secure blood tliat will ini[)rovc his stock yearly, and give him many fine saddle-liorscs ; and, those likely to fail as saddUs nags will make handsome and fast-sell- ing horses for general work on the road. XIV. Choosing the Brood-Mare. In buving a brood-mare the first tiling to be considered is her blood ; next her developnient ; next her freedom from disability and disease, which latter is calked soundness. Last, but not least, her temper must 1)0 carefully looked to. A fretful, ill-tempered mare is totally unfit to breed from; and yet, undoubtedly, a majority of farmers consider a mare good enough to breed from, even when worn out with work. A well-bred nuire of this kind is certainly more fit than one of ill breeding and badly developed, or one balky from ])ad temper, or suffering from hereditary disease. A sensible breeder will reject all mares of this kind. HOW TO lUY AND SKLL A IlOliSE. 21J> The Value of Partly-Bred Horses. — The ival vuhic of all draft, as well a.s speed, horses lies in tlieir crosses and grades. When l)red on roomy mures the half bloods make magnificent animals, losing, it is (rue. HALF-ISUED CLYDESDALE GELDING FKrcil ( 'lydrsdalcs, iis seen in tin' .■iccoinpiiiiyin^- illiislralioiis, tlin liiiil)s arc liner ami iiiiicli of tlic sliai:i:y covi'iiiiL; <>f the limits is l.i.sl. 'I'Ik! In'oadlli of the forclirad is well |)rcscr\('d, also llic stroiifi, hand- soinoly supported neck, the line shonlder and hreasl, tin- leniith of arm, tlie short h'j;' below the knee, the stroiifi fetlocks and hoofs, and tho I'oiiiid-ltan'cled, wcll-riiilied liody and liiii' loin. MAl.l'-ltltKl) CI-YltESUALK — KKAl! \ I !■ \V . In the roar view of tho samo goUlinj?, is shown ek'arly the exeellenl oye and proinineni hrow, the tine neek, tho active, pointed car, tho groat power of liiiih, the broad (inarlers. the imiseular thighs, and liandsoino tail. Such animals will sell am' wiiere. now lO lUY AM) SKI.t, A IIOIiSK. 221 XV. Selecting the Stallion. In addition to what has already 1)i^(mi said on tliis sni)jcct, tiio following, from "StonclKMigc,'" ono of tlie ablest of lato British writers on (he horse, will he pertinent as reinforcing our position : "TIk; stallion re(|uires sev- eral essentials — (irst, his I)lood ; secondly, his in(hvidnal sha])e , tlnrdly. his health : and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this diflicuUy in selecting the stallion, that he must not only he suitahh^ perse, hut he must also l)c adapted to tJK^ particular mar(( wiiicli he is to scrv(\ Thus, it will h(^ manifest that tlu; task is more dillicult than the fixing upon a l)roo(l niaic, l)ecans(' ( leaving out of considcsrations all other [joints but blood) in the ono case, a mare only has to bo cliosen which is of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the same attention paid to this parti<;ular, and also to the stallion's suitability to the mart^ or to "hit" with her l)lood. Hence, all the various theories coniKM'tcd with gcMicration, nuist be investigated, in onh^ to do justice to tiie subject; and the bre(?der must make up his mind wluither in-and-in- J)re(!ding, as ii rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is adapted to the particular case he is considering. Most men make up their minds out) way or the other on this subj(M-t, and act a(!Cordingly, in wiiich decision much d(^pends ui)on tlie prevailing fashion. 'J'ho rock upon which most men s[)lit is a bigoted favoritism for some ])articular horse ; thus, ono man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another to Surplicio or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every ono bo different m l)lood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly l)o right if there is any priiicipl(! wiiatwcr in breeding; and however good ahorse may be, he cannot ht\ suitc' ; l)ut upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am ternpt(Hl to believe that there would be f(^wer blanks than at i)resent. I have already given my own theoretical views upon the cas(!, illustrated l)y numerous exiimples on both sides of the question. It will now be niy objiM't to apply these views ])ra(^ti(^ally by selecting ])articular instances. Adapting the Strain. — "In choosing the ])aiticiilai- l)l()od which will iiuit any given mare, my impression always would be;, that it is desirable «> fix upon the Ix^st strain in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in- ■.ud-in and then to put to her the best stallion available of that blood. In euiiiO CiiS(!s, of ('oursc?, it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because there happens to lie a better iiorse of that l;lood 222 'iiiK AMi;i;i(A\ rAi!.Mi:i;".s stock hook. to he had than of the sii|)cri()r strain, which wouhl otherwise l)e jss it may oftiMi he (U^teeted h\' the manner in wiiieh the animal starts iind travels. 7. — 'I'm; lv()(a:i;. — The i-oiiiie is the iiorse of vices ; he may taUe the hit in ills iiKiiilh and run a\\a\-, he will rear, hack, kick, Htriko, hito, and do Iweiily odier unpleasant tricks, not always from i)uro vice, hut often from cMiliciance of spirits, or from heinir rid(M' is llieir master. They arc diilicuil to detect in their vices, except hy the thorouiih horseman, who is well \-erscd in every expression and act of the horse. H. — Uisiioi'Ki) Tkktii. — So named from tho sc()undre4 who invented filing an old horse's teeth to mak(^ him look young, evi'u to huruingaml hlackening the en|)s formed. A earful study of the chartof tho horse's tei'th, given in this hook, will enahh^ any |)erson to detect this, since it is impossihle to eovertho shrinking of the gums, hy which the teeth show narrow, and are i)eculiar in shape. !•. — Wkak Kvr.s. — Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do with a horse with had eyes. Bring the animal from a rather dark stable just inside tiie door whci-e tile full light may strike the I'yes. Examine the lids and pupils cai-efully, to see if there is any c'onsidorahlo shrinking ; the e\(' should lie;ilile to hear the full light, llorsi's aro sometimes near- sighteii, and also far-sightt>d. AVrnV// a// sln/iuuyer suspects this, to take a warranty against it. 11. — IJlinonkss. — This is sonielinu-s dilKcult to detect by the ordi- nary obser\t'r by looking at tho eyes. In rare cases the eyes may seem natural. A blind horso, however, may be detected by his nmde of i)ro- gression. As an exami>l(> we give an illustration showing the mode of progression of a totally blind horse. XVII. Somo Faults and Imperfections. The tlisabililies notiet'd in the i)rt"vious sections are those of positive unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Sonu' others, that should not be overlooked, aro easily discovered by careful examination and test. These are : now r(» lU'v AM SKI. I. \ IIOHSI 1. (ii. ASS Kyi;. — Tliis, if ikiI coiiiiiliciitcd wit li spccilii- disease, docs not iiilcrfVrc with sij;lit in iiiiy respcel. It is a serious defect, simply so far iis looks are concerned, rsually one eye lias this peculiar white illassv apiioarance, the pupil perfect, and tiu^ iris (piite natural. It siitudd affe IIolt^K IN ^foTION. its history is known, a veterinary surgeon should decide wiicliicr i( is incipient cataract or not. Some veteriuariaiis hav*' (eriiied il spurious cataract, hut this is I'litirely a inisnomer. The name while spot decrilx's it perfectly. .'5. I\()AKiN(i. — This is the result of ohstruction in some })art of the larynx or trachea, iiiii)ediiig the hreatli, and causing a peculiar roaring sound when the animal is in motion. It is rarely found in the irnited States, and is chiefly confined to draft horses. It is often the result of chronic cough. In England it is (|uite common, and when |)reseiit in a horse of fast work, will render him worthless for tiie road. It may he discovered li\' ui-jjing the horse to a fast irail. 22t) Till'. AiMl'.UICAN l-AliMI'.ll'.s STOCK ItOOK. 4. Oiii.iQUK 'I'aii,, oi! \\'i£V Taii,. — This is caiiscd hy contnicliou of tlu! nuiscli's of llu" tiiil on Olio side. It may soniotiiiu'S he improved 1>\' a .suifrical opcnitidii, and should l)c considered a serious defeet in uiiy horse, ami espeeially so in a driving horse. T). 'rinjNiN'd TiiK ToK OK Till': Hook oi t oit i.\ Unduly, 8am) Ckaoks, QlAIiTKU CuAClvS, DlSII IIoOl'S, OvKUUEACIlINO , I NTKUKIOlUNCi , etc., !Ue all to he looked for heforo filially haying a horsi'. They are all disahili- tics that should not l)e present when the jjurcliaser pays full price for the animal. They are, however, all so apparent that the purchaser is to l>lame if he fails to see them. C. AVoi.i' Tkktu. — These rudimentary teeth which are found in some horses hut not in marcs, and M'hich have heen supposed hy ignorant per- sons to produce hlindness and other diseases, are entirely harmless, except for the ahrasion they sonn^tinu^s oeeasion to the tongue and checks. If they do so they are easily taken out hy any sensihle blacksmith. In fact it is quite well to extract them, not that they will produce serious disea.se, hut .simply because the^^ are not of any value, arc useless to the animal, and may occasion slight iueonvenienee. 7. SiiYiN(j. — This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse can have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the case ; injudicious l)unishment — more eonnuon ; or from defective eyesight, ov from all these combined. If you are so unfortunate as to have a shying horse endeavor to break him of the vice by aUowing him to examine objects of which ho is afraid, by speaking soothingly to him, liut nevi'r by whipping or spurring him. When he shows a disposition to shy, turn his head to, rather than from, the object. Stop him ; let him approach the o])ject and touch it with his nose, for soon he will approach it himself . If simply caused by nervousness, he may thus be cured. If caused by being short sisrhted there is no nunuis of relief. Before you bu}' a horse be certain that he has not this intirmity, as dangerous a one as it is disagreeable. Such an animal is only tit to be driven by the side of another horse who will kcc|) him to his work, and upon which he at length will conic to depend, or of being driven as a wheeler in a team of four horses. XVHI. What Is Unsoundness? Unsoundness is aiiv disability that interferes seriously with the proper labor of the horse. The most serious are : 1. Ajj^ifn'/;;, whether it lie /iixj sjHtriii, hlond spavin or hone sjxivin, when sufficient iy developed to be known. 2. — O.tNi/irdfion of any of the structures adjacent to any of the joints and als() without doubt ossification of the lateral cartilages. ;^. Corns are considered as constituting unsoundness, but they must !>e discovered within a short time, say a few days of the purchase. HOW TO HI V AM> SRI, I, A HOUSK. 227 ■I. — C'urlis constitute uiisouikIiicss, l)ut tlicy imist he shown to exist at till' tinu^ of t he s.ilc. ."). — Foiinilrr or Lam/'ni/is, is unsouncliiess vvliotlicr it iji-oduccs lanu^- ness or not, for if it lias existed the liiiiiinie will have hccn injured and I lie horse will be lame when worked. 6. — Putniccd Foot is unsoundness as evidence of laminitis. 7. — Quittor may render the horse permanently unsound. X. — Ring-honeii and side-hones constitute unsoundness. !'. — A Nerved Horse is unsound as showing; the existence of disease for Aviiicii the op(!ruti()n was performed, and also from the division of the iicr\ es. 10. — String-Halt is unsoundness. 1 1. — 'riiriish is so when severe. 12. — lireakimi down, even tliouii'h tlu^ horse has i-ecovered so a^ not to lid lame. lo. — 77iiekemii(j of the linek Sineins, or sus])iui,';orv ligament, if known to exist, is unsoundness. 14. — Brokiii Wind, Thiek Wind, W/iislliiu/ and 7»'o«/v«7 ari; ail con- sidered as constitutiiiii' unsoundness, as formiiiij impediments in Wreathing, injuring the animal for drawing or other active service. 1.5. — Fdvej/ and Glanders. 16. — Greaxe and Mange. 17. — Cough, if it lasts. A horse with a chroiiit; cough is clearly unsound. 18. — Megrhn'<. if il can he siiown that the horse has had an attack liefore the sale. I'.l. — Ophthalmia, if it occurs soon after the purchase. The evidence of a \eterinary surgeon may bo necessary to show the previous pi-escncc of tile disease. 20. — Cataract, however slight , constitutes a hoi-sc unsouiid. 21. — Broken knees, wlieii the joint is injured. There are also vices for which a lioi'sc may 1><' returned. Thesis iiri- : 1. — Biting, when clearly vicious. 2. — Bolting, or running away. ;5 . — Crih-biting. 4. — Kicking, when shown to be vicious. .5. — B(dking. (!. — Rearing. 7. — Shi/ing, when habitual. 8. — Weaving in the stable ; ihixt is, the horst^ throwing iiis head and body from side to side with a peculiar motion. '22>< TIIK AMKKHAX rAPiMEH S STOfK HOOK. XrX. Blemishes. The following defects would not he considered :is eonstituting unsound- ness unless they should become so serious as to interfere with the useful- ness of the aninnd. Some of them, however, are ))lemishes, and in the case of broken knee, it would be well to know how it came. They arc. 1 — iSJiff/tt bog upavin ; 2 — broken knee, when the joint is not injured : 3 — capped hocks, or elbows : 4 — contraction of the foot, unless the result of disease, laming the horse ; 5 — curby hocks; 6 — splints ; 7 — thorough pin, and 8 — fhrvsh, are not unsoundness in their incipient stage, or in a mild wav. But the buyer should refuse all such except, perhaps, in the case of thrush. 9 — Cutting is not unsoundness, except the horse l)e lame at the time of sale, neither 10 — soreness of the joints from labor, or ] ] — windcjaUs. PART II. Diseases of the Horse. HOW TO KXOW THEM, THEIR CAUSES, PREVEN- TION AND CURE. Diseases of the Horse. CIIAPTEK T. SYMPTOMS AND GENERAL TREATMENT. I. INTRODUCTION. II. Ot'TWAKll M AXl FKSTATIONS OF DISEASE. III. SYMP- TOMS OF IJvTEHNAL DISEASES. IV. l.AU'OUTANCE OF I'KOMFT TREATMENT. V. KNOW WHAT YOU ARE TUEATING. VI. Nl'USING AND FEEDING SICK ANI- MALS VII. EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED. VIIl. GRADUATION OF DOSES. IX. MOW OFTEN TO GIVE MEDICINES. X. FORMS OF MEDICINES AND HOW TO ADMINISTER. I. Introduction. ' Tli(^ hoiso, espeeiiilly wlu'u subject to artificial care aiul conditions, and moi-e cspcciallj' in cities and large .stal)les, is liable to pretty nuicii the same diseases, or, at least, to diseases similar in their nature to tliose of man. Besides various epidemics, such as lung diseases, colds and influen- za, — diseases arising from injuries, and ))ad care, involving diseases of the skin and its integuments, and of the ligaments, muscles and l)ones, arc <|uitc coinnion in horses. Such diseases are comi)aratively rare in the human family, for the reason that horses arc often put to terrible strain in running, leaping, drawing heavy loads in the mud, and on rough pavements, etc. These, from the want of proper knowledge, or from negleet, assume the most serious forms, and often totally unfit the horse for active labor, if they do not entirely ruin him. The importance of common-sense treatment and training lias been fully elucidated in the preceding pages. The importance of proper care, sufficient elotliing, grooming, good ventilation, and kindness in their gen- eral treatment has also been insisted on. If the information to be given in the succeeding pages, relating to proper care in sickness, is observed, much tr()ul)le and loss will l)c saved to the farmer, who is often necessarily precluded from calling in the services of a competc>nt veterinary sur- geon, because, in many country districts , there are none. The ol)ject of this work, therefore, is to give, in plain hiiiguagc, the necessary treatment of sucii tliscn.scs as may lie cared foi', bv other tlian the professional surgeon ; anil to give such advice as will prevent the oc- eurrence of many disabilities, which, if taken out of the list, by tlieir prevention, would very much lighten the task of the veterinarian. These should be well known and larefully studied by e\-ery horse owner, for thus might often be prexciifed -^(lax in : riirli : splint : liuLibone : caries. 2;J2 TIIK AM!;i;l( AN IWK^ll'.lt's Sl'OCK ItOOli. in its vinioiis lortiis ; swcUinns ol' (Ik- iim^rulai- iiitctiimicnts, cMusini'' se- rious troiiWic ; injuries to llio siiunvs, cnusiiii; Itivalviiig down ; poll evil iind odicr fistulous iiff(!ctioiis ; fi-aduri's ; founder; given in phiiii language, and the application of approi)riate rcnu'dies, will save the; owner nu)ney, and at thesanu- tinu' will also savci (he most intelligent servant, and if allowed to be, tlit^ faitlifid friend of man, much terril)le toi-lurc. Tlic feet and limbs are most liabhv to disease. Those who have suffei'cd from the torture of a tigiil boot, can oniv form a partial idea of the agony of II horse suffi'ring from disease of the feet , and I'specially from navirs, or incurahlc infectious diseases as hydi-ophobia, the animal should be (juickly and mercifully killed, and buried deep out of the way of dangci'. II. Outward Manifostations of Disease. 'i'o make plain what wiuild otherwise not lie readily <'ompicliendcd, the diseases will he illustrated by cuts. Tlicsc cuts will oft(-n jn-escut the disease in its strongest forms, whereby the same difficulties will be the more easilv recognized in their lighter manifestations. Many of the (hs- cases of the skin, and esiiecially of the boiu-s, may go on for a long time vvilhoutthe cause being suirly known. Ilcncc the ilhwtration of some internal diseases, as shown outwardly, will be viry instructive. 'I'lic most of them aic caused by neglect or abuse. Their treatment will be given inthcir proper places, as, for instance, those of tlu' feel, in the next chapter. The condensed dcscriiition of t heir origin, wit li references to the illustration on the next page, will enable tlicni to be readily rccogni/cd. A — Car'ns oftlic Jim-. riceration of the lower jaw, somctinu-s ends in nmrtilication. Caused liy bruises from barliaron-^ bits .and curb chains. />' l-'!slnlti of Ihc I'tirollil Ditii . I'"is1nlas are caused by bruises or undue compression of the jiarts, producing intlammalion and abscess. (J — Bony Exert m-t lire. ( Kxostosisof the jaw). A blow upon a bone will [irodnce inflammation followed by exostosis (bony growth through increased nutrition) — that of the joints being fearfully painful. D iSircl/iiiif by pi-essun" of the bridliv causing intlaiumat ion. and soiue- tiines tumors. iiisi'iAsi'.s (>!■ rill': ii()i;sK. ■IM) /J — /'„// h'ri/. A ].;iiiifiil lisliiluus (liscMsc, (.flcn (litlinill. lit run-. A' — /ii /Innittf I'aroliil (ihtml, cMiiscd hy ;i l)|-iii-;c or roiiipn-ssion. (t — I II llaiiril -I K'litlitr I V/», (•;i',i>i('(l in xMrioiis \v:i\'s, ol'lcii hy ciiroldss- lioss iiftiT hk'ciliiiii' If — Caflonsif yintmr, from (■(iiii])rcssi()ii of t lie c-i)llar. 'I'ln^ ri'-iuK of LTillls anil siihsciiiicnt waiil of care, ami inaUciilidii. l—Fis/ii/a of/li, ll7///c/'N,cMU>c(| ovii.. rally !,y pressure of 111.- sa(l(ll(>. f/ — Siii/)/Jr '()//, caused i;-eneraily liy iiilerrcrenci' uI'IIk' shoe in lying iiins. I'iiev are to l)e dreaded as interferinij with tlie aetion of tlio sinews. /' — I}iu(/f)(iin \ Cansed liy slai'tinii; lieavy loads, or excessive pullini;in going np hill and li_v sprains cif the joints. Q — Tnnd upon (he Coromt, the contusion of the shoe of one fool \i\ treading on llie other, causing laceration of the coronet and of the horn of the hoof. li — Qiiitfor, Breaking out of pus at tiie top of the lioof fi-oni pi icU of the sole, corns, or injury to coronet. -S' — Qu(ir((r (^r(ic/,\ Imperfect seci'clion caused li\- dr\iic--s of the hoof; rupture of the lamina'. 7' — Con(l-t\ (U- ringed iioof of a foundered horse. The result of Lannnitis. U — Cappal Uttck. Swelling on the point of the iiock. V — ASft/A^f/cr.v, Scurfy erii|)t ions on the seat of tlexion of the hock. Similar to mallenders. M' — Spariii. hillammation causing painfid liony enlargement, some- times stiff joint. Caused liy Mows, slijiping and hard work, often from weak iimli>' and sprains. A' — Curl). Intlammation and lameness of the posterior part of the hock, I'uding in liony formation. Caused hy wrenching or straining the ligaments. 1' — Swvlhil Siiu'irs, Caused liy strains or hruises, pioducing intlam- mation, and ending in enlargement. Z — T/i/tk fjiii. Caused i)y various injurie-- to the joint. .Vny intlam- mation max result in a tiiickcning of the integuments. In ail inflam- matorx ditiicultics of this nature, including, spavin, curl), etc.. cold water faithfully applic-l at the outset will he indicated, hut often the trouhle is not known until too late for cold water, 'i'he warm wat<'r fomentations will then he indicatt d. / — (rndsi , Caused l>y deliility, excessive lahor and neglect, tilthy sur- romulings, from stoppage of the secretions, surfeit and impurities in the Mood. Scratches are from the same cause, as working in tiie mud with- out proper cleaning, etc. 2 — Sand ('r(irk\ Caused hy the same ditlicully as quarter crack. .9 — Qua rtt r ('rack — J/oriznii/al. These are occasioned generally hy severe laliorof animals not stron<; in tiie fi'ct. li\' wiiich the walls are DISKASES OK TIIK IIOIJSK. 235 ruptured, hy liic:ilot.s when tlie froiiMe is plem'isy, or _<;ivinir a doi:' inedieiiie for inllanmiatioii of the hi-ain when he is snfforiiijr from rahies. These anil ni:ui\ ot h.c similar mistakes have come under the ol)Sorv!i- tion of the writer. ( )ne notahle ease, in which many might iiave liecn decei\'ed, was si'en not very long a^o ; a iiorse was lilistered from one knee up the leg, over the shoulders and withers and (h)wu ou the other side, to the knee for sprain and soreness in the shouUlers, when ovory l)it of the disease lav in the feet. It \\as a ease tif acute fonucU'r. We relate this to impress upon the reader the necessity of careful, dcliherate study of a case before taking action ; lint when the derangement is couclusivoly located go ahead and apply promptly the renu'dies prescribed. VI. Nursing and Feeding Sick Animals. Much ingenuity can be displayed in nursing a sick animal. In ordei- to do it intelligenth' the nurse nnist be familiar with tiie habits ami reipiire- nu'Uls of till' animal in health. .\ few simple rules will assist the ama- teur. M.ike the animal as comfiirtaMe as possil)Ie, warm in winter and cool in summer. Ciivt^ plenty of fresh aii- to breathe, but in ail cases a\(iid a draft ; ventilation without drafts is the rule. Clothing for horses is often necessar\', woolen blankets in winter and linen sheets antl nets in sununer. Hoods to cover the head and neck are often needed if the stable is not sutlicicnt ly warm. The i)roper tt'mperatun^ for the stable that is used for the hospital is frmn •>'> - to (10 ^ F. This is warm enough for all animals exce|)t wvy weak lambs and sick ih)gs ; they require a warnu'r room, from (ii' ~ to 70 - F. A iiart of the dwelling house is the best for them, if they are iu)t too numerous. See that the pl;ue is dry and the drainage good. An elevated location is better than a low-lying one. The food wants to be simi)le, clean, nutritious, easy of liigestiou l)y being cooked, changed occasionally and administered often and in snudl <|uantities. Give green food, always, mIicu it can be got. Oats, corn, barley, bran, -shorts, etc., nuiy i)0 scaldeil with boiling M'ater, covered and left to steam till cold, and Ihen given. It is a great advantage to have the grain ground. Hay and water should always be given in liberal quantities; and see that they ari> clean and pure. A\'arm milk for calves, and tlie same diluti'd and sweetened a little f(U- lambs and foals ; ))eef lea, raw eggs, porridge of either oat or corn meal and milk for dogs, and ibosame for pigs will be found to be tlu- best diet. In feeding sick ani- mals give a little, often, but lie careful not to over-feed, as that is li.ible KISF.ASKS s, doijs, ctc.,eveiy two to four liours. F(!vcr patients should have pure water lu^ar, so they can help them- selves when they wish it. Those suffering from diarrhoea or excessive purgation sii()uldl)e watered four or five times a day, l>ut in smaller (|uaii- tities. Rest should always be given to sick animals ; many cases [jrove fatal from working too long after being taken sick, or from being put to work too soon aftir iccovery. VTI. Explanation of Terms Used. To some leaders a few words of ex|)lanati()n may be lUiccssary in nrdei- to the proper understanding of the drugs and their doses. Alteratives change the conditions and functions of organs. Anm^helics deprive of sensation and suffering. Anodi/nes allay or diminish pain. Antacids are antidotes to acids. Anthelmintics kill or expel worms. Antiperiodics arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in periodic dis- eases. Aniiscplirs prevent, arrest or retard putn^f action. Antispasmodics prevent or alia}' cramps. Aperients gently open the bowels. Aromatics, strong-smelling stimulants, disjxl wind and alhni)ain. Astringents cause contraction of vital structures. (Jarminatives, warming stimulants (Aromatics). Cathartics, Purgatives, freely o[)en the, bowels. Cholagogues increase the seitretion of bile. Demulcents sheathe and protect irritated surfaces. Diaphoretics, Sudorifics, cause perspiration. Discutients dispel enlargements. Disinfectants destroy infecting matter. Diuretics increase the secretion of urine. Ecbolics, JParturients, cnuse contraction of the womb. Emetics induce vomiting. Expectorants increase the secretion from the air tulies. Febrifuges counteract fever — lower temperature. Laxatives (Aperients). Narcotics allay pain and produce sleej). Refrigerants diminish heat. /Sedatives depress nervous power or lower circulation. Sas rili; A.MKKKAN KAUMEl! S STOCK liOOIi . Soporifics iiuliuf slcc|). Stiinit/tviln tiMiiporarilv <'xc'ito tlie nei'vous or circulatorv svstciii. Siii/<>;)(>'jni:s iurn'ii^v \Uo sorretioii of sali\a. StoitKtc/iicfi improve tlijjjvHtioii. TbH/c.s- gradually and poriiiaiu'iitly iiiipr(i\c digestion and nutrition. V('r))iif»;/('K k\\\ anil t'X[)i'l worms. VTI. Graduation of Doses. The relation of (|uantity of medieine to the ago of the patient is thus given hy Prof. Low : The doses given may he hold upplieahlo to full grown animals of nu'dium size, therefore some allowuneo must be made in any ease in whieii the patient o.xeeeds or eomes short of the average of his kind. A similar modifieation must ho made as regards j'ouug anim- als, not only on aeeount of their smaller si/.i' hut also of their greater suseeptil)ility. The following talile ma\ serve as a guide : H018SE, ETC.' OX. SlIKKP. 1 SWINK. no(is. llO.-iK. j H vi-ars. ■J vt'iirs. 1'., v.>:iis. I.'i 111 '111-. ',. vc;i|-. 1 iiurt. n^-:\ •• l--i •• II-IS iiiMi-. s-i.-. ■■ :!-(! mollis. ll-lS nrtlis. i-li Ill'tlK. :i-.-. •■ ll-S j ■^-^i ■■ 1 1'-^! ■• 1 20-4.-. iliivs. 'i- 1-5 •• ^ i-:i •■ 1-3 •• \ l-:i ■• 10-20 •■ A- Allowaneo must also he made for a nervous teni|)i'rament which usually renders an animal more impressihle. for hal)it or eontinued use which tends to decrease the su.scei)tihility for iiulividual drugs, for idiosynera.sy which can only ho discovered hy ohs*'rving the action of the agent on the particular suhject, and for the inHuonce of disease wIumi that is likely to affect the action. Thus in most diseases of the lii'ain and spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, douhl(> tiie usual <|uantities of pur- gative medicine will he necessary, while in inthu'iiza ami other low f»'vers half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute congestion of the brain, stimulating!: narcotics (opium, l)(>lladonna, hyosiyanius, ) would aggravate the sym]>t()ms. etc. IX. How Often to Give Medicines. Febrifuges, or doses intended to reduce fever, such as aconite, iielhi- dona, spii-its of nitre, solution of the nitrate or ehlorate of potash, or any form of ammonia should lie repeated as often as every two hours in bad cases, and from that to thix't; or four times a day in mild cases. Alteratives may l>e repeated once ov twice a day. Purgatives may bo repeated after twenty to thiity hours in bad cases, and after forty to forty-eight hours in mild cases. Tonics should lie repeated onee, twice or thrice a day. Stinudants, especially alcoholic, may bo repeated after two to six hours. Kcbolics may be repeated after half an houi- ; ano- dynes after half an hour ; other remedies as recjuirod. uiskanios of •iiir: iioiisi;. 239 X. Forms of Medicines and how to Administer. Medicines sliould alwavs l)e given in the food or drink, when possible, to iivoid woriTinii' tlie patient and also to avoid the danger of choking from the licpiid running into th(^ lungs. When the medicine is nearly inodor- ours and tasteless it can l)e mixed with hi'an masiies, or other soft feed. Aloes should be made into a roll the size and shape of your finger and wrapped in thin paper or put into a gelatine capsule, and passed back onto the root of the tongue of the horse. Li(]uid medicine, in large doses, is given as drenches out of a strong- necked bottle or iiorn, the head Ixiiig elevated and the neck of the bot- tl(^ inserted at tiie side of the mouth and poured \rvy siowh' in, the head being kept raised till all is swallowed. Jf the palicnt roughs while l>oing drenched, let the head down instantly, regardless of the loss of tiie medicine, for, if kept up, it is apt to run into the lungs, and cause death in two minutes. MANNER OF GIVING A DRENCH TO A HOUSE. Small doses are l)est given with a >\i- inge ; open the mouth with the left hand iind in.seil the syringe in the left side of the mouth, and shor)t the con- tents well ])aek into the throat. A syringe or spoon may l)e used on all small aninuds. .Medicine for cattle and and sheep needs to be more bulky and watery, on account of the great size, comparatively, of the stomach, and when not practicabl(! to administer it in the food, it should be dissolved in from one to two quarts of water for cattle, and one to two pints for sheep, and given as a drench from a bottle or horn. Care should be taken to avoid letting the animal bite the bottle ; keep the neck of it firmly up again.st the rf)of of the mouth between the two rows of upper teeth. If the animal should break the bottl(>, let the head down instantly and I'emove the broken glass as quickly as possible. niAPTKR TI. FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES. 1. tOHN.S. II. (,)i:ni()lt. 111. yl Ain-KIt .. SAM) (HACKS. 1\-. SKKDY TOK. V. PK1CKIN(; h-llO.M NAILS VI. ACIITK FOUNDKlt OK I.AMI.NITIS. VU. CMUONIC FOl'NDKR OK 1-AMINITIS. A'lll. TI^MICKl) FEET. I. Corns. 'I'licrt^ is IK) .'lilliUMil so coimnoli to lioi-scs" feel ;is i-onis. Fiillv liiiir- t<'iillis of the laiiK'iicss in the f'fft arc from this source. Causes. — 'Tlicy arc tiir result of uui'vcu |)rcssur<' of tlu'siioc, toonuuh heui-injj; on tiiu (jiiartcrs, csjx'cially the inner one, and lno iieavv iK'ariiig on tlii^ licels. 'I'lii.s results fnnii tiie shoes heiii^- left on too loni;' without heinj!; I'cset, and the feet parcel tlown and the lieejs openetl to roinovo tlio .siiri)lus srrowth of hoof, that wouUl lie worn off if the foot were not sliotl. Corns ari^ often caused l)y eontrai'tion of the feet, thepressui'c on the walls of the quai-ters, by the contraction of the hoof, heini^ ver\- great. yf?^-;^:\ !• is neccssaiy, as a ruh', to shoc^ horses' feet, and in order to IATaT^ keep them healthy the slux's siiould i)e reset, al)oul once a f ill "ii)lith, th(> sole and wall rcdnceamcness appears, slight at lirst, but in<'i-easing very fast from dav to dav. The horse will show an iix'lination to favor (lie sore cpiarter, and will not wear the shoe (piite so much on that heel. \\\ api)lving the hand to the foot, you will notice heat in tlie sore ])art . 240 FEET OF THE HOKSE AM) IHEIK DISEASES. 241 Tappiug the fool goiilly with ;i luiiiuiu'i- w ill iiiaivi' tiic horse Hinoh when the sore spot is reached, and lie will i)oiiit the foot (thrust it out forward) restingitou the toe, raisiiigthe lieels com- pletely off the ground. If there are corns on both feet, he will change feet, ^vi\\ point first one, then the other. If the corns are small and not very sore, the lameness may diminish with travel, so that when well warmed up ho will go ((uite sound, till he stands at rest again. Then he will go off lamer than ever. When tlu^ corn is festered, he will posiuo"ifof Tcorn"" be very lame, indeed, will only touch the toe to the ground, will move with the greatest difficulty and reluctance. AVhen the shoe is removed, you will rind the purple spot in the cpiarter, between the wall and the bar, near the heel. What to do. — Remove the shoe, pare out the quarter well, so as tore- move all i)ressure, and let out any matter that may be under the sole ; then put the foot into a linseed poultice made up soft with hot water. Leave it on twenty-four hours, then renew it. While the poultici' is off, examine the foot to see if it needs any more paring; if the hole is deep, you will need to cut the hoof well away to allow the matter to escape freely ; for if you do not, it will work up through to the top of the hoof. Before jiutting the poultice on again, pour into the corn a little pure carbolic acid, or turpentine, or dilute nitric acid — diluted one-half with water. Dress it in this way once a day till all soreness is gone, and the horse will stand on the foot as well as ever. Then leave oif the poultice. If proud flesh comes up in the hole, burn it down with powdered blue vitriol. The hoof you have pared away will soon grow again. When it has stopped running, apply the vitriol once a day, which will dry and heal it. When it is all dr\', and the horse walks sound on the foot, put on a bar shoe to protect the weak quarter, giving the frog gentle pressure ; pour warm tar into the hole, and stuff oakum or tow soaked in tar under the shoe. When shoeing afterwards, Ijear in mind to avoid too heavv bear- ing on the heels. When that (piarter has gi'own out again, and is strong, the bar shoe may be replaced by an open one. If the foot is much contracted, take the bearing off the quarters by- reducing the walls a little, so as to have the appearance of the shoo hav- ing been sprung off the heels, but let the shoe be perfectly level. Open the heels well up towards the hair, so as to give the feet a chance to spread while growing. When a foot is much inclinctl to have corns, the shoe should bo reset often — every two or three weeks — and the quarters well cleaned out each time. Extra care will have to be taken of the feet that have once been affec- ted with corns, to keep them soft. Soak them in a tul) of either cold or 24: rill'. A.MI'.I.'UAN lAlJMKi; S STOCK warm water. Sonic add sail, soda, (>l('., Iml it is lictlcr cifiii', astiic oii]\- virtue lii's in tiu' moisture. Many of {\w sul)slauoes used are injurious to llie liool', l)v maUiu;.>' I.Ihmu liritllo. Or pack tlio hoof with linseed meal, or oil-i'aUe meal, Met uj) M'ith hot water. If tliere is iiuieh heat aiul fever, put on swabs, either made of felt or pieces of old hlanUet or wooh>u cloth, folded and tied around the pastern, and left (o liang' down over (he fei>l, and wet freinu-ntly with hot water. II. Quittor. (Juittor is tiie name i;ivi'ii to a disease of the foot, when the festei'ini: WO or three inches forward, but is ofleuer s(>en on llie iii- becaitse corns are nio^l often found tlu're. It niakivs its iftcr tlu> horse has been lame for some lime, by swi'lling at Sometimes tiic tirst .actixc swelliiii;' of the part is as largo as a hen's egg. lu the course of ;i day or two it breaks and discharges matter, when the horse will l)e relieved of some of the pain, wiiieh has l)eeii very intense during the for- mation of llie sore. Sometimes the foot can scarcely l)i' put to llic lloor at all, and may be ki>pt paining much of „r,,. the lime. After the quittor has been running two or three days, the llesli around the opening will luru purple and get soft, and Ihe mat- ter will spread, extending each way, but more towards the front. Inaeou- jile of weeks pipes will have formed, pointing downwards in all directions, havinii' one commcin center in the opening at the top. If let alone, llie walls of the pipes M'ill thicken and harden, and the enlaru'cment at the lop will increase sometimes to the size of a maifs list. All this time the lameness eontiuucs very gre.it, and, if allowed to inn on for three months or more, the foot be- comes so full of pipes and so large, hot and painful as to require very jiersislenl and Ihorough trealmcnt to slop the disease, and can never be redneetl to ils natural size and form. In extreme cases lameness is ))ermanent, with n tendenev of llie loe to lurn up, and the hiu'se walkson his heel". What to do. — If taken as soon as it breaks open at the top, ponltii'o the r.iot for Iwentv-four liours, to .soften all the parts. Then give the A QUITTOK. Alter It hns broken out ut the top. KKKT Ol" 'rilK lIOItSK AM) 'I'llKIl; I )ISKASi;s. 243 diseased pari vent at tlie hottoiii, to allow llii^ inatl(n', if any. In lun out tluu'e if it will ; liut if none is foniid at IIk; liottoni, do not cut, tiu^ iioofto make it bleed, iis llial would only make anotliei'sore, and woidd do no jfood. Open it fi-(!(;ly at the top; ])rol)(! it witli a piece of .sinoolli, r()illi(le(l wlialehouc^ to find Iiow deep tJie liole li'oes, and in wiiat. diree- tion. TIk II follow t he pi-olie (low 11 with the knife, and oiieii right out and down I Ik; hoof, as far as the hole lioes, takintj' out a V shaped ]iieee of tli(^ w;ill to allow the mallei- lo esea.p(^ at, the l.olU inslead \ copiicr. }j I'illl, WllIlT, Mix. Inject it well down into Iho wound, twicn; a day. If it hmns and causes ii seal) to eonie on tln^ flesh, dilute it a littli; aft<'r nsinu' it t luce or four days, if aflcia week or ten days tlu^ wound does nol appear to 1)0 getting' well, change to the following : No. 2. :( Diaclims siilplialo of /.iiiu, ;., I'illl Wilier, Mix. By being careful that the opening is down to the bottom, all the time, to h't the matter out, you will have lU) trouble in curing it. Keep the shoe off till tlio foot is well enough to work ; then jiiit on a bar slio(! so as to protect the weak (|uart(!r. In Vi'vy bad eases, in which there are several pipes riimiini;' in as main' directions, it is absolutely necessary to open up each one fearles.sh-. Then go on with the lotions given above, and change occasional ly to the following: No. I!. I l)nii-liiii con-osive siililiiii:ilp. ji> I'illl uairr, " Mix. Ill long coiiliiiiicd Ircatmeiit it is advis;ible to allcrnate I he lolinns, one wei^k on, and one olT. The hoof will grow faster on account- of the iiillaininal ion in il , so that it will 1)(! necessary to have the footjiared down occasionally. AVhen the discharge is all dried u[) and the disease is cured, 1)listei- the enlarL''c- nicnt to reduce it. After the blister has taken hold, grease the ])art oiic(! 11 day, till it is nearly well, then repeat tlie blister. Soak the foot often, and pack it with oil-cake meal, lo keepil sofl. 244 ■riiK \MKi;i(\\ lAKMr.ws stock isook. III. Quarter and Sand Cracks. k^ ill llic liiKif, ii^ii.'ilU' Iciii^'tliwisc of till' lihrt's of >oiiicliiii('s I lie hoof lircaUs iicross tlic tihi'iis for ;i dis- of .III iiicli or so. IWil ilic cnick rarely extends througli lof into tilt' lamiiiac, or i)uick, c'oiis('(|ii<'iit h' it docs not cause lameness. l^nartcf cracks come on the (juiirtors, usually on the in- side, oil iic(!()unt of that t to cra TIIKll! DISICASI' 245 )uiid lAKTEU CKACK, oitener than once ui two months'^, aeeordmg as tiie hoot grows fast or slow. If flesh grows up lietwccn the (^dgcs of the crack, burn and shod it down witli ])owdered blue viti'iol, applied once .-i da\-. AVhen it is dry, and the soft parts are healed l)y the vitriol, dress il with pine tai' once a Iioc into the toe, I)ut cut away a little of the wall to fonu a hollow i)lace for it. KIAGltAM OP .SHOE. clip that is :d into the toe, m e s causing edy toe. VIEW OF A FOOT. Showing toe pared to receive clip to avoid sei-ciy toe. V. Pricking from Nails. Causes. — Pricking may come from a nail running into the quick when shoeing, or a nail may be picked up in the street. It is often done by the horse stepping on a piece of board containing a nail, and the nail is often pulled right out again when ho steps off the board, or the nail may be broken off inside. How to know it. — Sudden lameness will tell you that something serious is wrong. Tull off the shoe and examine the foot carefully. If one of the shoe-nails has punctured the quick, it will be moist and black. If a nail is found anywhere in the foot, pull it out carefully, so as not to break it off. If it f4S Till', .\>li:i!l(AN I \KME1! S STOf'K l»)i)K. isli, :inil)i'i-(()loro(l ni;itti'i- on llu- poultice. In lnul cmsos tin- h'g swells, somi'linit's (o tlic lioilv. (Jrcat hoat is in tUo foot and loj>, and pain is shown if (lie foot i> t.i|i|K'd. 'Piicro will also he a hard, hot swcllinji' in tlic hollow of the |)asloin and around the iiccls. with jifoat teiuleriu'ss to the touch. All these synii)t(>nis will he noticed to a greater or loss extent, aeeord- ini;- to the amount of injury done. Cases in which the nail does not wound the joint are usually simple. What to do. — \\ hen you have reniov(>d the shoe, and found where the prick is, pare out the hole, and aronnd it a little, to thin the hoof; this will relieve the pressure when it I>ei;-ins to swell. Then turn in a small ([uantity of solution of carholii' acid, one i)art of acid to twenty of water, or use a little turpentine. Either will tend to prevent suppur- ation. Tiien put the foot into a hoot, (U- liair of linseed meal poultice. Clianae it once a day and examine the wound each tim(\ to sec that any matter that forms can escape. This is mmv inii)ortanl. If it is a mild case, it will li'ct well soon and the aincuess dis.appear, wlu'ii the luu'sc <-an he shod and i>"o o work. IJiit if it is a had case, and much matter forms, it will extend under the hoof and spread. In ijj order to prevent this it is best to remove that part of jy tiie hoof which has matter under it. The sanu' rule applies to the frog-; sometimes the matter works uii- ilcr the entire frou', and it has to come off, luit a lU'W one forms r(>atlily. Showing nnii wmin.innii A liot poulticc is hcst , cxccpt wlicii tlicrc is au o|)eii and how to p;uf il onl. ....i . ii • i i K t 1 joint, then put on a i-old one instead. At every dress- in:;' apply tlu' carholii- lotion, and poulticc right o\cv il. If proud llesh comes u|i, keep it down with powdered lilue vitriol, ai>plicd once a da^• : if it comes up suddenly, as large as your thunil), you can cut it off with ptM'fcct safety. Then, when it stoi)s hieeding, dress it with till' vitriol. As soon as there is no more matter, and the lameness is ueailv gone, leave off the pcuiltice and dress it once a day with pine tar. If the joint is opened, in addition to the treatment given aho\c spread over the injured part of the foot, and also in the hollow of the pastern. Solid Kxtract of Helladonna, a piece as large as your little lingcr-nail, once a day and let the poultice goon cold, right oxer it. Continue this as long as there is much lameness. If there is much fever, give Tincture of Aconite Hoot in ten-droi) doses, in a tahlc-spoonful of cold water e\cr\ two luuii's until the hoi'>i' is lictter. KEIVr Ol' 'I'lll'. II()I!SE AM) TIIKIlt UISEASKS. 249 No clKUHiC need he made in 1ii<' slioeiiitr, ('Xi-('|)t to stiifT taf juid tow ovci tlir iiail-liolc, luidci- tlic shoe. If nail wounds arc nciilcctt'd lock jaw is \<'i-y ajjt to follow. VI. Acute Founder or Laminitis. Founder is of two kinds, acute and chronic. It is acute where, when it first takes i)lacc, all the; syniptom.s arc aggravated and the disease is attended with more or less fever. It i.s clu-onic when it has hccn of long -stiinding and the disea.sed condition has taken an organized form, will i-(^main as it is and hecome a jjurt of the organized system, hut is nt)t attended by any fever, otln^r than a slight local heat. The iinier siu'farc of (he wall of llie hoof has iiorny leaves or laminae, \-ery line and near together, running up and down. On the outer surface of tiie hone of the foot are sensitive, tleshy leaves that dovetail, ns it wei-c, into the heaves on the wall of the hoof. On these leaves is home the weight of the enlire Ixxly. Causes. — Sometimes it is caused hy overwork, in which the feet are poimdcd, and sored up, causing iidlainmation in the leaves. But founder is usually a metastatic disease — one that originates in some other part of the, hody and goes to the feet by a peculiar trans- i ference called metaslasis. ll may originate in congestion of | the lunffs, j)li'urisy, intlamniMtion of the bowels or periton- eum (the membrane hoUling the bowels in place) or in almost any part of the body, .standinfr in a draft when heated will cause it. How to know It. — The acute form is easil}' recognized hy P'f^''J^5°^^'=''^_J5 the Inn'.-c being in great pain, pei'sistontly standing in one P"""«n THK AMKinCAN l-'AraiEI! S STOCK HOOK. lotting: tli(> toe of llu- foot diiip down, forniini;' i)uini(-iHl foot, if il is not l)roni|itiy liciited. I'umircd foot is incninhlc. POSITION TAKEN IN ACUTE FOUNDEU. Sometimes the intlannnationiiocs on to suppuration. ^Matter forms and extends around the hoofs, often causing tlieni to drop off, wliich will take phice in the course of three to six weeks. Acute founder is often fatal by the excessive fever, hy the absorption of pus into the system, causini'' pyemia, or l)y tlie extreme weakness that foHows a h)ng, lingering case. What to do. — <'ive a dose of Raw Linseed t)il, one Pint, then pull off all the shoes and pare down the walls of the bare feet, so as to let him A CONVENIENT WA'i OI SOAMNOTUl 1 LI T IN HUT M VlHtlNCA^L; OF FOVNDEK. stand on the sole and frog. If the feet cannot be raised to remove the shoes, lay him down and then remove them. Then, if standing, put liim into a hot foot l)alh all around, one or two feet at a t'r.ic. Let tlie water FEET OF THE IIOKsE AND TIIEII! DISEASES. 251 1)0 hot for each oiio, and with a little mustard in it. Bathe the legs with it as high as the knees and hoeks. Leave them in as long as the water remains hot ; then take them out and put eaehfoot into a liusccd poultice, hot and soft, and bandage the legs with tlannel. Repeat this morning and night for tMO or three weeks, or until the soreness is nearly all gone from the feet. Then stand him in a clay puddle, daytimes, and take him out of nights, and continue this as long as there is any stiffness. It will need to l)e continued, in most cases, for a month or more. Leavethe shoes off till he is ready to work again. As soon as the feet are well put into poultices, ])egin on the following mixture : Xo 4. 1 Ounce sweet spirits of uitre, 1 Di'iiebm tr. aconite root, 1 Ounce potash nitrate, 3^ Pint water. Mix. Give a tablespoonful every two hours, until the fever abates and the patient becomes comfortable ; then drop off to three times a day. Con- tinue this for about a week, or in a very bad case, ten days. Feed lightly on warm mashes, scalded oats, grass, &c. VII. Chronic Foimder or Laminitis. How to know it. — The chronic form is a moditication of the acute. In l)ad cases you will notice the difficult backing ; lameness ; pointing of the feet, first one and then the other; the horse goes with a short, shambling gait, as though the legs were all stiff, and the shoulders are THE MOVEMENT OF A HORSE SFFFERINrf FROM SCB-ACtJTE OU CHKONie FOtNI>EU. thrown forward, gi\'ing the chest the ap[)earaiice of being drawn in. Hence the mistake some make, in supposing the horse to be chest-foun- dered. There is no such thing, it is alwavs in the feet. ■J-)Z THE AMKIUCAX FAIJMKI! S STOCK liOOK. Tiie shoes will ]h' worn off more at tlie liccls, and when pohiting them he will extend tlie feet and rest them on the heel, turning the toes a\) as much as possihle, beeause the trouble nearly all lies in the toes. Horses with chronic founder will choose the soft parts of the road, l)ut ^x\\\ avoid the water and mud holes as much as possible. In feeling of the feet you will notice them very hot nearly all the time, and there will be rings on the hoofs, from uneven growth of horn. The feet will very soon become much contracted and the A DEFORMED •' HOOF. hoofs brittle. ^tin" IXacute^'^or What to do. — You cauuot do auvthing to cure it, but chronic founder. j^ ^,.j,j ),g jiHeyiated by keeping the feet as cool and soft as possible with poultices, clay puddles and foot baths. In addition, rul) a little fly blister around the coronets once a month, and reset the shoes often. VTII. Pumiced Feet. Causes. — When the inflaiiiniation in the feet, from acute laminitis, is neglected, or allowed to run on several days Ijefore the proper tre;itnient is applied, the connection l>etween the sensible and insensiljle laminae, or leaves, is destroyed by the effusion that accumulates between them and soaks them apart, letting the toe of the bone tip on to the sole, pushino' it down to the ground, or nearly so, and making the lower sur- face convex instead of concave, as it should be. Sometimes the toe of the bone will be punched quite through. How to know it. — Take up the foot, and instead of seeing a nice, cup- shaped sole, you will tind it bulged down towards the ground, making it ov.ll the wrong wav. If the bone is punching through, you will notice it. and it will leave no doubt in your mind as to what it is. The horse will be lame with all the characteristic symptoms of chronic founder. What to do. — Nothing can be done to cure it, but if it is not very l)ad, careful shoeing, to keep all pressure off the sole, by means of a shoe, well concaved on the bearing surface, will lielp to keep him on his feet; then, bv keeping the feet as cool as possible, he can be made serviceable for easy moTa. AVhen the toe of the bone puslies through, he is of no more use, and might as well be destroyed, to nurcifully put him out of his misery. CHAPTER III. FEET OF THE HORSE AND THEIR DISEASES, CONTINUED. I. THRUSH. II. NAVICULAR IlISEASE. III. CONTKACTION OF THE FOOT. IV. GKAVEL. V. TANKER. VI. CALKS. VII. FRACTURE OF THE BONE OF THB FOOT. VIII. STONE BKUISES. IX. SIDE BONE. I. Thrush. Thrush is the n:iiiie given to a disease of the frog. It is a rotting or ulceration of the frog, and is attended with a very offensive, hlaek, wat- ery discharge. The frog rots completely off sometimes, and extends down in the cleft between the heels, to a depth of from half an inch to two inches. Causes. — Uncleanliness, standing in a filtliy stable, especially in their own excrement. The filth remaining in the foot a long time and exclud- ing the air, sets up decay which runs into ulceration. How to know it. — The ragged frog, offensive smell, l)lack discharge, deep cleft lictwccu the heels, which causes them to droi) in tf)wards each other, making them look very much contracted, are evident signs. In bad cases tiio animal sometimes goes lame, but not in mild cases. Still, great harm results from neglecting it, on account of the injury to the shape of the foot. What to do. — Trim off all the ragged parts of the frog, clean out all the holes and crevices with a case knife, or some similar instrument, then apply a linseed poultice, with charcoal powdered over the surface. After twenty-four hours clean it all off, and dress the affected parts with calo- mel well introduced into all the cracks, with the case knife. Repeat this once or twice, letting a day intervene between the applications. Wiien it is all dried up, dress the part with pine tar. Prevention. — Pick out the feet well, each day, to let tlie air in around the frog, which is necessary to keep them liealthy. II. Navicular Disease. One of the tendons of the leg (^the flexor pedis perforans) passes down the back of the leg to the foot, and around beneath the navicular bone and joint of the foot, that lies directly above the frog. The tendon, passing between the bone and the frog, attaches itself to a rough hollow on the sole of the coffin bone. Disease in that part of the tendon, l)one or joint is navicular disease. 253 ■2^>[ TIIK AMKItlCAN lAIiMKi; S STOCK HOOK. 'I'lu' tendon is intlaiiu'iU soiv and swolou : tlic inrtauiiiiatioii extends to the joint and from tliat to the bone, Avhieh becomes rough and porous from having its fatty portion al).sorbed. The edge sometimes gets so sharp and rough as to saw through the tendon. This will let the fetlock down onto the ground, and the toe will turn up. Causes. — It is caused ]>y a very severe sprain of the tendon in its lower portion ; any severe l)ruise on the; frog or Ihm-Is ; the jjrick of a nail en- tering tile foot far enough to wound the tendon or joint ; or it might be caused by great contraction, tiie hoof ])ressing on the ends of the navi- cular bone, interrui)ting nutrition, thereby selling up disease. How to know it. — There will be lameness of a peculiar kind. In tlie earlier stages the horse will go out (juite lame, from a dryness of the joint, but will improve as he goes farther, though not so as to go sound ; for the tendon being injured it would be impossilde for the lameness to disappear altogether with exercise. lie will wear the shoes most at the toes, will point the feet when standing, alternating them if both are af- fected, and rest them on the toes. As the disease progresses, the gait l)ecomes short, and the horse islialilc to stumble, going too much on his toes, forming lameness known as groggy lameness. Upon pressure of the tlunnb ilown into the hollow of the pastern, l)e- tween the heels, tenderness will be noticed , and usually some swelling ; the hollow will be tilled up, and the jiastern will be straightened up, nearer the pei'pendieular than is natural, and liie knees will soon begin to go over. What to do.— When the tirst symptoms arc noticed, viz: slight lame- ness, with inclination to stumble, going out a little lame and soon wai-ni- ing out of it, tenderness to pressure in the hollow of tlie pastern and to tapping on the frog and heels, take off the shoes, pare out the feet well, oi)en the heels, reduce the frog a little, and put on a wide-webbed, oi)en shoe with the heels raised half an inch, to take off the bearing from the heels and frog, and to relieve the tension on the tendon. Then put the foot into a hot, soft, linseed poultice : change it once a day, and continue it right along for a couple of weeks. If matter sliould show itself anywhere, you may be sure you have made a mistake in the disease. The matter must come from a nail or a corn, for mallei never shows itself in navicular disease. Trace the pus, if anv, to its origin, and treat it as pivscribed for Pricks from Nails, and Corns. After ten days or a fortnight, if tiic horse is better, take off the poul- tice and apply a lly l>lisler to the iiollow of the pastern, if it is swollen ; I'KK.T Ol' I'llK llOlisK .\M> IIIKIK DISKASKS. •2->f) it'ii()l,K'l it nloiic. yVI'Icr llir lilislci' lias hccii on lur t wcUc hniirs, f-iucai- frcsli lariloNcr it. ContiiiiK^ tliis oiici^ a day, till the scalis cuiiic nlT ; tlicii imn liiiii out to jiras.s, witli tlu* siioi^ on, Imt I'oscit. it once a niDiitli, wilii till' saiiio ilircctiniw carried out as L;i\i'ii aliovc. IC it is iiiipnic;U('al)li' to turn to n'lass, \<^'l•\^ (lie foot soft I'or a rouplc of months, by soakiiiii' in ii fool-Natli, oi' ixudtirc-lioots occasioually. lie iiad hetter not be, worked or (ii-i\-en l tilt-" m-rvc tliat the horse is useless troni meuralile lameness, Iromtliis or is ncvcrcd in neu. U,. • J 1 I* , rotoiiiy. (I in the ler disease iii tiieleel. i.urvo irad.ni. to III. Contraction of the Foot. Causes. — ('ontractiou is thought liy many to be an original disease, coming on without, any departure from a heailliy foot jirt^viously ; but this is a mistake, except in veiy rare instances. It, is nearly always tiie effect of some oIIkm" disease, csi)eeially when l)av are spread more, and in their expanded eondition eannot l)ear weijjfht on a shoe ; tiie toe gx'ts broken and worn off, wiiile rinininy undue jn-essure, quit- tor, very severe nail wounds, or severe bruising of the heels :and it often accompanies navicular disease. IlIAOKAM or A I'OOT. Showing positii fin bone, often badlv^b and sometimes fractured. FKET OF TIIK IIOKSH AM) TIIKIK UlSKAiSES. 263 How to know it. — Tlic i|itii iters aro ciiliirgcil upwards from the hoof, arc as hanl as bone, and perfectly intiUistic. lu the early stage there will be heat, soreness, pain upon pressure, and lameness. What to do. — Wiicn the quarters have been bruised or injured, in any way, fi)ineii( with hot water in eold weather, and cold water in hot weather. Apply the water as continuously as possible, and wrap them in woolen cloths saturated Avith water between the times of bathing. When the soreness has left them, and there is no more lameness, discontinue the water treatment, and apply a Hy blister over the spots. This will cause any remnants of inflammation to bo absorbed. After they are once thor- oughly hard they seldom or never cause any further lameness, but there will always be a chunsy, stiff action, due to a want of elasticity. CIlAl^TEli IV. SHOEING AND CABE OP THE FEET. I. WHAT A SIIOKU CAN DO. II. HOW TO I'REPAUE THE FOOT FOR THE SHOF,. III. •WHEUE THE ISEAUING SHOl'LU UEST. IV. WEIGHT OF SHOES AND HOW TO FIT THEM. V. C.\KE OF THE FEET IN THE STABLE. VI. THE FLOOR OK THE STALL. I. What a Shoor Can Do. Horso shoeing is a tnulo in wiiich a great deal of skill can bo exhibited. A good shocr can keep the feet in the very best condition as far as shoe- ing is concerned, and a poor one can ruin a set of feet in a very short time. II. How to Prepare the Foot for the Shoe. The foot should be carefully prepared by being rasped down to its proper size and all superlliious growth of Avail and sole removed. To do this requires judgment, for there are scarcely two feet alike. Some grow faster Ihan others ; some are high-heeled and some low, some have thick .soles and are very concave, while others liavo thin soles and are Hat. Flat- footed horses have the latter, and the e.\trcmc in the other direction is seen in the club-foot. In Hat feet the toes are long and thin and are spread out, the heels low and soles thin. In dub-fcet the toe is short, the wall straight, almost perpendicular, the heels high and strong, and the soles thick. The flat foot needs very little paring and is seldom afflicted with conti-action, while the strong foot is very prone to contrac- tion and needs considerable trimming to prepare it for the shoe. The flat foot is more subject to laminitis, bruises, prickingand gravel ; the strong one to corns, quittor, contraction and navicular disease. Both the Hat foot and the strong foot are objectionable ; the medium is the best foot. 264 StIOEING AND CARE OF THE FEET. 265 III. Where the Bearing Shoiild Rest. Ill paring the foot for the shoe, the wall wants to receive the most of the bearing, though the sole near the wall can take some of it. The heels ought to be lowered the least trifle to reduce their bearing, and should be opened about half way up to the hair in a V shaped manner to allow the foot to expand a little every time the weight comes on it, so as to avoid as much as jjossible the evil of contraction, which, as already stated, is the inevitable accompaniment, more or less, of slioeing in all cases. If there are any ragged edges on the frog, trim them off, other- wise the frog need not l>e touched. IV. Weight of Shoes and How to Fit Them. In making the shoe it should Ije perfectly level on the liearing surface, beveled off gently all around fi'om aliout three-eighths of an inch from the outside to the inside, so as to avoid giving any bearing on the sole, and to facilitate the removal of any gravel that might work in Ijetween the shoe and sole. Let it be of good length, and of a weight to suit the horse ; some require heavy and some light .shoes. Fore shoes vary in weight from ten to twenty ounces ; hind ones, from eight to twelve ounces. On the ground surface it is well to bevel towards the centre, thereby widening the web which protects the sole from bruises and pricking from nails. Let the toe be rounded off for driving horses to prevent stumbling, and give them as little calking as their work will allow. The driving- horse is usually better on a plain shoe, while the draft horse needs calks to give him a purchase on the ground so as to pull heavy loads. The hind shoes are best with a small toe calk, and the heels raised by leaving the shoe a little thicker to level it up to the too calk. Shoeing for diseased feet, (pathalogi- cal shoeing, ) has been treated on in con- nection with the diseases of the feet in the two preceding chaiitcr.s. In finishing off a foot with the rasp, after shoeing, the wall should not be rasped above the nail clinches, as it destroys the oily, unctions co\-cr- iiig that is there to keep the fibers tough and plialile, and prevent sand cia;'k. THE CKAMPON, TO PREVENT HORSES SLIPPIMG IN FROSTY WEATHER. 2(36 THK AMKIMCA.V FAiniKI! S STOCK l!(}OK. V. Care of the Feet in the Stable. A I'l.AIN SIIOK Giro of the feet in the stable has a greiit inthu'iico on their health. Horses that arc kept on floors and pavements continualh', and even toiuitry horses in dry weatii- cr, slioidd have the feet either soai^ed out in a foot hath or clay puddle, or pacUcd with moist sponge or oil-cake meal two or threes times a week. If it is not done, they dry and contract from want of moisture, oct ')rittle, and have sand and (|uarter cracks, and lose nearly all touuhness. When the iioof is brittle and inclined to crack, in addition to the ai)ove, a hoof ointment, made and ap- plied as follows is l)cneticial: 4 KhiUl ounces pine tar, 4 Kliiiil ounces whale oil. Mix. Rul) a little well into the coronet and upper part of the hoof onceaciay. If tlic ointment gets too tiiin in warm weather, a couple of ounces of mut- ton tidlow may l>e added to give it a l)ettcr consistency. VI. The Floor of the Stall. Confinement to the stable, even luider the most favorable circumstan- ces, has a tendency to i)roduce diseases of the feet, such as are comjiara- tively I'arc among farm horses which enjoy constant exercise at work or running in the pasture. The anatomy of the Ikm-sc's fool is such that exercise is absolutely necessary to keep up the circulation of blood under the hoof, and the bad effects of inaction arc only aggravated by re(|uiring the animal to stand on an unnecessarily hard surface. The confined horse endeavors to supply the lack of outdoor exercise by stamping and pawing, and should have a soft surface of earth or sawdust to paw upon. Pawing and stamping serve the specitic |)urpose of keeping the blood moving inulcr the hoof; crib-biting on the other hand is often mcrclv an exhibition of the restlessness an active animal feels at being cooi)ed up. )F TUK house's FOOT. The network of veil valves situated ir under the secretive of tlie hoof. 'ithout iiatelj SIIOKIX(} AND CARE OF Til 267 In I'onstructing the floor of the stall the health and comfort of its occu- pant will also bo promoted, if care is taken to avoid having his fore feet rest upon a higher level than his hind feet. The opposite pi'actice, that of building the stall floor to slope from the manger backwards, is too often resorted to for the purpose of securing surface drain- age ; but it is a blunder to do this. When in the open field and free to choose his ground, the horse will select for rest a gentle slope on which he will '''"' i'itinc stand with his fore feet resting on a lower level than that EESTING WITH THE HIND FEKT HKUIKK THAN THE FOKE FEET. pied by his hind feet. It is the position in which there' is least strain upon the back muscles of the foot and leg while standing — the one in which the horse rests easiest. CHAPTER V. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AITD DISEASES. I. ISONK M'AVIN. 11. lux; SPAVIN. III. OCCIILT SPAVIN. IV. HLOOD SPAV- IN. V. TIlOUOrOllPIN. VI. CUHB. VII. KING BONK. VIII. SPLINT. IX. SPRAIN OF BACK TENDONS OF THE FOUE LEGS. X. BROKEN KOWN. 1. Bono Spavin. Spavin is an arbitrary nauu' jiivcii to disease of the hock joint, in whicli inflaniination is an early syinpton. Effusion follows it, and ossification of the exudate forms a hoiiy lump on the joint, usually on the inner .•^ide near the front, l)ut it may oeeur on any part of the joint. It always j-.ffects the joints more or less and causes great lameness, which is usually susceptible of a cure, but sometimes defies treatment, and permanent lameness is the result. The hock joint is composed of ii (rue fiock joint that works like a hinge, and three flat gliding joints below it before we come to the cannon bone, and on each side of the cannon is a splint bone the same as in the fore leg. The connection between the splint and cannon bones is ligamentous. The spavin usually takes its origin between the cannon and the inner splint l)one, and extends up to the joint and around it, and sometimes involving the whole hock, except the true hock joint, stiffening it and interfering with the action Lock joint. very seriously. Causes. — It is often caused by a sprain of the ligamentous connection between the cannon and inner splint. iSome- tiinesthe siirain may affect the ligamentous con- nection between the cannon and the outer splint, but usually it is on the inner side, on account of the line of the center of gravity being more to liie inside, bringing more weight to the inside than to the outside. It is sometimes caused by a bruising of the joint itself by kick- ing, jum[)ing, running, pulling heavy loads up hill, bringing great .strain on the hind legs ; by slipping when the weight is on that leg ; by blows, kicks from other horses : by getting cast in the stall. In fact any- thing that seriously injures the joint, may run on and form a bone spaviu. 2()8 BONE M'AVlN. Showing the bonv tumor on the in', nrr Mfle of the POSITION TO TAKE WHEN FEELING FOR A SPAVIN. LK(JS OF THE IIOKSK, THEIR ACCIDENTS AM) DISEASES. 2()9 How to know it. — In the early stu^o there will I)e hiincness, more or less acute, ueeording to the iuiiount ofiiijury to the joint. The lameness will he distinguished b}' a stiffness in moving from side to side in the stall, liy backing out and going off on tiic too of the foot for a few steps, Imt soon improving with exercise till he will go all right after having gone a few steps, and remains so till stopped and allowed to cool off, when he will go off worse than ever, until warmed up again. The cause of this Position of a foot tliat cannot be raised from Position of a lieallliy fuel raiseil from tlie ground by reason of spavin. tlie ground in iui easy Irot. is : By standing the joint beccnnes dry, and great pain attends the flex- ion of it, but the exercise excites the secretion of synovia, (joint oil) which lubricates it, and the horse is comfortable till the joint gets dry again. Upon pressure, a soreness and heat will \w. found, usually just at the bottom of the joint on the inside, but well to the front. A slight amount of swelling may bo noticed, but not much until the second stage is reached, when a hard, bony enlargement will spring up and extend moie or less, sometimes only involving the splint, cannon and the first bone of the gliding joint. But at other times it extends clear around and in- volves all the gliding joints, the calois and cuboid parts of the joint, and it leaves bony deposit around the tendons between the splint bones at the back of the hock. The enlargement is best seen by standing at the side of the horse, about a yard from the shoulder, when, instead of the smooth, straight declination of the inside of the hock, you will detect the lump just above the end of the camion. Sometimes the lump is farther back ; then it can be seen better by stooping down in front, and looking between the fore legs. Occasionally it will be seen only on the hack part of the hock ; then it usually escapes detection even by ex- perts. What to do. — If taken when it is in the first stage, before any effusion is thrown out, it can be cured by treating vigorously to remove the in- llannntition. This is best done by continuous applications of hot water 27(1 riiK AMi:i;i(\N i-aumki; s stock kook. <)!■ ixiulticfs ; i;ii>c tlir licrU i>t' llirl'di)! ;il)(Hi( all inch ami L:i\c alisoluto I'cst till nil laiiu'iit'ss and soivncss ari' iionc. 'Ilirii lurii liini out lo frrass Of straw yard for tlinui or four iiiontlis. iJiil if llic s|ia\in runs on to ijn' second stajrc, in wliicli effusion is lliidwn ont and u-.siliralion is l(ci;un, a j^ood smart blister, well nil)l)ed in after the soreness is taken out hy the hot ai)pli<'ations, will iierforni ji'ood work in some instances. If it is not impi'oved liy tlietiist ai)i)licati()ii repeal it. The Mister is made as follows: Ne. 11. .\l>() prep.-in No, 111. '.. (Imicr |mi\ii1.tim1 c'iiiilli:ci-iil<'s, •2 ()liiii-r> liinl, MK. •J IHmiImii- nil iddiilc ef iiicn-lirj . •2 (iiiiirc«l;iril. Mis. Mix the two l)li>ters toiiel her and riili it well in. first cutting off the hair. Alter twelve hours, smear fre>li lard oxer the place. Kcpeat III.' lard once a day till the scalis are :ill olT and the skin is nearly healed ; then repeat t ln' lilister, and so on till ln' isciiicil. 'i'liis t real iiieni is effec- tual if lieoiin in time and Nigorously applied, and siillieicnl rest uivcn afterwards. it ma\' alisorli nearly all of the enl.-irL;('meiits. If this fails, or if the ease is allowed to run on to the third or coiitirmed staii'c, in which the lump has liccome thoroughly ossilied and the gliding joints moi-o or less i lie lira I il\ affected, the only hope of tloiug anything to any advantage is to produce anchylosis (stiffness ) of the joint . l'"or when tin- articul.ir surface of the joint is MUU'li iiffiM'ted it cannot lie eiiied and resldicd to soundness, so the only thing to do is to stop the lamelios. The iim^t idfeetual wav to do this is to .apply the .actual cautery ( tiring iron ), w liich produces so great an amoiiiil of artiticial inllaniniatioii, cairses such ;in increased How of nutrition to the |iarl, tli.at, when ;(ccompanies the iron, with a dull ( dge, o\er the part affected, in lines running <)l)rK|iiel\' each \va\, forwards and liackwards, from a cent re line drawn ])crpen(lii'ularl\ fnuii .-ilMint tln' centre of the hock on the inside to a point on the cannon ahoiit an inch and a half lielow the hock. Draw similar lines on the front and hack of the hock, and then di.iw the oliliipu' lines from one to theotliei', gixiiig it a feathered appearaiH'c. lii had eases it is advisahli" to lii'e on the outside of the hock, too, as a suri-r ini"an> of removing the lameness, liut, on account of the iion K'aving.-e repeated ; then it should always lie car- ried clear around. It is the opinion of some authorities that every case ciui be cured of Lameness liy repeating the tiring, if nece-sary. half :i do/eu LI'XJS OK Tin; IIOUSK, llli;!!! ACflDK.N is AM) 1^71 tiiiios, l)ut it is acci'iitrd ;is a fuel, \>y luosl siiriicoiis, thai wluMitlic iirliciilar ciids of (lieboiies iiri'iilccralcd llicri' will ])v iJiTiiiiiiicnt laiiu'iioss. iV|)])ly tlic l)listcr, Ko. t), well ru))l)('tl in with flic^ Iiaiul, iinincdiatcl}' aflcr firing. Sonic o|)i'riitors deliiy Hk' lilistcr 111! luxt day. Iiiil it is jinvfcrahlc to nil) it in before the leg gets sore and swdllcn from the tiring. Tie up I he liorse's hciul for twelve hours t(» prevent him biting il. .'M'ter twelve hours, grease over, and repeat the application oiiee a d.iy till i)us begins to form uiuler the scabs; then wash il once a day wilh warm water and soap lo ])revent blemishing by the pus burrowing under lhescal)s. W'iien dry, rub the grease in. (Ji\c iiiin alisolutc rest in tiie stable for four weeks; then give him a three or four inonllis' run at grass; and when bogiiiiiiiig to work again, lot it be gently for soiih' time. \^'hile this treatnicnt is going on, it is advisable to have a high-hecled siioc on tile fool n( the lame leg; let it be raised an incii. \\'iieii shoe- ing, al'Icr he is well, continue tiic higli calks for a month or two. Tlici-c are ininicroiis patented spa\in cures in the market , some of which ha\c more oi- less mciil ; but as a rule, the aboxc is the onl\- relia- ble treatment . Some of t he nostrums claim to be able to cui'c a spavin in twenty-four hours \\ it liout breaking the skill, but they are hunilmg.s of the worst kind. Sometimes very strong corrosive blisters are recom- meiuled, such as corrosive siibliniate, etc., but they are cruel in the extreme and not as likely to euro as the treatment laid out al)ovc, which, being the most huniaiie, although ])retly severe, is the best to inirsue. A\'lieii tiring, it is advisable to cast the horse to keep I'ontrol of him and be aiih^ to perform a better operation, and the hair sli(Uild be shaved (dT. II. Bog Spavin. This is the name gi\'cn to an cnlargemcul of the hock b\- distension of tli<' synoxial bursa, 'i'lie synovial membrane of the joint becomes in- llamed and secretes a sujierabuiidaiit amount of joint oil w hidi distends the membriine and enlarges tlu^ ji'inl sonu'tiincs to the size of achild's head. It can lie alleviated by good treatment, but when once well-dis- tended it can seldom be radically cured, and \cr\' main' uufortiinato animals c,ai-ry the big joint with them to the bone yard. Causes. — It is (■•■insed by sevcic spiain of the joint, tlu^ inllainmation extending to the synovial membrane, and sometinies even to the joint. Sometimes the origin of it lies in the joint itself from soverebruisingby eoiicussion when jumping, kicking or beingkicked. It is also caused by wounds from being stabbed with the fork by nnikless grooms, or i)ricks from nails in the stall, wlieii a restless horse deniolishcs it by kicking. How to know it. — There will be a large, soft swelling on the inner and front aspect of the hock. The swelling is of the same character as wind ii.ills ; it seems to lie tilled 110( k JOIN I Shewing tilt- ea. •212 TlIK AMEKKAX FAKMEU S STOCK HOOK. it is synovia. In mild rases tliore is littlo, and, soniotiinos, no lanu'ncss ; bnt in bad oases there is lameness of a general eharacter, stiffness in the iioek, more pain evinced when starting than after a little excrci.sc, heat, soreness upon pressure, and a tendency to get worse rather than better, even with treatment. What to do. — Bathe it as contiiuu)usly as possible with either hot or cold water for twelve hours, then apply an oil-meal poultice, hot and soft. Continue the poultice for several days, changing it once a day, and bath- iuii" with hot water at the time of changing. When the soreness and lameness are gone apply the following liniment twice a day: Xo. 11. 3 Ounces tincture of iodine, 1 Ounce aqua annuoiiia, 1 Ounce turpentine, 1 Ounce glycerine, Mix. l\iil) well in witii tlie haiul till the skin is (juite sore ; then grease it once a day till it is healed, then rei)eat. Keep it pretty sore for a few weeks, giving perfect rest. Then turn the horse otit for a long time. Some recommend baiulagcs, but the}' are not practical since they are very ditKcidt to keep on and always chafe the skin above and below, necessitating their suspension from time to time to allow the skin to heal. Puncturing the sack is prescribed by some, but it is very dangerous and cannot be recommended. III. Occult Spavin. Occult spavin is similar to l)one spavin in all respects, except that there is no enlargement, and no external evidence of any lesion whatever. The lameness is severe, persistent and of the same character as in bone spavin, the horse going off on the toe, working out of the lameness with exercise in the earlier stages, but the lameness is often permanent through all the subsequent stages. Causes. — Severe concussion on the ends of the bones in the joint How to know it. — There will be the characteristic bone spavin lame- ness, but the disease will show no outward marks. A very sure test is to drive the horse cnotigh to warm him u}) and get the spavin to working well, then let him stand half an hour, then take the toe of the foot of the lame leg in your hand and raise it as high as possible so as to flex the hock joint. Hold it there two or three minutes, then drop it and rush the horse off on a smart trot. If it is spavin he will go off on three legs for a few steps, and bring the toe down first as he wtiruis ii[) again, and after a little will go all right until stopped and allowed to cool. What to Do. — When it is satisfactorily located give it the same treat- ment jjrcscribcd for bone spavin. LEGS OF THE HOUSE, THKIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 273 IV. Blood Spavin. Causes. — Blood spavin is a distonsiou of the saphena major vein as it pufiscs uvf !• the enlargeinentof hone spavin. The vein is constricted and the hh)od dammed ap to a certain extent, causing a distension of tlic coats of the vein and giving the leg the appearance of having a very large ht)ne spavin on it. It seldom does any liarm. How to know it. — Stand at the shoulder and view the hock as directed lor hone s[)aviH, and you will see the enlargement in the same position as llic lione spavin. What to do. — Upon examination with the hand, the enlargement will he found to he soft and readily ruhbed down, which should be done often. This is the only treatment of any virtue. V. Thoroughpin. Tliis is of the same natui(> as l)og spavin ( distension of the syno\ial l)ursa ) but occurs between the os calcis, forming the point of the hock, and the rest of the joint. It seldom does any more harm than to form an eyesoi'c. Lameness from it is very rare. Causes. — It is produced by many of the same causes that are ascribed to bog spavin, though tlie princii)ai cause is hard woi-k, consequently it ENLAKGEMENT. DIAGRAM. Forming: thoroughpin. Showing dissection of thor- ouphpin iind bo<; sp.ivin ; al- so the junction of thetwoaifec- tions. is often seen in draft horses, hack horses, stage horses, and animals for general utility. It is also often seen on stallions that are used for serv- ing mares, the sti'ain thrown on the hind legs being very great. It is often seen in young growing colts when large and hea\y for their age, owing to the immense weight brought upon young and tender joints. How to know it. — Unsightly puffs are seen just in front of the point of the hock. Th(>y are soft and ;ii)pear to be filled with air but it is syn- ovial Huid that distends them. Thoroughpin usually accompanies bog si)avin, but it may exist witliout tlie latter. 274 THE AMEUICAN I AUMEK .S STOCK I500K. What io do. \o. 12. -'NMicii lirsl seen, apply ;i cooliiij:' lutiini, made as follow.- rf^ 1 ( liiiKi' iiuuiate of aiiiuiuiiia, I Oiiiu'e saltpetre. 1 (juait water. Mix. Batlic the part with hot water, ml) dry and api)h' the lotion throe times a dav, iiivinii" ahsoliite rest. Follow this up for a week, then, after hath- ing with the hot water, apply the liniment No. 11, well rul)l)ed in, twieca day. AVhca the i)art gets sore from the liniment, hold up a few days and "•rease the part Avith lard till nearly healed, then repeat. It eannot be permanently cured, for, when made to absorb by the treatment and rest, it will return with work. In case of a young colt getting thoroughpin, shorten his allowance of feed a little for a couple of months, and the puffs will become absorbed. VI. Curb. Curb is an enlargement on the b-iek of the hock and a little l)elow. It is seen in the form of a bowed section about four inches in length ; some- times it is swollen up as thick as an inch from the healthy foi'in, and some- times the enlargement is so slight as to be hardly noticeable. When in the inflammatory stage the swellings eause lameness, l)ut Avhen once well hai-den- ed they seldom do. The seat of the injury lies in the calcaneo-cuboid ligament and others lying near it. That form of hock kn(>wn as curljy hock is most liable to it. The form that merits that name is curved from the foot to the stifle, extending back- ward outside of the peri)endicular line drawn straight from the posterior point of the hip to the ground. It is sometimes called sickle or cow hock. On account of the curved out- lint! of the le!f there is a greatly increased strain on the back of the leg at the point of the greatest curvature. This is found at the hock, hence we freipiently have curbs on such legs. Causes. — A sprain of the ligaments of the back part of the hock, fre- quently produced during severe exertions in jumping, running, trotting, pulling heav}' loads, etc. How to know it. — Standing at the side of the horse, opposite the hind parts, and lookiiiLi' across the legs you will notice a curve on the bai'k and lower portion of the hock, instead of a straight line, as there ought to be SICKLE on cow HOCKS. Most liable to curb. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIK ACCIUEXTS AXD DISEASES. 275 ill !i licultliv leg, from the point of the hock to the fetlock pad. lu recent cases there is lameness, heat, soreness to the touch, and, like all sprains, it jii-ows worse with exercise. What to do. — In a recent case when the .sprained tendons and ligaments are sore, swollen and hot, apply the cooling lotion, No. 12, bathing the part with hot water three or four times a day for half an hour at a time. Raise the heel an inch, continue this treatment till all soreness is gone, alidiit a week or ten days, then apply the blister, Nos. 9 and 10, mixed. When the Ijlister has taken well, grease it once a day for a few days till it is healed, then blister again. Give three or four weeks' rest. If this does not cure, or, if there is no improvement in two weeks, resort to the tiring iron. Draw a line down the back of the leg, over the curb, and then draw lines obliquely tQ it in the form of a feather. The lines should be burnt about half way through the skin, but in no case burn clear through, for that would make a bad blemish. Rul) the blister. No. 9, well in over the firing. Grease that the same as in the milder treatment, and wash it occasionally to remove scabs that may have pus underneath, -which must be liberated. In old, chronic cases that have been neglected or have not j'ielded to other treatment, resort immediately to the firing iron, as rec- ouHnendcd above. Prevention. — Avoid l)reeding animals that have curby hocks, for they arc Xi'vy objectionable, and the form of the leg, in most cases, is trans- mitted. VII. Ring Bone. This is an exostosis (bony enlargement ) on the pastern, around the upper or lower pastern joint. It usually runs clear around the leg in the form of a ring, hence its name. It usually forms around the upper pastern joint, but sometimes affects the lower one. In the latter case it is under the coi'onet, and is then worse, as it cannot be got at to be treated, and is more likely to cause permanent lameness from its extension to the navic- ular joint, involving it in the infiammation and anchyolsis. When the ringlione comes under the coronet, it often grows so large and extends so much as to make a large, ugly, stiff, club-foot of the handsome, elastic pedal extremity of the horse, and gives rise to permanent lameness. But when it forms around the upper joint it does not usually grow very large, and is quite susceptilile of treatment. Sometimes the bony deposit is only in front or on one side, or on both sides and not in front, in either the upper or lower forms. Causes. — A sprain, a i)low on the bone from a kick, stumbling and striking it on a stone, stab from a fork tine, in fact, any severe in- jury setting up inflammation on or near the bone, is apt to result in a riiig- lione. For the nutritive material sent to the le£js and feet is of a bonv 27 (j TUK AMEinc.W FAiniEi: S STOCK liOOK. Showing Pastern am) Pedal Boneot a h.H^e aflfccted with Severe King- b!' TIIK IIOKSE, 'illEIi: ACCIDKNTS AND 1)ISEASE>. 2lt otlier, beginning iit the cornel' of the pastt'i-ii and extending iuound the front of it to the opposite side ; but do not draw lines in the hoUow of the pastern, as the flexion of the leg would keep the part eternally sore. •Apply *^li® blister, No. 9, immediately after firing. Kemove the shoes and give absolute rest (no exercise at. all) for four or five weeks; then turn to pasture for a couple of months. If the lameness is not cured, or shows no prospect of curing, in four or Mvc weeks, repeat the opcralior., drawing the irons in the same lines made by the first applications. 'I'lie lines may 1)C made from the coronet to the lower edge of the fetlock joint, ii distance of from two to four inches, according tothe lengtli of pastern. A short pastern is more liable to ringlionc from the greater amount of concussion it sustains through its lack of elasticity, which the long pastern has. The foot will always grow faster after the leg has been fired for ringlionc, therefore the shoes will need to be reset of tener than on a healthy foot, and the hoof reduced. VXn. Splint. Splint is an enlargement on the cannon lione just below the knee, usually on the inside, but it is sometimes seen on the outside. Splints are quite common on the fore legs ; in fai't, nearly all horses that have seen DIAGRAM. jhowing^ Ihe different locations of splints. 1. Hi;,li splint near the knee. a. Low splint far below the knee. 3. Ilony tumor, often miscalled a splint. SPLINTS or \ sKKIOUS KIND. 1. Splints involving the knee joint. 2. Splint interlefin^ with the back tendons. 3. Small splint under the tendon of the ex- much service have them, but they are occasionally seen on the hind legs. The usual seat of them is between the cannon and inner splint bones. Sometimes they attain to the size of a hen's egg, but usually are quite small. They genei-ally cause some lameness when growing, but rarely do so after they become hard. Causes. — Slipping, jumping, running, kicks, bruising the bone, etc., anything that may sprain the ligamentous attachment between the can- non and the splint bones. Sometimes the splint comes on the surface, 27S TIIK AMKIMCAN KAKMK.I! S STdCK HOOK. DISHING ON THE TUOT. Thought by some to indicate splints, but it is nn erroneous idea ; for as many dish the fore teet when trotting that have no splints, as there are that have tliem. iimi tlioii it dot's not t-auso iiukIi laiiioncss, l)ut when it foiuos iiiuler tlie piTiostoum (tiie covering of tlie liono) it is very jiaiiiful. AVIhmi spliiils eomo from bruises they may come on any part of the leg. How to know it. — In the early stage there will lie lameness of a peeu_ liar kinil, in that the horse will go-sound on tlic walk and will trot lame. L^))on examination a sore spot is found helow the knee on the inside of the leg. By feeling of it, with the leg flexed, you can locate it immediately. In the later stages a bony lump will form on the leg, adiiering di- rectly to it. "When tiie iumj) is an incii or more below the knee, it is no permanent detriment, but if it is closer to the knee than one inch, it is objectionable, as it is apt to interfere w-ith tiie action of the knee. AVhen it does affect tiic knee it usually causes permanent lameness. What to do- — If noticed when the injury tirst occurs, apply either hot or cold water with the cooling lotion, No. 12, till the soreness is nearly gone and then apply the blister, Nos. 9 and 10 mixed. (Jive a couple of weeks' rest. Feed on light, soft food while idle. When the lameness and soreness to the touch are excessive, especially if the nodule is small, the troulile lies beneath the periosteum and recjuires the operation periosteotomy to split the covering of the bone to allow the exudate from the inflammation to escape, Mhich will relieve the tension. Tt is done by cutting a small hole in the skin and pushing in a thin, long blade and cutting the periosteum over the lump. No change need l)e made in the shoeing. IX. Sprain of Back Tendons of the Fore Legs. Sprains of the back tendons are very common on account of the severe strain they are put to in all cases of unusual exertion. In such cases, a large amount of the effort is made by the forelegs, es[)ccially in racing, where the strain upon the fore legs in grabbing the earth and i)ulhn)' si blow aoross the \r.\ck of the leg, overreaching, etc. How to know it. — S<'vere himeuess will he a prominent symi)tom, tho more so tli(; more important the tendon is in the log. The suspensory ligaments lie next to the bone, and sprain of them can be felt on either side of the leg according to which l)ranch (the inner or outer) is affected, for sometimes only one, especially the inner, is si)rained. When it is the suspensory ligaments that are affected, the swelling will be upon each side near the 1)one, and not far from the fetlock joint. These liga- ments are the main support of the log, and when sprained, the lameness is far more severe than when any of the oth- ers are affected. When the one next to the suspensory ligament is sprained, the swelling will l)e on the sides between the latter and the outside tendon. This tendon, next to the suspensory liga- ment, is called the perforans. The outside one is the per- foratus, swelling of which is seen on the back of the leg, cui'ved backwards, like a bow. Sprain of the latter is of the least im])ortance of any of them, as the damage done is slight, being easily cured, and not causing much lame- ness compared to sprain of the others. Sprain of the metacar[)alligament is next in importance to that of the suspensory ligaments. They ai'e often af- fected in common Avith the perforans. Swelling of it, the metacarpal, is found near the bone just below the knee, but usually extends to all parts immediately surrounding it. There will he swelling, heat, pain and soreness; when the injured spot is touched the horse Mill rear some- times in his effort to draw the leg from your grasp. In resting the leg he will thrust it forward and cock the fetlock, giving it the appearance of being swollen on the front part, and in walking he will not straighten the fetlock back to its natural posi- tion Init will maintain it in the cocked position. If neglected and allowed to become chronic, the tendons contract and hold the fetlock in that posi- tion ever after. What to do. — Remove the shoe and replace it with heels raised an inch, to take the strain off the back tendons ; apply hot fomentations to tho part as continuously as possi])le till nearly all the soreness is gone, wrap the leg in a woolen bandage and keep it wet and hot, applying the water KLEXOU TEN- I> O N S OP FORE LEGS. I. The pcrloraDS. 2. The pcrfora- tus. 3, 4. Ac- ce5Sorvmu5cles. 5, 6. Restrain- ing lij^aments. 7. The pedal cartilage divi- ded. S. The navicular bone. 2m ■nil': AMI'.KICAN VAKMI'.!! S SPI )< K HOOK. tlircc ur fuiii' tiiKcs a tlay. IJiitlu- (lu- Icii' liclwccii tiiiu'-- willi tlic cooling lotion, No. 12, or iiimUc one as follows: No. l:i. I I'inf sUdiii; viiicf-ar. I ll:nis of tlir icir will allow, willia dry cotton or liiiL'ii haudasrc, iiiiiiicdiatcly after aiiplyiiiir tlic liiiiinciit. \\'licn tlic soreness is uearh' j^diie a|i|)i\ tlic lollowiiiL;' liniment, well nililieil in afti-r batliinjj,' with liot water, twice a day, and increase llio lightness of the liandaire from da-\- to da\ : No. 1-1. 1 < 'nine liiirliiii' :iniic;i, I ( >unrc lini'iiirr opium, 1 ( )iimi' liiilirinilic, I OlIIU'C nU'nIiol. 1 Oiuu'c rn|U(ii' :iiiiiii(>iiij. AV:Ui'r. to lii:il,i' one piiu. Mix. If till" liniment irritates liic skin nnicli, suspend it for a few days and iirease with fresh lai-d till licali'd. 1 lien repeat it. ( iiM' this tr<-atmei:t and rest for three or foui- week>., then if llicre i~ a prohaliliM'iire, turn tlic the horse out for a run at grass ; if not, clip off the hair luxl blister well witli No. !'. When the Mister has taken, smear over it some fresli lard to keep till' air from il and ])rcvent pain. After two d ly^ it will need washing, and when dry giea>e il. h'epeal this once a ilay till healed, ani: ijive a Ion"' rest. If all IIicm- means fail to effect a cure, or [\ the cnse •- an old, long standing one thi' tiling ircui mii-t lie rcsortcit to. Clij) off the hair and tir(> in lines feathered as directed for ciirli. ^\'e woiihl rec- ommeml in this, as well as in all similar cases, that the operation of tiring 1)0 done l>v a (|nalilied veterinary surgeon, for it is very easy to ruin a lidod horso hv tiring too deep ; it is an operation that reijuires experience and good judgment. It will he found in most cases in which the su>|icnsory ligaments arc si)iaiiu'd, that the firing iron will Ikim- to lie u>cd, as they are very olistinate and will not yield to mild treatment. Hut In most eases in which it is the others that are affected the milder treatment will he effectual. To get the thickening out of the hlistered leg, after the treatment is done, .shower the leg with cold Mater two or three tinu's a (lav, and also give it plenty of hard rnl>l)ing and haudage. Omit the hiiih lu-cls as soon as the s(U-eness is gone from the tendons and liefore giving the treatment rec|uiring tlu' long rest. LlOiJS Ol' TIIF, llOKSK, 'IIIKIK A( ( ' I DKNTS AND IHSKASES. 2>>l X. Broken Down. Causes. — Broken down is Uic lenn apulicd to rupture of the suspensory liiiiuiii'iits. J( is most common among racers, because tlie strain tlicir fore legs are put to in a race exc(!eils the strain of all other kinds of work. The force of the stroke comes on the fore legs. They gral) the (^artli, pull tlic ))ody forward, and when tlu; hod)- is passing the poise, and just hefore lifting the forward foot off the ground, they give a trenieuduous push that sends llie Ixxly forward and at the same time high enough lo avoid falling on the nose while gathering their feet for another s|)ring. It is during the spring, just after tiic body has passed the ])oisc, that IjrcaUing down tnkes ])lace. how to know it. — The liganumts are ruptured, tiie loc turns up and the fetlock i)ail comes down to the ground, e()ni|ilctely ruining the aninud. What to do. — incases of complete break down it is an act of mercy 111 destroN tiie animal. Uut iiorses are often so neai'ly broken down that Ilie\- are ruined for all kinds of aeti\e labor, yet inigiit lie saved for breeding pur|)oses by giving tint leg thorough treat nient , and a year's re--l . The sauu! treatnu'ut prescribed for sprain of tiie liaek li'udons will a|)p]v to this, especially the tiling, wliieii is absolutely necessary. (MIAl'TKh' VI. LEQ8 OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES— CON- TINUED. I, CAl'l l.i;r nl; r AIM'KI" ll(>( K AM> I.I.IIUW. II. I'llACTI'liKS. -111. Ol'ICN .lOINI'. I IV. llliUKKN KNKKS. V. KNUK SI'KI'Nd. VI. rOCKKU ANKl.KS. VII. WINIMIAI.I.S. VIII. SllOll.DKIl LAMKNKSS ANIJ .SWUNI'-V. 1.\. CHAMP work ciioiijj;!!, hfcunu^ rcsllrss in llii' slublf ;iihI l:ii \'i Ivic-Uiiij^ li» iiimiscmiul fxi'iriso tlicniNclvcs, aiul tliiis tii-iiisd (lio puints of tlio liooUs ajjiiiiist- llio sidos of Hit! slnll ; if kcpl in ;i Imx stall, tlioy arn jitsf, an a[)t to do it. It, is also ol'tcii scni on (lr;iri liurscs tliat- art* worUi'd to t.iin fart; l(fin<^ liookfd too iit'ur to t 111' Imjx, llicy slriko it with their liofUs (ivcry tinit! tlifir 1cl;s arc raised. Sonietiiues it is eaiisi'il \)y runaways or liy pieces of tiuil)er falliii;^ on the lioeks. How to know it. — In i"iso t)f tlit) ellit>\v a senrfv, \vriiiUli''il apptMiraiitio iniiiiales the ilan;j;er, antl if not attentletl to and the cause renu)Vetl, it jroes on ^rtiwinjj; day l>y m'ully in, tlit! followiii;.^ lininieiil : Nt). in. 1 i.j Oiiiicf riiicliirc iiniicii, I j.j DiiMi'i' lliiaoi' aiiiiiKMila, I Oiint'i- liiii'Ujn' (i|iiiiiii, VVaU'i- 1(1 iii;iUi! oiii' (liiil, Mix. lvepi!at iiiorninjf antl iiiiihl for two or three weeks, ami if the cast! is a mild one, this treat iiii!iit will tairi! it. In cast! it is tiit! elhow and tlitirt) is a soft (liietuatinif feoliiif,', tap it with a kiiift! anil lt!t the, walt!r out, eimkiim till! openiiii; larf^c onouj^li to pass your lingcsr in. Syrinj^ti out tlio sack with warm water antl follow it with No. (!. l{epo it it tw'ii!ii a tiay, eontinuinj!; tiu! e.xtunial tri!aliufiit tht! sanm as hefort!. After (lit! oil has tiperatod, give t)no of tlii":n-lini iodine. 1 l)i:nhm ioiliil.- of pot:i*h. 1 Ouiui- ulrohol. 1 I'iiil wnliM'. .Mix. Injeet a little, twice a d:\\\ after nsinglhchot w.iter as before. When drv apply tincture of iodine twice a day, till it gets yery sore, then grease i Willi fresh lard till healed, and repeat it. If it i)econics hard and solid, the only remedy lies in dissecting it out I odily. The operation is quite simple. Cut the opening in the .skin in a line running up and down, then cut the cellular tissue around the tumor and dissect the whole lump out, being very careful not to cut into the elbow joint. If an artery or vi-in is cut so as to bleed a stream, take it up and tie it, .-ew the skin together, and dress it three times a day with the lo- tion, No. li. If the stitches break out, and the wound gapes open, it is no use to vesew it, but dress it three times a day with No. 7, and it will draw together as it heals. AVe would urge in this connection the cmi)loy- nient of ii qualified veterinary surgeon to perform o[ierations in every ca.se, as the use of the knife requires a thorough knowledge of the anat- omy of the parts, as well as experience to avoid giving unnecessary pain to the animal. Where it is the hock that is affected, the same treatment will suffice in all matters of detail until you come to puncturing the sack, when you must stop. Never cut into a capped hock except in a rare, -xaggerated case, and then employ a veterinary surgeon to do it. Hand-rubliing will do a great deal towards making it al)sorb. .Vs soon as the iiiHammation is well reduced, and all points working satisfactorily, the horse may as well be at work as idle. Prevention. — Givo the horse plenty of bedding ; do not allow a faithful friend to sle('i> on the bare tloor. Give plenty of excrci.se to avoid mis- chief in the .stable, that may run on to bad habits and vices. II. Fractures. Causes. — Fractures of the limbs are very common among horses, not that the bones of horses are more brittle, but they are more exposed to accidents than those of any other animal, man not excepted. They ar«' so active, qiruU-motioiicd, tlcct and heavy, that when an accident occurs i.Kcs OK iiii-: iioiisi:, iiiKii; accidknis and diseases. 28.') llic crt'ocls lire apt to l)(' disastrous ; for, like a lailway train, ilw iiiiliuUy aiiinial docs not have many clianccs to i-onu; out wliolo. All l)ones of I lio l)ody urn liable to fracture, but the l)ones of the lejjs arc more so from being more exposed. In runaways, the animal often eomes to a sudden stop by falling or colliding with some licav\-, solid object. Then he is sure to suffer ; iiny one of tiie limbs may be broken, or it may l)c the ribs, back, neck, head, jaws, hips, etc. Kicks are very often tiio causes of fractures, especially of the legs — the cannons, thighs or arms being the bones which most frequently suffer. The bone of the foot is often broken '))y striking with great force against a stone, post, or any other solid object. The pastern is sometimes split through its entire length by jumping. The writer knew of a case of fracture of the can- non bone of one of the hind legs l)y catching the toe in the girth of the Iiarness when kicking flies, breaking the bone short oif. Fractures are divided into the following classes : Simple — when nothing else is l)roken but the l)one ; coin[)ound — when the ends of the bones punch through the flesh and skin ; complex — when tlie bone is shattered into manv pieces, and one or more pieces may prick tlirough ; transverse — when the bone breaks short off; ot)li(jue — when the fracture is in an obli(je direc- tion across the bone ; green stick — when the bono breaks like a green stick, splitting and bending and twisting without breaking directly off. The bone may be only cracked, or broken without misplacement. The bones of old horses are more liable to fracture than those of young ones, becoming brittle with age. How to know it. — When the fracture cannot he seen, but is suspected, manipulate it a little, listening attentively at tlie same time, and you will hear the grating of the ends of the bone together, which is an unmistak- able symptom ; for grating or rubbing of rough ends together is never heai'd in health. Great lameness is inseparable from a fracture, be it ever so slight. When the bone is only cracked, there will be great lame- ness, with few if any conclusive symptoms to indicate fracture, l)ut by careful examination a sore place can be felt ; the horse will not bear a pound on the limb, and will keep lifting it as if in great pain. In all cases there will be a rise in frequenc}^ of the pulse and respirations from the nervous shock and pain ; more or less inflannnation follows, and the temperature will be raised a little. As the length of time increases after the fracture, if nothing is done to relieve it, all the symptoms in- crease, the nostrils dilate, the countenance becomes haggard, and ex- presses anxiety, the eyes become injected, the injured limb swells, be- comes hot, and in all fatal cases, Avhen the inflammation reaches its height, mortiflcation begins and extends towards the body, when death is 286 THE AMKinC.W FAKMEi: S STOCK liOOK. oiilv a question of a few liouis. The part gets eold and clanimv, a pe- culiar offensive sweat rises on tiie surface, tiie skin, if white, l)eeonies purplish, but if lilack, the discoloration cannot be seen. As soon as mor- tification sets in the pain ceases. What to do. — If it is a fracture of the cannon, arm, thiirh, femur (tiu' lione between the hip and stifle), sliouldcr or liack. ninety-nine times out of a hundred the case is fatal if displacement taki's place, and espe- cially so if it is a compound or complex fractnie. If it is a fracture of the back, i)aralysis of all i)arts behind the fracture will ensue. In any of SUNOS KOK A nORSE WITH FRACTrRED LIMB. the above instances, the horse may as well be destroyed, for it is utterly impossible to keep him ([uiet till the bones knit ; they would repair as readilv and as substantially as those of man, if we could put him to bed nnd keep him there six weeks. I5ut take what measures ^-ou may, in most cases you will fail from no other reason than that he keeps mov- in"' about, swinging the leg, and behaving in a very restless manner gen- erallv, which prevents the ends of the bones from remaining in quiet contact Ion"- enough to grow together. The bones of dogs, sheep and sometimes cattle, grow togetVier very readily because they are more quiet, and favor an injured leg more than a horse. If it is the shoulder or thio'h, it is so deeply imbcsdded in muscle that it is very difficult to set the bones, especially if the fracture is oblique, for the muscles contract and draw the ends of the l)ones past their proper positujns from two to six inches, and it is an utter impossibility to bring the ends together airain even with tlie aid of ])ulley and tackle. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIIi ACCIDENTS AXU DISEASES. 287 But if it is a fracture of tlie foot, ptistcm, fetlofk. hip or any otlier part where tliere is no disphicemeut, a cure can usually l)e uiade. After put- ting the horse in a roomy, comfortable, loose box, put him in slings to take the weight off the injured leg, and relieve the weight from the others. Make the broken limb as sti'aight as possible, then envelop it for a distance of five or six inches in plaster of Paris, or if that is not handy, souk a piece of sole leather in water until quite soft, and mould it to the form of the leg, and bind it on so as to keep it perfectly tight and solid, and in its place. Splints may be put on outside of the leather. A starched bandage is very good in connection with the splints. Have the starch very stiff, fill the hair with it and then begin to wind, not tight but just enough so to keep the parts in their places ; put on a considerable quan- tity of starch with each wind of the bandage ; after making about half a dozen turns, put on the splints, one on each side, and one on the back, but none in front ; then continue the bandage four or five turns. If the leg- swells, so as to make the bandage too tight, slit the bandage up a little way at either end. Leave the whole thing on about five or six weeks, keeping the horse in the sling all the time, just tight enough to give gen- tle pressure on the belly and he will lie in it at his pleasui'e. If he acts unruly at first, quiet him \)y talking to him, and he will very soon get ac- customed to the arrangement, and like it. If any pieces of bone become detached they will act as foreign matter and must be removed. Any such complication in a leg already done up in a starched bandage, or in plaster, will be recognized by increased swel- ling in the surrounding parts, and also by heat and soreness, uneasiness and increase in temperature, pulse and respiration. The natural condition being: Pulse 3(5, respiration 10 to the minute, and temperature 98.5- F. The pulse is taken on the angle of the lower jaw, as the artery passes around the under side on its way to the face. Temperature is taken by a clinical thermometer inserted in the rectum, and allowed to remain in two minutes. Respiration is taken by counting the Ijreaths, one HI and one out making a respiration. When the hip is broken down, making what is known as "hipped," there is nothing to do except to give time and what constitutional treat- ment is indicated. Fracture of the shoulder l)lade is treated in the same way, except that it might be advisable to put the horse in slings. In-all cases watch the symptoms and treat them as they require, but it would be well always to givethe following mixture : — JJo. IS. 1 Drachm tiileture aconite root, 2 Ounces spirits of nitre. 2 Drachms fluid extract belladonna, 1 Ounce niti-ate of potash. 1 Ounce carbonate of anunonia. Water to make one pint. Mix. 288 Till-: A.MKUICAN lAKMHi; -I'OCK HOOK. (iivc OIK- oiiinc (two liililcspooiit'uls) cvcrv two, four or six lioiirs, ac- oordiug to tlic rociuiroiiu'iits of tlii' t-ast'. Tliis is the dose for a full sized adult horse, a A'oung or small one in proportion. Continue tliis as long- as there is any fever. Give all the cold water to drink the horse wishes, })ut o-ive it little ata time and often. If the neck ishroken, death ensues innnediately, on aeeomit of the nervous eommunication to the lieart. iungs and stomaeli being ent off, and so they stop working. III. Open Joint. Open joint is one of the most serious accideiils that horse flesli i- lia- ble to, and unfortunately is ([uitc eonnnon. Causes. — Cuts, bruises, |)rieks from nails, jjricks from the fork in handliuii- the manure and bedding, falling on the road, kicks from other horses, etc., are eonnnon causes. BAKEK'S BRACE KOR BROKEN KNEK WHEN THE JOINT IS OrENEO. wni-aO' JOINT oil, i?^ rhe lines miirk ihc piiiiils wlit-ri- (or joint oil) is iiilcrpustii bet- difterent slructurts. How to know it — A wound, of course, is present, and a discharge also is >ccii mIicii it is at all serious. The character of IIk; discharge de- termines the extent of the injury; if it is an open joint, in addition to ims there will lie a dischargi! of joint oil (s\iiovia). Synovia is inodcn- ous ; has no smell ; amber colored when fresh ; whitish yellow when co- agulated ; thin and watery, but at the sann^ time is of an oily nature when fresh ; coagulates on exposure to the air. A\'licn tiie tlischarii'e LEGS Ol" THE HORSE, THEIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 289 piirtiikes of the character given above, especially in the latter particular, and is accompanied by more or less fever, good appetite, gradual wast- ing of muscular tissues, (though sometimes the wasting of tissue is rapid), tucked up appearance, hard unyielding swelling, with great sore- ness to the touch, and extreme lameness, there need be no doubt but that there is an open joint. What to do. — If neglected and allowed to run its own course it will be fatal in almost every case ; the horse will die from irritative fever, ex- haustion and inanition. Sometimes it is fatal even with the best treat- ment, therefore it is of the utmost importance that remedies be promptly applied, and vigorously pursued. When an open joint is recognized, wash the wound with tepid water with a few drops of carbolic acid in it ; if the wound is deep, and there is pus mixed with the synovia, syringe it out gently, with the lotion, No. 6 ; gen- erally, however, it is best not to syringe, probe nor push in the wound anj'^ more than is absolutely necessary ; but let all the treatment tend towards filling up the wound with healthy granulations. As soon as the wound is nicely washed, make a paste of the following: No. 19. i Drachms glycerine, 1 Drachm carbolic acid, Flour to make a thick paste. Make a plug of the paste and insert it into the wound ; then smear solid extract of belladonna over all the hard swelling around the wound, and let a cold poultice made of oil-cake meal go on over the whole. Change the poultice and dress it twice a day. When the suppuration ceases, and there is^i clear flow of synovia, omit the plug and let the poultice come directly in contact with the wound. Keep the horse as quiet as possible ; carry food and water to him, so as to avoid the least motion. If it is practicable apply apparatus to stiffen the joint during the treatment. A convenient appliance will be described in the next article on broken knees. The most difficult thing in the treatment of open joint is to stop the flow of synovia without checking the flow of pus. For whenever there is pus in a wound it must come out, or damage will be done ; at the same time you cannot wash and syringe an open joint to get rid of the pus as you would an ordinary wound, because that would tend to keep the wound open and continue the flow of synovia ; consequently there is an opportunity, usually, to display very fine judgment. Give, internally, tonics composed of : No. 20. 2 Ounces pure suliiliale of iron, 2 Ounces ilihuhona bark, Powder and mix. Divide into twelve powders. IJ 290 THE AMEIUCAN FAUMEK S STOCK HOOK. (live oiK^ iiiii'lit 1111(1 luorniinx in the food, ('ontiiuic lliis till the wound is nearly well. rv. Broken Knees. Hrokcn knee is a term used to d(!sijj;nate eoutusiou, .-ihrasioii and liiseeration of the soft parts — skin, ligaments and menihranes — over the knco joints, but not the bones. It is quite eoninion, espceially M'herc horse-back riding is fashionable, and fox hunting and steeple ehasingare practiced. Sometimes the knees are only bruised or the skin broken, and then it is very siini)lo and recovery is (juick. But tliej' are often broken right through into the joints, ojjening them comfileteh' and allow- ing a rapid flow of synovia. Sometimes they are easily cured, and at oth- er'tiines defy all treatnu>nt, and tlu; joints become vuined niid stiffened; ami sometimes large spavins gi'ow ui)(>n them. They sometimes prove UKOKKN KNEK. lUiOKKN KNKK. Hanncr of opening the dirt sac of a broken knee when it is found necessary lo do so. fatal by the excessive amount of irritative fever produced; thchor.se becomes very much emaciated, tucked uj) in the Hanks, runs at the eyes, and -weakness is great. AVhenever the joints are opened, you have a very serious case at tiie best, and one that will tax the [)atience anil jiuigmcnt of tlii^ attendant . Causes. — Knees arc always broken by falling on liieni. The causes of t:iirnig nniy differ. A\'()rk horses drop upon their knees sometimes when starting very heavy k)ads, and if on stony or gravelly roads, are very apt to break their knees. Driving horses stumble and fall on their knees when they are sore in the feet, stiff in the legs or lame in the shoulders, and often open the joints. Saddle liorses are the most liable to broken knees ; if ridden slowly, on smooth roads, the weight on the back makes them nun-e liable to stumble : if ridden across country the}' often come upon tlieir knees on the other side of a fence or ditch. LEGS Ol" TIIK IIOUSK. rili;il! ACCIDENTS AM) DISEASES. 2!)1 How to know it. — Tlu-rci will he :i coiitusfd, l;isc('i';it('(l, lajrucd wound ; tlicj skill li:iii<;iiig ill slircds, hair hruisi'd off, the cuds of (oudous piotnid- ing and curling- like l)!inds of white tiipo. A discharge of syno\ la ( nii oily hiokiug, ainhcr colored li(iuid) takes place, and in had cascslhe white glistening hones of the joint can be seen and felt. What to do. — If the wound is dirty with sand, gravel or otiier sub- stance, wasii gently to remove it. If the ends of tendons or ligiinients protrude, clip them off with scissors close down to the edge of the wound ; draw the ends of the skin together and l)ind on a soft piece of old linen to keep th(! ))arts ill place and the air from it, w(^tting the wound and linen with lotion No. (i. Then proceed to hav(^ the brace made as seen in the illustration on i)age 288, for it is absolutely necessary to keep the knee stiff" and jjcrfectly quiet, so as to get as small a secretion of synovia as possible. Splints are generally used, but they always irritate the log where they come in contact, and fail in a great measure to prevent motion ; but M'hen Baker's l)race is used, neither the knee nor any joint lielow it can lie tlexed a ])article. 'i'o make the lirare, tal^e a rod of good iron iiaif an inch s(|uare, and of a length sutKcicnt to reach from tiie ground to at least three iiiciies al)ove the knee ; rivet a band two inches wide and sixinches long on t<» the upper end of the l)ar, and l)end it to fit the tleshy i)art of the arm ; then bend the rod in its ])assage down the back of the leg to tit a healthy limb in its natural position when tlu; w<'ight is (ui it; make a three-<]uarter hook at the bottom, bending l)ackward, to hook into the eye in the l)ar of the shoe, so that it can l)e inserted and removed at j)leasure with(uit re- moving the shoe. Insert two rivets or a staple at the top, and anotluu' set midway between the knee and fetlock, to receive the strai)s that bind the leg to the l)race. Let the straps be an inch wide, and pad between them and the leg, especially over the shin. Pad the band well to ])re\('iit jibrasion of the skin. The shoe may be an old one that fits the foot, with the heels carried out at least an inch beyond the heels of the foot, and turned upward a little ; weld on across the heels of this shoe a bar three cjuartcrs of an inch wiile, with an eye in the center to receive the hook. The sho(^ needs to be nailed on very strongly, or the horse will tear it otT in iiis efforts to flex the leg, which ho will try to do at first, but ho will soon get accustomed to it, and walk around, lie down and get up the same as a man with a stiff leg. The strap at the top wants to be buckled tight enough to keep the brace in place, the one at the center of the cannon tight enough to keep tlie leg well straightened back in its natural position. The shorter brace is used in the same way in case the fetlock or pastern joint is opened ; then it is not necessary to stiffen the knee. 292 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK HOOK. Wlu'ii the braco is adjusted, remove the bandage and linen, and apply direetly to the M'ound a soft, (^old, oil-eake meal ])oultiee, wet somewhat with the lotion. No. (J, after it has taken up all the water it will. When ready to 1)C applied, sprinkle the poultiee over with tincly powdered char- coal. This will encourage and promote healthy, solid granulations and prevent much suppuration and sloughing. Some sloughing and suppu- ration will have to take place on account of the wound being contused in- stead of being nuidc by a clean cut, as with a sharp knife. Dress the wound in this manner twice a day ; continue it right along till the flow of sjMiovia is stopped, even then it is better to leave the dressing on a few days more to fiu-ther reduce the inflammation in the part. If the ends of the tendons protrude at any time they must be clipped off. If there is high fever give the following mixture : No. 21. 1 Drachm tincture aconite root, 1)4 Ounce sweet spirits nitre, 1}4 Ounce nitrate of potasli, Water to make one pint. Mix. Give a tablesi)oonful every two hours, till the pulse is improved and fever abated. Feed lightly for a good while. V. Knee Sprung. Knee sprung is not a disease, but is the effect of disease. When the legs are liealthy, the center of gravity passes down through the center of them, and out at the heals ; but iu case of knee sprung, the center of gravity passes back of the knees, giving them a very bowed appearance. It alwaj's comes on gradually, and may stop at any stage, and never got worse ; l)ut sometimes it goes on to so great an ex'tent as to render the animal almost useless. Horses often sleep standing, and do it with safet}', no danger of falling, as long as the legs are sound, but when the knees are so bowed forwards as to throw the center of gravity on a line forward of the origin of the suspensory ligaments the horse will fall M'hen he goes to sleep standing. Causes. — The most common cause is sprain or other injury of the baciv tendons of the leg. The ones most often sprained, and injury to which is most likely to cause knee sprung, are the suspensory ligaments, and the metatarsal ligament. Sprain of these, without proper treatment and rest, is sure to be followed I)y knee sprung. Sprains of the other ligaments, long continued soreness in the feet, sore shins, soreness in the joint, etc., are also frequent (causes. In fact any abnormal condition of the foot or leg below the knee, that gives rise to long continued lameness and resting the heels or leg l)y knuckling the fetlock, is sure to be fol- lowed by a going over on the knees, from contraction of the back tendons LEGS OF THE HOUSE, THEIK ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 2ft3 and ligaments, which liold tiic parts in that position ever after, unless relieved by the operation called tenotomy. How to know it. — The legs of sound horses are straight from the el- bow to the fetlock. Hence, any deviation from that position indicates something wrong. Stand opposite the shoulder of the horse, and notice the leg ; any bending forward from the straight line at the knee creates suspicion. Any bad case, and many mild ones, are accompanied with thickening of the back tendons, indicating neglected sprains. What to do. — There is nothing to be done, except in recent cases, which are rare. A case that has not been longer than two or three months in coming may be benefitted by clipping the hair from the back tendons, wherever there is any thickening or soreness, and showering with cold water several times a day for two or three days, and then ap- l)lying blister, No. 9, well rubbed in. Remove the shoes, pare down the feet and open the heels. Tie his head up, so he cannot bite the blister, for thirty hours ; then grease it once a day till nearly healed, and turn him out for a long run at grass. If he is not improved in a month, re- peat the blister. In old, chronic, incurable cases the operation called tenotomy, can be performed sometimes to very great advantage, Init not as often as in case of cocked ankles, which form the subject of our next article. The operation will be therein described. VI. Cocked Ankles. The fetlocks are often knuckled forward, but this, like knee sprung, is only a symptom of some other trouble. The fetlocks are, however, often mistaken for the seat of the.lameness, and are blistered and muti- lated, of course without an_y benefit. Causes. — Sprains of the suspensory ligaments, when low down around or below the fetlock joint ; lameness in the bursa of the perforans ten- don, as it passes over the fetlock ; bruises on the heels ; corns ; quittor ; navicular disease, or nail in the foot — anything that makes the horse rest the heels or lower and back part of the leg. Sometimes in bad cases of shoulder lameness, the leg is rested in such a manner as to let the ])ack tendons contract so as to throw the fetlock forward. How to know it. — It is recognized 1)}^ the ankle joint being thrown for- wai'd like a knuckle ; the heels raised slightly ; the tendons contracted ; and absence of any soreness or thickening in the joint itself. What to do. — Spare no time nor pains to find the cause and remove it, and the effect will cease. Ninety-nine times in a hundred it is only symptomatic. In a great majority of cases the cause will be found in the feet ; treat them, and the ankh^ will straighten up. 2!14 I'lll'. AMKHICAN I'AKMI'.k's STOCK liOOK. In long-staiuliiig cases the toiuloiis hccomo so contnictod as to rciulcr a return to a natural i)osition an inipossihilit}' ; in such cases tenotomy is sometimes practiced to advantage. A small opening is made in the skin al)out midway between the knee and fetlock ; a small blade is run in, edgeways, and through to the skin on the opposite side, but not through it ; then turn the edge up and cut off the tendons, stopping before the skin is cut above them, being careful 7iot to injure the suspensory liga- ments. If they are severed, 1 he animal is useless and might as well bo destroyed. To perform the oijcration, a knowledge of the anatomy of the ))arts is necessary ; hence it is advisable always, when possible, to employ a competent veterinary surgeon. VII. WindgaUs. The tendons, as they pass down the back of the leg, ;ir(> covered with a sheath moistened with synovia : and where they i)ass over tiie fetlock WINIJGALLS. WIXUCALLS. Showing situation and forms As Ihcy appcir upon dissection, of Windgalls. joint are s^'novial bursas to pi'event friction ; there is also synovia between the tendons to prevent them from rubbing against each other. When, from hard work, the membranes secreting the synovia become irritated, they are excited to secrete more than their natural ut in some eases they grow to the size of a hen's oi. I.EUS OF THE HORSE, TIIKIIl ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 295 What to do. — Make frequent applications of cold water, or cooling lotion, No. 12; and after a couple of days apply liniment, No. 11, well rubbed in, twice a day, and bandage tightly over it, till well blistered. Then omit the liniment but continue the bandage, with grease applied to the skin, giving the puffs all the direct pressure possil)le. Pieces of cork laid over the puffs, and l)andagiiig over them is very effectual. When the skin is sutficiontly healed, repeat the liniment. Continue this treatment for three or four weeks, and then give the horse a run at grass or in a straw yard. This will be effectual if persevered with ; but as soon as the horse is put to work again, cither road or heavy draft, the windgalls will rciurn. VTII. Shoulder Lameness and Sweeny. Shoulder lameness is common. Sweeny is rare, but it is often imag- ined and severely treated for, when the cause of lameness is very remote. Sweeny is wasting of the muscles of the shoulder blade, leaving the spine on the blade exposed the whole length, with hollows on each side that you could nearly lay your arm in. Causes. — Shoulder lameness is usually caused by a sprain ; it may be of the ligaments of the joint or of the muscles around the joint. Sprain of the latter is most common. The sprain may be produced l)y slipping, falling, stepping on the heel of the fore shoe with the toe of tlu^ hind shoe, especially in the mud or snow, or catching the heel under a rootor railroad track. Sweeny is usually caused by the shoulder lieing badly bruised by the collar in hauling heavy loads, or plowing, or by the horse falling and bruising the shoul- der. How to know it. — Lameness is a characteristic symptom ; the shoulder and leg are carried forward all of a piece ; no knee action ; the shoulder carried forward and the leg swung ; at the time the leg is l)eing taken forward the head is nodded down at the start and suddenly jerked up toward the finish of the action. There is an inability to raise the leg to step over an obstacle a foot high, but he will drag the leg over. Swell- ing, heat and soreness are noticed. In case of sweeny the muscles are wasted as described above, and much the same action of the leg will be noticed. In recent cases of either, the horse will rest the leg by flexing the knee and resting the foot on the toe without extending it. In mild cases, when he is able to travel, rest will seem to cure him and he will go out sound, l)ut will go lame after a little, and get worse the farther he goes. If allowed to run on without treatment, sprain of the shoulder, espe- cially if it IS of the joint, becoine.N chronic, extends to the bones, affect- ing the heads of them and causing permanent lameness. 2SH) rilK AIMIJUCAN 1 AUMICliS STOCK HOOK. What to do. — li> !ill »".'i>^t's of slioiildiM- limxMicss w1h"i-(^ thciT iiro Iioat, swclliiifj;, soroncss to Hit' loucli iiiul laiiu'iicss, foiucnt witli liol water, never witli cold, for half an liour at u time, three times a day. It is well to add a handful of eonnnon .salt to a pail of the hot water. When it has dried afti-r washinjj:, ruh well iit the liniment, No. 14, niorninu; and night. In most eases, if taken immediately and tho above well applied, a euro will be effected, if rest is given, in from one to four weeks. If this fails lo cure, a blister well rubbed in over tho affected i)!ut will do good ; use No. i). In nine eases out of ten, when the lameness is in tho shoul- der, remtHlies applied to tho joint of tho shoulder will bo effectual. A common mistake is made in api)lying blisters over the shouhU'r blade and withers, which only cause pain and often leave blemishes, without doing one particle of good, c.Kcei)t necessitating a long rest ; but it is bettor to have some other excuse for the rest. When these means fail, the last resort is the set on. Wlien well ap- plied it produces count (M' ii'rilation, tiial t'an hardly fail to cure uidoss there is porcolaneous deposit on tho heatls of tin; bones in tho joint. When tho exact source of lanuMiess is located, pass tho seton down over it just beneath the skin, lotting it run always as nearly jjcrpendicnlar as possible. Let it Jiass eight to fourteen inches under tlio skin, and leave the ends projecting three or four inches. The seton is best made of strong, coarse, unbleached nuislin, torn into a strip, one inch and a half wide. Fasten leather buttons on each end to prevent it coming out. Snu'ar it once or twice a week with a little fly blis1(>r to promote a dis- charge and increase the irritation. KonuMit and wash thoroughly clean with hot water morning and night. If the horse is iucliued to bite and pull tho seton, tie one end of n stick to his halter, and tho other end to tho surcingle to hold his head and neck str.iight. A needle made on purpose is needed to insert the seton ; it siiould be fully a foot long. The seton should be left in thiee weeks in mild cases, and four to six weeks in bad and chronic cases. Always give from one to three months' rest after removing tho seton. Sweeny is treated by mild blisters of llics in ointnicnt as in No. !•, or in tiiu'turc, rui)bed in gently, and repeated every fortnight for two or three mouths. The Inu'se is better at grass while this treatment is being given. It will stimulate the muscKv'^ lo re-iicvdop. (ientlc exercise is better than absolute rest. IX. Cramp of tho Muscles of the Thighs. Tho nniscles of the thighs are \-crv sid>jcct to cramp in hard- worked horses, especially in old ones. These cramps are often diagnosed wrongly, are mistaken f(M' dislocation of flic stifle, arc in fact larcly rec- ognized except by an expert. Li:(!.S OK TlIK llOItSi:, TIIi;il! ACCIDIvNTS AM) DISKASKS. 2117 Causes. — Vt-rv .scv(!r(! (ixcrlioii, cspcciMlly if |ir<)l(>n;j;r-i' of dislocation tii- a rope to tiic pasteiu and pull it forward and a little outward at the same time, the ma'j handlinji: the rope standing about a A'iird from the horse's shoulder; thou another man standing at the stille shoves the hone back into its j)hu'e, hy pushing towai'd the horse's flank. It will slip in with a snap. Then j)ut on a high-heeled shoe, (he heels raised two inches, and bathe the stifle as con- tinuously as possible with the cooling lotion, No. 12. When the inflam- mation that follows is gone, apjjly a blister all around the joint, use No. II. CJivc a long rest. If this does not cure in four or fiveweeks, a seton may ]w put in over the joint, running up and down about four inches ; wash it dean once or twice a day w\{\\ hot water, and leave it in from two to four weeks. When entirely well, replace the shoe with an ordi- nary one. DEVICE FOU A STIFLED IIOKSE. Showing the manner of replacing the patella, in case the stille is thrown out. Treatment for sprains of the stifle is the same as prescribed for dislo- cation. Do not omit the high-heeled shoe, and give plenty of rest. If it is a mild case a strong liniment may be effectual ; a[)ply No. 14. The more heroic treatment may be applied when the mild fails. II. Hip Lameness and Hipped. Lameness and accidents are commonly found affecting the hips. The ]ioiiits()f the hips often knock against door posts, trees, stakes and jiosts ill the pasture; and also when falling the hij) is often the first point to strike. At such times a jioint is often broken, or the whole hip is knocked down, giving a one-sided appearance to the hi[)s, when they are known as hi|i|)ed. Causes. — Ordinary hip lameness is caused by spraining the ligaments (ir muscles around the joint. It may be done by slipping, falling, being kicked by other horses, etc. 300 tup: AMERICAN FAKMEU S STOCK BOOK. Showing appea: what is know IPPKD IIORSK. eof the hips when ten down, lorming i hipped. How to know it. — Lameness in the hip is rather hard to diagnose on account of its usual!}- being so deep-seated. A bud case of hip lameness is known by a short step, about half the length of that of the sound leg, while the whole leg is carried together, all of a piece, and swung outward somewhat. When standing he will not always rest the leg, l)ut may stand perfectly sound on it and only show lame- ness when moving, showing it entirely l)y labored action, the leg being lirought forward slowl}' and with ditficulty. Manipulation will usually tind soreness di- rectly over or near the joint, and upon close examination, when standing behind and com- panng the two sides, there will be found a slight swelling in the region of the injury. Sometimes the sprain is in the back jiart of the joint ; then the labored action is seen more in backing, the horse going forward with little or no diiBculty. In case of fracture there will be a very perceptible deficiency or falling away in that region, accompanied by great lameness and soreness to the touch. What to do- -111 cases of fracture all that can be done is to make the horse as comfortable as i)ossil)le and apply anodyne lotions and lini- ments, accompanied with hot applications, either water or vinegar, and the Imiment, No. 15 ;and also give a long rest, from one to three months. The bones cannot be got at to be set ; so all there is to be done is to let nature do the work. The animal will always remain one-sided, and will generall}' go a little one-sided, partly cornerwise, in the road ; but he will be just as useful as ever for ordinary work. Sprain of the hip is treated the same as any other sprain. Rest, hot water, and liniment. No. 14, well rul)bedin, twice a day, will generally cure in from one to three weeks. But in bad cases a blister is often required ; rub No. 9 well in over the affected part. If this fails to cure, a scton is the last I'csort. Let it be a piece of strong unbleached muslin, an inch and a half wide and ten inches long. Run it upwards and down- wards, about four inches, under the skin. Leave it in from three to six weeks. Keep the place running by applying a little fly blister to the string from time to time. Give absolute rest during this treatment, and when the seton is removed, turn the horse to pasture or straw yard for two or three months. LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 301 III. Stocking. Stocking is the name given to swelling of the legs, usually confined to the parts below the knees and hocks, although in bad cases it extends above these joints. Causes. — Weakness of the tissues of the legs, being unable to support tlie pressure above ; weak, Avatcry, impoverished condition of the blood, and the legs being the most dependant part, it settles on them. Stand- ing still is a very common cause, so much so that there is a good deal of it just from standing from night till morning. It is most common in badly drained and illy ventilated staliles ; and young horses are more subject to it than older ones. It is often a symptom of some disease that I'cquires attention ; for stocking in disease is always a symptom of weakness which needs tonics and stinudants. How to know it. — Swelling of the legs without other sj'mptoms of dis- ease ; the swelling entirely disappearing with exercise, but returning when standing any length of time. What to do. — Give the folloM'ing tonic, one powder night and morn- ing, in the feed : N,o. 22. 1}4 Ounce pure sulphate of iron, 2 Ounces nitrate of potash, Powder and mix. Divide into twelve powders. Shower the legs with cold water in hot weather, but omit the water in cold weather, give gentle exercise to reduce the swelling, and when coming in from exercise or work, bandage them tight; if iu summer, use cotton bandages ; in winter use flannel. Avoid all strong, irritating or blistering applications. If necessary, repeat the powders. Remove the bandages when going out for exercise, and give the legs hand-rubbing. rV". Elephantiasis or Lymphangitis. This disease, sometimes called weed, is more jjarticularly a blood dis- ease, but oeing located entirely, by outward appearances, in the legs, we will consider it in this connection. It is usually seen in fat animals, rarely in poor ones. It is a species of surfeit and indicates a fat, ple- thoric condition of the system, more so than the excretory organs can take care of. It usually attacks one leg, and that a hind leg, though sometimes it is seen in both hind legs, and occasionalh' in the fore legs. It comes on suddenly after standing still a day or two or more. It often develops between Saturday night and Monday morning. The lymphatic glands of the leg become inflamed and unable to perform their func- tions, and the superfluous nutritive material is thrown back ; the coats of 302 THE AJIEUICAN FAKJIEU S STOCK BOOK. the lyinphatic vessels become weak iind the fluid oozes through tlicni, infiltrates the cellular tissue and makes a leg something like that of an cle[)hant. Causes. — To<> high feeding with too little work. "When horses are M'orked every day it will seldom dcvcloi), hut when a too highly fed horse is left in over Sunday, a rainy day, or from a nail in the foot, etc., the big leg will 1)0 found next morning. How to know it. — An immense leg is seen on entcrmg the stable. It is hot, painful, sore ; if touched on the inside of the thigh the horse will raise the leg as high as possible, sometimes so high as to throw himself down. It is Avith the greatest difliculty that the leg is moved at all. There is a high fever, ac^celerated pulse, temperature raised, breathing increased in frequenc-y, mouth hot, great thirst, and usually loss of appe- tite. It is as lial)le to happen in winter as in sunnner. K^;> :°^-«^ lUSCUVElil^G THE ELEFIIANT LEti. What to do- — The treatment applied is with a view to depletion, to re- duce the system to its proper condition in regard to the amount of fat it is capal)le of taking care of. So the first thing to be done is to give a ball of Barbadoes aloes : No. 23. 5 Di'iioliins B:ub;ulot's aloes, 1 Di-inluu gt'iitiaii. 1 Dracliiii fiiiigcr. Svi'up oi' s();i|) lo mix. Make it into a ball the shape of your linger, and, grasping the tongue with your left hand, draw it down between the front teeth and pass the ball back onto the root of the tongue with the right hand, keeping the hand up against the roof of the mouth ; do it fearlessly, for you cannot get hurt so long as you keep firm hold of the tongue with the left haiul. The ball being safely down, i)ut a teaspoonful of saltpetre into a gallon of water and give him to drink. Kepeat this every three or four hours till the urine is increased in quantity and clearer in color; then continue it two or three times a day. LEGS OF THE HOKSE, TIIEII! ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 303 Bathe the leg with hot water with a handful of salt in it, for an hour or two, having the water as hot as a man can bear his hand in. Then bind the leg in woolen clothes to keep it thoroughly warm, let them reach clear to the body, and avoid all drafts. Restrict the diet to hay, water and bran mashes till he is able to go to work again. As soon as the soreness will allow of exercise, give him a walk of a couple of hours twice a day, increasing it from day to day. This may be kept up till all sore- ness and inflammation are gone, when he may go to work again ; which M'ill lie before all the swelling is gone from the leg, but the exei'cise will help to reduce it. On coming in from work apply a wet bandage tight ; and give i)leuty of hand-rubl)ing when going out. Bring the horse back to liis feed gradually, and avoid overfeeding. Prevention. — If a horse is working hard every day, and consuming large quantities of veiy nutritious, heating food, the regular allowance should be cut down one half when he is laid up for a single day or more. He should receive a large, wet bran mash for supper on Saturday night, no oats or corn at all, and onh' one-half, or two-thirds at most, of the regu- lar allowance on Sunday. If this rule is followed no elephant legs will be found on Monday morning ; but if the full allowance of strong grain is fed Saturday night and all day Sunday, the horse is liable to this and many other disorders. V. Scratches or Cracked Heel. Scratches or cracked heels ai-e simply chaps and cracks around the heels and in the hollow of the pastern ; they correspond to chapped hands in man. They are usually very simple, but sometimes are quite severe and require consideral)le perseverance to cure them. Causes. — Exposure to cold mud, snow, slush and ice-water without jDroper care in fall, winter and spring. It is unknown in hot weather. Kow to know it. — The skin is swollen in the hollow of the pastern : and around the heels, cracks and chaps extend in all directions ; and laracr cracks will run around the leg where it is the most flexed. When dry, they will Ije hot, sore to the touch, and painful. Sometimes the flexion in moving will cause the animal to raise the feet a couple of feet high at first, but with exei'cise the soreness partially disap- pears. What to do. — When the horse comes in, wipe off the parts as nicely as possible, bandage them with flannel to keep them warm, and when dry clean them thor- oughly with a brush, not touching them with water at all. Washing with warm water would do no harm cracked heel. if they were well dried afterward, but to be on the safe side it is better 304 THE AMKUICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. not to wash them at all. When clean, apply casinolinc, pctrolina, arnica jelly, carbolic salve, or an ointment made of hird and pounded alum in equal parts. Any of these may be applied, both Avhen coming in and when going out. If they get very bad, give him a few days rest. If proud tiesh springs up in the cracks, burn it down with burnt alum. If necessary to rest the horse for them, give him a teaspoonful of saltpetre in the feed morning and night for three or four days. Prevention. — Never wash the feet and legs in cold or wet weather, say after November 1st, till April. It is good for themtol)e washed in warm weather ; it softens the dry, hard hoofs, and cools off the horse when heated ; but it is objectionable in cold weather. "When coming in from cold slush and nuid, dry and clean the feet and legs thoroughly. VI. Grease. (Jrease is the name given to a disease of the lower parts of the legs that seems to be aggravated scratches, but it is entirely distinct from KIliST SYMPTOM OF GREASE. Scratching one leg with the other foot. FIRST STAGE OF CONFIRMED GREASE. EXIDATION. scratches. Scratches lies in the upper or cuticular layer of the skin, and grease is inflammation of the deeper layers. It is so called from the nature of the discharge, which is profuse, and greasy in appearance. It has a very offensive odor. Causes. — Neglected scratches often runs into grease, but there must be other conditions favorable — impure blood, tendency to surfeit, hide- bound and general bad condition. It is just as likely to appear in warm weather, when it is the result of surfeit, as it is to appear in cold weather, when it results from neglected scratches. How to know it. — The legs are swollen to the knees and hocks, and an offensive, greasy matter is oozing from the pores. When bad they are so sore as to cause considerable lameness. The discharge comes as much, and often more, from above the fetlocks as from below, and LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 305 mostly from the long thick hair on the back of the legs. Draft horses are most subject to it. Itching of the part is an early symptom. AVhen grease is ueglected, proud flesh sprouts up through the openings made by the pus, and after a while the}' become caloused and horny, and then they are called grapes. At this stage of the disease the swelling of the leg has become chronic, and can never be reduced. What to do. — Give the horse a purgative of aloes. No. 23. Feed on bran mashes a few days. When the purging has stopped give a teaspoon- ful of saltpetre in the feed morning and night for three or four days. Apply hot poultices, with powdered charcoal sprinkled over the top, to the SECOND STAGE OF CONFIRMED GREASE CRACKS. The stage of Grease in which horny lu are seen, called Grapes. legs, changing them once a day ; continue them till the active inflamma- tion is nearly all gone, then leave them off and apply lotion No. 24. 1 Ounce sugar of lead, 1 Pint water, Mix. Apply three times a day. "Wash the parts often enough to keep them clean and poultice them occasionally to keep the inflammation out. While using the lead lotion, give a tablespoonful of epsom salts in the feed once a day. If proud flesh springs up burn it down with burnt alum. When the disease is cured, if there is any thickening remaining in the legs, work, hand-rubbing and bandaging will remove it. Vn. Mud Fever. This is fever in the skin of the legs, from the feet to the kuees and hocks. The skin is covered with scabs as if it had been blistered, and when they come off the hair usually comes with it, leaving the legs bare. Causes. — Chilling of the skin by standing or working in cold mud and ice-water. The skin becomes thoroughly chilled, almost like frost- bitten, and when warmed the reaction is so great as to produce much 30fi Tlir. AMKUICAN l"Ai;Mi:it"s S'l'iJCK lUIOK. fever wliicli 1(>;hIs on lo tlic coiulitioiis s|)<)k('ii of aljovc, ;iii(l soiiu'tiiucs to funmclo and (■!irl)iiii(l('. It is most coinnmn on linicslono roads, tlu- soil Iicinii iri'italiiiij;. How to know it. — Swelling of the legs is seen. After l)eing exposed for a day or more (o cold, M'et mud, or iee-water, they will be found to hv very hot and sore next morning. After a few days the hair will be filled with scabs that cling tightly to the skin, l)nt after a few days more thoy will loosen and eonie off, bringing the liair witli tiiem, l('a\ing the logs entirely bare sometimes. There is usually more or less systi-mic! fever with rheumatii! lenileneies. What to do. — If ''•■>d, leave the horse in for a few days, wash the legs with warm water and bathe them afterwai'ds with lotion, No. 24. Repeat this two or thi'ee times a day. When the swelling begins to g(» out of them and the skin gets scaly, greasti them with fresh hud once a day well rubbed in. Give internally two tablespoonfulls of (ilauber's salt three times a day for a few tlays and follow that with No. 22. Mud fever often I'uns into furunculus which will next be described. VIII. Furimculua or Carbuncle. Furuncidus is the name applied by i'rof. McKachran to w'hal is called by many nnid fever in an aggravated form, when it takes the form of carbuncle. II attac^ks the legs, but usually is confined to the coronary region and |)astei'n. It actsa good deal like a bad boil, swells very laige, gets very hard and is awfully painful, so much so that when it comes under the coronary band or on the front (d" the pastern it is often fatal, especially on the hind foot. Causes. — All the causes that belong to mud fcviM- are ajiplicable to furunele, anil, in aildition, an unhealthy conilition of the blood which always has a tendency to aggravate any malady. How tc know it, — Extreme lameness is usually the first symptom noticed; a reluctance to put the weight on the foot ; a (Continual raising of the foot, inilicating gn^at pain ; the horse does not lie down ; great fever in the system ; mouth hot ; (>yi's red ; nostrils dilated and more or less blowing ; swelling of the cortmet in the i-egion of the carbuncle, uidess it is situated an inch or more above the coronet. When this has run on for tw(>nty-four hours the skin breaks in rags and in the course of the next tiMi hours it sloughs off and a core goes with it varying in size from a cherry to that of a man's thumb. Sometimes the skin sloughs off from a sui'face as largo as the palm of a man's hand. When these cases are fatal the hor.se dies from irritative fever and exhaustion from pain. The appetite is not always affected, the pain being so great a drain on the system that the horse will often eat more than usual ; but in all cases ho loses llesh fast and becomes thin and tucked up in a M-ry few days. I.KdS OK 'rill', IIOKSK, TUKIi: ACC'IDKNTS AND DliSKASES. .'5(17 What to do. --\\ lii'u lir«t notict'd, ji'ivo a l);ill of imruiilivc nicdiciiu! iiiadi: lip iis tliu'cti'd ill iTcipo No. 2;}, i'c' ; givo from tliroo to five ilraclims. Tliou jfivo tinctui'o of aroiiito root in ti'ii-dr()[) doses cvory two hours til! (lie purga- tive l)egin.s to woriv ; then stoi). Api)iy a linseed nouitieo, hot and soft, to tlie inllaniedi)art. Ciiaii<>-e it twieo a day till tlin sloughing takes place ; tlien wash it with a weak solution of earholi(^ acid — one part of earholie acid to forty parts of water — and renew the pouilicc ; dress it in tills way till tliii sore begins to granulate; nicely, then oiiiil the poultice, and dress three times a day with lotion No. 7, washing it ofleii enough to keep it clean. If (he swelling comes direclh' under (hecoioiiel the tension will lie im- mense, on account of the little elasticity in it ; tlii! soft parts underneath cannot swell, and therefore the pain will be unbearable unless it lie cut. So we would recuimmeiul in such cases to sever the coronet by passing a probe-iiointed knife in under it and cutting outwards. If it bleeds pro- fusely, which it is likely to do, tic it up loosely for a whihi with a cotton bandage. Siil)se(|uent treatment will be the same as giviMi above;. Vva'\1 liberally all the time. 'I'he healing of the wound will apjii^ar to be slow, iiiit patience is recjuired, as the skin will not form over tlic surface all at onccs but must grow over from the edges. If lotion No. 7 is well a[i- pliitl there will be no proud tlesh nor other hindrance to the healing [iro- cess. IX. Dislocations. Dislocations are very rare in (lie horse, except that of the stifle, which is described in tiie article under tii;it licad. The shoulder and hij) joints are imbedded so dee[ily in muscle, and the sockets of the joints are so well guarded by the cartilage that surrounds them that dislocation of those )iarts is seldom met with. 'iMu> bones, femur and humerus, frac- ture (iiiough their necks before tlieii' heads give way from their sockets. The elbow, knee, hock, fetlock, pastern and coffin joints are all so well guarded by flanges, central ridges, depressions, width of joints, etc., that fractures almost invariably take place before ilislocations. In order for a dislocation to occur, many of the strong ligaments (hat surround and hold tlK^ir joints togt her would have to be ruptured and torn from their attachments, which would lie nearly if not (|ui(c as serious as a fnicture, and in most cases, except that of the sdfle, destruction of tlu^ horse would be (he cheapest treadnent ; for a gi'cat length of time would be re(|iiired (o effect a cure, and the result would be vei-\' unsatisfactory. Hut in case of a valuable stallion or marc, that niigiil, be used for breeding it woukl be well to give them a chance, by putting (iieiii in (he 308 THE AMERICAN KARMEU's STOCK BOOK. slings ami using liot fomentations, and eavef ul bandaging to support the injin-ed joint, at tiic sanio time giving internally, mixture No. 21, to keep down any fever that might arise from the injury to the SA'novial mem- brane. And after bathing with hot water, which ought to he done three or four times a day, the following liniment may be used, and bandage right over it, applying the bandage middling tight: — 25. 1 Oiiiut^ tiiicliiri' ariiica, 1 Ouiico luiiilniniin, Wiitcr lo inaki' one i)iut. Mix. X. Wounds. What to do. — Wounds are eommon, and in most cases have to be treated, at least for the first dressing, at home by those who happen to be upon the premises, owing to the urgency of the situation. Bleeding is often profuse to a dangerous degree, and when stitches are required it is always desirable to insert them while the wound is fresh. For the stitch- ing is not only much more painful and less successful when postponed, but after a few hours, when swelling and suppuration have begun,, it is useless, for the edges will not unite and the stitches will certainly tear out, adding to the soreness and blemishing that follows. Hence it is very important for some one about thcplace to act as surgeon, at least for the time being. When the skin and llesli are laid open by kicks, calks, cuts, collisions, etc., the first thing to do is to stoj) tlu! bleeding. Arterial blood is liright scarlet, venous blood is dark blue. When an artery is cut ajiply the compress above the wound, towards the heart, to intercept the blood as it is coming down. If it is a vein that is cut ai)ply the compress below the wound, for the veins conduct the blood towards the heart. The compress may be a cork bound on the artery or vein, or a wad of cloth, or a piece of dry sponge with a bandage wound over it pretty tight. If the wound is in a position that will not admit of bandaging and there ai"e arteries or veins cut, so as to l>e dangerous, they must bo caught up and tied. In the absence of proper instruments an artery can be taken up with a fine pair of nippers and the end tied with a piece of silk. But in many cases it is unnecessary to tie the artery, since the bleeding may be stopped by filling the cut with scrapings from the flesh side of sole leather, cob-webs oakum, tow, lint, etc., or a solution of copperas, or the tincture of iron may 1)e thrown into the wound. If no bleeding is taking place, proceed at once to sew up the wound. Use a needle that is strong and not liable to break while being pushed LEGS OF THE HORSE, THEIIl ACQIDENTS AND DISEASES. 309 STITCIIIN<; WITH A KIXED 8ET()N NKEDLE. through the skin, siml silk tlu-c:id, douhlcd to prevent its tearing out. Make the stitches about three-fourths of an inch apart and tie eacih one l)efore taking another. Clip off the hair from the edges of the wound so that none will ])e doubled under, and ))athe it with the carbolic lotion. No. (!. If the wound is on the leg it is best to draw the skin together with a few stitches, even though they are coi-tain to tear out, and, aftei dressing with the lotion, ap[)ly a bandage smoothly over the wound just tight enough to hold the parts in place. Then let it alone till it begins to suppurate, when it needs washing with warm water and castile soap to clean it, and dress as before with lotion and bandage. When the stitches burst, cut them out. When the wound is filled up with flesh even Avith the surface, change the lotion to No. 7, and leave off the bandage. If the wound is on the body and cannot be bandaged use lotion No. G, till the flesh has made considcral)le headway towards filling up the hole and then change to No. 7. If the bone is affected and caries (ulceration) begins, dress it twice a day with lotion : No. 2G. }2 Oiiiici; hydnx-hlorii: acid, 1 Pint water, Mix. Apply it with a swab directly to the caried spot. The flesh in such a case may be dressed with the other lotions the same as above. If the joint is affected, treatment for it particularly will be found un- der the head of Open Joint. If tlue tendons are cut off so as to let the fetlock down to the ground and the toe turns up, the horse might as well be destroyed ; but if they are only partially cut, or if only one is cut, and the ends jjrotrude through the wound, cut off nice and clean all that sticks out, with a sharp pair of scissors, and draw the skin together and treat as above, bearing in mind that any portion of tendon that may protrude from time to time must be cut off and the end kept inside in order to heal. XI. Sore Shins. Young racers are very apt to have sore shins from too much galloping before the bones become thoroughly hardened. The bones all along the log, from the foot to the knee, become quite sore, somewhat enlarged 310 'llli: A.MKKICA.V ] Al!:\IEU"s STOCK HOOK. iiiul I'aiisc lanu'iioss. 'IMio i.'()iisc(iuon('os of soi'c sliins aro '> nuich galloping when the bones are soft and ^•oung, und the soreness is often aggravated by too niueh ruhhing when coming in from exercise. The bones should never be rubbed hard nor vei-y nnich, but the tendons on the back of the legs may have all the ndibing they can get. Sore spots on the legs are often produced by bruises, kicks from the toes of stable boys' boots, kicks from other horses, etc. These last named causes are often followed by bony enlargcinents on any part of the legs, or the cnlai'gements may come directly on a joint, when very SCI ions results may follow. How to know it. — Soreness forward, shown by a short, stiff, stilted gait ; if more in one leg than tlic otlicr tliei-e will l)e lameness. There is soreness to the touch, mnvc or less swelling all over the surface of the shin bones, or at any point of injury when it is the result of accident. The swelling is soft at tirst and spungy, but in a few days becomes quite hard and has the feeling of bone. The soreness may extend over the whole surface, or it may be confined to that part near the joints, espec- ially the fetlock and i)astcrn. The animal is inclined to knuckle at the fcl lorlv, and go over on the knees. What to do. (Jive absolute rest ; remove the shoes; foment the legs with hot water for half an hour at a time three times a day, and follow the hot water each time with the lotion. No. 12, and bandage loosely, wet- ting the bandages and legs with lotion No. '21, as follows: No. '27. 1 Ouiici' tiiu'tiiio nrnioii, 1 Ouiuc tiiii'tiire o|iiniii, Water tu in:iki' i>ni' Jiiiit, Mix. Continue this treatment till all soreness is gone, then, if necessary, apply a little of the blister. No. 10, rubl)ed in once a day till jiretty Mcll blis- tered, then grease once a day till healed, and repeat. In mild cases, where the first symptoms are shown, fre((uent bathing, ssiy three times a day, Avitli lotion No. 37, and loose bandaging, will pre- vent its full development, especially if rest is given. In bad ca.ses the rest needs to bo prolonged to seveial months. The same rules and recipes will apply when enlargements come on the bones from kicks and other liruises. The tiring iron may be drawn over the spot when near or on a joint, if other and milder measures fail. LEGS OF THK HOUSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. ,'511 XII. Osteophsrtes, Following Sore Shins. This is the name given to the bony deposits that follow sore shins. There are several different kinds. The velvety, or villous resembling hoar frost, is usually spread all over the bone in a uniform layer, and is seen on bones of young racers, hack hoi'ses and sometimes driving horses. The splintered or laminated kind grows more in excrescences and splintered as in spavin. The warty or stalactite kind grows like a wart with either a pedicle or stem on a narrow base, or may-be a small sur- face on a large base, or a large excrescence spread on the bone over con- siderable surface; these are seen on any bone as results of bruises, etc., and sometimes appear around the hock and knee joints. Many other forms may be seen, like tarry matter i)oured over the bone hot, and liard- cnt^d while cooling, etc. Causes. — Hard work of any kind making the bones sore, inflammation sets 111 and then deposits follow as a natural result. Accidents, bruises, kicks, etc., contribute their share. How to know it. — The bony enlargement can be seen and felt. In addilion to that there will, in all prol)ability, be more or less lameness. In the absence of lameness there will lie a stiff, short, stilted gait; more or less knuckling of the fetlocks and going over on the knees — knee- sprung. It is most often seen in hack horses, saddle and buggy horses that get much work. What to do. — Treatment is unsatisfactory in that it requires a long time, continuous rest and considerable attention, and after all, the horse is not mucii improved ; liut it is always best to give it a trial, especially in young and valuable horses. In the early stages the same treatment pre- scribed for sore shins is applicable, which see ; and in the later stages repeated applications of the blister No. 10, and a long rest will help liim some, if it is an old, chronic case ; and if it is a recent case, it will cure. Xm. Porcelaneous Deposit. Causes. — Often in bad cases of spavin and ringbone, and in many other joints of the body, an ulceration of the head of the bone takes place in the joint, the cartilage becomes absorbed andletsthe ends of the bones together, and as a result of friction, a bony deposit is made on the ends coming together which gets rubbed and chafed till it is polished as smooth, hard and glossy as porcelain, hence the name. How to know it, — By negative s3'mptoms rather than positive. The horse is always evenly lame ; the lameness does not work off with exer- cise ; no treatment does any good, and the true nature of the trouble can only be determined by a post mortem examination. 312 THE AMERICAN FARMEK's STOCK BOOK. What to do. — Give the affected joint the treatment prescribed under its proper hoiid, t-xli;iust ill! known remedies, and when you utterly fail to produce a cure, you may come to the conclusion that there is jjorcela- neous deposit in the joint which is incurable. No treatment is of any avail. XIV. Strmg Halt. Causes. — Strinj^ halt or spring halt is a purely nervous affection in which the cause cannot be detinitely located, but which may be due to any local disorder. It often exists without any visible lesion. How to know it. — I'l'" l^'fi is jerked up towards the ])ody with every step, sonietiines so slroiigly as to strike the belly with the fetlock. Somc- tinu's it is very slight, only showing in moving from side to side in the stall, or only when starting forward or backward. Sometimes both legs are affected. It is usually worse when stai ting ; sometimes it is so bad that the horse has hard work to start at all and will stand and jerk up ilrst one leg, then the other ; but once started he goes without hesitation. But it is very fatiguing and wearing ; and the horse seldom accunimulatcs any flesh. What to do. — The treat nuMit is very unsatisfactory, seldom or never result mg in anv l)enetit, but it is best alwavs to treat aiiv local disorder A IIAI> CASE OK STUINC. HALT. of that region as it requires, willi a hope that it will alleviate the ner- vous ]crk. LKfiS OF THE IIOKSE, TIIEU! ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 313 XV. Interfering. Iiitcrferinjj; is the effect of :i variety of causes that make tiie horse brush the foot that is going forwani against the other leg. It nuiy be either fore or hind. lie may brush any part of the leg according to the heiglit to wiiich he raises the foot, sometimes the knee or above it, the shin or the coronet, but usually the fetlock. The fetlock is brushed when the horse is walking or on a dog trot ; the coronet, on the walk with very low action ; the shin, on the trot when the feet are raised higher than when the fetlock is brushed ; the knee, on the trot with very high knee action ; above the knee, when there is exces- sively high action. The effects of interfering are always bad, but particularly so when it is the knee that is injured. Interfering is usually confined to brushing the foot against the leg, but sometimes the foot is brought against the leg in such a manner as to strike it, causing the horse to go off on three legs for a few steps, and doing great injury l)y bruising the part. This is sometimes done by horses that do not brush hal)itually, but from some mis.step the foot is brought forward with a swing and strikes the otluu" leg in its passage. Causes. — Colts, before being shod, seldom or never inter- fere, but often do it as soon as shod, Avhile in other cases the fault docs not appear until some bungling shoeing is done. The shoeing is a common cause ; the foot is often pared down too much on the inner side, tipping the fetlock in so as to bring it in the way of the other foot ; the shoe is sometimes left too full on the inner side, projecting out so far as to brush in passing ; being shod too heavy or too light often causes it. Colts interfering when shod first, is due to the increased weight of the feet, but when the muscles become accustomed to carrying the shoes it disapi)ears. Mal- formation is a conniion cause ; the fetlocks arc sometimes tipped in ; the toes turned in or out giving a swinging motion to the fore feet. Weak- ness is a comnion cause, and also thimiess in Hesh. How to know it. — There is often lameness from it without any visible marks on either leg or foot ; in such a case chalk the foot, or smear lamp- black on it and move the horse and it Mill be demonstrated. But the point struck is usually very plain, also a polished surface on tlic foot, and sometimes blood on the hoof. What to do. — The first thing to be done, always, is to apply a boot to the j)lace on the leg that is brushed. Nicely-titting boots for all parts of the leg are made of both cloth and leather, that i)rotect the part from injury ; this done, proceed to remove the cause. If it is in the shoeing ENLARGED KNEE, FUOM SPEEDY CUT. 314 THE AMEKICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. take the horse to a shocr who is an artist in the business, and ])y close examination ascertain what changes can l)e made. As ti rule no two feet arc alike, and it requires an artist and a mechanic to change the jiosition of the feet and legs relatively. A good rule to follow in all ordinary eases is to shoe so as to tip the fetlocks out, giving the feet room to pass l)y without brushing. This is done by leaving the inner side strong and paring down the outer side, which will throw the centre of gravity in a new line and often prove successful. Instead of leaving the inner side of the shoe fidl make it rather scant. If the shoes are too heavy, lighten them ; if too light, or too large, change Iheni. If the horse is overworked, Jhin and weak, give him a rest and a little better feeding. There is no plan much more effectual than to spread the legs with good solid flesh, making them travel wider. If the knee gets larger and the swelling tills with liquid, tap it carefully and let the liquid out. Other points are not likely to be bruised badly enough to cause an effusion. After tiie cause is removed foment with either hot or cold water and apply lotion, No. 12; repeat it three or four times a day. Gentle exercise may be given if the swel- ling is not too large and sore. When below the knee bandages may be used to advan- tage. "When the swellings become hard and calloused the liniment. No. 11, may be rubl)ed in twice a day after a hot bath, rubbing the part dry before applying the liniment. ] A OOOl) KOKM. lenr view of a horse thighs spread th-; legs fering. lowing ho« nd prevent i ANKLE liOOTS IN COMMON TSE. The cuts above illustrate the application of a few of the most com- mon forms of luiots, used to i)rcvent injury by interfering. LEGS OF THE HOKSE, THEIR ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 315 It should be remembered that there is no chance of reducing the enlargement until the cause is removed. A boot should be worn till the tendency to interfere is obviated. XVT. Overreaching. Causes. — Overreaching is catching tlie toe of the hind foot onthe heels, quarters and shoe of the fore foot, often cutting the quarters badly, in- juring the hoof and causing it to grow down from the wounded part, giving rise to quarter cracks, weak quarters and rough, horny patches over the heels and pasterns. What to do. — This is a fault that has to be overcome by proper shoe- ing. Usually, shoeing (juite heavy forward and very light behind will make the horse take up the fore foot quicker, and get it out of the \vay of the hind foot before the latter strikes it. But in trotting horses, this is insuificient ; for, when trotting fast the hind foot passes by the fore foot on the outside to get an extra long reach ; l)ut they often fail to do it nicely and cut their quarters badly. This is usually overcome by weighting the hind foot on the outer side of the toe, cornerwise, as it were, to the foot ; this will have a tendency to throw the foot outward and forward at the same time. But in slow-going horses tiiis is impracticable, and dependence nuist lie placed on shoeing. The heels of the fore shoe need to be very short, the toe of the hind shoe set well l)ack under the hoof, and the toe calk, if any, set well back on the web of the shoe ; but in such cases, if the work of the horse will allow, it is best not to have any toe calk at all — let the shoe be plain. While trying different plans to overcome the habit, apply quarter and heel boots to the fore feet to avoid ruining them . XVII. Forging. Forgmg is the habit of clacking the hind and fore shoes together when trotting. It is not productive of any harm other than wearing off the toe of the hind foot ; but it is very disagreeable and annoying to the driver, and fatiguing to the horse. Causes. — The position of the feet at the time of the clack is differ- ent from what it is popularly supposed to be. The prevailing impression IS, that the toe of the hind shoe comes in contact with the heel of the fore shoe, but that is a mistake. As the fore foot is being raised off the ground, with the heel alread}' raised and the foot in the act of rolling on the toe, the toe of the hind foot comes flying in under the heel of the fore, and the two shoes come together, the toe of the hind against the web of the fore, making the clacking noise. It often wears off the toe of the hind foot liadlv. 316 THE AMERICAN I'AUMEIl's STOCK ItOOK. What to do. — Tlic object to be gained i.s to increase the action and activity of tlm fore leg, to got the foot out of the way of the hind foot. Siioc ligiit behind and licavy forward. Let the weight of tiio fore shoe be mostly on each side, and the web at the toe as narrow as possii)le, setting the toe calk, if any, as far forward as you can. Set the hind shoe back from the toe a (]uarter to half an inch, and the toe calk as far back on the web as possible, and very small. Leave the toe of the hoof projecting over the shoe . XVIII. Rupture of Muscles. Causes. — The muscles are somcitimcs ruptured across the fibres by overexertion, severe sprains, etc. How to know it. — (Jreat lameness is apjjarent as an early symi)tom. Swelling, heat, soreness and pain are noticed in tlu^ course of from two to six hours after the accident. There will be unwiilingness, amounting almost to inability, to move. When the intlamniation has entirely subsided and the swelling is all gone, there will be a depression in the muscle at the seat of the injury from absorption of the injured portion. What to do. — During the active inflammation, foment with hot water as continuously as possible, and apply in between bathings, the anodyne liniment. No. 27. When the inHammation has all subsided and the hol- low in the muscle has formed, api)ly the tincture of cantharidcs, liglitly rubbed in once a day, till it is pretty well blistered, then suspend it and grease the part once a day till it is healed, and then repeat the blister. Continue this treatment for several weeks and the muscle will generally rc-devclop. Give gentle exercise during the treatment. XIX. Atrophy of the Muscles. This is a wasting away and shrinking of the muscular tissue, leaving a flattened or hollow surface in the place of a full, round muscle. It is similar in effect to rupture of the muscles, l>ut is more extended. Causes. — Sprains, strains, bruises, severe pressure, etc. How to know it. — A flattened or hollow surface will l)e found in the place of the muscle. Compare the i)art with the corresponding muscle on the other side, and you will notice the affected muscle has wasted away. What to do. — Repeated applications of the tincture of cantharidcs will usually make the muscle re-develop, but if it does not succeed after trying for three or four weeks, insert setons over the wasted portion about two or three inches a|)art, the length of the atrophy ; apply a little fly blister to the setons about twice a week. Fonu^nt them with hot water twice a day. Leave them in three or four weeks, (iive gentle ex- ercise. All means frequently fail to make the muscle re-develo[). The animal is often just as useful, but the wasted muscle is a constant eye-sore. CHAPTER VIII. BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. I. CARIES. II. NECROSIS. III. OSTEOSARCOMA. IV. OSTEOPOROSIS. V. EXOSTOSIS OP THE JAW. VI. BROKEN BACK. VII. SPRAIN OP THE BACK. VIII. BROKEN RIBS. IX. BROKEN TAIL. X. FRACTURE OP THE SKULL. XI. TUMORS. XII. GOITRE. XIII. INFLAMED I'AROTIl) GLAND. XIV. FISTULA OP THE PAROTID DUCT. XV. FISTULOUS WITHERS. XVI. POLL EVIL. XVII. INFLAMED .lUGULAR VEIN. XVIII. SADDLE GALLS. XI.X. SIT FASTS. XX. SURFEIT. -XXI. DROPSY. XXII. CIIORDES. XXIII. IIEI4- NIA. XXIV. WARTS. XXV. HAT-TAIL. X.WI. IT(;IIY TAIL. XXVII. ITCHY SKIN. XXVIII. MELANOSIS. XXIX. HIDE BOUND. XXX. ECZEMA. I. Caries. This is molecular dcatli or uk-eration of a bone. It may affect any bone in the body. The bones most frequently af- fected by caries are the teeth ; the lower jaw, from injury from the bit ; the jaw boiie.s, from diseased teeth ; bones of the neck, from poll evil ; spines of the back, from fistulous withers ; bones of the tail, from dockinir — in fact, any l)one sus- caries. tainiiiij an injury of sufficient severity to cause a or the lower jaw-The effect 1 i' . J? i.1 1 1 i of being ii puller. slouffliuig ot the bono substance. Causes. — Wounds, either contused, lacerated, or clean cut, affectinsj the bone, are liable to be followed by infianimation, ulceration, and slouirhin;; of the bone substance. How to Know it. — A peculiar, offensive odor is the first indication that the l)()ne is affected — an odor of decayed teeth ; the discharge that comes directly from the bone is small, liut there is sufficient mixed with tlie pus from the fleshy surface to give the whole the characteristic odor. The surface of the bone is usually rough when felt with the finger, and has a tendency to spread if neglected. The surrounding parts always swell considerably, and become, in long-standing cases, quite hard and cal- loused. What to do. — Wash the part, and make an opening on the under side, if possible, to allow a free escape of the pus ; scrape the diseased surface of the bone with a dull edge, and dress twice a day, with the following lotion : No. 28. 2 Drachms hydrodiloric acid, >^ Pint water, Mix. 317 318 TIIK AMIOUICAN I'AK.M Klt's SlOC'lv HOOK. Apply with a swab directly to the diseased sj)<>t on the bone. This will have the effect of arresting the caries, and promoting a health}' granu- lation on the surface of the; bone, which will fill up the hole. Continue this lotion till all disease of the bone is certainly gone ; then change to Ko. 7, which will heal the Hesli wound, or use a little tincture of myrrh, or gum balsam. If it is cold we-.ither, compound tincture of bei'.zoine (Friar's l)alsam) is probably the best for tlesh wounds. These latter may be applied two or three times a day. 'J'l'eatment of parts retjuiring particular ai)pliances will be found under their pi'oper heads. II. Necrosis. This is death of a part or the whole of a l)one ; usually seen in the long, harder bones of the body, and quite often in the lower jaw-l)ones of horses that i)ull very hard on the bit. Necrosis is sometimes seen affeil- ing the cannon bones of young racers, causing the whole bone to run out, and a new one to form, but it is very rare. Causes. — External violence is the usual cause, setting up inflammation of the periosteum (the covering of the bone), and cutting'off the nutri- ment of the bone, so that it perishes. How to know it. — There will be one or more openings in the skin and flesh, through Avhieh the pus will find its way ; the odor of decayed teeth will lie present, and occasionally a small piece of dead bone will pnss out ^\\^h tile pus; tills dead bone is called sequestrum. 'I'iie discharge is irritating and excoriates the surface it runs over. What to do. — Make the openings large and dci)endent to allow a free escape for the pus, and remove the sequestrum as fast as possible, for the sooner it is removed, the sooner the sore will get well. Keep the parts clean, and dress three times a day with the following lotion, if the disease is on the surface, so that it can be got at easily : No. 20. }4 Ounce carbolic acid, y.i Pint raw liusecd oil, " Mix. But if the i)us cavities run deep, inject lotion No. 5. If the legs are affected, put the horse in slings. III. Osteo Sarcoma. This is cancer of the bone, and forms what is known as hirf head. It is very rare ; it affects the upper jaw bone, side of the face and teeth. The bone softens and degenerates into a cheesy substance, and is only held together by the skin ; the teeth loosen and arc easily removed ; the horse is obliged to chew on the other side : sometimes hay and other food collects between the teeth and cheek. The enlargement increases very fast, and tiie disease spreads till the whole side of the head is iuNoht'd : tiie nose twisted around towards the BODY or TIIK IIOKSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 319 sound side ; eating bet-oiuos piiinful ; sympathetic fever sets in ; emacia- tion becomes great and deatii ensues in from five or six weeks to as many iiionlii^;. Causes. — A predisposition in tlie form of a cancerous dialliesis. An exciting cause may exist in the form of a blow or severe bruise; on thi; side of the face, but that alone would not cause tiie canc(>r. How to know it. — Slow, painful mastication wiMi an iiulinalion lo chew on one side of the mouth by turning the sore side up, and twisting the head will be the first symptoms noticed. After a few days the side of the face will begin to swell in the region of the fangs of the molar teeth; great tenderness will be evinced upon pressure; the gums will swell and extend down )>etweeu the teeth ; specuhe of bone pierce through and make t\w surface rough and cause bloody saliva to How pro- fusely from the mouth. After the disease attains to considerable size the nose will turn over toward the sound side ; the lining of the nose swells so as to almost obstruct the breathing, giving rise to considerable roaring. If the skin is pierced Ww bone will be found to be easily punctured. What to do. — It is utterly incurable, and calls foi- lunnane destruction of tlu; animal as soon as the disease is satisfactorily known to exist. IV. Osteo Porosis. Csteo porosis is the opposite of osteo sarcoma. The bone becomes hard, porous and brittle fi'om too abundant deposition of the salty, harder portion of the bone. It is very rare in the lower animals, and is incm-able. V. Exostosis of the Jaw. This consists in the growth of bony tumors on the; lower jaw, wlicrc they arc (|uite often seen. Causes. — It i^^ usually caused l)y some external injury, often \>y tlu' cufli chain. How to know it. — I'lu^y are sometimes spread over a large portion of the jaw-bone with a very broad base ; sometimes they arc in the form of little nodules tiie size of tiic cud of a man's thumb, with a very small base. They l)ecome perfectly hard and tlo no harm, usually, farther than to be an mcwore. 1*/!. x X J 'P < i ■ 1 • UONY TUMOK. What to do. — I rcatment is useless, ownig to the late stage of the inflannnation. If the ^'"'""^ ""^ curb.chah,, true nature of the disease is known while the tumor is forming, repeated blistering with No. 10 will do much good. 320 THE AMERICAN FAKMEli'S STOCK BOOK. VI. Broken Back. Causes. — The back i.s sometimes hroUen by heavy objects falling on it ; this (juite frequently happens in Northern cities by snow and ice slid- ing off the roofs of houses. Sometimes the horse falls through traps and holes, and the back is sometimes l)r()kea when being cast for opera- tions. How to know it. — If the spinous processes only are broken, there will not 1)0 much change in outward appearance ; but the crepitation charac- teristic of all fractures will be noticed and probably some alteration in the straight outline of the back will follow — it will l>ecome depressed in the region of the fracture. But, if the back is broken so as to press nORSE SUPFEUING FUOM I'AUTIAL PAKALYSIS Of HIND LEGS. upon the spinal cord, it will cut off all sensation and power of motion from all parts back of the fracture. This inabilit}' to move and feel is paralysis and is due to the pressure of the broken bones upon the spinal cord. Sprain of the ^wofp nuiscles is sometimes mistaken for broken back, but the distinguishing difference is very plain, and the test easily applied, l^rick the tail or any part liack of the fracture with a pin : if there is no sensation the back is injured, and the spinal cord is enduring pressure ; but if the psoce nmscles are only sprained, while there will be inal)ilityto move the hind legs, there will be sensation and ability to move the tail when pricked M'ith a pin. BODY OF THE HORSiE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 321 What to do. — If the spinous processes only arc fractured, the animal will recover. Put him into slings if he can stand when raised ; if not, leave him on the floor, as he is safer and more comfortable there than in the slings, unless he can bear the most of his weight comfortably on his feet. Apply cold water rugs to the fracture, and bathe the part occa- sionally with tincture of arnica or camphor. After the active inflaniMia- tion has subsided, stop the cold water and just give the horse time, and nature will mend the fracture. But if any of the broken pieces of bone do not reunite, and continue to act as irritants, cut down upon them and remove them.* If the back is absolutely broken, so that there is inability to move, and no sensation in the hind parts, particularly if there is displacement, treat- ment is useless, and the animal ought to be destroyed, for it is only a question of a few days for him to die, and he might be saved all the suf- fering accompanying a natural death. In case there are broken bones to remove, it is best to wait till the irritant is located by the abscess that is sure to follow; then, when the abscess is soft, tender, and nearly ready to break, open it sufficiently to allow the finger to enter, and remove the pieces that ai'e acting as thorns. VII. Sprain of the Back. Causes. — Sometimes the back is only sprained by slips or falls, but if the sprain is severe, many of the same symptoms will be noticed, and the TEST KOK srUAIN OF TIIK HACK. ligaments, and sometimes the coverings of the spinal cord, are involved ; these are amenable to treatment but recovery is often slow. 322 THE AMEKICAN FAUMEU's STOCK 1500K. How to know it. — Sprain of the back i.s diaj^nosod by pressing liio thuMit) and iiiiuer along tlu; spines, and by tlirowing the; weight suddenly on liic lender spot, when jtain will be evinced. What to do. — I'he treatment consists in clipping off the hair along the back, and rubbing in well the blister. No. !). Oil the blister once a day afterwards. Kepeat it if necessary after a couple of weeks. Give a long rest and a run at pasture. VIII. Broken Ribs. Causes. — The ribs are often broken by falling, colliding with trees, walls, etc., while running away, kicks from other horses, etc. If dis- placement occurs, the ends are apt to puncture the pleura (the mcin- branc that lines the chest and covers the lungs), and the lungs ; in cither case the effects may be very serious, from hemori-hage and intlanunation in the parts wounded. How to know it. — If there is no displacement there will be no external alteration in the body, and the diagnosis must be based upon rapid breathing, the breath being cool, and effort to raise the flanks forming a crease along the sides of tlic belly to avoid working the ril>s in Itreathing, unwillingness to move, and upon the horse persistently remaining standing. If displacement takes place there will be eitlier a ))ulging in or out, according to whether the ends are tii)ped in or out, but the}' .are usually tipped in, leaving a hollow over the fracture, and puncturing the pleura, in which case there will be, in addition to the .symptoms above mentioned, more evidences of jjain and some bleeding from the nose, loss of appetite for a day or two, and more or less fever, according to the amount of injury done to the chest and its contents. What to do. — After moving the hoi'se as carefull}' as possible to his loose box, apply a bandage with surcingles directly over the fracture, and draw them middling tight, to prevent working of the ribs. Then watch the symptoms, and treat them as they arise, to subdue fever, stop hemor- rhage, etc. The fever is best kept under control with the following mix- ture : No. 30. 1 Driioliiii tincture noonitp root. 2 Dniohnis lluid extrai't bpUadoima, Water loiiiaki' fimr ouiu-i's- Mix. Give a teasp(>onfull every two hours, if there is much fever, till it is reduced. Feed on soft feed. CJive perfect quiet till the horse is willing and abh^ to take gentle exercise, which will be in four or five weeks. Two months should elapse before the horse is put to work. ISODY <)I' THE llOKf^E, ITS EXTEKNAI. ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. .>l',) IX. Broken Tail. Causes. — Tlio tail is sometimes broken at the dock, or where it joins tiie body, by the horse falling through floors to a floor below, or by some heavy weight falling from above, or l)y i-earing up and falling l)ack ; in fact, any accident that may break the back will break the tail if the blow strikes in the right place. The place where the fracture is most likely to occur is alxnit three or four inches above where the tail leaves the body, — at the point where the tail ))cgins from the upper part of the pelvis, called the sacrum. The sacrum being without joints and inelastic, is protected by the flat bones of the pelvis, l)nt just where th(^ protection ceases the tail begins, so that in case of a fail on the rump. i\\v tail is most likely to break at ics origin. How to know it. — There will be a sudden dropping of the outline of the upper and back part of the rump ; the dock will be dropped down into the space between the posterior joints of the hii)s, pressing down the anus, and making it very diflicult, if not impossible, for a mare to be delivered of a foal. A mare with the dock l>roken down never should be bred. What to do. — Nothing can be done for it except to try and raise the part by introducing the hand into the anus, but as nothing can be flxed to retain the parts in position, the attempt will not be attended with suc- cess. It is no permanent injury for work, but is a great e3esore. X. rracture of the Skull. Causes. — 1 he skull is often fractured li\- kicks, blows, bruises, col- lisions in runM\va\s. etc. A HOUSE DYINO FltOM AUSCESS WITUIN THE ItHAIN. How to know it. — liesidcs the external marks of violence, there will be eitlier stupor or delirium from pr(>ssLa'e on the l)rain, and mor(( or less 324 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. fever may follow; also accumulations of serum in the ventricles of the hraiii, delirium, convulsions and death. What to do. — Trephine the Ijone and remove the portion that is l)ressed down into the skull and is liable to cause pressure on the brain. Keep the wound clean and treat it as a simple wound. If the pulse rises and fever sets in, give the fever mixture, No. 30, and apply ice i)oultices (chopped ice and bran) to the head continuouslv for sevei'al days and nights. If he gets better it will be in the course of three or four days, but if the fever rises and delirium increases it will terminate fatally in A HOUSE >IA1> FKOJl INFLAMMATION OK THE BRAIN. from three to six days. If he gets down and raves and fights furiously, he had better be hol)bled to prevent him from injuring himself and his attendants. If necessary he may be thrown down on a soft bed and con- fined, when it will be easier to apply the ice and give the medicine, and increase the chance of recovery. In this, as in all fevers, give the patient all the water he will take — in small quantities and often. If it is in cold weather kec]) him warm and dry. XI. Tumors. Causes. — Tumors are i)reternatural growths, that develop on any part of the bodv. They may be fatty, fibrous, bony, cartilaginous, gland- ular, and fungoid. They devi'lop without any apparent cause. Some- times they do little or no harm except to bleniisii the appearance ; at BODY OF THE HOUSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 325 other times they do a great amount of liartu : interrupt the circulation, breathing, mastication, cause paralysis when on the brain, and injure the eye when near it. How to know it. — Fatty tumors, as the name indicates, are fatty in coinpositioii, and grow oftener on the internal organs, sometimes around joints. Fibrous are hard, cak)used, flesh}^ lumps like shoe boils, lumps on the ribs, etc. Bony tumors are similar in structure to bone, though not so dense ; they grow on bones, and are often the results of bruises. Cartilaginous tumors are those that grow on cartilages, and are a part of them ; are seen on the brisket, shoulder blades, etc. Glandular tumors are hj'pcrtrophied glands, abnormal growth of the glands, and they become indurated and i-emain so — sec goitre and inflamed parotid gland. Fungoid tumors, are those that sprout up like fungus ; they are exuberant granulations, and bleed easily when touched ; they are seen quite often around the eyes, and may grow from the surface of any wound. What to do. — Treatment of tumors, almost always involves surgery that requires a qualified veterinary surgeon to perform. The knife should never l)e used to any extent, except by an expert. XII. Goitre. This is hypertrophy of the thyroid gland, that is situated on the under side of tiie neck, about live to eight inches l)elow the angle of the lower jaw, on each side of the windi)ipe. It sometimes attains the size of a child's head, and presses against the trachea, so as to interfere with the breathing. Causes. — The cause is unknown. How to know it. — By the large, hard lumi) on tlie side of the neck. It is mova- GOITRE OK BRONCnOCELE. , , . ... , , , ble, niseusitive, and grows slowly. What to do. — Wash it thoroughly once a day with hot water and soap, to remove all dirt, scurf, etc., then, when dry, rub well in apiece as large as a chestnut of the following ointment : No. 31. 2 Drachms iodide of potash, 2 Ounces lard. Powder and mix. Continue tnis for three or four weeks Treatment may be carried on while working. xm. Inflamed Parotid Gland. These glands are situated on each side of the throat, running from very near the ear to the angle of the lower jaw, and are about the size of a medium sized hand. 326 THE AMEinCAN FARMEIiS STOCK BOOK. Causes. — They l)ecom(' iiiriiinied ofcasioiially from cold settling in thom, ()i- from injury. How to know it. — There will be considerable enlargement, and soreness upon pressure in that region : hot, diy mouth ; jiainful mastication, and more or less general fever. What to do. — Bathe them with hot water and apply linseed poultices. Give intcinally fever mixture, No. IS, till the fever is subdued. If the gland suppurates and comes to a point in any spot, open it, and continue the poultices as before. XIV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct. Causes. — Sometimes from a tumor or lump of hardened food in the region of the parotid duct (in the cheek opi)osite the third molar of the upper row of teeth), the opening of the duct becomes obstructed, inflammation sets in, and the duct often breaks out in a fresh spot. And on account of there being a constant How of saliva, th(! opening soon becomes fistulous. How to know it. — A sore is found on the cheek, usually on the outside, but scuiietinics on the inside; but the inner one does little harm as the saliva is not wasted. The saliva flows continuously, but more freely during mastication. What to do. — Clip off the hair around the opening, and remove any irritant ov obstruction on the inside ; see that the natural opening is clear. Scarify the edges of the external opening to make a fresh wound of it ; then apply the paste, No. 10, to the oi)ening, and let a cold linseed poul- tice go on directly over it. Dress it in this manner twice a day, and the fistulous opening will soon close if the natural passage is kept open. XV. Pistiilous "Withers. Causes. — When the withers become bruised, swollen and festered, and ■^Mh* SLIGHT ENLARGEMENT WHICH MAY ENI> FISTULOIS WITHEIiS— WORST STACJE. IN FISTULOUS WITHERS. running sores follow, pipes are forni.Ml and constitute fistulous withers, (thistelce of tiic hoi-sc doctor and cow Icccli ). liODY OF THK HOKSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 327 How to know it. — A constant, discharge is seen to come from the swelling around the withers and rim down over the shoulder. The pipes convening the pus are white, with thick walls, and very tough. The pus is oi-dinary healthy pus, unless the bones of the spine are affected, which is often the case, and then the pus will have the strong offensive odor characteristic of caried bone. What to do. — The knife must be used freely, but cautiously, and it is urged, as in all similar cases, to employ a qualified veterinary surgeon if possible. But if it is impossible to procure one, make the best of a bad case and open the sinuses right up from top to bottom. If there is a large hollow space on the tops of the bones under the skin, open the skin right up from end to end, letting the cut run lengthwise the horse. If the ends of the bones are exposed and caried, rough, diseased, and smelling badly, the diseased portions must be removed either with bone forceps or a tine saw, and dressed twice a day with lotion No. 28. Dress the pipes with lotion No. 1, twice a day for a week, then change to No. 5, alternating them. If the bones of the withers are exposed, but not caried, use lotion No. 5 on them and alternate it with No. 7 ; use one a week, then the other. XVI. PoU-evil. This is a fistulous sore affecting the bones of the neck near the top of tile head or jkiII. Causes. — It starts with a bruise from striking the top of the head against a low ceiling, doorway or roof of a car when being shipped, rearing and falling backwards, etc. Sui)iun'ation sets in ; the pus breaks out on the top, like any other abscess, but burrows down into the bones at the same time, differing in this respect from ordinary al)8ccsses, so that, within a few days after bursting on lop, it has l)urrowed down so as to reach the l)<)nes or the joint between them. In old, long-standing cases the disease some- '""-'-kvil duk^g the first times causes the ligamentum nucha' to become so rotted and eaten away by the suppurating process as to break, letting the head drop. The animal in this case is rendered useless. How to Know it. — There is always more or less tumefaction and flow of pus, which runs down the sides of the neck. The pus has a strong, disagreeable odor coming from the tendinous muscle, and. when coming from the bone, it will have the characteristic odor of caries. 32.S I'llK AMKKK AN 1 AUMEU « STOCK BOOK. POLL-EVIL IN ITS SECOND STAGK. Ill the course of a week or so, pipes form, and their walls of a few da\s, or may scab over, nwinj; to the surface fever that usually accompanies it. Little or no diffi'renc<', otherwise, is noticed in the health, of the horse. There is sonietiuu's a great amount of itching, and sometimes none. What to do. — From tli<' nature of the affection, the treatment indicated is to deplete the svstem. The best way to do is to give a full dose of purgative nieilicine, restrict the food, and give more exercise. The best piu'gativc for the horse is from four to seven drachms of 15ari)adoes aloes, according to the size and agc^ of the patient, and the time of year. Six drachms is the dose for an ordinary-si/.ed horse. Larger doses may lie given in the spring than in tlu' f:dl. The dose must lie diminished in BODY OF THE HOUSE, ITU EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. Hl^l size for tender yeai's, even if the colt is as largo as he ever will he. The aloes may lie given in a I)()lus the size and shape of your linger, and passed hack into the throat with the right hand, while holding the mouth open with the left ; or it may l)e given dissolved in a pint of warm water, with a hottle. Feed on hran mashes for a couple of days after taking the ball. After the hall has finished working, give a tal)lespoonful of the following mixture, night and morning, in the feed : No. 33. 2 Ounces iiitniU' of iiotash, 2 Ounces losin, 2 Ounces linseed meal. Powder and mix. No local treatment is needed, except to give all the necessary grooming the condition of the skin will allow. XXI. Dropsy. Causes. — Dropsy is rather the result of disease, or the result of a peculiar condition of the system, than a disease itself. It depends upon CROW-l'.AIT— KIM'K( r <)l' DKOI'SV. :i dcl)iiitatcd condition, tlic result f)f other weakening diseases, especially of the kidneys, and starvation : it sometinics conies from diseased and irregular teeth. How to know it. — It is manifested hy swelling of the legs, Ix-lly, and sheath: languor; pallor of the visible mucous membranes ; indifference to food ; emaciation with weakness etc. What to do. — It is of jiaramount ini|)ortance to remove the cause the first thing ; therefore examine the teeth, i-xtract any that are decayed, rasj) 332 TIIK A.MKKUAN FAUMKU's STOCK BOOK. off the shiiri) edges next to the cheeks ; soinetiines one gets i)roken, and the one ()i)i)c)site, having none to wear against, grows long and sticks directly into the gum, making mastication very ditHciilt and })ainful — in this case, rasp or saw it off. If the cause lies in a debilitated condition from some other disease, tonics are indicated. If the appetite is good, give the following i)owder : No. 34. I 'j Ounce pure sulpliale of iron, 1 Ounce nitrate of potash, '2 Dracluns fcenugreek seed, 2 Ounces linseed meal, I'owder and mix. Give a talilespoonful night and morning in soft feed. If there is not sufficient iippetite to take nu'dicine in the feed, give the following: No. Si5. 1 Oiiuce tincture of iron, 1 Ounce tincture of gentian, Water to make twelve ouuces. Mix. (live one ounce (two tal)lesi)oonfuls) three times. Tempt the appe- tite with whiitever he may fancy ; sometimes when a horse won't eat oats lu^ will eat corn or apples, carrots, ctibhiige leaves, etc. Con- tinue the tonics till all signs of dropsy are gone, and give gentle exer- cise as soon as the strength of the horse will allow. XXII. Chordes. This is ;i name applii'd to cramps of the nuisch-s of the neck and loins ; it is of a rheumatic nature, and is most common in spring, fall and win- ter. Causes- — Kxposure to cold ;ind damp l)V sleeping on the groiuid in wet, cold wetither. How to know it- — It may he known by swelling of the muscles of the affected parts, tenderness on pressure, neck twisted around towards one side, jind is stiff, so that the horse cannot feed off the ground. The horse under these circumsttuices is stiff mid sore till over. What to do- — Apply hot rags, wrung out of very hot water, and laid on the sore muscles. Keep him warm ;ind in a dry place. Give one of the following powders in soft feed tiircc times a day : No. 36. 1 Ounce colcliicnm seed, 1 Ounce nitrate of potash, 2 Draclnns fienugreek seed. Mix. Divide into twelve powders, (iive gentle exercise. BODY OV TIIK IIORSK, ITS KXTKKNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES^. 333 XXIII. Hornia. Hcniia or rupture is the l)ri';ikiiig away of the jjurts that contain tlie bowels, sometimes in one phice and sometimes in another. Tiie different hernias are named from their h)cation : Serotal hernia is rupture into the scrotum, and the bowels pass down through the abdominal rings into the scrotum ; this only occurs in stallions. Inguinal hernia is rupture into the groin through one or both ai)dominal rings. Ventral hernia is when the abdominal walls are ruptured and let the bowels through into the skin ; this is most liable to grow to enormous size. Umbilical hernia is rupture through the opening through which passed the cords during fetal life, and which never has I'losed. Causes. — The last mentioned one is from a natural defect ; the others arc from blows, kicks, great str.'iins in jnmi)ing, pulling, falling, and in the case of the stallion, it is usually caused by the exertion peculiar to his labor. How to know it. — There is a soft, puffy swelling on a surface that ought to be smooth ; it is easily pushed back and remains so as long as pressure is maintaiiied. Scrotal hernia is found in the scrotum ; the; scrotum is larger than it ought to be, and the hernia is often iittendcd by very serious results, such as colic, strangulation of the gut, inHannnation of the bowels in that region, moililication and death. Inguinal hernia is found in the groin or fliuik, and is nearly as bad as the serotal. All the different kinds of hernia are liable to fatal termination as described for the scrotal. Sometimes the omentum or caul (the membrane holding the bowels together) only is protruded ; then it is not so bad and not liable to a fatal termination unless the opening enlarges and allows the bowels to protrude too. What to do. — Try and reduce the herni.-i by pushing it back : then introduce skewers crosswise; thrcuigh the skin over th(> openin of an otherwise good looking horse. XXVI. Itchy Tail. This is an iti'hy condition of the tail at its origin or dock. Causes- — It i^ caused cither hy filth, surfeit, worms in the rectum, nianuc or some other parasitic disease. How to know it- — I'hc horse is continually ruhl)ing his tail against l)o>-t>, the feme, or anything he can reach, till he ruhs off nearly all the hair from t he dock. What to do- — Wash it well with soap and water once a day, and satu- rate the hair with a strong lotion of suit each time. If that does not cure, give injections of salt antl water, and apply lotion No. 24. to the tail llwee times a day. If that does not effect a cure, give the horse a purg- ing ball. No. 2.") : and use lotion No. .')2 on the tail. ItOUV OK TlIK IIOKSK, ITS K.XTEUNAl, A(( IliENI'S AND UrSKASlCS. a;}5 SHOWING filGNS OK PRURIGO. XXVII. Itchy Skin. This is sc-ic'iititicuily known as piuii^o. It is an itchy condition of tlie slviii all over the body, which sonic- tiincs makes the horse almost frantic, rnhhing', scratchinir and Ititinuhimselt continuiill)'. Causes. — It is one form of surfeit when not due to maiiije or hen lice, and is caused hy a heated, surfeited condition of Ihe body, which manj- f(>sts itself in this manner. What to do. — Give the liorse a pur- gative, No. 23, and when he has fin- ished purging, give a tablespoonful of the following, in l)raii mashes morn- ing and night. No. li". 4 Oiiuct's Epsom suits-, 2 Oiiiu'cs nitnitc of jjotash 4 Ounces liii;j)'('d iiicuK .Mix. \A'ash him all over with soap and water, and when dry, sponge liim over M'ith vinegar. If jn-acticable, give green food for a month. XXVIII. Melanosis. This, although a constitutional disease, is only seen to l)e recognized during life, on the surface of the body, therefore it will be described in this chapter. PREUISPOSKI) TO MELANOSIS. Color und class of horses usually alTected with n Melanosis is considered to b(! a species of cancer. It is a black tumor forming on any part of the body — in the lungs, liver, muscular and areolar or connective tissue. It is, in the latter, immediately under the 336 TIIK AMKKICAN FARMEU S STOCK BOOK. skill tliat it is foiiiul during life in tho horse ; usually around the tail. Pus ravitics and uhsccsses are apt to foi-ni around them. One fully six inches deep, and located under the tail was seen by the author lately. They seem to be confined to white horses ; even grays are not afflicted with tlicni. Causes. — The cause lies in the hlood — in the form of a iiredisposition to cancer. How to know it. — Black tumors form under the skin hut show through quite distinctly ; they are usually flat and irregularly round, about half an inch or an inch thick, sometimes not larger than hickory nuts, and sometimes they are seen the size of a man's hand. Nasty, disagreeable sores often form around them. What to do. — When they first make tlieir appear- ance, they can be cut out with pei-fect safety. If sores form, clean them out, scarify the surfaces and dress them with lotion No. 5, three times a day. (Jive internally the following mixture : 2 Ounces potassium iodide, 1 I'int water, MELANOSIS. Dock of a with melar loss of liHir the disease c afflicted , showing: n effect ot Give two tablespoonfuls morning and night, in a bran mash, this for about three weeks ; then omit two weeks and repeat. Continue XXrX. Hide Bound. Causes. — Hide bound is tho effect — not the disease itself — of some derangement in the s3-stem, that interferes with the general health, and gives rise to a gcnerall}' unthrifty condition. It may be due to indigestion, diseased teeth, exposure to cold, and starvation. Abuse is a common cause ; no horse can thrive and look handsome that is pounded, jammed and banged around. How to know it. — The skin is as tight on the body as a glove on the hand, and the hair all stares the wrong way. A thin condition is usually an accoinpaninient of hide l)Ound. The hair is dry, and skin dirty — full of dandruff. What to do. — Kemove the cause — if exposed to cold storms, shelter him. Examine the teeth, and if the edges of the molars are sharp, rasp them off with a rasp for the purpose. If starvation be the cause, feed better, and the skin will begin to loosen as soon as the horse begins to thrive, and will become oily and soft. If the manure has a strong smell, give him a purgative. No. 23, and a teaspoonful of salcratus in soft feed, once a day, for a while. Give regular exercise. BODY OF THE HORSE, ITS EXTERNAL ACCIDENTS AND DISEASES. 337 XXX. Eczema. This is the name applied to a scabby, pimply condition of the slvin. Causes. — Heat, eitlier from the sun, or fever in the sliin from getting wet and tlie sun coming out hot and scalding the back, or getting wet and remaining so a long time in the fall, this chills the skin, and the fever is the reaction and eczema is the result. How to know it. — The skin is covered over the neck, back and hips, and sometimes over the belly and sides, with scabs usually about the size of your little finger nail, and as thick as they can stand, giving a rough, pimply appearance and feel to the skin. It seems to cause no inconvenience, not affecting the health at all, nor even to cause itching. What to do. — Treatment is unnecessary, for as soon as the horse is sheltered from the sun in summer and storms in the fall, the scabs will gradually come off. Grooming will assist in removing them. When they are removed the hair has a rough, dirty appearance for a few daj's, but will soon regain its smoothness and luster. 21' ('IIAI''I"K1{ IX. DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. TlIMOIl IN TIIK I'Al.SK NOSTHII.. 11. I'Ol.MM S. 111. CATAltUll. IV. NASAI. (il.KKT. V. l.AUVNCITIS, KOAUMM: ANH WIIISII,lN(i. VI. (jriNSV. VII. IIII(>N(MHTI.S. Vlll. I'NKI'MONIA. I\. IIK.A VKS. X. ( ONCKSTION OK Till''. I.lINdS XI. I'l.KUKlSV. .\ll. in I'liorilOKA.X. XIII. ClIKOMl' COL'OII. IMACKAM SlIOWINC UKSIMl! \ TOKV OliliANS IN rill-: IIKAH Ol' A IIOKSIC. l._Tlu- Kiolril Ic.lii.n .lii>>l t.. J. Tho L.ryiix, niluuti-.l ill tlio c.u.imncf.iuiil of llic wiiKJJ.ipf. 3. -The toiiKUr. .1. Tlir uBoiiluinus or k"II<:1. 5,— Tlic soft piilutc. wliicli lii-s upon the l«ii|!iie iiiul ulTnrds n rcstitiK- pliiio whcrfoii icposiB till- ■•|'iKl"tt«l sfnusfs. S. -Ihc (,.1m- nostril. I. Tumor in tho Palao Nostril. 'IMh- fiilso nostril is tlio sniiill poiicli or ctt/ i- sido of tho lower odiiv of oucii nostril, 'rumors ;irc liaiilo to ftn-ni in these, nmi |i;ir(;ii<(' liiort' of tin' iiMlui-f of ;il>sci>sso.s, in liial tiu'v an- tilled with pus ut" a eheesy eonsistenev. luit aie tiiniors in that they form slowly and do not point and l)reaU liUe an aliseess. 'I'hey are usually about tho size of ii heu"s i\!»' outside, hut the main depend- ence is to he pl.iccd upon the cx.iniuial ion of the n.istril, when it will he found to he nearly losed hy the tumor in the false nostril. KACK Ol' IIOUSK. SliowitiK nppennince ol wlien there U n tuiiii liiliiu nostril. DISKASKS Ol' TIIK KKSlMKATOliV OKliANS. 339 What to do. — It. »';m l)(i opciUMl witlioiil tlir sliglitcsl (iMiiiicr. In-nl, till' kiiini iiisido tlio nostril niid iiiaUc u I'n'i" ()|H'iiiiiL,f and I'vaciiiitc tin.; pus. Inject loliou No. G, twi.c a day. 11 is not iilicly to rcciti-. II. Polypus. This is ii tumor-lilvo oxcroscenco uili, on a pedestal or necU. It varies in >i/.e from a elieriy to a man's list. How to know it. — I'he lirealhinj;- is obstmct- eil, to a eerlain e.\tenl, an, I, upon examination, the polypus is founil. What to do. — Cast, the horse, and cateh fp^^ tirni hold of it with the foireps foflhe pur- pose, then pass the ehain of an icnifiiiir ovei POBOEPs. it, and cut it out close to Uie surface from polypus. KorftnispinKihcpoiv- whicli it ijrows. A fiuc co|)per wire may be iinnginK pus for rcmovuf. i -j? /i i i l l il f""" ""= used, IT the prcffWM;' cannot be had; pass the umicrpurt wire over the i)oIvpus and twist it off. There will not b(! henior- trii. rhage to do any harm. Tlu' polypus may grow again, but it is r.ot ver}' likely to. III. Catarrh. Under this name are included acute catarrh and tlu^ common eold when it is confined to the nose. It is simple in itself, luit all iiillamnia- lions of tiie upper air-passages are liaiile to run down into the Imig.s and cause broni'hitis and pneumonia, whicli are always serious. Catari'li is inllanunalion of the nuicous niendirane (d' the nos- trils, and often extends to the sinuses of the head, especially the frontal sinuses situated between the eyes. Causes. — Kxi)Osurc to cokl winds, rain and snow storms, cold nights, etc. How to know it. — There is always a discharge frcnn one or both nostrils, '{'he liischai'ge is thin watei'y nmeous at first, and turns to nnico-piiru- lenl in tlu; course of a couple of days; and then 1o ])ui-ulent, if not i)roperly treated, 'i'lie mueo- purulent is white and frothy ; tlu' purulent is yellow, and has an (dTcnsive A UOlIiK's UKAIi \\ 1 ru COI.li. 340 rili: AMF.KICAN lAliMEi; S STOCK liOOK. I.YMIMIATIC CI.ANl) OI'" TIIIMJAI' SWOLI.KN. 1— Tlic tnlarged lymphatic within the ja (lor. In bad oasc:^, llicic is coii.sidcrahli; fovor, loss of appetite, and i-edness of the ojcs. ]f negleeted, and nature is not vigofous enough to throw it off, it becomes chronie, iind is known as nasal gleet. Sometimes the lym- pbatic gland, under the lower jaw, en- lai'gvs. What to do. — Remove the cause ; if exposed to culd storms, shelter tlu^ ani- mal, put on a blanket if necessary, feed on soft feed, give a teaspoonful of saltpetre in a bran mash night and morning. If that does not jierform the work satisfactorily, give the fever mixture. No. 4. If there is nuicli fever and loss of appetite, give No. 1)^. In all bad cases, give rest till the horse is better. If the at- tack is ])rolonged to a week or more, during convalesence, give the tonic No. 22, and syrillg(^ the nostrils out, two or tlire(! times a day, witii (lie following lotion : No. 3!). 2 l)r:icliiu>c:ul)()lic;iri(!, I I'iin of walcr. Mix. Apply the blister No. 41 to the throat, letting it i;<) well up towards the ears. If the skin is not mildly blistered with one application, repeat it after Iwenty-four hours ; then grease it once a day witli I'resh lard. "\\'hcn the discharge docs not come freely, it can be liclptHl by steaming the head in a bag of hot bran. IV. Nasal Gleet. Tiiis is the name given to chronic ca- tarrh, and is always complicated by exten- sion of the disease to NOM. IIAII. For stetmin^' hoisf wiih cold. fJjQ silUlses of tllC head, often causing the bone over the one affected to bulge out, as if swollen. Causes. — Neglected or ol)stinate catarrh, that will not yield to treat- ment with an oriiinary amount of perseverance, are the only causes, 'i'hc sinuses of the head are all in communication with each other l)y tubes and i)assages. When inilaniniation extends to tlicm, the swelling of the mucous nieniliraiie closes these jjassages, and routines the pus witli sidli- kir^' A llOKSK WITH THK TllHOAT HMSTKKEI). DISEASKS OF TIIK RESriUATOUY ORGANS. 341 cient force to cause the l)one« to bulge out, l)ut there will be ii constant How of i)us from tlie nostril, sufficient Iteing forci-d through the i)!issage hy (lie pressure to keep up the discharge. How to know it. — i'he general health is not in the least affected, except, jjcrhaps, in long standing cases. There is a contiiuial flow of thick, offensive, yellowish matter that will usually sink in water. Owr nostril usually runs more than the other, and oftentimes the chronic trouble is entirely confined to one side. The face between the eyes will be found to be full, giving a dull, solid sound when tapped on each side of the median line running down the centre of the face. In longstanding, bad cases the bone of the face, referred to above, will be bulged out, and great pain evinced when tap[)ed. Pus is, naturally, the lilandest secretion of tiie body ; but i)eing con- fined, it corrupts, and then smells abominably. 1'he facial sinuses formed in Jiasal gleet, open to the nostrils on either side by two comparatively small flai)s, slits or valves. These are their only means of communica- tion with the external atmosphere ; and through these valves all the pus must flow. It is not surprising that such structures occasionally become clogged, till the accumulated secretion, or the inciHvjsed breathing, or the position of the head, obliges the passage to give way. What to do. — If the sinus is full, there is no cure for it without the operation of trephining to remove a portion of the bone, to evacuate the sinus, and give local treatment ; but if there is no bulging of the bone, it may be cured by syringing out the nostril with warm Avater to clean it, then injecting a little of lotion No. 39 with a long-nozzled syringe, using considerable force to cause a spray when it strikes the back of the nose. Repeat this, morning and night, for a month or so, and give internally, No. 34. The operation of trei)hiniiig the frontal sinus, will be found described in the chapter on operations. All treatment, except the operation, may lie continued and the horse ke])t at his work, unless he is laid up on account of the apjiearance of the nostril, as it looks very nasai, oleet. bad to drive a horse with a chronic discharge from the wTth .iLifiVkel und bulging; of nose. IhetroiitaUiiius. V. Laryngitis, Roaring and Whistling. This is what is ordinarily known as sore throat. The inflannnafion lies in the lining of tlu^ larynx — that is, the cartilaginous box in the tludal , which is the upper end of the wind|)ipe oi- //wc/^w? containing the vocal cords, and is the seat of roarinsi-. 342 TIIK AMEinfAN VAIIMKR S STOCK KOOK. KKI'KCI' <)l' I.AKYNdlTIS. A liorse trying In drink, the w:itcr rcturnin^j by Causes. — Exposure to cold winds and .slorms, standiiii;- in driifls when Wiiriii, neglect wliou eoming ill wlieii warm from work, and extension of ealai rli from tlit; nose. The cause of roaring is ciironic. inllamnialion of the mucous membrane lining the lar- ynx, diminishing the air passagt^ so tliat when he is unable to get sutH- citMit air, and forcing it, through the small passage, makes the nois(\ How to know it. — The throat is usually swolh'U on i\w. outside, but sometimes only on the inside, and is tender upon pressure ; the nose is protruded ; he has great ditHculty in swallowing, and ofttm, whendiinking, the water will come back through the nose nearly as fast as it goes into the mouth, and what is swallowed is forced down with an effort. There is usually a short, painful, subdued cough, dry at tii'st, but getting more moist after a couple of days. What to do. — Clothe wamdy ; shelter from cold storms and drafts; rub mustard paste well into the throat on each side, well up towards the eai's ; feed on soft mashes, boiled oats, etc., and set a pail of water in the manger for him to ]ilay in to cool the throat and mouth. Give internally fever mixture No. 4, every two hours till the fever is reduced and the pulse lowered ; thou drop off to three or four times a day. If the swelling in the throat does not yield to the above treatment, ai)ply a soft, hot linseed poultice to it, and change it once a day for a fresh one. The loss of appetite, or rather inability to eat, will soon disai)i)car and lecovery will be rapid. In case of roaring, apply a smart blister of eantharitlcs, No. !•, to the throat, and after three weeks repeat it. inject a tables|)ooiiful of the mixture No. .">r), three times a day well back into the throat, and let the hors(> run at grass or feed on very soft food. Had, long standing cases of roaring are incural)le. Whistling is similar to roaring, except in the noise produced ; it is subject to the same causes and treatment. Roaring and whistling are sometimes, but very rarely, the effect of paralvsis of the nerves of the larynx. Idling one or more of the cartilages drop into the box to a certain extent, and thereby diminishing the caliber of the air i)a.ssage. Sometimes a, smtdl portion of the cartilage doing the damage can be removed, but it retpiires the skill of ;i (|U.dilied veferi- uary surgeon. DIHKASKS Ol' TIllO ItKSl-l UAK )i;V <)lt(iAN.S. 343 VI. Quinsy. Causes.— Sometimes the iiilliiimniiLioii in tlie tlirojiL in liiryn^iliw is mo great :iiul deep sc;itedthat iib.setwscs form in the tiiroat, i)n)(liieiiijf (luiiisy. It is Ciiu.sod by tiio same aficiits as iaryiifjjitis, and is always more pro- ioiifrcHl in duration tlian sim[)le sore tliroat. How to know it. — It may start with all tlie syinptoms of iaiyn^itis but will not- yield to treatment at Hrst. The tiiroat gets sorer and sorer from day to day, till suddenly the abscess bursts, and a trenuuidons flow of pus comes from Hk; nostril, and the animal will Ik^ n^ruived at once. Quinsy lasts from one to three or four weeks, and is very apt to be followed by roaring or whistling. What to do.— Ap[)ly the same treatment as prescriluid for laryngitis. Continn(^ lh(! linseed [jonltices right through; apply tli(!m so as to cover the throat nearly to the cars, and keep llieni (piit(5 soft. VII. Bronchitis. The bronchial tubes are the two branches of the trac^hea or wind pipe ; they lead to the lungs. Inllammatioii of those i)ranch(!s, and also of the lining of the tubes as they ramify through the lungs, is known us bron- chitis. A Kir SIIII.IKC'I' FOIt I'IMNDKK Olt IllION" II rllS. Causes. — The same exposures that cause eatairh and soi-e throat are prolific agents in producing this disease. And tlK^re is a vcny great tiiu- dency in tin; horse to inllammaticnis of the upper air passages which I'un down upon the lungs, so much so that many eases of catarrh and lai-yngi- tis terminate in bronchitis ;ind pneinnoniii. MA A.MKKICAN lAlJMKi; IX'K ItOOK. How to know it. H i-^ alwiU's uslieri^d in witli :i sliiveriiig (it, Iml tliis lit is sdldoMi .seen, ;m(l if siuMi is tlioiiiiiit nothing of by most pcH»i)l(' ; llic. chill passes off iuul tiic f(';i(;lion hi'ings fevor ; the pulse runs up to tiftv or sixty, is soft, full and hounding ; ti!nii)eraturo soon runs up to 102 '^ or 103 ® F. ; the breathing is hurrii;d aiid the nostrils are distended. If pressurt^ is applicnl to the ehcst just above tlie breast bone, pain will be evineedandacough [)i-ovoked, which is soft, deep and subdued, great pain being nianifest(!d whiles coughing ; (he horse is loth to move ; if the ear is j)la Ol' ■I'lllO UE.SI'IUATOin ()I!(JANS. 345 What to do. — If seen duiiiin- tlie chill, give two oiinoos of whisivey in a liltlo wak'r and follow it willi No. 4, for tlic next twelve hours ; then, if better, continue the sanu^ at lonti'er intervals, hut if worse, change it to the following : No. 40. I >, Ounce sweet spiiils (if nilre, 1 Draeliiii tinetiiie of acoiiite root. 2 Dniehiiis fluid extract belladonna, 1 Ounce tiiicluie of fjeulian, I Ounce powdered sall|M'lre, 1 Ounce iiowdered sal annuoni:c. Water lo niaUc one |iiul. Mix. Give a wine-glas.sful every two iiours till tli(^ horse is better, tlien drop off to three or four times a day. Set a bueUet of water in his manger. Oive scalded oats to eat ; if he won't eat them trv him with other things H; nUOMMMTIs — a couple of ears of <'orntlir('(' nr four tiini'sa dav, carrots, apples, good h.ay, etc. Ktil) a lilllc of llie I'nllowing liniment well into the sides ■over the lungs, and on tiie ciu'st once a day till it is well blistered : No. 41. 2 Ounc<'< li(iiuii- anunouia, 2 Ounces spirils luriientiue, 2 Ounces linseed oil. Mix and shake. When the blisteriim' has been (arrird I'ar enough, rul) a little fresh lai'd well into the hair once a day to take i>ut the scabs without ])idliiu;- out the hair. If tlie skin coincs off aiiywliei-e from tlie blister, appiv No. 24 to the spot three times a day. Give plenty of pure air to breidhe, but avoid drafts and dampness; sec that tiie drainage is good, {{emove liini from tiic otlierliorses If pos- 346 THE A.MEKICAN FAUMER S STOCK ROOK. sihle, on account of tlic vitiated air lu; would have to hrcatbc iu the sta- ble with tlieni. When convalescence is well established, and there is much weakness, change the medicine to No. 18, l)ut do not the iliaphragm, ribs and abdominal nuiscles arc brought into use to expel the air, giving rise to the se(H)nd spasmodic, twitching effort seen inthetlanks. This condition constitutes heaves, also known as broken wind. Causes. — lh(^ most common cause is driving too fast, ami keei)ing it up too long when the horse is not in condition — either having his stomach too full and not giving the lungs room, or the lungs themselves are weak from very light work, or entire disuse. Horses fed entirely on dusty Timothy hay, are more subject to it than those fed on prairie hay. A horse is more likely to get the heaves when dii\cii fast against the wind than with it ; the lungs get very full of air, immensely disteniled by the extra amount taken in, and if kept at that kind of work any length of time, the lung tissue gives way, and a rupture is the cons(iuence. How to know it. — Instead of the regular, easy breathing noticed in the tlanks, there is a second effort made by the jerking of the muscles of the Hank. When the ear is placed against the side over the lung, a whistling, wheezing sound is usually heard. When once begun it is very apt to increase, and often remlers the horse useless. What to do. — It is incurable, but it can be alleviated l)y careful feed- inw of getting the •i'reatcsl amount of nourishnu'ut in the smallest coniiiass. ^\'et everything i{\i» rosiTii DiKKASKs oi- iiii-: i:i;siM!:.\T()i;v okcans. 349 lie oats, to l;iy llic dust, (iivc tlic follow mil;' iiiixliin' twice a day in soft tVeil : No. I-J. 2 OUIi.M'- |,0U(|C1V(| lullC'li:! M-C(|. ■J Omicr- liiis 1 iiic:il, Mix. Divide into eight doses ; give one nigiit and morning. ^\'lien tliey are gone, wait a week and repeat it. Avoid gi\ ing too mneh, as it is apt to weaken the kidneys. Always drive a horse slowly that hiis the heaves. X. Congestion of the Lungs. Congestion, is always a precursor of iiillmnina- tion of th(^ lungs, hut it sduietinies comes on in sue.h a way, as to need separate consideration. The pathology of it is turgeseenee of the lung tissue by stagnation of flu; capiilarv hlood vessels and arterioles. Under favorable^ circumstances it improves, and total recovery is (he result, but in For i.caa of horse affected with , - . . " . • ,1 .■ heiivcs; for it aKRrav.ites the had eases it is very apt to run on to inllammation diiBcuit breathing. of the lung tissue, and a ease of pneuinonia is the result. Causes. — Over exmtion when not in eonditioii to take it ; the system is fat ; the blood is rich and fat ; the lung tissue is weak from Wiiiit of use during longer or shorter iieriods of idleness. When in this eonditioii, the horse is taken out, perhaps, once a week, and the driver thinks because he has had so long a rest, he ought to be able to go faster than if ho wore out every day, and sends him through to beat the crowd. Congest ion of the lungs is quite frequently the result. This is oftener seen in the old country among the hunters, but is not infrequent in this coimlry among the gentlemen's road horses. From the contraction of the muscular tissue, the blood is thrown inwardly to the lungs, liver and spleen ; the lung tissue becomes fatigued, and the small blood vessels surcharged with blood to such an extent as to interfere with the circulation. How to know it. — The horse suddenly stops, all out of breath ; nos- trils distended ; the eoiintenance has a look of anxiety upon it; he looks around as if in search for iiku'c air ; paws the ground in his endeavor to breathe, and acts generally as though suffocation were near. What to do. — Let him stop; turn his head towards the wind; loosen all harness that interferes with the free expansion of tlui chest and jiass- age of air to the chest : let down the check rein : loosen the throat lash : remove the collar or breast plate and girth : and a small stab of the knife in the roof of the mouth to draw a little blood may assist in restoring the circulation. As soon as he is snttii'icntly recovered, tak(> him home quietly 350 THE AMERICAN FAKJIEll's STOCK BOOK. and pliioc him in a comfortable loose box ; give him a sponge bath with alcohol and plenty of friction from head to foot ; also cold water to drink in small (luantitics, and give recipe No. 30, in a little water, till the breathing and circulation are normal. If it does not yield to this treat- ment, and pnemnonia is inevitalile, adopt the treatment prescril)ed for that without delay, and apply it vigorously. Approaching pneumonia will be noticed by a rise in temperature. If the temperature goes above 101 ° Fahr. and tlie breathing continues labored, look out for pneumonia. Prevention. — Feed a horse accordtjig to his work. If he is doing daily hard work there is very little danger of overfeeding, but if the work is light and little of it, feed sparingly on heavy grain. Give daily regular exercise. There is very much less danger of derangements if the horse goes out every day tiian if he only goes out once or twice a week, and he is able to do ten times the work from the fact that he is in a strong, vigorous condition — muscular without being fat. XI. Pleurisy. The lining of the chest and coverings of the lungs are serous mem- branes that secrete a serous, slippery moisture that prevents friction by rubbing of the lungs against the ribs — called the pleura. Inflammation of these serous membranes is known as pleuris}-. It is attended with great pain, and is often followed by liydrothorax or filling of the chest with water, which is generally fatal. Pleurisy may exist alone or with pneumonia ; then it is called pleuro-pneumonia. Causes. — Any sudden exposure to cold rains ; drafts in the stable, especially if the horse comes in warm. It would be verj' prevalent if the inflammation in these parts did not go to the feet by metastasis as often as it docs. See founder or laminitis. How to know it. — The horse has a chill, followed liy high fever; great pain in tlie chest, shown by colicky pains ; nose turned around towards the chest frequently ; cars and legs are cold ; breathing hurried ; pulse quick, from 50 to 75 per minute ; temperature raised three or four de- gress ; elbows turned out, and a line along the lower edges of the ribs denoting a fixed position of them to prevent friction in the chest ; loss of appetite ; great pain evinced upon pressure with the fingers between the ribs ; a grating sound heard by the ear applied to the sides, made by the rubbing of the parts internally, which arc rendered dry by the inflam- mation. If recovery takes place, it is usually within four days; but if it con- tinues longer than that, effusion takes place, and the chest begins to fill with water, floating the lungs up and forming liydrothorax. If the chest does not till more than one-third, it will usually absorb, and he Mill re- cover ; but if the chest fills more tiiau onc-tiiird fidl, it is usuallv fatal. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. 351 What to do. — If seen during the chill, put on blankets ; shelter from tho cold iiir, and give half a teacup of whiskey in a little water, and follow it with receipc No. 40, giving a dose every two hours till he is better ; set a pail of water before him, and feed lightly. Hub the liniment. No. 41, well in to the sides, and, after six hours, repeat it. When the fever is broken, change the prescription to No. 18. When convaleseiice is well established, give receipe No. 2'2. Xn. Hydrothorax. Causes. — This is a tilling of the chest with water, following pleurisy. How to know it. — Tiie horse has been enduring great pain all through the attack of active inflammation, but as soon as effusion begins, and the chest begins to till with water, the pain is relieved ; he brightens uj), commences to eat, and is more comfortable, till the water floats the lungs up and interferes with the l)rcathing. Then the countenance becomes haggard and anxious : breathing short and fast ; breath cold, from shal- low, bronchial respiration ; the extremeties aie cold ; pulse very high, from 80 to 150 per minute ; tapping on the sides will produce the solid Showing the distens HORSE WITH HYDROTHORAX. of the nostrils, heaving ot the flanks and dropsical swelling around the chest. sound of a barrel full of water; the car placed to tlie side will fail to detect the customary resi)iratory murmur; there will be lifting of tlie loins and elevation of the back at each effort at inspiration, that is, draw- ing breath in ; the ribs l)ulge outward ; dropsical swellings appear under the chest and belly ; the head is extended ; there is flappina; of the nos- trils ; regurgitation of the blood in the veins ; splashing of the water is heard in the chest when it reaches the heart ; the pulse gets smaller and .smaller; breath shorter and shorter, till he drops suffocated, as com- pletely drowned as though he were pitched into the lake. 352 Tlir. AMKliH AN lAlilMKH s STOCK HOOK. Fiivoi'iil)l(\ syiuptoiiis iirc Icssciiiiifi' of llic effusion in tiicohest; im- provonuMit ill tiie liicaliiinji- and pulse: return of lieaitliy apjjetite, cte. But reeo\erv is slow, aiitl eoiiiplote recovery is seldom realized, for the luiifi; is apt to j^row fast to the ril)s, and stitclies in the side attack him during' active exercise. What to do. — I'ld I'iiii ill ;' conifortalile place, ilry, warm, and well- voiililaled, ))ut no dnifls. Clothe warmly, and handajie tlu^ legs. If the sides have not been well hiislorod with receipe No. 41, apply it imme- diately, and repeat it every si.\ hours, till the sides are well-hlistcred, and give No. l!^ internally, e\-eiy two hours, very ])ersistently ; if ho eats notliini;, drciuli him with o:il-nical gruel. If the chest continues to fill it ma}' l)c tapped, the operation being called jKiniccntvsifi tfioracis, direc- tions for which mav be found in the chapter on operations. XIII. Chronic Cough. Causes. — Wlu-u theinllammation of the mucous menilirano of either the laryn.x or bronchial tubes becomes chroni<', the irrital)ility of it remains and the smallest thing will produce a cough, and sometimes a lit of cough- ing that may last several minutes. Dust in the hay or oats, or breathed in while on the road, sudden gusts of air, pressure of the collar or throat lash, or pinching of the throat with the hand will excite the cough. TllK. Al r Ol' ('OC:il. Divide into twelve powders and give one niglit aiul morning in soft food. If one course does not cure, repeat it. If that proves ineffeetuaU ai)ply blister No. instead of No. 41, to the throat and give Prof. Dick's ri'cipi! as follows: No. 44. 1 Dniclim cainiihor, 1 Dracliiii (lij^itiilis, 1 Dnichiii .•aldiuci, I Drac'liMi opiiiiii. Mix ill II liall Willi >yiii|i. Give it as one do; and repeat . If (lie cough is following: No. 45. (lilulcd |irii>sic arid, 1 Ounce tiiii'liire of caiiiiilinr, 3 Di-ai'hnis lluid oxtrail liidladona, 1 OuiK'O liiu'tiire gentian. 1 Ounce chlorate of )iotAsh, Water to make one ))int, Mix. Give one ounce three times a day, with a syringe; open the nioittli with one hand and shoot it well li-cU into tiie throat. Do not iittcMiipt to hold ii horse's head ui) to drciuli him with anything else than oil when he has a cough ; for it is apt to irritate the throat and might choke him. For the tn^atment of coughs acconipanving catarrh and larvngilis i-efer to tiicni. If the above treatment fails, we would I'econnnend the insertion of ji seton under the skin of the throat and a long run at grass, if practica})le. Leave the setou in three or four weeks ; wash it nice and clean once a day with hot water. SoiiK^times a run at grass will do more for a had cough than all the nuHlicine in the world. If the cough appetirs to come from the i'hest, and pressure in the hollow just aliove the lireast bone agirravates it. ap|)ly the blisters there, and give the same trcalmciil otherwise as for the throat. IN riiK riiiioAr ok IIOUSK. CIIAI'IKK X. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OP THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 1. TKKTII— AOHK. DECAY, FILINO— WOLF TF.ETII. II. TONGUE LACKKATION. III. SOUK MOUTH. IV. LAMPAS. V. PIIAKYNGITIS. VI. Cn(>KIN(i. VII. (lASTKITlS. VIII. STOMACH STA(}OERS. 1.\. DV.SI'El'SI A. .\. SPAS- MODIC COI.K;. .\I. FLATULENT COLIC. XII. KUPTIIKE OF THE STOMACH, INTESTINES <)l{ DIAPHUAUM. XIII. CONSTIPATION. XIV. DIAKKHOEA AND SUPEUPUKOATION. XV. UVSENTEKY. XVI. ENTERITIS. XVII. PEUITON- ITIS. XVIII. CALCULI. XIX. INTUSSUSCEPTION AND CUT TIE. I. Teeth— Ache, Decay, Piling— Wolf Tooth. Causes- — DoningiMiiciits of llio tcctli very freinuMilly lead to ^lavc diffioiillit's, holh local and coiistiditioiial. 'Plic tcctii often become dei^ayed, holes form in them, and lootli-achc is a common occurrence. How to know it. — It will he delected hy the horse holding his head on one side wiiilc cliewing, turning his head lirst one way then the other, as if trying to remove food from a sore tooth, and doing the same when drinking, if the water is very cold. The disease often extends up the tooth, or starts in the form of ulceration on the fang, and l)rcaks out into the nose, causing a disciiarge from the nostril on the side on which tlie rotten tooth is located. A clironic discharge fi-oin a tooth is often mistaken for nasal gleet, A uoiwE WITH TooiMAcni:. .„^,} somctimcs for glanders, on account of the disagreeable odor, wiiich will t)e recognized as that characteristic of dis- eased bone. Sometimes the ulceration, when of a lower tooth, breaks out at the angle of the lower jaw, and sometimes extends to the root of the tongue and to all the soft tissues lietwcen the branches of the lower jaw ; in one instance that came under the notice of the writer, the disease proved fatal t(> a valuable horse. Tiio teeth frecpiently get broken by chewing on stones taken up with oats, and when one molar tooth gets broken oif, the opposite tooth, not having anything to wear against, gets very long and sticks into the oppo- site gum, and makes mastication very painful. The edges of the molar teeth g(^t sharp from the fact that they wear bevelling — the edges mu.st necessarily sharpen as they wear; the upper rows bevel downwards and outwards, the edges intting the cheeks, and the lower rows bevel upwards and inwards, cutting the tongue. 354 DISEASES AM) ACCIDENTS OF TIIIO AIJMENTAKV CANAL. X)^> The broken and sliai'i) teotliinakc niiisticalidii not only painfnl, hul almost iinpossil)lc, ooiiscquenlly tlic horse bolts the food half eliewed, which <'aiis('s indigestion, eolic, dyspepsia, liideI)oiMid, emaciation, etc., any of wliich may run on to a fatal termination. Tlui food is fre- quently quidded and dropped into (he man- ger. Colts, when slieddini:' (heir (eel h, often suf- fer a great deal from sore nioutiis, wliich causes them to look rough and scaly until (lie ones grow. What to do. — In case of a discharge from (he nose, always examine (he (eedi, and if any are decayed so as to cause (he (rouble, remove them. If a tooth extends below the others on account of the opposite one being broken, file it off even with the odiers. If the edges get sharp, so as to scarify the cheeks and tongue, tile them off round. There are fih^s made expressly for thsit pui-pose. The edges only need tiling ; the surfaces get very rough, but that is intended to be so by nature ; it is Iwr millstone to grind the grain ; and the arrangement of the tooth material is such that the more it wears the sharper it gets. In case of a parrot mouth, where (he uppei- incisois projcset ov(n' the lower on(!s, the horse is unable to graze, and th(! mouth, as far as age is concerned, presents a horrible appearance, passing for doul)lc the ago he really is. Kither file or saw them off even with (he lower row. Wolf Teeth. — These are small, insignificant teeth, that come imnicdiafely in front of the upper rows of nu)lars. ~ ^;'S>"^ It is a popular idea that these affc^ct tlie nerve I'unning to the eye and (lause moon-blindness, weak eyes, etc. But it is a whim ; they do no possibh; harm, excej)t, i)erha|)s, (o wound (Ik^ ■cheek by its being pulled against (ho wolf toodi by (ju- l»i(. JJut they do no possible good, and, conse(iueii(ly are just as well, and a liKlo better, out. Take a pair of blacksmith's pinchers and pull them out. They are usually only in the gums, and come out easily. When the now teeth of colts come before tho old ones are out, the old ones should be removed, to make room for the new. II. Tongue Laceration. Causes. — The tongue is sometimes bitten by failing and striking on tho moudi ; torn with the halter chain, or by being pulled forcibly out of the mouth on one side, being cut against the sharp molai- teeth. I'AUItOT MOITU. 356 TIIK AMERICAN FARSfER S STOCK BOOK. What to do. — \\'()uiuls on the tongue heal readily. If the end is torn half-wu}' off, or less, it will heal, hut will not grow together, but may be left, and no inconvenience will be felt ; but if it is more than half torn off, it will be found advisable to cut it clear off. Dress wounds of the tongue with the following lotion : No. 46. 1 Ouuce borax, 1 Ounce honey, 1 Pint water, Mix. Dry the sore with a sponge, and rub on the lotion three times a day. Sometimes it is necessary to amputate the tongue, on account of wounds and accidents. It is quite feasible, but recjuires the skill of a qualified veterinary surgeon. m. Sore Mouth. Causes. — The mouth is often made sore by the bit, by caustic sub- stances in the food and medicine, by too hot mashes, etc. The bit often excoriates the angles of the mouth, and, if allowed to continue doing harm, the mouth soon becomes cal- oused, and loses all sensibility. Sometimes the bit injures the lower jaw bone so as to kill a portion of it, when it will become a foreign sub- stance and slough out, leaving a veiy sore mouth. This is most often seen in violent pullers and when the curb hit is used. The oval portion of a < iirl) l)it often presses upon the roof of the mouth and does a great amount of injury. How to know it. — When any portion of liie mouth is swollen and sore, examine it carefully and locate the cause if possible. When the bones or roof of the mouth are injured, there will l)e great soreness and some SM'elling. What to do. — Kemovc the cause, that is, leave the bit out of the mouth for several days. If the angles of the moutii are raw, apply recipe No. 32 three limes a day. If the bones are injured and exposed apply No. M!l three times a day; SORE MOUTH. With the angles excoria ted by the bit. SORE MOUTH. Witi} the angles and cheeks swollen, cal- loused and insen- sitive. INJURY BY THE BIT. A mouth with the bone bad- ly injured by the bit, tlie left side being much swol- len around the tusk. MISUSE OF CURB. The roof of the mouth injured by the curved part of the curb bit. DISEASES AND ACCIUEXTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 351 if the flesh is not broken it would he :idvis;il)le to starify it to allow it to break through the tougii skin more easily, and examine it carefullj' each day to sec when the dead piece of bone is loose, and remove it. Then dress the wound with the same k)tion, (No 39) till the bone is covered by healtlw granula- tions, then dress it with No. 4(). Do not use the bit in such a nioutli under two months at least. When the mouth is scalded by giving strong medicine, pure, instead of diluting it as directed on the label, the whole inside of the mouth will be found to be swollen, red, and if very bad, will skin in spots. Swab it out with recipe No. 46 three times a day. rv. Lampas. This is an imaginary disease. It is supposed by most people that when a horse does not eat he must have the lampas, and they proceed to SCALDED MOUTH. 1 giving strong caustic BUKNING KOR LAMPAS. LAJIPAS IRON. burn out one or two of the bars in the roof of the month which are placed there by nature to prevent the food dribbling from the mouth, which it would do were it not for these liars in the roof of the mouth. They all point or turn backwards towards the throat, and have a tendency to work the food back. It is the same in the human mouth. Sometimes the one or two bars nearest the incisors become inflamed, especially with colts when teething. What to do. — If the bars are red instead of a brigiit flesh color, and e.xtcnd below the teeth, take a pen knife and scarify them gently ; this will be suflicient. Never countenance the burning" nor any other barbar- ous practice. V. Pharyngitis. That portion of the ivsopiuigas or gullet that lies in the throat, above the larynx is lalled tlie pharynx. Inflainination of it is piiaryngitis. 358 THE AMEIUCAX 1 AUMEK S STOCK HOOK. Causes. — It is usually caused by some foreign substance lodging there or by extension to the jjhar^'nx of inflammation from the larynx and nasal chambers. It is usually associated with pharyngitis and catarrh, strangles, quinsy, etc. How to know it. — Painful swallowing, and soni(>tinics a total inability to swallow is seen ; the water returns by the nose while drinking, and the food is (juidded. More or less enlargement of the throat and glands on the outside, tenderness ui)on pressure, and the neck straightened and the head extended, will be tlni symptoms usually noticed. What to do. — If any foreign substance is suspected, examine the throat and remove anything that may be found. Apply a counter irritant in the form of the recipe No. 41. Give internally, mixture No. 21. Feed on soft feed, such as scalded oats, boiled barley, bran mashes, etc. If it continues longer than a week, give oat meal gruel injections — two (|uarts every four or live hours. ( 'ook the giuel the same as for the table. VI. Choking. Causes. — Horses very seldom get choked ; but in some instances they bolt their food, especially when fed on dry ground feed, and swallow it before it is properly moistened with saliva, :uid it accumulates in the gullet sometimes as large as your double list, usually about six or eight inches from the throat. It often gives rise to a great amount of flatulence. Some- times it leaves a sac in the gullet, frossil)le, just large enough to get one linger in, and break down the obstruction. TWO rOKMS OK ntOUAXO. obang with n piece of sponge on the end is far the UISEASKS AND ACCIDENTS OF THK ALIMENTARY CANAL. H')!) Cut cai-efuUy so as not to wound the juirular vein. Draw the edges of the gullet together with either catgut or .silU, and dress it twice a day with lotion No. 39. Sew the skin with silk, and after dres.sing the wound with the above lotion, saturate a wad of oakum with the lotion and tie it over the wound. Keep the horse on very sloppy food, and very little of it. THE LOW CHOKE WITH FLATULENCE. mostly oatmeal gruel, until the wound in the gullet is healed. Avoid making the opening if pos8il)lc, for it is very hard indeed at all times, and sometimes utterly impossible, to make it heal, and a fatal termination is often the result. Vn. Gastritis. Causes. — This is inflammation of tiie stomach, caused by over-eating at any one time, getting into a clover field or at an oat bin or com crib. Eating poisonous herbs or accidentally eating poison also causes it. The HORSE SUFFEUING FUOM ACUTE CASTRITIS. disease has a tendency to leave the ston)ach and go to the feet and cause founder. On account of this tendency we seldom have occasion to treat siastritis. ;5()() TIIK AMKUICAN lAKMKI! S ST(>dieine as follows : (i Dnichiiis li;irli:i(l(>cs alet^s, 1 I'iiil r:i\\ liii^ccil (lil, Mix. Give as one dose. As .soon a.s he is sufficiently recovered give him walking exercise. If the purgative does not work in the course of twenty- A IIORSK WITH STOMACH Ol! SLEEPY STAGGERS. four hours, ijive injections of ^varnl water and soft soap ever}' hour till purgation is ol)tained. Prevention. — Avoid engorgement ; feed on hulky food. IX. Dyspepsia. Causes. — This is rather uneoninion, hut is occasionally seen in horses that have been fed artificially for any great length of time, especially if highly fed. How to know it. — There will l)e a general unthrifty appearance to tiie horse ; he will he thin ; coat rough and staring, hide l)Ound ; and tiu! surest symptom of all is the yellowish color and offensive smell of the manure. After a while the appetite wanes ; he gets hungiy, and will rush at the food as though he would swallow the whole at once, eats a few mouthfuls and leaves the rest ; i)ei-haps he will nibble a little more, but will not eat as though he relished it. He gradually grows worse, till he becomes a mere skeleton. What to do. — If practicable, give him three or four months at grass ; tirst examine the teeth, and reniech- anv defect. If it is not the riulit 362 TIIK AMEIUTAN lAItMi:!! S STOCK BOOK. time of your to turn out to gniss, give a complete ohauge of food; cm-- rots, turnips, apples, boiled barley, sealded oats, and bran mashes. Feed no corn at all. (rivo a dose of purgative medieine, recipe No. 2'.i. When the purgation is all over, give the tonic No. o4, in soft feed. If the appetite is poor, so that he won't eat the powder, give No. 35. Con- tinue it a week, then stop a week, :ind repeat. X. Spasmodic Colic. Tlie teiMti colic, means pain in the colon, (one of the large intestines), hut is acce^ited as the nunc for all [lain in the abdomen. It is often called belly-ache. It is always very serious, indeed, for two reasons — it is terribly painful, and is very apt to run into inflammation of the bowels, which is usually fatal. Spasmodic colic is pain in the 1)owels, from the violent, spasmodic con- traction and cramp of the muscular coat of the bowels. It is called spas- modic on account of the pain and cram])s I)eing spasmodic, and not con- THE FIRST STA(;K OF SPASMODIC COLIC. tinuous ; there are moments of relief from the pain, in which the animal ■will l)e (juite at his ease, but it is apt to come on again after a few mo- ments. Some horses are particularly subject to colic, owing to a ravenous manner of eating and drinking, consequently they have it from time to time, and usually die with it after a few repetitions. Causes. ^It is caused by some irritant in the bowel — indigestible matter ; also by large draughts of cold water, particularly if the horse is warm. Colicky pains are very often symptoms of other diseases. How to know it. — In the first stage, the horse will begin to l)e uneasy ; looks aiounil : raises up his hind feet towards his belly : steps around from one side of the stall to the other ; stops eating : will curl as if tolie down DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL. 3()3 lu the second stage, he lies down and gets up again after lying, per- haps, a couple of minutes ; in the third stage, he rolls, kicks, sweats pro- fusely, has a haggard countenance, is inclined to turn upon his back, and remains so. In mild cases, after kicking for half an hour or so, the SECOND STAGE OF SPASMOKIC COLIC. horse usually gets better, the pain all passes off, and he returns to his accustomed spirits and habits ; but if it does not go off in the course of half an hour, and from that to two or three hours, it is apt to run into enteritis, and kill him. What to do. — Give mild, diffusil)le stimulants, as early and quickly as possililc. (live either of the following: Xo. 49. 2 0\nice whiskey, I Ounces extract of ginger, }i. Pint water, " Mix. Give as one dose. Or this : No. .50. 1 '.> Ounce sweet spirits of nitre, 1 Ounce laudanum. '^ Ouni'R extract of ginger, }-2 Pint water, Mix. Give as one dose. Always, when possible, give warm water injections with a very little soap in it, just to make it a little slip])eiy. Give the horse a soft, roomy place to roll in, and if he has the colic at all bad, give a couple of days rest afterwards, feeding on soft food. Give the abdo- men friction, and put on a blanket to avoid his cooling off too soon. When the worst i)art of the pain is over, a little walking exercise will be Ijcnelicial. If after giving the iirst dose the i)ain continues more than 3t>4 TIIK A.MKKICAN lAIJMKi; S STOCK liOOK. half an lioiir, repeat it every lialf lioiir till relief is ()l)taiiie(l : Imt it" it does not yield with threi' or four doses. L;i\e llie follo\vini>- : 1 (^lii;ii-| i:iu ha-i'cil nil. i.j OiiiHT clildrdfoiiu, Mi\. Give as one dose. In half .111 iiimr, if the i)ain is continuous, give 4 Grains .-ulplintc of iiioi-i)lii:i, >., Oinici' wMlcr Mix. Give as one dose with a syringe. Repeat it every half hour if necessary to keep him quiet. If this does not effect a cure, refer to treatment for enteritis, for it certainly has run into inHamination of the bowels. \| }. \"1||,U,.J||M,( iJKIfTlililWii/ f THIUD MAGL Ol .sl".\SM01)ir XI. Flatulent Colic. Causes. — The nature of this disease is acute indigestion. Either weak digestion, or a suspension of digestion entirely, allows the undi- gested food to decompose, and while undergoing tiiat process, fermenta- tion sets up, gas is evolved, and the horse hloats u]), sometimes to au alarming extent, even to cause deatli hy suffocation or rupture of the stomach, intestines or diaphragm. It is most conmion where corn is fed freely, and is ajit to come on when the horse is taken out to work or drive immediately after eating. The active exercise retards or wholly interrupts digestion, and the moment digestion stops, decomposition sets in and the evolution of gas begins. It is very weakening and often fatal. It usually lasts about two to four hours, but .sometimes lingeis for ten or twelve, and sometimes proves fatal in half or three-quarters of an hour. DISEASES ANI> ACTIUEXTS rilE ALIMENTAIiV CANAL. .■5()5 How to know it. — Tlu' cliariirtcristic syinptoia is tlu' hloiitiiiii' with gas, and thcri^ is always a lireat amount of pain. Th(> liorse rolls, kicks, paws, tries to lie on his l)ac'k, gets up and down, sweats tremendously, has a haggard look in his face, gulps wind and food from the stomaeh iu small quantities through his nose ; and the food thus dischai'ged is usually green and very sour. The nostrils are distended, breathing rapid and breath cold from the shallow hreatiiing ; the pulse is (juickened at th(r start, but gradually grows harder and smaller as the fatal termination approaches ; the belly becomes so distended that the flanks are above the points of the hips ; and in some cases, when lying down, the legs are so spread from the distension of the belly that the animal is unable to get up. If it lasts very long, the nervous system I)ecomes exhausted ; the nOKSE DYING OF FLATILKNT COLIC. muscles around the chest, shoulders and neck cramp and draw down so as to almost pull the horse to the ground, and he will sometimes scream out like a child froui the pain. The ears and extremities get deathly cold. If rupture takes place, he will sit on his hatmches like a dog, turn up his upper lip as though nauseated and try to vomit ; but owing to the peculiar formation of the stomach the horse cannot vomit. The pulse gets weaker and smaller till he falls and dies from nervous exhaustion. When he dies in earlier stages, it is from suffocation : the distension of the stomach and bowels presses on the lungs so hard that it forces them up into so small a compass that they cannot work, and suffocation is the result. 366 THK AMERICAN KAKMKK's STOCK HOOK. Favorable symptoms are cessation of pain ; free evacuation of gas per rectum ; pulse returns to its normal condition ; cars and extremities re- gain their natural temperature ; sweating stops, and the horse returns to his feed and customary hahits. What to do. — As soon as it is discovered, give the following : No. d3. 1 Tal)lesf)oonfal bicarbonate soda (saleratus). 1 'tVuL-upful water, .Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat it, if necessary, in ten minutes. Give warm water injections, being careful not to push the nozzle of the syringe through a gut ; for the intestines crowd backward so hard that it is very difficult to give injection enough to amount to anything, although it is best to try. If the soda does no good, give the following : No. .54. 1 Ounoe turpeiitiue, ^2 Pint raw liii.seed oil. 1 Ouiicp laiidaumii. Mix. Give us one dose, and repeat it in fifteen minutes, if neces.sarv. If this proves ineffectual, give Xo. .55. 1 Ounce clilorofonu, 1 Pint raw linseed oil. Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat, if necessary, in half an hour. Bind hot water rags to the belly, and keep them hot. As a last resort, if the flatulence does not yield to the above treatment, the trocar and cannula may be used. Let it be a small one, not over one quarter inch in diameter and three inches long ; 'il I ^*^^^ find the center of a ti'iangle formed by the last rib, point of thchii), and the ed^es nearest TROCHAR PROVIDED WITH i i j? i • . i i . "" CANNULA FOR puNCTUR- tlic flauk oi tlic spmcs ui the lonis ; cup off iNG THE ABDOMEN. j,^,. j^.^jj.^ .^„^ j,.jg^ ^^c trochar in slowly and firmly, pointing it in and down at the same time, so as to avoid wounding the kidney ; leave the cannula in there, but draw out the trocar, and, if tlie gut that is distended is tapped, the gas will rush out. Sometimes fcecal matter will clog the cannula ; if so, pass in a small piece of whalebone, or other proiie, to remove it from the lower end. If no gut is tapped, try the same operation on the other side. It makes no difference Avhich side is tapped, for there is no paunch adherent to the side of horses, as in cattle. The treatment l)v the mouth may be kept up while this is done. AVhen they drop from suffocation, or when rupture takes place, it is too late to do anything; but, in every case, persevere till eithei' one or the other of these tells you fuithcr effort is useless. DI8EA8ES AND ACCIDENTS OK THE ALIMEXTAKV CANAL. :W7 XII. RuptTore of the Stomach, Intestines or Diaphragm. Causes. — This occurs in violent cases of flatulence. Wiien the gener- ation of gas is excessive in the stomach or the intestines, they are lial)!e to rupture, and let the food out into the abdominal cavity, or from the UNNATURAL ATTITUDE INDICATIVE OP ABDOMINAL INJURY. tremendous pressure against the diaphragm, it is liahle to ru[)ture and let the intestines into the chest among the lungs and heart. Either case is fatal, the animal dying from shock to the nervous system, hemorrhage and suffocation. How to know it. — Ihe horse will sit on his haunches ; hut this is not a characteristic symptom of itself, for we see it occasionally in spasmodic colic, and often in enteritis ; the horse will turn up his nose Avith an intensely disgusted expression on his countenance, but this, too, is often seen in colic and enteritis ; he will try to vomit, which is a characteristic .syiujjlom, and the muscles and legs will tremble and shake as if with cold ; the ears and legs get cold ; cold SM'eat breaks out in patches ; the mouth nose strained upward. gets cold, the pulse grows smaller and smaller, till it I)ecomos impercepti- ble, and death claims the patient in the course of half an hour to two hours. JU.iI. Constipation. When the foecal matter in the intestines gets dry and hard, and resists the peristaltic effort of the bowels to pass it on, or when there is no per- istaltic motion to the bowel, and the food lies (piiet in one spot, there is 3(l>< IIIK AMl'.KICAN' KAK.MKU's SldCK HOOK. iin ()l)!striK'ti<)ii til all iiitcnfs and ]iiii puses, wiiicli is called constipatiDii, or eostiveiiess. Causes. — When the food dr'u'.s and hardoiin so that it cannot he passed on, it is diH! to an insntHcient qnantity of M-atcr in the l)o\vcl, owing to its all goinir to llie kidneys, or it is dno to the horse not drinking enough, or to inactivity of the liver and other glands that sup|ily the l)o\vels with juices. 'When it is from a want of pei-istallic motion, it is due to ner- vous weakness in the l)owe]s. How to know it. — Little or no fietal matter is passed ; what is passed is liard and dry : mild colicky pains are felt at intervals of half an hour or so. The horses may continue to eat and otherwise appear all right, hut as it runs on, the ]iains will come oftener and be more acute till it runs into enteritis. What to do. — If the pulse is natural and the colicky pains slight and far hclween. give recipe No. 23; also give warm water and soa]) injections. If the pains continue and increase, give a (piart of raw oil and recipe No. 62. If it does not yield to this, give the following : No. .")6. 1 Quart nnv nil, 1 Ounce tinc'turi' mix voniicM. Mix. (Jive as one dose. Repeat recii)e No. .")2 often ennugh to keep down the pain, ff the pain seems to be inereasing and the constipation obsti- nate, apply to the belly, well rubbed in, the following: No. ."i7. 1 OuiU'i' rniKiii nil. ;! Ounces raw liusccil oil. Mix. Repeat recipe No. 5(5 every six liours till a passage is effected. Re- peat the injections once an hour, but put in less soap each time. If it is necessary to repi>at them more than four or tive times, use clear water without soap. XIV. Diarrhoea and Suporpurgation. These are watery evacuations from the bowels, and are tlu^ opposite to const ipaticni. Causes. — '" diarrhiea there is an excessive secretion of the juices of (he s\stein. owing usually to some irritant in the bowels, but some- times to too laxative fi>od. Superpurgation is due to an overdose of purgative medicine. How to know it.— The evacuations are frequent and watery ; after run- ning a while the bowels become irritable and the patient strains a good deal and becomes weak ; the pulse gets feeble ; the mouth clammy ; the ears and extremities cold , the e>'es and nose pale ; the horse grinds his DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OF THE AI.niENT Ain CWAI,. .>•>:) teeth, and ri't'iises food; thirst is oxi-essivc Tlic tcmpcratuvo of llu; body taken witli the thonnonieter is down, perhaps lo !).') = Fahr. If it goes down to 93 ° , the disease is ahnost sure to terminate fatally. What to do. — If it is u straight ease of diarrhoea — that is, without any inu'gative lia\ ing been given — give a eomplete change; of food and tiie followiiii;' : No. .58. 1 t)uin'f prepared clialU, I OuiH'o fijiiif^cr, 1 Dnu'hni (i|>iuin. 1 I'iiit. starch i;riicl. Mix. Give as one dose, and re[)t'at it, if necessary, after three or four hours. Give him water witli flour stirred in to drink, ])ut restrict tiie (jiiantity to about two quarts every three or four hours. If tiiis does not stop it after snvinEC two or three doses of tlie niechcine, srive tiie following: JVC llic flour and No, nn. '., rim raw linseed oil, 1 Drai-liin ii|iiiiiii, 1 OuiKT liiic-lurc- caicrliii. Mix. (live as one dose. If siipcrimrgation is llic Iroulilc . gi\ water to di'ink. If tliis (Iocs not ciicck il in five or six addition : No. (iO. 1 OiiMcf linctiire calecliM. '.., ( >iiiiie liuctiirc <-aiiiplior. 1 Ounce liiM-nirc opiiiiii. 1 (Jiiarl slarcli j;riiel. Mix. (live as one dose. Kcpcat it if necessary every four hours. Restrict tiic drinking a little, and feed iigiitly wiicn tiic appetite returns. XV. Dysentery. The nature of this disease is bloody evacuations with great straining. There is inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestines, with more or less fever and great irritability of the intestinal tract. Causes. — Neglected diarrhoea and superpurgation ; too acid a condi- tion of the bowels ; impure, indigestible and musty food ; and fold atmosphere. How to know it. — l^y the bloody evacuations ; severe, frecjuent and ineffectual attempts to pass fa'cal matter ; colicky pains ; considerable fever ; great thirst ; no appetite ; pulse (juick, weak and comiiressiblc. It is rather rare in the horse ; when it does e.\ist, worms are often found, too, and are thought by some to assist in the cause of it. ;J7(> IIII', AMKIilCW lAliMl'.l! S SI'OCK HOOK. What to do. (iiv(> rccipo No. .'ill, and i^ivo injections of sliirch witli one umiic of hiiuhmuni in each injection ; repeat the latter every half 1,-,* »■ V < ^ / hour. In one hour nflcr taUinii' \o. .■">;• i:ive No. TjS, and in anoUier hour, if the sfrainiui;' continues, ^■i\e No. (iO, and liie t'oih)\\in^ injection : No. (it. 1 Omicc liiicnni' ol (>|iiiiiii, I Oiiiicc siilpluiiic I'lhcr, 1 (,)u:iil sinrcli. Mix. If no ini|irovenicnl t:d of ten hours, li'ive a pint of raw oil and rc|>cal tlu' injcclicni cvci-\' ii.all' iiour. XVI. Enteritis. Inllainnialion of the bowels takes two foi'ins, aeeordinir to the part affected. Knteritis is inflaniniation of tlui nuicoiis lininir of the howel ; the next subject, pi'ritonitis, is inllan\niation of the outer or serous <'o\'erin!j; of the bowel. Causes. — Irritatini: sulistanccs in tlu' food ; calciiin<;' cold which settles in the liowcis, continuation of colic, either spasnuxlic or llatnlent : and }>oison. How to know it. — Tlicie is continuous pain, iigiit at tirst, and in<'rcasin<;' as the inilannnatiou develops. It is different from ((^lic, for which it iniiiiit. bo taken I>y an ordinaiTobsci'vcr, intlial it is contiinions, while colic is in- terniiltent : in colic, the horse t In ow s hiiusclf dow n : in enteritis lie lies down carefully ; the jndsc is raised to >c\ enty-ti\ i" or ciiilily, or even a hundred DISKASKS AND ACCIDr.NrS OK TIIK AI.nilCNTAItY CANAI,. ;^7i beats to the miiiulo ; tlu' (•ouiilciiunci' wciirs an iiiixious look ; lio is very un- easy ; wluui not inciting' up and down lie is tuniinfj; mound ; if in a l)ox stall, he looks around lo liis sides, paws, raises liis l(>gs u|) lowards llic hody ; tlu>. breathing is hurried ; there is profuse sweating ; llu! [julse is soft at first, but grows gradually harder, faslcr, and at last it gets wiry, and finally inipen^cptible ; the e.\lreniiti(!s get cold, and th(^ horse Avears hinlS(^lf out 'll'ION ASSIMKD IIV MDIiSK SIIKI'"K1{IN(} KltOM AHDOMINAl. IN.IUUV. with I he pain and eonslant moving about, 'i'owai'ds the last, the i)ain will apparcMilly abate a littl(> ; he will stand (piiet for a while ; brace liis legs fill he canndl I'esisI any longer, and will reel and drop, IIk^ hind end (irsl, generall\'. He di<'s in liie course of eiglil lo twenty hours after the first symptom, but in some inslauees the horse will die in six hours after the very first symptum. Sduietimes t hey get perfectly erazy with t.iui pain, and they will rear, run, clind) over anything, tear down (he stalls, et<'. 'I'iiey can bear no pressure on the belly without p;iin. What to do. — Treatment is of very little use, foi- a genuine ease of enteritis is always iueural)le, but it is best to try always. At first, it is usually taken for colic, and \\\v pie- scril)(!(l drenches ai'c^ given for that disease ; but when you notice tiie pain is contiiuious and the jndse runs ui), it is sufficient evidence to locate the troul)lo as iullammation of (he lining of tlu! large intc^sf ines ; tiien give No. T)!!, and apply a uuistard paste to (he belly. Aftei- it has been on an iiour, wash it off and repeat it, or apply No. II, and conlin(^ tln^ fiuncs willi a blanket. \ f2 ; repeat the latter every half hour, if necessary to keep him (^asy. (Jive No. ;5(), (onliunously, in addition to I he otluns. Also gi\c injections of so;ip and KNTERITIS. A tcHt for enteritis, the iiioiuh usufilly beinc^ liiunci hot ami dry. 372 THK AMKUK'AN rAKMEIl S STOCK HOOK. water. If tlic pulsp ("ontiiiiics to quickon aiul got hartl, repeat the oil every two or tliree hours, ami apply No. ")7 to the belly where the mus- ANOTlllCll TKST KOll KNTKUmS. A horse iiKinifcslin^ tenderness upon pressure on the belly in enteritis. tard was. If the oil works through, there is a chance of success; then just let the horse remain ))ei-feetly (|uiet for several days, give oat-meal gruel to drink. Pout morfciii cx.iniiualion shows tli(> bowel atTecUnl In be almost black from conucstion, inllanuuiilioii, and moiMilicat ion. Tlie disease usuaih' .\1MM.IIATU)N OK -VN .\MM(>NI.\( Al, lU.lSlKi;. confines itself to about a van! of the gut. The tissue of tlie intestine will be swollen sometimes over an inch thick. XVII. Peritonitis. This is inflammation of the outer covering of the bowel ; it is less rapid in its course, and less painful. It may last a week or so, oi- it ma}- kill in ten or tweh'c hours. DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS OK THE ALIMEXTAUV CANAL. 373 Causes. — Wounds in tlio ;il)th)niin;il cavity, cxposuri' to cold storms, kicks in tiic hclly, etc. How to know it. — The [misc is (|nick — from si.xty to scvcnty-tivc, and is iiard and wiry ; the iiors<' lies down very easy, but yets up ((uick ; h)ss of a[)pctite. When (lie inflammation docs not kill, effusion of water takes place into the bell}-, giving the horse the tippearunce of diopsy by the largo abdomen. There is great pain upon pressure on the abdomen. Post mortem examination reveals extensive discoloration of the bowels and surrounding tissue. A great quantity of bloody matter is floating in tlic (a\ ity. The inflamed poition of the intestines is very much swollen. What to do. — Give No. bii as soon as the nature of the disease is recog- nized, (iive No. 52 occasionally to allay the pain, and ajijily No. T)? to the belly. Give No. 3U. continuously for several doses, till tli(^ i)ulse is improved. In case the abdomen tills witli water, it may l)e tapped bj' passing in the trocar and cannula — the smallest sizt — through the centre of the belly, and through the hard, fibrous band running down the center. It is vwWcd imracentesis ahdonicnln, and should be performed I)y experts onh'. XVIII. Calcvdi. Intestinal calculi are not \ery common, although they are occasionally met with. It is very jirobable, that if all the cases of death from bowel troubles were examined po.s'/ mortem, calculi would be quite often found, as that is the only way their presence can be determined. Causes. — These stones are formed of calcareous material laid on in iKvers, and are usually found enveloping a nucleus of some kind — a piece of a nail, or a pebble, or a wad of hair, etc. They sometimes attain to enormous sizes and M'eight, and are usually round or oval. These stones ai'e most common in sections of the country where hard well water is used for drinking, especially in lime districts. Dust balls are common in horses that are fed on mill-sweepings; the dust accumulates around (lal liiilN or chaff from other grain. As many as a dozen have been found in one horse after death. Calculi are seldom or never passed in a natural way, but make sacks in the bowel, and lie there till byacridcnttheyaredislodgedaiidroll out into the passage, and form an obstruction, cause a stoppage, intlanunation and death. How to know it. — lu aiUlitiou to tli<' synq)loni> of enteritis, the [)atient will frequently sit on his haunches like a dog. This is not a characteristic symptom, but in cases where calculi have been found, it was a prominent symptom . What to do. — Nothing more can be done than to treat the symptoms, which are those of enteritis. Back raking is advisable, but it is not 374 THK AMKltlCAN KAUMEU's STOCK BOOK. among tho probabilitioM tliiit Ww stones would Ik; near enough to the rectum, to be readied by llie hand. XIX. Intussusception and Gut Tie. This is tlie slijjping of a partof a gut into another part, like turning a finger of a glove jjartly wrong side out. It is rather uneoniinon. A ease was lately seen by the wiiler, in wliieh the l)lind end of the caecum was turned into the other pui't, the fold coming at th. In some eases tli(^ intestines will relnni to I heir |)roper place, and their functions go on naturally again, liul in some cases all efforts are unavailing, and death takes place in from ten lo thii-ty hours. Gut Tie. — 'Phis is similar in eff(M't ; tiu' Itowel gets into a half knot and strangulation follows the same as in intussusception. Gut Twist — 'Phis is a twisting of a gut by turning partly over. If it docs not right itself, strangulation and death are the inevitable result. CIIAPTEH XI. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. I'lIRF.NITISOn INI'M.AMMATION OI'TIIH lUtAIN. II. OKREBUO-SIMNAL MENINGITIS. III. Al'Ori.KXY. IV. MKOIMMS. V. TICTANUS Oil LOCKJAW. VI. TAKALYSIS. VII. SITNSTUOKK. I. Phronitis or Inflammation of the Brain. All tlin highly dcvt^lopcd norvoiis systems — those of iiiiin, the dog and the horse — are more subject to disease tlian the (luieter, and less devel- oped nervf)iis oruaiiizatioiis of the ox, shee[), jjig, etc. JiiHanmialion of the hrain, siiusd-okc, tetanus and paralysis are (|uitc comnion in I lie lirst incut ioned animals and very rarely met with in the last. INFLAMMATION OK TIIK IlliAIN. San i)lc of the antics of a horse during the delirium of brain fever. Causes. — '"he causes of plircnitis are various, such as concussion or the brain ; e.xposiiri! to cold, wet storms; (extension of fever from the body; and sonustimes the cause is not apparent. How to know it. — There is a (piick pulse ; great prostration ; respira- tions are (|uick, bowels constipated ; visible mucous membranes are very 37.5 37(5 THE AMEinCAX 1 AltMEl! S STOCK HOOK. red ; delirium at tirst, but soon runs into stupidity' ; tlie horse places his head against the wall and pushes and braces himself against it, and alwaj's bruises his eyes and head badly ; he will eat occ-asionallj', and Avill doze off into a lit of stupor with his mouth full and let the food drf)p ; when roused he will paw and move around, hang his head against the wall and then doze off again. These symtoms may continue for several days, the mad fits coming oftener and more violently each time till death takes place, or he may die in forty-eight hours. Animals tiuis affected somctimesrecover, but not very often, and when they do they are not safe ; they are liable to another attack at any time, from the most trivial cause ; A HORSE MAi> FliOil INFLAM.M ATION OF THE BRAIN. fits may come on while in the street, the disease assuming almost a chronic character. Young horses arc more liable to phrenitis than old ones. What to do. — If discovered m the very eijvrliest stage when the pulse is very full and (juick, bleed the horse, taking from two to four quarts of blood. Give a purgative — recipe No. 48, and apply ice to the head and keep iton continuously. Give No. 30 as a sedative. If the fever entirely subsides and consciousness I'eturns, blister all over the upper i)art of the head with No. 9. It is necessary to secure the animal well, for he struggles viok'ntly during the mad spells. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 377 n. Ceretaro-Spinal Meningitis. This is not a common disease among horses in the cities, and is rarely or never seen in the country. It has existed as an epizootic in New York and Boston. Causes. — Impurities in tlie air. the liorse being Ivcpt in a small or overcrowded, ill ventilated stable, fed very high and not worked very hard. It is induced by a plethoric condition. How to know it. — The horse seems listless for a day or two, stumbles, reels l)eliiiid, and sometimes will fall quite down ; the pupils become dilated ; the pulse gets quick and full ; respirations rapid ; there is twitching of the muscles of the head and neck ; at first he is sensi- tive to noises, but as the fever increases and the disease developcs, blindness and deafness set in, and death soon follows. What to do. — Put the horse in slings, if possible, before he gets so bad that he cannot stand, and apply ice and bran poultices to the whole length of the spine ; give the purgative No. 48, and the following recipe in one- ounce doses three times a day : No. G2. 8 Ounces Ijroniide of potash, 1 Pint water, Mbc. Effusion takes place on the brain and paralysis results. When the effusion reaches the centers that supply nerve power to the lun<;s and heart the animal dies. III. Apoplexy. Causes. — Apoplexy results from a sudden pressure on the 1n-ain when the horse is otherwise healthy ; it is usually- due to over exertion in a tight collar, causing a rushing of Iilood to the head. How to know it. — There is insensibility, the horse staggers and falls ; froths at the mouth ; the muscles twitch ; there is^jartial paralysis for the time being ; respiration is suspended for a short time. What to do. — Remove the harness as quickly as possible ; give a free chance to breathe ; and dash cold water over the head. He will soon recover and go on again all right . Prevention. — Ho not allou- the horse to get too fat ; see that the collar is not too short for him ; it may press hard on each side of the neck to advantage, but it nuist have good length, at least two inches at the bot- tom below the neck ; avoid fast driving when the horse is not in a condi- tion to stand it. 378 THE AMEKICAN KAKMKU S STOCK BOOK. EXPRESSION CM \i; \('TERIS TIC OF MECUIMS. XV. Megrims. This is similar to apoplexy, ))iit is a uiikler form of the disease. Causes. — It is duo to the same eauses as apoplexy, hut the animal reeovei's more quiekly. How to know it. — The horse stops, throws up his head, shivers all over, staggers ; the eyes elose for a minute ; he braces his legs so as not to fall ; stands so for a few minutes like a driudcen man, shakes himself and goes on as if nothing had iiaiipened. What to do. — See that the harness does not press too tight where it ought not to ; if I'old water is handy, throw a little over his head ; if not, just let him stand and he will soon recover. It is a pet hobl)}' with some to bleed the horse, to stick a knife through the partition in the nose, or into the second or third ridge in the roof of the month, but it is entirely useless and somewhat dangerous from ovcrl)leeding ; it is often very difficidt to stop the l)leeding from these small stalls. V. Tetanus or Lock-Jaw. This is an excessively irritable condition of the whole nervous system — the sympathetic, motor and sensory systems alike ; all parts are in a cramp. It is divided into two kinds, idiopathic and traumatic. Causes. — The idiopathic is a milder form, caused by worms, or by over heating ; and it sometimes follows a common cold. The traumatic is the result of a wound of almost any kind ; sometimes a very slight wound is followed by lockjaw, but the most common cause is nail wounds. Pricks from nails, picked up whil(> the horse is at work, are very often followed by tetanus. How to know it. — The first thing noticed will be the haw of the eye drawn over the eye ball, showing more of the haw and less of the eye ; the nose is protruded ; the neck straight- ened ; the tail elevated and tremb- ling : the legs straddle and are as stiff as saw-horse legs ; the belly is tucked up ; the nostrils dilated ; the ears are as stiff as sticks ; the respir- ations are hurried ; the muscles are as hard as board ; he sweats pro- fusely ; and the most serious point of all is the jaws are locked. If the TUE TEST FOR TETANUS. discasc is discovcred at the start, the jaws will l)e found not to be locked, but veiy stiff and opened with DISEASES OF THE IJUAIX AND XEliVOUS SYSTEM. 379 difficulty ; but they usually lock tight iu the course of twelve hours. If tlie head is raised, the haw is drawu completely over the eye ; the tail is more elevated ; he trembles all over, and, if the head is pushed a little farther up, he is liable to fall. He never lies down ; cannot eat ; drinks with very great difficulty, and is in the mostiutense agony all the time. Death usual!}' follows in from three days to three weeks. SHOWING now FAR AX ANIMAL WITH TETANLS IS CAPABLE OF MOTION. What to do- — If it comes from a wound, and all the symptoms are fully dcvcloi)ed, there is no use doing anything but to destroy the animal, and thus save a srrcat amount of suffering ; but if it is a mild case, give him a chance. Give the purgative No. 48. Put him in a quiet, dark, loose box ; allow no visitors ; keep him as quiet as possible ; put oat-meal water iu his manger, and also a pail of clear water. Clothe him warmh% apply a linseed poultice to the wound, wherever it is, first smcai"ing it with Solid Extract of Belladonna. Change the poultice once a day, and smear on the belladonna each time. Give internally the following: No. 03. 2 Ounces fluid extract of helladouna, •2 Ounces prussic acid, diluted, "Water to make eight ounces. Mix. Give a tablespoonful three times a day with a syringe. If it is an idiopathic case, give the same treatment as above ; put him in a cool place, and get the purgative down if possible. Let the same 380 TIIK AMEHICAX KAIi.MKKS STOCK KOOK. man tend him :ill the tune, and allow no spectators, no loud talk, etc. ; let everything be as quiet as possible, and he will usually recover in the course of live or six M-eeks. Never l)leed nor blister for lock-jaw, for the bleeding onlv weakens and the blistering only irritates the nerves all the more. Some practitioners put the horse in slings, but it is of no use whatever; a case that might require them would be fatal any way, and the excitement attending the operation would only hasten the end. VI. Paralysis. Tins is just the reverse of tetanus ; the nervous system loses its power, and the part affected becomes helpless. It usually atta(;ks the hind parts, but sometimes one side, and sometimes the neck and face. Causes. — Injuries to the back arc common causes, in which case there is paralysis of all parts back of the injury. It usually accompanies azoturia, ccrebro-spinal meningitis, lead poisoning, sun-stroke, etc. When half the body, face, or neck is paralyzed, the cause lies in the con- stitution, and is not npi)arent ; or it may come from abscess in the brain. ABSCESS IN TUE I'.KAIN. A common cniise of partial paralysis. How to know it. — The horse lies in a helpless condition ; he can raise hiiuNc'lf forward. Imt is utterW powerless beliiiid. Prick him with a pin, anywhere back of the injury, and no sensation is produced. If it is paralysis of one side, that side is partially helpless ; he drags the legs. If it is in the neck and face, the part will be twisted off towards the well side, and the diseased pai't without sensation. What to do. — If the horse can stand at all, put him in slings ; if not, let him lie down as comfortably as possii)lc. Turn him t-svice a day, to prevent scalding. Clip off the hair close, and blister well Avith recipe No. it, along the spine, from the scat of the injury back to the croup. If DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AXD XERVOVS SYSTEM 381 it is paral3-sis of the face and neck, apply the blister to the base of the brain, over the poll. Rub the surface well with liniment No. 14. Give internall}" the followir.o- powders : No. 04. 1 Draelini powdered mix vomica., 2 Draolims powdered gentian loot, U Ounce linseed meal. Mix. Give us one dose ; rei)oat it once a day for two or three weeks ; then let him wait a fortnight, and repeat it. When convalescent, give gentle exercise. Abscess in the In-ain is almost alwavs fatal. UNSTEADY GAIT OF A HOUSE WITH PARTI.^L PARALYSIS. VII. Sun-Stroke. This is common in some parts of the country, especially in large cities. It is a liquefaction of the fats of the body. All the functions of the liody are interfered with or almost stopped. Causes. — E.xposm-e to the hot sun, or over exertion in hot weather, even if the sun is not shining. Some animals are more subject to it than others, probably dc[)cnding upon the condition of the system at the time. How to know it. — The horse may be sweating and suffering with the heat, when suddenly he will stop sweating and dry off ; will begin to stagger ; get dumpish, deaf, weak and stupid ; there will be labored breathing and he will soon drop in the road in an unconscious condition ; 382 THE AMERICAN FAKMElt's .STUCK HOOK. the hreatliing will beconu' iiiorc and more l:il)orcd till death takes place, wliicli will 1)0 in from half an hour to two or three hour.s if no relief is given. The surface of the body will be found to be very hot to the toucli of the hand. What to do. — When the horse begins to suffer and labor with the heat, let him stop in the shade ; give a few swallows of cold water to drink, and also sponge off the head and face with cold water. After half an hour he will be able to go on. If he has been compelled to go till he drops, or even till he is in a staggering condition, throw cold water all over him ; or if it is in a city where a hose can be used, keep it i)laying on him from head to tail continuously till he is cooled off ; then leave him in a cool place, but not in a draft ; let him rest till next day. If it is in the country throw cold water over him by the bucketful till he recovers. If he goes down, use ice on the back if possible. As soon as he is sufficiently recovered to be able to swallow safely, give the fol- lowing drench : No. 65. 2 Ounces whiskey. 3^ Oiiiiee sweet spirits of nitre, 1 Draelim nitrate of potash, ^ Teaeupful water, Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat it every half hour till he is pretty well recovered ; then drop off to every four or six hours. Leave him in the stable at least a week, and be very careful of him for a long time. During recovery feed on soft food — grass if it can be got. If it leaves him weak and staggering in his gait, clip off the hair from the back and blister with recipe No. 9. CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OP THE HEAET AND BLOOD VESSELS. I. INFLAMMATION OF THE ENDOCARDIUM. II. ENLARGEMENT OF THE IIKART. III. ATROPHY OP THE HEART. IV. INDURATION OF THE HEAHT. V. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. VI. OBESITY OF THE HEART. VII. CYANO- SIS OR BLUE DISEASE. VIII. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. IX. RUPTURE OF A BLOOD VESSEL. X. ANEURISM. XI. PHLEBITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF A VEIN. XII. THUMPS. Diseases of the heart are numerous but difBcult to diagnose, except ]>\ their effects. Few of them are influenced by treatment : thei-e fore this short chapter on the subject, is given more as a matter of general infor- mation than of practical utility. I. Inflammation of the Endocardium. This is inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart. This sac is a serous one, similar to the ^;/e?es on the leas and belly have an offensive odor. Appearance of horse s •=• c .' » head with purpura. aud thc breath is also offensive. Great debility is a prominent symptom ; the horse is unable to eat or drink. The disease is generally fatal, cither by the causes mentioned above, or by suffocation from the swelling of the nose, or by gangrene of the internal organs. Usually before dying, the animal presents a most horrible sight, so as to- look like almost anything else than a horse. What to do. — Begin early to give the following recipe : No. 6S. 1 Ounce tincture muriate of iron, 1 Ounce tincture of gentian, •2 Ounces water Mix. Give a tablespoonful every two hours with a syringe, so as to get it back into the throat with as little trouble and worry to the patient as possible. Alternate with No. G8, the following: No. GO. 1 Ounce turpentine, ;! Omices linseed oil. Mix. Give a tablespoonful every two hour.s. Alternating these two recipes will fetch doses only one hour apart ; continue these as persistently as possible, till he is either better or dead. Give oatmeal gruel to drink, and give anything to eat he can masticate. If he cannot eat nor drink, give oatmeal gruel injections. Foment the head, if swollen, with hot water as persistently as possible, with the view of driving the swelling to other parts. The favorable .symptoms will be a diminution of the swellings, return of the secretions and apjietite, improvement of the pulse, and disappear- ance of the purple (echynioscd) spots. III. Kheumatism. • Causes. — This is supposed to be an accumulation, in the blood, of a peculiar acid that settles around joints, along tendons and .sonn-tiincs GENERAL DISEASES OF THE BLOOU. .'i!ll in muscles. Upon the slightest provocation in the way of exposuro or derangements of the stomach and bowels, it is apt to assume the acute form, and to cause intense pain and lameness. How to know it. — There is lameness, usually of a peculiar kind, flying from one joint to another, and from one leg to another ; sometimes the parts swell and sometimes not ; the joints most commonly affected are the fetlocks, knees, shoulders and hips. There is usually more or less fever, high pulse, and sometimes suppuration of the affected parts. What to do. — Give recipe No. 36. Foment the affected parts witli hot water three times a day, and apply as a liniment, recipe No. 15, after wiping down the legs quite dry, and bandage warmly with flannel. After the most acute symptoms are gone, give walking exercise. rv. Abscesses. An abscess is a gathering of pus in a sac from a morbid process in the tissues. It may develop in any part of the body. The most common locations of them are on the ribs, on the belly, in the groin, in the leva- tor humeri muscles, etc. They sometimes attain to tremendous jiropor- tions ; they are not painful as a rule, but if they come in or near a nerve center there is great pain ; when they form in the groin, for instance, there is very great pain ; while on the ribs they cause little or no pain. Causes. — Impurities in the blood from retenticm in the system of effete matter that should be eliminated through the excretory cro-ans — the bowels, kidneys and skin. The exciting causes are sometimes bruises from blows, kicks or other injury ; but these bruises are not sufficient in themselves to cause an abscess, but must be accompanied by the morbid condition of the blood ; then the injury may simply afford an excuse for its breaking out in that particular place. How to know it. — There is always a great amount of swelling, hard at first all over ; but as it grows and approaches a full development it gets soft in the center, pitty in a ring around the center, and hard on the out- side. It is hot, red, and sore to the touch. It takes from one to six weeks to mature an abscess so it will break of itself, according to its lo- cation and depth. Those in the groin bike three or four weeks to ma- ture ; those on the ribs and belly mature in the shortest time above men- tioned ; and those in the levator humeri muscles (found just inside and in front of the joints of the shoulders) take the longest time to mature. In fact, the latter sometimes acts like a tumor by its slow growth, hard- ness and length of time it takes to break out without outside assistance. AYhen opened, the pus runs out, and the abscess usually heals readily : but sometimes the healing process requires a great deal of assistance, aud the abscess is liable to start anew and develop others as soon as one is healed, unless the cause is removed by purifying the blood. 392 TlIK AMKKICAN I'AKMKU's STOCK UOOK. What to do. — ( ,1 piirj^advcof ivcipc No. _'.), and wlion it. has stopped purginu,', gi\'o No. 'Ai for a week or so. I'oiiltici" Uio a!)S('css with any hot, soft i)oulticc — liiisocd moal is tlio hcsl — till it points, (conii's to a head), in a soft spot ; then tap it with a pointed knifo, and ovacuatc the sac ; make tho oponinu hijjj onoiiiih to allow a tinifcr to l)o passed in ; see that all is clear for a thoroiiiih eniptyinji ; then inject warm water to wash it out, and inject No. h. Repeat this twice ii day. Make tho opening at the i)ottom, if pos.siblc, to allow the pus to gravitate out, instead of having to 1)0 sciueezcd out. The abscess iu the levator humeri muscle is always deei)-seated iu the muscle, and reciuires a groat length of time to rot out. It is oasil}' recognized hy its position, being inside and a little to the front of the point of tlie shoulder. It is useless to wait for il to come to a head ; open it at once. Take a loug-hladed scalpel or pocket knife and run it ill (lircctly into the center of the tumor, letting the knif(^ he i)ar- allcl with the horse's body ; then there is no dauger of tapping the jugu- lar \cin. It is necessary, usually, to cut about four inches tleep before ri'aching the pus, but when once entitled it heals very readily. V. Erysipelas. This is inllainmation of the skin. It may be superticial and only involve the upi)er layers of the skin, or it may be di'ei)er-seated and involve tlu' under layers. The sui)erficial does uot supjjurate, but tho deep-scaled u>ually does, with more or less sloughing. It is often thought to be contagious, wliich it uiHl(tul)tcdly is to a small degree : but not sutKciently so to i>e ranked as a specitic blood poison. It some- times rages as an en/.oiitic — conunon in any certain district . ll usually follows wounds, injuries and sores, but sometimes comes on aiipaicntly healthy skin. Causes. — It is due sometimes to the weather, when il is damp, hoi and upi)rissive, with thunder frequent and low barouu'teric pressure, especi- allv if the horse is kei)t in low, tilthy places. Poorly fed, thin, neglected animals are uu)st subject to it. The suddeu suppression of a chronic discharge, and feeding on rich, heating food when the animal has been accustonuHl to poor, scanty food, and keeping animals with open soros near decomposing animal tissue are also cause of erysipelas. The com- mon means of contagion are washing erysipelatous and healthy wounds with the same sponge, using the same harness, clothing, etc. How to know it. — There is usually some fever ; the pulse and temper- ature are raised ; the urino is si-anty mni high-colored ; the bowels usually constipated ; there is loss of spirit and apjjctite. Th(>se symi)toms are fol- lowed, in the course of twelve hours, by a diffuse swelling that is hot. (iKNKUAL DISKASKH OK Till': 151,001). 393 rarancc previous to breaking. What to do. — Give tonics and stimulants internally ; give recipes No. ;{7 and No. ;>') : if much depression exists, give No. (ir). Feed on boiled oats, barley, etc. Apply locally' No. 24, and keej) the part wet with it continually. If tlu! swelling spreads in spite of this lotion, paint the* healthy skin for two IiuIk"^ all around the diseased part with tincture of iodine, and change th(! lotion to the following: No. 70. 1 Ounce liiiclnre iiiiiriatc of iron, S Oiiiices \v;ih;r. Mix. Keep the surface wet with it till the skin begins to be irritated ; then go back to No. 24. If extensive sloughing takers j^lac^e, poultice withoil- <'ake nu^al, with charcoal sprinkled over the poultice, till a liealthy sore is obtained ; then apfjly lotion No. 7. If the erysipelas comes from an unhealthy sore, cauterize it with powdered bluestono continuoush', once a day, till all signs of a puri)lish, unhealthy condition, have disai)peared ; thiMi continue the lotion No. 7. Continue the tonics for several weeks, giving soft food enough to keep the bowels loose. CHAPTER XIV. CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. I. GLANUEUS ANU FARCY. II. .STRANGLES. III. RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA. IV. HORSE I'OX OB EQUINE VARIOLA. Diseases ;u-e said to he contagious when they reproduce themselves in a healthy animal, either by inoculation and absorption of the virus into the system through a wound or mucous membrane, or by absorption of disease germs floating in the air or in the water that the animal drinks. I. Glanders and Farcy. These are different forms of the same disease, which is a specific poison that affects the Avhole system. When it breaks out in the nose, affecting also the lungs and lymphatic glands between the branches of the lower jaw, it constitutes glanders ; when it attacks the lymphatic glands and other tissues of the legs and body, it constitutes farcy. Tiie two forms of disease often exist separately, but usually sj^mptoms of both will be found in the same case. The contagion lies in the discharges from the ulcers, either tliose in the nose or farcy buds ; it is contagious only by inoculation, the poison being of heavy specific gravity and not volatile. The virus from glanders may produce glanders or farcy, or both ; the virus from farcy may do the same. The mode of inoculation is usually through the nose or mouth, by the introduction of the virus taken by one horse working in double harness with a glandered horse, or standing in the same stall, rubbing his nose on a hitching post or fence or edge of a water trough where a glandered horse has stood. These latter are com- mon channels through which glanders is got ; for when a glandered horse is driven up to a post or water trough, the first thing he does is to rub the accumulatious of matter off his nose, the clogging of which is uncom- fortable. And so great is the vitality of the virus, that a horse coming along an hour, a day, a week, or even a year after, and happening to rub his nose on the same place gets the disease by inoculation. The poison may lie latent in the system a week, or a month, or two months and then break out, perhaps violently, and run the acute course* causing death in three to six weeks ; or the disease may appear in a very mild form and run the chronic course, so that tiic horse may li\c in very 394 CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. ;5ii5 comfortable condition for one to three or four years, though sowing the seeds of contagion for other horses to gather all the time, thus doing an inestimable amount of harm. When the disease breaks out, it does so by ulceration of the tissues involved. These ulcers differ from ordinary ones, by their resistance to treatment ; if made to heal, they break out again either in the same or another place, and have a tendency to spread and slough, eating away the tissues till the ulcers become confluent and the Schneiderian membrane (partition in the nose) is destroyed. The disease was known in the earliest times, and was written on by Vegetius, Eouan, and many others ; but it was not well understood as to its actual seat till La Fosse discovered tliat it lay in inflammation and ulceration of the nasal membrane. The poison of glanders and farcy is communicable to men, goats, sheep and dogs, with all the characteristic symptoms of the disease in horses, and is con- tagious from man back to the horse or ass. Causes. — It is usually propagated, fostered and extended by contagion through the villainous traffic carried on in glandered horses by unscrupu- lous dealers. For many diseased animals retain the appearance of health sufficiently well to be bought and sold many times, the dealers explaining the discharge from the nose as coming from a cold, and the swollen leg> as resulting from impurities in the blood ; and Tom, Dick and Harrv, thinking they " know all about a horse," buy the animals, believing the explanation of the dealer to be true ; and thus thousands of dollars wtu'th of stock is ruined each year by the spread of this fatal disease. But the disease sometimes arises spontaneously in armies, on ship-board, or in overcrowded, low, damp, badly-ventilated stables. Overcrowding is the chief cause of its spontaneous appearance, the horses, asses or mules being compelled to breathe over and over again, air vitiated by the emanations from their own fcecal matter and from their bodies, and GLANUEllS. The first stage of planders showing a watery dis- charge Irom the nose. 1 the discharge has Dme muco-purulent. EXAMINATION Of the nostril for glanders. which has l)een exhausted of its oxygen by passing through the kuu number of times. ;5!)(i TllK AMKKICAN FAUMEK S STOCK HOOK. GLANDEES, When tli< charge li GLANDERS, n the In5t stage How to know it. — Acute glanders is characterized hy languor ; dry, stiiring coat ; red, weeping eyes ; loss of appetite ; quick pulse ; elevated temperature, the thernionieter registering 103 to 106 "^ F. ; accelerated breathing ; a grayish purple color of the lining of the nose ; a watery discharge, whidi soon becomes yellowish and stick}', causing the hair on which the matter accunuilates in and around the nostrils to stick together. The discharge looks like melted butter, and when dropped into water it sinks. The ghuuls under the jaw swell and often adhere to the bone, l)ut not always. The partition between the nostrils will become ulcerated; small yellow points with purple bases will come up and burst, making the discharge bloody for the time. These ulcers, with ele- vjited edges and depressed centers and purple bases, will spread and become confluent, eating away the membrane till little or noth- ing of it is left ; the discharge increases and has a horribly offensive odor ; the lungs become affected bv ulcers formin2; in them ; the breath- ing becomes labored, and the animal finally fensfve'Ti?ugh'. dies, the most ema(^iatcd and disgusting object imaginable. '"°" The chronic course is longer continued and runs less rapidh' ; but all the same symptoms are developed, with the excei)tion that the appetite is less impaired till near the last ; the discharge is less copious and offensive, and emaciation does not take place so rapidly. But if the horse is exposed to any de- gree of hardship and cold storms, the chronic form may run into the acute form at any time. The cough is not always noticed, and the ulcers are sometimes so far up in the nose as to be out of sight. It is often necessary to inoculate a worth- less animal in order to determine the disease. If it is glanders, it will ])robably prove fatal to the one inoculated in two or three weeks, running the acute course. Farcy is recosjnized by swelling of the legs affected, usually one or two, though sometimes all four. The swellings are along the lines of the lymphatic veins on the legs, belly or any part of the body ; small nodular points come up, which break and discharge a glairy unhealthy pus, run a few days, dry up and leave a scar or bare spot that usually lasts to tell the tale as long as the horse lives ; other nodules follow and spread nearly all over the l)ody, head and neck ; the swelling of tlie limbs does not SECTION OF Of a glandered liorsc, showing CONTAGIOUS BLOOU DISEASES. old yield to treatment, and they soon become cliionically enlarged. The dis- charge is contagious the same as that of glanders. Fany sooner or later runs into glanders and terminates fatally. What to do. — Treatment should not be attempted at all, for it is always fatal in spite of the most scientific and pei'sistent efforts ; the fatal termi- nation may be postponed for a while, but the animal is sowing the con- tagion all the time, and doing an inestimable amount of damage. The fact that the disease is contagious to men, and always fatal too, is another reason why no man should attempt to treat a case a moment after it is satisfactorily diagnosed. When any doubt exists, or a suspicious case is seen, isolate the animal at once and quarantine him ; prevent any com- munication with other animals, and await developments. The discharge of catai'rh being M'hitish and more mucous in character, is easily recog- nized, and the nasal membrane never assumes that mouse-eaten appear- ance that is seen in glanders. Shoot every animal known to be affected witli glanders, and bury the carcass very deep. Prevention. — Avoid overcrowding and poor ventilation. See to it lliat no affected animals are allowed to run at large, or even to be used about the place in any way ; avoid letting horses driidt any more than is abso- lutely necessary in pul)lic troughs. Either tear down and burn any infected stable, or have it disinfected under the supervision of a quaiiticd veterinary sui'geon. All suspected cases should be placed under liis charge till the doubt is settled. It should be made a criminal act, with a heavy penalty, to expose affected animals in public places, or to sell or offer them for sale. A health commission of three qualified veterinary surgeons should ])e em- powered to destroy glandcred horses, with or without the consent of the owner ; and the State should bear half the loss, by reimbursing the owner with half the value of the animal before he took the disease. It is a misfortune for which he is not to blame, and which the State should help him to bear. H. Strangles. Strangles is a specific blood poison, peculiar to horses, and usually confined to young ones. It depends upon a morbid condition of (he system, is contagious, and corresponds to children's diseases in human medicine. It is most common in damp, cold seasons. The poison in the blood manifests itself in large, phlegmonous abscesses around the throat ; this is the usual manner in which it breaks out. But in some cases it takes a very different course, breaking out in abscesses on any part of the body. Sometimes no abscesses gather at all, and the fever remains diffused in the system, instead of coming to a head in one place. These nuH THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. last two kinds are called bastard or unusual strangles. It is often fatal, liut such cases are du'j to neglect, to colds from exposure while the fever is liigli, etc. Causes.— It often arises spontaneously, from the existence in the sys- tem of some morbific matter developed while growing ; for spontaneous cises are only found among young horses ; when older ones have it, it comes from contagion. How to know it. — There arc all the indications of fever — quick, weak pulse ; high temperature ; hot mouth ; cold extremities ; staring coat ; loss of appetite, and nervous prostration. lu a few hours the throat begins to swell, both on the sides and between the branches of the lower jaw ; this swelling is sometimes immense, and makes the colt hold his neck and head stretched out in one position, stiff, like a child with the nmmps. There is usually a distressing cough and inability to swallow ; often there is a desire to eat, but the throat is so sore he cannot swallow. The nose runs a mucous discharge at first, which soon becomes purulent ; the e^'es very red, and tears run down over the cheeks. The swel- ling is painful and sore upon pressure, and usually breaks in about a week, and discharges pus. When these swellings come in the lungs, the breathing will be affected, and the chest will be sore upon pressure or percussion on the ribs, and he will stand all the time. If it comes in the abdomen, colicky pains are felt, and he lies down nearly all the time. Sometimes it comes around the heart. Any of these unusual forms are likely to be fatal. What to do- — Avoid depletives of all kinds, and foster the strength of the patient in every possible way. If the bowels are constipated, give a few injections, Iiut do not risk a purgative ; give recipe No. 40 every two to six hours with a syringe, for it is unsafe as well as painful, to try to drench him with the throat in that condition. Apply hot linseed poultices to the swellings, and let them get very thin indeed before opening them ; or, even let them burst of themselves to avoid that thickening often seen after being opened. It is no use trying to check it ; it must run its course, (live him a warm, dry place, well ventilated, and nourishing food such as l)oilcd oats, barley, roots, etc. During convalescence give recipe No. 35. A BAD CASE OF STRANGLES. III. Rabies or Hydrophobia. This is a specific blood jjoison, arising spontaneously in the r/enus cam's (dog, fox and wolf) and in cats. It is communicable to all ani- mals and to man, but can only be inoculated by a bite. The virus lies in CONTAUIOirS BLOOD DISEASES. 3!) 9 the saliva and blood, but not in the milk. Nearly all animals bitten by ii rabid dog, are attacked witii the disease in the course of time, but man .seems to possess a partial inimunity ; only a small percentage of the men bitten by rabid animals have rabies. Incubation. — The period of incubation varies in different animals. The hoi-se goes fifteen to ninety days, usually thirty ; cattle, twenty to thirty days ; sheep, twenty to seventj'-four days ; swine, twenty to forty-nine days. In man the period of incubation varies from a few days to a few months, though some cases develop after a year or so, or even longer, the rabies at last being more the effect of fear and long continued anxiety and worry over the possible effects of a bite, than of the bite itself. How to know it. — The horse l)ecomes frantic witii fever and 2)ain ; delirium sets in early ; he neighs, paws, bites his manger, clothing, etc. ; is ravenous for water but swallows with difficulty ; he grows worse till death takes place by paralysis. COUNTENANCE OF A HORS RABIES. DESTRUCTIVE IMPULSE OF HYDKOPIIOBIA. What to do. — No treatment is of any avail ; if there were anything that could be given, it would be too risky to attempt it; but so far, science has discovered nothing to prevent a fatal termination. As soon as a case is suspected isolate the horse, tie him so that he shall ))e powerless for harm, and await developments. As soon as it is satisfactorily recognized destroy him. 400 THE AMERICAN I'AIi.MKIl's STOCK liOOK. rv. Horso Pox or Equine Variola. Nearly all animals have a pox peculiar to their kind, although all forms of pox seem to he closely allied. They are all contagious from one ani- mal to anotiier of the same species, and usually among the different species to a greater or less extent. Having any of the different kinds of variola once, gives immunity from suljsccjuent attacks of the other kinds, for a number of 3'ears at least. Kine pox, taken either hy inoculation from the cow or by vaccination, confers immunity, to a great extent, from small pox. Horse pox appears to be identical with kino i)ox ; the one can not be distinguished from the other when inot^ulated into man, ox or horse. Horse pox usually attacks the limbs, but sometimes the face, Hanks and other parts of (lie body. How to know it. — There is slight fever, which is often unnoticed ; heat and swelling of the affected part for a day or two ; then hard nodules form, increasing in size to about half an inch in diameter ; the hair ruffles up and the skin reddens around the i)ock ; on the ninth to the twelfth da}', a limpid, yellowish Huid flows from tiie pustules, and sticks the hair up in yellowish scabs or streaks, on the removal of which a red, raw depression is seen with the scab fixed in its center. In three or four days the secretion ceases, tiie pustules dry up, and the part heals and the scabs come off. The most active virus is the lymph that runs from the pustules. It is readily carried from horso to horso by the grooms on tlu^ir hands or clothes. It sometimes exists to almost to an epizootic extent in some localities. The grooms often get inoculated and have the horse pox, which saves them the trouble of being vaccinated. What to do. — It nuist run its course, so all that is necessary is to give laxative diet; keep the parts clean by bathing with warm water once or twice a day, and grease them over, when dry, to prevent itching and pain from the scal)s getting too hard and dry. If the fever should run high and tho appetite suffer, and the urine become dark and scanty, give recipe No. 23. CHAPTER XV. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. I. NEPHRITIS OK INFLAMMATION OF THK KI1)NEYS. II. CONGESTION OF THE KIDNEYS. 111. CYSTITIS OK INFLAMMATION OP THE HI.AUDEU. IV. PAK- ALYSIS OF THE liLAUDEK. V. EVEUSION OF THE HLADUEK. VI. Sl'ASM OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDEK. VII. KUPTUHE OF THE BLADDER. VIII. DIA- BETES INSIPIDUS OK PROFUSE STALING. -IX. HvEMATUKIA OK BLOODY OUINE. .X. SUPPRESSION OF THE URINE OK UYSUKIA. XI. DKIUBLINO OF THE UKINE Oil ENURESIS. XII. STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA. XIII. OONOK- lUICEA OR GLEET. XIV. FOUL SHEATH. XV. UBINAKY CALCULI. Diseases and derangoinonts of the urinary organs are far less common than the majority of people suppose. AVheiiever a horse has the colic or pleurisy, the average horseman attributes the pain to the ravages of bots or to stoppage of the water, and goes to work to start the latter and quiet the former. Many are the nostrums that arc given, sometimes harmless and sometimes very irritating and injurious. SYMPTOMS ATTENDING DISEASES OF THE UKINAUY OH(iANS. Many of the diseases mentioned in this eha[)ter are often seen, by a veterinarian who has an extensive, active practice. Diseases of the kid- neys are either organic or functional, usually the latter. I. Nephritis or Inflammation of the Kidneys. Causes. — The usual causes arc too free use of diuretic medicine, and blistering on the back with tly blister ; eating musty liay and kiln-dried 401 402 Till', AMl'.lilCAN lAK.Mi:i; S SIOCK HOOK. oiits ; eerlain of llio loealion of Hie Irimlile ; (lion apply hot watiT nigs across the loins continuously for several tlays. Give iidernally a ijiiart of rawliiisood oil. As .soon as (hi.s is well down, give recipe No. ;U), and follow i( up every (wo hours. If no relief comes in (he course' of live or six hours, give cojiious nmci- lagiiious drinks in (he form of llaxseed (ea and slippery elm bark. Clothe warmly, to cncouragu sweating. Kreshly-ilayed sheepskin may bo laid across (h(> loins, or mustard ))as(e may bo rubbed in(o (ho hair, ami (he rags applied over i(. I''ced on short, laxative diet. Avoid diiireties strouuoiisly, especially nitre and spirits of nitr(>. (Jivo anodyne injections of warm water and one oiinc(' servei", we describe it under this lunid. Causes. — Too plethoriit a condition of the system is the greiit cause. The l)lood gets so fat and thick that it interferes with the working of the internal organs, csjjccially the kidneys. 'V\w, animal is usually fat, but not necessarily so, for it is often seen in horses in strong, working condi- tion, but thin in flesh. In pout mortem examinations, fat can be seen floating in globules in the blood. It gives rise to thick, coffee-colored, ropy urine. Or noKSKs WITH ('onsidcs ; males are more subjec-t to it than females. How to know it. — Frequent attempts to pass water, which is forced out in small quantities by great straining ; colicky pains ; looking at the flanks; tenderness in the lower back part of the 1)clly ; bv introducing the hand into the rectum, the bladder will l)e felt full and distended oa the floor of the pelvis. ■lOCi TIIK AMI'lHUAN 1'"AU.MKK'.S STOCK KOOK. What to do. — ^Sprcad frcsli litter mulcr (lie liorsc to iiidiicc liiiii to puss llio iiiiiic ; {i;iv() wjiriii wsitcr injections and aiilispiisinodii' drtMielies, .sncli us No. r)() ; gcnllc i)rc\S'ful iu)L to overdo it for fear of rupture. Pass the (^atlu'ter u[) the jieuis if necessary ; in the ease of a mare all that is neces- sary is to insert one tinner into the iieek of tlu^ hladdcr. VII. Rupturo of the Bladder. Causes. — 'I'iiis only occurs in females duriuii parturition wlu'u the bladder has failcil to be cmpti(Ml before the labor is l)e<;im, ami in cases of lou{j;c()ntiiuu'd s|)asm of tiic neck of the bladder — especially, if by fre- (|ucut I'cpetitions of the spasms the walls of it have become weakened .and llaccid. How to know it.— Nervous Ireuibliuii' of the whole body ; accelerated pulse ; cold extremities; nausea ; abdominal pain that runs on to iutlam- nialion and causes diMth, or the aninud dies from the nervous shock. lOxatninatiou piu- rc(^tum finds the bladder empty and llaccid ; introduction of (he needle of a hypodermic syringe, or a snudl trocar into the median portion of Iho belly, will lot out urine which is readily recognized by the odor. Nothing can be ilouc. VIII. Diabetes Insipidus or Profnao Staling. 'Phis is a superabundant drain of water from the system (hi'ough the kidneys. Causes. — Kxccssivo and long continued use of diuretics in acute dis- eases, especially lung troubles ; acidity of (ho stomach ami chronic indi- gestion, causing nuu'h thirst, so (hat great i|uan(ities of watci' are drunk. Mnst\' hay and kiln dried oats are fro(]uent causes. How to know it. — Hy the excessive thirst ; profuse staling. Hooding the stall ; the urine is copious in (luantitv, fre(|uently voided and as vlctiv as water. Kmaciation and hidebound soon follow. The api)etito is eupri- cious ; the coat staring ; slight fever; inclination to lick the walls and mortar (o get lime, and to eat the bedding in preference to clean, fresh food. There is weakness, and palpitation of (he hearl. What to do. — (live one oi' two doses of (ho following reeii)e : No. 71. 1 Driu'lnii iodiiu'. ';. Dnu'hiii idilitic of |iiil:isli, I'owilcr luiil mix witli liiisooti meal to luiikc u ball. (live as one dose and repeat it once a day for two or three days ; then give 11 (easpoonful of bicarbonate of soda in a bran nuish, nuu'uing and night for a week ; then givi^ retipe No. 37, and give a complete change of food — a run at grass if possible. DISKASI'.S or TIIK UHINAKY OlKiANS. 407 IX. Heematuria or Bloody Urine. Causes. — Thi^i is ciuiscd hy violciu'c, iiffccliiig tlu^ loins, kidneys, l)l;i(l- der, etc.; by cancer, liil)crclc, or iih.st'oss in llio kidneys; by iicrid diuretic plants, etc. < ^ nUKSK SI I'l'UlllNC I'KOM III.UODV I lilNK. What to do. — In ciisc Uien^ is a profuse How of l)l()od, dasli cold water over tlie, hack. Remove the causes, if lliey can bo located, and give flax- seed tea to drink, and I'ccipe No 70, in doses of two tahlespoonfuls, llircc times a da}'. X. Suppression of the Urino, or Dysuria. Causes. — This is retention of tlie urine from various causes, such as contraction of the sphincter of the bladder; enlargement of the jn-ostatic gland; stricture of the uictluM; bean in the iicad of the penis, and calcidi. What to do. — P;i'^'^ in tlu! catheter to emi)ty the bladder, and then endeavor, if possible, to find the cause and rcnu)vo it. If it is from enlargement of the prostatic ghmd, give No. (IC ; if from contraction of sphincter of the neck of the bladder, refer to the treatment for si)asnisof the neck of the bladiler ; if from stricture, refer to the article on that sub- ject ; if from a l)ean in the head of the penis, oil your fingers well and remove it; if it is from calculi, refer to that subject. XI. Dribbling of tho Urine, or Enviresis. In this case the urine dribbles away involuntarily. It may conn; from weakness of the sphincter of the bhukler, or from injury to it by the catluiter, or from paralysis of the bladder. Care should betaken, when passing in the catheter, to pass one hand into the rectum to guide tho point over the curve. It may come from calculi ; if so, remove them. If it comes from weakness, give a change of food, and No. 'A7 as a tonic. 408 Till'. AMi".i;i( AN i'ai!Mi;k'.s stock hook. XII. stricture of tho Urethra. Causes. — Tliis is rauscd by irritiitinji' iiiuTrdicnts in the urine, and by slroiiii astriiiirt'iit injections used in gleet ; or by the healing of uleers in negifcled gleet. How to know it. — I in' m-ine is ]>assed in a very line stream : the passage I'eciuires a long time, and is attended with pain. 'Hiere are fre(|iient painfui erections. What to do. — I'ass in, daily, a catheter, beginning with one small enouLih to pass the strietnre, and increase the size of it from day to day, l)usiiing it by the stricture ■with gentle pix'ssnre. XIII. GonorrhOBa. Causes. — This is intlannnation of the urethra from irritating sub- stances in the urine; excessive copulation; masturbation; connection with a newly delivered man' or one that has an irritating discharge from the womb ; mechanical injury to the ])enis, and irritation from the pas- sago or arrest of small stones or gravel. It is mostly eontined to stallions. How to know it. — By swelling anil soreness in the sheath and penis ; painful, slow urination, freciiu-ntly intermitted and sent in jets, owing to the pjiin ; more or less discliMi'gc of pus, whiih will be seen arounil the head of the penis. What to do. — Give a pint of raw linseed oil as a laxative, and foment the sore part with hot water : i-iuse out any gravel, and inject a lotion made as follows : No. 7'2. '._. Oiiiicc siiu:!!- (if leiul, 1 Ounce vim'ii,;ir, 1 (^»ii;ii-| wnlcv. Mix. Inject a little once a day. if it is necessary to continue this longer than a week, change to Nil. 7:!. !•'> (Jraiiis nitrate nf silver, '._■ IMnI witter. Mix. Inject a little twice a day. Feed on soft food. XIV. Foul Shoath. The sheath of most horses needs cleaning occiisionally. The glanils in the skin secrete a tluid to lubricate the parts, and at times it is secr(*ted in larger (piantities than at other times, and accumulates in a gtiinmy, black substance in the sheath. Wash it out carefully with soap and warm water, being careful not to use anv \iolence in dr.iwiiii:- down the \ard. DISEASES or THE URINARV ORGANS. 409 and particularly careful not to scratch the parts with the finger nails. If this occurs tiie 3'artl nia>' swell to enormous proportions ; if so, ))athe it with warm water and suspend it in a M'ide l)anda_iie passed over the loins. Kepcat the batiiing two or three times a day. Give gentle exercise ; and when the swelling is nearly gone, oil it with olive oil. XV. Urinary Calculi. Stones or calculi in the urinary ai)i)aratus differ in size, chemical com- position and location. Sometimes they attain to very large sizes ; some- times several small ones exist in the same place, and sometimes the deposit is sand-like, the granules not uniting to form a stone. Their chemical composition differs according to the nature of the food. The calculi of hei'bivorous or grazing animals are composed mostly of the carbonates, while those of carnivoi'ous or flesh eating animals consist mainly of the phosphates. The calculi of omnivorous animals partake of the character of the two kinds just mentioned. They will he more largcily composed of the carbonates or of the phosphates according to the charac- ter of 1h(^ food and water taken. Causes. — The carl)oniites of lime and magnesia are the i)rincipal com- ponents of the calculi of horses and cattle ; they are due to the large proportion of vegetable acids in the food. These vegetable acids become triuisformed into carbonic acid, which unites with the lime and magnesia in the blood, thus forming cah'uli. The t(Midencies to form calculi from the food are strengthened l)y the following accessory causes : Scai-cit}"^ of water ; disinclination to drink ; excessive loss of water from the sys- tem by diarrhoea and dysentery or j)rofuse sweating; feverish conditions, gi\ing rise to scanty secretions of urine; dry winter fodder; and hard drinking water. A solid substance of some kind for a nucleus or stalling point is usually necessary to their fornr.ition ; around this nucleus the salts crystallize in concentric layers. The nucleus may be a partick^ of mucus, fil)riiie or l)Iood, or a foreign body introduced with the catheter. The locations in which they may be found ar(^ the kidnej's, ureters (the tubes leading to the bladder), the bladder, the urethra and the fossa of (he glaiis penis. How to know it. — Those in the kidneys and ureters cause colicky ])ains, straddling gait, tender loins, and sonH^times Idood in the urine. Those in the ureters can sometimes be felt by the hand introduced into the rectum. Those in tlu^ l)laddcr get into the passage and obstruct the urine occa- sionallv, in which ease thej' give rise to frequent straining efforts to pass urine ; the urine escapes in driblets and jets, with frequent sudden arrests of the flow ; but if the stone does not get into the passage, the flow is not •110 rilK AMKItlCAN I'AKMKU's .SIOCK liOOK. oliockod. r>loo(l, ill riots, may l>o passed from wouiulinif of tho mucous moml)raiii' of I lie hlaildci', liy llu> slon(^. Kxaiiiiiialiou liy Uui hand, iior rectum, will (li'tcrmiii(> its oxisU'iu'c. lii tlif fomalo, it can sometimes he reaclit'd willi tlie linjier. What to do. — There is no siitisfiiotory treatment in cases where the location of tiie stone is out of reach. Thosti in tin* bladder and uiethra can 1)0 ri-movi'd hy either l>i-eaUinj? them tlown and Avashin^ the frai^mcnts out. (litiiotrity), or they may l)e removed whole (lithotomy ) ; both opera- tions will be found described in tlu> chapter on opei'ations. Prevention. — H i^^ well to guard iijiainst. the formation of them in the liist instaiue, and to })revent. their return when i-i':iw oft' llif water witli a small t locharaiHl caiimila ; ro- l)('at it, if necessary, half ii dozen times, for tiiesc cavities are prone to ntill. I'aint tlic outside with tincture of iodine. If all means fail and the case becomes hojieless, resort to castration. (See <'haj)ter on oper- ations. '^ III. Evil Results of Castration. Scirrhus cord. — When the cord is loft too long, the ends hanging down hetwoen the lips of the wound made in the scrotum, it becomes ad- herent to them, and tlie whole swells together, becoming an indurated mass, sometimes as large as a child's lusad. What to do. — The horse nnist bo cast, the cord dissected away from the scrotum, and the cord (whieli will l)e found in the form of a tumor) exciseil. In the absence of a good veterinarian, excise it with the Icrazeur, taking pains to get down low, so as to take out as much of it as possible, and dress it, twice a day, with lotion No. .^>. Abscess ill tlie scrotum. — This occurs from healing of the wound before the suppurative process, which always follows to a greater or less extent, is finished. The confined pus accunuilates and forms a large abscess, causing the sheath to swell, as also the lymphatit^ glands on the inside of liie thigh, giving rise to a straddling gait and disinclination to move. What to do. — Open it freely, and evacuate the pus, when it will com- niiiniy heal readily ; if it does not, however, inject lotion No. f), twice a day, Projertinci cortl. — Sometimes a small teat-like piece of the cord will project through the wound in the scrotum, preventing it from entirely healing. Pinch this off close to the scrotum with the thumb nail, and cauterize it with lunar caustic. Tumors on the cord. — These may form from catching cold after cas- tration, strangulation of the cord, or too rough handling. They sometimes attain the size of a child's head. The tumor differs from scirrhus in being situated higher up in tlie canal. It must be dissected out, the same as scirrhus cord above (lcscril)ed.- IV. Wound of the Ponis. This sometimes hapj)ens to stallions while teasing mares ; it gets kicked, swung against a fence, or struck by mischievous boys in play. Some- times amputation is necessary. (See chapter on operations.) 'When an operation is not necessary, foment with hot water and apply lotion No. •21, two or three times a day. If tumefaction is great, support the penis with a l)andage passed over the loins. DISEASES OF THE OUliANS OT GENERATION. 413 V. Gonorrhoea or Gloot. This is catari'Ii of the mucous lucinhriuu! lining tlio urethra. Its causes arc excessive work in llie stud, coiuiection too soon after parturition, or irritalinii" sulistMUccs in tiie urine. How to know it. — Tiie urine will he passed in small jets, with frecjuent interruptions antl manifestations of pain, and theri^ will lie some swi-lling and soreness of the parts. What to do. — Suspend the labor in the stud for u couple of weeks ; fonuiit with hot water frequently, and inject the following lotion twice a day : (See also page 408, — ti'eatmcnt for another typo of this disease.) No. V.'i. 2 Drafhin-! ^ulpliatc of zinc, 1 riiit waliT. Mix. Or, instead, the following may he used: No. 70. '.! I)r;icliins sugar of lead, 1 I'iut water, nix. VI. Phimosis and Paraphimosis. These are swollen conditions of tjic penis. In the former, the penis is swollen and confined within the sheath, so that it cannot he protrudt^d ; ill the latter, the penis is swollen outside the sheath, and cannot l)e with- drawn. What to do. — When phimosis exists, open the external portion of the sheath, so as to enlarge the opening; then, if the penis is swollen when liberated, bathe w^ith cold water, and apply lotion No. 24 three times a day. For paraphimosis, bathe with cold wali'r, apply lotion No. 24, three times a day, manipulate as much as the soreness will allow, and sui)port the penis with a bandage passed across the loins. Do not, on any ac- count, omit the bandage, as the weight of the swollen organ is alone suf- ficient to keep it irritat(!d and inflamed. If this fails to accomplish the desired effect, the rim of tlu' shealli may be slit u|) a little ways, and the organ manipulated and pushed back. Leave the cutting, however, for the last resort. VII. Masturbation. This is a bad habit of ainising nature, that some stallions get into. It may result from weakness, consequent upon overwork in the stud, or, on the other hand, from superfluous passion attending want of work in connection with high feeding. When from the former cause, reduce the work, give walking exercise, and administer tonics, such as Nos. G7, 35 or 'Ill TIM'; AMI'.KICAN r'AUMI'lli's HTOCIt HOOK. .'t;{. Wlitii ficiin 111.' lull IT, ^ivc, for ii |)iu unlive. No. 2.'i, reduce the feed, ilicrciise (he exercise, :iiiil '/\vr No. ;i7. JUSNASNS I'lJdirj.lAI} TO T1IK MAUK. Discuses of llie j;-eiier!il.ive orjjjiiiis iii'o not ;<() muiiiM-oiis in the marc as in (lie cow, |)roi)!ihly owing, as l»efoi'e explained, to iior Icadinj^ a more active Hfc. VIII. Parturition. This (lie in.'M'c Ljcts tiironiih with veiv (|uicklv wiien excrylhinn' is rij;iil, iiiiti wiien it. •:;oes wronj; or is proionj^ed, on acconnt of nndpresen- (ation, oi' nialfornialion of llie pelvis, \\w e.is(i is veiy bad indeed. The cow nniy lie in the a liji'anu'nts of the ))elvis are relaxed to allow the fteliis to pass, or of sonm malpi'esentation. In such eases, assis- lancc, to lie of anv service, inusi be rendered soon iuid etliciently. The inarcshouM be si roui,' and in li'ood healthy c(niditioii ; as (o llcsji, not too f;it IUII- too (hin, and sli'onj;', as a n^sult of proper exercise. The liowcis siionld b(> loosened by i;ivinji' soft fe(>d, roots, etc., at (lieelos(> of llie period of i;cstalion. In the i;reat majority of cases, litt le or- nothinij^ else is ncccssai'W What to do. — In ease of malprcseiital ion, refer to llic eorrespondint!; position in the eow, whiiii will be found described in its proper placci. If all means fail to deliver the foal ali\e. ami one or I he other nmst be saerilieed, cut the fo;dawa\', piece by piece ; but if the foal is alive and (he mare eauuot b^^ saved, llie foal can be bi-ouiilit away by the Cesarian opeiation. (S(>e chapter on operations. ) />t(n/ /'(<■/ 11.1. — Sometimes t,hi> ftctns dies some considerable t inu' be- fori< lh(< full term of li'csditiou is completed, ami llnis beeominn' a foreign substance, it must be remoN'cd. Smnelinu's, in such eases, the (W v/rn' docs not relax and needs Mssistance. This condition of al'fairs will be known 1^' the marc's continuous and persistent straining, in the effort to expel the f(etns. What to do. — I'a-^.-^ in your hand, after oiling it w itli olive oil, and in- sert oni> linger into tlu> o.v, tiicn two and three, and so on, working yery •iradnalh , till it is well dilated. If this docs not succeed, insiM't a sponge wet M'idi lluid extract of belladonna into tliciw, and let it remaii\ there ((Ml or twelve houis, and then try the hand again. UISEASK.S OI- TIIK OIUiAN'S OK OKNIOKATION. 415 IX. Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb. This results from injury during parturition, or from catching cold by ex- posure to cold or wet soon after delivery. It usually comes on in two or three days after partui'itiou. There is more or less fever ; colicky pain ; continually straining, as if to pass another foal ; looking around towards the flanks ; a discharge of fietid lilark fluid from ihe womh ; and arched hack. What to do. — Give a mild purgative of raw linseed oil, in amount from a pint to a (juai't, according to the size of the patient. Washout the womb with warnx water, to which a little, a very little, whiskey has l)ccn added, and inject No. Sit. Give No. 18 internally, as often as the fever and other syin|)toms rcipiire. Feed ou light diet and keep warm. X. Inflammation of the Ovaries. Tills, thougii I'arc, is met with occasionally in tiu^ marc, and is mani- fested by slight fever, soreness on pressure in the lumbar region, and dis- inclination to walk. It usually occurs at the time of heat, and passes away when that is over ; it aggravates the passions excited at that time. What to do. — (live a tcaspoonful of saltpetre in a bran mash, three times a day, for a couple of days. XI. Leucorrhcea. This is lalai-rh of tiic vagina or of the womb, or of ])oth. Caused, originally, by a sliglit attack of iuHammation, a discharge from the irritated surfaces is set up and soon becomes chronic. It often follows dif- ficult parturition, in which the parts have been torn and injured, more or less. When the after-liirtli is retained, leucorrhu-a invariably follows, owing to till! irritation caused by the decomposition, which, in such cases, is nature's only alternative for getting rid of the foreign body. The discharge is whitisli and slimy, of a disagrceal)le odor ; in fact, when following retention of the after-birth, it is often purulent, and very offensive. It tells heavily on the general health of the ])aticnt ; she loses flesh : tiic coat becomes rough, coarse and staring ; and flic milk dries up, oi" nearly so. What to do. — Introduce a catheter into the womi), and draw off the purulent accumulations, if any exist; next, inject tepid water, draw- ing it off with the catheter ; then inject lotions Nos. 75, 76 and 39, chang- ing from one to another, and applyingthem twice a day till cured. At the same time, give, as a course of tonics, Nos. ()7, 35 and 22, changing occasionally from one to another. Continue them three or four weeks. Give green food, if practicable ; if not, give bran mashes, roots, etc. 416 run AJIKKKAN lAK.MEU's STOCK IJOOK. XII. Puerperal Fever. This is a honigii fever, usually occurring on the second or third day after parturition. It is aggravated by colds, exposure, or neglect. How to know it. — The symptoms arc those of general fe\er, accelera- ted [uilsc and respiration, with heightened temperature ; the cars and e.xtremities, however, arc cold ; the visible mucous niemi)ranes are inject- ed and red ; the bowels are consti[)ated ; the urine is scanty and high col- ored ; secretion of milk is suspended ; and the udder inclines to intlamina- tion and hardness. It may occur in mares of all ages, but is most often met with after the lirst i)regnancy, and seems to accompany the effort of nature in secreting the milk. What to do. — Ke(!p the animal warm, in a place with good ventilation but no drafts ; give soft diet (grass if possible)^ and plenty of pure water with a tablespoonful of sweet spirits of nitre mixed with it morning and night. If the bowels are constipated, give half a pint of raw linseed oil, repeating it after ten or twelve hours. XII. Mammitis. This is intlammation of the uuinimary glands, or udder ; it accompanies parturition, and then always exists to a certain extent, consetiuent ui)on the secretion of milk. It is apt to be most severe after the first foaling. Usuall}-, the intlammation sul)sides in the course of a week or so; that is, as the organs become accustomed to secreting the milk, and their outside is softened by the foal sucking and pulling at the teats ; but not in- frequently it happens that, instead of getting better and softer, they get harder and larger, sore, hot and painful. When it runs on to suppura- tion of a quarter, as it sometimes does, the milk curdles and comes away Avith difficulty, in small quantities, and is bloody. There is always more or less constitutional disturbance, fever, aeeelerated pulse, etc Whattodo. — Foment vigorously with hot water, as continuously as possible ; mani[)ulate to the utmost extent that the soreness Mill allow ; encourage the foal to suck and i)ull the teats, and milk all you can, at freciucnt intervals, to prevent the milk from curdling. If it goes on to sujjpuration, open the abscesses and inject lotion Ko. ;5il, twice a day, and apply oil-cake poultices, changing them morning and night. Give soft feed ; if in winter, take the chill off the drinking water, and keep the mare blanketed. Give a teasi)oonful of saltpetre in a bran mash niorn- in"- and night. If the bowels are constipated, give a pint of raw linseed oil. Rub the glands with the following, three times a day : No. 77. 1 Ounce c.imphor gum, ^ Pint olive oil. Mix. DISEASES OF THE OUGA.NS OF GENERATION. 417 Xrv. Hysteria. This is a peculiar and quite rare nervous condition accompanying heat and manifested, principail}-, by the voluntary muscles. The jaws champ ; the teeth are ground ; the nuiscles tremble ; the legs and feet are liable to paw, strike or kick spasmodically ; in short, the mare acts in a general! j delirious manner. Sonu'tinies the brain is sonuu-ii affected that tliis con- dition runs on into tetanic convulsions, inflammation of the brain, and deatli. What to do. — Give a (juart of raw linseed oil, or else No. 23, and No. 52. Kei)eat tlic latter every four to six hours-, till purgation takes place, when all unpleasant symptoms will usually disappear. XV. Abortion. When mares abort, it is usually the result of accident or ovenvork. If compelled to draw too heavy a load, a single extra hard pull is often- times suflScicnt to produce abortion ; any such accident as slipping, fall- ing, external violence, etc., may likewise bring it about. Usually, all parts come away naturally, without any untoward result other than nerv- ous prostration, and, perhaps, a slight febrile rise in pulse and temper- ature for a day or two afterwards. What to do- — Allow absolute rest for a few days, and give soft feed and chilled water. If any fever follows, give a teasjioonful of saltpetre in the mash, moi'ning and night. CUAITHR XVII. DISEASES OF THE LIVER. I. OONOKSTION or THE I.IVKK. II. IIKPATITIS, OH INFLAMMATION OF THF. LIVER (ACUTIC OK CllUONK'). 111. (M'UiOMA, OK FATTY I>1:GICNI;KATI()N. IV. CIK- KllOSIS, OK KlllKOlIS DICOENKKATION. V. .) AlINDICK, ICTEKl'S, OK YELLOWS. \ I. lULIAKV OALCIILI, OK (SALL-STONES. VII. IIYI'EKTKOl'llY. VIll. ATKO- rilY. IX. SOETENINO, OK KAMOLLISSEMENT, WITH KUl'TUKE. Diseases of Iho liver in llio lower iininmls, arc not as eoninion as in the luinian fainiiv, hut Ihcy arc met with oeeasioiially, inul tlieir effects arc plainly visible. The other organs of the body necessarily .suffer when there is inactivity of the liver, since its functions arc very important, l)o(h in eliininatinji; impurities from the hlood, and in secretini!: the bile that largely contributes to maintaining the health of the bowels. Certain marked symptoms are common to all diseases of the liver, viz : j'cllowness of all the visible mucous picmbrancs, dullness of spirits, languor, and loss of appetite. When the bile is secreted too abuiuhmtly, tlie f(eces 'are bright yellow, with eitiier diarrho^i, or a tendency that w:iy ; and when the bile is scanty, the t'tcccs are of a gray, ashy color, hard and very offensive to the smell. Again, when the liver fails to secrete its customary quantity of urea, the latter is thrown l)ack into the sj's- tem, with especial (h'triment to the kidneys, giving rise to congestion of those organs or azoturia, (which see). 'I'he principal diseases of the liver, in tlie Imrse, are enumerated in the heading of this chapter. I. Congostion of the Liver. This is engorgement of the iie[)atie blood vessels, and, in a secondary manner, is accomjjanied by engorgement of many of the otlu'r internal organs, Its subjects are commonly high fed, pampered, idle animals. It is frequently a symptom of inlluenza, from ol>struetion of the tlow of bile, caused by intlammation of the lining membrane of the bile ducts, which, in turn, is simply one manifestation of the general catarrhal inllaniination of the mucous membranes of the whole body. How to know it. — In addition to the general symptoms of hepatic dis- ease, meutioiu'd in the second })aragraph of this chapter, there will be some colicky jiains ; turning of the head towards the right side; high brownish color of the urine ; constipation ; day-colored fteces,- an offen- sive smell to both fieces and mouth ; and grinding of the teeth. Some- times, there is also lameness in the right fore-shoulder, and more or less fever. 418 DISEASES OF THE LIVEIl. 419 What to do. — Somo Mtitliorifics recommend Ijloodinjx iuid purgatives, cxc'ci)l wlicu it is a symptom of inlhionza. In caisc tiic animal is fat, bleeding would be an advantage. Follow it with No. 37, given in doses of two or three tablcspoonfuls in .soft feed, three times a day. Let the food bo light and ratli either acute or. chronic. It is \'i:vy v.ivv in tiie lower ani- mals, among which it is most often seen in old horses. The iullamma- tion may have its seat either in the covering membrane, known to anato- mists as "Glisson's Capsule," or in the glandular portion itself. It may lead to abscesses, or to a hardening or softening of the organ. We will treat, lirst, of the acute foi'ui. How to know it. — Tiune is marived loss of appc^titc, and dullness of the eye ; the j)atient usually remains standing, but hangs his head ; the manure, jiassed in snudl balls, is of a dark reddish-ljrown color, and sometimes very nmch mixed with bile, covered with a slimy mucous matter ; the urine is scant and high colored, and there is tenderness of the right side. What to do. — In tlic acute form, give early, as a mild purgative. No. 2;?, and foUow it with this: No. 78. 2 Oiiiiccs clilorate of potash, 1 (^iiart water, J\lix. (live four ounces (about two wine-glassfuls) three times a day. Feed on light diet. The chronic form may follow tlie acute, or it ma}' exist as an original disease. It gives rise to material changes in the liver, which may become enlarged and softened, or diminished in size and indurated and hai'dened. In those cases where it comes on gradually, and exists as an original dis- ease, it is the result of want of proper food, or a process of gradual starvation, and tends to a fatal termination. If the food is insufficient and unsuitable, the fact will be shown by a poverty-stricken appeai-ance of {\w, animal generally. What to do. — Give a comiilete change in every way possible — location and altitude, as wt'll as iu tiie (jnality and (|uanfity of food. III. Ceroma, or Patty Degeneration of tho Liver. This is usually seen iu old hoi'ses tiiat are veiyfat. 'Hie liver becomes largo and soft, and the hepatic cells becoming tilled with fat, the secretion 4'20 TIIK AMERICAN FARMEIl's STOCK liOOK. of l)ilc is interfered with. Hero we tiiul one of the causes of con- stipation and enteritis ; for the bile is the main agent in keeping the bowels ill order, including, also, the prcveution of acidity and abnormal waste of the tissues composing them. No treatment can be prescriljcd. These cases usually die suddenly, from rupture of the capsule and escape of blood into the abdominal cavity. Prevention might be effected by not allowing old horses to get too fat. IV. Cirrhosis, or Fibrous Degeneration. This is due, probalily, to material changes in the lilood, which becoming poor in quality and scanty in (luantity, gives rise to atroi)hy of the sys- tem, pining, and death. On jiost-mortcm examination, the liver is found to be light, and in color of a yellow cast, roughened on the surface, firm to the touch, not so easily broken down as in a healthy condition ; it is hard, fibrous and dry ; and, when cut across, the lobules arc replaced by white tilirous tissue, exhibiting a mottled appearance, like the interior of a nutmeg. No specific treatment is possible. V. Jaundice, Icterus, or Yellows. This is only a symi)tom of derangement of the liver, though commonly spoken of as a separate disease. It indicates an obstruction of the gall duct that conve3's the bile into the intestines, the consequence of which is, that the bile is thrown back into the system, and hence the yellow appearance so characteristic of all liver disorders. If it is not complicated with any other disease, give a purgative. No. 23, and follow it Avith No. 37. If, however, it exists as a complication, treat the other disease rather than this condition. VI. Biliary Calculi, or Gall-stones. Thougli gall -stones are rarely found, incrustations on the walls of the ducts are (juitc common. They do little or no harm, unless thoy accu- nudate to such an extent as to obstruct the duct, in which case there will bo colicky pains, frequent looking around to the right side, auda yellow, bilious appearance generally. Give No. 55. VII. Hypertrophy of the Liver. This, which is the name given an abnormal growth of the organ, is usually associated with a plethoric condition, resulting from idleness and high feeding. Keduce the flesh, by sivinir No. 23, and restricting the diet. DISEASES OF THE LIVEK. 421 VIII. Atrophy of the Liver. This is a wasting, siu-inking, pining away process. Its causes are either some other disease, or else starvation. If the former, treat the other disease, and the system may, perhaps, redevelop. If starvation and neglect are to blame, make a radical change, giving good food, and plenty of it. EX. Softening, or Ramollissement, with Ruptiire. This is probably due to repeated attacks of congestion and engorge- ment. The softening process goes on, till finally the inevitable sequel of rui^ture takes place. Sometimes the rupture does not involve Glisson's cai^sulc, but only the glandular mat- ter, and Mlien this occurs, it will be manifested by colicky pains, and also by fainting fits, if the head is raised suddenly. The symptoms subside after a while, and appear to leave no injurious consequences. When, how- ever, Glisson's capsule is ruptured, hemorrhage into the abdomen occurs, and a fatal termination suddenly ensues. Prevention. — Recognizing that all affections of the liver leading to softening and rupture, are due to improper feeding, the methods of pre- vention ai"e evident, viz : Regulate the diet carefully, reducing the quality of rich and si)eciallv nutritious foods, and giving more hay, straw, etc., and thus keeping down the tendency to undue obesit}'. TEST FOR HEMORRHAGE FROJI THE LIVER. CHAPTER XVIII. DISEASES OP THE EYE. I. .srr.rTKic oimitiiai.mia, ok m(ion iu-inpness. ii. .siMri.u oriiTiiAt.jiiA, or CON.llINin'IVri'lS. III. AMAHUOSIS, (UITTA .SKKENA, Oil (ll.ASM KVK. IV. (ll.ADCOMA. V. imi'lS. VI. LKUCOMA. VII. OATAIiACT. Vlll. FILA- UIA (X'll.l. OK WOKM IN TllK KYK. IX. I'.NTKOl'l HM. X. KCTllorHM. XI. I'OliN KYUI.IIW. XII. CANCEKOUS TUiMOU IN TllK KVH. Xlll. OU.s Tin (."I'lON Ol- run l.ACllUYMAl, KUCT. Discii.sos of tlui cyo iiro not iioiirly as imiiiorous aiiioiij; the oqiiinc riico IIS ill man, thouiih it would \)o a mistako to iiifor from tliis that, tlio oyo is a l(>ss sonsitivd or coiuiilicatoil ora, choroid coat, <'iliary ])rocosses and iris, affect iiiii', also, tho humors and lens, and givinji rise to an immonso amount of pain on account of tho iiitro-ocular pressure. It is called .sYxc/A'c on account of its occult cause, nature and perio- dicity. While it is transmissible to the offs|)riiii;' from either parent, it is especially so frcnn tho sire. How to know it. — Thcri' is swelling of tho whole eye, lids, conjunctiva, tlu> luucous lining of tlu> lids, and all internal parts of tho oyc ; and tho cornea Ix'ing inelastic, the pressure and |)ain aici intense. The eye is closed, or nearly so, from tiie liiiiit, t(>ars run down oN'cr tht> chci'k, and liio mucous meinhraues hccoiuo \ci'y red ; and as a result of llii^ iiillannnation, pus is formed in the anterior cliamher, and may bo seen ;is a whitish substanci> down ill the lower portion. Aflcr a few days, the iullammatioii subsides, goes aw ay , and loaves tho cyo nearly as l)riglit as natural ; still, si'Kcii'-ic (U'uiiiAi.- if i>xamined carefully, shreds of tho lymph will bo seen *"^" hanging ar(nnKl in the anterior chamber, and the j)upil ^'!"7'"?kc'p'mit' tile ^^'''1 ''" ragged. After a period of from four weeks to !!m'''poI'llo"r.>f'°thS tln-oo or four months, tho trouble will recur with all the symptoms in an aggravatinl degree ; tho whitish substance (l\iii[)h ) becomes purulent , and, si-ttliug at the bottom, may UISIOAMCS OI' TIIIC I'.VIO. , 423 tliorc l)(i seen like ;i liull'-iiioou. Kxainiiu' llic eye by \\w lii;'liL of a (all- elic, (llic lioi'sc Ijoiiig ill a dark place,) ami tho coriusii will look dull, and llio liack of tho eye hliiish yellow. Tlicso iippeaninccs, acooinpaiiied by the recurrences from lime Lo time, will plainly stamp tho disease as specilic or periodic oi)hthalinia. It may affect either eyo alone, or both at tho same time, and the periodic recurrence may either be noticed tirst in one and then in tho other, or elso always in tho same one. After one or moro recurrences, the lymph or pus in tho bottom of tlio anterior chamber will remain. T\w pujiil l)econu's uneven, the eye looks smaller, on account of its I)ein<;' di'awn l)ack into the socket to avoid the light, and before long, as a result of the inllammation, tho fatty cushion at the back of the eyo becomes absorbed. After a few recurrences, there is perceived a muddiness around the lens, wiiich increases in opacity with each suc- cessive attack, till a cataract forms. This is tho inevital)lo result. Then tho intensity of tho attack diminishes, and finally subsides altogether. What to do. — There is no troaiment known that will absolutely euro it ; 3'et good attention will wjird off the final termination for a long time. When lirsl, coming on, give a purgali\-c, Mo. '2'.'>, and follow it ii[) with this : Xo. 70. I Dnichiii |Mp|assiiini iuilidc, '.. I'iiil \\ aU'r, ' iMix. Give this as ono dose in a l)ran mash or from a bottle. Repeat it three times a day for a fortnight. Feed on bran mashes, green food, roots, etc. Bathe the eyo with hot water an hour at a time, three times a day. Apply the following lotion to tho c^^c^ with a camel's hair brush, four or six times a day : Xo. 80. '2 t , thereby gi\ing a (lue as to its location. If it is down under the liaw, the latter nniy be caught by a hook (U' tenaculum, and drawn up so as to allow com- plete examination of the surfaces beneath. It is often necessary to fasten the haw, to prevent its movements from iuterfi-ring with the examination of the eye. .Vfler the irritant is removed, bathe the (>ye with warm water having a small (|UiUitity of salt in it, — a tcaspoonful of salt to a pint of wider; have the water and sponge clean, anil fonu'iit the eye half an houi' at a time, three (U- four times a ilay. Insert a Itaxsi'cd under the V\d several times a dav, oi' smear across and into the c\e the while of an eL;y (•onstilulioiiid ri'incdics — calabar bcaii, I'lcctriiily, clc, and also by iridoclomy (an opiMalioii to excise ii portion of I lie ills, to relievo the intro-ocular prossuro.) Those inoasuvoa all re((uire tlie siiiil of a veterinarian. V. Iritis. inllannniilion of the iris ( that portion of (he eye forming (he pnpil mid fiiving the < called iritis. Cause. — S(^vcrl^ external violence, extremes of light, and darkness, ex- posure to sever(> storms, facing the wind, aiid innistitntional disorders. How to know it. — ^-V pink ring is seen around (he sclerotica ((ho white, tibrons coat forming the large [jostericn- portion of the eye) ; the eye is re- (racted and |)artly closeil ; the haw is drawn up ; the conjunctiva is inllam- ed, (here being consideralde fever in tlu! con- stitution ; the pupil is very small, and the a(|ue()us humor beconu's tni'bid, with wiiilc flakes tloating in (he anlerior chandier, and usually a little pus in the bottom of th(> latter. What to do. — IMace the animal in a dark stall, (M- coV(>i' his fai'e with a green clotli. Oive a purgativ(\ N'o. 2;5. Bathe the eye with warm water as nnich as ]iossibli>, and apply No. .SO e\iT\ lew minutes fiH' half an hour; then rest four or live hotu's, and repeat it. So contiiuu' from day (o day. till all symptoms of inllani- mationare gone. Let the feed be soft and un- stimulatimg. VI. Loiiooma. This is a white opacity of the eorni'a, from extravasation of lymph into the tibres of the extension of the conjunctiva over the cornea. It may be the result of other eye diseases, of fever in the system, or of external vio- lence. It is best treated by keeping in a dark place, with laxative food and continuous application of No. S2, till it is ilcareil u|i. MANNUl! Ol'' SUAUINO j noasic's kvks wukn srr KKUINI! I'liOM INl'l-.VMMA TION. DISKASKH or TlllO I'.VIO. 427 VII. Cataract. As tho most coniinoii tonniiiiition of nil iiilluiiimatory diseases of tlio oyo, wo so(! ii wliilo ()i)iuiiic sulislaiico covering llu! lens, and ofloiilinios (•omi)U'(cly lilliiii;; till! \)u\)\\. This is (^iitiinu^t , of wliicii tluTo iini two Uiiids, distiiii^aiisluul by (Ik! toniiH ciipsidiir iuid l(Miliculiir, iic<'()rdiii<; to tlu'ir iKisilioii. (/aliinicl is or<.'iiniz;(!ry nuicli dilated, and lilled witii tiic white lyni[)h, the defect heinj; so |)lain as to he seen a huinlred feet iiway. Sometimes, howciver, it can oidy Ik! detected liy a <'lose (ex- amination. Examine! tli(' horse, lii-st, in stronj^ sunlight, and note care^fuliy thodeu;ree of contraction of the pupil ; then ])lac(i liini in .a darU stall, and examine the eye willi a <;uiill<'. A heallhycye rdlecfs three cMiidlcs, tho first from th(!corn(ea, llui second from the surface (d' tin; lens, the third from the hack of the lens. When cither oi' l>olh of (lie last two are blurred or, worse, entirely wanting', you need no further jji'oof of the oxistenco of cataract. What to do. — 111 recent eases, tho (lye may somelimes be eleariid u[> l)y simply jiiviu;:a pnr<;ative. No. 2'.^, and api)lyin,ii- a lotion. No. ii2, at the same tinu! _i;ivin<^ No. GO, internally ; but in later stagers nothing could avail excei)t to dissect them out — an ()[)eration that is never ])ractieed on tho hors(! for the reason that, without glasses, he woidd never be able to ace things again, in their right position, size and form. A l''RKQl'KNT IlKSULT OK I M l-UKKh InipcrfccI \isi()n is worse than blintlness, bemg va^lly more misleading and wholh' unrclialile. VIII. Filaria Oculi, or Worm in tho Eye. This is a small, tliread-like worm, seiMi lloaling about in the afpieous hunmr in the anterior cliamlicr of {\\r ryt'. II is very I'ure. The woi'ni 428 TIIIO AMI'.KK'AN I'AltMI'.lt S Sl'IKK HOOK. is from IimH'mii iiuli In l\v<> inches in longtli, mid llicsi/.c of :i li;iir. It is wiiilr ill color, iiikI is very iidive, H(|uiriniiijj; aboiil in llie e^-e, appjir- ciillv vciv iniicli ;il home. It is probiihly tiiken into Uio stoinueh in the ,.uo; form, iiiitl iifler hiitcirmg, Iho mite woiks throuj;li the eoiits of tlio intestines Kiul hlootl vessels, is earned by the cirenhition till it; linds an njri'ecMlile medium, nnd there develoi)es. It eaii.scs a great amount of in- Ihunmation and ]min in the eye, in whieh it can bo plainly seen by any oliserx'cr. What to do. — I'lio only remedy is |o |)unclur(^ the cornea and evacuate the aiilciior chamber, when {\w worm will como out along with the other conlcnts. 'Phis, however, is a delicate operation, ani.1 should never be altemptetl by any but a <|ualilied v<'lcrinary surgeon. (See ch;iplci- on t)perations.) IX. Entropium. ThiH i.s inversion of the eyelids, causing the lashes to turn in upon the oveballs, and giving rise to an irritating disease called yrlv/iiosis. It is due to exe(>ssive thickness of the lid ab()\i< the rim, so that thciimis made lo turn in. What to do. — It is treated by cutting out an elliptical .section of the skin, , 'Hid sewing lh(< wound up again, lo shorten the lid. Let the long axis of (lu^ ellipse run lcng(iiwis(> with (he eyelid, hori/.ontidly. X. Eetropium. 'i'his I rouble is eonse(|Ui'nl njion an inllamcd jiiid lliirkeiicd conjunc- ti\M. It is a. turning out (U- ("Version of the lids, showing their red mu- cous nu'inbranes continually. Il is uuist conunon in the lower lid. It is trc;itc(i b\' an (ipciMrmn to rcmo\c an elliptical section of the conjunctiva, the after Ireatniv'ut being the s;ime as prescribed for simple opiithalmia. XI. Torn Eyelids. The lids are frequently torn by getting caught in hooks, nails, etc. When possible, sew them up at once. Bring the edges neatly together and sew them with line silk, making line stitches, and dress two or three times ;\ day with lotion No. .'!'.!. TietlM' hors(> in t he center of a wide stall, with a line from i>acli sidi'. ami let him eat off the Moor, to prevent him fiiim rubbing his head and tearing the laeeratiim open again. XII. Canoorous Tumors in the Eyo. These, tlumuh rare, are oecjisionally met with in the horse, and their onlv treatnu'iil is to eNtir])ale them by cutting oid the eye. Caneorous urowlhs are al\va\s maligmuit, ,iiul spread lo surrounding tissues. (Seo <-hapti'i' on operations.) DISKASICS 1)1" INK i;VK. 42!) XIII. Obstruction ol tho Lachrymal Duct. This duct is tlu! oik^ (liiif, <:irri(s dlT icnis imd supcrlluous nioisturo from tlio eyes to tlio nose. I(, niiis fioiu llll^ iiiiur coriuM' of iiid cvc- rKis to wiliiiii two or tlircd inclics of tlio nostril, Mini ciiiptics on tiic door of (lie iiMsjil |);issafj;(\ I(< occiisioii;iily hccoiiii's sloppi'il u|> from cxlcnsioii (o il of llio iiill!imm!ilioii nKciKlinj;- caliurii, and IIkii lim tears, liavini;' no ciliicr cliamicl of escape, may ho seen Howinu; down ovei- the check. What to do. — Sceif tiicrc is any mcciiani<'ai oi)- stnietioii ill (he nose, and, if so, remo\'e it ; if not, swal) out (lie noslfil witiiaii infiisioiiof loliacco. '*$Sjf^'''('7 'J^rVV V Should this fail, (lie (hief musi he opciid wil h a i'^^;'" ''!; I /fl\|' ^ l)rohe. Taiic a linti clastic prcihc, ahcuil- 1 he size '" ''■■'•'' of a knitting; needle, and a fnol, li)iiii', ami insert it one(! II day for several days, and inject- No. 7.'! with a lino syriiiyc. OUSTKIIOTION OK I.ACII- KVMAL UUOT. CHAPTER XIX. PAHASITIC DISEASES OP THE HORSE. INi'KSTINAl, WOUMS. II. HOTS. III. I.ICI' WOKM. I. Intestinal Worms. MANC.E. V. UING- 'riircc Uiiul.s of tiipo-worms and sovou of round worms have been found ill tlu< intostino.s of tlio liorso. Tho tapo-wonns arc vvvy rare, and hence liavo but little interest for tho average re;uler. But tiie round Avorms arc both very conunoii anil highly injurious (o the aninial harl)oriiigtheni. Piii-inoniin or asran'des. — Tho most noteworthy is the pin-worm, of whii'h two kinds are very common, viz: ScJcn>,' OK MANGE. at both ends, with a small black hc:ul. They iidialtit the large intestines (tho rectum usually, and sonu'tinu's the colon,) where I hey often exist in large luunbcrs. some of Ihcni being i)asscd, also, from lime to time, in the dung. Tens Liit»f>n'ci. — Tho next most common worm is tho largo round worn\ scicntitii'idly known as (ors liniihuci, which are about as thick as a clay pipe-stt>m, and, as (o length, about eight to twelve inches for tho male ami aliout ten to eighteen inches for tho female. They infest the I'AKAsitk; nisKASKs of TIIK IIOKSK. 431 small intestines, ami friMniontl}' cMitcr tlio .sloiiuuli, Ixit from tlic fact that they ^ckloin exist in vi>ry largo quantities, ooininoiiiy do soiuowhat less damajio tiiaii tiie (isfaridcs. Nevertheless, tiio writer lias oecasioii- aliy seen (hem come away by the hat-full, after a iieavy dose of vermi- fuire. How to detect their presence. — When in small numbers, their exis- tent; is liardly ascciiaiuable, hut wiien in largo uumhers, their prcs- oneo will Ijc ))(;trayed ]>y a eajiricions appetite, usually a ravenous oik; ; ema- ciation, with dry, coarse, staring coat, and a i)ot-l)elly ; a whitish-yellow mould will I"! seen around the anus, proliahly made by worms l)(ang crush- <•(! while passing out, li'aving their contents slicking to the skin, and, usually, more or less of the worms will be seen in the dung. When they get into the stomach, the horse will turn up his uppei' lip. as if nau- seated, and will also rub his lips against the wall, uianger, (;t(;. ; he will lick the wall, sometimes even lick the hair off himself, and will jx-rsistently laib his tail or keep swit<'h- ing it around, and otherwise numifesting the irritation that exists in thmh noRSE unnuiNO ni8 nose acjatnst A WALL— A SYMl'TOM OV WOltMS. The No. 83. 1 Dr.achm sulphate of iron, 1 Dracliiii liiiMar eiiiclic, 2 Drachms liiis(;(;tl iiioal, Mix. 432 THE AJIERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. Give as one dose, repeating it morning and night for a week ; then give a purgative of oil and turpentine, as follows: No. 84. 1 Ounce spirits of turpeutine, 1 Pint raw linseed oil. Mix. PEUTASTOMA TCENOIUES. Give as one dose. After three weeks, repeat the entire treatment, to catch the young worms previouslj^ left in the bowels, in the form of nits or eggs, and which have hatched since. N^asal and bronchial acari. — One soi"t of acarus is found in the nose of the horse, and another, the strongijhti< micrurus, in the bronchial tubes. The}^ are from one and a half to three inches long. n. Bots. The oestrus equi, or horse gadfly, in laying its eggs, attaches them to the hair of the horse, usually on the fore legs and breast, so as to be convenient to the horse's mouth. The horse licks the spot irritated l)y the fly and thus gets one or more effo's into his mouth ; it is hatched by the heat and moisture, passes down the o-uUet, and attaches itself to the coat of the stomach by two little booklets on the head, and there hangs for several months, as yet not having the power to let go. This is one of the stages it has to go through, to become a fly. When it has matured, it lets go, and soon passes out with the dung. It then hides itself in the earth, to undergo another change, and after six or seven weeks' growth, in the pupa condition, THE GADFLY. enicrges a full fledged gadfly, capal)le of annoying many horses and propagating its species indefinitely. ic !. Female fly about to deposit an egg, 3. The egg raagnilied. 3. The hot. 4. The chrysalis, 5. The male fly. THE GADFLY, AT VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT. The bot sucks liiiuid nourishment from the food of the horse, and PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE HORSE. 433 iievei , as is popularly supposed, eats the stomach ; for the holes found in the stomach soon after the death of a healthy ani- mal, are really caused by the action of the gastric juice, — in fact, a kind of self-digestion by the stom- ach itself. The only harm bots can do is to accumulate in such large cpiautities in the stomach and bowels as to interfere with digestion and the free passage of the fijeces. In such cases a purgative may prove advantageous. No specific treatment is necessary. Feed well. III. Lice. All animals suffer from the ravages of external parasites, the most common of which are lice. They are wingless insects, divided into two classes, blood-suckers (^Hmmatopinus) and Bird-lice (trichodectex.) BOTS FASTENED TO THE STOMACH, UNABLE TO LET GO. HEN-LOUSE, OR DEKMANTS- SUS OF THE HORSE. GONIODES STYLIFER OF THE TURKEY. The former have narrow heads and long, trunk-like sucking tubes ; the latter, very broad heads and biting jaws, but no sucking tube. Lice alwaj's impoverish the animal they infest, causing loss of flesh and general unthriftiness. Our four cuts of them are, of course, greatly magnified. What to do. — The safest and most effectual remedy is a tobacco infusion, made as follows: Xo. .S5. 2 Pounds tobacco, :! Gallons water. Mix, and steep for two hours. Sponge the animal thoroughly. Or the following may be used in the same manner : No. 86. 3 Pounds quassia chips, 1 Gallon water. Mix, and steep one hour. 28 434 THli AMERICAN FAKMER S STOCK BOOK. IV. Mange. This is ti parasitic disease that is due to a chiss of insects called acari, of M'hicli there are tiirec; kinds that trouble the horse, viz : the .^arcoptes, dermatopliarjus and denna/o- rojjfis. The first named burrows in the deeper layers and cracks of the skin, while the last two live on the surface, under the scabs, where, of course, they are more easily got at than the former, and hence arc less difficult to treat. How to know it. — There is a terri- ble itching that cannot Ix- satisfied ; the more the horse rubs, the more he itches. Horses with the mange will sometimes be found turned out to pasture, and rubbing and scratch- in"' against posts, trees, fences, etc., or even against one another. As HCEMAT01"INl>. Oil BLOOU-SrCKINti LOUSE OF THE HORSE AND ASS. TRICHODECTES OR BIRD- LOUSE OF THE HORSE. DEKMATOPHAOUS EQUI. UEKMATOCOPTES EQUI. the mites possess great vitality, and will live a long time away from a horse, those left on the posts, etc., will infest any other horse coining in contact with it weeks, or even months, afterward. Mange is contagious by actual contact. The skin gets rough and scah' ; the hair comes off in patches ; the skin gets pimply, and when rubbed nuicli, gets quite raw. It usually affects the head and neck first, sometimes spreading so as to take the hair entirely off. Its spread is quite rapid, and keeps the liorse in agon}' all the time. He will push against your hand, in evident PARASITIC DISEASES OK THE UOUSK. 435 jjleasui-e, wlien you scratch the affected part ; and tliis constitutes a good test fov mange. ( See cut below.) MANGE MITE (MAGNIFIED.) As given by Doctor Erasmus Wilson. v\I!rOI'TE.S EOll. What to do. — -AVasli the parts affected with hot water and strong soap, to remow all scabs and scurf ; then, when dry, rub well in to all affected spots the following mixture : No. S7. 4 Ounces sulphur. 2 Ounces oil of tar. y^ Pint linseed oil. Mix. V. Ringworm. This is a fungous, vegetable parasitic growth, scientifically known as tricophijton tonsurarifi. It is contagious, and attacks all classes of ani- mals, yet sometimes arises spontaneously from poverty and filth. It manifests it.self by a round bald spot, scaly and elevated inside the ring, which is red and inflamed. It begins in a small pimple-like sore, whicli spreads very fast, increasing in size from day to day, and new sores forming on other parts of the body. The ring is surrounded by a row of broken, bristly hairs, which split, and beconu' filled with spores of the fungus ; and as fast as one row of hairs is dis- posed of another row is attacked. Ringworm is, at first, simply a disfigurement, Imt it should, on no account, be neglected. If allowed to run on, it becomes very trouble- some. Tiie scurfy skin of ringworm is easy of recognition, the particles of scurf coming off in little flakes or scales, which have been aptly ?om- l)ared to the coarser, husky portions of bran. TEST FOl; MAM 436 THE AMEUICAN FAKMEK S STOCK BOOK. There is another form of ringworm called favus. It shows the same general appearance as the other, except that a seal) forms in the center, after the ring has receded. What to do. — Wash with soap and water ; when dr}', paint with tincture of iodine or the following : No. SS. 40 Grains corrosive suljliniiitc, 1 Pint water, Mix. RINGWORM. Repeat once a day till cured. CHAPTER XX. VICES IN THE STABLE. I. CRIBBING. II. WIND SUCKING. III. GNAWING THE MANGER, CLOTHING. ETC. IV. KICKING WHILE EATING GRAIN. V. WASTING THE GRAIN. VI. PULLING BACK, AND BREAKING THE HALTER. VII. BALKING. Horses frequently contract pernicious habits in the stable, such as always prove very annoying and often incurable. Nevertheless, a little in- genuity will sometimes work wonders, not only in preventing the forma- tion of such habits, but also in breaking them up. The most common stable vices are those above noted. I. Cribbing. This is a habit of catching hold of the manger, post, fence, or other object in front of the horse, with the teeth, and bearing dov.ai till the neck is altered in position, so as to form a tempo- rary vacuum in the pharynx, when the air rushes in to fill it, making a sound not unlike the hic- cough. It frequently occurs that the horse will devote nine-tenths of his time to cribbing, to the neglect of eating and sleeping, especially if at grass, and bringing on indigestion, emaciation and hidebound. For this reason, cribbers are usually thin in flesh. Cause. — Cribbing is considered by some to he the result of indigestion ; by others, of pain in cribbing. the teeth while teething; and by others still, of idleness. While there are cases that undoubtedly seem traceable to the first two mentioned causes, the writer thinks this habit will be found, uniformly, to be associ- ated, at lca.st, with idleness. Old horses sometimes take it up, and horses of all ages are apt to do so, if tied beside a cribber ; but in every such case idleness seems to be a prerequisite. This opinion is streno-thened, too, by the undeniable fact that a horse kept in the stable several weeks, from some trivial cause, is especially apt to acquire it. What to do. — There are many devices in vogue for the cure of crib- bing, each containing more or less merit, — such as a piece of buffalo robe, or of iron, nailed on the edge of the manger; red pepper smeared over the latter ; a small strap around the throat, drawn very tiffht, etc. But the most effectual plan is to tie him in a wide stall, with a line from 437 438 THE AJIERir.W FAUMER 8 STOCK BOOK. Piicli side, to koi'p him in the (^luiter, and food liini on the floor, Some horses, however, will erib lying down ; or, if tied too siiort to reach the floor, will sometimes erib on their own knees. The writer saw a horse tied in front of the Board of Trade Buildini>-. in Chicago, tliat was cheeked up so short that he could not reach the flag sidewalk ; so he would put one foot up on the walk and crib on his knee, which he was just able to reach. He would stand there, and do this by the hour. Cases so invet- erate are not curable. Give internally, as treatment for the stomach, the following : — No. 89. 2 Ounces bicarbonatp of soda, 1 Ounce o^entian root, powdered, "2 Ounces linseed meal. Mix. Give a tablespoonful morning and night, in soft food, and give plenty of exercise. Old, long standing eases are obstinate, but those more re- cent may generally be cured by the above treatment, if persevered in. Prevention, — Avoid long-continued idleness, and also overfeeding on strong, heatJMg grain. A horse, to be kept in health, should be exercised every day, and fed according to the work performed. II. Wind -sucking. This is similar to cribbing, whicii it often accompanies, but the horse may suck wind without cril)bing. lie arches iiis back, curves his neck, draws in his chin towards his breast and down goes a swallow of air into the stomach ; this continues, usually, till he is so bloated that he is like a barrel, and cannot hold an}' more. It is injurious, as l)eing npt to cause indigestion, colic, emaciation, hide-bdund. itc. Give No, 89 in soft food. Tiiis may liclp the case ; still, wind- suckers are generally incurables. III. Gnawing the Manger, Clothing, etc. This haliil. :\nd especially gnawing the numger, is formed in idleness, ^,___ -ggr-jy^^'si:^ orelseindicates the want of salt. Tearing the blankets sometimes comes simply from being too warm, especially if the horse is fat ; the skin gets hot and itchy, and he would be more comfortable with- out a blanket, and perhaps should have medical treatment, constitutionally. What to do, — Give him plenty of work, and feed accordingly. Jf he per- sists in the habit, smear th(i manger with oNAwiM. MM m\s(;ku. assaf(etida, or make it of iron. If a blanket is really necessary, h<' < an be i.icvented from tearing it, by tying a stick from his cheek to the surcingle. VICES IN THK STABLE. 43y IV. Kicking while Eating Grain. This is anotiier outgrowth of coiitiimed idleness, in connection with a nervous disposition. The hoi'se, while eating his grain, will Ivjok the side of the stall, sometimes as often as four or tive times a minute. This he usually does with one foot, I)ut sometimes with both, — first one and then the other. What to do. — A piece of chain, a foot or so in length and tied to the pastern of the foot used, will sometimes prove effectual. Another plan which usually answers the purpose, is to nm a small rope from the bit through a collar and surcingle to the foot. Or, a small bit may be used, — one that will not interfere with the eating. Whipping is useless. V. Wasting the Grain. This is a playful habit of taking up the grain into the mouth and sift- ing it out again, throwing it around much as a child would the bread and butter of which he had too much. As a rule, it shows that the horse has too much grain and too lit- tle exercise ; he is fed more than he needs or can relish. A horse will not do it till he is fat and cloyed, except, perhaps, in occa- sional instances of irregular or decayed teeth. Treatment for these exc<'ptional cases is given in the article on teeth. What to do. — The treatment consists in removing the cause : give more work and less grain. Sometimes a hard-worked, ravenous hcu'se will plunge his nose into a mess of oats and throw half of them out, from sheer irrital)ility of tem- per. Treat him kindly, however ; place a large angular stone, the size of a man's double list, in the center of the manger, and put the oats in with it, which will compel him to go about the matter more leisurely, and prevent him from throwing the grain out. VI. Pulling Back, and Breaking the Halter. This veiy bad habit commonly originates from the horse getting fright- ened, when, jumping suddenh' back, he breaks the halter ; and as average horse sense knows that a thing once done can be done again, the jerk is repeated, in sportiveuess or mischief, till it becomes a confirmed vice. What to do. — Have a very strong halter, and tie high on the manger, which will give the horse less power to pull than when tied low. Some PLAVINO WITH THE GRAIN. 440 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. recommend a small rope, passed under the tail and tied to the manirer, whioh may act well in some cases. But the main point lies in so fasten- ing him that he cannot get awa}', when, after a few ineffectual attempts, he will give it up. In halter breaking a colt, pass a rope behind him, so that he cannot pull full strength on the halter, and be very sure nothing is used with him that will break ; one accident of tliat kind may be enough to start a persistent bad habit. VII. Balking. This, though not strictly a stable \ice, is so nearly allied thereto that it seems quite projjcr to treat of it in this coimection. The best way to break a horse of balking is not to be in a hurry, but, rather, to let him stand to his heart's content: avoid hitching him to any load he cannot pull easily ; coax hiin and pat him ; .feed him apples, salt, sugar, etc., out of your hand. Let the same man always handle him, if possible ; a change of drivers might spoil all that has been accomplislied. If there is no time to wait for him, hitch another team ahead of him and snake him along. The chain, or even rope, passed around his neck for the other team to pull by, is very effectual. Try and divert his attention by offering a handful of salt or oats ; or, even a handful of earth may serve every purpose. The maxim always to be observed in all of tiiese cases is : Treat the horse with kindness. A balky horse cured by kindness, an achievement not only possible but absolutely feasible, is the best, toughest, most jiei'se- vering creature in existence, from the fact that onlv horses possessed of a great amount of spirit and determination ever get lialky , those that resent and resist abuse. It is abuse, generally speaking, that makes a horse learn to balk, — such foolisli and barbarous work as gettmg into a hole with a heavy load, and then whipping unmercifully, to try and make the poor dumb victims perform impossibilities. Let the reader set it down as an axiom, that kindness is always repaid by faithful service. CHAPTER XXI. CONSTBUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF STABLES, AS RELATED TO HYGIENE. I. NECESSITY FOR STABLES. II. CONSTRUCTION OP STABLES. III. FEEDINO AND WATERING STOCK. IV. THE CARE OF STOCK WHEN IN STABLE. V. ADDI- TIONAL DIRECTIONS FOR GIVING MEDICINES. VI. DETECTION OF DISEASE. I. Necessity for Stables. In many regions and climates, stables are not necessar\' ; horses, mules, cattle and all kinds of stock lie dovni to re.st and sleep in the open air, under cover of the blue sky, or, if they have any shelter, they find it for themselves, in groves, edges of forests and canons. In some countries yards ov corrals are made, and the stock driven into them at night, to keep them from straying, and from being attacked by Avild beasts. In this country, and especially in the northern -and central States, stal)les arc indispensable, as a protection from cold, sudden changes and severe storms. They are tokens of civilization and Christianity, the result of a humane disposition to provide comfortable — sometimes even luxurious — quarters for the animal dependents as well as for the family. II. Construction of Stables. The construction of the stable, m all its various features, including the arrangements for its drainage and ventilation, as well as stalls, man- gers, etc., is of great importance, as Ijcaring directly upon the health, as well as the comfort, of the animals. Mistakes in stable construction are often the unsuspected cause of lameness, of disease, and even death. Hygienic considerations should, therefore, have their full weight in plan- ning and building a barn. Location is the first consideration, as determining the possibilities of good drainage. Do not build a barn in a hollow, with rising ground ail around it ; for this would expose your stock to miasmatic fevers and other derangements of the general organism. In such a location, the simplest attacks of disease v.'ould be likely to take on a serious type, with greatly increased uncertainty in the action of remedial agents. Build a stable on an elevation, if possilile. Have ground around it, at least on one side, that slopes away, so as to furnish good natural drainage, or free escape for surjierfluous water. The next point after settling that of location, is the artificial drainage. There should be one large drain, to act as the discharge, with several 441 442 TIIK A.MKUICAN FAKMEK S STOCK HOOK. siujillci" Olios extending in cvefy direc^tioii, to act Jis fcnuUM-s thereto ; iilso, outlets to tlic .several i)arts ;uid eonicrs of the .sl:il)le. S(h' tiiat there is descent enough to have a rapid tlow of tlie sewage. 'I'iie next point to he attended to is to l)uiid the siieil or walls so as to secure light enougli. liight here is the ehief defect in most city stables. Nothing is so weakening to the eyes as to be ke|)t continuously in a dark phu'e. When a horse thus stabled goes out into the glaring sunshine, the (!}'es cannot inunetliately aiiapt themselves to the new order of things, and see objects dimly, uncertainly, and with a si|uint, and hence lie is apt to shy and otherwise misbehave. iJut this is udI the only injurious consequence. It is a fre(|ucnt cause of cdiigestion of some of (iu^ inner sensitive |)arts of the eyi^ ieatling on l<) inthimmation, and perhai)s to blindness. If a small window is made at tiie iiead of e.uli horse, it should be placed at least two feet al)o\'e iiis head, so as not to have the light shining directly into his eyes ; but the best arrangi'miait is to have the whole place lighted with a diffused light. Next, as to the stalls. Let the plan always include one or more box stalls, in which to phuH! a sick or lame horse, as it is downright cruelty to eontine a sick horse. Have the box stall so constructed tiiat it can be darkened at will, as without this you (^ould not properly care for a horse suffering with eye disease. Let the box stalls have a level Hoor, as it is not only fatiguing but absolutely injurious to the joints of the feet and legs to stand on a sloping door. The boxes should not be less than ten feet s<|uarc. The common stalls should bo from four to live feet wide, re- membering that five is preferable to four ; for horses are apt to get cast in narrow stalls, and, besides, they have less comfort when lying down. The floor of the stalls should sloi)e a little, just enough to have the urine drain off, that is, from one to two inches, one inch being jire- ferable. There is nothing more I-OINTS OK Tl INJUKEO TEN- DONS. oviiil inrinbriiiics unci joint f, to slope from live to eight inch injurious to the tendons, legs and The result of sloping , , 1 ., rtoors, feet than floors bunt, as many are, CONSTKl (TI()\ AM) .MANACJKMIONT ol" STAHl.KS. 443 Four cuts arc licrc c is taken out. The joints, too, share in the protest against the slope. The weight being thrown upon a hearingthat is unnatural, the caitilages and ends of the hones hecome irritated, and tlu! synovial luusa' tlistended ; inflamma- tion is set u|) ; and then follows ringbone, spavin, osteophytes, or the like trouble, according to the spec'ial suseeptiliilit\' of th(^ animal. Any one may satisfy himself as to the correctness of these views, by noticing how a horse will l)ack out of his stall, and st-.in llOCK .lOINT. Another danetr from sloping Hours. Hock joint of the left hind leir, in which the bony deposit of spavin has involved sill but the true hock joint. ml weiirli t ho.se 444 THE AMEUICAN KAUMEU S STOCK HOOK. is sccurcl}' fastened there. lUiikl the insides of the stalls of hard wood phiiiks, to tlu! hoiglit of four fec^t, and top them out three feet more with strong wire-work, wiiieli is deeidedly preferable to a solid partition between the stalls, as it affords their inmates the eomfort of one anoth- er's soeiety. Horses, like human beings, get lonesome when isolated, and pino for eonipany ; besides this, solitude has a tendency to engender viciousness. Ventilation is a very important matter, as every one will admit who has gone into a badly venlilatetl slai)le in the morning, and notieed how THE LAZY man's MAV ok i Ll,AMiN(i inE LliGS. K.isy and cocivinicnt, but very injurious. it affects his eves, his breathing, ete. Large tubes should be placed along through the stal)le, from thii'ty to forty feet apart. They should bo from two to four feet square, and run out through the roof, with slats at the toj) or sides for water-sheds ; below, they should come just through the eeilin"! into the stable. Then, every tAVcnty feet, there should be tubes, four or iive inches scpuwe, entering at the floor, through the walls, from the outside, and carried uj) along the wall inside as high as eight feet. The air thus admitted, nnikinga euiwe at the to]) of the tube, will descend to the floor, but becoming tempered before it strikes the horses, and will foreeup the warm, vitiated air through the large lubes and out through CONSTHUCTIOX AM) MANA(JEME.\T OF STAHLEW. 445 the roof. As to iloors, liiivc enou:iils. Alanv a dose of medicine, of the 448 •iiir, a.mi:i;ha.\ i\i!mi:i; s stock kook. iitiiiosl v;iluc lo llic liorsc, is lost (lu'ouiili not knowing liow to iKhi)inistcr il, properly. Sni;ill doses of licjuitls iUiU)est given with a syringe. Stand in front of tlie patient, (ill the syringe, (one that, can be workinl with one liand is ahsolutely neeessai'}'), open tlu^ mouth by inserting tho left hand through thi^ mouth, and holding (he tingei's u[) on edg(> ; pass the syringe between the lingers, and shoot away ; withdraw the syringi', and elevate the head a trifle with till! left hand. So continue till tho dose is all down. When ijrojierly done, not a drop is wasted and tho horso is m)t exeitod ; nor (whieh is (piito a point) does the man get angry, and whaek the horse over the head with tho bottle. With large doses, how- ever, (ho bottle must bo resorted to. Pass a loop in tho month so as to cuteh tho upper jaw, then raise tho head by running a line over a })ulley, or by inserting a long eroteh or fork in the loop and having an assistant lift lit it; tho operator, meanwhih! standing at tho right side of tho horse's head, steadies the head with onelianth, never atone side ; lake the ball between the fingers, the thumb being drawn into the palm of tlie hand; (hen pass it back, placing it on the root of the tongue, let go of i(, and give it another push wi(h one linger ; w'Khdraw the hand, le( go the (ongue, close (he mouth, elc\a(c tiie left side of tho neck for it to go tlown. lu'inember, in giving medicine of all kinds, never abuse or excite the jjatient, but take him as quietly as possible. Kor (lie benetit of young farmers and others of limited exi)erience, we woidd sav that good sense and self-jiossession are the secrets of success in treating sick stock. These will greatly aid you to see clearly what ought to be done, and to use to the best advantage such means as you have at hand for doing it. There nro cases in which medicine and food have to be administered in some other than the ordinay way ; as, for instance, to a horse with totonus, that cannot open its mouth. In (his case, the medicine and rnic ruori'.n way to oivk a ball. :ul a frilli\ and watch on (lie CONSTRUCTION AM) :MAN Ae stands back in his stall, hangs his head, dro[)s his cars, refuses his feed, diu-lines to move, partly closes his eyes, has the nostrils sliohtly dilated from increased fre(|ucncy of I'cspiration, or has the ears and extremities cool or cold, — when any of the.s(! indications are noted, it is safe to <'oncludi' that, the horse is sick, and sonu'thing shoidd b(! done ^<«5^i inunediately. if near a ((ualilied veterinary ^^ sm-gcon, cni|)loy him ; othei-wise, endeavor to ''■"vin tind out for \-oursclf, and at once, what is the >Sis^^ matter. Note the symptoms carcifully, taking (lui })ulsc, r(^spirations and tcmpci-atui'c, and ex- amining all parts ; then, when the disease is iiractire that has ahnost become obsolete, on several accounts, of wliicli ihe principal seems to be that the congestion and pulse can be controlled l)V other means less depleting and M'oakening, (hus giving the animal a better chance to recover by husbanding his strength. Then, again, the seasons and atmos- lihcrc have so changed that diseases, CNpccially of the lower animals, are more likely to become epizootic, with typhoid symptoms and great nervous prostration, wlicn il is utterly unsafe to bleed. Still, bleeding is valu- able in cases of congestion, when there is a full, strong pulse and no MANV-TA11,I'.1> HAN HACK. IJAISINC. Tin: VKIS HKFOUK BI.KEDING. I. The place to cut. weakness, but only in the tirst stage — never when the t( niiiorature of the patient is abnormally high and tiie system has iH-coine weakened. Ol'KKATION.- 4f»;5 Tlic lingor is pix-ssod on llic vein, to maUc it till ; or ;i cord iii:iy 1)0 tied «utK(-iontly tiiilit around tlui neck. Then placo tlu' l)Uide of tiio lleaui on tlio vt'iu, at tlio point indicated in the illustration, and strike it a jiood smart blow witli a round stick, eoninionly called the blood-stick ; have !i bucket in readiness, and catch the blood in it, to know how much you draw. Draw from two to six (|uarls, nccordinii' to ai^e and size, and the condi- tions of the case. It is a gooil plan to blindfold the horse to avoid his STUIKINO Tin-: I'l.KAM Willi TUK lU.OOD-STICK. jumping away from the l)l()\v of (lie blood-slick. When sutKcient i)iood has been drawn, remoxc the cord or other obstruction, when the How will stop. Insert a [)in and weave a hair or silk thread around tiie ])in in such way as to describe a tigure M. Lea\-e it in for a fi'w days, when it can safely be removed. rv. Blistering. When a severe blister is desired, the hair should first be clipped off very close or shaven. Apply the blister a little at a time, and rub it well in, with sufficient friction to get up considerable heat between the hand and the skin ; then, when sufficient is rubl)(>d in, smear some over the sur- face, and tie the horse up sufficiently short to prevent his getting his raouth 454 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. to it, or lie will bite and blemish the sore and l)lister his lips. Keep him thus tied ni) from twelve to twcntv-four hours, smcarinjj fresh lard over CATCniNC THK ni,ooi>. it at the end of ten hours, to relieve the pain by keepinn' the air from it, whieh it will do without interferinii- with the blister. After about two days, beffin washing- it with warm water and a very little soap. Soften off the scabs, and clean the skin around the blister ; and when dr}', apply the grease. Kepeat this once, daily. If the scabs are not softened off when pus collects under them, the )jus burrows, and if not liberated, is apt to blemish. In mild sweat-blisters, it is not necessary to clip off the hair. Simply rub the blister in gently once a dav, till sore enough, then grease once a day till nearly healed. Repeat this as often as necessary. Ointments are i)referable tt) liquid blisters as being more manageable, and because they can be kept where wished, whili' liquid blisters are apt to run. V. Casting. There are many ways of casting a horse, all having some merit. The chief point to be remembered is to throw him carefully, as broken back, broken hips, etc., are among the dangers that attend carelessness. The A HOCK WMK.N HI TEUKU. OPERATIONS. 45") most convenient w;iy is to j)ut hohhies on tlu^ feet, and run a eiiain througli tiie D's, and draw the feet all together, having a rope running fi-om one arm over the hack, to make him fall on the side desired ; also, a good man at the horse's head to prevent his throwing it around and falling on it, and thus breaking his neek. Always put down a good l)ed beforehand, for him to fall on. Rarey's plan of casting is good, in the absence; of hobbles, viz: Tie up one fore leg ; then tie a strap to the pastern of the other fore leg, and pass it over the horse'.s back ; standing at the shoulder, push him over a step, at the same instant pulling up the foot and bringing him to his knees. He will do some I'earing and jumping about, but when he gets lircd, he will lie f)uietly down, when his legs can be tied and held down. To prevent him from pounding his head, it is necessary to place a good man there, who should put one knee on his neck aud turn his nose up at an angle of forty-Hvt! degrees. As a safeguard against too severe strain- ing, tie a rope from just above one knee to above the hock of the leg on the same side, and draw the legs as close together as possible, and contiuc them there. This lessens his ])owei- to struggle. VI. Castration. The best age for castrating coUs is from one to three years, the exact time to l)e determined by the development of the neck and fore jjarts. If these are heavy, castrate early ; if light, he will thicken up and grow heavier, by being left entire another year. l*r(!pare him by giving soft food for a week previous, and nothing at all for about twelve hours be- fore the operation. Cast him, and roll him up on his back ; tie the hind feet down to a surcingle ; t.'ike the scrotum in the left hand, and draw it over one of the testicles so as to bring the dividing line between the two sides over it ; next draw a small supeiiicial slit about half an inch from the line, (one on each side of it,) thus marking the pro|)er place to make the incision ; then cut one slit through to the testicle, letting it out ; slit open the inner coverings, one by one, till the testicle pops out clean from all the coverings ; (avoid wounding the testicle with the knife, as this would cause profuse bleeding, and interfere with the work ; ) then sep- arate the tunics from the small end, and let them drop down over the cord ; put on the steel clamps, to hold the cord while the ecraseur is being applied ; put the ecraseur on as low as possible, and with it bite off the cord, still holding on to the latter with the clamps. Let go the cord, and operate on the other testicle. Rinse out the sack with cold water, and let him up. To avoid danger from bleeding, it is advisable, especially in the case of old stallions, to take u]) the artery before using the ecraseur, and tie it. 456 THE AMERICAN FARMEU's STOCK BOOK. The old way of castrating with clamps is convcuient, but it gives rise to an immense amount of pain, and is a quite inferior method compared with using the ecrascur. VII. Extirpation of the Eye. In cancerous growths in the eye, it is sometimes necessary' to extii'pate that organ. After casting the horse, pass silk threads through the lids, so that an assistant can hold them open ; then, with a sharp knife, dissect the ej'eball out, cutting the muscles as the}' come, one after another, and, finalh% the optic nen'e. ^ ^I'lDBB^SIP^^^iPWlWy)^" I^i'ess the socket with lotion No. 39, for a few days ; then change to lotion Ao. 7. As this is a very painful operation, an aniBsthetic should always be used, if a skillful man can be got to manage the case . VIII. Firing. This is the ai)plication of the actual EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE. , , , . , i , , • n , cautery (burnuig by red-hot iron) to set up a great amount of counter-irritation or of adhesive iurtammation. Its most common applications are for ring-bones, curljs, and sprains of the back, tendons, etc. Clip fiff the hair, cast the horse, and draw the edges (which should be blunt) of the firing-iron on the skin, making a yellow crease on it, but avoid cutting through Ihc skin, as that would blemish more. Draw the lines, in the form of a feather, over a cori- siderable surface; let the horse up. and rub in the l)lister immediately. Give absolute rest for a month, and a run at grass for two months. IX. Lithotomy. This is an operation to extract a stone from the bladder. Cast the horse, and insert a metallic sound into the penis to reach up to the cui've ; cut down to it on the curve, then insert a hidden bistoury, and open the passage into the bladder, making it large enough to allow of the .stone beiu"" got out. Insert forceps with one hand, the other hand being in the rectum and following up the stone and crowding it out. If too large to extract whole, try and break it up with the forceps. If the patient is a mare, it will not be necessary to cast the animal. She can be controlled sufficiently by using a twitch, which is a loop of strong, small rope, on the end of a small stick, for twisting the upper OPERATIONS. 457 lip as shown hy the cut in Section XIV of this ciiapter. Insert the bis- touiy cac/ie into tlie Ijjaddcr, the opening to which will be found on the floor of the vagina, about three to six inches from the external orifice ; open the neck of the l)ladder, and then, with one hand in the rectum, the stone can be drawn. In either case above described, dress the wounds with lotion No. 39, twice a day. The wound in the skin of the horse can be sewed up. When dressing the wound, rinse out the bladder with tepid water. •' X. Lithotrity. This is the name given to the process (mentioned in the last section) of breaking the stone into small pieces M'ith foi'ceps, and taking it away a little at a time. It is sometimes so large as to make it absolutely nec- essary to do this, or, in some cases, even to saw it in two. XI. Neiirotomy. This is an operation to destroy sensation in the foot, in some cases of chronic, incuralilc lanieuess. Cast the horse, and, after clipping off the hair over the spot to be operated on, cut in through the skin to the nerve three or four inches above the fetlock, just back of the cannon, where it will be found running in the same sheath with the artery and vein. The last two, however, are deeper seated and together, the nerve running on the top of them. Make the incision half or three quarters of an inch long, lengthwise of the leg ; dissect away the cellular tissue ; raise the nerve, and pass a thread of silk around it, and tie a knot ; (if it is the nerve that is tied, the horse will struggle violent!}' from the pain, but if, from accident or mistake, the artery or vein has been taken up instead, there will be no pain, and consequently no struggle ); sever the nerve above the silk with a sharp knife ; then, cutting below the silk, take out a section of the nerve about three quarters of an inch long. Take a stitch in the skin, and dress with Friar's balsam three times a day. The foregoing is known as the high operation. If the lower operation is preferred, the incision is made about midway down the long pastern bone, on either side of it. The former is usually considered the better one, as it takes away the sensation from the entire foot, while the lower only takes it away from the heels ; there are filaments from the anterior branch of the nerve, extending down to the heels, which destroy the de- sired effect, to a great extent. Neurotomy should never l)e performed except as a last resort ; for it does not cure the disease, but only destroys the feeling in the part, so that there is no more pain in it. Although the horse hangs the foot down as though it were sound, it is only a (piestion of time for it to go 458 THE AMKItU'AN FAUMEK's STOCK BOOK. all to pieces, either from the tendon iiiving way, or else by suppuration from a. nail wound or corn, extending all around the foot. After neu- rotomy, it is necessary to be doubly careful in shoeing and taking cai'e of the feet, to avoid the pricks of nails, corns, etc., and, should these occur, to treat them at once, lest bad complications ensue. Some horses work well for four or tive years after neurotomy, and some go to pieces in ii few months. XII. Nicking and Docking. Nicking and pricking are identical in effect, viz: to straighten crooked tails. When a horse hugs his tail, it is sometimes necessary to sever the tendon on the under side, and suspend the tail over a pulley, for two or three weeks. Insert the knife about six inches from the dock, on the un- der side at one side of the tail ; pass it in across the tail, holding it Hat- ■\vise — on its side ; then turn up the edge towards the bone, and, with a sawing motion, sc\-er the tendon. 'Pie the tail to a rope running over a pulley, witii a weight on the other end, and leave it tied up about three weeks. In case the tail is crooked or is twisted to one side, insert the knife in a perpendicular position from below upwards, just uiuler the skin ; turn the edge towards the tail, and saw through the muscle : then tic the tail around to the opposite side for a couple of weeks. It is often necessary to cut in two or three places. If the cuts suppurate, dress them with lotion No. ;3!1. If the tirst operation fails, try it again. Docking is amputating a portion of the tail, bone and all, to pander to the taste or whim of the owner. It is best done by laying the tail on a block or end of a post or plank, placing an axe on the spot decided upon, and striking the axe with a maul, thus severing the whole thing at one blow. Bind up the wound with a sponge and bandages wet with lotion No. 39 ; tie a rope to the stump of the tail, passing it over a pulley, and leave it so two or three weeks. Dress it once a day. Tetanus sometimes fol- lows this operation. XIII . Opening an Abscess. This is a simple matter, when done properly. If improperly done, it is of little use, and the cure is apt to be retarded. When an abscess is ripe and ready to open, ascertain as near as possible where the bottom of it is. and insert the knife at that point, making an opening (juite to the bottom for the escape of the pus. If this is nnpractieable, and the open- ins; must be made at the top, the pus nmst be evacuated by means of a svringe or sp(jnge, to draw it out. The main point to be remembered is to open it as near the bottom as possible. A twitch on the nose is us- uallv sutficient to keep the animal (juiet in this and other minor operations. OPEKATIOXS. 459 OPENING THE ABSCESS OK STKANGLES. Also illustrating the twitch :ind manner of using it. XIV. Tapping the Chest, and Tapping the Abdomen. The chest fills with water in hydrothorax ; it is the stage of effusion in pleurisy. The lungs arc floated up, and suffocation results. The presence of water ill the chest is detected hv the solid sound — a sound of full- ness — wlicn tapi)ed with the hand, an (the trochar to pass between two ribs); then plunge a scalpel deep into 1h(^ flesh, making a hole through tlic skin and flesh for the trochar ; insert \\h' latter instru- ment and withdraw tlie trochar, leaving the cannula to act as ii spout ; hold a pail and catcli the water. If pieces of lymi)h clog the cannula, pass in a small probe and i)ush them off the end. Drain off all tlu^ water and withdraw the cannula. It is often necessary to repeat this operation. This operation is technically termed paracenteKix thoracis. Cases so severe as to require it are usually fatal. I'aractiife.siti abdomenis means, in plain English, tapping the belly. In peritonitis, the belly often fills with water, which can be evacuated by inserting the trochar and cannula on the median line, a couple of inches back of the navel. The operation may be re- peated, if necessary ; but, in this case, it is advisable to make a fresh hole, rather than insert again in the old one. XV. Pricking. This is identical with nicking, (which see). XVI. Probing and Opening Fistulas. It is necessary to ])robe fistulous openings, in order OPENING THE SKIN. reparatory to tapping the chest. WATER FLOWING FUO.M THE CHEST. In paracentesis thoracis. to )W where they Take i)lcntv of time, and do it carefully. 460 THE AMEIilf'AN I'AKMEIi S STOCK HOOK. UNINll'.KKI IMI-.K .-^liTlKE. Find every sinus, if iKKSsilik-. AVlicn iiriicticahle, the l)esl nud ([uiekest way to cure tlioni is to open tlieiii right u}) !ik)ng tlieir wiiohi h'ngth ; l)nt wlu'M this cannot I)e done williont severing largo l)lood-vesseis or too miKtli niuscuilar lihre, pass u scton tiirougii them and draw in ( ;uis(i(r substances, such as burnt alum, powdered ])hie-stnne, etc. Or, instead, use injections Nos. 1, ;i and f), changing from onc^ to another frecjucntlv. XVII. Spaying. This operation is very rarely performed upon the mare — never, in fact, except incase of disease. There is great danger of its pioving fatal, and hence it should never be undertaken except l)y a skilled veterinarian. It consists in removing the ovaries, corresjionding to the castration of the male. XVIII. Sutures. There are four kimls of sutuics, vi/, : the interrupted, uninterrupted, (juiiU'd and twilled. The interrupted suture is the one generally used, and for most cases is the best. The needle and silk — or, instead of the; silk, the silver wire or cat -gut — nvo all that are needed. Clip off the hair from the edges, and be careful to have everything clean. Di'aw the edges of the wound together with a slightly curved needle and silk, and when tying the knot give the ends an extra turn through the knot, which will keep it from drawing away and untying; then go on and make a hard knot on the to}) of the other, and cut off the silk. Then take another, and so on. The continuous or uninterrupted suture sews up the wound by continuing the .stitches right along, the same as in sewing cloth, and tying the ends. The quilled suture is when two quilN or pieces of wood are used as skewers, ami tiu ends of the silk caught over them, the skewers being i)laced one on each side of the wound, to pre- vent the stitches from tearing out . The twisted suture is simply a pin inserted and a hair oi silk thread wound around its ends in the form of a tigure eight, as already described in the ai- tiele on l)leetling. In most cases, the stitches ought to be taken about half an inch apart. XIX. Tapping the Belly for Flatulence. It is usually either some of the large intestines or the stonnu'h that is affected with ilatulence. The former are tajjped by inserting QUILLEl* SUTUltli. OI'KHA'l'lON.S. 461 the trocliai- and canimla upon a level with the stilie, and below the large niti.seles. Pluni;e it in and, withdrawing the troehar, leave the can- nula to carry off the gas. If excrement gets into the hole, insert a small l)rol)c and push it away. This may be repeated, if necessary, always using a small troehar, (one about a <|uarter inch in diameter), and insert- ing it in a new place each 1imc. XX. Tenotomy. Wiicu liie tendons become very much contracted and cannot be relaxed, they can be scv(>rcd, wiicn liie ends will extend, grow together again, and thus repair the excision. This operation, called tenotomy, is most commonly practiced on the tendon of the leg, and about midway between the knee and feflock. Insert the knife across the tendons, witii the blade on its side ; let it go jusi to the skin on llic other side, but not through it; then turn tlu^ etlgc towards the outer pai't of the leg and saw away, taking care not to cut the skin at the i)ack of the leg. When the tendons are severed, break up the adhesions by bending the leg across your 1 ing as a simple wound. XXI. Tracheotomy. This consists in the insertion of a tulx^ into the trachea or windpipe, to prevent death from threatened suffocation. The tul)e ought to l)e of sijvei-, l)ut in the absence of that, on1:A>TIC I'UISONING. Characterislic appearance and action of a horse Copper Sidphate is a corrosive, irritant poison, bringing on gastro- enteritis and diarrhoea ; ulceration, perforation and thickening of the mu- cous membranes ; quick, hard, almost imperceptible pulse ; and, near smelting works, emaciation, paralysis and exostotic disease of the joints. These latter symptoms characterize the chronic, slow poisoning resulting 468 THK AMKUICAN FAUMKU's STOCK l!e enclos- ing it. (See cut on page 724.) Its uses in puncturing the abdomen, chest, &c.,have been repeatedly given elsewhere, the cannula, as a rule, l)eing allowed to remain in the orifice, as a channel for the escape of the water, serum, or gas, as the case may be. II. Surgical Apparatus and Appliances. In addition to the instruments described in the last section, there are various apparatus and api)liances which the stock owner should always keep on hand, or at least have at ready command in case of need. The following list will, we think, be found sufficiently complete for all prac- tical purposes. Drenching bottle. — This is now generally used, instead of the old-time drenching-horn. It should hold a quart at least, and have a long neck. A champagne or ale bottle will be about the thing. 474 TIIK ASIKinCAN FAltMKu's STOCK HOOK. lIohhh'H. — To i)rcvent a horso from kirking ; more especially, for use in casting. (Soo article on casting in chapter XXII of this Part.) Tlicy are two strong ropes, each about twenty-live feet long, with the same number of strong leather straps, doubled, each with a two inch seam between and a strong buckle. It rc(iuires three or four men to cast ahorse. Put a loose collar on the horse, and fasten both ropes securely to llii^ bottom of it, or, better (if the yo\w is long enough), loop the mid- dle lo the collar. Buckle one of the two leather straps tightly on each hind pastern ; through the rings or D's of the straps pass the ends of the rope, carrying the same forward through the collar, for the assistants, (standing well ahead) to pull away at, while a good man manages the animars head. To prevent kicking (while standing), fasten the ends of the rope to the collar, after drawing suiUciently tight. liiijatures, — Cords or strings, most commonly silk thread, used for tying arteries and thus preventing or stopping hemorrhage. Tie with a surgeon's knot, made by jiassing one end annnul the other twice and tl;en drawing tightly. ^osi'-bag. — This should be roomy, and be kept scrupulously clean. Scton. — A cord or small roll of leather, tape or clotii, drawn under the skin and then out again at a short distance, by means of the seton needle. It is usetl to promote and keep up a discharge of pus, and thus reduce inilammation, and, \\\i> better to secure this end, it is soaked with turpentine or smeared with some other irritant, and daily turned or drawn forward and backward through its channel. Setons have almost entirely superseded the old-fashioned rowel, which is a ring of leather, suitably prepareil and pushed down into a pocket made in the skin. Slings. — These are well illustrated on pages 'IhO anil 2.S(i. The}' arc not so difKcult to make as many imagini\ Take, for the girdle which passes under the horse's belly, a broad strip of leather or strong I'anvass twenty-eight inches M'ide and about seven feet long, stiffening the ends by sewing them around smooth sticks or chunks of wood, to which fasten very strong loops of ropo. Double blocks and pulleys being attached to these loops by strong ropes passing through ti.xed pulleys over- head, the animal can be nearly or entirely lifted from his feet, as may be desired. This girdle is kept in proper position by suitable breeching and breast-straps attached to it, as shown on page 2^{\. SpongcK. — From four to six of these should always be at hand, of which at least one (a small one) should bo very fine. Their sizes should be graduated, the largest being such as are often used for washing car- riage's. Tents. — Like setons, these are suppuratives, but are employed in the dressing of wounds. They consist of pledgets of tow, lint, or the like, moistened with turpentine. INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MKDICINES. 475 Twitch. — This has been described and iiiustratod in the chapter on Operations. One shoidd be kept lianging in the stable constantly, ready for immediate use. III. A cheap and serviceable Surgical Outfit. The following convenient outtit will serve the purposes of the great 7najority of horsemen, and can be selected, at very moderate cost, from the stock of any surgical instrument dealer. Most of the histruments, in fact, can l)e bought at the larger drug stores of cities. Everything should be kept together, in a neat wooden box. 1. A thumb lancet, and, if wished, a fleam. 2. A pair of spring forceps. 3. A bistoury, blunt pointed. The slightly cui'ved form, with the sharp edge on the inside, is considered the best for most purposes. 4. An aneurismal (a long, blunt) needle, which is also very serviceable for introducing small setons. 5. A silver probe. 6. A shoeing (or frog) knife. 7. A pair of curved scissors. 8. A broad scalpel, for which, however, any straight, 1n-oad-bladcd knife, with a keen edge, may be substituted. 9. A seton needle. 10. A few sui'gical needles, of different sizes and shapes ; some white thread, and thin cat-gut or, instead of the latter, fine sewing silk. A leather case or roll will be needed to keep these articles in. rv. Veterinary Medicines and Doses. The following list comprises the principal drugs used in veterinary practice, those of them not among the farmer's own stores being easily procurable at any drug store. Many of these it will be advisable to keep always on hand, — say enough for ten doses, — everything in white bottles, the latter well corked and carefully labeled. Corrosive subtances it will not do to cork ; the stf)pi)ers must be ground glass. When medicines have been kept so long that they have lost their strength, they should be thrown away, and replaced with fresh. Old compounds not likely to be used again soon, ought not to be kept with the other medicines. The best plan is to throw them away, as they will only clutter up any cupboard you may put them in, and ten to one, even if you want to use the same prescription again, you will decide to compound it afresh. For an explanation of the terms below employed in classifying these drugs, the reader is referred to page 237. Acetic acid. — Antidote to alkalis, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm ; ox, 2 drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple. 476 TIIK AMEKIC.W FAltMEK's STOCK BOOK. Aconite, tincture of. — Sedative, diaphoretic. Hoi>e, 10 drops ; ox, 30 to 40 drops ; slieep, 3 to 5 drops. Alcohol. — Stimulant, diuretic, narcotic. Horse, ^ ounce; ox, 3 to (J ounces ; sheep, ^ ounce. Locally, a I'ooliiig astringent . Aloes, Barhadoes. — Purgative. Horse, 4 to (! draclnns Alum. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 3 drachms ; ox, 3 to 4 drachms; sheep, ^ to 1 drachm. Ammonia, liquid. — Diffusii)le stinudant, anti-.spasmodic, antacid, diu- retic. Horse, ^ ounce ; ox, i to 1 ounce ; sheep, 4 to 1 drachm. It should be well diluted. Ammonia, carbona/c of. — I)iffusil)h' stimulant, anti-si)asniodic, ant- acid, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm : ox, 4 to 6 drachms : sheep, ^ to 1 di'achm. Anise seed, caraway, cardamon, fennel seed. — Stomachic, carminative. Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 1 to 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. Arnica, tincture of. — Stimulant, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm ; ox, 1 drachm ; sheep, 1 scruple. Asafijetida. — Diffusible stinuilant, carminative, vermifuge. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, 4 drachms ; sheep, ^ to 1 drachm. Balsam of Peru. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant. Hor.se, I ounce ; ox, I to 1^ ounces ; sheep, 2 drachms. Borax. — Nerve sedative, uterine slimulant. Horse, 2 to (! drachms ; ox, ^ to I ounce ; sheep, \ to 1 drachm. Blackberry root. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, i ounce ; sheep, 2 scruples. Camphor {gum). — Anlispasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 draclnns; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; .sheep, 1 scruple. Carbolic acid — Sedative, iuiodj'ne, astringent, antiseptic, disinfectant. Horse, 10 to 20 drojis ; ox, 1 drachm ; sheep 10 drops. Cherry bark, tvild. — Expectorant. Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 1^ ounces ; sheep, 3 drachms. Copaira. — Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; ox, 3 to 4 di'achms ; sheep, i to 1 drachm. Creain of tartar. — Diuretic. Horse, ^ ounce ; sheep, 4 to (i drachms. Laxative : horse, 5 ounces ; ox, 5 to H ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 ounces. Ergot. — Checks bleeding, ])arturicnt. Horse, i to 1 ounce ; ox, 1 ouin-e ; sheep, 1 tt) 2 drachms. lro)t, jxroxidc. — Tonic. Ilcn-se, 2 drachms; ox, 4 ilrachms ; sheep, 1 drachm. An antidote to arsenic. Laudanum. — Narcotic, sedative, anodjne, antispasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 3 drachms. The druggist calls this tine/ lire (f opium. INSTUUMENTS, Al'l'AKATU.S. AND MEDICINES 477 Lime, chloride of. — Chcoks tviii));iny. (lisiiifectaiit . Horse, 2 dnicliiiis ; sheej), 1 to 2 drachms. Linwed oil . — Laxative. Horse-, 1 to 2 pints; ox, 1 to 2 (|uarts ; siioep, i pint. Lobelia. — Sedative, aiitisj)asni()dic, expectorant. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms ; ox, 1 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 grains ; swine, 5 to 15 grains. Lunar cauntic (^nitrate of .silver). — Nerve tonic. Horse, 5 grains ; ox, 5 to 8 grains ; slieep, 1 to 2 grains. Mallow. — Demulcent. Give freely of cold infusion. Oak hark. — Astringent. Horse, 1 ouiuie ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces; sheep, 4 drachms. Olive oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 jjints ; ox, 2 to 3 joints ; slu^ep, 3 to fi ounces. Opium. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. Horse, ^ to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 10 to 20 grains. Pepper, black. — Stomachic, stimulant. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, 3 drachms ; sheep, 1 to 2 scruples. Peppermint . — 30 to (50 drops. I^iwipkin seeds. — Vermifuge, t«niafuge (ta])e-wonn medicine). Horse, 1 ))int. llliuharh. — Laxative, tonic. Horse, 1 ounc^e ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep, 1 draciun. Rosin. — Diuretic. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, ^ to 1 ounce ; sheep, 2 to 4 drachms. Soap. — DiuH'tic, antacid, laxative. Horse, h, ounce ; sheep, 2 to l> drachms. Sweet spirits of nitre. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, diaphoretic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 3 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 3 to (j drachms. Tobacco. — Sedative, antis[)asmodic, vermifugi!. Horse, 4 drachms ; ox, 4 to (5 drachms ; sheep, 1 drachm. Tar. — Expectorant, antise])tic. Horse, ^to\ ounce ; ox, | to 2 ounces ; sheep, ^ ounce. Turpentine, oil of . — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 1 to 1^ ounces ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Vermifuge : Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 3 ounces ; sheep, 4 drachms. Valerian. — Diffusible stimidant, antisi)asmodic, vermifuge. Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 4 , ^ drachm ; ox, 2 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 to 30 grains. V. When and How Often may the Dose be Repeated ? The graduation of doses, accoi-ding to age, condition, etc., has been 478 THE AMERICAN FARJVIEK's STOCK HOOK. explained on page 238. Wo add the following general tlirections for the reader's guidance in repeating the dose. Alteratives. — Give twice or thrice daily. Anodynes. — ^Four hours apart till tiicy effect their object. Antispasmodics. — Same as anodynes. Diaphoretics. — Same as alteratives. Diuretics. — Two to four hours apart, according to urgency of the case. Js^inetics. — These are not given to the horse, his anatomy being such that vomiting is not possible. For other animals, repeat every five or ten minutes, assisting their action by opening the mouth and irritating the throat with a feather. Febrifuges. — Two to four times daily. Narcotics. — Four hours apart till the desired effect is produced. Ptirgatives. — As these are usually very powerful, overdosing must be guarded against, by waiting till the first dose has had full time to operate. This will be not less than thirty-six hours for the horse : twelve to fifteen hours for sheep and cattle ; and seven to ten hours for hogs. Draughts of lukewarm water, or of warm gruel, hasten the action of purgatives. Refrigerants. — Twice or thrice daily. Sedatives. — Every four hours, as long as necessary. Stimulants. — Four hours ai)art till the desired effect is produced. Tonics. — Twice or three times dail}-. VI. Simple Directions for Preparing and Using Medicines. Balls. — Made of drugs (in powdered form) mixed with honey or molas- ses and linseed meal to about the stiffness of dough, and then wrapped in tissue paper, oiled for greater ease in swallowing. Care nmst be taken not to make it too large. A little thicker than a man's thumb will be right for horses and cattle. The ball must not be round, but cylindrical in shape, as shown in the cuts given in Chapter XXI, of this Part. Drenches. — Made, when the remedial agent is itself not alicpiid, either as decoctions or as infusions. Tlie latter are made with eitiier cold or hot -water. Small quanties of powdered drugs can be mixed witJi thick gruel or mucilage, and given as a drench. Directions for giving drenches will be found on pages 239 and 448. Care must be taken tt) thoroughly dilute strong irritating liquids, so that if held in the animal's mouth for as much as live minutes, it will do no harm. There are some licjuids of this class, as oil of turpentine, croton oil, etc., that will not mix with water, and hence should be prepared with olive or linseed oil, or milk beaten witii eggs ; or, in some cases, they may l)o given in mucilage. Hgpodermic injections. — From the rapidly increasing use of theso expedients by physicians, there seems to be a growing disposition to INSTRUMENTS, APPARATUS, AND MEDICINES. 479 employ thoni in veti'i-iiiiiry practice also. They can only be administered with a hyi)odermic syringe, and, us a rule, ought not to 1)0 resorted to without the advice of a competent surgeon. Injections or Enemas. — These are not at all difficult to give, especially if one has a regular horse sj'ringe. Patent injectors that pump in the liquid continuously arc in the market. (See article "Syringe," in Section I, this chapter.) VII. Weights and Measures. In compounding drugs it is necessary to be very exact as to weights and measures. The druggist, with his delicate scales and expertness in manipulation, is the best person to put up your veterinary prescription, if it is otherwise convenient to have him do so. Frequently this is not the case, however, and we therefore recommend farmers to provide them- selves (as can be done at small expense) with a pair of scales and a meas- uring glass for liquids. The weights for the former should be accord- ing to what is called apothecaries' weight, instead of avoirdupois, while the glass will l)e already marked according to wine measure, so called. TABLE OP AI'OTHECARIES' WEIGHT. 20 gr.ains make one scruple, 3 scruples make one drachra, 8 drachms make one ounce, 12 ounces make one pound. TABLE OF WINE MEASURE. 60 minims, or drops, make one drachm, 8 drachms make one ounce, 16 ounces make one pint, 2 pints make one quart, 4 quarts make one gallon. Sufficient accuracy in fluid measure for anything not violent in its action, will be the following: 60 drops, or 1 tea-spoonful, make 1 drachm, 4 tea-spoonfuls, or 1 table-spoonful, make }4 ounce, 2 table-spoonfuls make 1 ounce, 1 wine-glassful makes 2 ounces, 1 tea-ou|)ful makes 5 ounces, 1 tiuiililiTful makes '^ pint. 1 tin-cupful (commonest size) makes 1 pint. A handful of flaxseed, or other seeds usually innocent in their nature, will weigh al)out 2 ounces ; a handful of leaves or dried herbs will weigh about 1 ounce. CHAPTER XXVI. BECIPES FOR THE HORSE. As a matter of convenience to precious in treating his sick stocl prescriptions for the horse. XO. 1. l.OTIOS KOU FISTULA. Sulphate of copper, 2 dnu-linis, AVatei-, }.2 pint, Mis.' Inject ouci! or twice :v ilay. XO. 2. LOTION KOU FISTULA. Sulphate of zinc, :{ drachnis, AVater, }.^ Jiint, Mix. Injci't oni'c or t\\ ii-e a day. No. ;i. LOTION FOR FISTULA. Corrosive sublimate, 1 drachm, AVater, >2 pi"t. Mix. Inject once or twice a day. No. 4. FEVER MIXTURE. Sweet spirits nitre, 1 ounce. Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm, Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce, AVater, }.i pint, Mix. Give a tablespoonfnl every 2 liours No. ."). CARBOLIC LOTION. Carbolic acid, 1 part, AVater, 30 parts. Mix. Inject three limes a day. No. li. CARHOLIC LOTION. Carbolic acid, }.i ounce, AVater, 1 pint. Mix. Use three or four times a day. the reader, to whom time will often be c, we add this chapter, resuming all our . WHITE LOTION FOR FLESH WOt:NT)S. Sulphate of zinc, drachms, Sujfarof lead, 1 ounce. Water, 1 pint, Alix and shake. Apply three times a day. No. 8. HOOF OINTMENT. Pine tar, 4" fluid ounces, A\liale oil, 4 vmnces, (If too 4hiu in warm weather, add nuitton tallow, 2 ounces). Mix. Api.ly nncc a ,lay. No. 9. FLY BLISTER. Powdered cantharides, 3^2 ounce, Lard, 2 ounces, Mix. Kub well in. No. 10. RED MERCUlilAL BLISTER. Biuiodide of mercury, 2 drachms, Lard, 2 ounces. Mix. Kub well in. No. 11. COMPOUNU LINIMENT. Tincture of iodine, 3 ounces, Aqua annnonia, 1 ounce. Oil of turpentine, 1 ounce. Glycerine, 1 ounce. Mix. Bub well in twice a day. 480 RECIPES FOR THE HORSE. 481 XO. 12. COOLING LOTION. Muriate of ammonia, 1 ounce, Xitrate of potash, 1 ounce. Water, 1 quart, MLx. Apply tlu-ee times a day. 'So. 13. COOLING LOTION. Vinegar (strong), 1 pint. Common salt, a handful. Water, 1 pint, Mix. Apply three or four times a day. No. 14. LINIMENT FOK SPRAINS. Liquor ammonia, 1 ounce. Tincture arnica, 1 ounce. Tincture opium, 1 ounce, Oil turpentine, 1 ounce, Alcohol, 1 ounce. Water to make 1 pint, Mix. Jiub ^^■ell in twice a day. No. 1."). LINIMENT FOK SPRAINS. Tincture arnica, !);> ounces. Tincture of opium, 1 ounce, Ijiquor ammonia, !}£ ounces. Water to make 1 pint. Mix. Kuh well hi twice a day. No. Hi. DIURETIC POWDER. Rosin, 2 ounces. Nitrate of potash, 2 ounces. Powder and mix. Divide into twelve powders, and give one night and morning in soft feed. 1". IODINE LOTION. Iodine, 1 drachm. Iodide of potash, 1 drachm. Alcohol, 1 ounce. Water to make 1 pint, Mix. Inject twice a day. No. 18. EEVEK MIXTURE. Tincture aconite root, 1 drachm, Fluid extract l)elladonna, 2 drachms, Sweet spirits nitre, 2 ounces. Carbonate of ammonia, 1 ounce. Nitrate of potash, 1 ounce, AVater to make 1 pint. Mix. Give a taWcsiioonful cveiy 2 hours. No. lit. PASTE KOR OPEN .lOINT. ( 'arbolic acid, 1 draclim, (ilycerine, 2 drachms. Flour, enough to make a paste. Mix. Make a paste, and apjily to the cut twice a day. No. 20. TOMC POWDER. Sulphate of iron. 2 ounces, Cinchona bark, 2 ounces, Powder and mix. Divide into twelve powders, and give one night and morning in the feed. No. 21. FEVER MIXTURE. Tincture aconite root, i drachm. Sweet spirits nitre. 1 1., ounces. Nitrate of potash. I'.j ounces. Water to make 1 pint. Mix. Give a tahlespoontul every two hours. No. 22. TONIC POWDER. Sulphate of iron, l^.i ounces. Nitrate of potasli, 2 ounces. Powder and mix. Divide into twelve powders, and give one night and niorniiig in soft feed. No. 28. PURGATIVE BALL. Barbadoes aloes, 'i drachms. Ginger, 1 drachm. Gentian root. 1 draehin. Syrup or sua)), enough In combine foregoing. Powder and mix. Make a ball, and give as one dose. 482 No. ■- llir, AMi;i!l(AN I'AKMKU S STOCK HOOK. No. I. ASTKIN(ii;N T WASH. Sii;;;if (if lc:iil. I oiiiici', Wlll.T. I piiil. ,Mis. .\|i|ily IllliM' lillU'S ;i il:l\ . ■>. i.orioN I'oi; iiiaisi;. 'I'iiicliin' (if iiniicn, 1 (mncc, I.iukIiiiiiiiii. I ounce, Wiitcr lo make I |iiiit. Mix. .\|i|'l,V lliii'c limes :i dav, and liand- li. A('ll> LOTION. llydnicliloiic acid, '^ ounco. Water, I pint. Mix, Apply Iwiee a day. :7, I.OTION (ANOHYNH.) 'I'lnelure of arnica, 1 (inuce, Tlnefure of opiinn, I ounce. Water to nlal^e I piul. Mix. Apply thi-ec limes a day williout a baudau'c. 2S. I.OIION I'Olt I'l.CI'.KA rKI> llONK llydrocllloric acid. J dracluu-. Water, '•« pint. Mix. Apply iw ice a day. !'.!. .sril()N'.,. pint. Mix. Appi) three times a day. ;10. I'Kvi'.it Mixn i;k. 'riiiedire aconite root, I drachm, Klulil exlrael belladona, l! draelims. Water, I ounces. Mix. (live a taliles'ioouful ever\ 'J iioiirs. I. ;!1. ausokhim; ointmknt. Iodide of potash, •• draeliin.-, Lard, 2 oimces. Mix. Apply once a day \\ ilii friction. >. IfJ. r \NN1C I.OTION. 'I'amde acid, '.j ounce, \'iue;;ar. 1 ounce. Water. I (piart. Mix. Appl\ Ihrce times a day. ,). ;i;t. i>n liKiic rownKii. Uosin, '2 oimces. Nitrate of potash, 1 ounces, l.inseed meal, '.' oimces. Powder and mux. (live a tal>lespoouf(d morniii;:' and ui^iil in the feed. o. ;! I. tonic ro\vi>i;ii. •Sulphate oi' iron. 1'... ounces. Nitrate of potash, I oiiiice, K(emi^recU seed. '1 drachms, l.inseed meal, 2 ounces, I'owder and mix. (;ive a tahlespoonful moruini;- and nifihl in tlie feed. o. ;i.'i. roNic MlXTlTii;. 'I'iuclure of Iron, 1 ounce, 'rinclure of }rentian, I ounce. Water, III ounce--. Mix. (iivelwo tahlcspooufuls three times ii day. O. ;(H. roWUM! KOK UIIKIMATISM, ('olciilcuinseed (powdered'). 1 oiinee. Nitrate of potash. 1 ounce, [■'(cnn^reek seed. "J dvaelinis. Mix. Divide into twelve powders, and jiive one nii;ht and nuvruin-;- in soft, feed. o. :17. Ai.ri;i!A rivK comithnp. Kpsmn salts, I ounces. Nitrate of potash, •_' ounces, i.iuseed meal, I ounces. Mix. (iivea lahles|io(>uful twice a day in soft feed. UKCIl'ICS I'OK Til 10 llOltSK. AH3 No. :lS. M.IKIiAllVK, MIXTUUIC. I'dlas^iiiiii iiiilidr, 'J (iiinccs. WiiliT, I pirn. Mix. (ilvc u Inlih'spnoiiliil iiioniin^' iiiid llijrhl. N<). It'.). fAKBOl.K' LOTION. Ciirliolic iirid, 2 (liacliiiis. Wilier. 1 jiiiil. Mix. Iiijerl three limes ;i day. No. 10. KKVKK MIXTIIHK. Sweet spirits nitre. 1 '.j oiiiiees, 'IHiietiin' iK'iiiiile root. 1 iii> ill l)ar ammonia, 2 ounces, oil Inrpi'iitine, 2 ounces, hinseed oil. ".' outk-cs. Mix. Huh well in (.nee a day I ill mildly hllstereil. No. 12. I'OWDKU I'-Oll IlKAVKS. I'owdered lohelia seed. 2 ounces. I/mseed meal, 2 oniK'cs, Mix. Divide into ei;;ht powders, and J?ive one nif;hl and niornin;; in soft feed ; wail a week, and repeal. No. Hi. (,'Ol(!ll I'OWDKH. (iiiin camphor, I '.^ ouni^es, I'ow!( k's COli;!! KKCIPK. Cmij camphor. I drarlim. Ilpiiim. I ilrai'lim. Digitalis, I (Ir.'ichm. Calomel. I ihaclim. Mix. Malic a ball with syrup, unilgiveas one dose, repealing onci' a day for a week; wail a week, and repeat. \o. I."), coicii Mi.XTiim;. I'l iissic acid, dilute, 2 diaclnns, 'I'iiiclurc of cainphor. I ounce, I'Muid (•xhai-l licllailomia. :t dracUinS. 'rinclurc gciilian, I oimcc\ Chlorali'of potash. I ounce. Water I iKc I pinl. Mix. (Jive two tahlcspoonluls three times a day. with a syringe. No. Hi. l.OIION KOlt SOUK MOUTH. Uorax, 1 ounce, Honey, 1 ounce, Water to make I pint. Mix. .\pply thri'c limes a day. No. 17. Ml.XTlMfK KOK KI.ATIJLKNCK. ni-i^!irhonale soda. 1 teuspoonful. (iingcr, I omice. Water, '^ pint, Mix.' (JiV(! as one irits nitre, lijj ounces, 'rinctuiv o|)iuiu, 1 oiiiioe, Kxtriu'l {>iiifcer, }., ounce, Water, }g pint. Mix. (!ivp !is line dose. No. ."ll. MlXTl UK l-OK WIND COLIC. Chloroforni. )s ounce, liinseed oil, 1 (juart. Mix. Give as one dose. No. ."l2. ANODVNK MIXTfUK. .Sulpliali" of iiiorpliia. 4 grains. Water, )ij ounci'. Mix. (live as one dose. No. 53. MIXTl'UK KOK WIND COLIC. Bi-carbonate soda, a tablespoouful. Water, a leai'iipful. Mix. (!ive as oiu' dosiv No. 51. MIXTl UK KOK \V1M>C0LU'. Oil luipenliiic, I oiiiicc, I.insecd oil. i., piiil. 'I'lui'liin' of npiiini. 1 oiuu'C, Mix. Give as one dose. No. 55. MIXTl'UK KOU WIND COLIC. Chloroform, 1 ounce, Linseeil ojl, 1 pint. Mix. (iive as one dose. No- 5(;. MlXTl UK KOU COXSTU'ATION. Linseed oil, 1 (iiiart, 'rineluri' mix vomica, 1 ounce, Mix. (iive ;i- one dose. No. 57. CUOTON OIL I.INIMKNT. (^roton oil. 1 ounce, Linseed oil, :! oimecs, Mix. Knl) in well to lli.' liellv. .58. MIXTLKK FOK 1>IARUH(BA. Prepare TONIC. I'otassinni iodide, 1 diaeUm, Nux voMiicii, 1 dra<'liMi. Fa'nni;rccU seed, 1 dracliiii. Mix. Give as one. dose, and iei)eal moiii- ing and iiiglit for three or four weeks. No. Ii7. TONH' rowiiicK. Nux voniiiM, 1 dradiui, Sulpliate iron, I . ZINC LOTION. Sulphate of zinc, ■> drachms. Water, 1 jiint. Mix. Injei't twice a day. 70. LEAI> LOTION. .Sugar of lead. 3 drachms, Water, 1 pint. Mix. Inject twice a day. 77. CAMl'HORATEI) OIL. Gum camphor. 1 ounce, Olive oil, }.._, jiint. Mix. .\pply three times a day. 7X. grains, Water, 1 ounce. Mix. Apply twice a day. No. 82. EYE LOTION. Nitrate of silver, 10 grains, Water. 1 ounce. Mix. Apply twice a day. No. 83. WORM POWDER. Sulphate of iron, 1 drachm, Tartar emetic, 1 drachm, Linseed meal. 2 drachms. Mix. Give as one dose. Repeat morning and night for a week, and follow it with No. 84. No. 84. WORM DRENCH. Oil turpentine, 1 ounce, Linseed oil, 1 pint, Mix. Give as one dose. No. 85. LOTION FOR LICE. Tobacco. 2 pounds, Water. S gallons, Mix. Steep, and wash the animal. No. 86. LOTION FOR LICE. Quassia chips, 3 pounds, Water. 1 gallon. Mix. Steep one hour, and wash the aui- inal. No. 87. OINTMENT FOR M.\NGE. Sulphur, 4 ounces. Oil of tar, 2 ounces. Linseed oil, }.> pint, Mix. Rub well in once a day to all affected spots. No. 88. CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE WASH. Corrosive sublimate. 40 grains, AVater. 1 i)int. .\pply once a day till (■'.ii AMI A. -v. MI'A N I.MII • A M KUH 'A N IIIIKKIIM. VI. Till'; lll'.VONS. VII. TIM'; IIKllKI'IHIKH. VIII. 1111'; IHIIIIIAM Oil TKKMW ATHIl lllll';l';il. IX. lltlMIJ l'AI'l'1,1';. X. Mi;o'l'('ll ANI> IIKIIII.ANII rAI'TLK. — —XI. MWIHH (lA'ITI.Ii;. XII. Dirrcii cATTi.i';. xiii. I'Ohhii, cA'ni.i';. — xiv. tiik wii.j) OATIXIO OK I'.Ndl.AM". XV. NA'IIVI'. lilM'K l( rs Ol'' MOMK llllHKIJtt. I. Wild luiil Siiiiii-Wild lldrrlH. Wlicri^ lioi'iittd cilIMk lii'Ml. rxJHii'il in ii wild nliilr is iittcr'ly iinUiiovvn, uiid l.lii^ir oi'i;4iii Ih (■,(|iiiilly iiin'iTliiiii. 'I'licn^ nvf ii iiiimlicr of HpccirH of tilt* Hiiiiio ^miUH — lilt) iiriiiiH /(<>.i — oxiHliiin; in m wilil Ht'alc; hiicIi mh llif Kisoii, niisniiincd itnlTido, ol' Aniri-irii, iind llir line HiilTiilo id" Al'iicii. 'I'll! re MIT, iil,-i(), H()-(!illr(| wild lallii: wiiicli roiini in viihI licrdn in Noi'l.ii Mild Soiilli Anii'rii'ii, iind in iiunir |):ii'Ih ol' Kiiro)ir nnd Ariiii. 'riicH((, liowovci-, ;i-i widl lis ;dl ol licr ( ol' llii' ^ciiils /las '/'ii iiriiM, lo wliirji oni' priiisciil domi'Mliciilod otillhi ludoii^, iiri), wIk^ii Coiiiid wild, llm di-Hct^iid- iiiiIh of iiiiiniiils wiiirli oHciLpt^d f'i'oiii l.ii<' ronl.rol of iniin at, hoiiio poriod, iiiorr or lo.MH roniolc II. Tho llrHl. ChroniolorH iiiid UroixlorH of Crittlo. .Jiiliiil, llic lon of lyMiiici h, who livi'd in tiii' lii d' Adiun, is recorded in K''i"i|>l nee as lieini^ "the rallierof hiiili iih liiive call li. ' Slill, il e:in iKil l>e aHHiinieil llial .liiliai'H eiill li' were in iiny way idenlie:d wiliiflu' (lonieHlif ox id' laler linieH, for I lie word "eiillle" in lined hy liu) early Si'riplui'iil wi'ilei'Hlo deiioi.e nearly all ^ni/in^' aniinidM, inidiidiii^f Hlieep iiiid jj;'oa(H. .lol), liowever, who liv<'il nnne Ijinn two llioiiHand yv.ni-H li(d"ore ( 'lirinl , irt diHiinelly npoken (d' as llie possesHor of one (hoiiMand y()U<' iiohh; liidloek.s, wil.li (ycntral ;iii(l SoiUli Aiuorica, wliorc modilicatioiis of Uic jiiiciciit hi'c'cd may !)(' lon;^' i>i)st|)()iic(l. VI. The Devons. Anioiv^f ilw oldest of tlic^ distiii Hereford cow is apparently a xcry infi-rior animal. Not only is she no milker, l)ut even her form lias been sacriticed by the breeder. Henre the lU'reford cow is comparat i\ely small and delicate, and some would call lier ill-made. SIkms very light-fieshed when in common con- dition, and beyond that, while she is breeding, she is not suffered to pro- ceed ; but when she is ac^tually put u|> for fatti'ning, she spreads out, and accunudatos fat at a most extraordinary rate." The illustration on page 497 is a good i)icture of the Hereford cow of twenty years ago. The reader w(>uld scarcely recognize the Hereford of ISNl MS (lie sann' brood described bv Youatt, so nmch have thev been im- pn.ve,!. EAULY IIISTOKY ANI> TYl'ICAl, liltEKDS ol' CAl ri.K 497 i^wm^ 408 THE AMERICAN I'AKMEU's STOCK HOOK. Vin. The Durham or Teeswater Breed. This breed, wliicli lias hoeoino famous as the original of the celebrated Short-Horn cattle of to-day, is a mixed race, though it has been a dis- tinctive Knglish breed for hundreds of years past. The Kev. ^Ir. Berr^', author of a much-criticized history of Short-Horn cattle, written in the early part of the century-, but und()ul)tcdly correct in relation to their early history, sa3's : "From the earliest periods as to which we have any accounts of our breeds of cattle, the counties of Durham and York have been celebrated for their Short-Horns, but prinoipally, in the ijrst instance, on account of their reputation as extraordinary milkers. It may be the best evidence , that, as a breed, they have never in this particuhir been equaled. They were generally of large size, thin-skinned, sleek-haired, bad handlers, rather delicate iu constitution, coarse in the offal, and strikingly defective in girth in the foreHpiarters. When put to fatten, thvy were found slow feeders ; producing an inferior meat, not marliled or mixed fat and lean, and in some cases the lean was found a particularly dark hue. "A period of more than one hundred years has now elapsed since tiie Short-Horns, on'the* banks of the river Tees, hence calhul the Teeswater breed, assumed a very different character to the foregoing descrii)tion. In color, they reseml)led th(^ Short-Horns of the present da}', being occa- sionally red, red and white, and roan, though the last not then so preva- lent as now. They possessed a fine mellow skin and flesh, good hair, and light offal, particularly wide carcasses, and fore-quarters of rxtraor- dinarv depth and capacity. When slaughtered, their proof war extaor- dinary, and many instances are recorded of the wonderful woigl/ of their inside fat. "The remarkable merit which existed in the Teeswater may, with pro- l)rietv, be ascribed to a spirit of improvement which Inul some time man- ifested itself among the breeders on the banks of the Tees, whose laud- able efforts were well seconded l>y the very superior land iu the vicinity of that river. No doubt can be entertained that they proceeded on a judicious sj'stem of crossing with other breeds, because it was utterly im- possil)le to raise such a stock as the Teeswater from puiv Short-Horn ])lood. One cross to which they referred was, in all jjrobability, the white wild breed ; and if this conjecture be well-founded, it will be ap- parent whence the Short-Horns derived a color so ju-evalent among tiieni. "It is also asserted that, about the period in question. Sir William St. Quintin, of Scampston, imported bulls and cows from Holland, which were crossed with the stock of the country. It would tend to little advanta"'e to conjecture as to whut other breeds were resorted to, if 'uiy : EAULY lII.STOIiY AND TYPICAL lUtEEUS OF CATTLE. 499 500 TllK AMKIMCW rAU.MEIi S STUCK ItOUK. this iiiiicli is (H-rtiiiii, tiiiil <;rc.it improvcincnl i\x soon inanifostcd, .'iiid a Viiiiiuhic variety ostiil)lisii('(i."' All illnsiialioii oC tiiis v,iiiial)i(' hiccd, as it was known fifty years ago, is jiivcii on paii'o l!)!!. Jt is to bo logrctted tliat the fine milking (|iiaii- tics of liieir doscondaiits should have boon ahiiost entirely l)rcd out, and aw now only found oceasionally, through honulit}', and this in l>ul a scry few families. IX. Irish Cattle. 'i"he eattlc of Ireland are of 1 wo (listinctiv(^ breeds, the Long-IIorns aiul the Middle-Horns. Whence the Long-llorns caiiu- seems not to ho known, since ancient rcH'ords are sih'nt u|)on tlu> subject. Botli in England and Irelaiul they can be traced far back. By souu' excellent authorities it is nuiintaiuei'C'ii .stniiiilit and l)r(ja(i in this back, and nearly level from tiie head lo the ruinp ; round in the ril).s, and also, between the. shoulders and ribs, and the ribs and loins. The loins were broad, and without large projecting hip (hook ) bones. In the early ])art of the century they were described by the Rev. Mr. Smith, author of a "Survey of (ialloway," as being short in the leg, and moderately fine in the shank bones — ihe hapin' medium preserved in the leg, which secures hardihood and disposition to fatten. With the same cleanness and short- ness of shanks, there was no breed so large and muscular al)ove the knee. Clean, not fine and slender, l)ut well proportioned in the neck and chajjs ; broad shoulders, deep chest, and close, compact form. The neck of the Galloway bull was, and still is, thick almost to a fault. The head ratiier heav}' ; the eyes not prominent, and the ears large, rough, and full of long hairs on the inside. The Galloway was covered with a loose mellow skin of medium thickness, clothed with long, soft, silky hair. The skin is thinner than that of the Leicestershire, l)ut not so fine as the hide of the Short- llorn, ])ut handling soft and kindly. The prevailing and fashionabh; color was l)lack — a f(!W dark brindle-brovvn, and still fewer speckled with white spots, and some of them a dun or drab color. Dark colors were, and arse is the chief pi'oduct, and its EAIJLY IIISTOUY AM) TYPICAL BKKEDS OF CATTLK. 506 manufacture is conducted iu tlie lonely chalet, perched on the mountain side, iu th(J mo.st i)rimitive iiumner. The hest cows yield from ten to twenty quarts of milk daily, and each cow produces by the end of the sea- son of four months, on an average, 225 pounds of cheese. XII. Dutch Cattle. The Low Countries of Europe, Holland and the neighboring States, have, from a i-emote period, had a most valuable milking Ijreed, that is now broken up into numerous varieties. The most noted of these are the Holstein or Friesian cattle, celebrated for the immense quantities of milk they give, and for their large frames, which take on fat and flesh kindly when dry. On page a young Holstein bull of the modei-n Chenery milking stock is represented. The late Mr. Klipi)art, when Secretary of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, wrote from personal observation of Holstein cattle, as follows: "The native cattle of Holstein are the Angle cattle, which are far more numerous than any other kind or I'ace. The}' are small aninuils, with Hue bones, short-legged rather than other- wise ; a very fine, snuill head, and delicately formed neck. The predom- inating color is red or brown, but there are many dun, black, or spotted ones. According to the amount of food consumed, thisi'ace gives a more abundant supply of milk than any other in the Duchies. It is a very highly esteemed race and is nuich sought after for its milking qualities and kindliness in taking on flesii. The flesh is very tine, tender and juicy. "In the marshes is found a race of cattle much larger and heavier than the Angles, larger-boned, and of a dark, reddish-brown, and known as the Marsh race. 1'his race seems to be adapted to the marshes, but does not do well on the higher and dryer uplands. Upon the rich pastures of the marshes, for a time after calving, the best cows will give from forty- eight to .sixty-four pounds, (from si.K to eight gallons) of milk daily. But the milk is not near so rich as that of the Angles. "In Schleswig, rather than in Holstein, are found many of the .Jutland race of cattle. The.se have very tine bones, and are long in proportion to their height, and are, as a rule, short-legged. The prevailing color is gray, black, or gray and black mixed with white, l)ut very rarely red or brown. This race is more highly esteemed for its early maturity and readiness to fatten than for its milking qualities." XIII. Fossil Cattle. The original type of the modern ox is said to have been theUrus. An- cient legends have thrown ai-ound him my.sterious qualities. He was described as being an animal of great fierceness and enormous size; but despite these fabled attributes, the Unis probably did not 504 Tin: AMKUiCAX farmer's stock book. compare better in size with the inodeni ox, than did the ancient horse, or our modern semi-wild horses, with the great thaft horse of to-day. That there onee existed species of cattle in some pre-liistoric age, mon- strous as compared with ours, there is no doubt. Youatt, in his history of British cattle, says that in almost everj' part of the Continent, and in eveiy district of England, skulls, e\'idcntly belonging to cattle, have been found, far exceeding in bulk any now known. There is a line spec- imen in the British Museum : the peculiarity of the horns, resembles smaller ones dug up in the mines of Cornwall, preserved, in some degree, in the wild cattle of Chillinghain Park, and not quite lost in the native breeds of Devon and East Sussex, and those of the AVelsh mountains and the Highlands. XIV. The Wild Cattle of England. Of the wild cattle Kept in Engiana nn the estates of the Duke of Ham" ilton, and the Earl of Tankerville, known in his day, the same authority says : •'The wild breed, from being untamable, can only be ke|)t within walls, or good fences ; consequently, very few of them are now to be met with, except in the pai'ks of some gentlemen, who keep them for ornament, and as a curiosity. Their color is invariably white, muzzle black; the whole of the inside of the ear, and about one-third of the outside, from the tips downward, red ; horns, white, with black tips, very line, and bent upward ; some of the bulls have a thin, upright mane, about an inch and a half or two inches long. The weight of the oxen is from thirty- five to forty-five stone, and the cows from twenty-five to thirty-five stone, the four quarters (fourteen pound to the stone). The beef is finely marbled and of excellent flavor. The six year old oxen are generally very good beef ; whence it may be fairly supiiosed that, in projjcr situa- tions, tliey would feed well. "At the first appearance of anj' person the\' set off in full gallop, and, at the distance of about two hundred yards, make a wheel round, and come boldly up again in a menacing manner ; on a sudden they make a full stop at the distance of forty or fifty yards, looking wildly at the object of their surprise ; but upon the least motion they all again turn round, and fly off with equal speed, but not to the same distance, form- ing a shorter circle, and again returning with a more threatening aspect than before ; they ai)proach probably within thirty yards, when thev again make another stand, and then fly off ; this they do several times, shorteningtheir distance, and advancing nearer and nearer, till they come within such a short distance that most people think it prudent to leave them. EARLY HISTORY AND TYPICAL BREEDS OF CATTLE. 505 When the cows calve, they hide their calves for a week or ten days in some sequestered situation, and go and suckle them two or three times a day. If any person comes near the calves, they clap their heads close to the ground, to hide themselves ; this is a proof of their native wildness. The dams allow no person to touch their calves, without attacking them with impetuous ferocity. AVhcn any one happens to be wounded, or is grown weak and feeble through age or sickness, the rest of the herd set on it and gore it to death." The breeds now found in Great Britain, are almost as various as the soils of the diiferent districts, and are purely artificial in their breeding, accoi'ding to the several fancies of the originators, and successive breeders. XV. Native Districts of Some Breeds. The same careful authority, heretofore quoted, has divided them into Long-Horns, Short-Horns and Middle-Horns. Their history, which may l)e taken as correct, their classification, and their habits, as knf)wu in his day, are given as follows : "The Long-Horns were originally from Lancashire, much improved ]ty Bakewell, and established througli tiie greater part of the midland counties ; the Short-Horns, mostly cultivated in the northern counties, and in Lincolnshire, and man}' of them found in every part of the kingdom where the farmer attends nmch to his dairy, or a large supjjly of milk is wanted ; and the Middle-Horns, not derived from a mixture of the two preceding, but a distinct and valual)le and beautiful breed, inhabiting principally the north of Devon, the cast of Sussex, Herefordshire, and Gloucestershire ; and, of diminished l)ulk, and with somewhat different character, the cattle of the Scottish and the Welsh mountains. The Alderney, with her crumpled horn, is found on the southern coast, and, in smaller numbers, in gentlemen's parks and pleasure-grounds every where ; wliile the polled, or hornless cattle, pre- vail in Suffolk, and Norfolk, and in Galloway, whence they were first derived. "These, however, have l)een intermingled in every possible wa}'. They are found pure only in their native districts, or on the estates of some opulent and spirited individuals. Each county has its own mongrel breed, often difficult to be described, and not always to be traced — neglected enough, yet suited to the soil and to the climate ; and, among little farmers, maintaining their station, in spite of attempts at improvements by the intermixture or the substitution of foreign varieties. "The character of each important variety, and the relative value of each for breeding, grazing, the dairy, or the plough, will be considered before we inquire into the structure or general and medical treatment of cattle. ^luch dispute has arisen as to the original breed of British cattle. rjOti TIIK AJIKKK'AN FAIi.MEU's STOCK HOOK. 'riic l)iittlc lias 1)0011 stoutly fouj^lit. htitwccu tho advocalcs of tlie Middle itiul tlio Loiiir-Iloni.s. 'riio Sliort-IIonis and tlic polls i-au liavo no claiiii ; llio latlor, altlioiigli it lias oxistod in cortaiii districts from time iiuinonio- rial, was prohahl}' an accidental variety. We arc very iiiiicU disposed to adjudge the honor to tiie Middle-Horns. The Long-Ilorns arc evidently of Irish extraction. "Britain has shared the fate of other nations, and oftener than they, has Ikhmi overrun and suhjugated i)y invailers. As the natives retreated, they carried with them some portion of their })roperty, which, m those early times, oonsistod priMci[)ally in cattle. They drove along with them as many as they could, when they retiri-d to the fortresses of north Devon aiul Cornwall, or the mountainous regions of \A'alcs, or when they took refuge in tiie wealds of east t^us.sex ; and there, retaining all their prejudices, customs ami manners, were jealous of the preserva- tion of that which remindetl them of their native country before it yielded to a foreign yoke. " In this manner was })reserved the ancient breed of liritish cattle. Difference of climate wrought some change, particularly in their bulk. The rit^h pasture of Sussex fattened the ox into its su[)erioi size and weight. The plentiful, but not so luxuriant, herbage of the north of Devon, [iroduced a smaller and more active animal, while the privations of Wales lessened the bulk and thickened the hide of the \\'clsh runt. As for Scotland, it set its invaders at detiance ; or its inhabitants retreated for a while, and soon turned again on their pursuers. Tlicy were proud of their country, their cattle, their ehoii'cst possession ; and there, too, the catth^ were [ireserved, unmixed and undegeiieraled. ••riieiK'o it resultetl that in Devon, in Sussex, in Wales, and in Scot- land, the cattle have been the same from time immemorial ; while in all the eastern coast, and through every district of England, the breed of cattle degenerated, or lost its original character; it consisted of animals brought from every neighboring and some remote districts, mingled in every possible variety, yet conforming itself to the soil and the climate. "Observations will convince us that the cattle in Devonshire, Sussex, AVales, and Scotland, are essentially the same. They are mitklle-horned ; not extraorilinary milkt'rs, and remarkable for the (piality rather than the iiuantity of their milk ; actixcat work, and with an unequaled aptitude to fatten. They have ail tiie charactersof the same breed, changed by soil, climate, and time, yet little changed by man. We may almost trace the color, namely, the reil of the Devon, the Sussex, and the Hereford ; and where the iilack alone are now found, the memory of the red pre- vails. Kvery one who has compared the Devon cattle with tiic wild breed of (.'hatelherault |iark. or CMiillinghani castle, has been struck with the EARLY HISTORY ANT) TYPICAL ISliEEDS OF CATTLE. 507 great resemblance in many points, notwithstanding the difference of color, while they bear no likeness at all to the cattle of the neighboring coun- try." For these reasons Mr. Yoiiatt considers the Middle-Horns to be the native breed of Great Britain, CHAPTER II. STRUCTURE OF THE OX. I. COMI'AIJATIVE UESCUIPTION. II. A GOOD COW DESCRIBED IN VEUSE. III. SKELETON OF THE OX. IV. ANALYSING THE HEAD. V. EXTERNAL PARTS OF A PAT OX. VI. TEETH OF THE OX. VII. AGE OF CATTLE TOLD BY THE CHART. I. Comparative Description. The ox, like the horse, is made up of a l)oiiy structure, upon which rests the inuscuhir and fleshy covering, and over this again lies the skin. Tlie only means of defense possessed by cattle are their horns, which, in breeds that have been running wild for generations, develop into long sharp, and most formidable weapons. These are most securely fixed and rendered effective by the expanse of the fi'outal bone, shown at numeral G, skeleton of the ox, as represented in the cut accompanying this chai)ter. The horse is long in the limbs and neck ; the ox is comparatively short in these members. The body of the horse corresponds to the s(juare ; that of the ox to the rectangle. The illustrations showing outlines of fat bullocks, as presented a few pages further on in this cha[)ter — four forms exhibited — are accurate representations. The ribs of the ox are botli longer and larger than those of theliorse, since the several stomachs and the bow- els of the ox are more capacious. The width of the bosom gives ample space for the fore legs and for the viscera ; and this width is carried cor- respondingly behind, giving, in the modern ox, a broad loin and massive rump and hind quarters, where the choice parts of the beef lie. II. A good Cow described in verse. The physical proportions of the cow have l)een so accurately described in verse, by an old English writer, that we reproduce his stanzas as em- bodying the general characteristics of what goes to make up a perfect animal : Slug's long ill her face, she's flue iu her horn, She'll (juickly get fat without cake or corn; She's clean iu lier jaws, and full in her chine. She's heavy iu flank, and wide in her loin. She's broad in her ribs, and long iu her rnmp; A straight and tlat back, witliout e'er a hump; She's wide iu her hips, and calm iu her eyes; She's tine iu her shoulders, and thin iu her thighs. She's light iu her ueck. and small iu her tail; She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail; She's line iu her bone, and silky of skin — She's a grazier's without, and a butcher's within. 508 STRUCTURE OF THE OX. m. Skeleton of the Ox. 50i> If we look at the skeleton of the ox Ave shall there see the basis of the iiumeiise but sluggish strength for which this animal is noted. It will not l)e necessary to translate the names of the bones. They should ])e (tailed by the scientific names here given. The corresponding bones found in the horse have been sufficiently explained. SKKI.KTON OF THE OX. Names of the Bones. — a — Cervical Vertebra?. B B — Dorsal Verte- l)r;e. C — Luinl)ar ^'ertebrDB. D — Sacrum. E E — Coccygeal Bones. FF — Ribs. G — -Costal Cartilages. // — Scapula. / — Humerus. KK Radius. L — Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1 — Scaphoid. 2 — Semilu- nar. 3 — Cuneiform. 4 — Trapezium. 5 — Trapezoid. bones become narrower towards (h(! poll. In cattle tiie temporal bones are small, but dec|) in tiu" temporal fossa and have no si|uamoHs structure. The occipital bone has little importance ])y comparison with its use in tlie horse;. The sphcmoiil and ethmoid bones relatively occupy the same position in the two ani- mals. A comparison of the skeletons of the horse and ox, will fuily illustrate tiiis. V. External Parts of a Fat Ox. As beef is a univcsrsal article of food, tlic value of a very large pro- portion of the cattle reaivd is determinetl by their capacity to develop juicy, palatable meat. The illustration on tlie ne.xt page shows a 8hort- Ilorn o.x in prime condition, and the a(<-onipanying explanation points out the several i)arts of the animal with reference, mainly, to theii' (|ualities and use as bcM'f. Where the choice Beef lies. — The [)rime parts of the ox, as shown in the cut, lie from X to /.', and from R to S, and back to N. lictwecn P, Q and 1' are the best pieces. The second l)est are l)ctween M, >S', 7', T', W and Ii. Between S and IT arc valuable ])ieces for smoked or dried meat. The ribs lietwcen ilf and *S',- the flanks T', TF, and thence to the bri.sket K arc good corning pieces. Tlu; (|uart(U-s of such an ox will dress sixty-flvc per cent, of his gross weight. The loin .■il)o\(; /' and from thence to tin; top of tiie shouhiei- ahox'c ,V will gi\c superior steak and roasting pieces. The shuuhler-point or neck \ciii hack of 7 and thigli at S make the best siiiokiiig-pieces. 'I'he plates 11' will make 512 THK AMKKICAN l-'AHMKi; S STOCK HOOK. excellent eoriiod beef, while li, ti and L (the rump, louiid and brisket) make f lie l)est pieces for uickling — good, thick, juicy meat, and in large (|uantities. Explanation. — A — Forehead. /> — Face. C — Cheek. D — .MuzzU\ l^ — >«eik. /•' — Neek-vein. G — Shoulder-point. // — Arm. / — Gam- brel or hock. A' — Elbow. L — 15risket, bosom or breast. jSf — Crops. O — Loin. P — Ilip. Q — Rump. R — Pin-bone. S — Round-bone, timrl or whirl. T— Buttock. T— Thigh, or gasket. T'— Flank. W —Plates. A'— Back, or cliine. V— Throat. STKUCTUUE OV TIIM OX. T) 1 .'{ VI. Teeth of the Ox. Tlio ox has 32 teolli. Tlicsc! uri; divided iulo 2 1 iiriiidiiii;- or molar tcotli, six oil each side of ciuli upper iiiul lowci' jaw, and s iiippcrs or cutting tcM^th (incisors) in tiu^ front lower jaw. '^ll(^ ox lias no canines teeth (tushes,) and no t(H'lli in tln^ fi-oni part of the u[)p(!r jaw. in phiee of the front ujjper incisors, those of the lower jaw nun^t against a callosity iiliove, thick, hard and, in old cattle, almost horny. Scientilic- ally the teeth arc represented by the following Dental formula: Gviiii.s /ios. C'atlle; incisors, Jl, canines, Jf, molars, J ^.= Total, 152 teeth. But in order that the reader may judge accairatel}' of the ag(^ of any animal of the genus /ins, hut especially the age of cattle, a chart is an- nexed, showing the nijjpcrs, (incisors,) from Iiirth up to the ag(^ of live years past^ — that is, up to the sixth year ; and also tlw; t(H'tli as they appear at ten years of age. An ox at tive years old, is past, his prime for lieef, and at six is past, his prime for econoiiru'al farm lal)or, e\<'ept at lieav\', slow drafi . Tlie cow will breed good calves from tiirec years to the age of ten years, and often up to fifteen years. The bull should bo sure in his get, up to al)out the ago of eight years, after which he usually gets logv. VII. Ago of Cattle told by the Chart. The age of cattle is only told l)y tiie horns and the ((H'tli. The lioi'ns will show th(^ age with reasonuble accuracy ui) to tlii^ age of six years, l)\ means of the annual rings, and tolerably well up to the age of (en, un- less they have been KUhI, .sand-papered and oiled to deceive. .Vs the animal gets oidci-, the annual rings, or wrinkles, of (lie horns Ix-eome con- fused by growing together. Mr. Youatt, in his analysis of the teeth of the ox, gives six years as the ago at which the animal attains the full mouth, such as we have shown at five years past. In his day, cattle wc^rc slower in maturing than now, and they were certainly ke|)t in service to a greater age. If the animal is badly kept during the winter, and is turned upon insutiicieiil pasture* in summer, development will, of coursi;, be slower. After the teeth are mature, if the pasture is short and gritty, they will be worn away faster. The rules M'e give for determining the ages of modern (tattle ajijjly to well-kept, early-d(^veloping animals. A\''oo(ls-<'att le, those raised in the timber on scant fare, might [iresent tiic same appearance at six years old that wc have shown for live years past. In studying the chart, therefore, allowance must be made for the contingencies wo have named. A refer- ence to the chart will show that at birth there arc I)ut two centiid tecth- (igure 1 ; at two weeks the calf will have fom- Icctli, figure 1'; al lince weeks it will have six teeth, ti iillitnati^ iiuiuIxm' of incisors. Tluisc ai'c iKil pcriiiaiiciil , Will tciiiporaiT, or niilU Icctli, as llicy tim ciillod. At six lo (sifjjlil moiitlis old tlii^ ci'idral Icclh hcjriii lo Ik' worn, and show smaller llian llio oUkm-s, sco tifjjuiHi T). Al leu niontlis absorption and tlio widcninj; of tlu^ jaw will have cai-ried the two central te(^th still farther uwiiy from each other, anriimnont U^oth are shown in their si-vt-ral stag(!S of growtii. Figures It), 11 and 12 show tho tootli at two, threo and four years ])ast. At the age of five yiiars the animal will have a full mouth, as shown in figure I.'!, and at ton years I lie incisors will present the ap- l)oaraiu'(^ as in figure II. Tims any person by tlu^ use of the chart, and hy examination of tho teeth of cows, of ages known to <^oi'respond therewith, may easily hocome ,'in accurati^ judge of thc^ ago of cattle np to the age of fouryoars. In th<' four-yi^ar-old mouth, the two central i)aiis of teeth aro hogimiing to 1)0 worn down to tho edges, and in a flat direction, or inclining slightly to tho inside ; yet tho animal has not a full nntnth — that is, tho incisors are not fully up until it is fivo yoai's old. See figure II. At live years old the teeth aro fully grown, and the peculiar mark on tln^ t(H"f h, called tho cup, is shown in all. At the same tinm all will have Itecomo flatlonotl, while on tho two confer ones there begins to b(^ a tlis- tinct tlarkor lino in the middh\ bounded by a lino of harder bone. From this limo on wo may tlopond both on tho incisors and tho grinders. At six yi^ars ohl the animal will havi^ ae([uired tho last grinding tooth, 'i'liis is the sixth nn)lar and is, from the bogiiming, a permanent tooth. From this time until tho eighth year, and indeed thereafter, in determining tho age of tho animal, the nature of tho soil ui)on which it has boon fed must bo taken into account. (Jrilty, oloso-fod pastures will wear them faster, and flush pastures slower. Thus in all tho pasture regions of tho West, ami Southwest, tho wear will be light. As a general rule, but admitting of many exceptions, at seven years old this lino is becoming broader and nM)re irregular in all of the teeth; and a second and broader, and nn)re circular mark a|)[)ears within the center of the fornu'r one, the most 8TRUCTUKK OK THE OX. f) 1 f) I Fiij. 1. Teeth of Calf al liiitli. sliowing the first two incisore, milk teeth. Ghart for ilccurately Telling the Ages CATTLE. N. D. THOMPSON & CO., Publishers, ST. LOUIS, MO. For /'iirtlier ftirtu conieming the Ages of Cattle see Part III, Chapter II. Copyright. 1882. by N. D. THOMPSON & CO.) Fig. ». Teeth at two weeks old, slmwing four tem- porary iiirisors. Flff. 3. Tei4b at three weeks' old, sho Teeth at one month ..Id, showing; eight i isors, or the full set. Fit/, 5. Teeth at six to eight months old, she ear on first two. or eeiitral I.etli. Fin. 6. Teeth at ten months old, showing absorp- tion in first two pnii-s of teeth, and wear of two outside ptiirs. Fiff. 7. \ Ttcih lit twelve months old. showing iibsorp- .11 ill ill! the nipiicis, except outside imii . Fif/. a. Teeth iil llfteen niontbg old. sliowiug jih- Ftff. !K Teeth at tiglitet 11 months old showing two fli-st permnneiit incisois (1 1) imd mxt ri\o pans (2-2 Fiff. 10. Teeth at two vcai-j* old post, showing four permanent incisors, and four temporar.v ones, ahsorption nearly oomplete ; also murks of we.u' on two first pairs Fig, 11. Teeth at three years past, showing six per- manent nippers, and two ontsidc temporary' ones nearly gone; al-o wear on two centra) pairs. Fiif. Teeth at four yearAjt pei'manent incisors - C'om|>lete complement ; outaide teeth. Fig. 14. Teeth at ten years ohi, showing permanent spftces between them : and also shape from naturnl wear bv use. STRUCTUKE OF THE OX. 515 distinct in the central, or two central pairs — and which, at eight years, has spread over the six central incisors. At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. The process of absorption has again commenced in the central incisors ; it is slow, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth, but is sufficiently plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller than their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on the surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the corner teeth. At ten years old the four central incisors are diminished in size, and the mark is becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in figure 14. At eleven years the six central incisors are smaller, and, at twelve, all of them are very considerably diminished ; but not to the same extent as in the young animal. The mark is now nearly obliterated, except in the corner teeth, and the inside edge is worn down to the gum. From the age of twelve years and onward, the teeth diminish more and more, so that the animal cannot properly gather or grind the food. There are many instances, however, of cows breeding, and remaining good milkers, up to twenty years of age and over. But in this day of early development, no careful farmer will keep a cow breeding after the age of twelve years, except, perhajjs, in the case of some extraordinary milker, or an exceptional cow, of great physical powers, and excellent breeding qualities, whose stock it may be desirable to peqDetuate. CHAPTER III. DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF BREEDS. I. ANCIENT AND MODERN BREEDING. II. CATTLE OF THE CAMPAGNAS. III. PIO- NEERS OF IMPROVED STOCK. IV. ILLUSTRATIONS OF NOTED ENGLISH BREEDS. V. DO NOT ATTEMPT TO FORM A BREED. VI. HOW A BREED IS FORMED. VII. BREEDING FOR CERTAIN USES. Vlll. VARIATION IN TYPE. IX. IN-AND-IN BREEDING AND BREEDING IN LINE. X. ALTERING THE CHARACTER BY CROSSING. XI. INFLUENCEOF SHELTERAND FEEDING. XII. HEREDITY IN CATTLE. XIII. HEREDITARY INFLUENCE OF PARENTS. XIV. ATAVISM. XV. PECULI- ARITIES OPANCESTORS PERPETUATED. XVI. HOW THE SHORT-HORNS WERE BRED IP. XVII. SHORT-HORNS DURING THE LAST FIFTY' YEARS. XVIH. THREE SHORT-HORN STRAINS. XIX. THE THREE PRINCIP.^L TYPES OF CATTLE. Ancient and Modem Breeding. It might l>o ciiriou.s to trace the history of cattlo, step by stepjintheii- improvement from the Ciivlicst times ; but the results of such a task would be larsiclv coinposed of conjecture, neither valuable as history, nor intcr- cstin"', except to a few. The aim of this work is to be practical, and its object is to give only such valuable information as will be useful or inter- cstina; to all readers engaged in the breeding, rearing or use of live- stock. Wiiile luanv distinct breeds of cattle iiave been known from the begin- ning of tlie historical era, it is only within the last 200 years that careful and systematic breeding has been resorted to. And it is prol)ablc, or, i-ather, it is positively true, that during the last tifty years greater results in the breeding of all farm animals have been accomplished, and greater proijrcss towards perfection have been made, than in all the time before. Jacob was the tirst systematic breeder of whom we have any record. It is tolerably certain that he understood something of the principles of mating cattle, else he could not have proc'uced pied and other parti-colored animals in such numbers as to have assured him large profits and increase in the herds of his father-in-law. But Jacob's plan consisted simi)ly in ])rin<'ing to less fashionable are not the better cattle. Originally the Short -Horns ran niiicli to white ; and roans also were very eonunon. Of late years it has hccn more fashionable to breed to self-colors, or to animals in which the colors, whatever they may be, (red and white being the best,) are distinct and well defined, one from the other. lmi)ortations of Siiort-Horns from (Jreat Britain were made to tho Kastern States in ISb"), lS-.>2, 1S2."., 1-S2S, l,s;5r), l,s;j;), and l,S4!»-r)(); to Kentucky in bS17, and a^ain in IS.'iT-.'iS, and in 18;!!*. Large in:porta- iions were made into Ohio in lS.")l,and in lS35-3t). The tirst direct importation to Illinois was made in 1S.")S. Since 1835 Canadian breed- ers havi' imported many line animals, and within the last ten yeai's their herds have taken high rank m the world of Short-Horns. At the present time there are no States of tlu^ AA'est, the Northwest and Southwest, but DEVELOPMENT AND IMPKOVEMENT OF BREEDS. 525 luivc most v:iliial)lc herds of those reniiirkiiblc beef cattle. When not bred from :i mere fanciful standpoint of fineness, it must bo confessed that they are unexcelled in stoutness, early maturity and great develop- ment of flesh. XVIII. Three Short-Horn Strains. Among the lessons learned from these changes, we have seen the Short-llorns gradually lose their great milking qualities, but they have gained in early maturity, and in disposition to take on flesh, ^rhey may now bo divided into tin-ec classes : First, are those combining good grazing qualities with fair milking qualities, as may be seen in the descendants of the importation of 1?S17 into Kentuckj% or the " Seventeens" as they are called. None are better than these for the average farmer to l)reed from, and fortunately, Avhen found, they sell at prices comi)aratively but little above those of the best native cattle of mixed breeds. Tlie second strain is the Booth blood, eminent for large frames, covered with great masses of flesh, but of small account as milkers. The third principal strain is that of the Bates cattle, eminent for style and early maturity, with sub-families, ))roducing occasionally most excellent milking cows. The young breeder may rest assured tiiat by studying carefidly the precepts laitl down in this chapter, and l)y faniiliari/ing himself Avith the characteristics of the several strains, and also by studying carefully the pedigrees as given in the herd Ijooks, he Avill bo (lualiflcd to select animals for the imcleus of his herd, that will breed constant to type, if he pos- sess the judgment properly to mate them. XIX. The Three Principal Types of Cattle. It remains to close this chapter with a recapitulation of the throe prin- cipal types of cattle. These are the Long-Horns, the Middle-Horns and the Short-Horns. Of the Long-Horns, sub-breeds remain worthy of per- petuation in competition with the Widdle-Horns, as rei)resented by the Herefords or Devons, or the Short-Horns, as represented by the Dur- hams. The milking ))reeds arc tlio Jerseys and other Channel Island cattle, and the Ayrshires and tlie Holsleins. Amoni;it mi;mt know. iv. comi-auk iti;Mi;i,TH. v. thk assimila- tion OK I'OOJ). VI. TIIK IlKKICIIKIC Mi;ST UK A (lOOl) I'A ItM Ilk. VII. DIlUKOINIl KOl: IIKKr. VIII. UimiCDINIl I'Oll MII.K. 1.\. IlltKKKI Nil KOK I.AIIOK. X. Till', IlKKUDS I'Olt IlKKI'' ANK MII.K. .\I. MOMIC I'Ar "IS ADOIIT IIICICK. .Xll. VAI.IIK Ol'' SIKKS IN 1)1 KI-KRHNI' IIKUIIS. XIII. KNOW WHAT you miKKI) KOIl. XIV. HKI'-INITION ok TICItMS.— XV. now TO MTAIIT A I1HIII>. XVI. now TIIK IIICIII) WII.I. tUlMH'.. XVII. TAKINU A LINK (;i«)SS. XVIII. HOME MI'KClMliNM OK y tlios(! wlio liav(? nol Htiiy wiiieh Ik; souifht. lo Heeure, larirc propoi'tioiis, I'arly matu- rity, Hiiptii'ioi' llc^sh in th(!(;hoie,(!Hti)arf,H, and unifoi'inity in the transmiHision of thesi! (|iialiti(!H fi-oiii the Hii-e and (Jam to thi! youiif^. His eye, sc(!in,s to liavo hcicii so W(!ll ti'ained in detcctiiiL^ faults in tlii! (J(!V(!lo|iin(!iit, of animals, and tin; pi'oper cori'elation of thi! pails, one; l,o the. oliiei-, that the sliy Hakewcll have been practiced by others, and are undoubt- edly the Ix'sl in the ln'ceding of live stock. They may be divided into separate! heatls as in the following section. II. BakowoU's Ton Rules. 1. — Correct training of the eye and juilgineiit in (he anatomy and phys- iology of the animal. 2. — 'I'he correlation of the several parts one to the other. 3. — The selection and mating of animals with a view to the fullest development of the most valual)le parts, according to the use intended. 4. — Selection with a view to the perpetuation of essential (|ualities to induce form, symmetry, high feeding (|ualities, and great vigor of consti- tution. 5. — Feeding with reference to early maturity foi- giving develoi)ment in the least possible time. (5. — Shelter and warmth indispensable to perfect development. 7. — Variety of food is essential, and this according to the age of the animal. H. — .V strain of blood once established, never go outside of it for a new infusion. !). — The most jjerfeet care and regulai-ity in all matters i)ei-taining to feeding and stable management. 10 — Kindness and careful training al)solutely necessary with a view to the inheritance of high courage combined with docility and traetability. III. What the Brooder Must Know. The animals which possess the qualities that are di'sired in the offspring, whether for beef, labor, milk, butter or cheese, or for a combination of these, are the ones to breed from. In the selection of parents the breeder himself must of course be the judge of the fitness of certain animals of his herd to transmit the desired ciualities. We have endeavored to aid the non- professional breeder in the perforinanee of this delicate task, by carefully describing the j)eculiaritiesof the different i)reeds and varieties, andbyin- dicating the best points of each of them. Nothing more is necessary to enable the average farmer to breed his farm-stock prolitably and success- fully, except such personal experience with animals as every competent Tin: liKKKl)IN(! OK CATTLE. f}2'J fanner jjossesses as a matter of course. 'I'lioso who i)roi)oseto go exclu- sively and scieutitically into tiio business of stock-hrecdiug, must not only jjass through a careful course of reading in the best authorities on the subject, but must also have a thorough practical training. The impor- tant thing of all, however, is to possciss tlu; peculiar talent to make a breeder — that is, a critical eye for form, symmetry, and the proportion of the several parts of an animal, each to the others. rv. Compare Results. A careful eomi)arison of the results oblaint^d by others and by onts's self, is iimong tlu^ best means of trainingfor ail. The animal that will mak(^ tlu! most lieef at thrive years old, and the (row that will give the most milk, and the richest in butter or cheese during the season, on the least relative cpian- tity of food, are the best. These tilings can only be leariuHl through personal observation and from the statements of those whose word you can trust. v. The Assimilation of Pood. it is an idea with many jjcople that an animal, to be valuable, must be a small cater. Nothing could l)e further from the truth. It is merely a question of i)roper assimilation of the food eaten — an animal of perfect digestivi! and assimilative organs Ix'ing al)le to extract far more nutri- ment from a given (piantity of food than one in which these organs per- form their functions but imperfectly. In this respect the im[)roved breeds of stock of any family stand pre-eminent. Their digestive and assimilative organs are 'of the best and they give gr;!iter returns foi- the food eaten than illy-bred animals. The lungs and blood vessels of the ox arc not re(iuir(Hl to Ix; so cn[y,i- cious, according to the weight of tlie animal, as those of the olood-horse ; for they are not recpiired to do fast work. The improved Ijreeds of other farm stock are not recjuired to take more exercise than is necessary to gather their food. Hence, with care and artificial feeding, the incli- nation to active exercise is bred out of them, anti a Short-Horn or Hi^rc- ford will keep fat on what a Texan would run off in untamable nniscuilar efforts. Thus, foi' domestic use, the highly-lired Shorl-IIoin or Here- ford possesses two important advantages over the wild Texan, \ iz : early maturity, and tlu; tendency to fatten readily. A raw-boned ox, oi' oned for beef you will have the choice of, say, four breeds of cattle — the Short-Horns, the llerefords, the Dt'Nons, and the Galloways. The Short-Horns and llerefords are, by all odds, the best breeds wherever the pastures are Hush, and the feed plentiful. On short pastures, and when the winter feeding is not ample, their great frames tannot be supi)lied ; but wlu'ii the feed is alunidant they may be turned off fat at an age at which native cattle ai'e only just getting reatly to bo fattened. Upon all hill pastures, both North and South, the Devons ar(> admira- ble cattle, and their bi-ef is of a quality supi-rior to that of either of the br(>eds just nanu-d. Farther North, the (iailoways or hornless cattle are nuu'h liked for their good feeding (pialities, for their liardnu>ss and for the superior TlIK IJItKKDINC. Ol' CATTI.K. 531 •'(iiality of tlicir beef. In inoro Northern regions the (Jallowiiys may jusHy 1)0 ivgtinlcd iis tlio lufst iimong our Ixu-f breeds. I$iil llicy will never ooinpsiro with the Short-Horns or Hen^fords in milder regions where feed is ahnndunt. vni. Breeding for Milk. If milk he the soki objeet, the I)rceder will ehoose the Ayrsliires, tiic Jerseys or the Ilolsteins. (^f these the Ilolsteins give tiie largest (juan- titv of milk, are tlic largest cattle and they make heavy beef when dry. They are the best for choose, and are, also, the most pro(ital)le when the milk is to 1)0 sold directly to the consuiner. 'Plie Ayrshires conio next in the (juantity of milk given, and they are, also, excellent both for bntter and dieese. The Jerseys, Alderneys, and Guernseys arc smaller cattle than either tho Ilolsteins or Ayrshires, but, for their size, they give large (luantities of milk that is extremely rich in cream and butter. 15nt they re(|nire more fcn-d in pro|)oi'tion to tiieir size tlian eitht^r tho Ayrshires or Ilolsteins. IX. Breeding for Labor. \Vhere animals capable of perfoi'ming labor arc desired, either the llerefords or the Devons should \h\ selected. For heavy draft , such as hauling grc^at logs in tho timber, the llerefords are excellent cattle. For general utility on tho farm, and on the i(»ad. the Devons are supe- rior to any other known i)reed, since they combine groat activity with nniscular strength, and tho ability to go long distances at a quick pace, without distress. The Ilolsteins also make cxc<'llent draft animals, and to our thiidui'e-blooded or highl3'-bred animals with those of less breeding, and is genei'ally applied to a cross of pure- l)lood on common stock. Cross-Breeding. — The breeding together of animals of different breeds is called cross-breeding, as for instance the union of Hereford and Short- Horn blood. In the first cross, the progeny theoretically possess equal proportions of the blood of sire and dam, but the blood of pure animals l)eing prepotent the progeny will possess more strongly the charateristics of the highly-bred parent than of the other. Hence the advantage of using a bull of pure blood on a herd of mixed blood. XV. How to Start a Herd. From among the best cows of the ordinary mixed farm stock, select those possessing in the highest degree the characteristics desired in the offspring. For ten two-year old heifers select a pure-blood yearling bull, that has come of stock noted for getting uniform milkers, if this be the object ; or, if beef be the object, he should be of excellent fineness, with great loins, rump and thighs and round barrel-ribs well sprung out, and ribbed close to the hips. The next season's produce should be ten calves, half of which are likely to be heifers. Save these and geld the bulls at the age of about three or four Aveeks. When these heifers are two years old breed them to their sire, who will then be four years old. The female produce of this union may again be bred to the same bull, and this process may continue to the fourth generation, if the bull lasts so long in the possession of vigor. His last get will thus inherit fifteen six- teenths of the blood of the sire. Select from these the heifers that show the strongest constitutional vigor, and follow this down through the inter- mediate grades, keeping the families distinct. That is, record the breeding of each animal sepai-atcly in a Ixxjk sjx'cially prepared for the purpose. XVI. How the Herd will Grade. Your herd will grade as follows : The first generation will l)e half-blood grades; the second three-cjuaiters blood; the thu'd, seven-eighths blood THE 15KEEDING OF CATTLE. 535 !ind the fourth gcnci-iitioii, liftcen-sixtecnths blood, and will compare favorably with pure-blooded animals, except among eritieal judges. XVII. Taking a Line Cross. In breeding so closely as we have recommended, the exercise of careful judgment is necessary, so that j'ou may cease breeding in-and-in when- ever it is found that the constitutional vigor, or feeding qualities of the progeny are impaired. If it be found that the progeny is not im- proving in all essential quailities select another sire, but one combining the same essential qualities as the discarded sire. This departure will be breeding in line. Breed again with this bull to certain select heifers for two generations, and then take another line cross. In this way a 3'oung farmer, who is not able to attempt thoroughbreds, may soon establish a herd that will give the best possible satisfaction as beef makers or milk- ers, as the case may be. Do not listen to any sentimental talk about incestuous breeding. Incest is not a crime among the lower animals ; it is nature's plan with them. Among gregarious animals the strongest males take the herd, to the second and third generation. The object is to throw the good qualities of the sire in a lump, and also to secure the first impress, amostinqjortant point, upon the heifer, and to tix this impress by concentration. For, the oftener the dam is bred to the same sire, the more will she be in)l)ued with the V)lood of the sire of her progeny, through the intcrcirculation of blood between the dam and the foetus. This intcrcirculation, though denied by some, is undoubtedly a physio- logical fact, proven by many coincidences, if not l»y absolute demon- stration, and frlinps Jx- found on record." Ah an cxuniplo of wonderful depth of in hi'eediiii;- \vi(li continued {^ood rosiiKs, the cow (Marissii may l>t^ mentioned. She possessed .si.vty-tliree Hixly-foni'liis of the hiood of I'^avoritc ilcr pedin'reo runs thus: " (\)w (Miirissa, roan, calved in IHl I ; l>red liy Mv. li. (\)irm, («•">-.') — hy Favorite, — l»y Favorite — by l<'avoi-ite — by {"'avoi'itc^ — by Favorite— by a son (d' Iluli- Imek." \\'ellinred wilii the blood {){ l''avoi'ite. Taking; (he two pediui'i-es — that of (Marissa and Wellinjj;- lon lo^i'ethef — they will l-ead thus: 1. Hull, llubbnck. 10. (it h cow by Favolile. 1'. Son of llni)bark. 11. Clarissa. ;;. Cow, by son of ilid)back. 12. BullWellinj^Mon, sire of Clarissa. •1. Hull, Favorite. KJ. Bull, C(.met. Ik 1st cow by l''avoritc. II. Cow, ^^'ildair. (i. "Jnd cow \>y l'"avorile. IT). Cow, ^'ouiin' IMiu'iiix. 7. .'ird cow by l''avorite. Hi. Cow I'lKcnix. H. Ith cow b\ l'"a\(>rite. 4. Same bull FaNorite on the side of Clarissa's sire a> on tin- side of her dam . !>. fith cow by l<'a\(.rile. 17. Hidl, Uoliniibrokc IS. Crandilauiiiitcr of llnbback. 'riu'rc (PUi;iit to be no U'-Ar of followini; where Mich results haxc been atl.aini'd by others, and these the most eminent anil successful breeders of llieir da\. The best successes since llieir day have also been obtained by eontinuiny the same course to such a de<:ree as intelliiicnt obsei'vatiou showed to \w |)rae(icaliie, and especially l)y breedim^ in line. XIX. Tlio Qostiition of Cows. S()m(< veai's since the writer coIIccIimI a number of fads in relation to testation and the inlbicn.'c of the varying- limes of gestation on the youni;-, to refute a pre\alent idea (hat protracted jicstation produced males. Mr. Tessier, for forty years an aeeuratt- and acute observer of various animals, « least period bcini;- -'-<» days; tiie mean -JX't days; and the lorn;- TUE liUKEDINU OK CATTLK. 537 ost 313 days. He was able to roar no calf prochiced at an earlier period than 240 days. According to Tessicr, a cow niaycai-ry a calf 321 days and produce it sound ; and from the fact that Tessier and Earl Spencer ajjjrce almost exactly as to the mean time of gestation, 28.') days or nine and a half months may I)e taken as the average time of gestation of E THEM FAMOUS. V. THE HULL lUli- HACK. VI. BEEF FROM THE OLD TEESWATEKS. VII. SHORT HORNS IN AMERICA. VIII. THE GREAT OHIO IMPORTATION. IX. KENTUCKY AND OTHER IMPORTATIONS. X. IMPORTATION OF BATES CATTLE. -XI. CANA- DIAN SHORT-HORNS XII. WESTWARD MARCH OF THE SHORT-HORN. XIII. SHORT-HORNS AS BEEF MAKERS. XIV. THE FATTON F.iMlLY OF SHORT-HORNS. XV. GRADE COWS AND STEERS. XVI. SHORT-HORNS CRITICALLY DES- CRIBED XVII. THE HEAD. XVIII. THE NECK. XIX. THE BODY. XX. THE LE(;S SHORT AND STRAIGHT. XXI. THE LOIN BROAD. XXII. WIDE IN THE CIKJPS. .X.XIII. THE BACK STRAIGHT AND BROAD. .XXIV. THE RIBS BARREL-SHAPED. XXV. THE TOUCH. XXVI. THE HIDE. XXVII. THE HAIR. XXVIII. THE COLOR. XXIX. BEEF POINTS ILLUSTRATED. XXX. SCALE OF POINTS FOR SHORT-HORN BULLS. XXXI. SCALE OF POINTS FOR SHORT-HORN COWS. I. Short-Horned Breeds. Of the short-horned breed.s of Eiighuid of 100 years ago, repre- sented by the Durham or Teeswater, the Yorkshire, the Lincohishire and the Holderness, all are probably descended from a common orighi. The descendants of the old Durham and the Channel Islands cattle, (Jersey and Alderney notably) are all that can now be distinctively recognized as having attained special celebrity. The name Short-Horn is not now used to designate any but tlie descendants of the Durham cattle, as improved, and is now applied distinctively only to them. The Jerseys will be treated of in their proper chapter as among the breeds entitled to distinguished merit, the Short-Horns as standing at the head of established beef l)rceds being under consideration here. n. The Old Teeswaters. There has existed from a remote period in the region of the Teeswater (one of the small rivers of England), a race of short-horned cattle that were possessed of good feeding ()ualities eoinl)ined with early maturity and thick flesh, as weights were considered 200 j'ears ago. Their origin has been variously stated, but nothing is truly known of it and only traditionary statements are extant. III. Origin of Modern Short-Horns. The origin of the modern Short-Horn is not fully agreed on, except that they have descended directly from the Teeswaters or old Durhams on one side, and that they were gradually im[)roved by breeders who recog- SUOKT-HOI!>f CATTLE. 539 nizcd their excellence. In the l:\ttei- part of the last century, such breed- ers asthe Collini^^s (Charles and Robert), Sir Henry Vano, Col. Trotter and Mr. Mason, and — early in the present century — 'Slv. John Stevenson, Mr. Bates, and Mr. Booth proceeded scientilically and systematically to improve them. Mr. Bates died in 1840. at which time the breed had attained a world-wide celebrity, and this steadily grew, until the extrav- agant sums of $20,000, $30,000 and even $40,000 were bid for single animals. To-day there are none of the cow kind that bring such prices for single animals. IV. What Made Them Famous. Youatt and Martin say tlie circumstance which lirst brought these wonderful cattle into special notice was the production of the " Durham ox,'' which was exhibited all over England, and at the age of eleven years dislocated his hip and was killed, weighing 3,780 pounds, after having been carried from place to place in a "jolting carriage" for seven years, or since he was five years old. In Februar}^ 1801, at five years old he Aveighed 3,024 pounds. This extraodinary weight, our authority says, did not arise from his superior size, but from the excess- ive ripeness of iiis points. V. The BuU Hubback. Probably no single animal in the history of • Short-Horns has exer- cised so great an influence for good on this breed as the bull Hub- back. Of him Mr. Youatt saA's : " The following account of Hubback we had from Mr. Waistell, of Alihill, who, although his name does not appear conspicuously in the Short-Horn Herd Book, deserves much credit for his discrimination here. He used to admire this bull as he rode by the meadow in which he grazed ; and at length attempted to purchase him. The price asked, 6'?., seemed nuich, and the bargain was not struck. Still he longed for the beast ; and happening to meet Mr. Robert Colling near the i)lace, asked his opinion of the animal. Mr. Colling acknowledged that there were good points about him ; but his manner induced Mr. Waistcll to suspect that Mr. Colling thought more highly of the bull than his language cx^jressed, and he hastened the next morning, concluded the bargain, and i)aid tiie money. He had scarcely done so before Mr. R. Colling arrived for the same purpose, and as the two farmers rode home together they agreed that it should be a joint speculation. " Some months passed by, and either Mr. Waistell's admiration of the bull cooled, or his partner did not express himself very warmly a]>out the excellences of the animal, and Messrs. Waistell and R. Colling transferred Hubback to ]Mr. C. Colling, who, with the quick eye of an experienced breeder, saw the value of tiic beast. ^Ir. Waistcll expressed to us /)-l() 'I'lii: \Mi;i:i('AN iAiaii;i;"s sincu huok. (()('t()l)er, 1832) his ri'^ird at liaviiii;; liccn iiidiici'tl lo |):irl with iiim, ami hi.s cxtronio disiippoinliiiciit liiat when lliiliharU was ><) sold, Mr. (liiarhi.s Coiling conliiu'd him lo liis own slock, and woidd no! Id iiiiii scwvc cvcmi one of Mr. Wiiislcil's cows." VI. Boof from tho Old Tooswaters. 'i'hiit tiio original Tccswatci-s and llicir caiiy descendants wore good cuttle, mid a most iweclienl foundation to work on, l\w following record of weights from 1791 to 1H22 will siiow : in I7!l|, of an ox four years and ten months old, tlu^ fonr (|narters weighed 14.') stones, 'A lb. ; tallow, •_' I stones, 7 II)., ( 2.'17(I ll)s.) A steer, unilei' four years old ; four (juar- ters, 10(1 stones; tallow, l!l stones, 7 11)., (I7r)7 ll)s. ) jSM. — .\ steer, three yeans and nine months old ; four ((uarters, 101 stont's, tallow, ir> stones, ( 1()24 lbs.) 1815. — A steer, three years eleven months old ; four (luarters, 112 .stones, 7 lb.; tallow, 21! stones, ( l!t;5!) lbs.) A heifer, three years eight months old; four (luartcrs, 8i) stomas, (1241) lbs.) 1817. — A steer, thre(5 years two months old; four (juarters, Kf) stones, 10 lb. ; tallow, 17 stones, 10 lb. ( l.')28 ll)s.) 1822.— An ox, four years and a half old ; four (|iiarlers, I'M't stoutts ; tallow, 21 stones, ( 2184 lbs.) VII. Short-Horns in America. Mr. Allen, tlie editoi- of the Shoi't-IIorn Herd Book, in hi.s work on American cattle, gives an exhaustive account of importations of Sliort- Ilorns into tiie United States, from \Tliich we g.alhcr the following record of the more important importations: Soon after the Kevolutionary war, a few cattle supposed to 1x5 pure Shorl-llorns, were brought into N'irgiuia. 'I'hesii were saiil to be well- Hesh<"d animals, and tlu^ cows remarkable for milk, giving as high as thirty-two (piarts in a day. Some of the i)roduci? of tiiesc cattle, as early as 171'7, wci'c t.aken into Kentucky by Mr, P.atton, wlier(5 they wore called tin" " ration stociv." 'I'licy were well cared for, and made a tlecided improx cmciit in tiie cattle of the Hi ue grass coimtry. in 181.'')-l(i, Mr. Cox, an iMigiishman, imported a bull and two heifers into Kensseher county. New ^drk. They were followed in 1822 I)v two bulls, imi)orted l)y another iMiglishman named Ilayne. Descendants I roni tills ('ox stock wi're said to l)c l)reil pure, and afterw.nrtls crossed by Mr. llayne's bulls. The stock now exists in coiisideiable numbers and of good (piality, in that and adjoining counties. in 1817, Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, niaiic an im|)or- taliou of three bulls .and thrc(> heifers from Kugland. They were of good ijualitv and blood, ami laid the fiuuid.ition of many (>xcellent herds in thai Slate. In isls, Mr. Cornelius Cooledge, of Boston, Mas.s.n- chusetls, imported .i yearling heifer — "I'Mora" — and a l)ull — "Cicero" — SHOI;r-II(>IiN CATTl.i:. 541 into tliat city, from the licrd of Mr. Mason, of Cliilton, in the county of Durhain, Eriirland. These wore cai-cfully bred, :iii(i many of thoir descendants are now scattered (lirf)Ui;iiout several Stat<'s. Shortly previous to 1^21, the late John 8. Skinner, of lialtimore, Maryland, impf)rted for fJovernor Lloyd, of that State, a l)iill — "Cham- pion" — and two heifers — '•A\'i]i(c Hose" nnd " Slicpjicrdess" — fi'r)ni the 542 TIIK AMKI!IfA\ rAliMKI! S ST(1CK HOOK. herd of Mr. C'luimi)i()ii, a noted English breeder. From the^c, several good animals descended, some of which are now known. In 1828, Mr. Skinner also imported for the late Gen. Stephen Van KeusselBBr, of Albany, New York, a l)ull — " Washinirton" — and two heifers — " Conquest" and " Pansey" — from tlio same herd of Mr. Champion. ■Con(|uest did not l)recd ; I'ausey was a successful breeder, and many of her descendants are now scattered over the country. SHOUT-IlOriX fATTLK. 543 During the years 1822 to Ls;;(). Mr. Charles Ilenrv Hall, of New- York, imported several Short-Horn ))ull> and cows, from some of the best English herds. Their desin'ndaiits are now seattereil throusrh sev- eral ffood herils. In 1824 the late Col. John Hare Powell, of Philadelphia. Pa., com- menced importations, and for several vears continued them witli much 544 TIIK AMERICAN FAKMEK'.S STOCK I40()K. spirit and judginciit. He bred them assiduoutfly at Iris fine estate at Powcltoii, near tiie city, and sold many to neigliborine; breeders, and to fro into ( )liio and Kcnduky, where many of their dcsiHuidants still remain. Ill the year 1X33, the late Mr. AValter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im- ported al)ull and several valual)lc cows from choice herds in Yorkshire, iCiiirlaiid. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now found in many good western herds. vni. The Great Ohio Importation. But the first enterprise in importing Short^Horns upon a grand scale was commenced in 1834, by an association of cattle breeders of the Scioto Valley, and its adjoining counties, in Ohio. They formed a com- pany with adcujuate capital, and sent out an agent who purchased the best cattle to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nine- teen animals in one shii), landed them at Philad(d[)hia, and drove them to Ohio. Further importations were made })y the same company, in the years 1835 and 183(5. The cattle were kept and bred together in one locality, for upwards of two years, and then sold by auction. They brought large prices — $500 to $2,500 each. rx. Kentucky and other Importations. In 1837-8-fl, importations were made into Kentucky, by Messrs. James Shelby and Henry Clay, Jr., and some other parties, of several well- selected Short-Horns, some of which were kept and bred by the imports ers, and the others sold in their vicinity. In 1837-8-9, Mr. Whitaker sent out to Philadelphia, on his own account, upwards of a hundred Short-Horns, from his own and other herds, and sold them at auction. They were purchased at good prices, mostly by breeders from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, and dis- tributed widely through those States. About the year 1839, Mr. (uiorge Vail, of Troy, N'. Y., made an im- portation of a bull and heifer, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Ivirk- leavington, the first cattle from that particular herd which had been intro- duced into the State. A few years later, he purchased and imported several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of his "Duchess" and other families. He bred them with success and widely distributed their blood. X. Importation of Bates Cattle. Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in England, died in 1849. His herd, fully ci|ual in quality to any in Kngland, was SIKJKT-HOHN CATTLE. ')4rj !<()lcl ill IHoC. Tlio choicest of tlicin — of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" ti-il)cs — fell mostly into the hiiiuls of the late Lord Dacie. He was a .skillful breeder, and of most liberal spirit, and during the brief time he held them the reputation of the Bates stock, if possible, increased. Widiiu three years from the time of the sale; of Mr. Bales' herd, Lord rxii; Till. \Mi;l!ll\N l'Al!Mi:i;'s s|l)( K |;(>(>I\. sii(ii;i-iii>i;\ ( ATTI.K '17 DiU'io dii'tl. Ill isr).'!, pcrciiiiiloiv >:i\>- nf |ii,s slock wtis widrly ihIvit- (iscd. Allured \>y (lie rc|mliiti()ii of liis herd, HC'vcral American fj;eiille- ini'ii went ov<'r (o wIIih'sm it. 'I'Ik? (lUeiidiiiicc of iMiiilisli lireederH win \(i\' l:ii 'je, iMid lli(^ sales avera;,'e(l liijilier prices in iiidiv idual niiiiii:ds I han li.MJ been rci. lied since llic famous sale of ( 'liarlcs < 'oHiii'j in IMO. Mr. >iiimuel 'I'lionie, of Duchess county, N. V., l)ou;^lit sc^veral of the IkshI and lii^lu'sl priced animals, of flic; "Duchess" and "Oxfcn'd" tribes, iind added to IIkmu several moi'c ciioice om^s, from different herds. Messrs. \j. (i. Morris, and Hk^ hit(! Noel J. Hecar, of New '^'ork, l)ou;^ht olliers r(4H TIIK AMICIilCAN lAKMKH S STOCK UrxiK. (•hoin- herds. These "IWes" iiiiiim-tiitioiis have isiiicc been bred so suc- cessfiilly hy their holders here, tliul several youiij; hulls and heifers hav<^ been piirehased by English !)reed('rs, and sent over to them a( good prices, where they are highly valued. Ill 1852-3-4, several spirited eompanicis were formed in Clinton, Mad- ison, and other counties in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Fayette, and some other counties of Kentucky, and made imfjortations of the ])est cattle to be found ill the English herds, and after their jiirival here, distributed among their stockholders. .Mr. R. A. .Vlexander, of K(^ntucky, also, during those vears, niiule (?xtcnsiv(! importations of choice blood for his own'breeding, .so that ill the year 1S.')(), it may be said that the United States possc.s.sed, according to their numbers, as valuable a selection of Short-Horns as eouki be found in England itself. XI. Canadian Short-IIorns. Keeping paeo with the Stales, a mimlier of enterprising Canadians, since the year IHIV), among whom may be named the late Mr. Adam Fergus.son, Mr. Ilowitl, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr. Frederick Wm. Stone, of (Jui!l[)h, and Mr. David Chri.stie, of IJraiitford, ill Canada West, and Mr. M. H. Cochrane and others in Lower Canada, have made sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred th(Mii with skill and spirit. Many cattici from theses importations, aiidthi^ir dciscend- ants, have beiMi iiiterchangcnl between t\w United States and Canada, and all may now be classed, without distinction, as American Sliort- lloriis. Xn. Westward March of the Short-Horns. Ill the West, the North-west and in the South-west, as fast as the set- tlement of the country allowed, the Slioit-IIorns were every-where iiitro- duceil, and within tlie last tifteeii years, annual safes have lieen made at im|)<)rtant cities and on the farms of the wealthier breeders, where the surplus stock is bid off at aut-tion. These sales are attended by bii^'ci's from all i)arts of the country, esp(!eially by breeders from the newer settlements West, until now Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Coloradoand even tli(s territory (>f Dakota, have most excellent herds of their own. In addition to this, Short-Horn bulls arc shipped by the car-load to the great Ju'rding grounds of the far western plains to improve the stock there. xm. Short-Horns as Beef-Makers. ft is to be regretted that wc; no longer iiave tin- HiKs milking strains of Short-Horns, that were so aimndant thirty years ago. Nevertheless, their jilaees are amply supplied by the Jerseys, the Ayishires and the Dutch Friesiaii or Holstein cattle. siioin-iioiiN CArri.i;. r>i'.) n tlic J^liort-rioriis fail as inilkcsrs tlu\v have l)Coii woiidcrfiillv im- proved as iK'cf-iiiakcr.s, and as wondei'fuiiy developed in [joiiitof early iiiatiirily, so that they are now produeed ripe for the lnit,eh(U' at three years old, and arc quite fit for Uillinj;' at, any age fi'oni yearlings up. While Ihey arc wonderful as heef-niak(M's, they (U!rtainly an^ Uk; hand- somest cattle, to the eyi', of any in the known world. 'I'lu^y have great thiekuoss of carcass, and the prime points especially are full. Tiio offal is no more than in ordinary stc(u-s tiiat will not attain more than half their weight. They have ])een snecringly ealle pounds of milk, from which forty-one jxiunds nine ounces of buttci- wcic made, averaging one, ])ound of battel' to twenty-three i)ounds of milk. It will Ik; sf^en that tin; milk that makes one pound of butter will make; two and a half pounds of cheese. These cows had no <'xt ra feed during the trial, hav- ing been turned to pastur<' on the l.'ith of May. This instani'c is sclect-d not as a very extraordinary pei-formanee, but as a well-authcMiticated and carefully-conducled e\|)erinu'nt . ^.W riiF, .\:\ii:i!i(^\N i-aumkk's stock uook. So fill' iis tlio grade stcors are I'oiu'oriied they are well known to ho llirifty, cusily-fod animals that niatiire fully a year in advance of the native cattle, from wiiich they ar" in part descended. XVI. Short-Horns Critically Described. For a full and i:ra|)iiic descri[)tion of all the points which reeders' Association. By the aid of the careful analysis niadcs by th(;se critical judges, the many e.xcellent and valuable qualities of the breed may be readily estimated. The ma- jestic size, i)roud carriage and beautifully variegated colors of the Short- Ilorn render him easily recognized l)y tiie merest tyro. But few who thus admire and recognize them are aware how many qualitications go to make uiithis splendid whole, or how carefully each point has been weighed and discussed, and its relative value decided ; how the useful parts are divided from the ornamental and fashionable, and how systematically the whole has been carried out. XVII. The Head. Tiie hiijh-caste Short-Horn should lia\e a small liead. a broad, llat f(ucli('iictionablc, though occasionally seen in some of the highest bred families. The eye must be in'ight, prominent, and yet placid ; a small, i)igi:ish or hollow eye, or one showing viciou?- ness or nervousness, is alike to l)e avoided, the latter indicating a bad feeder almost invariably. The circle around the eyes should be of a bright yellow or tlesh color. As a very large ear indicates sluggishness, one of medium size is preferable. The horns should be well set on, cm-ving forward, not too heavy, and of a clear, waxy yellow color at the base, though this waxy color is not tuiivcrsally tleemed essential — some claim that the horns should be Ihit. XVIII. The Nock. The neck is moderately long, clean in the throat, and running neatly into the shoulders, which should not be too prominent at the points, nor too wide at the top, else the crops will be certain to seem defective ; they should mould nicely into the fore-r(narters, and be well covered with flesh on tjie outside. 'I'he neck-vein should be well tilled up with flesh, and form on smnothlr to tiie shoulder jjoiiits. The chest must be bioad and sii()i:t-ii()I!.\ cattlk. T)")! (li'('i), and full l)a(k of the ciijows, whicii scciires a jrood girth and consc iiuciit i-doiii for tiu^ most iniporlaiit vital orgaiis. The ])risk(>t should ho full and hroad rather than narrow and projecting ; it is of inferior quality as hcef , yet, as a point of Iieauty and as indieating a propensity to fatten, must not he overlooked. A thin, hroad neck is sure to indicate weakness and poor feeding ijualities. Animals having such may well he avoided as l)rceders. XIX. The Body. The hodv should he s(juare, massive and svmmetrical. The line of tin; hack should he straight ; the line of the helly nearly so, swelling a little behind the rihs : the tiank low ; the ribs harrel-shaped ; the loins wide, and the rump long and wide. 'llii'liMcU should he wide, and the thigh should he long and wide; the legs siiort and comparatively small, or at least not coarse ; tail light ; liaii' soft and tine. The color should Ik^ red or white, or a mixtme of tht; two, as roan oi' i)ied. The body shoulil Ix^ ncarlv a s(|uai-c. A very lengthy bulloih never fattens so readily as a short one, for he does not possess all the elenu'iits of health and vigor in the same degree as the shorter and more compact animal. XX. The Legs Short and Straight. The body should he set on slunt legs which should he straight and well under the animal ; the fore legs should be small in the bone below the knee, whilst the forearm must be broad and tapering downwards, fitting level into the girth ; the hind legs must be nearly straight. If the hocks are too nuieli bent, turn inward, or not well under the body, it not only gives an awkward gait in walking, but is generally a sign of weakness. XXI. The Loin Broad. The loin must be broad and well carried forward into the crojjs, and covei'ed with thick flesh moulding nicely on to the hips, whicli though witie must not he too prominent, hut slope away gradually to the rum[> or side hones at the tail. A (|uai-ter badly tilled up between hijis and rumps or scooped-out , as it is termed, is very ohjectionahle. The bat-k must be level from neck to tail, with no drops hai'k of the shoulders, nor anv rise where the tail is set on : the laimps must be well laid up hut not too high, else when the animal is fat w(^ shall have those large masses of fat aggregated about tiiem so common among the breed some years since, but now deservedly stigmatized as i)ad. The twist should be well filled out in the seam, wide and deep, the outside thigh full, the flaidc deep, and forming with the fore-tlank and belly (the latter well supported by its plates) a parallel line with the animal's hack. fl^'i 'nil'. WII'IKHAN I'AIJMI.i; S hi" II II IIDOK. XXII. Wlflo ill lliuCropH riic :iliilii:il lil'iiad in llii'ri'cijis Iimm il li(i\ ill";' {frciilcr widlli to tlu< cIichI within, ;iii slicks si nek ilil (i ;l liil'ifc |>iiiii|ikiti. Siii'li aiiiiu;il^Mi'i' I'diisiili'i I'd :i\v kv\ Mill and iiii'niis diiidiil mI Idast . XXIII. Thd IliidU SlnuKliI 1111(1 lli-oiiil. .\ lin.ad liark arfoids \alii;il.|d loasliiii; i.idcd^. and will l.e llid drlinlil of Hid luilrlidi-. 'I'lid ■^liai;^iil liat-k aflunK a lidljcr s|iinal c-ipliiniii, and i^i\ I's llid |iiii|idr s|iai'd Id llid daNilii's lidncalli, wliidli, as \\ d lia\d jii^l scdii, ai'd . .\ sIraiLllil liiid al-.ii^i\cs In llic I'ilis M imird lii'ai'drni as wdll as a inni-d duindnidnl :il ladliindiil . XXIV. 'I'lid Kll.^4 llaridl-Slmpdil. 'riid nli.s 1'i.sind' Wdll I'l'diii llids|pind, i-ivini; In llic body .1 iiiiind ni' li.ii- idldd .s|iii|id, ^i\fs nilldll tiKiid MiiHii III llid iiiL'.iiis williiii I lid hd.iil and limji's - lliMli lliiTd would lid ir Hid rilis dd^dciidi'd in smli a niainidr as to divd a Hat side. A licast willi Hat sidds, ;iiiil iiinsdi|iidnll\ a n.ii'row lliiiial. will lai'k L^i'dalU in Ni^ui.and lid.illli, ami all llid csMail iai ijiiali- lids that donslilnld a i;i.nd l.nlloik. A liad ril. liiv d , |iiiiir s|iadd In I lie ;i I idol ulna I organs wliirli lie iiuniddi.-itdU lidliind tliosi. of the d|id',| , mi less llid jidliy is iiTduliy saijddd, wliirli i^ L't'iidiallv llid d.asd. XXV. Ttid Totidh. \\\ liandlin^ or llid loiuli, Imlrlidrs a^rdrlain lidl'nidliand llid i|n;ilily of tiit'lldMli. l»y il Hid lii'ddddr iisddiiaiiis tlida|ilitiidd to fallen a^udll aNihr (iniilily Mild i|iiiiiitity !' all llic ijnal- iti(<.4 of Hid o\, this is |irolial>ly tjid most ditlidiill to nnddisland. ilis thd [iddiiliar sdiisat ion of softness ,aiid diastidilv lli.il is piodiiei'd li\ tin- prdSHiii'd of Hid hand nii d i t'Cd I'd 1 1 1 jiails id' Hid liod\. This sdiisalion \ its elastidily — its [lower to replaee Hie |iaits when lUdssdd a s|iiiiiijy sdiisalion. HKOICI-llOlIN CAI"!!,!;. .l.'i.J ll will i'(t(|iiiri' iniicli pnirlicc id Im'(;imiic an uili!|)l in lliit kiiowlctl^i*. Slill, iiiiiiiy iiHi-fiil l(!SH(iiis inuy Ix' <|aily litid liy I Ik; cxuiiiiiiiil ion uiid liiuiil- liiitr of oiio'h own Hlork. ('onipiirativi^ litMi(lliii<^ will alToiil niiicli aHhinl- aiH'c. Take, tlioscr luiinials llial ai'<' known lo accnniiilalr I'al readily and lar}j;oly, iiM tlic oposHntn or llir l)i:ii-, or anv oMici' knl'l and ineliotv Momli.' XXVI ■I'lii) IlJdo. 'I'Ik! Mkin slioiiJil \>r lliiik, ioll ,iiii| I'laMlie—lidin^i; alike eillicr a poor or fal ox, A lean animal, wilii an inelasjie nkin Hf.i'(^t(:li(ti| npon liiin, <'oidd not, fallen for llie want of npaee to exjiand in. iliil with an elaKli<^ .--kin lie may lie Hwelled to . ll i-^ nol only a eoverin;^ foi' u\\ the parlH lienealii it, lint it iH flit! Heal, of a vant HyHtem of minnlc lilood vcHHelH and capil- larieH. of exIitilenU and aliHoi'lient.H. A \a^l nerMinn I iHHni^ eenlei'H liere llial riiicli r lln- -kin Mensili\e in llie liij;;iieHl dejrree. 'I'lie <.>re:il vilal Udi'lii ami iiiipoi'lanei' of llie ;--liall liavc my liones al^)." XXVII. Till) llalr. The hair nhonlil lie l,hiile|y liniilnd in its whole, nli'nelnr'ir of minute veMMiflH and tiKMUCH. A ^kin Ihn^ delirately orf;;ani/.ed Ik alHo (^vi Art. 3. — Xeck tine and slightly arched, strongly and well set on the head and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening and rounding as it approaches the latter point; no dewlap. - 2 Art. 4. — Chest broad, deep and projecting, the brisket on :i lower line than the belly. __._--- -5 Art. 5. — Shoulders broad, strong, tine and well placed ; forelegs short, straight, and standing rather wide apart than narrow ; fore-arm muscular, broad and powerful, slightly swelling and full above the knee ; the bone fine and flat ; knees well knit and strong; foot flat, and in shape an oblong semicircle; hin-n of the hoof sound and of a clear waxy color. . - - - 2 Art. ti. — Barrel round and deep, and well ribbed up the hips. - 4 Art. 7. — Back short, straight and broad from the withers to the setting on of the tail ; crops round and full ; loins broad ; huckle bones on a level with the back ; tail well set, on a level with the back, fine and gradually diminishing to a point, and hang- ing, Avithout the brush, an inch or so below the hock, at right angles with the back. _--_----4 Art. f<. — Hind quarters from the huckle to the point of the rump well filled up ; twist well let down and full ; hind legs short, straight, and well spread apart, gradually swelling and rounding above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below ; legs not to cross each other in walking, nor to straddle behind. _ - - 3 Art. !I. — Skin of medium thickness, movable and mellow ; a white color is adniissable, but rich cream or orange much preferable ; hair well covering the hide, soft and fine, and if undercoated with soft, thick fur in winter, so much the better ; color, pure white, red roan, bright red, or reddish yellow and white. (A black or dark brown nose or a I'im around the eye, ])lack or dark spots on the skin and hair decidedly objectionable, and indicative of coarse meat and l)ad blood. )----}] Art. li>. — Good handling. .-.----4 A:;t. 11. — Sure stock-oretter. - - ----- 4 fjoC THE AMKUICAN FAliMEI! S STOCK 1U)()K. Ai:t. 12. — Stock, when made stocr. certuiii to feed kindly for beof- crs at any ago, iiiul make prime hoi'f. ----- r> Ai;r. l.">. — (icncral aitpcarancc. ------ '2 IVrfcction. - - - - - - - - _ 50 XXXI. Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows. roiNTS. AiiT. 1. — Purity of l)rccd on male and fenial'.' side; sire and dam reputed for docility of disposition, early mutuiity and aptitude; to fatten. Sire ii good stoek-getter. Dam a good breeder; giving a large quantity of milk, or such superior for making butter or cheese. - - - -----7 Ai;t. -2. — Head small and tapering; long and narrower in propor- tion than that of the bull. Horns tine and gradually diminish- ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the base ; short, and inclined to turn up ; those of a clear waxy color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent Avhite, slightly tinged with yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and well covered with soft hair; plaving (]uick, moving freely. Forehead of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished. pjVes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with a \ellow rim round them. The lower i)ait of the face clean, dished, and well developing the courses of the veins. Muzzle small ; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the former much preferred. Nostrils wide and mi'11 opened. Lower jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. - - - - - 5 Akt. ;!. — Neck tine and thin, straight, and well set on to the head and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening, and slightly rounding in a delicate feminine manner as it apiiroaches the latter point. No dewlap. __-- ---2 Ai;t. 4. — Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore legs, short straight and well sfux'ad apart. Fore-arm wide, muscular, slightly .swellinir, and full above the knee ; the bone tine and flat below. Knees well knit and strong. Foot flat and in shape of an oblong semi-circle. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a clear waxy color. ---------- 2 .\i;T. T). — Chest broad, deep and projecting — tiie l)riskcl on a lower line than the belly. -------- r> .\i!T. Ii. — liarrei round, deep and well ribbed uj) to the hips. - 5 Ai:t. 7. — Back slioi'l, strong, straight from the withers to the set- ting of the tail. Croj) round and full. Loin l)road. Huckle lioiies on a le\el with the back. Tail well set , on a level with MI<)i;T-n()i;\ ( ATTI.E. "l.J? the Imck or very sliirlitly below it ; fino jiiid gradually diminish - ing to :i jxtiiit ; and h;ingiii<;', without the brush, an iiu'h or so below the hock, at right angles with the buck. - - - 4 Akt. S. — Hind (juarters from the huekles to the point of the ruiii|) long and well tilled uji. Twist well let down and full. Hind leg.s short, straight and well s})read apart ; gradually swelHng and rounding above the hoek ; the bone tine and Hat below. Foot flat, and in shape of an oblong semi-cirele. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a elear waxy color. Legs not to cross cach- other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - - - 3 Aur. !•. — Udder broad, full, extending well forward along the belly, and well up behind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; squarely placed with :i slight oblique pointing out ; Avido apart ; when pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely. Extra teats indicative of good milking qualities, but should never be milked, as they draw the bag out of shape. Milk veins largo and swelling. - - -------4 Akt. 10. — Skin of a medium thickness: movable and mellow; a white color is admissible, but a rich cream or oi'ange much pref- erable. Hair well covering the hide ; soft and fine, and if undei'coated with soft, thick fur in the winter, so much the bet- ter. Color pure white, red, roan, bright red, red and white, spotted roan, or reddish and yellow and white. (A black oi' dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown sjxits on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic- ative of coarse meat and bad blood. ) - _ _ . ;; Akt. 11. — Good handler. --- . _ - - . ^ Akt. 12. — Sure and good breeder. ------ 4 Akt. i;?. — General appearance. - - _ - - _ '2 Perfection. - - - - - - .'iO CHAPTER VI. THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEYS AND GUERNSEYS. I. A FASHIONABLE BHF.Ell. II. THE GUERNSEYS. III. THE ALDERNEY IN YOrATT'S TIME. IV. THE JERSEY OF TO-DAY. V. CROSSING THE JERSEY'S. VI. THE JERSEY DESCRIBED. VII. MILK MIRRORS. VIII. GIENON'S THEORY OF MILK MIRRORS. IX. THEIR rKACTICAL UTILITY. .X THE ESCUTCHEON MARKS. XI. GOOD MILKERS IN ALL BREEDS. XII. VALUE OF HEREDITY. XIII. INFLUENCE OF GOOD DIGESTION AND ASSIMILATION. .XIV. THE MILK VEINS. XV. THE UDDER AND TWIST VEINS. XVI. MR. SHARl'- LESS' OPINION. XVII. SYMMETRY ESSENTIAL ■\VHATEVEIl THE BREED. XVIII. THE JERSEY NOT A DAIRY COW. XIX. SCALE OF POINTS FOR JEHSEV COWS AND HEIFERS XX. RILES IN AWARDING PRIZES. XXI. SCALE OF POINTS FOR JERSEY BULLS. XX[I. ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF POINTS. XXIII. COLOR AND SIZE. XXIV. FliOM A PRACTICAL STAND-POINT. I. A Fashionable Breed. Within the hist fifteen years, the Jersey, Altlerney and Gueinisey cat- tle, second in importance of tlie short-horned ])rceds of Great Britain, have acqnired great celehrity, not so much for the quanity of the milk they o;ive, as for its exceeding richness in cream, and the excellence of the butter made therefrom. Those originally brought from the islands of Jersey and Alderney are now called Jerseys, just as all Dutch cattle have been called Hol.steins, while the Guernsey cattle are kept separate and distinct, under the proper name of tiie island from which they came. II. The Guernseys. While tile Jerseys and Alderneys have the most admirers, especiall}'' among fashionable breeders, from tlieir deer-like forms and general air of elegant lightness, the Guernseys are coming into prominence as being larger, better-built, (that is, not so angular,) and better feeders ; for it must l)e confessed that the Jersey cow, for its size, is a great consumer. The Guernsey cow is also a larger pi-oducer of milk, though it is averred by the Jersey breeders that it is not so rich in quality. Jersey cattle, however, vary much in this respect, and it is certain that the Guernsey cows are growing more and more into favor every year as l)ut- ter and milk producing cows. III. The Alderney in Youatt" s Time. Youatt says of this breed, which he classes with the cattle of \or- maudy, that they are from the French continent ; that the cattle of Nor- nuiudy are larger and have a greater tendency to fatten ; that others are 558 THE .IEKSEY8, ALDEKNEYS AND GlEUNSEVS. rt59 from till' islands of the French coast, lint that all of them, whether from the continent or islands, pass nuder the common name of Alderne^'. Youatt also adds, on the authority of ^Ir. Parkinson, mIio seems to have been a prejudiced oljserver, that, "The Akleruey, considering its voracious a[)petite — for it devours almost as much as a Short-Horn— yields very little milk," but admits the milk to be rich in quality, though "it is not rich enough, yielding the small quantity she does, to pav' for what it costs."' If this be true, the Jersey has improved fully as much within the last fifty years as any other breed. IV. The Jersey of To-Day. i>e tlu' statements of the autliorities quoted what they mav, the Jersey of to-day is a very different animal from that which they describe. That the Jerseys are large feeders for their size there is no doubt, and that-the\ give the richest milk of any known breed is quite as certain. That some of them, at least, give large quantities of milk, the following e.xtract from the American Encyclopedia of Agriculture will show: "The butter from the eows is very rich in cream and deep yellow in color, so much so that a few cows in a herd will decidedly change tlie color of the butter of the whole herd. The percentage of cream to milk varies from eighteen to twenty-tive per cent., and the proportion of butter to cream varies from 3.70 to 8.07 in 100 parts. Twenty-six quarts per day has been recorded as the product of an individual cow, and four- teen i^omids of butter per week. Sixteen quarts per day may be re- garded as a good yield, and when we take into consideration the light weight of the cow, and the fact that the milk will yield from one-quarter to one-sixth of the richest cream, we need not wonder that these gentle and deer-like cattle have become universal favorites as famih'cows." Our own observation is that twelve quarts a day may be considered a good average 3'ield of milk, from the pure-bred animals — an averase fully one-third more than that of good native herds. V. Crossing The Jersey. Crossing the Jerseys with other improved breeds has not resulted satis- factorily. Their value, however, is priceless when crossed upon good milkers from native herds. They have added largely to the qualitv of the milk of the inferior stock ; and crosses of the Jersey bull upon the ordinarj' native cows of a district, have not onl}' imparted richness to the milk, l)ut have resulted in an increased How. Their sole use is among those who wish exceedingly rich milk, and, whatever the strain, we think no advantage will be found in crossing them on any of the beef breeds. They are milking cattle, and their legitmate use is to supplv the demands of people who want quality, and not quantity of milk. .OtU) Till-; AMKUICAN lAKMKKS STOCK HOOK. The Imlls may iinp.ov the nalivc i„ilki„o sto.'k of tli.^ coui.tr}-, and what(!Voi- variety is used, nlicthcr rims,. fr.,i„ tii<. Islo of .I.Tsev, Alder- ney ,„• (Juenisey, use only pure hulls. Uo not take a urade-I.ull at any prue ; those ])urely bi-ed are now suffieiently ])leiitv, s.Hhat (h.-v can he. III"! r-'l' I'J ''"'It had at reaso.uihle priees. 'I'he ,.ure hulls are prepotent in perpetuatin- rich iniikinir qualities. The -rades an. not. If an additional reason were wanted, please remember that the produce of a i)ure animal on one not of improved blood is a half-blooded ealf. Th<- produce ,.f a lialf- blorxl on native cattle wnidd he only one-ipiarter hlu,„i. THE .lEUSEVS, ALI)!-:iINEVS AM) (UEliNSEVS. ■.fil VI. The Jersey Described. Mr. Lewis. F. Alien, :i eoii.seientious and acearale historian of eattle, l)ut vvlio, it must he confessed, has S(jnictiiini>" of a prejudice in favor of the (to him) favorite Short-Horns, accurately describes the Jersey, as fol- lows : "Beginning with the head — the most characteristic feature — the muzzle is tine ; the nose either dark hrown (jr black, and occasionally a yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, light-colored hair, running up the face into a smoky hue, w'hen it gradually takes the general color of the body. The face is slightly dishing, clean of flesh, mild and gentle in expression ; the eye clear and full, and encircled with a distinct ring of the color of the nose ; the forehead bold ; the horn short, curving inward .IKUSEV liUI.I,. HEIFER AXI> CALK. and wa.NV in color, with black tips : the car sizai)le, thin, and quick in movement. The whole head is original, and blood-like in appearance, — more so than in almost any other of the cattle race, — reminding one strongly of the head of our American elk. The neck is somewhat de- pi'essed — would be called ewe-necked by some — but clean in the throat, with moderate or little dewlap ; the shoulders are Avide and somewhat ragged, with prominent points, running down to a delicate arm, and slen- der legs beneath. The fore-quarters stand rather close together, with a thinnish, yet well developed brisket between. The ribs ai'c flat, yet giving suflicient play for good lungs ; the back depressed and somewhat hollow ; the belly deep and large ; the hips tolerably wide ; the rump and tail hiirh : the loin and (luartcr medium in lennrth ; the thiiih thin and 5<>:2 TllK AMi:ilKAN 1 AUMKU's STOCK BOOK. deep; the twist Avido, to iicconiinodatc ;i cloiui, good-sized udder; the flani\s inediuui ; the liocks or gainijrel joints crooked ; the hind le' a belly of moderate size, with yielding sides, free from tightness, (in aged animals the belly is of ten large, though the organs which it contains are in good condition) ; a large mouth, thick and strong lips, a good appetite, easy and quick digestion, glossy hair, supple skin, yet firm, and somewhat oily to the touch. Ani- mals possessing these characteristics may be exjiected to feed ;»id drink heavily, and, if they arc properly fed, make much blood and yield large quantities of milk. The respiratory organs complete the system of nu- trition. The lungs bring the air breathed into contact with the blood, and render the system of nourishment complete. Hence, a good form, quick digestion and a healthy condition of the lungs are necessary to the production of a large flow of milk. XIV. The Milk Veins. '■If the veins which surround the udder are large, winding, and varicose (dilated at intervals), they show that the glands receive much blood, and, consequently, that their functions are active, and that the milk is abundant. The veins on the lateral parts of the belly are most easily observed, and all authors decide them to be among the best tests for ascertaining the activity of the glands. These veins issue from the udder, iu front, and at the outer angle, whei'e they form, in very good cows, a considerable varicose swelling. They proceed toward the front part of the body, forming angles, more or less distinct, often divide towards their anterior extfemit}', and sink into the body by several openings. We can make the size of the milk veins prominent by compressing them in their passage, by pressing them at the place where they penetrate into the body. If we press the thuml) strongly into the opening through which the vein passes, the width of the opening represents the diameter of the vein, and the thickness of the thumb which stops it represents the vol- ume of blood whose place it occupies. Sometimes the veins are divided. It is then necessary to examine all the openings by which they pass, in order to form a correct estimate. XV. The Udder and Twist Veins. "The veins of the udder and twist are able to furnish valuable indica- tions. They should, in both cases, be highly developed, large and vari- cose ; that is, appear swollen and knotty. The veins of the udder have no definite direction. They present themselves irregularlj', with zigzag lines, knotted and more or less oblique. The}' are never of very laro-e size, except in cows that give large quantities of milk. "The veins of the twist directed from above downward, forming a winding line, interspersed with knots, resemble those of the udder in not being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair milking quality. We sBe THK AMKUICAN FAUMEU S STOCK IK>OK. cjinnot iisccrtain their presence in iiny hut very good cows. Of all the marks of abundant milk secretion, the best, and in fact tlie only infallible marks, are furnished by the veins of the twist and of the udder. To estimate thcni correctly it is necessary to take into account the state of the cow in respect to flesh, the thickness of skin, food, ability to stand fatigue, heat; all the circumstances, in fact, which cause variations in the general state of the circulation, and in the dilation of the veins. It is nec- essary, moi'covcr, to recollect that in both sexes all the veins are larger in the old than in the young ; that the veins which encircle the udder are those which, if ilic cows ai-c in milk, vary most according to the age of ;i!EAT MII.K MIUROU ON UOI.STKIN COW. tlie animal. Small wlicn the animal is young, they continue to incTcasc in size until after the cow has had several calves, when they come to their full development. "This propoi'lion between the size of the veins and tlic milk sccn-tcd. is observed in all females without exception. 'I'lie size of the veins and their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure, of this activity — this coimection. In fact, this connection is soclose that, if the glands do not give an ecjual quantity of milk, the larger veins nn- on the side of the udder whi (;i'ki:nsi:vs. 'iCtJ "The length of time during which milk is given corresponds with the activity of the organs which supply it. Cows which givo most milk a day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special mai'k is perceived, we can judge much of the duration of milk by the mirks which deter- mine its (|uantity. It may tluirefore ho accepted that as a rule an abundant milker may be expected togivc a longcontiimcd flow of milk." In illustration of what Prof. Magne says of milk min-ors in all breeds, we give an illustration of a wonderful milk mirror on a Uolstein cow, coi-responding to the best escutcheon of Mr. (nienon, which he names the Flanders, and which as is well known is one of the Dutch breeds. XVI. Mr. Sharpless' Opinion. Mr. Charles L. Sharpless of Pemisylvania, a careful breeder of Jersey cattle, and a closi; observer in relation to milk mirrors, holds the fol- lowing : There is no point in judging a cow so little undci'stood as llu; cscutcii- eon. The conclusion of almost every one is, that her escutcheon is good, if ther(5 b(^ a l)road band of up-running hair from the udder to the vulva, and around it. 'JMicse cows with the broad vertical escutcheon are nearly always paiallcl cows ; that is, with bodies long l)ut not large, and with the under line parallel with (he l)ack. Their thighs arc thin, and the thigh escutcheon shows on tiie inside of tlic! thigh rather than on its rcai'. Next comes the wedge-shaped cow, with llu; body shorter but very large, dee[) in the flank, and very capacious. This form does not usually exhibit the vertical escutcheon running u|) to the vulva, but with a broader thigh may exhibit a thigh (jscutclieon, which is prefcsrable to the other ; see Fig. 2. — Milk Mirrors of Jersey Cows, on the next l)age. In both vertical and thigh mirrors, when! the hair runs down, intruding on th(! udder (as low as above the dotted lines) as in Figs. 3 and 4, it damages the escutcheon. If 3'ou find a cow with the hair all running down, and betwecMi the thighs — that is, wi(li no up-i-unning hair — stamp her as ;i cipher for yitdding milk. Tiiere are times when tlu^ udder of a cow with an csculchoon like Fig. 4 will be cnlargc(l by non-milking, for the purpose of decc|)tion. It is always safer to judge by the escutcheon rather than l)y the large size of the udder. The escutciieons of the best (^ows — those? yielding the most and con- tinuing (he long(!st — will be found to hr. those which conform to Fig. 2. The vertical es(!utch(!on of Fig. 1 would not injure it ; l)ut if tiiat orna- mental feature has to be at the expense of the high escutcheon, Fig. 2 i.s best as it is. Whencn'cran escutcheon is iicconipanicd by a curl on each irni(l-(|iiartcr of II1C udder, il iiulicalcs a \ icld of the liiiiliest order. r>(]H rili; A.MI'.KHAN I'Ali.MKl: S SI'OCli IICIOK. So far, \vr lia\c iiiiliccd ohIn iIic vf.w (■sciilclicini, or that wliicli rcpri^- sciits ( lie t wo hiiid (|uaii<'is of (lie luldcr. 'I'lic Iwofroiil i|uarl('rs arc Justus iinporlaiil , and .--lioidd lie. capacious uiid nui well forwai'd under liio body. If tlic u\' lavinjf th(^ animal on its ha<'k. 'i'lie u(hler . :;. I'k;. I. MILK Mn:i;oi;s di' .ikuskv <()\vs. hair mider the liody all runs hackward, conuuenciu^' at the foi'ward line ot" the escutcheon. This dividiuj:; line is vi-iy piM'ceptihle, from the fact that the hair in front of it all runs fui-\vard towards the iu-ad of tlu^ animal, while the cscutclieon, or udder hau', all runs hackward, o\'er the forward (piarters of the utidci', around aiul lic\-ond the teats, and ceases at the marknies of the rear cseulchcon on and hclwccn the thiiiiis. I'll!'; .iiiitKiovs, .\i,|)i:i!m;> s and (iinoitNMKvs. W.) 'I'lic hri'adlli :iii(l cxlriit. rui-WMril of lliis IViiiil csciitclH'oii iii(|ir;i| Ihe stifle-joint to the hody, or thai :.70 THE AMERICAN FAUMER S STOCK BOOK. on the inside of the niinp-l)one at tiic setting on of the tail. Let tho touts 1)6 well apart ; let them yield a free and full stream and lie large enough without the necessity, in milking, of pulling tliem between tin; thunihs and forctingers. And let us ever keep in mind that, the large yielders must be well fed. XVn. Symmetry Essential Wliatever the Breed. Jn estimating the value of a breed its characteristics must be studied. Each breed has its peculiar style and conformation, and thus, symnietrv, which is found in all good stock, will vary in different breeds. The Jer- sey has ik standard of symmetry i)e(uliarly its own, which we illustrate l)y .^-. JERSEY cow. two engraA'ings, one of a heifer, tJic other of a cow, which fairly exliiliit the characteristics of the breed. The symmetry of the Jerseys is angular. They are essentially tine in the h(!ad, with thin necks and rather light fore-(]uailers, but with large, barrel-shai)ed bodies, inclined to be flat, rather than round, and swelling behind into deep but rather thin thighs. This same conformation will be found measural)ly in all milking lireeds, but modified, each liaving its own peculiar symmetry. The Jerseys are essentially milking co\\s and nothing else, altliougli they fatten rather kindly when jiast milking : but tlie i)eef is neither supe- rior in (luality nor large in (|tiiuititv. THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEVS AND GUERNSEYS. 571 XVIII. The Jersey not a Dairy Cow. In the .strict seiisc of the word the. Jersey is not :i dairy cow. She is essentially the cow for rich milk, but not a cheese-maker ; she lacks size to give (juantity in this respect. The butter globules are not only larger than in other breeds, but the covering — the film enveloping the fat-globules, is weaker. Hence the globules give up the liutter easily in churning. The cream is also high-colored from the excess of yellow pigment it con- tains. For the family requiring milk rich in cream and butter, the Jerseys will always be desirable, and, since they have taken kindly to our climate in nearly every section of the union, and even in Canada, they have from their docile and tractable dispositions become universal favorites where kindly treated. The bulls are not always good-tempered, and hence re- quire not only a firm hand, but careful management; and the cows, if abused, will liy no means fail to resent the brutal treatment. XIX. Scale of Points for Jersey Cows and Heifers. The scale of points adopted by the Royal Agricultural and Horticul- tural Society of Jersey, and by which all animals of the breed are now judged is as follows. It will be the more readily undei'stood if studied in connection with the accompanying illustration of a model Jersey cow figured for perfection. Here is the scale : Article. P 1. HEAD,^sinalI, tine and tapeiinj;' 2. Cheek, — small 3. Throat, — clean 4. Muzzle, — fine, and eni'iifled by a biiglit color 5. Nostrils, — hijili and oi)en 6. Horns, — .sniootli. crumpled, not too thick at the liasc, and tapcrinj;- 7. Ears, — small and thin S. Ears, — of a deep orange color within 9. Eye,— full and placid 10. Neck, — straight, fine, and placed liglitly on the shoulders 11. Chest, — broad and deep 12. Barrel,— hooped, broad and deep . 13. Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last ril) and (he hip. 14.^ Back, — straight from the withers to the top of the hip 15. Back, — straight from the top of the hip to the setting on of the tail, and the tail at right angles with the back IG. Tail, — fine 17. Tail, — Hanging down to the hocks 18. Hide, — thin and movable, but not too loose 19. Hide, — covered with fine, soft hair •20. Hide, — of good color 21. Fore-legs,— short, straight and fine 22. Fore-arm, — swelling, and full above the knee 23. HlND-QUARTERS,— from the hock to the point of tlie rump well filled up 572 TIIK A.MKUIC'AX FAR.VElt S HTOCIv IKJOK. Akticle. I'oints. •24. Hind-legs, — short :iiul straight (below the hocks) and bones rather tine. 1 '2'). Hind-legs. — squarely placed, not too close together when viewed frc ints. 20. ITuDEI!,— well up l)eliind 1 'AO. Teats, — lur^i^e, sciuarcly phieetl ; Ijt-liiiid wide iipar; 1 31. Milk-veins,— very proniiiiciit 1 32. Growth 1 3li, General ;ippear:uK-<' 1 34. Condition 1 Porfectioii , :U XX. Rules in Awarding Prizes. >i() [)ri7A' shall lie awarded to fows having less than twciity-iiiuc points. No prize shall be awarded to heifers having less than twenty-six points. Cows having obtained twenty-seven points, and heifers twentj'-four points, shall be allowed to 1)0 branded, liut cannot take a i)rize. These points, namely, Nos. 2cS, 29, and ol, shall be deducted from the number required for perfection in heifers, as their udder and milk- veins cannot be fuU}^ developed : a heifer will, therefore, be considered perfect at thirty-one points. To which we add : One i)oint must be added for i)edigree on male side. One point must bo added for pedigree on female side. Again, the size of the escutcheon, or milk-mirrors, is a point of especial attention, for the escutcheon is now coming to be accepted as an indica- tion of the milking (jualities of a cow, and, whatever the breed may be, strongly relied upon. And those who discard it, that is, refuse a cow with a strong escutcheon, will surely go estray. XXI. Scale of Points for Jersey Bulls. In judging bulls a somewhat different standard is adopted, and the same rule will api)ly in all cattle with proper variations, according to breed. The illustration of a Jersey bull, figured for perfection, will assist in understanding the scale of points. Here is the scale: Article. Points. 1. I'EDKiUEE on male side 1 2. Pediokee on female side ] 3. Head, — fine and lapering 1 4. Forehead, — broad ] ."). Cheek, — small 1 (1. Throat, — elean 1 7. JFuzzle, — fine and eneircled -with lighl i-olor 1 5. Nostrils, — high and open 1 !). Horns. — smooth, crumpled, not thiek at Ihe base and tajiering-. lipped with black 1 10. Ears, — small and thin 1 11. Ears, — of a deep orange color wiiliiu 1 12. Eves,— full and lively 1 574 Tiiio AMKKK AN KAi;:\ii:i;"s stock noon. AKTICLK. I'OINTS. 13. Neck. — ihtIkmI. iKiuorful. Imt iint ciiarsc or liravy I 14. Chest,— bii):ul ami di'op 1 15. Baurel,— hoopi'il. liroad and deep 1 11*14 ' IR. WfU ril)l)(Ml lioiiic. liaviii:^ but little spaoi' botwcoii tin- la>t rib ami tlie bi|> 1 17. liACK.— strai^dit from llii' w illiors in the top nf the hip I THE .TI-.1!SKV8, ALDERNKVS AND lil EUNSEVS. '>' ~, Points. 18. Back,— straight from the top of the hips to thesettingon ul tin- t;iil. ;ui(l the tail at riglit angles with the bacU I 1!). Tail,— flue 1 20. Tail, — hanging down to the hocks I 21 . Hide, — thin and movable 1 •22. Ill 1>E, — covered with fine and soft hair I 2:i. Hide, — of a good color • 24. FoiiE-LEGS, — short, straight and line • 1 2.'). FORE-.4.RM, — large and powerful, swelling and full above the knee, and fine below it 1 20. HiND-QUAKTEUS, — from the hock to the point of the ninip long and well filled up 1 27. lIl,\i>-LEi;.s,— short and straiglit. (below the ho.'ksj and the Imnes rather fine I :?S. lIiND-LEGS. — squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from behind 1 2!i. lliND-LEGS, — not to cross in walking 1 :iO. HOOF.S,— small 1 :il. Growth 1 :'.2. (ieneral api)earanee 1 .13. Condition I Perfection 33 XXn. Estimating the Value of Points. The proper estimation of the value of the several parts of an aiiitiial has lieeii publicly giveu by high authority iu such matters, the Jersey Herd Book. The gi.st of which is as follows : The highest excellence of any milking cow lies in the udder. This must not only be full in form, that is, in lino with the belly, but it must not be cutoff square in front, like that of a goat. It should be rounded, full, presenting great breadth l)ehind, and carried well tip between the thigh. The milk veins should be fidl and carried well forward toward tlie fore legs. If knotted and ^\^th curves, so much the better. The tail is another essential point. Whatever its size at the root, it 7nust be large and tapering, and have a good switch of hair. The chest should be l)road and deep ; this shows good respiration, essen- tial to feeding and health. But in the dairy cow, especially when viewed from before, there will be no appearance of massiveness. On the con- trary, she will give an appearance of delicate fineness, and will look large behind, swelling gradually from behind the shoulders. She may not be closely ribbed, in fact slioidd not be close, only comparatively so. The best milkers, every where, will be found to be rather loosely put together between the last rib and the hips, and good milkers must be roomy in the flank. The hind quarters nmst be long from the point of the rump to the hock, and well filled up ; yet this does not mean rounded and massive in 7,76 THE AMEUICAX TAKMEi; S STOCK ISOOK. flesh ; oil the t-ontrary, the best milkers will l)e i-;ithei- lean and jjcrhaps high boned. Nevertheless, the same animal, when out of milk and fat, may iiU up ; and perhaps, present a full}' rounded contour, while 3'eti)os- sessing all the delicacy of points chai-acteristic of the high-l)red dairy cow. A cow may have large and hca\ y cars ; her back may luit be fidlv straight from tiic withers to the top of thi; liii)s ; her runi|) ni;iy be slo[)- ing ; her tail may not reach the hocks ; — all these are defects, the latli r a serious one, yet if the milKing organs are super-excellent it will out- weigh all these. A phenomenon may show absolute perfection in all the points : \vc have never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials arc to r the reason that any brceil should be judged by tlu; standard of its breeders, and secondly, because? these statements can only he found originalh' in the herd books, and like authoritative publications which are not accessible to the majority of readers. XXIV. From a Practical Stand-point. From the practical stand-point of a person not a breeder of high-caste animals, the writer has found that slight imperfections, in the make up of farm animals, do not militate against them unless they are intended as THE .TEnSEYS, ALUEUNEYS AXD GUERNSEYS. .)^7 breeders of pure stock of the highest type. In fact, few animals of a breed attain perfection closely, and almost none absolutely, accoi'ding to the standard. As a milking cow, a Jersey or cow of other milking breed might be of the best possiV)le standard and yet fail essentially in some other important points. Such a cow would be just as valuable for the one purpose of milk as the best. So in any other particular the person, whether he be a breeder or simply a fancier, must study the ciiaracteristics and the points of an animal, and then make up his mind whether in the one case it is worth tiie money asked for it, or in the other case whether it would be more prolitable to sell rather than to keep. CHAPTKR VII. MIDDLE-HORNED CATTLE— THE HEREFORDS. I. THE VALUABLE BUEEDS OF MIDDLK-IIOHNS. II. THE HEREFORn COLOR. 111. THE HEREKOKDS FIFTY YEARS AdO. IV. YOUATT's TESTIMONY. V. THE HEREFORUS IN AMERICA. VI. THE IMPORTATION OK 1^S40 VII. HERE- FORD CKADES forty years A(;0. VIII. the OHIO IMPORTATION. 1-\. HEREFORDS IN CANADA. X. EARLY IMPORTED HEREFORDS NOT FAIRLY TRIED. XI. THE HEREFORDS WEST. XII. THE HEREFOKD AS A WORK 0.\. XIII. THE HEREFORD COW. XIV. POINTS OF THE HEREFORD. XV. THE HERE- FORD OF TO-DAY IN ENGLAND. XVI. lIKill AND AUTHORITATIVE PKAISE. XVU. DISTRIBITION IN THE SOUTHWEST AND FAR WEST. I. The Valuable Breeds of Middle-Horns. The only v;ilii:iblo ))rccils of the Middlo-Horus, in tiie United States, are the Ilcrcfords and the Dcvon.s, mMhuIi will he treated of in this chapter and tlie next. They are essentially heef and woiking l)reeds. Their inilUiiiij; qualities were never more than moderately dincloiied, and these (jualities hy continued breedinjr for beef, (for which they are unexcep- tionable,) have been so l)red out, that but little now remains in them val- uable for milk. The natural history of these l)reeds was noticed in Chapter 1, and it will not be necessary to refer to it, further than to say of the Ilerefords that, originally named from the country of Hereford, England, where, and in adjacent counties, similar cattle have been bred for hundreds of years, few, if any, of the popular beef breeds have shown more wonderful im- provement within the last fifty years. II. The Hereford Color. Original! V red or brown without whitt', the Herefords bred to brown- ish or 3'ellovvish red, and even lirindh-d. AVilhiii about the last 100 years their faces became white or nintllcd-white, until tinally the distinctive white of the face was made lo extend along tliet(>|) of the neck, and along the throat, dewlap, brisket, belly, and Hanks, and they are now fash- ionably bred with the addition of white legs, and the switch of the tail white, the rest of the animal being of a uniform red c(>lor. III. The Herefords fifty years ago. Mr. Marshall writing of them as they existed in England fifty years afo, and as then improved, describes them thus : "The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open; the forelKuid broad; eye full and lively; r)7.S MIDULK-HOHXEU CATTLE THE IIEIiEFORDS. 579 lionis ln-iglit, taper, and spreading; head small; chap lean ; neck long and tapering ; chest deep ; bosom broad, and projecting forward ; shoul- der-bone thin, flat, no way protul)erant in bone, but full and mellow in flesh ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standing wide, and level with the chine ; quarters long, and wide at the neck ; rump even with the level of the back, and shar^) above the quarters ; tail slender and neatly haired ; barrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well spread ; ril)s broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming a smooth, even barrel ; the hind parts large and full of strength ; neck bones snug, not prominent ; thigh clean, and regularly tapering; legs upright and short ; bone below the knee and hock small ; feet of middle size ; flank large; flesh every where mellow, soft, and yielding ])lcasantly to the touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder and the ril)s ; hide mellow, supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on tlie neck and huckle ; coat neatly haired, bright, and silky ; color, a middle red ; this, with a bald face, is characteristic of the true Hereford breed." IV. Youatt's Testimony. In Youatt's day they were the peers of the Short-Horns, and to-day they compare favorably with that famous breed, and take an equal share of prizes with them in our best exhibitions and fairs. The}' fatten, said j\Ir. Youatt, to a much greater weight than the Devons, and run from fifty to seventy score ; a tolerable cow will average from thirty-five to fifty score (1000 pounds); a cow belonging to the Duke of Bedford weighed more than seventy ; an ox of Mr. "Westcar's exceeded one hun- dred and ten score (2,200 pounds). Tlie Hereford ox fattens speedih' at an early age. They are not now much used for husl)andry, although their form adapts them for the heavier work, and they have all the hon- esty and docility of the Devon ox, and greater strength, if not his activit}'. The Hereford cows are worse milkers than those of Devon, but then they wdl grow fat where a Devon would starve. The beef is sometimes ob- jected to from the largeness of the bone and the coarseness of some of the inferior pieces, but the best sorts are generally excellent. V. The Herefords in America. Since there has been so much controversy — sometimes acrimonious — ))etwecn some Hereford and Short-Horn breeders in the United States, and especially in the West, where the Ilerefords have of late grown into the higliest favor, we again quote, from Mr. L. F. Allen, the vetei-an breeder of Short-Horns, and editoi' of tlie American Short-Horn Herd Book. Mr. Allen writes of tiie Ilerefords as follows : 580 ''"I"' A.MEKICAN I AU.MI'.i: S STOCK liOOIv. "At wliiil (late llicy wcrclirst iiiiporlcd iiiti) liiis count ry, wc have no accu- rato account ; luil tlial souic llcid^trds came out anioui!; tlic early iMii)oi'- tations, is evident froni the oi-easioiial marks of the breed amouj:' our UMli\e eatth' wiiere hil(^ iiiipoilalious lia\c not been known. In th(^ year isli; or'i7lh(^ i!;reat Kentucky statesman, Henry Clay, ini|Hiite(| two jiaiis of them into his State, and put tin'm on his farm at Ashhnid. 'I'he\' wci-e hied for a time with eaeli other, and t lie hulls were (ATTi.r. — the iiehefords. 581 on toseveral of his farms, aiidhrod nianvL-xccllciit grade Ilcrefords from the common cows. His bullocks have, in past years, been highly apjjrovcd in the New York catth^ markets. Vni. Tho Ohio Importation. " About tlu; year 1S52-3, Messrs. Thomas Aston, and .lolui lliun[)liries, two English farmers in Elyria, Ohio, nc^ar Lake Erie, imported several fine Herefords. They In-ed tlieni wc^ll and successfully, as seen in the specimens wo have several times met, but with what success in tlunr sales wc have no intimate knowledge. IX. Herefords in Canada. "In the years 18(50 and "lil, .Mr. Frederick Win. Stone, of (iuclph, Canada West, made two importations of sup(uior Herefords from the herds of Lord Bateman, in Herefordshire, and the late Lord Benvick, in the adjoining county of Siiro])s]iire, England, numi)cring, together, two bulls and eleven cows and heifers. Tiieso were remarkable for their high breeding, and generally good i)oints. From them down to January, lfSnty of room inside. With the Herefords, experience has shown that the dam may not be too large or coai'se l)ut sIkj should be roomy. Then the breeder will get, even from apparently inferior cows, large, handsome steers, that will fatten early, and kindly, and to great wtnghts. When the (^ow is done breeding, and ready for fatting, it will please the owner to see how she will spread out, and accumulate flesh and fat, and this to a greater degree than if not allowed to breed. The Herefords are a hardy, gentle race, maturing early, and are long- lived. The flesh is superior, handsomely marbled, heavy in the prime [jurts, and they fatten to weights fully as heavy as any known l)reed. Their massive strength, honesty and gentleness make them the best working ox(!n known, and the potency of the bulls, when crossed upon red or ricarly red cows of the country, renders the steers easily matched in color, as they will be easily matched in general characteristics of the progeny. XIV. Points of the Hereford. In judging the Herefords as beef animals the same scale of points may l)e adopted as for Short-Horns, except that tiic Herefords ai'(\ if any- thing, more; placid, closer to the ground, heavier in appearance, and, as a rule, thicker-meated than the present fasliional)!e Short-Horns. XV. The Hereford of To-day in England. It has been claimed, and we think with trutli, tliat ui some show rings in the West the Herefords were discriminated against. Be this as it may, Mi 'I'lIK A.MKIilCAN rAlt.MI'.i: S STOCK ISOOK. in Kiigliiiid there is no such feelini:- ntjjuiiisl llieiii, and, hesides, the Eng- HmU isystiMU of judgini^- preeludi's, to as gi'eat an extent, as p()ssil)l(^, any shadow of favoritism. Sl)caking of one of the great show rings there in 1878, the iJatii and \\'est of Knglund, the Mark Lane Exprfus sa3's of the Hereford exhibit : " 'I'iiey ai'e not so nuniiu'ous as tli(^ more fasiiionahie In-eed, l)ut tlit; <)uality tiirongiiont is exeelii^nf. In tlie aged hnll elass tiier(^ ariHive animals of wliieh tiie llc^ri^ford men need not ix; asliamed. " Tiie iieifers in milic or in calf numhenul only three, hut two of tliem were fsu(^h animals as it was worth while eoming to Oxfoi'd on purpose to sec. Leonora (lirst premium) is one of the most perfect animals that has been shown for y((ars. It was first last year as a yearling at Liver- l)ool, and will likt^l}' ho fii'st wherever it goes. The champion prize given by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society was awarded lo this heifer as the best female iiorned animal in the yard. The companion heifer, Beatrice, is also very handsome, and took second to Leonora's first at the Royal hist year, us it did last week at Oxford, if Leonora had l)een uOrand Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been composed in iicr honor, and translated into several languagiis by this time;, lint no Slioil-llorn that wc have over seen was east in such a mould." XVI. High and Authoritative Praise. The following is iiigh praise, and authoritative, as coming from an Eng- lish agricultural |)apia' of the highest elass. The Agricultural Journal, of London, says : " This breed enjoyed th(^ remarkable distinction of producing both the champion aninuds at Oxforil, (irateful being deidared to be the best bull, and Ik'atrice (a two year old ln'ifei')bcing tieclared to be the best cow or heifer in tlic yard. Holh, as may b(^ siipposeil, were very good, the heifer pre-(5minently so. Slu^ is a daughter of the famous bidl. Winter d(( Cole, and .-inother instance of hereditary merit. " The yearling heifers and calves indicate that this breed is, as beef makers at an early age, (juite up to the highest Short-Horn standard. The Teeswatcr may milk better, and be more i-eady in adapting itself to local circumstances; but \viierc^ the pasture is good, it is hard to Ix'at the white-fai^es for grazing." Again, the Gltamher of A>!) The horns arc longer thiui those of the l)ull, smalh'r, and fine even to the base, and of a lighter color, and tipped with yellow. The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders a little oblique ; the breast deep, and the bosom open and wide, particularly as contrasted with the fineness of the witiun-s. The fore legs are wide apart, looking like jjillars that have to support a great weight. The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no pro- jection of bone, but there is a kind of level line running on to the neck. Angular bony projections are never found in a beast that carries much flesh and fat. The fineness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and the l)road and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten. A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for working or grazing. With all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him, disliked in the blood or riding horse, and not approved in tlic horse of light draught — the legs ai'e far under the chest, or rather the breast pro- jects far and wide before the legs. We see the advantage of this in the beast of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a trot, except when he is goaded on in catching times, and the division of whose foot prevents him from stumbling. . The lightness of the other parts of his form, however, counterbal- ances heaviness there. VIII. The Legs of the Devon. The legs are straight, at least in the best hei'ds. If they are in-kneed or crooked in the fore legs, it argues a deficiency in blood, and compara- tive incapacity for work, and for grazing, too ; for they will be hollow behind the withers, a point for which nothing can compensate, because it takes away so much from the place where good flesh and fat should be thickly laid on, and diminishes the capacity of the chest and the power of creating arterial and nutritious blood. The fore-arm is particularly large and powerful. It swells out sud- denly al)ove the knee, l)ut is soon lost in the substance of the shoulder. Below the knee the bone is small to a very extraordinary decree, indi- cating a seeming want of strength ; but this impression immediately ceases, for the smallness is only in front — it is only in the bone ; the leg is deep, and tlie sinews are far removed from the bone, promising both strength and speed. It may be objected that the leg is a little too long. It would be so in an animal destined only to graze ; but this is a working animal, and some length of leg is necessary to get him actively over the ground. li'.H) TIIK AMKKICAN l'Ainii:i; S STOCK r.OOK. rx. The Body and Tail. "'I'licrc is soiuo trifliiiLT f:ill Ix'liind tlii^ withers, nut no liollnwiicss. ;iii(l the iiiic of tile Imck is s(r;\ii;iit from tiiciicc to the settiiii;' mi of tiic laii. If tlicrc is liny sociiiiiiir fauH in llic lircast, it is that the sides ;ire a little too tlat. It will apiiear, Iiowcmt, that this docs not interfere Avitli feed- inj:', while a deep, althouiih somewhat tlat eiiest is best adapted for speed. The two last ril)s are particularly hold and jn'omincnt, leavinjj room for the slomacli and oilier parts concerned in diirestion to l>e fully de- veloped. The liips, or huekles, are hiiiii up, and on a le\el witii the hack, wlictiier the heast is fat or lean. 'i'lie hind ([uarters, or tiie space from the hi|) to liie point of tiie runi]i, are partii'ularly Ion;:; and well tilled up — a point of iniiiortauce liolh for grazing and working. It leaves room foi' liesh iu the most valuable part, and indicates nuieh power behind, equally connected with strength and speed, 'i'liis is an improvement (luite of modern date. The fullness here, and the swelling of the thigh below, are of nuieh more conseiinence than the prominence of fat which is so much admired on the rump of many prize cattle. The setting on of tiie tail is high, on a level witii the hack, rarely niiicli elevated or depres.sed. This is auotlier great noint, as connected with the perfection of the hind (|uarters. The tail is long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the bottom." X. Tho Devon Cow. We have stated that the bulls are smaller than the oxen. All steers when mature, may be fatted to greater weights than the bulls, whatever the breed. In the Devons, the increased size of the steers is especially noticeable. The I)»-von cows are also naturally smaller than the bulls, but I'spi'cially eU'gant in their comi)aet, rounded forms, constancy and licautv of color, and are noted for doeilitv f)f temper when kindly treated and for their acti\e, ardent teuipcranicnts. 'i'liey will i-cscnt abuse, for tliev liaxc the courage of the bloodi'd horst'. There is no more beautiful picture than a herd of Devon cows iu the pasture, for there is no animal nion* elegant in foi'in. Yet small as the cows seem, put tiicni on the scale, and the (lerson not iisetl to jiulge them will be sur[)risod at their weight. All Devons arc noted for their round, full, clear eyes, the golden circlet al)out the eyes, and the yellow skin of the inside of the ears, as \\ ell as for the orange or yellow-colored muzzle. The cow is particularly notice- able in these ch.aractcristics. Add to this their clieerful and intelliiit'nt MIUDLK-HOUXEO CATTI,K TIIK DICNON AM) 'IIIK Sl'SSKX. r);ti C'ountcniiiU'C ; tlic cleiiii jaws, tliroal and dewlap ; tlic majjnificciil, loin ; llu! round l)ari-cl ; the muscular liind <|uart('r, (juito fnu; from angles of any kind ; the long, tapering tail ; and for clcganee, tine tlesh and great working i)owers, th(( Dcvons have no supci'iors among eattle. XI. Mr. Allen's Testimony. Let us see what the venerable editor of llic .Sliorl-Ilorn Ilei'd-I'ook says of them as working oxen : They are, among eattle, wliai Ihc thoroughl'n'd is among horses. Ae- cording to their size, they eomliine inoi'e tineness of hone, moi'e muscular ;>!'Z TIIK AMKKICAN I'ARMP^Il S STOf'K HOOK. powei', more intcUigoiKHs iu'.livily, and " Ijottoni," tliiiii iiny other breed. Tlicv liiP'o the .slant iiiji^ slioiihlcr of tlic liorse, l)etler fitted to receive tlie yoke, and c^arry it easier to themselves than any othcu-s, (except the llenv fords. M'itii all workers of o.xen, the nearer the ])cast ai)proaehes in shai)e, a])|)eariinee, and aetion to the Devon, tiie more valnahie he is considered, according to weight. For ordinary fiirni lalioi-, either at the ]»1()W, the wagon, <>v the cart, he is ecjuai to all (-oniinon duties, and on the road his •speed and endurance arc unrivalled. It is in these qiKdities that the New Kngland oxen excel others of the country generally, and why the jx'oplc of tiiat section often c;ill their red o.xen " Devonshires," Avlien they cannot, to a e(!rtainty, trace any, or hut a .small j)ortion of that blood in them, only by a general appearance and somewhat like aetion. XII. They arc Active and Handy. For active, h;indy, laboi (>n the farm, oi' highway, underMhc carefid li;ui(l of one wiio likes ;ind properly tends him, the Devon is every- lliiiii;' that is rc(|iiired of an ox, in docility, intelligence, and readiness, for any reasonaliK^ task demanded of him. Their uinformity in style, shape, ami color, render them easily matched, and their activity in niovenuMit, l)articularly on I'ough and hilly grounds, gives tluMU, for farm labor, almost c(iual value to the horse, with easier keep, cheapi'r food, and less care. The j)resence of a well conditioned yoke of Devon cattle in the market place at once attests their value, and twenty-five to tifty dollars, and even higher prices over others of the common stock, are freely given by the purchaser. The Devon, in his lack of great size, is not so strong a draught ox as sonu^ of the other breed.s — the Ilerefords, for instance — or perhaps some of the largi'r of the common cattle ; but, " for his inches," no horned beast can outwoi'k him. ( )n light soils, and on hillyroads, none other equals him, although we intend to give all their due share of nu^rit. XIII. In The First Class for Beef We must place the Devon in the first class, for fineness of flesh and deli- cacy of flavor. Its compact bone gives it the one, and its rapid and thor- ough dcvehipmcnt imder good fectling gives it the other. In growth anil si/e it matures almost, eijual to Ww Short-Horn, and its meat is finei" grained, juicy, and nicely marblctl, (the lean and fat intermixed.) In the liondon markets, Devon beef bears the highest i)rice of any, except the Highland Scot — usually a penny a pound over that of larger breeds, and our American butchers quickly pick the Devons from a drove, when they can find them, before most others. They feed well, take on fli'sh lapidly, and in the quality of their flesh are all that can be desired. MIDDl.E-JlonNEn CATTLIC Till', OKVOX AND TIIIC SI'SSKX. •'>93 XIV. Weights of the Devons. \\'liilc (ii<- Dcvoiis arc called small cattle, tlicy ar(^ only iclatixcly so in (•oMiparisoii with iSliorl-IIonis and Ilorofords. A fuU-gi'own ox in i >ears old weighed 1,81!) pounds, and ho was as extraordinary in his fineness and style, as a pn-iniuni taker, as he was in weight ; not large to look at, but weighing like a linnp of lead. XV. Sussex Cattle. Sussex also has long been noted for a breed of middle-horned cattle — Jill red, but lighter in color than the Devons, larger and in every way coarser. Still they are better milkers than the Devons and fatten kindly. 'I'here arc a number of breeds allied to the Devons or descended from I hem in England. The Sussex is one of these breeds. XVI. The Sussex Color. The coloi- is a light cheslnnt or blood bay, nmcli lighter than the true North Devon, l)ut fully as uniform. The cut of a Sussex cow ^vill, with tiio description given below, serve to explain th<^ points of difference. They are mentioned here mainly, if not solely, f(u- the i-eason that tluy have been sold as Devons. If you buy Devons, or any other highly-bred stock, be sure there is no stain in the pedigree. It is a matter of the utmost importance to the breedei' of high-caste cattle. XVII. Distinguishing Marks of the Sussex. On this subject Youatt says : " 'I'he horns are more tapering, pushin" farther forward, and turning up more. 'JMie head is small and well formed, the eye full, hirgeand mild in the ox, but rather wild and un(jui(!t in the cow. TUv tiiroat is clean and tlu^ neck long and thin, but coarser than in tlie DcNon. The sliouldcr is wider and rounder on the withers ; slraighter from th(^ top of the withers towartls tlu; back, and can-jes much t!('sh, giving tof) nuich weight to un[)rotit:d)le parts. On the otlu-r liand, the ))arrcl is round and deep, the back straight, and tlie back-bon(! (Mitircly hidden l)y the nniscles on each side. The heart and lungs are full and large, and th(^ belly and flank capacious. The barrel is w(!ll-ril)l)ed home. The loins are wide, the iiip-bono low, free from raggedness, larire, and well spread, and the space between the hips Avell filled up. The tail, which is fine and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon, yet the rump is nearly as staight, for the deficiency is supplied by a mass of Hesh and fat swcllmg above. The hind quarters are cleaidy made, and if the thighs ai)i)ear txi b(> straight without, there is plenty of fullness within. ;->!t4 Till'; AMi;i;i('AN kak.mkk s stock r.ooK. XVIII. The Sussex Cow. •' Till! cows liiivc line liaii-, anifllow, riilhci-tliau thin skin ; a small toat ; Ikhms (ino, clean, and transparent, which reach forward from tin' head and liuii up at the tips; the neck is thin and clean; hack and belly straighl ; rilis round and springinii' out well ; siioiildcr Hat, l)ul projecting; at the point. Hips and rump wide ; the tail set on le\cl with the rump, and the car- cass lar IIICAD.— — V. Till', SKIN.— — VI. Til H ('<)l,()l{. Vll. TllK (iALl.OWAVH IN AMKItHIA. VIII. \'OlAA'.l> ANdlLS CATTl.H. 1.\. COI.OU OF TIIK I'OI.LEII AN(JUS. X. ANGU.S I.'OWS AS M 1 LKHltS. XI. TIIK ANHUS COMI'AKEU WITH TIIIC GALLOWAY. I. Polled Cattle in General. Of the viU'ioiis luccds of polled or lionilcss oaUlc-, liowcvi'i' f>()o(l in Eiighiiid, noiio li;ive piovcd viiJu.iMc in llii' Uiiilod Stiitcs and (^aiiiida, except tlio Gidlowiiys and tiu! I'olUid Aii^nis. Of Wwm' only IIh' (iallo- ways have hecn at all widely disseminated. Docility of temper excn amonu; old i)ulls ; the little space taU(^ii up in I Ik^ feediiii;- stalls, on ikcouiiI of their mild dis})ositioii and absence of horns ; their hardiness ; tlni ease with which they take on flesh, and the thickness and line (luallty of the beef are some of the principal eharaetcM'istics of cxeelhMice in polled cattle. II. The Galloways. Fortlie colder and hilly districts, when all callle must be prolected in wintei', and in all regions where the Slioii-IIorn proves too t(aider, tlii^ (Jalloway cattle are steadily naininn' in favor. They are essentially beef cattle, it beiiii^ unusual for the cows, <'\('n under L;ood keeping, to give more than twidve quarts of milk .a day, and the average is gi\('ii at six or eight (|uarts. But tlu; milk is rich, yiidding a pound of l)nller, accord- iugto Knglish authorities, to eight or ten ipiarts of milk, 'i'he «-o\\s, as !i rule, go dry foi' two or llirce moiillis in the year, e\'en under the best of mauag(uiient . It li.-is been said of them thai lliere is, perhaps, no breed of callle which can be more liMily said to be indigenous lotlie counti-y, and incapa- ble of impro\emenl by any f((reign cross, than the (ialloways. The Short-Ilonis almost e\(uywliere else ha\'e improved the callle of the ! 'I'lir. AMKiMc.w iAi!Mi:i;'s srocri hook. III. Points of tho Galloway. Mr. Ij. H. Allen i'<'ed so hirij;e and muscular ahove the kneo, while t heic is nore room for the din-p, hroad and ea[)aci()us ell(^st. II(Mseh'an, not line and slender, hut well proiiortioned in the iieek and chaps ; a thin and delicate neck would not c()rr(\sp<)nd with th<' hroail shoulders, deep chest , and close, compact form of thchreed. The neck of tlu^ialloway hull is thick, almost to a fault. 'I'lu^ head isr.ither hea\\' ; the eves are not prominent , and the cars are hu'iic, rouL;h,and fidl of loni;' hairs on the inside. V. Tho Skin. Tlu^ (Ialloway is covered with a loose, mellow skin of medium thickness, which is <'lothed with l()nf>\ soft, silky hair. The skin is thinner than thai of the Lei(H'stershire, liut not so Ihie as the hide of the improviMl Durham hroed, hut it handles soft and kiiully. Kven on the moorland farms, where the <:ittlc, durinjj; the greater })art of the year, are fed on the scantiest fare, it is remarkahle how litllo tliolr hides In- dicate the privations thc\' endure. VI. Tho Color. '{"he pri'vailini;; ami fashion.ihle coloi' is hlack — a few are of a dark hrindle hrow n, and still fewciare speckled with white spots, and some I'()l.l.i:i> CAlTLIi. ."»!l!» fiOO I'llK AMIOKICAN J AllMKlfs STOCK ItOOK. ■of them UH) of ji dun or cJral) color, peiliiips :u'(|uii\'d from a cross with the Suffolk breed of cuttle. Diirk colors ai'e uniformly jjreferrcd, from the belief that lliey indicate hardiness of constitution. VII. The Galloways in America. The (ialloways arc said lo have been first introduced into Canada about the year iS/iO. Since that time the}' have st(!adily increased b}- breedinjf jind suijsequent importations, and of late years a good many have been bred in tlu^ Northwestern States, where they are greatly liked for their many good ()4 Till': AMI'.l.'irW I'AKMKII S STOCK IliKlK. luMMi on tJi(< I'unii. Il v\:i- iinl, howcviT, iiiilil mIii.iiI I 7H(), tli!i(, 1-liis iiiipriivcd lirt'cd mi'jlil I"' ^:nil In !"■ tinlv ol iiiiiitrd, or vi'iiiu'mIIv rsliil)- lislicd in IIimI |imiI uC A yrsliiic. alllidii'jli tlirv' li:id hcjiiii lo rxlcnd lic- yolid llu' Irvine, illlo Kyle Aliuiil IT'.M). a.foi-dinL: In Mr. Ailon, Mr. I''ult(ni I'nnn T.lil li, farricd IIk'ih lir>l inio Carrii'U, and Mr. \\ IImhi, uC Kilpalrick, was llir lirsl who ((.(lis liirni lollic .s<.nlli.Tli |iarls .d' llial dislri-t. So laleas |SII|, tlicy Were inlroduci'd on llic olalc id' rt'iun(ni', on llic Sloncliar, and llicxai'c DAIRY CATILK THK A^ I.'SIII IMCS. (K)-, (lie cstablislicHl cattle of Ayrshire ; tliey are incrcassiiiff in the iiei'e ((uantit}'. 'rincc •ralions daily will he given for tiie next thi-ee months, and one <;allon and a half during the .sueeeedin<;' four months, 'i'his would amount to nH)re than XoO gallons ; but, allowing for some unproducitive cows, (iOO gallons per year may be e()nsi'iiii'(' I III' (lisirsi' of lallow riimllcs, :iii(l I lii,s iniiililnl llc^li IM iiiiii'li ,s(iii;ilil hy liiiti'licrh. VII. 'I'liii Ayi'HiiiriiH in Aiiioridii. Mr. .Mien, \vriliii;j; in iMd/ in i'<'l.'il ion Id llnir ini{idrl;il idii inld .\ni<'i°i('ii Hiiys; 'I'lir Ayrshire^ lirsl lirt'ini Id !»■ iin|idilr(l inlo I he I'nih'd Shilcs llliiilil llic \riir I.S.'ii. 'riic\' Well' ,sninc\vli;il (|i ITiTi'iil in .M 1 1| ic:i l;i lire I'liiin Ihi' hilliT ini|iiil'l III iiHi.s, liriii;j in rdjoi imn:ill\' ilrcji nil, di' lii'dun, ll(<('lv('(l willi while, (if nilhi'i' plain look, mikI having iikinIIn liiark mix's. In I'oci'nl iin|)(ii'liili(iiis, or lliosii wil liin llic l:is| (illri'ii M'lirs, many iif (licin liiiV(MiH,Miini('(l imirelhr Shdil llorn rdhns, I lu' ic'<| inllicin licini; (if II li;^ht('r shade, ami ie.'^.s id' il while jieiii'^ I he |ire\ .liiiie^ cdlur in iii:in\' and .(Hill' n( Ihein a li\el\ |iali'hei| ruan, willi \e||(iw' im^es, ami h.'iml some, and mure m\ niinel lieal Cdriii^, linl aliivc lieaiin;;^' I he iiiafks of eiiod iiiilkerH. VIII. A.vi'HliIre TonilH Ki^lit.v YiiiirH A^o. ,\cedrdinv In Mi'. ,\ildii, the .\\r>hire as il wa.s ('(Jiind in ils native edimlr\ and in its iiii|ii'iived Conn, in lln^ lie;;'! nil in;:;' iil' Ihe iireM'iil eeiil- iir\ had I hese I'lianielerislie,'^ : Head .siiiall, lull ral her hni'^' and narniw a I I he iiui/,/le ; Ihe e\e small, lull siiiarl ami lively : Ihe lidriis .small , dear, ei'ddked, ami I heir I'dols a I a I'unsidera.lih^ disl.'inei' I'ldm e.ieh dl her ; neck hiii'j and •lender, la|)eriiii,i Inward Ihe head, willi mi hidse .sjvin lielow ; slidiilders lliiii; rnre'i|narlers liehl ; hiiiil i|ii.'irl ers lai'm' ; li.'iek slraiiihl, liruad liehimi, IIh' jdinls ralher luose and d|ien ; eareas.s deep, and pelvis e.ipaeidiis, )ind wide ii\ry Ihe hips, with niiiml lleshv linllneks ; tail Inn", and small ; iei's i.mall and shdrt , with linn jdiiils ; iiddi'i' eiipai'iciiis, lii'nail iiml si|uare, Nlreleliin;^ rnrward, and m'ilher llesh\ , h.w hnii'.;, mir hmse ; llie milk-veins larife and prdiiiiiieiil ; teals shinl.all pdinlin;^ diitward, iind al eunsidel'illih^ dislanee ri'adth of body, and the weight requires also a depth of quarter and of Hanks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip above, and leng-th of loin here appeai-s related to length of pelvis. So much for the physical portion. The physical function of milk-producing demands a great and continuous flow of blood, for it must not be for- gotten that milk is l)lood, so to speak. This flow is dependent on the supply of food, and on the facilities of digestion. To gain this, a large body IS requn-ed in order to hold the suitable digestive organs. To gain tiie most of our blood after it has absorbed the chvle from the diuestivc DAIRY CATTLK TIIK AYKSHIRES. 609 organs, reason shows that it should tind its way freely and speedily throiiah the sj'stem on its labors of sii|)ply and removal, cleanse itself in the luntrs, and again pass on to its duties. All this points to a healthy heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacit}' ; for theyield of rnilU drains much nutriment from the system, and the constitution must needs have the vigor given by healthy and active heart and lungs. In this way the chest is correlated with the udder. The reproductive functions i'e([uire hook liones of good size, and a liroad pelvis is desirable, as uuderlying within are the genei-ative organs. Defects here are to be shunned. XII. The Points Summed Up. Tiie points of the Ayrshii-e cow, as given by the Ayrshire Agricultural Society, and the New York State Agricultural Society, have been summed up as follows : Xin. The Body. The whole fore-quarters thin in front, and gradually increasing in depth and widtli l>ackward, yet of sufficient l)readth and roundness to in- sure constitution ; 1)ack should be straight and the loins wide, the hips rather high and well spread ; pelvis roomy, long, broad and straight, hook bones wide apai't, quarters long, tolerably muscular, and full in their upper portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should have a degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full udder ; the flanks well let down, but not heavy ; ribs, behind, springing out very round and full, affording space for a large udder — the whole carcass thus acijuiring increased volume toward its ]iost('rior portion. XIV. The Skin. In connection with the body and the udder, the skin is of great value in assisting our judgment. Between the portion of the external covering used for leather, and the nmscle, there occurs a layer of cellular tissue, which contains a larger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout this mesh work. Tlu! skin varies from a thin, papery hide, covered with silky hair, to a thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, and ;i similar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness, on the other. The thin, papery hide indicates quick fattening and a delicate constitution ; thick, elastic hide, cushioned on fat, and which on the flank comes into the hand almost without grasping, indicates the height of vigor, accompanied by the fattening tendency, and the possessor of this hand- ling endures climatic cliangcs, low (jualily in his food, and neglect, with (JIO THE AJIEKICAN FAUMKIl S STOCK BOOK. rcmiu-kal)le luirdihood, and (|uickly rospoiids to full feed niid e inodenitcly full, lively yet jjlaeid lookinir. The eye is ;i luiri'or of the disposition, and inter[)rets the eharaeter of the cow . a fretful, irritable animal is seldom a quick fattencr, and usually disiiii- l^oints at the pail. It also gives expression to the features, and physiog- nomy aids our judgment. The ears should be of a good size, but thin, and their skin of rich yellow color. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-bred animals, and these may l)c considered, to a certain extent, indicative of general coarse- ness. The color of the skin, as shown inside the ear, is usually considered indicative of the richness of the milk in butter. The horns should be of medium size, of fine texture, with an outward and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightl}- inwards, ac- cording to the taste of the breeder. They should be set on rather widely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide, as there seems an intimate relation l)etweeu the composition of the horn, hair, and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an appear- ance oftentimes of correlation l)otween the two. XVII. The Neck, Body and Limbs. The neck should be of medium length throughout, and tapering to the throat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging skin. Yet too thin a neck is not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate animal. A thick-set neck, well covered, 3'et not overladen with muscle, accompanies hardiness and vigor of constitution. The junction of the neck with the body and over the shoiddei-s is called the crops ; on a horse it would be called the withers. A hollow behind this point is a never-failing sign of weakness. The crops should blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This shoulder and a well defined spine jjroduce the sharpness of shoulder so much admired. The back should l)e straight, with spine well defined, especially foi'ward. The tail long, firm in the l)one, and set on a level with the back, without depression or notch. A fine tail usually accom- panies fine bone, and the fine bone is not only decrease of offal over heavy limbs, but accompanies early maturity, and a. tendency to thrift. The limbs should be tine-boned, flat-boned, and with joints of moderate size. On the forward limbs the cow should stand low. Large joints and round bones are found very frequently on dull feeders, and on animals of little profit. XVIII. Importance of Good Teats. The teats should be of medium length, evenly set, and [iroject slightly outward when the l)ag is full, of even thickness throughout, and of fine texture. They should lie placed about one-thii'd of the length of 612 THE AMERICAN FAKMEK S STOCK BOOK. tho " vessel " apart in oiu- direction, and about one-half the other. When the udder is not distended, tliey should hang perpendicuhirl}'. Lai'go teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accompanied by coarseness of build in the cow. They are seldom found on Avell-bred animals, yet exceptionally they occur, and are much liked. A teat should be large enough to grasp, say from two to two and a half inches in length. A shorter one would be an objection ; with larger, I should fear coarseness. XIX. Color Style and Condition. In color the Ayi-shires vary greatly. Brown, red, and white appears to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well distributed, adds style and showiness to the animal. Yellow and white is fre(]uently seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating lack of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs or argument having been brought forward to support this view. Color is as yet a matter of taste, for its correlations arc hardly guessed at ; and from almost pure black, through the reds to almostpure M'hite, are colors found on the best cows. Black spots on the skin, l)arely percei)tiblc through the hair, often occur on the best cattle. Strawberry blotched and red and white arc perhai)s the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a roan, or aninud with white on the ears, the writer has never yet seen among the Ayr- shires iu Scotland or in this country, when the pedigree was unques- tionable. The carriage should be light and active, the head well up, and the hind legs should not cross in Avalking. The condition should be neither fat nor lean, but that average which a good cow holds when in good flesh at calving, liberally fed while in milk. In selecting Ayrshircs, if these points are attended to, and if the breeder has carefully studied what Ave have i)reviously written in relation to raising cattle in general, there will be no difhculty about the selection of superior animals. CHAPTER XI. DAIRY CATTLE— THE DUTCH BREEDS. I. ANTIQUITY OF DUTCH CATTLE AS A DISTINCT EACE. II. FRIESIAN ANDBATAVIAN CATTLE. III. DUT(UI CATTLE OLDER THAN THOSE OF HOLSTEIN. IV. ESTAB- LISHMENT OF KEGULAlt CATTLE MARKETS. V. IMPORTATION OF DANISH CATTLE INTO FRIESLAND. VI. FACTS ABOUT DUTCH CATTLE. VII. VARIETIES L)ES- CIIIKED. VIII. RACES OF DUTCH CATTLE. IX. DR. 3EORGE MAY'S TESTI- MONY. X. BREEDS OF NORTH AND SOUTH HOLLAND AND WEST FRIESLAND. XI. THEIR COLOR AND FORM.— —.KII. YIELDS OF MILK. XIII. FEEDING ijlIAL- ITIES. XIV. DUTCH CATTLE AN ARTIFICIAL BREED. XV. THE EARLIEST nirORTATIONS. .XVI. THE LEROY IMPORTATION. .WII. THE CHENERY IM- I'ORTATION. .XVIII. WHAT PROF. ROBERTS SAYS. .XIX. .MEASUREMENTS ADOPTED FOR DUTCH FRIESIAN C.\TTLE. .\X. HOW TO SELECT DAIRY COWS. 1. Antiquity of the Dutch Cattle as a Distinct Race. The ciittlo now culled Diitcii undoubtedly trace, in an unbroken line, further back than any other race in repute among breeders. The Fries- ians and Batavians long ago inhabited Holland. The hi.story of the Fricsians dates back to 300 years before Christ, and they were known more than 2,000 years ago as herdsmen, hunters and fishermen. The Ba- tavians arc said to have come some 200 years later, or 100 years before Christ. Prof. G. J. Hengcrvc^id, of the Royal Veterinary Institute at Utrecht, Netherlands, in an exhaustive letter to the United States Consul in 1872, goes over the whole history, and without other preface we ex- tract such jiortions as seem pertinent to the nuitter in hand : The lands of the Friesians comprised the whole (■ol[ntr^• lotlic north of the Rhine as far as the shore of the North Sea, to which West and East Friesland belonged, conqjosing the present Dutch provinces of Gronin- gen, Friesland, Dreiitho, and North Holland, besides the provinces of Utrecht, Overyssell, and a pait of (Julderland and South Holland. Of all these provinces Groningeu alone ai)pertained to East Friesland. II. Priesian and Batavian Cattle. Tacitus says of the Friesians and Batavians that they owned cattle, not excelling in beauty, but in number. He further states, as does also Julius Caesar, that the Friesians and Batavians paid each other in cows, sheep and goats, and gave likewise to their children as dowry, oxen adapted to the yoke and plough, cattle and horses. When they were subdued by the Romans in the lirst century of our era, the conquerors imposed upon the Friesians an annual tribute, consisting of cow-hides and meat. The Friesians and Batavians a[)plied themselves to the draining 111.-, (114 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. of their marshy hinds and tlicir i.shmds, and created meadows on the re- ehiimed soil. Something is even known regarding the color of their cat- tle, namely, that they held those of a white color in religicms veneration. The Friesiaiis, from Oldenburg and the country near the mouth of the Elbe, were compelled, through tlic inclcinciicy of those regions — tiien in their original conditiou of low alluvial swamps, inundated at every tide — to desert them. It can also be shown that the inhabitants of this terri- tory were unal)le to make sure i)rovision for their own wants, because of the robberies and piracies committed by the Xorinans, by dwellers on the w'est coast of Denmark, jjeople from Holstein and Schleswig, Jutes and Angles. This was between the eighth and eleventh centuries. Giving due weight to these statements, it cannot bo doubted that the cultivation of cattle in the Netherlands existed a long time before such a thing could be thought of in Holstein. It is also cjuitc as cei'tain that the col- onies from Friesland, Holland and AVestphalia, carried with them their cattle to Holstein. III. Dutch Cattle Older than those of Holstein. Hence we see that, tirst, the Dutch race of cattle date from an older descent than those of Holstein ; while, probably, second, the Holstein cattle orginated from the Friesian breed and from tliat of the Dutch and "Westphalia emigrants. After tiiis colonization, we ]ia\e our attention directed to another i-emarkable j)ai-ticular in the history f)f Dutch cattle. rv". Establishment of Regular Markets. From the fourteenth on till the eighteenth century, a large number of Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the grassy meadows of North Holland, and sold at the weekly North Holland caltle market. The oldest of these cattle markets is that of the city of Hoorn. This market was already established in Kill, and in l?>'d9 the Danes and the inhabitants of the Eyder, weie allowed by Albrecht, duke of Bavaria, to hold a weekly market there. In 1()0.5, the Danish cattle market was re- moved from Hoorn and transferred to Enkhuyzen, when, in ]ti24, the number of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was also in Amsterdam a lean- cattle mai-ket, beginning in the Spring, in the month of April, but held at irregular periods, depending upon wind and weather. wIhmi cattle were allowed to be conveyed thither from Denmark and Holstein to graze. These Avere mostly brought by vessel. v. Importation of Danish Cattle into Friesland. In the middle of the eighteenth century, it is mentioned that, owing to the cattle-i)lague, the jjcople were comi)elled to import from abi-oad all kinds of small cattle, chieliv Danisli. Hut, what was remarkalile, however DAIRY' CATTLE THK UUTCII BREEDS. (J15 smiill and ill-favored these animals might be when compared with the handsome Fiiesian horned cattle, an improvement of food induced a favorable development of body, and, from the mixtm-eof the two breeds, good and choice milch-kine were attained ^rithin two or three generations after the introduction of the foreign blood, no matter how much the race had in the beginning detericn'ated through the process, and, eventually, the type of Danish and German cattle was cjuite lost. VI. Facts about Dutch Cattle. The chief characteristics of this Friesian breed — its eminent milk- giving and fattening qualities — we find in all the districts mentioned, and extending .still farther southward ; ^^^th this difference, however, that wherever the land is more fertile, the climate milder, and the tend- ing, feeding and Ijreeding of the cattle obsei'ved with more care, in that measure, they are more developed, attain larger size, and are of a tiner texture. If the intention be to convey a correct understanding of the true qualities of the several varieties or breeds mentioned in their own dwelling places, it is better that each ))reed should retain the name hy which it is known, and that no collective name, though a historical one, should be given them. VII. Varieties Described. In order to be able to readily classify a group of cattle of great extent, possessing the same chief qualities in form and productiveness, Stui-m proposed, so long as fifty years ago, to give to a group, subject to the same conditions of soil and climate, a name indicating those con- ditions, and thus originated Mountain Cattle, Highland Cattle and Low- land Cattle. He also heads each of these divisions 1)y the breed best repre- sentmg the distinctive feature of its class, as its type. It is under the denomination of Lowland Cattle that he places the different breeds of the coast lands along the North Sea. Schmalz, Pabst and many subse- quent writers, adopt this classification, some with a few modifications. According to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Stm-m's classification, may be distinguished in the following manner : Vni. Races of Dutch Cattle. A. Lowland Race. — Primitive cow ; Dutch-Friesian cow. B. jNIountain Race. — Degenerate, quite the contrary of A ; Swiss cow. C. Middle Race. — Highland race j forms the transition from A to B ; Frankish cow. To the race A belong the Dutch, as repi-esentativcs, the Friesian, the Oldenburg, and chiefly all Lowland races bearing the peculiar ciiuracter- istics which identify' it with the place of its sojourn. (516 THE AMERICAN' FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. This is ii purely iKitiirnl division, and tliero is not the least arrogance in assertinii', what history points out, that the Dutch cattle constitute the type of the oldest, purest, and best breed. All other varieties arc of less intrinsic value ; they are coarser or smaller, possess less productive (juali- ties, though of local excellence in their native places. One hears in Europe of " Lowland cattle," but purchases of them for the purpose of improving other breeds have, for the last hundred years, only been made in the chief Netherland provinces, where the choicest cattle of the Lowlands are found. Thus, thousands of Dutch and Friesian cattle are annually sent abroad under the name of Dutch cattle. IX Dr. George May's Testimony. Dr. George May, director of the agricultural establishment at Weihcn- stephan, says : The Dutch cattle constitute the type of the properly so- called Lowland race, which extends throughout Netherlands, Flanders, Normandy, Oldenburg, and Denmark. The Oldenburg cattle descended from the Dutch race, and are likewise distinguished as East Friesian cattle, as still partially found in Hanoverian Fricsland. In the adja- cent parts of Bremen it is called Bremen cattle. In the transactions of the Ohio Board of Agriculture, 1S72, in an article on Dutch cattle, by Professor Furstenburg, we tind the following : The breeds of cattle in Holland maybe divided according to their locality as follows : 1. The breeds in the provinces North and South Holland and West Friesland. 2. The breeds in the provinces Groningen,Guclderland, Utrecht, and Overyssel. 3. The breeds in the provinces of Sceland. Although these breeds are closely related, still they show differences resulting from keeping and the various purposes for which they are bred. X. Breeds of North and South Holland and West Friesland. The breed most renowned in the kingdom for its milk-[)r()ducing quali- ties is found in these three provinces. But North Holland in particular is noted for the manner of keeping cattle, which ai"e known by the name of Amsterdam race, being no less remarkable on account of sizi! than for the great production of milk. The pastures of North Holland arc said to contain 100,000 morgen (5iS-100 morgen to an acre) ; every acre furnishes nourishment for 49-100 head of cattle. The peasants are engaged almost solely in cattle breeding, and the keeping and care which these animals receive here has almost become [jrovci'bial on account of its perfection XI. Their Color and Form. The cattle here are mostly spotted black and white ; however, ))rown and blue or gray mixed are found. The hciought for the best dairies in Germany. Holland cattle are well adapted to soiRng, although at home they are accustomed to pasturage. They are kept profitably on the latter only when its abundance facilitates grazing and makes corporal exertion unnec- essary. Therefore a great error would be made in placing these aninnds on a scant pasturage, and they are not at all adapted to the pasturage of a light soil. The result of stall-feeding is more favorable, because proper care and fodder can be given to the stock without its exertion. We have received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed, as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academy at Eldena has shown. (lis rilE AMKIMCAN lAKMKi; S STOCK ISOOK. XIII. Yields of Milk. Tlio yield of milk in istj.") of thcso races was : 1. Four Toudern cows gave 9,387 quarts, or an average of 2,334 quarts, or G 3-10 (juarts per day for the year. The largest uiilker gave 2,345 (luarts, th(! smallest, 2,020 (juarts. 2. Three Breitcnburg cows gave S,.')!)4 (juarts, or an average of 2,8()4 2-3 (|uarts, or 7 «5-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave 2,'.i4(i ([uarts, the smallest, 2,IS20 quarts. ;!. Three Ayrshire cows gave r),3!S() quarts, or an nveiage of l,7!tr) 1-3 (|uarts, or 4 ;)2-I00 (juarts per day for the year. The largest milker gave 2,24!t (juarts, the smallest 1,415 quarts. 4. Twenty-two Holland cows gave 7S.10()(iuarts, or an average of 3,550 quarts, or !) 7;i-100 (juarts per day for tlie year. Tiie largest niilkergave (),142 (juarts, the smallest 2,52() (juarts. The average feed per head in the Winter was daily — 10 j)ounds Sum- mer stiaw, cut fine ; 2 1-2 pounds oat and wheat chaff ; 25 j)Ounds beets , 10 jxiunds hay ; S j)onnd refuse malt from beer brewery; 3 pounds rye bran. This food is considered about equal to 42 9-10 pounds hay. Din-ing the Summer the cows were fed daily per head 135 jjounds green fodder, viz., clover and vetches (of the latter very little was used^, and three times a day (S jxiunds of hay. XIII. Feeding Qualities. Although there is no doubt that the Holland cows eat more, generally, than the smaller Ayrshire and Toudern, this is of minor importance in coinj)arison with the greater amount of milk given by the former. The ureatcr amount of feed consumed by the Holland cows can be estimated, viz: Nine of them stood at one crib, while ten of the smaller stood at .•inollicr of e(iual size ; the fodder was, however, divided the same in each. 'J'he proportion is as nine to ten, or when the smaller cows eat 45 jjounds of hay, the larger ones eat 50 jxjunds. From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cows used a trifle over 5 jHJunds weight of hay to jjroduce one quart of milk ; Breitcnburg used t; 25-100 pounds of hay ; Toudern 7 pounds of hay ; Ayrshire i) jjounds of hay. By these results it cannot remain doubtful which race is j)referable. XIV. Dutch Cattle an Artificial Breed. It seems mifortunate that there should have been nuich feeling over the name of a breed of cattle, really the most wonderful as milkers of anv known race. In the Eastern United States they are known as Dutch, Holstein, and Dutch-Friesian cattle. In the West they are almost nni- versallv known as Holstein cattle. The junliability is tiiat the name daii:y cattle — the ditch 1!i;eeds. 619 Friesian is niorr iioarl\' correct tliaii any otlicr. Xcxcrtliclcss, tlic modern Dutch cow is as piifcl\' an artilicially-hrcd aiiiiuai as the Short-Horn, the Hereford or tiie Ayrshire. Tiiey iia\e been hred and selected with scientitic care so h)ng that their character is constant and uniform in capahilities for milk, and they arc bred to eohn- almost i)urely at the whim of the breeder, one thing alone being constant. Where they are white they are pure white, and where blaek they are pure black, whether they be l)anded in color or spotted. XV. The Earliest Importations. It is more than probable that Dutch cattle; were among the tirst im- ported to this continent, since the Dutch in their settlement of New York undoubtedly brought with them the best representatives of their breeds. It is recorded that in 1(525 cattle were brought into the Dutch colony. These were undouljtedly the true Dutch cattle, since milk and labor were the two prime requisites wilii the colonists, and even so long ago as tliat date, the Dutch cattle united these points in a high degree. For as long- ago as the early part of the seventeenth century (early in KiOO) both Holland and Enghuid were noted for breeds of superior and deep-milking cattle. After these early inii)ortations of the Dutch and uj) to the early part of the present century there were probably no more Dutch cattle imported. XVI. The Le Roy Importation. It is stated that somewhere Ijetween 1.S2U and 1.S2.'), ^Ir. Ili-rman Le Roy, a i)ul)lic si)irited merchant of New York 1. This was a Imll and four cows, wliicli were successfully bred and ke[)t pure. Mr. Chcncrv, pievious to that time, in 1852, imported 620 TI!K AMI'.IIICAN' FAUMEK S STOCK UOOK. a siiiiilc oow. Ill 1ad milker, giving from 56 to 64 pounds of lliey will certainly satisfy the most dilBeult to please. If both butter and milk are wanted, our preference would lie with the Ayrshircs. But if great quantities of milk excellently adapted to the manufacture of cheese were the object, we should have no hesitation in saj-ing, the Dutch cattle will (piite till the most sanguine expectations. CHAPTER XII. THE RAISING AND ECONOlVnCAL FEEDING OF CATTLE. I. IMI'OUTAXCE OF PROPER CARE MMIILE YOUNG. II. KIFFERENCE BETWF.EN GOOO AND B.4.D CARE. III. THE STARVED CALVES AT GRASS. IV. THE OTHER SIDE. V. GOOD M'INTEK KEEPING FOR CALVES. VI. WHEN AND HOW rO CASTRATE. VII. YOUNG BEEF. VHI. HEAVY STEER.S. IX. FULL FEEDING AND EARLY MATURITY. X. ECONOMY IN FEEDING. .\I. THE TRUE . POLICY WITH YOlTsi; STOCK. XII. FEEDING THE YOUNG CALVES.. XIII. FEED GRASS AND O.^TS EARLY. .XIV. WHERE THE PROFIT COMES IN. XV. FEEDING FOR BEEF AND FOR LABOR. .XVI. REACHING RESULTS. XVII. WHEN AND HOW TO FEED. XVIII. OUT-DOOR FEEDING WHERE CORN IS CI1E.\1'. XIX. A GOOD CONDIMENT. XX. SO-CALLED PERFECT FOODS. I. Importance of Froper Care while Youcg. There is no more important factor in the inanagemeiit of cattle than proper care while j'ounir. Tliose who imairine that the)' arc doiiii; the correct thing if they can manage to keep life in a calf until it i.s three months old, and then have it get fat on grass before winter come.s, al- way.s huve a set of "scrawn.s," with tlieir digestive organs destroyc d by improper food, and which never make either healthy steers or cows. Thiy are always runts — contemptuon.sly called "scalawags," by the 1)utcliers in our markets — and sell for one and a half to two cents a pound, when good cattle are worth from four and a half to six cents. n. Difference between Good and Bad Care. A single illustration will suffice. One man will give calves neM' milk until they are six weeks old, and then gradually reduce the quantity, substituting oat-meal porridge or fine corn-meal mush, witli a. very little linseed added, or mixing ecjual parts of oat-meal and corn-meal in the milk, iinlil the calf is four months old. Then it will do well on soft grass and oats. The other man takes the calf from the cow at one day old, and feeds it skim-milk until the age of three weeks, when half-cooked, coarse meal — husks and all — is mixed with the milk ; and finally at six weeks or two months old, the calf is turned out to grass, recei^'ing, perhaps, an occasional ration of sour whey. It is poor, does not gi-ow, takes ''the scours," which is onh' another name for indigestion, and if the animal gets through the first winter with what such a man calls special nursing, and occasional greasings Avith "anguintuni, "' to kill lice, lie finds himself the possessor of a scrubby j'earling, ready ( ?) for grass, that will weigh, .skin and bones, from seventy to ninety pounds. t!23 (>24 rilK AMKKICAN lAU.MKK S STOCK HOOK. III. The starved Calves at Grass. Ho expects his calves to gel on their feed the next summer. Calves are endoweii with great vitality, and if their stomachs recover something of tone, they will have shed their old hair, (what has not been eaten out by vermin) by the tirst of July, and by fall, if it be a good year for grass, thcv will be in half-decent store condition, and perhaps weigh l.")Oto 170 pounds cacii. That is, they will have gained from sixty to eighty pounds of llcsh, each, to cover their ])ones. They are at the end of eighteen months, jusl where a good calf should have been at weaning time the fall IIADLY WINTERED. WELL WINTERED. before, but witli constitutions i-uined so far as prolilaJiie feeding is concerned. Thus, this Uind of feeding goes on ; starved in winter and allowed to shift for themselves in smnmer, at the age of three years they will aver- age 800 pounds, gross weight, if no epidemic seizes them. rv. The Other Side. The common-sense feeder keeps his calves growing right along, with plenty of new milk until their stomachs are capalile of digesting solid food, when meal mush is added, and the cream taken from the milk. As soon as they will eat oats and grass, they are given as much of these as they want ; and in the autunni, wheti ready for wintering, it would not be strange if they should average 200 pounds each. V. Good Winter Keeping for Calves. They are given warm sheltei- and the best and softest hay, with a gen- erous allowance of meal daily. So tiiey grow right along, and may \h' made to gain a hundred pounds during tiie wint(>r. The next summer they arc kept on Hush pasture, or, if grass is bad, they get some corn, with i)lenty of pure water, and a place is provided where they may es- cape flies. Thus at three years old the steers are heavy beeves, and the heifers will have produced a fine calf, each, and be ready to do justice to tiicm in tiie wav of nourislimen) . THE KAISING AND ECONOMICAL FEEUINU OF CATTLE. (J25 VI. Wlien and How to Castrate. Many persons put off gelding their calves until they are six months old, and often until they arc a year old. Tiiis will do if " stags " arc wanted ; but stags, however fat, sell for one or two cents a pound less in the mar- ket than steers. The proper time to geld hull calves is not later than the age of four weeks. When the calves are about three weeks old, drive them into a close pen. Secure a calf so it may stand at ease, but not struggle severely ; or, it may be thrown on the left side for the operation. Seieo the scrotum with the left hand, and press the testicles rather firmly to the bottom ; with a keen blade, rounded at the point, cut at a single stroke down through the scrotum and into the testicles, first one and then the other. Separate the mcml)rane cai'cfully, l)ut (juicklv, when it unites, and draw out the testicles until about six inches of the cords are visible. Cut the cords, first one and then the other, with a pair of dull shears (this prevents much lilceding), and let them i)ass l^ack. If severe bleeding ensues, inject a little muriate of iron into the cavity, and wet a soft rag with the same and pass it gently into the cavity. Some use salt and lard, l)ut this is painful. So proceed until all are castrated, and then turn them into a place where strange cattle or Hies will not molest them. It is as little dangerous, this mode of castration, almost, as cutting one's finger. The parts should heal in a week. Castration often comes awkward to the beginner, but it soon becomes easy, if fearlessly and care- fully practiced. vn. Young Beef. In England it has been the practice for ;-ears to force fattening animals from birth, so that they are heavy weights at eighteen months old, and fully ripe at three years old. Some results of this policy are recorded in the Royal Ars to liavi' Ixcii liT) per cent, of I he whole weiirlil — a not very larire iillowiiiice for siu-h eattlo. in tlie Cliieiif^o Fat Stock Show, tlio same year, the l)ost steer, 2H months old, weighed l,(i;5() Ihs. The best st(^er, one year old and under two \ ,'.VM li)s., showing that our best feeders not only show fully as early maturity us English feeders, but likewise as wonderfully good weights. VIII. Heavy Stoors. Until the inauguration of the annual Fat Slock Show in Chicago, under theaus|)ie(!sof the Illinois IJoard of Agriculture, at which cattle were shown for the best feedeis and breeders in the West and South, l)ut few reliable data as to the gaiii;one cow, l,r)2.') ; one cow, l,(il(l. ,lohn U. Sherman, one steer 3 years old, 2,()llt. .J.N. Brown's Sons, one steer 2 years old, l,ll(i;one steer 2 years old, 1,449 ; one steer 2 years old, l,(i3() ; one steer 2 years old, l,.'>li"i ; one steer 2 years old, 1,24(1; one steer 1 year old, l,33H;one steer 1 year old, 1,249 ; one stcor 1 year old, 1,1!I3. Dexter Curtis, one eow, 1,)S33 ; one cow, 2,012 ; one cow, 1,931). This record is specially valuables as showing the great \veight attained by one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as the great ultimate ■weights attained by mature oxen, viz. ; Best one-year-old, \yeight 1,.338 pounds; l)est two-year-old, \veight I.TMC. pounds ; best three-year-old, 2,139 pounds; and the heaviest 3, 190 pounds. THE UAISINU AND ICCONOMU'AL F lO K i; I N < ! OF CATTI.IO. I\27 In the foregoing wc find a wtcor one yc':ir old iind under two, weighing 1,1!);:5 pounds — us much iis could he expected from a fairly-fattened four year old fed as the average farmer feeds. Does any one suppose the feeder siKMit as much on that yiiurling as the farmer ordinarily does on his four year olds? IX. Pull Fooding and Early Mattirity, By studying the forcgomg it will be seen that the best guiii was in liu^ sleer one year old and under two, the next hest is a steer two years old and under three, and the third best gain is anotiier steer two years old and tuider thi'c^e. The four-year old steer made the least average gain, aiMJ the older the steer the less was the daily gain. Kvery observing farmer knows that a was forty cents a bushel or less, nngi-ound corn has been found the best : while for hoi'ses, sheep .and swine, our experience has been that it does not pay lo lii'ind when the price is below sixtv cents, for these animals masticate or ()28 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. grind their food pretty thoroughly. For fattening cattle we prefer, first, shocked corn, next snapped corn — that is, corn snapped from the stalk Avith the husk remaining — and next, husked corn in the ear, the waste to 1)C gathered by store hogs. We have found that, with good shelter, five pounds of corn and ten pounds of good sweet hay per day was a good fattening ration to each 1000 jiounds Mcight of steers fed. \\'hcn feeding shock corn, give all the animals will eat clean as to tiie cars. They will take what blades arc needed, and stock steers may fol- low to glean, M'ith stock hogs after, to pick up what grain is wasted or left in the droppings. Sheltered from winds and storms the stock may thus be economically fed to heavy weights. For 3"oung and growing cattle there is nothing better than equal weights of corn and oats, or corn and barley ground together, whichever may be cheapest, with plenty of good hay or corn fodder that has licen shocke> 1 before frost. In the South cotton-seed meal, and mill stuff may take the place of corn and oats, or corn and barley, while pea vines, or other good fodder natural to the climate, may be used instead of hay. The economy of feeding, may thus be summed up : First, good shelter ; second, plenty of food to keep the animals constantly impro\ing, and third, feed whatever substantial and nutritious food may be cheapest. XI. The True Policy with Young Stock. We may be allowed to repeat nearly verbatim what we have before written upon the subject of raising young cattle. The breeder and feeder must exercise sound and careful judgment. It will not i)ay to starve even the commonest stock. A calf, to use a common expression, "knocked in the head with a pail of skimmed milk," will never make a first class steer or cow. Neither is it nec- essary that they suck the cow. In fact, in the case of the dairy cows or heifers intended for the dairy, they should not suck, for it surely tends to diminish the flow of milk, except the calf is turned with the cow at stated intervals, and the cow milked clean at the same time. In the case of heifers, they should be milked as soon as the calf has drawn the first milk, both as a means of training and to develop the flow of milk as nmch as possible ; besides this, a calf taken at two or three days old is easily taught to suck the finger or an artificial teat attached to a reser- voir. XII. Feeding the Yoimg Calves. For the first two or three weeks they shinild have nothing but new milk. It should be as warm as it comes from the cow, and the calf should be fed four times a dav. Then thcv mav have milk twelve iiours TIIK ItAISINO AND ECONOMICAL FEKDIXG OF CATTLE. i)2d old, from which the CTcaiu h;i.s l)cen taken, iidduig four ounces of finely ground meiil made into thoroughly cooked mush, to each meal, for strong, hearty calves. Thus tiicy nuiy be fed for two weeks more, clianging to oat-meal or wheat Hour if the calf is inclined to scour. Some feeders add a teaspoonful of linseed meal once a day ; it is not a bad plan. When the calf is four weeks old it need be fed l)ut twice a day, giving milk warmed to about ninety or ninety-five degrees, which last is the natural animal heat. From this time on, more and more musli, or its equivalent, may be added as the calf increases in size and strength, until it begins to eat grass and threshed oats, which it should be encouraged to do. Xm. Feed Grass and Oats Early. At ten weeks old the calf should eat freely, and at three months old it may be gradually weaned from milk and taught to subsist on grass and oats. During all this time the calf should be sheltered from the hot sun and rain, by providing a shelter to which it may retire, well ventilated, dry and clean, and sufficiently dark to keep out green-iiead and other bit- ing flies. In the autumn its rations of grain should be increased, and as grass fails the finest meadow hay should be substituted — whatever it will cat clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it is a month old, and when w(?aned see that it never lacks for water. XrV. Where the Profit Comes In. If during the winter you have ko|5t the calves in the warmest quarters possible, and fed liberally with grain and hay, in the spring you will have received the best profit that you will ever reap from the animal at any subse- quent age ; but upon comparing debit and credit with your neighbor who has fed skim-milk alone in summer and poor hay in winter, you will find that the loss on his calves has gone in the shape of profit in yours. From this time on feed liberally of grain in the winter, and give a little all summer when they will eat it. Let them be so warm in wnnter that they never become chilled. So continue until the aninuil is within six months of being ripe for the butcher. Then feed the best you can, and you will find that you will get two to three cents a pound, gross weight, more than your neighbor who has only half fed and has turned off his cattle totally unfit f(U' the butcher. The same rule will hf)ld good for those calves intended for cows. To make a good cow, she must-be fed well to bring early dcvclo|)ment and maturity. She may thus be brought forward strong and lusty, and in better condition at two years past to bring you a perfect calf, than those of .your neighbor at twice that age, whose policy has been to grudge them feed and allow them to shift for themselves. Gi50 Till': AMKIMCAN FAKMKlt's STOCK lUtOK. XV. Feeding for Beef and for Labor. The following, oi-ijiinally written for the Amctioan Kncyclopwdiii of Agriculture, contains in tlu^ extracts given the gist of our eonclu.sions on the suhject of feeding : The time is long since passet.! when it is considered true economy to allow young stock to shift for themselves without the intelligent care of the master and proper feeding. Th(> most successful feeders of to-dav feed all stock liberally, and such as ar(> destined for human food, are fed fully from birth, and until ready for the butcher's l)lock. But the system of forcing is carefully avoided with all stock intended for either labor or breeding. The object here is to develop strong constitutions and ample bone and muscle, that a long and useful life may result. Hence a different class of foods arc used from those intended for mere fat- tening. In this, again, the question of the proper foods to be used be- comi's important. XVI. Reaching Results. The food must be perfect food : that is, adapted to the special require- ments of the animal. Young animals ; those i-e(juired for labor ; those to be used for fast driving, and those ready for feeding ri[)e (fully fat ) each require different food, and, indeed, different care. In the fattening of animals, the sooner they can lie brought up to a fully fat weight, the greater will be the profit; a weight of , say 1,5U0 pounds for cattle, 300 pounds for the large breeds of swine, 200 pounds for the small breeds, and from 100 to l.')0 pounds forsheej), according to the l)rccd. To do this they nmst l)e pressed forward from birth, by means of the food best adapted to the animal, and marketed before they become fully grown. In summer a pasture containing a variety of good grasses will furnish this perfect food. If anything is needed more, it may measurably be found, for fattening, in Indian corn, or meal as a supple- mentary food, to be given at night. For young animals, working and fast driving stock, oats are proper. The two first, however, may have any kind of mill stuff, with profit, if eheaiter than oats. In the winter all stock, in addition to good, sweet hay, should receive daily such grain as will best answer the end, excei)t that corn meal, or corn, may constitute a part of the daily ration for all classes of stock, since more fat is required for the animal waste than in sunmier. For dairy stock the young animals should be fed identically as for working stock, but not forced, since sufficient frame-work for continued usefulness nuist l)e provided. ]\Iilking stock may receive largely of corn meal, in winter, and ground rye, oats, barley, or mill feed, accord' ing to relative prices. THK RAISING AXD ECONOMICAL FEEDINCf OF CATTLE. o31 Another iini)()it:iiit niiitter is tho necessity "f c^hanging tlieir diet. An- imals will live on one i)artieuhir food. They will even thrive for a time ; but the best results, eeonomically considered, have always been gained by varying the food, according to the appetite of the animal. The change from green to dry, and dry to green food, however, should not be made too suddenly. XVII. When and How to Feed. Hay, in the West, is oneof the most expensive of the stock foods raised in all that great region known as the corn belt. In the more central portions of the corn zone, a ton of corn and fodder can be produced for less money than a ton of the best meadow hay. Hence, feeders use as largely of corn as jiossible, and when finishing off cattle fat, it is given almost exclusively, or with onl}' enough rough fodder to properly divide it. Regularity in the amount of the ration fed is of particular imjjortance. All animals should be fed at exactly regular hours, and just what they will eat clean. If any is left, it should be removed and given to other hungrier animals. As to the time of feeding, three times a day is sufficient for all except horses and swine. In fattening swine the best results arc obtained by sriving them what they will eat clean four times a day. There will always l»e some animals that will be delicate and indifferent feeders. These should always be separated fi'om the hearty ones and given special care and food. Get rid of them at the first possible opportunity ; certainly as soon as they are in passably sala])l3 condition. There is no money either in tr\'ing to raise or fatten such. When cattle are kept in a stable there should be a room, frost proof, where the morning's food may be prepared over night, if mixed food or wet food is given. If meal or other grain food is given without mixing with hay or straw — and in our opinion this is l)etter for cattle — it should be iriven only moist enough so it will not be dry. A little experience will soon enable the feeder to so prepare the meal for the whole stock over night, that it will 1)e in proper condition in the morning. If it be mixed with cut food, use clear I)right oat straw if possi})le, and not cut shorter than two inches. XVm. Out-Door Feeding where Corn is Cheap. In the milder latitudes of the ^^'est it has been found economical to feed in the open air where the shelter of timber or artificial plantings may be had. Careful experiments made some years since at the Illinois Indus- trial University, as between feeding in stables with ground and unground corn, showed a decided profit in the latter wa}^ of feeding. This we have also found to be the case. Under this system of feeding, whether the stock are fed snapped corn, or fed with luisked corn, very little is lost. 6i}2 rilK AMIOIIICAN TAUMKli's STOCK HOOK. Till' riitllc , ■ire fed plcnlifiillv. \\'li:i( tlicv Iciixc ;iii(l tliiit wliicli passes. uiKlij;tist('(l is picked up liy swine, I wo 1i();l;s Ix'iiin' usually allowed loeaeli Biecr lo 1)0 fatleiu'd, iiiid ul tiic end (if (ll<^ day the liogs iiro f^iven soinc^ (•(M II additional, if i' made fat on iilioiit lifty husiicls of eoni in ahoiil tlii'ec! to four nioiitiis' fe(>diiiff, and the slioats reijuire luil little additional food to liriuj:' them up to heavy wei^dits. The best ])hiii w(> have ever tried for out-door fattening is to feed corn cessary, tin; following will he found to he a good condi- ment for sjieeial fe(Hiiiig, to lie given one pound with each ''eed of meal : Twenty-live pounds ground linseed oil eaUe, ten pounds groiuid llaxseed, forty pounds eorii-nu^al, twenty-four ounces ground turmeric root, two ounces gingi>r, two ounces caraway seed, eight ounces gentian, two ounces (•ream of tartar, one pound sulphur, one pound common salt and ten oun- ces c(M-iaildcr seed. Mix the whole together, and when fed use a (|iiaiter of a pound of molasses to each l\'rd, the molasses to he used in the water for w<'lliiig the food in which the c(mdiiiient is given. Where sorghum inohisses is m.idc, this will not lie found to l)e expensive. XX. So-Callod Porfoot Foods. So much has been said hv theorists ahout perfect foods, and the danger from feeding corn, that many persons liave been brought to lie- lieve that com is almost ii dangerous food for growing animals ; that thus fed, they will lack bono and muscle, and (^•lnn()t be expected to grow up lieaithy. If an animal wen^ to 1)0 raised exclusively on corn this might be true, l)ut the same W(Uild be true of other grain. Neither horses, cattle, nor sheep can bo properly raised exclusively on grain. Oats tiro Till': UAlSlNd AND IXONO.M ICAI. FKKDINd Ol' CATII, (!;f;i lUKloiihlcdly Uic lifsl iiT.iin llialciin he I'cil lo iiiowiii^- slixU in coiiiicc- tion witli hay. Outs, liowcvcr, caiiiiol \h\ iilVordcd. (Juixl hay is a per- fect food, so far as i\w distension of tiie sloniaeii is (■oinrnicd. 'I'iio an- imal cannot eat cnoui,di to fatten upon. Our pastures m.iiie a perfect food, so faras nuiseular development is concerned. For cattle, wliol(! corn, that is, oars, husks, and heaves, forms a perfect food eithtn- for ijrowinfj; or fatteniiiff stock in winter, so soon as they f^et strenjith of jaw suflicient to crush tlu! corn. TlK^ret'ore, no l)i-e(Hler iKM'd he afraid that cattle from caH'liood up will fail to develop, with ))lenty of jr„(,(| \y,iy aiid corn, HI- rorn-mrul in winter, and plenty i>{()i\, Hush pasture in summer, with |)ure water at all times. (MIAl'l'Kli XIII. PASTURAGE AND FEEDING FOR PROFIT. 1. SrrDY THE conditions. II. rilOVIHK AHAINST nUOTT.TITS. III. KINDS OF I'-KKD TO UA1.sk. IV, I>AST11KE TllK I'OOK MAN'S WICALTII. V. TIIK V AI.UAHl.K CI.OVKIIS. VI. AI.FALKA OR I.IIZKUNK. VII. Cl.OVIiUS NOT (JKNKltAl.l.V VAL- IIAIII.IC. VIII. KOUAUE AND FK1CDIN<1 IM-ANTS. IX. OKASS IS TllK MOST VAI.- UAlll.K. X. OUASSKS OF SPECIAL VALUE. XI. TIIECOMINO (JKASSES FOU THE WEST. XII. THE TIMETO TASTUUE. XIU. FKEDINO IN WINIEU. XIV. WATEKINO. XV. FEEDINO IN .SUMMEll. XVI. ECONOMY OF I'TLL SUMMEK AND WINTER FEEDING. XVH. SUMMING Ul". XVIll. FINISUINCJ A STEEB. XiX. WHEN TO SELL. I. Study tho Conditions. Ill every I'oiinlrv, :iiul, indeed, in every dislriel of u eoiinlrv, tho VAi'- ("iinislaiu-es attending the rearinji', and especially the feediiiii; and faltcn- inI{ I'KOITr. (;,'!.'", porous hill riili soil. IlcMcc, if (he soil is slilV, il lilM\' Im' opfucd hy plow iliji' iiiidcr loiii;- iiiMimrc ilccplv. If Mlrcad^' too liiilil, i;i\'c il cow iiiaimrc, msIics, mikI such special uianiircs as \ou uia\' he in I he hahil of usiui;'. ('urn is I lie iiTcal soiliui;' crop I'oi- farui aiiiuials \orlii aud Sdiilii. Nexl, coiiiL' soriilnini, and (Iks nuuiy varieties of Doura corn or ICasI, Inchan niillel. In tJic. Soulii, co\v-p(>as ard valnal)U'. Alfalfa, once it is estahlisiied, u:iv(^s h(!avy cuttinii'.s of fodder. In tlio North this plant has not, as a rule, proved valua!)le, l)uf, some vari(^ties of the cow-pea can he ;.;rown aud matured in frum >it'Vvu ti> eii^hf weeks. it is woi-tliyof experiment. Sown aftei- the ni»lils liecmne waiau, this crop is a, most valuahie ouc to ♦ lU'u under as a fertilizer if ni>l wanted for feedini;'. VVitii propel- car(^ in seeding- thick on licii soil, any forae(; crop may he cut with a mowiiiL;- nniihine, so that the lahor (d" f^iitheriufj^ JH (•()mi)ara- tivtdy lifiht, and it, may he fed occasionally iii tli<^ field or iii 1 he yards, iiiglit and niorniuif, or only at niejit, as cir(ainistau<'cs niav dictate. It must; he i'em<'nd)ercd as a (irsi principle in fccdiiii:, whether for Ltrowthor fen- fat leninii-, that, animals must not he all(iwcv animals that have to l)iis\- tlieiii- scKcs .'ill day to s;itisfy t he cra\ ings of their stomachs iie\'ci- col lit fat . If you liavi^ provided for coiil ingcucics, hy means of fodder, \oii may, of course, stock your pastures closer than otherwise-. If not, stock them only so the cattle <-aii i-.-isily supply their wants. V. Tho Valuable ClovorH. The heslclovers, or those which do well geiicralh', are pract icall \- in- (dlldeil ill three species, \i/, : The K'ed (-lo\ci-, the While or Diilih clover, and Ihe .Msikc^ (-lover. The soils hest adaplcd to K'ed clover are suc-haswill hring good (-rops of wiiiler grain, though ifcd cloxcr does W(dl oil ;ill soils which do not heave hadl\' in winter. White clo\ci- will grow on any land adaplcd to lilne grass, ami .-ilso oil manyrather moist soils. il f.-ivors a linn, not a. spongy soil. Il inusl he c()nfess(>d that, eatth^ do not like it , hut it miikes rii^li feed, ami if mixed with Hlni- grass, or other soft grass, cattle will take hoi h together. (i.'td Till', AMI'.rilCAN lAKMIOU's .STOCK HOOK. Alsikr rlnvcr — often Ciillcil Swrdisli closer — docs well oil lllosl .soils, mill will lieiir coiisidenilili' Hooding, if I lie lloodiiiL;' i.s iiol loo loiii;; coiiliii- iied. W'c consider il iis ;il(o^'e(,li((r .superior lo While cloxcr for |i;islnre, .'llld on soils loo wet for li'ed clover il nillkcs i;;ood li:i v lorenllle. VI. AU'iiUa or liuzoriie. .\ir:ill':i or i,ii/.eriie - ils Irile inline — is II, \ Jlllllilile liiini I'orML'c : il sliiillld lie cul and led Ircsli nv ](;irlly willed. Il llil-i\'es on dee|), dry soils, \\ liicli :irc nol snlijecl lo liiird free/inii' in winter. It li.'is licconie t lior- oiijilily niitiirari/.ed in ( 'iilil'ornia, and wmild prolmhly do well on the Western plains in Texas iind in New ,M<'\ico, as it jins done in soiiu' of llie ,S,,ii||i,.rn Stales cast (d' lli(^ Mississippi. VII. ClovorH Not Qonorally Valuiiblo. What we ha\i' prc\ ioiisU' written iindei' this head, we lia\'(^ since seen no reason to chaiiL;i'. 'I'liere ari' niaii\ other species of clovers, some of I hem indiLrciious to the West , w hicli we only ineni imi a-^ .1 cant ion a;:aiiist their lieinij,- sown. 'These two species of so<';illed liillT.alo clover the iipriiihl and I Ih' riuuiinjj; UmITmIo clovers — the iiprii;lil or \ellow cloxer, and the Icjw hop clover, a. liiiif-ereepinjj; variety. Tliere is only cnic more vai'ieh' worth meiil ioninj:;, and this simply as a w.arniiiL;' to farmers nol to sow it, except f(jr lice past iir.'ie'e, and then onl\ when it may not hccomc a IroiiMesome wed. W'c have reference to t h<' tree cloM'r or r,okli:ir:i clo- ver, spccilicallv the w hitc-tlowercd incllioliis. Il has liecii lecommcndcil as valiialile for soilini:, llial is, for ciitlini; ^reen for fcediie^' lo slock in slalilcs. W'c ;^i\e the same ail\ ice .alioiit sowini;' this clover that the er.alilicd lawverdid toayoniiL;' client who asked his .advice ahoiit e(.||jne- niaiiic(l Piiii'l. If Ihcicare lie<' men near, your hctli^e rows and waste pla<'es will lie well s.'cdcd with this r.okhara clov.'r. ,\t least such seems to lie the case, much to the dis^ii-'t eH by different names in different parts of th(( (country. The U'.f.iU^r may se^leet from the followin^f list,: 'i'imotliy, ( /'/i/rnm pralcnxc) a better iiam(< for which would he, ('al's- tail {j;rass, and, for the reason that in Kom<( H(MliouH of tlu! eounti'y it is (talh^d 'I'imotliy, as in INnmsylvania, and Herd's frr.-iHS in New lOnj^land and Now Vork. Neil liei' of tli<'S(! naincH ffives an indication of its char- acteristic llou(a'-liead, while tlu; fornutr names do. in IJlue jirass, { /'oa pratenmn) ; Wire f^raaH, {j-Poa comprcsxa ) ; Ked-t,op, (A(/roMf.in vu/,r/(i,ns) (ionfusion of naineH aj^aiii com<'s in. in I'ennsylvania, IJlue f^i'ass is (•allc(l (iiccn LCi'ass, and ivcMj-top is cidled Herd's j^i'.ass. Orchard jrrass, ( DacJyIis if/om.crala ) ; Kf)wl-m(^adow jj-rass, ( /'oa scro/ina), and M(^adow f(!S(;U(!, {^FcMuca pralnhKiH), are also most valuable f^rasses. X. GraesoH of Special Valuo. For fccdinfi; duriufi drouf^hts, Indian (orn, sown at the i'a,t,(i of two bushels per acre;, in drills two feet, ap;irt , culti\aled thorou^^hly once or t,wi<'e, and cut when in blossom will make a f^ood relianec!, as also will fjerman millet ( /'rtM/'c7/w Gcrmanirum ), himI eoiTunon milh^t {/'.mi/i- accwm). Here we, have nine vari<'ties of j^rass that do vvi'll lue ^';r'ass is not, natural to the soil. ^'M iHK AMi;i;i('AN 1AI!MKI;'S SI(»(K HOOK. XI. Tho Coming Grasses for tho West. We boliovo Orcliiu'd ;j;rnss aiiil Fowl-iiicjidow will l)c foiiiul to Ix- two of (he iMo.sf, Viiliiiihlc j;rii.M.soH for tlu- West , [hv Nort Invest, luid pcfliup.s for tlici Soul Invest, wluiii tlH\y coiiio to be hotter known. ( )i'(li;ir(l jfriiss, also, f;;ivi's <:;oo(l satisf notion in tho middlo r(\f^ion of tiio South, and \\v. think that Fovvl-moadow will also provo iiu).st valuahlo tiu-ro. Mr. Frank K. Iloyt, a oarofnl faruicf of Wisoonsin, in relation to this gi'a.ss, says ho kiu)VV8 of no f^rass in the Northwest that will ooniparo with it, eillier for jjasturago or the pro(lu(-lion of hay. It lias lu^vtu- hoc^i winlei' or snui- nu'r killed, and he lias found one acrc^ of niai'sji well set in Kowi-nu'.adow e(|ual for pasturajif to lliroo aer^^s of upland, stit in IJluo yrass, and (he hay produood the second year after seeding has never fulled to pav f he entire e.\pense of cultivatin8i} In fcodiiii:' ill sluhlcs oliscrvc tlic sniiic I'lilc — lull rccdini;' of good prov- ender, I'urly und laU; and at noon. 'J'liis is what kcc^is animals jrrowini!: continuously and insures profits ; for tims tlio feeder s(!curcs llic yrcNitest possible gain, with the least loss, to the animal system. It is ])<)()r ))()li('y, when grain is eheaix'r than hay — and it is so in many portions of the West — to feed largely with hay. Corn and good liright straw, with, say, five pounds of good hay daily ])vv steer will keep them growing right along. Dry corn with little fodder lends to unnatural heat and fever, 'i'lierefoic l«'ep the stomach distended with a j)|-(i|)cr quantity of fodder of some kind, and if the t^oi'u can he fed after being soaked so nuieh the belter. XIV. Watering. Cattle should have water offered th(!in twice a day in winter, and in sununer it is desirable that they get it whenever they hajipen to want it. I'eople sometimes need but little water and at other times a great deal. It is th(^ same with slock of all kinds. If the vvahu' is in ))()ols, just as cheap for the farmei- who only fattens a f(^w head yc^arly to make prime cattle, as it is for one who fattens hundreds. In fact a man who fattens but a few head should make bettt^r cattle than on(! who feeds many. In England when grain is high, the most of it being imported, sununer feeding of gr.iin with grass has been practiced for years. Why should it not be so here in the \\'est, whei'(^ the gr.LJu is grown that the English feedei's buy? The ])astures during July and August will not graze as many head of cattle as in sjiring and autunm. Hence, Hk; English farm- ers nly. Ily this course, also, you will have more land left for the production of <-orn for winter feeding. We have cultivated o\'er si.\ty ai'res of corn to the hand in a lield of 1 ,.^>()() acres, the outlay being only one-third of a day's work ])er man jicr acre up to, but not including, the labor of husking. '^I'lie a\crage vieid was wiliiin a fraction of forty bushels per acr(^ for tlu^ wlioli^ arc.a, and the final result was of corn put into tlie criii, ovei- sev(^nt»u'n busliels for everv da\''s woik of each iiand enipioyc(l. Tlie sanu) may be done by anv farmer on measurably clear land in any season. 'V\n' first proposition in relation to full feeding, winter and sunuuer, is, that your jjastures will thereby carry more cattle. The second is, that animals, going into winter (]uai'ters fat, will w'aste less flesh during the winter, since tlieanim.al heat is more easily kept up in a fat than in a half- fat or lean one. 'I'lie third and not the least important point is, tiiaf you ha'^ten maturity and thus save interest on capital, insurance, and other items of cost. XVII. Summing Up. 'I'lie whole matter may be simuned u[) .as follows : The pasture grasses mixed nudvo a perfect food. 'I'herefore make the most of them. Clover, Timothy, lied-top, Orchard grass, and l"'owl-meadow grass also mak<^ a perfect food. When they <"in be ecoiiomically raised (and where in a grass countr\' I'an they luiti') make the most of them. l\aise all the roots you can. ( in tiie West carrots and l)eets) t,o suppKunent your gras,ses with. But do not expect to fatten stock without grain. It cannot bo done unless extra, warmth is provided, and this is not economical. Never rAsi'UKAdK AM) iKiCDiNU I'oi; ri;()iii'. t;41 jittcnipt to fatten hIocU of iiiiy U'md willioul iliic iillcntioii to coml'oiliihlc wlicUcr. Forlliis, cxfx'ii.sivc sd'ncturcs iiri' not ndocssiiry. W(! liavu fat- tcucd ctittlc in a striicturc of posts and poles covered wilh liay and (Mn- l>anked at Uie sides, and vvilli no lloorinj,' i)ut (lie natural eartli, l»ut with a tiiick I)eddin<^ of straw. \r\, if tlie means of ihi'. fanner will allow, a H'ood frame struetui-e \villpa\, simply in llie lessened (^ost of lahoi' in cai'e, feeding and el<^anin^-. Once yon bejiin to fallen, never allow tln^ s(,oel< to lose, l)nl keep llieni going riglit along, and increase llu^ i-iclniess of I lie food ii8 tlie animal progresses to i-ipeness. Hay will liring a steer into tolcrahK' condilion for falteiiing. 'I'lieii lie will stop. (Jood i)asiuri' will carry liim still farther. He will makegood, succulent, liealtliy licef, hut. cannot lie made fully fat on grass. llciicc, li(^ must at U^ast 1)C tiiiislicMl (df with grain. Indeed, to make him " ripe ' (fully fat) nuvil and even oil-eakc; must lie used. XVIII. Finishing a Stoor. If 11i(^ slers are to be contiiuied in the lields — wiiere th(! climate iind shelter will admit — fcu'd shocked () NOT WANl>Ei; FAU. IV. THRKK THINIIS NECJESSARV IN HERD- ING. V. HOW TO ItAISE WATER. VI. TANKS AND I'OOI.S FOR STOCK. VII. HAVE THE I'OOl. I>EEI-. VIII. rROTEC'TION AGAINST .STOR.MS. I. Great Herds of the Southwest. In tlic United States tlie cMiiiliil invested in cattle not eonfined within the Ijoinidurics of farnis, hut which u,re herdetl siuniner and winter, is cnornH)US. Ten years ago the herds of Texas and New Me.Kieo luinihered over 4, 000, 000 head, or about one tenth of all the cattle of the Union. Tlujse gaunt, bony, long-horned, half-wild desi'endants of the original Si)ani.sh cattle were ever impatient of restraint, not easily contined within enclosures and at an early date overran all the fertile but dry region of Texas and New Mexico, and even became acdiinated in Soutluirn Kan- sas and the Indian Territory. Immense droves of them were driven North into Kansas, where they were herded during summer, and thence W(!re carried into Missouri, Illinois and Iowa and eastward, to be fattened in winter, or else sold di- rectly from the grass to the butchers. Still later, the vast herding grounds of Colorado, Montana and Wyoming have been occupied l)y sim- ilar cattle and by their descendants, crossed with improved bulls of Sliort- Ilorn or Hereford stock. Much attention has also been given to the ac- climating of well-bred northern cattle in Texas for improving them. In CVilifornia also, therc^ were originally great herds of these Spanish cattle, but more lately they have been nearly or (|uite supplanted in that State by improved stock. II. Losses from Cold and Neglect. Tjittie or no efforts were made to provide food for these lialf-wiid herds in winter, and iience great numl)ers often died in Texas, New Mi>xico, California and the Indijin country from lack of feeding, and also from the dee[) snows and severe weather encountered when they were taken into the more northern plains (sountiy. A little forethought in providing ;;omc sort of sheltei , and putting up hay for feeding during storms, might r,-l2 HEituixu a: taiAZixG. (143 li;ivc prevented this, hut the [lioiieer is tor) often iini)rovidenl, and lience tiu! iiiiiueusc losses suffered by tlu' herds in IkkI seasons, especially in tlie wintei- of 1880-81. m. Cattle Do Not Wander Far. Cattle, unlike tiieir relatives the liuffaloes or half-wild horses, do not wander far from their native feeding grounds. Horses will make long journevs in searcli of food and water, and Buffaloes j-eari}' make long migrations, extending from the Southwestern plains well up into llu! Brit- ish possessions. It is not so with cattle. In times of great drought they l)erish if not relieved Ij}' man, and if from any untoward cause tlieir fc^ed fails in their ininuidiatc range, they will not malvc long journeys in searcii of it. 'I'iieir only migration is that gradual one which year l)y year, from increase of numbers, pushes herds further and further from tiieir native feeding grounds. IV. Three Things Necessary in Herding. Since the Indians have been pretty generally confined to reservations, tiu^ danger from loss of cattle from their depredation upon lun-ds has i)ecu nearly extinguished. The tin-ee principal rcMjuisites for perfect herding now are free access to water, plenty of range; contiguous to tlie water, and proper provisions for feeding in winter (hiring i)rolonged droughts or jjeriodical storms. The great herding ranges of the Kocky IMountains, and of Texas and tlie plains, can only be made available where they are traversed by running streams, since the plan of getting water by means of aitesian W(;lls, once thought to be feasible, has not generally realized expectation. Many portions of the great Southwestern plains regions are also sparsely cut by living streams, and nnich of the country is arid antl subject to ex- treme droughts. Hence, although some artesian water has been found, by boring under Government supervision, and occasionalh' by private en- terprise, the proljabilities now seem to be that only the region contiguous to natural water can be permanently occupied, and thus the cattle range cannot extend more than al)out five miles from j)ermanent streams, except where the deticiency may be supplied from wells. V. How to Baise Water. Wherev(;r water can l)e found within twi'nty-tivc feet of the surface, it may be easily raised by means of tlie modern windmill, and the ordinary lift-pump. If the water lies further from the surface, the question be- comes more serious, and !i force-pump must be used. As the depth in- creases the difficulty increases, so it may be considered impracticable to raise water on the plains for a lai'ge herd of cattle \vitli()nt the aid of •ill THE A.MK.inCAN' rAliMKlfs STOCK HOOK. .stciun. llcncc in i-ov digjjjinj; deep tanks or pools in the ground and tliorouiildy [xiddling and grouting tlio bottom ; or, in the case of a porous soil, tlie pools must be prevented from leaking by a layer of clay eighteen inches or two feet thick on the bottom, M'ell trami)ed by cattle while quite soft with water. This grout- ing of clay must, of course, extend some distance above the intended water line at the top, and the reservoir shoidd not lie less than six or eight feet dee|>, to prevent undue loss by evaporation. Another important point is that trees must never be planted al)out the pool, for the roots will surely find their way to the water, and thus fur- nish the means of leakage through the grouting. VII. Have the Pool deep. The importance of having the pool deep cannot be overestimated. A shallow pool will (luickly evaporate under a hot sun, but not so the deep pool. There are two reasons for this. In the first place, a pool, say six feet deei) will hold six thiu's as niui;h water as the pool only one foot deep ; and at tiie same time the evaporation from the dt^ep pool will be less than that from the shallow one, since the water in the former always remains nuicli colder, and will never become so strongly heated l)y the sun. Another ad\:intage is that tiio dee|) pool does not so readily breed germs dangerous to tiu' health of the cattle. A dee[) pool, as deseril)ed, may (juickly be scraped out by means of ti'anis, and the earth used as an (>mbankment. Thus, an oi)long pool, say thirty feet wide l)y tiu'ee hundred feet long, will hold an immense (|uantity of watcM-. and allow of the drinking at one and the .same time a great nmnlii r of callK'. If advantage is taken of some place where water Hows, even tem|)orarilv, after rains or during thaws, a dam thrown across one end. above the i)ool, may furnisli a reservoir, to fill the pool and keep it gradually supplied, exet'[it in casi's of extreme drought. VIII. Protection against Storms. Severe storms must be provided against, for in !he gi-cat herding grounds of t\w West they are sometimes very destructive. Whei'c there are gulches they may be taken advantage of for shelter. Where there are no gulches the best protected locality must bo sought, and tliis should be fui-tlier protected by ])lanting timb(>r adapte HAD MANAUK.MKNT 1.\. ASSIMILATION OI'' FOOD.— — X. TWO VVAV.S OK L0OKlN(i AT II'. \l Till'. ntOI IIS OI'' lirMANK TltKATMKNT. I. A Merciful Man is Morciful to his Beast. No iiri^iiiiiciit should Ik^ needed to sliow lli;it, in (lio ni;iM;ii.''i'nieiit of :in- iniulH good I'iire is <^ood (lolicy, or thai in kindness to Iheiii there is iiioncy lis well ms mercy. l'>x;ini|)les of liolh methods of deuling with fiirni iiiiimals eaii Ik^ seen in (^very day lifi^ in the yards and pastures of llu^ farms \\('|)ass on any eonntry ro.'id. W'lieii th(^ slocl^ is managed by hiows and main forre, (he animals are wild, vi<'ioiis and uiun:inag(?!il)lc liolh in tiu^yard and tiie pasture. 'Vln'v regard every visitor with suspi- cion, and lire rc^ady to take to llight afctlie l(>iist sign ofdanger, or they raise their heads and snort at every noise. If corneriHl they will eilhcu- (igiit, or else seek to rush over or iiround th(^ supposeii;Nr and cAiiK i>i' ( a'I"I'i,i'.. (117 or ('rum l.nit;il li:milliiii.' of 1 li irsciili'd lliis t ic:il iiiciil. Willi licr lircls. Shr kicks Mild I'liiin III; (^v- ('IV ii|)|inil iinil y, mid ul'Icii, Ml IniLdli, willi- oiil |irrcsi'iils ii row lliiil. has Im'cii projxfrly ciiroU for whdii voiinjj'. Sim has lieitn t ruined |o know Ihal: mIio will iiol. lie :iliiisi'<|, and inshMidid' ki(0;||||y in (ijidi Hank, li\' iiieaiis of I he <^nards forced down iiilr exicpl ioiially had kii'kcrs a close pen iiiiist he made, into which the cow is driven. It, iiinsi he oiil\' widi' I'lioii^li to admit her, and ha\'ea post set at t he proper place auainst, which Id lie her Ic-. At Icii.ulh it, will "' '•'"■^vknt a row i iiom khiun.i. onl\' he necessary lo throw the, si r.ip around the |c'j,aiid linally she may ho milked hv simply driving her into lln' pen. In all this no vioh^nee miiKt, li<' used. (ii'l lii'l' (|uielly iiilo Ihc pen a few liini's, at whatever pains, (MH ■rill''. Ai\li;i!M AN I'AltMI'.l; S STOCK l!()l)l\. Mild slu" will sonii liani lo uu in willioiil didiciillv. VMUcv of llicsc |)liiii« is cMsicr iiiid ciicipcr ihaii li\ iii'j Id lufiik licr of tlic iiidiil by blows. 'I'liiil d iialiiicd cows tliid. will idlowil. 'To pffxcnf lliis, liiiv(^ II spiked iiin/./.ic iiiiido IIS sliow II in l,li() ciijj;-nivinii, iinl so li^lit IIS jo iMTvcnl "^Tiiziiiji, bill siillii-icnlly so lo |ircvrnl licr / .;/ ^ ''ynf from siK'kin^. If ii <'nw sink Iht nun ^^'•// '' '^*'' milk, II. Iiiinicss IIS shown in cillici' of I he (G';,^xVj' |,,,ffflWjW i two ciils of liiirncss lor cows, on the iicxl \:!!lffjj^M-'"*^^ \)^ |):ii;c, will keep licr nil I'iiihl . The second form we consider prefcriible. ■lO I'KHVICN'I' SCCKINC -Vv'^T-, ' "' V. Dovi(!OH lo Provont Goring. If nil Miiimiil — cow , o\ or bull —is \ ieioiis wilii I he horns, if should be iiollcn rid (d' iif once, unless if Im^ so valniiblc MS lo make il iili objcel to ■JO lo eoiisiderable I rouble lo pre- vent ils doin^■ mischief. The same ride >\ill iipply lo MiiiiiiMis liMAiiiu;' an\- \iec. Sell Ihcm or fiillcn lliciii, unlcNS I heir \;ilnc makes il liecessM- r\ lo siilTcr Die incoinenience. A ^ood arrani;-enienl lo pi-e\cnl liook- iiiu is represcnlcd in I he annexed pici lire, (d'li vicious ox's licnd. ( )iicc il is Mlliiclied, (he uiiimid Mltcmprm^j; lo j.'(n-e will only pnll ils own nose. An cITcclivc liMrness for liMiupcriiiii' a vicious bull is also shown in llie TO niKVKNr iH>oi, and of ■IllK III MANK MANAdKMKSr AND CAKI'; Ml' (Alll.i;. CI!) sh,'ir|(-liciiii<'(l I. MM uikI tows ;if^ well. Sclrcl iiilli.r liiif^v-si/.cd bniMs lips, with M, ijooil Hcrcw IlircJid inside l''asl^ Ti" n(l'.\'l' N'l' •'lU'KIN III rue i-oiiiid |pij|,il(n's in I lie om-ii Id r<>;i I I u hen ,;iilii(iciil Iv Iml , ; liiN one (III cihIi Ikiiii, lo hoI'Icii llm 1.i|)H. Wlii'ii sol'L cnoii'jli, or lidoii' llio 1 1 1 1 1 III 1,1. |)(il;il() lici-oiiii's (■(Mil, sdi'W liic liMJls as liiiiily as po.sniMd Oil 1,li(i (!iid, iisiii"; a, wiHuicli and llicy will iicvcr ciiinc olT. VI. DriviiiK l'> and Irorn faHhiro. 'riiis, if cnl iiihIccI Id lioys, willioiil due caul inn, oClcii r(!Hiil(H in iiijni'V 1(1 thr aniniais. I'' rum sheer luiinial spiiil , II ic hoys will oCleii drive I he in on a run, i>v make llieiii jiiiiip Hk' pailially lo\\cr<-(i hars. TlK^lirsI dimiii ishe - the (low (d' milk if it, does IK. 1 make il had rroni overliealiii;,' ; and llic Heeond iil'li'ii oieasioiis injiiriMl linih--. We liavi^ even known a emv lo ( ;.')() rill': AMIOKK'AN I'Alt.MKlt S MOCK HOOK. I'iill and lircalv lirr -k in iiiiii|iiiii;- I liii hars, lo say iidtliiii^f uf llic; Urcacliy lialiils lli. y jiid ;i|i| lo ii((|uir(. iidiji .siu'li Usa^c. Hi'lico it is iiM|)()r;aii(, lliat. (Iir 1k)\s l)r iirilcclly trained, us well us tlio oowa. VII. Amonitios of tho Barn Yai'd. If ill! fiinn stock aro properly trained, fiiey will liv(! toijetlKT in good fcllo\vslii[), if till) (xu'asionul incorrij^iMc one is prevented from doini; luiseliief. Kven a too lK'lli\ The system will i)rn|)crly assimilali' a ciTlaiii aimnmt of Mourisliiiiciil, and 111) iiKiic. All tiial is <^ivcii hcyoiid this is a ilcad loss. Ail that, is j^i\cii liciow the riMjiiircd (|iiaiili(y is at a sacrilicc of riiliiri' prolils. ISolli show l)aii in; m i aumku •■wkm.-to-ho.' A pleasant, picliire may lie seen in a view of a poi'lion of I lie farm of Fanner "W(!ll-to-er. Another is that animal waste maybe 2)roduced excessive- ly, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are subjected to frights and bruises, as well as by exposure to storms and lack of sufficient food." The little cut ut the end of this chapter piettily illustrates some results of humane treatment of stock. The cow and calf are quietly chewing the cud in the foreground and in the dislanci^ one cow is watching for danger while the other drinks. CIIAPrKK XVI. THE TRAINING AND WORKING OF CATTLE. I. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRAINING AND aREAKlNG. II. WHEN THE WHIP IS NECESSARY. III. TWO WAYS OF DOING IT. IV. ADVANTAGES OP TRAINING YOUNG. V. WHAT AN OX SHOULD BE TAUGHT. VI. TRAINING THE CALF. VII. TRAINING TO LEAD. VIII. TRAININ(i A BULL. IX. TRAINING A MILCH COW. X. HOW TO MILK PROPERLY. XI. DO NOT FEED AT MILKIN(; TI.ME. XII. HOW TO MANAGE A KICKING COW. XIII. HOW TO TRAIN STEERS. XIV. TRAIN THEM WHILE THJ-:!' .■UiE YOl'NG. XV. A SUMMING UP. XVI. A SAILOR AS A TEAMSTER. I. The Difference Between Training and Breaking. This subject o.*' tniining vs. l)reakiHg lias been pretty fully treated of in the chapters on horses, and the same general rules will apply to all farm stock. The horse must he highly educated in order to get the most satis- factory labor out of him ; so must all other farm animals, l)ut it is not necessary that their education be as perfect as that of the horse. The difference between the two .sj'stcms is, that in the one case the law of kindness is used, by which the animal is taught to rely solely on the mas- ter's will, and is also taught that disobedience will i-esult in inconveni- ence and pain. In the other case, the animal is subdued by main force, under the M'hip alone, and comes to regard the master as a terrible power simpl}' to inflict injury, and consequently works solely under the impulse of fear. II. When the Whip is Necessary. In some cases, even after careful training, the whip is ncces.«ary in sub- duing a refractory animal. Perversencss, however, is often the result of misuse by a previous owner. If the animal has been broken under the whip, the continued use of the whip will be necessary. If he has been properly trained, the whip will seldom be necessary, and, generally, only as an admonisher when some extraordinary exertion is to be made. This is its sole use, except as an instrument of correction for a refractor}' animal when training, and sometimes after tlie animal is trained. A bull must be trained under the whip ; but once trained to the service he is to perform, the whip will seldom be required, if a good ring is put in his nose. Animals are not naturally .stubborn unless their innate power of resis- tance is bi'ought out by abuse. Thej' will generally do what is required (if) a (>54 rill'; A.\ii;i;i(A.\ iaumkh s s'idck iiooi^. of IIk'hi when once tlic\' know \vli;it is wiiiitcd. AiiiiiKils (Miinol lie cx- 2)t'(l(Hl to iiii(lcrsl;iii(l ;is a cliild will Tiicy liiivc iidI (lie |i(i\vcr of direct llNDKli ■niK Wlllr. A IlliOIvKN TKAM, siK'ccii, Miul lliiis we imist iisc' si^ns, (heir iKiliiral lucaiis of (■oiiiinmiica- tioii. as well as word*;. m. Two Ways of Doing It. AV;' fjivo two piolurcs from ica! life. One sliows a siivairo teamster wofUini:' iiis animals by niMM\ Minr, under (lie whip. In the otliiT is .seen agood train( r d living- liis wiiiiuji- ox without linos, and guiding him solely by the sound of tiio voice. It is not dilUcult to see which will l^'I tiic most IKAININC AND \V()UK1X<: <)1' CAI'll.i: ()55 la])or out of his team and in tlio casiof-t maniior. ( )t' course, liic time has passed when tobaceo is rolled to the warehouse in the manner represented in the first picture. But in many new settlements, a single ox is still used to plow corn and other crops ; and a very good and tractable power he makes, if i-ii:h(ly liandled. We have even seen a cow plowinii' corn, and if the master have no better team, kind and careful usatie will get con- siderable labor from her, and milk besides. Such hibor is certainly no harder on the cow than is the task imposed on the woman who rears a family, and has to do the household work. It is not economical or hu- mane in the one case or the other, except under dii'e necessit}'. (l/ill iiii'; A\ii:i;ir\N i ahmi'.k's sr<)( iv ikhik. IV. A(lviiiiliiK'>H oj TniiiiiiiK YoiiiiK. In dm l)^(>(•t^(iill iniilai iiicn. 'I'lic <'.'iiTKir till' Ir.iiniiij;' of nil rmiii iiniiimls is licunii tlm licttcr. In (Ik^ cliMptiMV on lior.--(s \\i\ liM\(i iiiriilcMlcd lli(^ principle tliiit <'olts hIioiiM he tniiiu'd voniiu;, anil lia\<' show II that this course really takes iii> more lime in llie I'lid llian lo allow llie animal lo eel, ils full Nlreni;tli IicI'imc licj^iiiiiinij,' lo I rain. Tlie same is I rile in llie Irainini;' of callh'. In fact, it is an economy of I imc and laJior lo lieeiii llie Iraiiiiii!;' a I an early ai;'c, for I lii' yoiiiiL;- animal lias nul the pipwcr of resistance, and lieinj^- sulijecled lo llie iiillueiice cd' il kind master, iie\er lejirns ils .streni;lli. In nine eases oiil of Icii, all (lie dillienlty expcricneed in " lireaUiiiij; " results from llie lacl llial llie iininiiil liMs lieen allowed to ji'o too loni;' willioiit licint;' ma,nv(>s n|). walcliinji that it docs not injure itself, and pii^hiiiL; il forward o<'casioiially to eawsii il to know that it is easierto stand wilhoul pulliiii:-. riiK riiAiMNti \M> NNoiJKiMi <>i' t'Airi.i;. (i57 VIII. TraiiiiiiK to Load. TllC IlOXt. slcp is lr:iiniii;: lo Iniil. 'I'likr the «"il(' into :i close yill"cd in ^cllinj;- (lie liUh' animal near yon, Coiidh^ i(, and ^■iv<* it 8(iino(.hin<;- i(, liUes— sii-Mr or sail. I'.e palienl. Do iio(- lose \ rl<'m- p(>r. Whon (Ik; ciilf will come lo yon, and I'ollow yon, (< ach i( lo lead — wulkiag l)_y its nido iind rcwd'ainin^ il iC necessary. 'I'lien (each i( (o Im (INK WAl Ol' lllSOIMi A in 1,1,. . handled, carded and lirnslied in the slalile. II will iiol ohjcci I ci I his if \'i)ii do nol, Inni il. 'I'liis ai-cdinplished, the animal is hall'-l rained if a cow <'al(', and nearly so, if a, sleer. In nsiii;^' I he card and In'iisli, (hi so with il li^^liL liiuid, iiuvi^r iisin;;' ihe card, or cairry conili, ovcrlheliony surfaces. VIII. Training a Bull. r>ulls r(M]iiire (he mos( carclnl IrainiiiL;' ami maiianciiKMil . 'I'liey mnsi never lieallowi'il (() iiaiii (he maslery. if ,sy in'acticc, i)iit is not al all diliiciilt. Another iinpoiUuit tiling is to learn to milk f'asi . If llie milk is not drawn as fast as it is given down, in tlu! end it may lie williheld. In aii\ event, slow and es|)c(jally iinpeileel milking soon dries np a cow. As an iissistanee (o Hie milker two illustra- tions an; giv pail, wiijcji any bliieksmitli will (|'iii',u OF iioi.DiNii ini: eAii,. ji single seasf)n. XI. Do not Food at Milking Time. Many jiersons, Kiipposing that it induces tin; cow to let down her milk, (jr (hat siie will stand more ipiidly, givit a feed at milking Www. This ishoiild never ho done. The act of eating inducos moving iU)oiit ; and, e.xpeeting the mess, if for any reason it he withludd, the cow becomes restless, however gentle she may he. ,\hiny good dairymen f I onlv after milking. It is a good plan, under tln^ rule (d" eompensation. Vet, if the Ktalile is to he cleaned hefore milking — and it should he — the blotter plan is to U-^'A li(d'ore milking time. It is tiie ride we liav(! always adopt- <'d. W'l^ havi^ also caiisi'd the milker to gi\'e the cow a taste of salt , or a single nionthflll of the best, sweet, soft hay just before sitting down to milk. There is nothing puts an animal in bettir hiiinor with the milker. ()nc(^ milking is bcLiiiii, milk fast and sti^adily, and without talking, until it is tinished. If yon have a milker that cannot k(!ep a cow (piict, \)v. siii'e something is wrong with the man. Vou eaimot afford the loss in milk, that will inevitably ensues fi'oni tiiis cause, and the proper way is (o discharge him at once, or put him at other work. XII. How to Manage a Kicking Cow. One pe( uliarity of aiiinials is, that oiic(( tlie\' aecpiire a vicious trick, it is diliiciilt to breidi tliciii of it. if a horse onrc lams awa\-, he is never ()()0 'I'lli: AMKincAN I'AKMKIt's STOCK HOOK. safe (lici'ciiftfr. So, if once ;i cow ;i<'i|iiiri's ilic liahit of kickiiii;', slic will try it on willi every new iniii'ier who tiiUe.s lier in liaiul. lleiioo llic advice \\o have triveii, to comcit all trieky cows into hcef as (|uieUly as possihle. It" (he cow lias sonic iinusiiallv ijood tiualitics to coniix'iisatc, it may pay to keep iicr ; hut, reincnihcr that tricks "arc catching," simply from tiie restlessness createtl in the milking yard. How we once suhducd an inveterate kicker, hut deep milker, is as fol- lows : A stiMMig man liclii lici- steady by tht^ horn and nosi-. Seizing a teat tirnily in each hand, hiit without atti'mjiting to milk, except to per- form tiic motion, she was allowed to kick to lu'r heart's content. Soon she found tliat tiie wrist and arm iironght the kicking leg l)ack again to its jii-opcr place on the gi'ound, without fail. AViien she ceased kicking, milking proceeded, and when she kicked, the grasp was tightened. In the cnil siic Mil mi ill ed (|ui(tly . The next lesson was to teach her to stand quietly without holding. This was accomi)lished hy following and forcing her to walk ahout the yard, until sho was willing to stand still. At tlu; end of a week she hceanu' pci'foctly (|uiet to milk, -io far as her trainer was concerned, lull iioollur pei>on could milk her. A l)etter\vay for all such animals, is to pro\ide a pen, such as we have jircviously dcserihed. and then any good and (pdi't milker can manage the most refractory animal. XIII. How to Train Steers. All that is rcquireil of oxen is Ihal they uio\e briskly at the word -, draw steadily ; hack promptly, and as much as they can draw forwaril ; that they exert themselves to the fullest extent, hut slowly, when neces- sity vequircs, and that they staiul (piietly. To meet tluvsc reipiircment.s you must havo something hetti-r than tlull, lazy, logy brutes. I f for heavy logging, of course agility must he sacrificed to strength : but if circum- stances will allow, three yoke of smart stcei's ar(> better and nu)re eco- nomical, than t wo yoke of heavier slow ones. 'I'hev must, howe\('i', b(> trained to pull togetui-r, and in using a single yoke, it is absolutely nec- essary thattliey walk and pull evenly. Seh>ct steers of medium size, coin|i;ket and as near alike in disposition, carriage, pace and color as possible. If they are three years old past, they may he put in a freighting team, if possible, with a well-trained yoke of cattle at the pole and another in the lead. Tie them up so they may ho yoked, and so proceed until you have the re(iuisite nuini)cr to- gether that are to be trained. Once yoked, put them in the team, and do not unyoke them until they understand what is wanted of them. It may take u week. Feed well, and see that the yokes arc well-tilting, so as not to gall the shoulders or necks, ^\'lu•n tlicy pull steadily forward, underslaiul "haw" and "occ" — thai is, to turn to the left ov liiiht asthe ■rillC ri.'AIMMi AND WOKKINd Ol" CAl'II.K. 'Jfil (•;is(> may he, — !uul liack i)i-niii|illy with llic well l)r(ilvcn oxen, tlicy can he trained as .siniilc yokes, wliicli iiiu-l lie ae((im|>lislie(l with each yoke se]):i- nitely. XIV. Train Thom whilo Thoy aro Young. As lierotofore stated, the real, prelimiiiaiT traiiiiiiif sliould 1)C done wluMi t lie steers ai'e quite yoiinii'. 'I'eaeli tlieni to walk (iiiietly, hitt (|iiickly at your side, to turn to tiie riulit oi- iet'l, anil to l)ack at lengtii twelxc oi- lit'teeu steps at a time, and then come forward iironiplly ajiain at the word, hohliui;' their iieads well up wlien they stop, and remain so. In working them on tiie load teaeii tiiem to move briskly, and together. Few steel's are so even]\' mateJKHl that th<'\' will aet and move precisely together. Itil is necessary to admonish holh, toui'li the slow steer first, aiul the ollici- immediately after. It is a nice art- to torn 'h hot h so near to- gether that the.act shall seem simultaneous. L'se always the same mo- tion, the sauH^ words, and the same tone of voiec, never loud, foi- the lut \-ou wish tile steer to perform. If one o.X ks slower than the other, put the slow one on the neai' or left side. XV. A Summing Up. To sum up the whole matter in a mit-sliell, use common sense, and kn()W what \ou are training for. If simply for general farm woi'k, log- ging, or for "string"" teams on the road, it will not pay to spend too much time on the training. Vet a well-trained, cscnlN-matched \'oke of oxen will alwa\s command a sulliciently good jirice to pav foi- the training — fnlly as much so us a wi'll-trained and well-matihed ])air oi' work horses. There will lii', for vears to come, in the ^^'est, the Southwest, and es- pecialU' ill the lumlier region, |)lciilv of work for which neither horses nor mules are so well adapted as oxen. And in the selilcmciil of ji new country, where until farms ai'e hrought into snhjectioii, there is no other feed than I lu^ wild grasses, well-trained oxen are indispensable; for a well trained yok<' of steers will do onothird more, and better work, than untrained ones. ()ne(^ you get such a team, train also the driver to handle them pi-()|)erly. An ignorant, careless or brutal drivel" will soon reduce thi^ value of any team. XVII. A Sailor as a Teamster. Weonce heard a good story illusti-ating this. A New England farmerhad a linely-t rained yoke of l)i-von steers, such as were not uncoiiimoii there, twenty years ago, and are not now nncommon. lie liireil a sailor, and sent him to market with the team, having instructed him, as he tlioii^ht, (U]2 I', A.MI'.IUCW lAKMl'.l; S SIOCK ill ,1 iiiiiiilirs liiiic, siidliicnl I y i" ilri\iii,ir. ( 'uiiiiiii;; to ;i liiidjj;^ wlicn Micri! ^\■^•l•^' oilier IciiiiiK passiiifj; Uk! siiiloi' "lost his liciul," iiiid forj;;cltiii^ the iJroiuT words, re vorlcd to imiiticai l!iiifj;u!ifj;o. "Starboiini, ( to tin- rif^ht ) yoii iiilihors," ho criod, uiid fiiviii;^ them a pimcii, tlii> steers spriiiif:; forwurd luid side ways, and strikiiiji:; the rail, it was crusiied, and <).\<'ii and load went into th(^ ei'eek twenty t\'v[. below, tuniiiiij; th(» yokt! in the fall. Upon reaching' home, and heinj!; asUed what had hecoine of the team, lie answered : "Oh, the luhhers fell off the deeU, and the larboard ox ^1)1 (Ml Ihi^ stai'iioaid side, an\>v a liiinj;' (o lie well done, one iniist know what lie is ai)onl in doin"; 1'. (niAITKlJ XYIT. SHELTER FOR CATTLE. I. TIIK KCONOMY OF SIIF.I.TER. II. TIIK NATUKAl. HEAT MUST HEKICI'T III'. III. FOOIJ AS KEI.ATKI) TO .SIIKLTEK. IV. FOUH (:i,AS.«(l;.S OF HTOCKMICN. V. MOW TO SIIELTHK. VI. .S(;MliTII INO Til AT WILL HKAIt KEl'EATINO. VII. A CIIKAI' AND s [ AK.MLK^ i;akn. tlicir owu storv pretty fully. The Shiftless Man's Shelter.— '1'1'i^ """i alw^iys has - hard luck," and all his surroundings are of the same kind as his luck — hiinl. His animals are never in condition for lalior, for they aie half starved antl badly sheltered. His barn is worse than "all out doors," since water drips through the roof, and the wind blowing through, creates drafts, and the temperature is actually below what it is outside. Hence, such shelter is really worse than luine, for, while cooped up in it, the poor brutes are denie(l the privilege of exercise. Farmer Slack. — Farmer Slack has abundance of shelter, as the illus- tration shows, l)ut I)elie\'es that store cattle, at least, need to be toughened siiKi/rKii I'oi: CAT'i'i-i':. G(ir> byexpoKurc^ 111 the wiiilci- Masts. 11' a suddc'ii slonii coincs on lie. " tyuesscs tho brutes call .stand it,' with a "morsel inoro" of fodder. His fattening and working stock iuid niilcli cows are in the barns. Can he not see that if it pays witli fhcni it will pay " all around." Farmer Thrifty. — Kanncr Tlirifty lielievcs in having good shelter and in using it. lie hclicvcs not only in slieltering his stock, hut in sheltering his yards anil liains also. \\'ith tlu; snow lying lliick over eveiything, tiicic is no sign of iif(^ in tiic ainph' yards, save tlie hands ai)ont tiieir work, and t he rhirkcns, whi<'h also ha\c warm (jiiarters at night. Tiie cattle arc^ all coinforlalily iiousrd inside. V. How to Shelter. If seems iinnocossarv to follow IIk^ sid)je<'t, into details. 'j'lie most siinple shelter is tiie aililieial prot(!ctioii of wind-hri-aks, obtained l>y the ^.^ -iMT-fwamfc,. planting of i)elts of evergreens and dcH'iduons ti'ces. It is the crudest sort of ])i'olection, next to a tight Jioard fenee. If the fence is lopped wit li a lean-to roof we iiave one of tiie sim- plest forms of shelter. jVnotlier foi-iii of shed — and the crudest — is of posts and poles eov(!red with slough hay. If i)laced in the tinilier it makes an excellent i)rofection for store cattle. A Good Shed. — Htill another cheap shed is made liy setting j)osts in the ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plates i)ieces, laying on scanlling for the ])eak, supported teni])orarily, and nailing on l)oards, for a roof, at one-(>() TIIK AMKUICAN FAUMEU S >- stantial feeding barns and basement stables ; we repeat the direction orig- inally wi'itten at various times during our journalistic ex[)erience. There is 3'et a v:ist outlying territory to l)c settled up, and, when the pioneer FAKMER (iOOnENOUGU S HAKSVAKD has to live in a log house or sod hut, the stock protection must necessari- ly be crude. In the directions given in the next article we leave nuich to individual judgment, since any structure must not only be modified to suit the purse of the builder, but also to suit the materials which he uses. In fact, one of the warmest sheds we ever saw Mas laid up at the sides with sods, and protected from being thrown down from the inside by poles. A shed boarded up is really all the better for a ••l)aeking" of sods, VII. A Cheap, Good Shed. Any farmer tolerably lian(iy with hammer and saAV, assisted by his hired men, can make one. k^upj)()sethe structure is to be a simple roofed shed affair. Decide upon the length. The width should not be more than twelve feet for a single j)iteli roof. Allow tliat it is to be ninety-eight SHELTEll KOU CATTLE. 6()7 feet Ion;!. Sot four hciivy posts for the corners, three feet in the ground, and of the required height. The h)wer it is the warmer it will be, so it be high enough for the cattle to walk under the plates. Between the two end posts set, exactly in line, six posts each fourteen feet apart, and five and one-half feet high from the average ground line. Proceed in the same manner with the front, the posts to be nine feet above ground. At the back, now set seven lighter posts in the fourteen feet spaces. Saw them all off to an equal height, s[)ike on four inch scantling from post to post in front, and two by four for the back. It is now ready for the roof, which is to be firmly nailed from front to rear. Board the front down to within five and a half feet of the ground, and the ends and ijack entirely down to the ground. Thus the shed is complete, except A SLACK FAKMEU S SHELTER. banking up. This is important and will add fully one-lialf to its warmth. A good way to do this is to lay two lines of sods at the rear, breaking joints as in laying ])rick, carrying the banking at least four feet high ; or posts may be set two feet from the wall, with suflScient sti'ips nailed thereon to hold litter, and the whole filled in and rammed tight. It is sinq)ly a question of the adaptation of the means at hand to the end sought. From this we may go on to more and more elaborate struct- ures until we come to the barn proper. vrn. A Framed Shed with Lolt. This may be made hy running the posts up eighteen feet and framing in cross-ties to support a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this shed a good deal of fodder umv l)e stored, to l)e fed from when the weather is (ili.S TIIK AMKIMC'AN l'Ai;.Mi:i;".S STOCK KOOK. too iiidciiu'iit lo allow it lo be liiiiKllcd on waiioiis. In lliis ciisc a focd- ini;- rack may be placed below, willi fcedinij; holes from al)o\('. Tlius the lia\ nia\' Ik^ thrown directly into the loft. In .such a shed it would not lie economical lo form a sin;:le pilcli loof. It should slant both ways. Converting the Shed into a Stable.— If the shed form is to he eon- vert edio astal)le, use tlu^ directions jiiven for a hipor doubhvroofed shed. Uoartl tlu! whole tight all around, leaving space for doors and windows ; batten the cracks, lay the floor, i)ut in stanchions or uprights for fasten- ing the cattle, leaving a feeding place in front, and tlie whole is com- plete. IX. Cattlo Tios. A\'e prefer rings that slide up and down, upon standards three inches thick, to stanchions. This style of stable will not bo strong enough to allow their being fastened to the lloor above. Set strong jjosts seven feet apart and four and a half feet high, sawed off sciuaic on top, and three feet out fi'om the Mall. Prepare six-inch scantling to 1k^ pinned firmly to tlie i)osts, twelve inches from the gronntl, and on the inside next the wall; the scantling bored, each threes feet, with two-inch holes. This will be wide enough for cows. Lal'gel' cattle must have three feet, thl'ce inches. Prepare other scantling bored in similar manner for the tops of the posts. T.akc three-inch smooth saplings; shar])en the lower I'uds just so they will drive tii'mly into the holes in the lower scantling when it is pounded in ])lacc below. Shasc the n))per ends so they will tit the holes in the st'antling above. Drive them solidly into the holes below, pinning each on(^ fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring over each stake. Ijay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards as \()ngo. It is better that they have some play. Lower the scantling on top of the posts, and ])in and spike them tirndy to the posts. Cut stout rope six feet , six ineh(>s long, splice a four-inch loop on one cndr whip the oilier end with small cord so it will not unra\cl ; pass the rope through the ring and back to the loo|i so the end of the looi) will be eight inches from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through tlu^ loop, draw tight and make fast with two half hitches, or. better, whip the two por- tions of rope together as far as the loop. The cattle are then ready to b(' tied up by passing the rope about the neck and through the loop, and drawing just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over the hoins. ii'on chain bails that will last a life-time are kept ready made by jigricullural implement men, and arc nuich the cheapest in the end. Tied thus, cattle can easily reach their food, can lick themselves, can rest per- fectly, but cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch board nailed SHELTEU FOK CATTLE. fif^f) along the standard at a proper height, say about six inches below the tops of the shoulders of the cows, will prevent their reaching too far into the feeding passage. X. Barns for Various Uses. As soon as the farmer is able so to do, it will l)e found cheaper in the end to build substantial barns. They are a permanent investment and are to be estimated simph' in relation to the interest on the original cost, and wear and tear. Modern barns are always built higii. Modern implements and ma- chinery for storing forage and grain, deliver into the top of a barn al)out as cheaply as from below. When there is a location suitable for a base- ment, use it by all means ; and the nearer square or oblong the barn is, the more economical it will be, especially if wings are to be added, as the increasing necessities of stock and forage may require. By a basement we do not mean a cellar, but the lower floor of a barn built on a declivity, so it may run into a bank at one end. A fall in the land surface of six feet in the length of the l)uilding will be sulBcient, since the earth exca- vated may be used for the embankment at one end. XI. The Basement and other Floors. Thus the basement may be used solely for stabling cattle, sheep and calves ; or a part of it may be used for storing heavy tools and machinery. The main floor will contain bags for hay and grain, the threshing floor, harness-room and a granary. The grain, however, is better stacked outside, unless the intention be to thresh it by means of a small stationary power, as it may be wanted, for feeding and bedding — the power also to be used for gi'inding feed and chopping fodder. IVlake the barn as high as the power will carry hay and grain. Con- tinue the hay to the roof. Cover the horse stable, if there is to be one, the harness room, granary etc., with matched lumber, and form a mow overhead ; also, a floor may be carried over the threshing floor, and this space utilized in the same way. Practically j^ou have the s]rdce at less expense. In fact, utility will be suggested in many ways, other than we have mentioned. XII. An Oblong Barn. In the West and South, the farmer of 1(10 to 200 acres may get along very well with a side-hill barn forty-two by sixty feet. It will give ample room for a bay K! by (!() ; a floor Hi l)y (iO ; horse stal)le 13 by 60, con- taining 5 single and 1 double stalls, or 2 single and 3 doul)le stalls ; a room for implements 10 by 13 ; a granary 12 by 13, and a tool room half that size ; while the liasement may be devoted entirelv to the stal)linvaiit('il, I lie si|iiaro I'in'iii slionhl lie used. It will f;ivc l!ir<;cly iiKToasod room iu pr(>- poi'l ion to t he cost . XIII. A Barn With WingB. Uclow wc ;'i\c an onllinc of the liasiMlleiit. of .1 liarii I'oilv l"eel wide and sixlv Icel loll", Willi a lean toovershol cxIciidiiiL;' Iwcnlv Icel ni I'loiiL HAY Mounr MAIN IIARN 1 1 n r"- i -' 1 ' 1 1 . . J J Tr["Tii"fn RI.MN I l.ilOli or MAUN. 'I'iiis liarii will coiilain alioiit IdO Ions ol' hay. 'The haru winild he Itetler I'lieinji' the suiilh if the lay of the land as to deiiivity w ill allow. The liay-lidiise may extend t\\ciil\ I'ccI in widlli and lieii:iil in I he Conii of an L and of swell a leiiiith as may lie wanted for slorane, sav fiirtv t'eel. This Imrii, if the space liclnw the liay-honse is utilized, will st.ilile six horses and forty cattle. 'I'lie liiiseiiieiil of the main harii may he dividcvl inlos(iihlin<>as follows : A, horse slahles 1 ■_' feel deep, with iiiaiii;'eis two and a half feel wide for lia\, w itii snitalije I i'oul:Iis fm- iiiain and m.inucr for ha\ ; Hand (' .iro Mii'.i.Ti'.i; I'ui! cAiri.i'. (171 cjittlc stiills. Tliosi' ill r. Iiiiiil: willi >\viii;iiiiut r.icli sUll liiiviiiu ;i scpMrMlc H'm>cyj.ru:ixj-tBrma majt-u^vi.t^^ •. A Mniiia. ii\s1'.mi;nt. |ii'()leelcd finm I'rosI . Oiil may Ixi used for idols and cliiei feeding;- malerial llial |-e(Hiires lo he kejil from free/,ilij,f. XV. Main Floor of Model llarn. 'I'lic followiiii;' diagram shows llie main lloor of I he same liarn and nei'ds lull lillle e\|)lanali(m : (liicin;.( iiiiiiually 7M),{){){) tons of hiittor, of whicli wo export (h1 1 1 ,()()() Ions duiiiiir llioywir 1H7!) ; iind 1()0,0()() (ons of chocso, of wliicli wo (^xi)oft(Ml (!1,()()() Ions (lurinif llioyoiir 187!). In \M() tho export of l)utU'r wan al)out 2(),()(){l tons, luul of cliccso nearly 7^,000 tons ; and tlie woilc just (juoled adds, upon tho Kulijeet of this l)riui(ii of ajfric^nUuro tiiat , within tho last twenty years, an export of cheese alone of 1,1(!;5, ()()(), ()()(> poinids, and a total value of exported butter and eheeso of $1«5,()0(),()()0 has been made. During tho last ten years 88r),()()(),()00 pounds of eheeso have been shipped abroad. Tims it will bo seen that tho d.airying interest is one of vast and in- ei'easinj^ magnitude. Its rapid j^rowlli in tlie East will bo eciualled and surpassed in many Western States ada|)t(ul to dairy products. In 18(!!) (lommisHioncr I). A. Wells (vstimatcd the value of tho dairi(!s of the United States at $ 1()(),()()(),()()(). In a pa[)crread at IMiihuhilpiiia, in 1H7(;, Prof. X. A. VVillard thought it much within tho truth to stat,o the value of tlie i)roducts of th(^ farm dairies for tiiat year at $(100,000,000. III. Tho Dairy Building. That our rcadi^rs may bo alilo to know just what is necessary in tho way of a dairy buildinj; — ono which may bo easily modilied to suit tho circum- stances of the owner — wo give on next page a ground plan of a model creamery and cheese factory combined. This building is 2(i by 52 feet, with an extension on each side. The walls have three air spaces ; ono of these is l)etwo(5n the outer siding and tho sheatliing ; the n(!xt betvveeu tho sheathing and building paptir, and the last between tho j)aper and plaster- ing. Tho wii\il()ws are also doul)Ie. Thus is completely secured an C(|ual temperature, and also a perfect isolation of the milk and cr<'ani from odors (Ml her of maniiCacturing or curing. The milk, when reccMved and weighed, is strained dii'e(^tly into tho vats or into deei) cans for setting in the cold pools. The pools ai-c of cenunited brick ; they are tw(Mily inches deep, and are supplied with water from a deep well and force pump, and also with ice. There is a press room ad- joining the chocso-muking room, and a stairway loading thouco to tho curing room. rv. now tho Factory is Built. With good drainage there may be a basement three feet below ground, built of stone or brick. It is ,inde(Ml, better that the superstructure bo of brick. There should also bo a perfect chart nuido of the drainage jjipes ao that thoy nniy be readily found at any time, 'i'lie drains siiould bo made with amphi tall to the outlet, and in tlu^ best possible workmanship. DAlUYINd AND DAIIIV III ' 1 1,1)1 N( IS. (177 'I'Ik^ Wilier (iriiiiis iii.'iv !)•' of lilc, liiil .-ill (Ir.iiiis for ciiirvinjr off wlicv, hnllcliiiilU ()!• oilier li(nrKls (■.\c(^))t jiiirc, wmIit slioiild !)(• (if lii;lil, pipes, iiiid llie l)ip(!s iiiid (Jriiiiis must, ho liiid Ixd'oro llie lloor is piil, down iuk! tli(! eciiKiiil. carefully liU-cd to llieiii. I'Iks dniiiis slioiild nil Im; of siifll- cic'iil, hI/c uoL to clog. It is holler IliJiL tlio foiindiilion of tlio iloor iiavn a coaling of tin .sliaviiigH, or liroUcMi glass, hIx iiiclies thick well potiiided down, and covered with wat(^r linio cement. Upon this a flooring of Hags or hri<:Us may he laid, itovcired wilh (;(Mneiil. of watei' lime, wliic^h in tiiuo will become entirely hard, and tlic! tin or glass helow will prevent all MlilNKU <,'ltlCAMi;i(V AMI CIIIOIOHl': I'A'TOIIY. Explanation. — /I — MiiU receiving room. li — (;h(!(!Ho manufacturing rodiii. ^' -Press i-fjom. D — Kngine room. E — I'ool. /'' — (.'ream and eliiirniug room. G — IJutter working and d(!livering room. 7/ — Refrig- <'ralor. a a — (Jhccse vats, h — Curd sink. r. c — Wash vats, d d — Chiiriis. r — Hnller worker. / — Hoiler. (j — Kngine. // // — Whey drains. (;7H TIIK AMK1{K:AN FAIIMER S STOCK ISOOK. burrowing of rats. The walls of the dairy-house should be plastered and should receive a coat of liaid finish, so that they may be washed when necessary. The ice-house should be plastered with water-lime, and a vacancy left between the ice and the bottom of the house, to allow the water an easy way to escape thence into the cooling pool. V. The Management of Milk. The management of milk recpiires care in every stage from milking until it is converted into butter or cheese. We have used great care in tlu! past, as author and editor, in writing u|)on this subject both from a practical experience and from the writings of the best authorities. The following directions, reproduced so far as may be necessary to a fair understanding of the subject, will pretty fully cover the ground. If the reader wishes to enter into the niinutiaj of the subject, in every particular, the works of Willard, Arnold and other authorities will be found useful. VI. Patent Creameries. There are various ways of setting milk ; among them is the Hardin method, in which the milk is strained directly after being drawn into deep pails and then covered with a tight lid to exclude air and water, the refrig- erator having an ice space above the pails, from which ice water con- stantly drips below. If there is a spring of very cold water at hand this may be used instead of ice. The Coaley system consists in setting the milk in deep cans, which have close fitting covers, and are surrounded by ice cold water. If the heat and animal odor be exi)elled before putting in, there is no tainting or sour- ing. The cream is taken perfectly sweet, in from twelve to twenty-four hours. By this system a medium-sized refrigerator box may contam the milk of a dozen cows. Both the systems mentioned arc patented. If the milk is set in open pans under the old system, see that there is no taint of foul odors near. And all utensils must be regularly cleaned and scalded, not merely with hot, but with actually boiling, water. The essence of success in dairying is absolute cleanliness in every depart- ment, and in every stage of progress from milking to i)acking the butter and cheese. Vn. Driving off Animal Odors. It is important that the aninud odor be driven off before raising the cream or setting the cheese. This is done by contact with pure air. The milk is poured into a receiver, in the bottom of which are small holes, through which the milk is allowed to drop into a tank. This tank stands in cold water nearly to its brim : in this the milk remains until quite cold. DAKYINO AND DAIRY BUILDINGS. 679 when it is ready for further manipulatiou. Ileatiug the milk to 100 or 110 degrees will answer the same purpose; and then allow it to cool. The former however is the better plan. VIII. Temperature of the Dairy Room. The temperature of the dairy room should never be above (50 degrees, and this is tlu; proper temperature for churning cream. The temperature of the milk shoukl be kept as near 40 degrees as possible ; and in the storage room for butter the temperature should be kept as low as 40 de- grees if possible. IX. Butter Making in Europe. Prof. Caldwell, of Cornell University, gives tiie following as among his observations in Europe : Among the diiferent systems prevalent in Europe, we notice the Dutch method in which the milk is cooled dow^n to 60 degrees in a water tank, which requires usually from one and a half to two hours, and the milk is then set to the depth of four or five inches in a room where the temperature ranges from 54 to (JO degrees, and remains about twenty-four hours ; tlie HoJstein method, in which tlie milk is set at about the same temperature, without being first cooled in water, to the depth of one and one-half to two and one-half inches ; the Devonshire method, described as long ago as 1784, where the milk is put in a cool room, standing at a depth not greater than from three to four inches for twelve hours ; the vessel containing it is then set over tlie fire and heated till blisters begin to appear in the cream, or to about 200 degrees, when it is set aside again for twelve hours ; the cream is very firm in consistency and can be made into butter by simple kneading, and has a sweet, pleasant taste. X. Dairy Butter in the West. Mr. C. C. Buell, one of the best dairyman in the West, describes his method of butter making in the following concise manner : Cows were common stock — Durham grades and sprinkling of Jersey. Fed by running in fresh corn stalks during day time, on Timothy and clover at night; iu stable, with two messes of meal daily, consisting, by measure, of two parts corn and one part oats, together with the greater part of the sour milk and buttermilk from the dairy room. Number of cows, forty. The milk was strained through an iron strainer into deep pails, as soon as drawn, standing in open air until the milUing was finished. It was then strained again into the same pails through a double thickness cloth strainer. The milk was set in a room without fire, temperature being between 40 and 50 degrees, Fahi-enheit. During a part of the time, the temperature being above 50 degrees, the milk was set in water twelve hours. The milk was skimmed after standing twelve to forty-eight hours, it being CHO 'I'm; AMI';ilI('AN I'AUMI'MI h htock hook. cDiiHiilcrril iIohIi'iiIiUMu mix IIk^ rinwi^r iiikI iiI(I III II, l<-iii|i(M'iil,iin< of ('i2 d(^^n<0H ; mh Mm Imllrrmilk Ix'^^iiii to n|i|)(Mir II t'oiipid of gallons of lolci-aliiy Htriiii<:; liriiui was adtlcd al. a loin- |M'i'iiluro of M tIcffi'CKH, and llui (iliiini Hloppcd a inoiiioiii iifUnvMii'd, — uh wilii lli(( nddilion of llx^ brim', HHar_v wiih used in wiwiiinj!; down MidcH of rliiini, cnvcr tiiid (liisin-r. Tim ImiMi'I' wiih llicn iir piiilsi, in ||io hiiiiio liriiic l{(v('i ; liu' Imllfr was ho liiiiidlcd an lo mi.\ witii tiio proper iimiiiml. of siiif wilii liii< leant working;' poHHilile. It wiih tlicn pliiced in a (nil nli^iitly piifked, covered witli lirine.iind nllowed lo Hliind three or for lionrH, when it WIIH nenin plnreil nn (he wmlver, lif;lill_v worked nnd paekeU for market. XI. Mow to Oolor lliiUor. (lood ^rriiHH liiill(>r ikmmjh no eolorini;. Itnt it Iiiih hoeoino faHhionii)il«\ now-ii-davN, to color nil Imtter (hat diatn not «'ome np to the rcil "f^riiHS color;" iinnotia in the HiiliHtimce iim(mI. It^ in innocent, ami in now Hold prepared eHpeciiilly for diiiryinen'H line. 'I'he (|nantitvt(i lie lined iihihI, he del<'rmiiied liy cxpiM'inicnt aco not (^olortoo jii^li — ralhor under than over the true yellow of eiasH Imlter. X[l. UalltuK- •liiHt iiH the IniltiM' in formin;,? in uninnlcH in the churn, Hiiddenly reduce (lie ti'mperiiliire l>y meiuiH of icti water to iihoiit ^(i dej^recH. 'riu» lnitli>r will Mill then iiiUHH to^'clluM'. WiihIi miuI l:ik(' mil of lli<< rliiini iiiid place it (III Hie .-hili for working;', ami giv(< it three (|u.'iilei'H of nii oimce of Halt 1(1 the pound of Itnttcr. 'I'hin in liu,ht Hailing:,. One <)iiiic<> is the uHiiiil rule; iind tnie ounce iiiul a ((inirter to th(> pound is lii':ivy sidlin;;. Uho iKiiie lull the lient null. iveni<'inli(>r tliiil s:ill is not used to pri>Herve tlio liiiller, lint to Inin^ ont its llnvor. Ncv<>r euess id the Minount of salt; \\(sl new , cIcmii p.'ickngfs. L(«t them he ii!\iform !ii size and appearaneo ; a HJovenly package will often condemn (he l)est I)AII!V1\(I AND DAIln 111 1 1 1.1 H N( IS. (581 l.iillcr. Tlic Imttcr l.ciiij,^ iil. a luiiipcnidin! of (SO di-j^riui.M, nib the jj.ick- aiic, .sidrs luul Ipoltiiiii, willi .siill, put in a iniaulily of IiuIUm- iioL iiiori' iliMii \ciii(;iii t^vciily anil liniily prc-^.s <-l(>scly lo tlm h'uU^h. So (u)iiliiiiui iiiilil the pMckaijc is lillcd (o williin an iiK'li of (lio lop. Lay on u clolli wcl. Willi liiiiK^Miid iialf an iiicli larj^cr Uiaii (lie p:iri\iii;ii. VVorU (lii) cd-ius down, and i()V a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will be a{)t to sink broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by hand and left to cool ; and thercNifter it is j)a(ked in successivo thin layers in tho vat — a cylindrical or wooden vessel twelve in(^hes or luore wide and tw(!lve inches deep — whence*, after IxMng presscil for half an hour, it is taken out (it is then probal)ly midday,) and broken up by hand, and allowed again to cool, 'riien, when cool, and hard, and sour, and dry, and tough (>nough, (all this, of course, being left to tiio judgment of the maker), it is ground up in the curd mill ; two pounds of salt ari' added to the <^wt. of curd, and the whole is allowed to cool, and as soon us cold, it is put in the vat, and taken to press. It is then probably ;5 p. m. Ihe pressure on the eheoso iiuiy be IH ewt. Tho cloth is changed next morning. A calico coating is laced on it tho second tlay, and tho tiiird day the cheese may be taken from the press, j)la'.'ed in the eheeso room, bandaged, aiul turned tlailj', and afterwards less frecpuintly. The clu'cse room should be kept at neai-ly (if) degices Fahr. The eheeso will not bo ready for sale for three months. 'I"he process of making Cheddar cheese lasts all day, and th(\ cheeses are nnule of various sizes, gi'U(>r:dly twelve inches wide and a foot iiigh, but sonu-times larger in both dimcn- sions, and from 70 to 100 pounds in weight ; the object being to make all the milk of one day on a farm of tliirty to foity I'ows into a singU' cheese. DAIItYINO AND DAIKV III 1 1,1)1 N(iH . 688 XVI. Choahiro Choose. ('h(!Hhiro cheese, lik() minutes ; it is then cut with the usual curd- breaker, a si(!V(!-shap(^d cutter, very slowly. The wh(ry is syphotu^d, pumixd, or lifted out as soon as i)ossibl'.H) THK AMERICAN FAUMEli S STOCK liOOK. is very prevalent iunoiii^ certiiiii chisses of cattle, us a i-esult of too imich iii-and-iii hrcedinL;-, or of overfeediiii;- and foreint; on hiiiiiiv stiniulat- ing diet. On account of tlieir lower grade of vitality, they are more susceptible to inrtuences that develop h)etil diseases, as, for example, the miasma of low, marshy ground, especially that which has been overflowed : and also to })oor fodder, from must, or being affected with ergot, etc. There is a peculiar .sympathy in disea.se among cattle, as is illustrated in regard to abortion. It is a familiar experience that if one cow aborts through accident, one or more of the others will abort through sympathy. Owing to their natural tendency to plethora, cattle seem pecuiliarly pre- disposed to malignant ulcers, swellings, glandular enlargements and even gangrene. To these they are more sul)jeet than any other of the domes- tic animals. The nostrils, pharynx, larynx and trachea (wind-pipe) are much smaller than in the horse, which is one reason why they cannot travel so fast nor so long as the latter, — the wind fails. This also explains why suffocation is a more imminent danger in cases of throat inflammation in cattle than in horses, needing specially prompt and active treatment, even to the op- ei'ation of tracheotomy. The different arrangement of the digestive apparatus in cattle as com- pared with the horse, is very marked, the former having four distinct stomachs, while the latter has only one stonuich, but a greattu- length of intestines, which are also much more sensitive. Inflammation of the bowels, so common with the horse, is quite rare with the ox. Cattle are less tolerant of disease and pain than the horse. They give up in discouragement, after one or two attempts, and pine away under pain very fast. They soon become indifferent to life, often refusing to make one effort to rise when perfectly al)le to do so ; and, as weakness follows more rapidly in inflanunator}' diseases, these require more energetic measures and an earlier administration of tonics and stimulants than when treating the horse. III. Action of Remedies in Cattle. Remembering the phlegmatic nature of cattle, remedies work very dif- ferently with them than >vilh tlu^ horse. Medicines should always be given them in licpiid form, and more bulky than for the horse ; and they should contain something in the nature of a mild stimulant to ha.sten their passage through the first three stomachs, and on to the fourth stomach and intestines, where they can be taken up into the system l)y the absorlients. GENERAL PRINCirLES. 691 Aloes, though so excellent :i [)iug:itive f(n- horses, is of no use with cattle ; while epsoni salts, that are so drastic and cold for horses, on cattle work like a charm. Calomel and other forms of mercury act violently on cattle, salivating them very soon, and is excreted through the milk, often affecting sucking calves seriously. Oils, used as purga- tives, act Avell on cattle, and especially melted lard. Mustard, as a l)lister, acts with more vigor on cattle than on the horse, but turpentine less. IV. The Only Safe Principles for Most Cattle Owners. But few outside of the more common diseases of cattle will he treated of in this work, the better to adapt it for its ready use, as a l)ook for reference, by the average stock owner : and the recipes will be as few and simple as they can be made without detracting from their value. It is a mistake to suppose that any great variety of violent drugs can be used with advantage by the public generally. The public would, no doubt, learn by experience, but it would be at the cost of losing many valuable animals. What we advocate and would like to instil into the minds of our readers, in conjunction with the importance of thorough preventive measures, is to treat the ordinary diseases as early and vigorously as pos- sible, with the simplest efficient I'emedies, and when any extraoi'dinary case arises i-equiring more violent means, to employ an educated, well qualified veterinary surgeon. V. Familiarize Yourself with the Phenomena of Health. As it is obvious that no person is fitted to treat disease who is unable to distinguish at least its prominent symptoms, every stock owner should familiarize himself with the ordinary phenomena of healtii, espe- cially with the pulse, respiration and temperature. Scarcely less im- portant than these, in many forms of disease, are the appearance of the hair and skin, and that of the eye ; the posture and movements ; and the character and frecpiency of the appetite, and also of the discharges. VI. The Pulse, Respiration and Temperature. The normal pulse in cattle ranges from fifty to fifty-five per minute ; in old animals, Ijut especiaJh' in calves, it is somewhat more. The pulse is the nu)st conveniently taken from the artery passing over tlie middle of the first rili, or else tliat beneath the tail. In health it is softer and less tense than it is in the horse. The breathing it requires no special skill to diagnose — onl}' a moderate amount of practice. The soft, rustling sound of the healthful " respira- tory murmur," when the ear is placed to the chest, is altogether changed when there is any ailment affecting the lungs or air passages. The num- ber of respirations per minute (ordinarily ten to fifteen in cattle) can be 692 TIIK AMEHICAN FARMER'S STOCK BOOK. ciisily coiuitcd l)y tlic liciiviiig of tlic I'liesl. Soim- pnictici', however, Avill he reniiii'i'il to in:iku one a fir.st-nite judge of the sound ohtiiincd hy percussion, whiiih, in iicaltli, is always eh-ar and resonant. Percussion consists in j)Iar cannot expi-ess in words. The muzzle, wliicii in hcaitii is nuiist, (or covered with "dew," as many call it ), in disease, es[)ecially in fever, becomes umiaturally hot and dry (u- cold, and sometinu>s changed in color — sometimes paler, but more commonly injected with blood. One of the earliest signs of serious con- stitutional distin-l)ance, as well as of certain special disorders, in the case of cattle, is the sus[)ension of rumination, — that is, ceasing to chew the cud. A nearly coincident general symptom, in cows, is the drying up of the milk. CHAPTER n. CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. I. fONTAOIOUS PLEURO-PNEIIMONIA. II. KINDERPEST OU CATTLE PLAOUE. III. TEXAS FEVER, SPANISH OR SPLENIC FEVER. IV. CONTAGIOUS ECZEMA, FOOT ANU MOUTH DISEASE OU EPIZOOTK: APHTHA. V. ANTHRAX. VI. VA- RIOLA VACCINA OK COW-POX. I. Contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia. This is tiio most fatul aiid contaij^ious of tiie diseases to whicii cattle are subject, cxct'pt rinderpest, (a contagious enteric fever), Avliich lias never yet gotten a hold in America, and Texas or Spanisli fever, (spU^nic f(!ver). It is still successfully conlined to the region in which it was first intro- duced, viz : The region contiguous to New York city, and ])ortions of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Dc^Iaware and ^Maryland. It is, in fact, now restricted to comparatively nai-row limits, and it is to be hoped that the strict measures taken to prevent its spread will keep it conlined entirely to tiiat portion of the counliy east of the Allegheny nu)untains. It is a contagious fever of cattle, with local inflammation of tiie pleura, (the thin membrane lining the thorax and investing the lungs), accom- panied by great jjrostration, and in its more malignant forms ending in death in a few days. It is, however, often slow in its development, weeks, or even months elapsing during which the contagion works in the system, before finally revealing its fatal symptoms. So terribly contagious is this disease that but little assurance can be given that any known remedy will i)rovo valuable, since in the attempt to cure one animal, the whole herd may be attacked. Hence, the farmer suspecting it in his herd should at once apply to a comijctent vi-terinary surgeon, if there is one Mithin reach, to v(?rify the disease. If such ex- pert authority be not at hand, kill the animal or animals at once, slash the skin to prevent any i)crson from digging the animal up for the sake of the hide, and bury deeply ; if (juick lime can be gotten, use it freely 693 (594 TiiK a:mi;i!I(an fakmkii s stock isook. over tlu- cin^-iss. 'i'licii (lisinCci't carefully all slahlcs and oiillioiiscs, and in caso oilier animals are snspeeleil, isolale and iinarantine llieni and ll\vai( dex-elippnienls. How to know it. — 'I'lie earlier symptoms arc apt to i)ass unnoticed. 'I'lic tiisl is a rise in temperature to lO.'!- oi- l()(i= l'\, shown hy introduciui;' a clinical tliennomelcr into tlu^ i-ectum, tlie a\'el'ai;-e fcmperatiu'c heinij,' 101 - ; there \\ill lie loss of ajjpetite ; a slariuii' ''<';d : slight shi\ ei-inus ; a liai'd, dry eouiiii ; a loss of milk: scindv urine, lii<;iier oi' darUer colored than usual. Then will follow tenderness upoii pressure liet ween the ril)s oxer the luuii's ; the cough will increase ; and the lii-eathing (|uicken ; the nose will extend : the hack lie arched ; the hind legs will lie drawn imder t he liody , and I he olliows will lie turned out. liatei', tlu'l-e will lie a water\' or a more pronounced discharge of matter from the eyes and nose; obstinate constipation, or a watery fcetid diarrlKea ; !i rapid weakening of the system, ending in death. Upon percussion (strikiui:) over the lungs, there will he given back, in the earlier stages, ii clear, resonant sound ; later, it will be farmer to report to them, since this is a disease that the veterinarian alone can cope with, and thi'U y the dimness of the transparent cornea of the eye, Mhich in rinderpest CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. C97 remains clear. The foot-and-mouth disease differs froTu riiuierpcsl by ulceration of the foot, and the less degree of ff^vcr. The alteration of the mucous meml)rano in rinderpest, heretofore spoken of, nuiy very soon he observed in tlie vagina of cows, which becomes spotted or striped with red, and, in about twenty-four iiours after, small yellowish white or gray specks arc clearly distinguished on the red spots and stripes. These arc formed by the loosening of the cuticle, which m;iy l)c nibl)cd off, leaving in its pl;icc a dark red depression. There is no known remedy for tliis disease, and hence the only security against its spread is in the enactment of the most strin in the temperature of the body occurs about two da\'s before any other symptoms present tiiemselves ; and it has been shown that the virus exists in the blood at tlie time a rise in temperature is first noticed. Inoculation with scrum of the blood taken from an animal at this time, will produce the dis- ease. The temperature in the course of two days rises to 104= or 10.5= F., when the _ following symptoms will be noticed ; Shivering ; muscular twitchii\g ; restlessness ; colicky pains ; sometimes a husky cough; 3'awning; great dul- ness, with drooping of the ears ; ■occasional fits of delirium ; the appetite is soon lost; the milk of cows is suddenly and entirely stopped, more so than in any other disease. In the later stages, the animal grinds its teeth ; arches its back ; draws its legs together ; moans and grunts with each expiration, at which time the breath is held for an instant and then expelled with a grunt. At first the l)owels are constipated, but this KINDEltl'EST. (i!),S TIIIC AMICHICAN I'AUMKIi S STOCK HOOK. coiulitiim is soon followed by violi'ut jjurging ; the dry, hot, red condi- tion of llio eyes, nose and nioutii, whieh exist in the early staue, is fol- lowed 1)\- a disehai'jiO of a ii'lairy, watery character, soon lunnini;- into an opaiiui' and tiirhid form, which is very typical of the disease. In some cases tile \i>iliie nuicons niemhranes heconu) altered in a|)pearance, hy assnminji' a sahnon-red ai)|)earance over the wliole extent, witii decpci'iin- son red patelies dotted over tlie surface. When lyini;- down, the head is usually turned ni)()U the npper Hank ; the twitching of the nnisch's will he noticed more about the neck, .shoulders and hind (|uartcis. The dis- charges from the bowels are at first bhick, but soon change to a pale greenish brown ; they are very fa>tid and are voided witii nuich straining. The urine is scanty and high colored, and scnnetimes albuminous. The pulse rises to 120^ to 140= per minute ; the surface of the body gets deathly cold ; weakness increases, the animal lying most of the time ; the areolar tissue becomes, in most eases, bloated with air; the animal be- comes drowsy, and soon after unconciousness sets in; the nostrils flap; the mucous niemliranes l)ecome lead-colored, with jjurpic patciics ; llatu- Icnce sui)ervenes, with involuntary evacuation of ficces, and dcatii soon follows. Sonu'timcs tiic eruption covers the entire liody, and, again, it may lie whdih' wanting. III. Texas Fever, Spanish or Splenic Fever. 'I'iiis discMsc, wiiicii has its origin in the low lands of Mexico and Texas, nun-e nciiriy resembles the rinderpest of Asiatic Russia tlnui any other. It is, however, not nearly so destructive ; is not eomnumicated from one field to another ; the germs are surely killed by the first frost, and arc only eonnnunicated to Northern cattle by the Ti-xas cattle driven over- land infecting other c:ittle passing along the same road or feeding ground. The aninnds t:dcing it in this w:iy do not connnunicate it to others, and hence the probsdjility that its malignant, contagious form is not rii)ened in climates in whieh frosts occur. Hence, again, in all those districts where Texas ctittle arc not i)cnnitted to pasture thciv is no danger of tlie disease breaking out. It was noticed in Missouri as long :igo sis 1S40, through the introduction of Texas cattle, and continued to increase in tlnit region until, in 1858, tlie trade in Texas cattle having become very large, the Legislature of Kansas attempted to stay its ravsvges by restrictive en- iietments. In 18ti8, through the importation of Texas cattle, and their carriaire by rsulway, the loss to native stock in the grazing States east of the Mississippi became so gre:d, especially in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, that the most stringent nu-asures werefaken by tiie Legislatures of various States to prevent sucii cattle from being brongiit in. These rON'TACIors DISKASKS. G9i) mciisurcs operated suceessfully, since of late years but little trouble has beeu experienced. Tiie disease is not coininuuieated after frosty weatiier sets in, and Texas cattle wiulercd in tiie Xortli do not coniniiinicate the disease! tlie following suninici . Incubation. — 'lie sfaii-t^ of incnlmtion is from four to live weeks. 'I'iie blood undergoes a material ciiauL;'!', and some of its elements escape into the various tissues of tlie l)ody and into the urine, givinir tiie laltera bloody appearanc(\ How to know it. — As in i)lcnro-pneumonia, a marked symptom is an increase of iieat , lo 104 * to lOd ^ ; Uiv puisi; rises from 40 heats a minute (the average for healthy .steers) up to 120 a minul(\ The fever is gen- erally preceded by a chill ; the dung and urine become scanty, higli col- ored, or bloody ; the milk fails lapidiy ; yellow matter is discliarged from the nostrils and moutli ; tiu; animal assumes a peculiarly dejected look ; the back is arclied ; the flanks l)ecome hollow ; the gait unsteady or stag- gering, and the hair rough ; the eougii is more or less fretpient ; the urine coagidates on boiling; the mucous membranes art; deep yellow or brown color, and tiiat of the rectum dai-k reel. There is but little trace of disease in the first three stomachs, but tlus fourth stomach shows congestion, and the intestines are still more gorged and l)lood-stained. The liver is not seriou.sly aifected, but the gall bladder is tilled with thick, dark colored bile ; the kidneys are also congested, and the secretion in the bladder is bloody or blood-stained ; the spleen is nmch affected and enlarged. In a healthy animal the spleen should weigh a ])ound or a pound and a half; in cattle dying of Texas f(!ver it has bei'u known to reach a weight of eight i)oimds ; hence, the specific name of splenic U'xor. What to do. — Treatment for this disease, like that for pleuro-pneumo- nia and rinderpest, is not satisfacil.ory in the majority of eases. There; is this point, however, in the treatment — since cattle infested frf)m Texans do not give it lo others, and since isolation is a security against contagion, the animals should at once be jmt into eonfortahle quarters and receive good nursing. IV. Contagious Eczema, Foot and Mouth Disease, or Epizootic Aphtha. This disease is unknown in America, hut it is vt'ry common in the older countries. Owing to its very short period of incul)ation — twenty-four hours to three or four days — there is very little dangeir of its importa- tion ; and quarantining any affected lii-rds bcifon^ allowing them to land, will effectually prevent its introduction. It as an eczeniatous (U- skin disease affecting the mouth, tongue, lips, feet, less and udder. 'i"he contagion lies in the diseharires from the THK A.MIOUICAN FARMER S STOCK 1500K. EPIZOOTIC APHTHA OK l-'OOT AND MOUTH DISEASE. moutli aiul fiH't, :in; ii cl'a<'krin'4' noise when (he hand is passed o\cr il . \N'lien it. eoiiiMieliei^s on one point of (lie snil'aci', a Miiall liiislcr rorins. i;a(licrs, liieai^s and dries lip. and olhcrs form around it, and so on in coiis<>ciit i\ c riiii^s il spreads, 'i'liis coiislitnles nialiuuanl pustule, and is the form i( usually lakes in man, l;-oI I>\' inociilal ion, from liaiiillinii'carcass<'s and skin niiiL;' animals dead from anlhra\, liaiidliiii; dirt\- ra^js, etc. Anthrax has (wo dis(iiic( \\a\s of manifestiui;' itself, wit li external lesions ami wilhonl (hem. To (he former heionjj; the hlaeU leji, lilaeU (|uarter. or bloody murrain, black touiiue, Sib(>i-ian ixiil iihiiiiic, and lar- buiieular ei \sipelas of sheep and swine, and inaliunaMt sore throat of the liitl(!r; lothe latter, all t hose lia\inj;' speeili(M'liaii!j;es in t lie blood, with eiijLi'oiiicmcnl i>\' the spli'cn, exudations and blood-stained spots in (lie iii(erual (U'Lians, and sudden death. The Siitiridn /In// /'/m/iif aKai'ks hoi'ses, cat I Ic, sheep, i;'oa(s aiid pi^s, and manifcsls itself in ,s\vcHiiiL:s on ( he shea! h. udder. (Iiioat , breast, dewlap, ('(<■., which are IliimI, \cllowi>li, and st reakcd wit h red, and some- times spottelior( in its duration, and falal in its '-'^ effect, that one n\- two of a herd may jfe!?/-^^ be foniul dead in the morning-, when notiiinu; whateyer was w roni;' with (^AumN.ri.AUK.uvsin.i.As-m,AVKi.Kvv(illeii (lu.ilter s(von morlilies, becomes cold, j^as forms under the skin and crackles if rubbeii, and death soon follows. .Sometimes there is an eiTu.--ion of yellow lookiiifj; lymph from the >vvelliny ml piirplc or hlmlv hlislcr.s on tlio (oii/^iic, pMJ.ih^ iiml tliccks, soMicl i UK'S ,i( tail li ml;' the si/.c of a iicii's ogjf ; llii'V liui'st iiiiil run :iii irlioroUH, sciildiiii; iiiallcr, anil I lie sore hccunics iiiilicalliiy !inil iili'tT-liki', w it ii iiinrc , x, or Ics.s hwcliiiij;' ; tii Mack leg in calllc. imd, like il , alw ays attueks t he line I , fatlesl, and imist, lliri\ing one in Ilic llork. 'I'lii^ syniplunis are 1 he saine as I. lack leg, and dcalh follows in from tin to sixl \' hours. Swine ha\(' I he earldineiilar er\',sipelas t he same as sheep; also. Mack tongue, tumors a In ml t he I jnoat , and pharynge.d ant liia\ ; I he lat ter is I he most common ronn, and is pi'ohalily caused hyeatiiiL;' tin' eaiiass of some ant lirax animal. 'I'heie is fever, swelling ahoni, the throat, neiL and hi'east, wliieh is red, shining, tender, and soon heeomes purple, eold and ins(Misil)le, and pits upon piessiiie ; nausea, vomiting, retehini;; and loss of nppet ile ; pni-ple palehes fonn a round t he e\'es and on the snout ; hl'i^at liiiig lieeomes dillieult, and the month livid ; the tempi'i'at iir<^ falls, luid death follows in from one to two da\s. Dogs, eats and other small animals dii! from authra.x, dc^veloped in llie same nnumer as it is in pigs, ami emiiing from their eating antlirax ear- CUHSes. They are alTected in the month, throat and dig(\stivti organs, giving I'ise to \ limiting, fever .-iiid death. Birds and poultry die of anthrax, I'lom eatinu' liits of anlhrax vietims. It developes in them in feNcr and swelling on the lie.id, eonih, lireasi and feet. In man, midignant pustule or eharbon developes l)\' inoeiilat ion ; a small 1'(mI spot shows itself with itching, iind inercsiises in si/,e. In the ennrse of twelve hoiiis, a Mister foi'ms, lireaks, dries, and u new crop springs np around t he old one, and so it spreads. The affected jiarts run t hroiigh all tho shades of eolor rrom red to lilack, when gangrent! sets in, and sloughs in caso ol' niovery, hut, alas, it is loo often fatal, the saini! as in the iowei' animals. Ant hra.x" without external swelling is known as anthrax fever, splenic apoplexy, hroxy, etc., aecordiiig to theanimals attacked. Horses, catt le. 704 TIIK AMKinCAN KAHMKIi's STOCK HOOK. sheep, swine iuid fowls are lial)le to attacks of aiitlirax fever. This is eharaeterized by high fever, plethora, eiigorgeiucnt of tho spleen and other internal f)r, and death in twelve to twenty-four hours. What to do. — Treatment is of no avail in the tirst eases, owing to the rapid fatality of the disease, but in subsctjuent eases, when the patient can bear it, bleed freely, then give purgatives. Of Epsom salt, give a pound to cattle when full grown : calves, three or four ounees, and young eatlie in proijortion ; sheep and pigs, four to six ounces. Horses may have two ounces, or Barbadoes aloes, five to seven drachms, made into a ball with syrup. Tlu^ salts are given dissolved in warm water, M'lth extract of ginger, nue or two oiuk'cs. Follow tliesi', with No. 3 1 Drai'hin nitro-immatic aeid, 3 (Jniiiis Ijicliriiiuatc of potasli, 2 ^)^•al■lllll^^ chlorate of potasli, ^2 Pint water, Mix. (live as one dose, iwo or three times a day. If tho patient is weak, instead of giving the salts give stimulants — rye whiskey, ale, turpentine, or ether in from one to two omiec doses, three or four times a day. Sponger off the ])otly with cold water and rub dry ; cauterize all wounds, if the disease comes through inoculation, with clear carbolic acid, sidphurie or nitric acid, or with chloride of zinc, but the whole of the tliseascd tissu(> must l)ereache(.l. After cauterizing them, and also tlie tumors that may follow, apidy poultices to them to encour- age suppuration. In casi- of diffuse swellings, bathe them with vinegar, cold water and weak lotions of carbolic acid, etc., — say one part to si.xty of water ; and inject beneatii the skin, in several places, weak dilutions of cailioli<' acid, — one i)art of acid to one iuiudred of water. Prevention. — Drain the soil in the pastures ; either contiue the stock to .-.mailer iiastmes or increase the stock to feed the pasture more closely ; when cattle, especially young ones, are thriving \cvy fast on a rich suc- culent pasture or aftermath, confine them in a barn-3'ard four to si.x hours a day. Shelter the stock at night during late sunnner and fall, when tiic days are hot and nights cool, or rather cold, — when the dews are heavy and the air gets <|uite chilly towards morning ; it is at this time that internal congestions are a|>t to occur. In dry, hot weather, remove the stock to high ground, where nuasmatie gases exist to a less extent. Secure clear, pure water to drink ; avoid too sudden fattening; sec that barns and sheds are well \cntilated and not overci'owde(.l. The diseased CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 70r} animals should be separated from tlio licalthy : carcasses should be buried deeijly, six feet at least, without l)eing skinned, and covered with (juiek lime, and the graves fenced for a couple of years ; the buildings where deaths have occurred ov sick animals been, should be thoroughly disin- fcM'ted. Avoid touciiing them, so far as possil)le, and wash thehaiuls both before and after doing so, in carbolic acid, one to a hundred of water. Prcvcnt-dogs, cats, etc., from coming in contact with them, and never all(>NV meat that is affected, or susjx'ctcd of being affected, to l)c eaten. VI. Variolo Vaccinae, or Cow-Pox. This is a contagious disease, and has been proven to l)c identical with small-i)ox of the human family ; either can be produced in eitiier men or cattle by inoculation from the other species. A heifer inoculated with virus of small-pox, will have a disease identical with the cow-pox ; and men inoculated with cow-pox will have a disease that may be considered either cow-|)()x or a very mild form of smaIl-i)ox. To have either, secures inununity from a subsetjucnt attack at least to a great extent, or for a longer or shorter i)eriod, sometimes only for a year or two, and some- times for a lifetime. Cow or kine-pox is a specific blood poison that has a period of incubation of thre(^ to nine days, shows itself by a slight fever for a couple of days, then breaks out in pimples on the teats, udder, flanks, escutcheon, and around the vulva, nose, mouth and eyes. These pimples, r(!d at tirst, enlai'ge fi'om day to day, till they attain a diam- ctei- of about half an inch to an inch, and iK'conic yellow. A distinct vesi- cle forms, breaks, runs a yellowish lynipli, wiiicli is the active virus of the disease, dries uj), a scab forms o\-er il. and the whole troulile ilisaj)- pears as gently as it came. The only trouble to be had from the disease, is in mileli cows, fi-oin the teats getting sore. These m-o sometimes ai)Solutely covered witii the vesicles, and even confluent, rendering milking a very painful operation. It runs a definite course, and heals up and disappears of itself, in from ten to twenty days. No treatnu-nt is necessary, except to avoid taking cold, and give a little extra care in the M'ay of nursing. ■ i . ■ i i '^ 1 If the teats are so sore as l ^^^-^^ -^--^ ^, ----_ -- ._, W to be very i)ainful in milk- ing, tile teat syphon maybe used ; if it is cold weather, warm the sy[)lu)n ; oil it with olive oil, and pass it up the teat very carefully, and draw off the milk. Anoint the sores on the teats and udder nicely, twice a day, with carbolic salve or other healing and softening ointment. If the udder swells very much, fre- quent bathing with hot water and suppoi-ting with a bandage, as recom- mended for mammitis, will be a benefit. TIIK TKAT SVl'HON. CHAITKR in. NON-CONTAGIOUS BLOOD DISEASES. 1. fl.K'I'llOIIA. II. AN.KMIA. III. lill i;i!M ATISM . IV. UU/EMIA. V. XV.V- IH-A'.MIA ANK I'V.KMIA. VI. Tl Itl'.IHrl.oSIS AMI I'llTlllSIS I'UI.MON ALLS. VII. ('AN(M':IC()IIS III.CKKS ANI> DSTI'.O SAIf<'OMA. VIII. I'lIKl'llllA 1I.1':M0IIKII ACICA. IX. ASTIIKNK: II/f:MATi;KIA, ok KI'.II WATKK in CATTI.K. .\. MALUINANT CATAKItll. XI. MAI,I(!NANT SOKK TIIHOAT. I. Plethora. This, vvliicli iiiiiy In" diiscrilxHl a.s iiii over fill conditidU of tlie Mood, is coiiduriv(! to iiiiiny very scM-ioiis results by inlcrfcriiiii- willi the circuiatioii, csjx'ciaily (liiit liirough tlio vital orpins, ri'iuicriiiji- tliciii inert and iinaMe to eliminates from IIk! .s^'stom i\n'. effete material wiiicii, at such a time, (Ex- ists in increased (jiiantities. These! iini)iiritic.s, left in the s\s|eiii, lead to hlood poisoning, and to excessive conge.stions and inllannnations in case of disease, thus gn^atly cnhiUiciii<; the dangers attending disoiders of all kinds. Causes. — II is caused liy rich, slimnlaiing food, such as oil-cake, corn and other grain, roots, and too sucenlent gi'(;en food and p.'istures, — in fact, anything that fattens very fast. How to know it. — rnnsnally rapid improvenient, cxnhoriint spirits, slcci^ hair, loose skin, and tcMidency to fatten very fast. Occasionally, sli<;lit f(!vcr ni:iy he seen, at tirstof short duration, lint increasing with each attack till violent congestion occiir.'^, followed hy inllammation ; and death .supervenes after a inn of \ci-v high fe\'er, or suddenly during the congestive! stage. What to do. — l>eple|c cither l>y l)l(;eding or purging. Take from two to six ((uarts of hlood, nv give a few doses of salts, iu (juaiitities of a single handful, morning and night f<)r a week, at the siuiio time rcMiov- ing to less luxuriant pasture, or curtailing the meal. The restricted diet and salts are preferahlc! to bleeding. II. Ansemia. Causes. — This condition, thi' reverse! of j)lethe)ra, is seen when the animal is thin in ih'sli from lack e)f sufficient eir preipor kinds eif fexid, especially when this is ae'companie'el by e'X[)osnre to the- weatlu'r eir im- poverisliMie-nt by jiarasite's. It is ;i|>t to h'ael to purpura hemorrhagica, rheumatism, e-te'., and always pre>ilis|)ose>s to lice- or othe-r \crmiii. 70(i NON-(;ONTA(iIOl S lil.OOl) OISEASKS. 7(J7 What to do. — Destroy miy oxistiiii*- veiiiiin, luid iderable (juantitics of pus, and with it more ov less synovial fluid. It often extends to the Vjones and the membranes covering them, when it gen(!rally becomes chronic, and more or less exostosis is thrown out, which may anchylosis (stiffen) tiie joint. Rii(!umatism frequently <'xtends to the chest, and settlers in the ))leura, heart, etc., and sometimes causes discsases of the latter organ and death. The exciting causes are poverty of the system, thinness in Hesh, and exposure to cold and dampness, — to the two last-named either from want of shelt(!r or from dampness in the stable caused by poor drainage. How to know it. — There is lameness, stiiTness, and disinclination to move, witii a staring coat. After this has run on for a few hours, (or, it may be a day or two,, ) a joint — perhaps, two or three joints — will begin to swell, !Uid is found to be; (juite hot, hard and painful ; next morning the swelling will vv.vy likely be noticed in some other joint or in another leg, as the disease has a great tendency to fly from joint to joint and leg to leg. Thei-e is consi:ierabl(( fi^ver, with high pulse, increased temper- alurc, reddened mucous membranes, and a marked inclination to remain lying down all Uw time. 'V\w bowels arc; apt to be constipated, and the urine scanty and high colored. Abscesses form and dischargc^pus. The animal becomes emaciated, and frequcuitly dies in a state of iicclic What to do. — I'nt the animal in a dry, warm place to lie in, with plenty of l)eddiiig. (iive generous diet and the following recipe : No..'*. "i l)iatre, three times i\ day, for t\vo days. V. Septiceemia and Pyeemia. This is a condition resulting from the al)S()rption into the system (d" putritl, poisonous matter, or |)us, es|iecially that from an ulcer or suppurating surface. How to know it. — ^Tiicre will be a high fever, with increased tempera- lure ; [)ulso is fast, and hard, and breathing (juiekcned ; the breath is f(etid ; rumination is suspended ; there is loss of appetite, staring coat, and emaciation, and in fatal eases, delirium. N()N-(()NTA(iIOlIS lil.OOl) DISKASKS. 7()!( What to do. — Discover tlio cause, if possible, aiul if it is ji sore of any kind (■oiitiiiniii'r |)(Mit up pus, (the most comrnou cause), liberate it aud dress Ww wound willi llie following lotion : No. U. >^ OiiiKM! I'iirbolii- aciil. 1 I'iiit wiUor, Mix. Apply l"'o or tiir(Mi tnnos ;i day willi a .syi'iugc, if there ai'(! i)assagew ; if tbe sore is on the surface, bind on a sponge wet with tlu; lotion. If there is an ulcer, treat it as prescribed in the next article. Give the fol- lowing mixture : No. 10. 2 Dnioliiiis iodide of polish, 2 OmiiH^'i whiskey, 1 Oiuiec powdered ciiii'lioiia, 1 I'illt p-Uel, Mi.\. Give as one dose, r('p(!aling sanu- tiirce linicsa day, and feed libi^rallj'. VI. Tuborculosia and Phthisis Pulmonalis. This disease, which is analagous to i)hthisis in the human being, is chara(-terizcd by small, gray, caseous (cheese-like) granules that soon run into calcareous masses. Causes. — Any previous inflamuuitiou in the course of which the poison of suppuration has been absorbed into the system, the poison locating itself in the form of caseous tumors, varying in siz(^ from a sniiUl pea to a hen's egg. These tumors may bo found in the lungs, pUnira, perito- neum, sides of tiu- diaphragm, and in various glands — mescMileric, liver, kidneys, etc. Tlu; tlesh of such animals is somctinu^s unfit for food. This is always the easc! when tlu^ luinor, instead of bcHioming (^alcar(H)us remains in a semi-fluid stal(s and is re-absorbed into the systcMU, l)oisoniug th(! whole body, and rendering tiu^ musc^les j)ale and watery, and pilling ui)ou pressure. \\'hcn, however, these granules become liarden(;d, and (Micased in a (vdcareous form, (hey are incu't, and may be carried lill the disath of the animal, without harmful conse(piences to those partaking of its flesh. Its hereditary character. — This cache.\ia or dcjiraxed condition of tlu! system, with predisposition to tubercle, is oftentimes Ix'reditary in all grades and classes of cattle, those called deep milkers and cold bl()()(le<|, as well as tli<^ high, in-and-in bred ones. Still tliei'c can be no <|uestiou that it is oftenest seen in the latti^r. I'lcif. Williams, who regards it as both hereditai'v and congenital, says that h(' has sccmi a tlu-ei^ months old calf MUZZLE, IN PUKPUKA II-KMOUUlIAGirA. VIII. Purpura HsBmorrhagica. This is ;i specific IiUkkI disease quite common in tlie iiorse and piir, l)i«t rare in cattle. It originates in an impovt-r- isiied condition of tiie system, more especi- ally the hlood, which heeomes deficient in red ciirpnsclcs, fibrin, etc., and oozing through the coals of the vessels, falls by gravita- tion to the nior(^ dependent portions of the iiody, cansing swelling of the legs and hclly, and also of the head, beginning with the muzzle and gradually working up till it reaches the l)rain. Foran extended descrip- tion of this disease the reader is referred to the account given in the Horse department of this worU. — ('liai)ter XIII, of Part II. What to do. — The system neetls to he toned up, the hlood improved, and swellings fomented in hot water. FonuMit the head especially, as continuously as possible, and give the following i-ecipes : No. V2. 1 Ounce oil of turpentine. y£ Pint linseed oil, " Mix. re[)eat three times a day, for two or three da^'S. 'j Ounti' tincture nnn-iutc of iron, 1 Ounce tinctiu'c of cinchona, 2 Ounces water, .Mix. (live as on(Ml()se ; repeat three times a day, giving it in between the doses of No. 12. .Vs to food, give whatever the animal will eat. IX. Hsematuria, or Red Watar in Cattle. As I In- nanu^ implies, this is a blood disease. I^arge (|iiantities of ali>umen and somo. iron tiro secreted by the kidneys and e.xereted with the urine, which looks tis though it were colored by blood, beginning, as it does, in a ptile pink color, and running through the different shatles till it becomes a dark brown. Retdly, there is no blood in it ; the appearance in (jues- tioii is due to the presence, in excessive (Hiaiititics, of albumen iind iron and the coloring matter of the blood. As the secretion of the two former increases, the color darkens. There are also discharged numer- ous epithelial cells from the mucous membrane of the kidnevs and l)la(ld('r. 'IMie blood undergoes a change ; the cells or corpuscles break, and let their contents escape into the liquor saiKjuini.i, and hence tin coinmingliug of the coloring matter of the blood with the urine. Causes. — These are obscure, but seem to depend in sonu> wa\- upon the food. Most couunonly seen in cattle i)nstiire(l in low, swampv lands, the disease disappears in such cases when the land is drained. (rive as one dose No. i:i. N()N-C()NTA(iIOl'.S HLOOD DISKA.SES. ■\:\ How to know it. — In addition to the color of tiic urine, a characteristic feature is the great inerease in its quantity. It may run on for two or three weeivs without a[)parant damages ; then tlic milk will fall off both in quantity and quality ; emaciation sets in ; the bowels at the outset ma\ be loose, but soon become obstiuately constipated ; the pulse gets quick and wetik ; the cow l)l()ws more and more, from increasing weakness ; at the left side the heart may be heard to palpitate with quite a perceptible noise, owing to the waterj^ condition of the blood ; the delnlity and ana'mia rapidly increase, and death soon follows. What to do. — Give a purgative recipe, No. 8, and follow it with rcciix- No. 4. Continue the latter for three or four weeks. Make a completer change of food, and feed libcraiiy on oil-cake, etc. X. Malignant Catarrh. In this malignant blood disease, the sinuses of tlie head are affected, causing offensive discharges from the nose. These, at first, are watery, but further along become purulent, and in the last stage are acompa- ni(Ml with extensive sloughing. How to know it. — It is ushered in witii a shivering fit, with all the attendingsymptoins of fever : the muzzle is hot and dry ; the animal hangs his head and isolates himself in the pasture ; the membranes are of a bluish color ; the eyes are closed and swollen ; soon the nose and eyes begin to run a watery fluid, and saliva drools from the mouth. The pulse is quick and not over strong ; a dry, hard cough ensues ; the bowels are usually costive, the fcBces being black and hard, but diarrhoea is liable to set in at any time. There is great thirst, l)ut no appetite, and the urine is scanty and high colored. In the course of twenty-four hours, the discharges become purulent, taking off the hair wherever they touch ; the sinuses of the head become so much infiamed, and so filled up with pus, that when the head is tapped on the outside with the fingers, a dull heavy sound is heard. The breath becomes foetid, and the temperature rises to 104- orlO.")^ . Cows with calf are ai)t to abort. The last .stage is mai-ked by exten- sive sloughing, so much so that some- times the feet and horns come off. The prostration is very great ; the pulse ])ecomes imperceptible ; conxiil- sions follow, and a great fall in tem- perature, sometimes to 95 ^ , or even ■ to 90* ; in some cases, ulceration of tin JIALKiNANT CATARKH — LAST STACiE. Slmwinu extensive tlie humor of tli( ornea takes place, letting out 714 TIIK AMKIUCAN FAKMKK S STOCK ISOOK. 'I'liis IS a (li> llic limiioi's of llui eye. DcmIIi Follows in the course of nine to clevoii diiys. On post iiiorteni exiuuiiuition, tlic blood i.s found to be l)lack and not coaaidated. Whatto do. — Kcinove to aeool, isolated piaee, if in smnnier ; to a warm place, iC iM winter. Give recipe No. 8, and follow it with Nos. 10, 11 and 4, alteniatini!; them. Foment the head with hot water liberally, and rub the followiiiij: liniment well in once or twice a day : No. II. 1 Ouuoe liiLSt'ed oil, 1 Ounce oil of tiiriH'nIine, 1 Oiinco liciuoi- ;uuiiioiii:i. Mix. Ai)ply the followiiio' lotion to the eyes, if not eaten throuj^h : No. l."i. 10 Grains nitrate of silver, I Oiiiii'i' \v:iliT. Mix. Apply twice a day to the cornea with a cainers hair brush, if the cornea is punctured, touch it once a day with a stick of lunar caustic, m addition to usinjf lotion No 1."). Touch llic causlic dirccllyto the hole in the cornea. XI. Malignant Soro Throat. that centers itself in the throat, in the form of acute inflammation, followed by an effusion that is apt to cause suffocation by pressure on the lar- ynx. Its scientific desii^nation is oedema glot- tidis. It is fatal to cattle ; also to swine, in which it is known as (juin.sy. The maliiiiiant sore throat of anthrax is a different thinii', thouirh many of the symptoms are similar. How to know it. — It starts like a common cold, — some fever, injected mucous membranes, couu'h, etc- ; the throat swells enormously ; the toin,Mie becomes spotted with pur[)le, and is protruded : the animal gasps for bn'MtlMintil at length he falls suffocated, struggles a little, and dies. What to do. — It usually attains its height in three or four days. Ap- ply reei|)e No. 14 to the throat, externally, and inject a little of the fol- lowing w(dl })ack into the throat, several times a day: Xo. Ki. 1 Ounce elilorale of polasli, ] Pint wilier. Mix. If speedy suffocation is threatened, traeheolomy must be jjerformed. (See "Operations.") The flesh of cattle affected with this disease is very poisonous, causing ])uti'i(l fever in those eating it. The carcass shoidd be l)uried deep, with-^ out removiuir the skin. MAl.KiNANT SOKK TUKOAT. CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE RESPIBATORY OR&ANS. I. SIMPLE CATAnUH OK COM). II. LAKYNGITI.S, OK COMMON SOUK THROAT. III. liKOKCHITIS. IV. PNEUMONIA. V. PLEURISY. VI. IIYUKOTnOU-AX. VII. EMPHYSEMA OP THE LlN(iS. I. Simple Catarrh or Cold. Simple ookl or coiyza, is inriiimination, more or less acute, of the mucous incmbraiio lining tlu; nostrils and sinuses of the head, usually implicating the eyes and throat. If neglected, it is apt to run down to the lungs, and cause bronc-iiitis and pneumonia. Cause. — Damp, badly drained stables, and tliose built so as to allow drafts ; exposure to storms and winds ; sl(H'i)ing on tlie ground in cold weather, etc. APPLICATION OF STEAM TO THE NOSTRILS WITH THE JET. How to know it. — Tliere is more or less fever, with tits of shivering ; hot inoulli, (hy nose, and horns hot at the head and cold at the tips ; cars and extremities cold ; sneezing, and sometimes a cough. At first, watery mucus discharges from the nose ; the eyes are red and inclined to weep, with the eyelids swollen ; and the bones of the forehead are hot and tender when tapped. After a day or two, the discharge from the nose becomes purulent, and the tears l)ogiu to scald the cheek ; the 7ir> 716 TIIK AIMIOKHAN I'AK.MKI; S STOCK HOUK. coat stares ; t lie piil.sc is rai)i(l ami rallicr liard ; the appetite fails, and rumiiiation ceases ; the urine is s^canty and high colored, the bowels very likely being constipated. All these symptoms will be aggravated, should the fever run very high and the inllammation tend decidedly to run down the air passages. What to do. — Kemove the cause, by putting the animal in a comforta- ble, (by place. Give a pint of melted lard, if the bowels arc constipated ; if too loose, give the following : No. 17. 1 I'iiit infusion of (iiiassia, 1 Ounce laiidanmn. \i Ounce suliihnric ether, 1 Pint tliin gruel, cokl. Mix. Give with a bottle as one dose ; rci)cat it after six or eight hours, if necessary. But begin on a fever mi.xture, as follows: No. 18. 8 Ounces spirits of nil re, 2 Drachms tincture aconite root, y, (Jun<'e Iluid extract of Ijelladoiuia. 2 Oiuices nitrate of i)otasli. 2 Ounces ninriutc of ainnionia. Water to inalvC one lic i)ul.se vednced to soft, instead of being hard ; then change to No. llS, \v hich should be continued till convalescence is well established. Then change to No. 20, and after a few days to No. 21. Early and vigorous ap[)lication of mustard paste to the sides is very inqiortant. Allow all the water to drink he will take, and feed on soft food. IV. Pneumonia. This is intlamniation of the lung tissue — that is, of the lung itself. A severe cold (catarrh) may develop rapidly into this form, but it is oftenei' the sequel of laryngitis, bronchitis, etc., from their intlam- niatory conditions extending to the lungs. It is more common among cattle than :uiy other domestic animals, and may affect one or both lungs. How to know it. — The animal shows ol)vious pi-eliminar}' syniptoms, such as a severe shivering tit, staring coat, loss of appetite, cessation of rumination, and, if a milch cow, loss of milk. She is very averse to lying down, owing to the increased jjressure it would cause upon the chest, thus augmenting the i)ain and difficulty in breathing. The pulse is full, soft and ([uick, ranging from 60 to 80 per minute ; respirations from 30 to 40 per minute : and the temperature about 104 ^ to lOfi ~ . When the sides are tai)i)ed, a dull, heavy, full sound is heard, and on placing the ear to the side there will be noticed an absence of the respiratory murmur in all affected parts : the expired air is hot; the ribs are ti.xed, the breathing being done by the abdominal niuscies ; the flanks heave, the nostrils .are dilated, and the countenance has an anxious look. The lung becomes more or less hepatized (solid like liver), and this may terminate in resolution by absorption of the intiltration, and C()in[)lete recovery follow, or it may go on to supi)uration, with ilischarges of pus through the nose, which soon carries the patient off. Death may take place in any of the stages, viz : congestion, or first stage ; hepatization, or second ; or in suppuration, or third stage. When the lung becomes solid, the cow braces iierself and pants furiously, heaving the flanks as though each breath would be the last. If the head is raised quickly, she will fall backwards. When she has to fall finally, she drops first upon her knees and chest, and then down, and dies in a few minutes. On postmortem examination the diseased lung will 1)e found to be solid from t\w exudations within the interlobular tissue. When gangrene has taken plact', which may occur before death, that part of the liuig will be of a bluish black color, while the rest of the oroan will be more of a daik bi-ownish iiiniile. 720 TIIK AMi;i!l(\\ KAKMf;!! S STOCK ItOOK. Til oaso of iil)sc('ss of llir luiii:;, (licrc^ is :i slow piniiiji' mwmv, ami death ill an ciiiacialcd condition. What to do. — 111" same Irealniciit prescrilicd for hrondiitis will answer in this case, niccdiiif; is iiol lo lie thoni;lil of. except in the very lirst stafjje, that of (^onf^estion, a^, later, its weaktaiinn' i'Hects render it is ilr\ , and llioiiL;ii lli(> eyi s are partly clo>cd, (he \^^imt' '''"'''WM^W\ I'ounti'uance wears an anx- ious hxik. Ivimiinat ion stops, « %Ul ; 1 V the appetite is lost, |he (laiiks are 1 ucked up, I here is ;i liaek- ';•. '",-' painful eoujili, and llio - — _ — ' animal remains slandinii, with evident disinclinat ion (o move. ACUTIC I-LEIMIISY. i-,,,,,.,, .,,.,, ^,,.„.|,_ ,,|,.,„,i„^, pains throujih tiio chest, that make the animal turn his he.id around to his sides. Unlike pneumonia, percussion on the rihs produces a clear, DISEASES l)l' IIIK KKSl-IItAroltV OliCJANS. 721 rc.'^otiuiil houikI, till' ex()ir«'(l hrciitli is not liot, tlic nostrils an! not dilated, and liicn^ is no niiicoiis roll. I'lourisy may liu'niinato in rc^sohilion l>y al)sor|)lion, elf., {Ur palicnt inciting well very (luickly, willioiit any ill cfrcils, . IS. When tli(' fever is sidxiued, givi? No. 20, if the ai)[)etite is poor ; if it is good, give No. lii. During con- valescence give No. 21. Apply niustard paste to the sides assiduously. VI. Hydrothorax. As explained in the last section, when the chest fills with water from the excessive iiffusion of pleurisy, it is called liydrothorax. How to know it. — As soon as the effusion begins, all pain tap the chest early, repeating it if necessary. (See chapter on opeia- tions.) 4(j TIIK AMIOKICAN FAKMEU .S STOCK HOOK. VII. Emphysema of the Lungs. This is ii condition of tlic lungs very apt to niislciKl tiic ini'xpcricnced, there being few signs otlicr than negative ones. The milk is noticed to be diminishing, and the cow fall- ing off in flesh ; the coat is star- ing and dirty, and hide-l)ound exists: tlie bowels are irregular, and the appetite jxjor ; still, tiie moutii and nose are cool and moist, and tim breath is sweet. The head is carried low ; the back is arciied, and tender on pres- sure ; and there is weakness in KMI'IIYSKMA OF THE I.UNCiS. walking. The tcrni)craturc falls l)elow the normal .standard, and so does the pulse. Later, the ears and extremities become deathly cold, rumination ceases, and an uncontrollable, offensive dian-hoea sets in; the l)ack arc^hes more and more ; the belly is tucked up ; milk entirely stopped, the udder and teats being soft and llabby ; the legs are spread to avoid falling ; the j)ulse gets smaller and weaker, though not much fastei- : the appetite all gone, weakness becomes excessive ; and death follows, after progressive symptoms running over a period of two mouths or more. The post-mortem reveals ruptured air-cells, and extensive em[)hyscnia of the lungs. Very few blood vessels are found, owing to so many hav- ing been absorbed when the circulation became so weak as to allow the smaller vessels to collapse and become obliterated. The I'ight ventricle of the heart is weak and tiiin, and contains a portion of a clot. Whattodo. — While the disease is not curable, it can l)c alleviated by generous, oleaginous diet. This will fatten the cow, and lit her for the butcher, before it is too late. CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 1. GLOSSITIS. OK INFLAMMATION OK TIIK TON<;UK; AND I'AUALYSl.S OF TllK TONOUK. II. IIOVEN, Olt TYMl'ANITIS. III. IMI'ACTION OK THE KUMEN, Oil MAW- BOUND. IV. IMPACTION OK THE OMASUM, Olt KARDLE-BOUND. V. DYSPEl'- SIA. VI. CONSTIPATION. VII. 1)1 AKIJIUKA, Olt SCOUItS. VIII. DYSEN- TERY. IX. ENTERITIS. -X. PERITONITIS. .XI. HERNIA. ,XI1. STRAN- GULATION, OR GUT-TIE. It will be readily seen by the annexed cut, that the stomachs of rumi- nants arc very complicated, and hence when out of order, serious results often follow. Bv noticinii' the relative positions of the compartments, COMP.\RlMKNTS UK THE STOMAIH OK KIMINANTS. men, or first compartment- rf. Ahoniasum, or fourth compartmer [iculum, or second do. e. Oesophagus, or B:ullet. lasum, or third do. /. Entrance to the intestines, or pylo the following paires will be more i-eadily undcrslood. The four coni- |)artniciits (or, as they arc often termed, the four stomachs) all tloat loo .ely in the cavity of the tiiuiU, e.\'cei)tin<;- the paunch (rumen), which grows to the side in the left flanU. 72;'. r24 TlIK AMKIIKAN FAUMER KK HOOK. I. Glossitis, or Inflammation of the Tongue ; and Paralysis of the Tongue. Tlic mouth !Uid toii<>ut; are frecjucntly wounded from drenching in :i careless manner, or l)v forciuii boiiies in (lie fodder, tiiorns, etc. The TKOCIIAR AND CANMl.A. swelling is sometimes very great, especially if it is (he tongue thai is in- jured. Temporary jDaralysis of that organ occasionally ensues, in which case it hangs from the mouth, like some lifeless appendage. What to do. — ^ Examine the mouth care- fully, and remove all offending substances. If (he tongue hangs pendulous, foment it witii hot water; if very Lad, a few scari- tications, to make it bleed a little, will do it good. Apply the following lotion three or four times a day, with a swal) : IS'u. 25. 1 OuiiLO vinegar, 2 OiiiH'i'!, honey, }.i Pint water. Mix. II. Hoven, or Tympanitis. This is distension of the rumen or paunch with gas, the product of fermentation accompanying acute indigestion. It com- monly follows a hearty feed on clover or other succulent die(. or is one of the strpiela' in a case of clidkiiig. How to know it. — The paunch is terribly distended with gas, so much so that (he s|)ace l)ctween the last ribs and the points of the hips is puffed up above the surface, and when tapped, is clastic and resonant, like a drum, cspcu'ially on the left side. The breathing is ditiicult and painful, becoming more so as th(> gas increases ; (lie nostrils are dilated, the cve> look v.ild, and gas and food are belched up from (he s(omach, and dribble from tlu^ mouth. The animal ox Sl-KFEIUNG ^•HOM nOVEN, ,,|,,^.,,^ ^|^,^^.,^. .,,,,, ,„„,.„il^. .,l,„„t^ moaning witii each expired bread). If not relieved, death follows from suffocation, lupture of the stomach, or blood poisoning by the gases. i OK TUK TONOCK KUOM AN IN.IIUV. UISKASES OF THK UICESTlVi: OUCAXS 725 What to do. — If it !••' ;i very urgent case, plunge tlie trochur unci can- nula into ihe ri'gloM cf greatest distension on the left side, at a point WOOUEX iiAd. BALLING IRON. and point of llic hip, midway between the spines of the loins, last rii pointing the trochar in and down- Mard, and letting it pass in obliquely to avoid the kidney. AVlien food gets over the end of the tube (can- nula), pass in a i)iece of whalebone and i)ush it off. If the measures above directed are not practicable, and a j)robang is handy, insert the gag or the l)alling iron in the mouth, and with one man to steady the head, pass in theprobang, which will evacu- ate the gas from the stomach. After the acute .symptoms are over, give a brisk purgative. No. 8 will be found effectual. Feed light for several days, m. Impaction of the Rmnen, or Maw-Bound. After an unusually full meal, the grain often becomes impacted in the animal's stomach, causing its temporary paralysis, the whole mass lying there like so much soggy stuff in a leather bag. Great distress necessa- rily follows, which is aggravated when fermentation sets in, death often resulting from suffocation, or in a more protracted case from nervous prostration and blood poisoning. DIAGRAM, SHOWING WHKRE TO TAP THE RUMEN FOU llOVEN. t trochar at point where the Hi 72(i THK AMERICAN FAUMEU S STtX'K HOOK. How to know it. — It will have the saiiic outward appearauco of tio- ineiidous distension as tj'nipanitis, l)iit when the bloated section is touched it is found to be soft and pittj, so that when dented the dent i-emains or rises slowly. TAl'MNG TUE UUMEN. acuate the gas, in a case of hoven. What to do. — When paral\'sis of the stoinacii has actually taken i)lace from engorgement, there is nothing of any avail but to empty the rumen with the hand. This operation, which is termed rumenotomy, will be found described in the chapter on operations, "\Mien tiie stomach is SECUKING WITH TIIE WOODEN liA<;. Prior to passing the probang to evacuate the gas from the stomacli. emptied, and l)cfore sewmg up the wouutl, pour in carefully the purgative No. 8, with half a pint of ale added as a stimulant. Restrict the diet for a few days, giving only easily digested food — grass, sloppy mashes, etc. TV. Impaction ot the Omasum, or Fardle-bomid. The omasum, or third stomach, i^ a sack ofagn^at many leaves, arranged so as to rub constantly on one another, keeping up a grinding action DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 727 on the food. Tliis stonuicli is apt to suffer from wiint of moisture, whereupon the food becomes impacted between the leaves, leading to inflaniniiition. This condition is variously know as fardle-liound, bake of the many-plies, bake of the manifolds, etc. (V ^..: ! KI'MEN EXPOSED FOK MECHANICAL REMOVAl. OK ITS CONTENTS How to know it. — It comes on gradually as an ordinary case of con- stipation, with abdominal pain, a "looking around to the right side, and disinclination to move ; fever sets in, and slowly increases as the disease makes progi'ess ; there is great tenderness in the right side just below the ribs, at which point a hard round substance can be felt ; the colic pains and fever grow moi'e intense ; the animal makes constant attempts to pass fisces ; delirium and vertigo set in. and death soon follows. What to do. — The treatment must be prompt and persistent. Give a full cathartic as follows: Xo. 2G. 1}., Pounds epsoiii salts, 2 Ounces ginger. 2 Ounces gentian, 2 Drachms calomel, 20 Drops croton oil, 1 Pint syrup, 2 Quarts warm water, Mix. Give as one dose, and encoiuage the tirinking of as much water after- wards, from time to time, as possible. Give injections of warm water and soap every half hour. If it is cold weather, blanket the i)atient 728 THE AMERICAN FAU.MEUS STOCK liOOK. wannlv. To insure the action of tiie puriiiitive, give every two hours a stimulating dose composed as follows : No. 27. 1 Ounce liquor iimuiouia. 1 Quart warm ale. )^2 Ounce essence of ginger, Mix. It is not safe to repeat the cathartic, nor would it he of any use ; for if it remains inoperative, in spite of the stimulants, double the dose would not be any more likely to effect a passage. When a passage is despaired of, and as a last resort, tepid water may be injected into the jugular vein, or galvanism applied to the region of the stomach ; but the case is well-nigh hopeless. V. Dyspepsia. The lower animals are not supposed l)y the great majority of people ever to be troubled with dyspepsia, but they are, nevertheless. Ail the domestic animals are liable to suffer from chronic indigestion from irregu- lar or improper feeding, especially if to this is added exposure to the cold storms and winds of the straw yard, without housing, etc. How to know it. — A capricious appetite is noticed. Dainty at first, the animal may shortly be seen licking walls, dirt, or lime, and chewing sticks, etc. ; he is inclined to eat the bedding, or take up coal, stones, etc., to chew, showing a depraved appetite for something he has not cot. After a while, there will be a staring coat, eruptions, belchings from the stomach, and emission of gas from the rectum ; the manure is small in quantity, dry and glazed; the flanks drop in, except when dis- tended with gas ; the skin and hair feel dry and coarse ; and there is a rapid loss of flesh. It is not often a very serious condition in itself, but it weakens the animal and lowers the tone of the vital functions, so that he is unable to resist other diseases ; and it especially predisi)oses to attacks of tympanitis, constipation or diarrha'a, tuberculosis, cancerous ulcers, and jnirpura hemorrhagica. What to do. — Give phosphate of lime in tlie form of ground liones, and a little lime water — about half a teacupful — morning and night in a bran mash, or the following recipe : No. 28. 3 Drachms bi-carbonate of sod.a. 2 Drachuis gentian. 2 Dracluns ginger, Mix. Give as one dose, repeating it morning and night. Give a complete change of food, includinu' some green grass, roots, etc. DISEASES OF THE DICESTIVE ORGANS. 729 VI. Constipation. This i.s the condition which exists when there is not sufficient moisture in the stomach and bowels, and the feces are jjassed tardih' and in hard, dry lumps. It is always a1( X K IIOUK. iiccdcil, lo rcstoi'c a licallliv foiidilioii to 1 lie stoniacli and l)<)\vcls. l-'or yomi^- calves (liat afc l'<'d on milk. — -willi wliom an acid coiidilion of I lie stotnacli is connnon, — i:i\c one or Iwo (al)l(\s[)0()nfuls of linicw alcr, in llic milk, niirlit and morninji ; and a tcacui)fiil of jz'cnii.ni infusion, witii a (|ii nl (d' slarcli •i'l-iu'l, may l)o added to tiii^ mill^ and limcwalcr. Any of I lie lollowinii' mixtures may l>e irivcn : Ne. -.".I. I Oiiiicc pri'iiiireil cIimIK. 1,^ Oiiiice |mi\\(Ic|(mI nilccliu. ■1 Dni.liiii- peu.lcn'il -iii'iTi-. '._. I)i-acluii piiwili'ii'il e|ii.iiii. '^. I'iiil pi'iipcniiiiil u :iliT. Mix. ( ii\-e, mot ninif and nielli , from Iwo to four talilespoonfuls, aceordinj^ lo the size of the calf. No. ;!0. 2 Oiiiircf, liliiliiri' 111' I'llti'clm. 2 ()iim-(!S tincMiui^ iif cindinnoiiis. 2 Driiclniis rarlioii.-ilc iil' soila. Mis. l)i\i(le into two lo four doses, aeeordiui;- to ai;f of calf, and ij;ive one of I hem niornini;' and iiiiihl . No. :{l. '.J Drachm powdia-cil opium. I Ounce liiioturo of (^anlamoiiis. It Draclim.s sulphuric cllicr. I I'iut liiiseoil tea. (or slarch ;;iiicl), Mix. |)i\ide isito six doses, and o;ive one >>( I hem niuht and inoi'ninir. If astrinirent mixtures and the limewater do no jiood, give from two to foui' tal)les|)o()iifuls of castor oil, or, instea or .'il. The foul' recipes al>()V(! given, it must he remend>ered, ai'o all for calves. For full grown cattle, giv(> some of the following mixliii'es: No. ;!;l. 1 '., Ounces pi-epareil clialU. 2 Dnuhms powdeicd catcclm. '., Drai lun poudi'icd opium, 2 Dracluus powdered ;;iiiliaM. 1 Pint slai-ch f;ruel. Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat in t wcuty-foui' hours if nee(!ss!iry. DisKASKs or rrii; i>ii;i;sii\i-; oi;<;a.\s. TM No. ;U. 2 Dracliiiis powih'rod opium, 1 Oiiiiitcs poudcnMl sliucli. 1 Ouri.'c Milpliiirii' cMliiT. I l-iiil roM :ilr. MlN. (live MS one (lose. Wy si|l)>l it ill ilii: (cpiil \v:itcr t'ol- the :ili', this recipe may also l)c used with advaiitiioc as an iiijritii)ii. No. ;l.5. 'o Dnictiiii timiiic:i<-i(l. I Dracliiii powdcic'd opium. 1 OiMirc |)o\V(l('rcil ;;ciili;iM. .1 I'iiil \v:iiiii all'. Mi\. (live as one dose. If la.vativcs are ri'(|iiircd, L'ive half ,i |iiiil of iin'llcd |;iid, oi-, iiislcad, tlic follow iiii^ iiiixt lire : No. :tU. I Drai'lim iiilomi'l. 2 hraclims powdiTi-d o|>jiiiii. 1 l^uail K'li'd. Mix. ( live ;ls one dose. In all cases, ic>liicl llic (|uaiilit\' of diinkini: water, allowiiii:; it often Iml only a little at a time, and di-solvin^ an ounce of clilorate of potash in each pailful of watci. I'"c<>d .m lij:ht, easily dij^csted foorestion of acid, jioisonous plants, or it may come on as the se(|ucl of neLdect(!d diarrha'a, or of ahnost any olhcr dehilitatinii f J.''i\cil. Dissolve cliloralr of |)(ilii.-.li ill llif drinking- w.iIit, us |)rcscril)c(l l'(ir (liurrlKrii. < ii\'r IVci|iiriil iiiiccliolis of hl;ircll ;;riirl, wilii iiii ounce i>( (illcllll(^ of (i|ii in e;ic|i (ilie. If llie lu'ces life \civ olTensivc, ^■i\'e llie followiMJ^-, JKiir 111' it li\ Hie iniinlii, Mini llie resl, jis nil injeelinii : No. ;(H. '... Oiiricc cliN.ridc el liiiic, I.J ((lUiii- linrhiii- iiiiiirii, 1 OlIMi-e Hiil|>liiiilr i'IImt, 2 l^iiarlH hlMicli ;4i iicl. Mix. Any (if Hie ;islfin;^en( rei'lpes ej^,.!, r,,!- :i|i|);iral iis, mihI <'>|ieiially (us ils niUllc implies ) i>r llie inleslines, lull is ijliile ililTeleiil rrolli Hii' illlluni- iiiiilory hIiiIc of ilysenlery. Causes. H iii'i\ emne fiuni ealiiij;' viiiious poisonous sulislanees, eillier ve;j('lalil ■ iniiier.Ml ; or it may I'ollow Hk^ loo smiden eli(^ckiiie; of diai-- rliu-a. Injuries to Hie alidomon sometimes eaiise it. How to know It. — I'liere is eonstipation, sncli I'o'ics as are passed lieiiiL' hard , dr\', and eoalecl willi mucus, ami somclimcs (dTciisivc ami lilo(pd\ : liii:li fever and i|uick, hard pulse; dry month, willi an olTeiisi\'e fur oNcr Hie loii;iUe ami cheeks; the thirst, is illsal i.ahle ; llii^ appetite Tails, and so docs the milk ; rmninalion is Hiispens lympauilis may lie ii(ilice( the stomachs comes off with it ; the foiiiih slomacli and liowels arc inllamed ; .'iiid I ■(• or less lympii, ill shreils, is found, as also some ulcers, in the lar'jc intestines. TIk^ iivei' is )ieiierall\' .softened, and all oilier inleriial pai'ls very ch lilcached, indicalim;- L;real wastiu;;'. What to do. , Mix. lic])('iit, tlii'ci^ liiiK^s ;i liny I ill ii, I'lili |)iii'o;iilivn iiclioii Ih^^dI. if I Iio ron- htipiilinii (l()(!H n()(, yi(!li^ Ounce nil|j|iiirl<- cAhcr, t OnnccH iiccliiic ol MMiinonlii fiih illrcclcil lidowj, Mix. 'rin! ciiiiiplior is lo he diHsolv(ul ill IIk! Hulpliurii; cllirr, iiikI flu- otlicr ino-rcdiciil, iiddcd iiflcfWiii'(|s. (iivf! iih oiki (|oh(! in nlc, or jfriid. if violi'iil, piii-j;:ilion l.'diciH pliicir, it, cmii l>r (■oiitroijcd witli Hour mid wiitcT, — !i doiil(l(i li:uidfiil of Hour to four or live ipinrlH >s I'Oi: i misilicai. ueuma. DISEASES OF THE OIGESTIVE ORGANS. 735 How to know it. — AH the i>ymptoms of ubdoniiiml ditiiciiltv are seen, tog'-'tluT with i);iiii and soreness in the tiank affected. What to do. — The ox must be cast, an opening made in the tianiv, the gut replaced, and the opening sewed up again, and a compress ap[)lied, most of which are difBcuit and delicate operations, that require the ser- vices of a qualified veterinary surgeon. CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE URINABY ORGANS. I. NEPHRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNF.YS. II. RETENTION OF THE URINE, OR T>YSURIA. III. INCONTINENCE OF URINE, OR ENURESIS IV. ALBUMI- NURIA, OR ALBUMINOUS URINE. V. ILEMATURIA, OK BLOODY URINE. VI. (OSTITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OK THE IlLADKER. VII. LITIIIASIS, OR GRAVEL. VIII. CALCULI. I. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. Causes. — External violence, wounds, strains, etc. ; eating acrid, diu- retic |)l,ints : and too free use of diuretic medicines. How to know it. — It is rather rare in cattle. When it occurs, there are colicl^y pains, witii great uneasiness ; the urine is thiciv and dark colored, and voided often, in small (juantities and with much straining and i)ain ; there is tenderness over the loins, especially at the sides, immediately below the transverse spines of the lumbar vcrtebrre ; the gait is straddling, and lame- ness is noticeable, — sometimes in one leg, sometimes in both ; the appetite is poor ; fever runs high ; rumination ceases ; some- times blood, and in the later stages pus, is evacuated with the urine ; the nose becomes hot and dry, the horns and extrenntics cold, and the breathing labored. Diarrhcea often sets in, and sometimes dysentery ; and this state is usually followed by constipation. There is profuse sweating, great pain, and arching of the back ; the pulse becomes small and weak ; and stupor and death soon follow. Post mortem shows the affected kidney or kidneys enlarged and con- (Tcsted — usually, with an abscess also. What to do. — Avoid purgatives, especially salines, but give the follow- ing recipe in })refcrcncc : Ko. -12. 3 Ounces MiiKlciPnis' spirit, 20 I)i(i|is tiiu'tiirc aconite root, 1 J'int liu.sci'd tea, Mix. Give as one dose. Repeat it every two hours till better, then drop off in frequency as the case will admit. Give large quantities of linseed tea or slippery elm water to drink, with warm water injections. Apply 7;i() ox SllFKUlNG FROM INFLAM MATION OK THE KIDNEYS. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 737 liot water rugs to the loins. Feed on sloppy food, und keep llie patient perfectly quiet. If the animal recovers, he had better be fed for the butcher, for the trouble is liable to recur, and unremitting care would be re(iuircd to guard against the effect of storms, extremes of temperature, etc II. Retention of the Urine, or Dysuria. Cause. — It may be brought on by eating acrid herbs, causing inflanuna- tion of the urinary organs, irrital)ility and spasms of the neck of the bladder. Most commonly, however, it is a symptom of some other dis- ease, the pressure upon the neck of the bladder resulting from inversion of the rectum, calculi, or other visceral trouble. How to know it. — Frequent but ineffectual attempts to pass the urine, straining, and colicky jJains ; the hind legs are raised and moved about restlessly, and the animal looks around towards the flank. Whatto do.^Ciive hot water injections by the rectum, (and in the fennile l)y the vagina also) ; add to the injection (jne ounce of o[)ium, or three drachms of fluid extract of belladonna. Rei)eat these in Jifteon min- utes. If there is still no relief, the urine must be drawn off with a catheter. With the female tliis is very easily done, the catheter being inserted through the opening to the bladder, which will be found on the floor of the vagina, and about three inciies from the external orifice. With the mak^ it is a far more serious operation, and, unfortunatel}', retention of the urine is far more conmion in the male than in the female, owing to the peculiar foi-mation of the uretlira, a slight i)rc8sui'e on one URETintAL TANAL, ETC.. OF THE OX. a. The bladder. h. The urethral canal. c. Curves of the urethral canal. d. The retractor muscle of the penis of the curves being sufficient to cause the difliculty. The operation nec- essary to draw off the urine from the ox will be found described in the chapter on operations. After using the catheter, give the injections pre- scribed above, with a lisfht diet and some linseed tea, for a few days. 73JS TlIK AMERICAN FAUMEU'.S STOCK BOOK. III. Incontinence of Urine, or Enuresis. This difficulty may be considered the opijositc of that just considered ; the urine dril)l)les away involuntarily. Cause. — Paralysis of the muscular coat of the tjhuidcr and sphincter vesica' : calculi ; or pervious urachus after birth. What to do. — Give purgative No. S, and follow it with one and a half drachm doses of nux vomica, morning and night, in soft feed. If there are calculi, remove them. If the case is a had one, inject cold water intt) the rectum, and give ten grains of powdered cantharides in soft food, morning and night. IV. Albiuninuria, or Albuminous Urine. This is the same as Bright's disease in the human subject, and, in strictness, is probably a blood disease. Cause. — 'I'he l)lood is impoverished, to a certain extent, by too much and too long continued sameness of diet, iii conse([ueiice of which there is a deticiency of l)lood forming constituents, with a low, unassinnlable quality of albumen, which is excreted by the kidneys. This lesids in time to a degeneraticm of those important organs in two different forms, — the large, white kidney, and the small, red kidney. The former secretes very little urine, the latter gieat quantities of it. Alljuminuria is most common in sections where tui'nips are the almost exclusive diet. They cannot, alone, support the system in a healthy condition, and the impairment of the vital functions thus resulting, seems to affect the kidneys more than other organs, and in this peculiai way. It is generally regarded as the effect of l)ad management and injudicious feeiling. How to know it. — In those rare cases where the trouble arises from an injuiy, the l)ack will Ije arched and the feet drawn together, indicating injury to the loins ; but in ordinary cases, the most connnon and charac- teristic symptom is the stretching at full length, getting the hind and fore feet as far apart as possible. Generally, there is constipation, a straddling gait, stiffness, and disinclination to move. The in"ine, which is thick, mucilaginous and dark colored, often fails to produce albunn-n on the application of heat (a common test), but with tincture of galls, solution of bi-chloride of mercury and alcohol, will always separate some. Death often results from paralysis of the hind parts, l)lood poisoning and conui. What to do. — Examine the bladder; if full, evacuate it as described for retention, (iive recipe No. 8, and injections, to overcome the con- stipation, and afford a complete change of diet, cutting short on green food, except grass, which should be from uplands, but allowing mf)re DISEASES OF THE URINAUY ORGANS. 739 oTiiin. Also, give milk, eggs, ete. If it still continues, give the follow- ing recipe : No. 43. "2 Drachms sulphuric ucid, 1 Ounce tincture of cardamoms, 1 Pint water. Mix. Give as one dose. V. Hsematuria, or Bloody Urine. Of this there are two kinds. Traumatic li(i>maturia is the effect of external violence, by which the loins and kidneys are injured, and may be recognized without difficulty, by the blood passing in clots distinct from the urine which contains them. Idiopathic Juematuria follows active congestion of the kidneys from calculi, eating acrid herbage, excessive use of diuretics, and the like causes. It may be distinguished by the red appearance of the urine. There are also signs of fever, and, ui)on suital)le tests, the urine will be found to contain albumen. Inflammatiou of the kidneys (uephritis) is apt to follow. What to do. — The traumatic form is best treated by injections of cold water into the rectum, and by cold cloths laid over the loins. The idio- pathic kind treat the same as albuminuria, (see preceding section), and rub mustard paste well into the loins. VI. Cystitis, or Inflammation of the Bladder. This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the Ijladder. Causes. — Any derangement of the digestive organs is apt to change the character of the urine, nuiking it acid and irritating, instead of alkaline, as it is m health. In other instances, cystitis is caused by eating poi- sonous plants, by calculi, and incautious use of diuretic medicines. Cantharides is peculiarly apt to cause it, either by being absorlied when spread over too larce a surface of the skin, or by ])eing given internally in too large doses. How to know it. — l>y coiick}- pains, nose turned towards the flank, efforts to vomit, and, if a male, by the testicles being drawn u|) towards the body ; the urine is passed with pain, and is albuminous ; its flow may be either retarded or accelerated ; there is evident constitutional disturb- ance and prostration; the faices are often covered with blood: there is profuse perspiration ; gastro-enteritis or nephritis may ensue : ami death results from either rupture of the bladder or prostration. The main feature on post mortem examination, is the inflammation of the lining of the bladder. There are signs of blood poisoning also, 740 THE AMERICAN KAItJIER'8 STOCK HOOK. usuall}' ill the purple spots, and tlie odor of iiriiic is present lliroiiii:liout tiie entire body. What to do. — Avoid oleaginous purgatives, resorting, in [jreferenee, to large quantities of linseed tea, or gum arabic water, Give r('cii)e No. 8, and soothing injections. In short, adopt the same treatment as for nephritis. (See Section I. ) VII. Lithiasis, or Gravel. Abnormal conditions of the urine, in which either an acid or alkaline condition e.vists to an excessive degree, predispose to the formation of sand-like deposits in the bladder, from the union of the acids or alkalies with the urea in a changed condition. The ])resence of these deposits excites the bladder to contract, and hence may be noticed the inclination to void the urine often, though in small quantities and slowly. The uri- nation is, of course, quite painful. Sometimes particles of the deposit may be seen hanging to the long hairs around the external organ. Gravel is always more prevalent among males than females. What to do. — Wash out the bladder with tepid water, which is easily done in case of the female. For the male it will be necessary to cut through the penis, as described for I'etention of urine. (See chapter on operations.) In order to dissolve the deposit, inject into the bladder a weak solution of hydrochloric acid, as follows : No. 44. ] Diacliiii liydioclilorif acid, i.j Pint water, ' Mix. Give internally the following niixtiu'c : No. 4.5. 20 Dn>|)< Iiydntrliloiii' acid, '^ Kraclini^ <;i'iitiaii, 1 I'int oat iiioal sniiO. Mix. (live as one dose. Kepcat it morning and night for a few days, and then change to the following : Xo. 4ij. }'2 Pound lii-carlionatc v the rec- tum ; the stone can be felt in the l)ladder. What to do. — The stone or stones must tirst l)e removed, hy the method desciihed in the chapter on operations. The subsequent treatment will be the same as for gravel. CHAPTER VTI. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. I. MALPRESENTATIONS, ETC., IN PARTURITION. II. PROLONOEI* AFTEU-PAINS.^— III. RETENTION OE THE AFTEU-BIRTII. IV. ABORTION ANU MISCARRIAGE. V. UTERINE IIEMORUIIA(iE, OK FLOODING. VI. INVERSION OF THE WOMB. VII. METRITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB. VIII. PUERPERAL FEVER, OR METRO-PERITONITIS. IX. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. X. LEUCORRHfEA, OR WHITES.-— XI. GONORRHOCA. XII. MAMMITIS, OR INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDEK. XIII. SORE TEATS. XIV. NYMPHOMANIA AND STERILITY. I. Malpresentations, etc., in Parturition. Tliis, to the breeder at least, is the most important part of cattle pathology, aside from the contagious diseases. Oftentimes a valuable cow or calf, or l)oth, are lost, when a knowledge of the subject would save them. A little timely aid, properl}'^ given, in a difficult case of par- turition is invaluable, but if the assistance comes tardily, or is rendered in a bungling manner, the damage done may be irremediable and fatal. Tn order to be able to recognize a malpresentation, some degree of familiarity with the natural presentation, and its attendant jihenomena, is necessary. The period of gestation in cows is about nine months, sometimes a few days (or even weeks) more or less than this, but usually a few days more. The tirst calf, especially, is generally carried a few days longer. When the time for delivery approaches, the udder increases in size anc' fills, the vulva enlarges and thickens, the hips spread, and the space be- tween the root of the tail and the joints of the haunch drops. The time being up, the cow endeavors to seclude herself and hide away from the others ; the labor pains or throes come on gradually, increasing in force from time to time ; in most cases, the cow lies down, — sometimes on one side, and sometimes on the other, — and occasionally stretches right out. The first object expelled i.s the water bag, which is usually about the size of a man's head ; sometimes it breaks in the passage, at others it hangs unbroken, as low even as the hocks. The two fore feet next present, and then the nose lying between the feet. Three quarters of the labor is required to expel the head ; the remainder, to pass the shoulders, after which the delivery is accomplished without further effort. The cow usually rises, and commencing immediately to lick the calf, in a very few minutes has him all licked oif, when he dries ciuicklv without chilling. 742 DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF WEXEIIATION. 743 Unaided by the maternal instiiipt in tliis manner, tlio calf would be a mueh longer time in drying off, and in cold weather would becomi- seri- ously chilled. The foregoing, as before intimated, is an outline of a natural case of labor, when "everj-thing is right." If the labor is severe and is prolonged more than half an hour, the cow should have help. The assistant should l)e the man whom the cow is accustomed to see ; he should be very quiet and gentle in his movements, and have no spectators, neither human nor cattle. If in any case, a sec- ,ond person is present, there should be as little talking as possible. When the feet are properly presented, catch hold of them, one in each hand, and pull — not with anything approaching a jerk, but with a tirm, even traction — at exactly the same tinie that the cow strains, and only at that time, relaxing tiie traction entirely during the intervals of quiet between the throes. Judgment and good common sense are required to manage a case well, and these nuist be the operator's main reliance ; no printed directions can take their place. In a case of malpresentation, the first tiling to l^e done is to jnish tlie foetus back out of tlie passage, in order to introduce the hand and arm .TOIXTEI) HOOKS far enough to get hold of the parts that ought to come first, and so bring about a natural presentation. This is always a difficult task. If the cow is standing, the calf can be pushed back readily, but if she is Ij'ing down, the more fussing there is done the more the womb contracts, and the more difficult it becomes to push the foetus in against the throes. The simplest, quickest, and easiest way is to fix a pulley and tackle around the cow's legs above the hocks and to something overhead, and by these STRAIGHT HOOK. means to elevate the hind parts so that the operator can get at the case, and push back and "tuj-n" the calf. AVhen all the arransements for delivery have been completed, let her down, and she will soon return to 14 •line AMEKU'AN KARMEK S STOCK HOOK. tlu' labor pains. Work as lively as possible while the vow is elevated ; it is an unnatural position, and under very unfortunate cireunistanees, and if slie is kei)t in it long at a time very bad results might follow. The instruments neeessary are a piece of soft rope, ( the size of a man's little linger and about ten feet long), a jointed hook, straight hook, con- ei'aled knife, and embriotoni}' knife. The last named, is a small curved lilade fastened to a ring that tits over the big tiuijer, so as to <■a^l•^• tlic knife in rONCEALEI, KNIFE. ^^^^ ^^.^j^^^ ^^ ^j^^ ,^.^,,^, Firnt Malpresentadon. — If one fore foot and the nose ;i re entered in the passage and the other foot bent back, the calf cannot be delivered without tirst bringing up the retracted foot into its pi-opor positiini, on account of the obstruction which the shoulder would offer. Tie a small rope around the foot presented, in order not tf) lose it ; then push the FIRST M.'^l.l'UESENTATIUN. One tore foot and the nose entered, the other foot bent bacU. calf back, to allow the arm to bo introduced and find the other foot ; take in a noose of the rope, and put it over the foot as shown in the annexed cut; then — with the hand placed over the foot, so as to cover the toes, and thus prevent them from lacerating the womb — draw it up with the other hand. This aceomiilished, delivery will soon be effected. Second ^ralprelresented, but the head is turned back against the side. Tie the rope to the feet, and cany a piece of it in, with a view of getting it into the mouth and FOURTH MALPRESENTATIOX. The lore feet in the passage, the head turned back on the side. around one of the jaws. Failing iu the latter effort, hook the straight hook into the eye socket, and then push the feet back, till tiic licad can be brought into the passage. Fifth Malprexentation. — Here, the fo-tus is lying on his l)aik, with the poll presented aud the feet bent back upon the belly. Delivery may be made in this position, but the nose and feet must be brought into the l)assage tirst. To do this, pass in a noose for each foot, aud another for the upper jaw, putting it iu the mouth ; theu push the calf back, so those parts can be liberated and brought uj). Carefully guard the womb from laceration by the toes', in all cases. When in a favorable presentation, let an assistant i)ull, while the main operator raises the withers of the foetus over the rim of the pelvis. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GEXERATIOX. 747 Sixth Malpresentation. — Both hind feet arc in tlie passage, the calf's back being against the loins of the mother. Delivery is not necessarily FIFTH MALPUESKNTATION. back, witli the poll presented, and botli fore feet bent back. difficult, hut when once well started, it is very desirable to hasten it to the utmost limit of prudence, as there is danger of the calf suffocating. SIXTH MALI'UESENTATION. The hind feet both in the passage. Seventh Malpvesentatinn. — The breech is presented, and the hind feet are up against the cow's back. The feet mu.st be di'awn back into the 748 THE AMEKICAN I'AUMr.l! s STOCK HOOK. passage. Pass in the rope, take a noose around th'; liocks, and pull the foetus down so a-; to trot the noose around the feet and draw them hack ; SEVENTH MAl.l'UKSKNTATlON. The calf lying on liis b.ack, Ihe hind feel up ;igainst tlie cow's back, and the breech presented. this done, and the points of tlio buttocks Ix-iuir raised over the rim f)f the l)elvis at the [jvopcr time, the calf may pcriiaps (.-onie .vithout further KIGIITU MAI-PUESENTATION. The breech presented, with the back up against the loins of the mother, and the feet bent downwards. trouble. But if otherwise, persevere, and turn it into the position seen inthe cut for the sixth nialprosontntion. Failing in this, and as a hist IHSEASKS l)F TIIK <>li(;AN,S OK ( ; ICN ERATION. ?49 resort, it may l)e necessary to cut llu^ calf u[>, and talcc liiin away piece by piece, with tile coiicoalcd iviiifc. 'I'lic latlci' operation i-c(|iiires con- siderable s]\ill, in order to avoid wonndinn: tii(^ wonil) and vaiiina. It cannot safely Ix; attenipt(!d, except by an cxpcrl. JEiff/tth MaJprcscntaHon. — This is a Incecli jjrtisentation in wliicii (Ik; calf's ))ack is n|) against tiie mollier's loins, ami (lie feet are b(ait down- wards. Tliis is considered to l)e fin; liardcst position of all to rectify. Pass in the ropes, and take a noose around tlie hocks, and then around the feet ; then, bv elevating the cow very high Ixihind and pusliing l)ack the fujtus, and drawing u\) tiie legs and feet inio llio i)assage, it can b(! delivered. Nliilli, Malpresv Ilia turn. — Tiie neck is presented in tlie passage, the head being bent around to one side and the legs down against tlie bc^lly. First, g(!t the feet up as directed for tlic tirst three malprescaitalions ; then turn the head into the passage, as directed for the fourth. We need hardly say that b(>fore introducing the hand and arm, in any of tlie cases we have mentioned, tiiey siioiild be tlioroughly anointcil witli lard or oil. 'I'he e.xact position of tin; fn-l us should be determined lieyond a doubt before attempting to change or "tuin"' it. These nine inaiiiresentations do not coin[)rise all tlie ditKculti<'s atleiid- iiig jiarturition ; for tliere may be abnormal de\<'lopciiients of tli<' fo'tns. NINTH MAM-KKSKNTATION. itli the licail turned against the side, rendering it a mechanical imiio-isiliility lo effect its delivery alive. Wy far the most common phenomena under this head are hydrocei)halus (dropsy of the Ijraiii) and ascites (droi)sy of the belly. ) IM) IlllO AMi;ifl. lt>( tli(> watci- out into liu' iiioIIhm's wmiil). If (liis is no) siicccssfid, use a loni,' ti'otliar and cainiiila, as siiown in (he cii!. J)ISKASKS OF 'IIIK OKIiANS ol' <; KNKKATION . Tf)! TIk roir il i/i iKl, h, s((ri- the cdl f. — Illfilsc of serious iiimI rorillMl ion 1)1' tin- cow, wlicn :ill liopc of s;i\iiin' licr is liixcii up, ;iiiil 1 lie cmU' is slill alive lull cailliol l)e (leiiveicd, resort should lie liiid l KOTK. r tlie viilv.T. and thus prevcn'. Xo. 48. 1 Ounce chloral hydrate. 1 Pint water, Mix. Givo as one dose ; if necessaiy, repeat it in iialf an hour. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. 755 VII. Metritis, or Inflammation of the "Womb. This affection is not very often seen in the cow, owing to her phleg- matic temperament, and her proneness to other complications, arising at an earlier stage, in connection with partnritiou. It is the result of in- juries to the woml) during difficult parturition ; it may develope also from p. cold caught at that time. The inflammation soon extends and involves other parts, making a very serious condition indeed. See further in the next section. VTII. Puerperal Fever, or Metro-Peritonitis. This disease is often confounded with iiarturicnt apoplexy, so that, notwithstanding the difference between the two conditions, they are mis- taken one for the other. Puerperal fever is eiysipelatous inflammation of the uterus and peritoneum, and may affect cows of all ages. The antecedent facts will usually be found to be difficult parturition, exposure to cold storms or extremes of temperature, retention of the placenta, or overdriving prior to calving, and the like circumstances. Thin, poor cows that have been changed suddenly from a dry, short pasture to rich succulent feed at or near the time of calving, are especiallv apt to have it. It may come on at any time from a few hours after calving up to the third or fourtli day. How to know it. — High fever, with all of its attendant symptoms, such as dry, hot nose, horns and extremities hot or cold ; capricious appetite, with rumination suspended ; colicky pains ; kicking at the belly ; gettiuir up and lying down frequently, — sometimes, remaining on the knees sev- eral minutes. The head is turned towards the flanks ; the pulse is quick, hard and wiiy ; the respirations are accelerated, short and confined to the thorax, so as to avoid moving the abdomen as much as possible ; the belly is tucked up, the urine is scanty and high colored, and usually there is constipation. All the symptoms, and especially the belly pains, increase; prostration comes on ; finally, stupor (coma) sets in. Death soon follows. Post mortem examination shows all the evidences of inflammation of the womb and peritoneum, with purple spots here and there ; and the biaia is visibly affected, showing ecchymosed spots, etc. What to do. — Give recii^e No. 2G, and supplement its action with injec- tions of soap and water. Give No. 42 every two hours, till the pulse is improved. If in the very early stages, a little blood may be drawn, but this is not allowable after the first day. If the stupor comes on before the purgative can be gotten down, give the latter through the stomach pump, to avoid the danger of letting it run down into the lungs. Apply 75H TIIK A.MKlilCAN FAIiMKR S STOCK I'.OOK. Misters — inustiird paste or tlies — to the helly. If no syinptonis of pur- gation show themselves in eight or ten hours, inject No. 40 under the skin every half hour till the bowels have moved. If constipation is still obstinate, a i>iiil of tepid water may be injected into a vein. fSINU THE STOMACH I'UMI'. r of giving medicine or food during stupor Convalescence will be indicated by a return to seusibilit}', cessation of pain, i)nrgati()n, coj)ious secretion of urine of ,i good color, and a return of strength. AVhen these syini)tonis are noticed, give No. 19, repeating it three or four times a day. IX. Pcrturient Apoplexy. This is a blood disease affecting cows of a plethoric habit at time of calving. It is never seen following difficult or pi'otracted labor, uterine henu)rrhage (flooding), abortion, nor the retention of tiie placenta. There nuist be a constitutional tendency to congestion of tlu^ brain, coma and apoi)lexy. The first attack is usually fatal ; even if not so, the trouble is very likely to recur at the next or some subse(|uent calving. How to know it. — There is at first a staring, wild look about the eyes, disincliMMtion to move, loss of milk, and increased tenipcratnre : but these symptoms arc seldom so marked as to attract special notice. Tiicy are followed by a staggering gait and weakness across the loins, till suddenly the aninuvl falls, when the eyes are found to be bloodshot and glassy, the pupils dilated and the lids twitching. The mucous membranes become pui"ple ; she gets perfectly blind and comatose (stupid); the head is usually turned back to the side ; the \n\\so. gets gradually slower, fading into imperccptibilit}' ; the breathing is slow and stertorous. In this stage the pupils contract, the temperature falls decidedly, sonietinu-s as low as 95 = . The udder becomes hard and unyielding ; the paunch fills with DISEASES OF THE OKGAXS OK GEXEKATION. 757 gas, causing marked interference with the l)reathing : coiix ulsions set in, and death soon follows. The post-mortem sliows a fat, full hody, blood vessels full of fluid, black blood, and purple spots on the brain and spinal cohnnn and in other parts of the body. There are many other abnormal appearances in the bi-aiii, most of which can only be distinguished bv an expert. What to do. — Prevention is the main thing. If the cow is manifestly plethoric, give light, soft diet, with laxatives (No. 8 is excellent) once or twice a week for three weeks before calving. When the attack comes, if the cow is seen in the first stage, when the pulse is alwaj-s full, bleed freel}', and give recipe No. 2iy ^after two hours give 'So. 20, repeating the latter every two or three hours as long as necessary. Give injections also every few minutes. Apply cold water and ice to the head, and heat in rAKTUKIENT APOPI.tXY. the form of hot rugs, hot smoothing irons, etc., to tiic b()(h . If the jmrgative does not work, give a hypodermic injection of Xo. 4(), repeat- ing it ever}" two hours. If these means fail, open the jugular vein, and inject a pint of clean, tepid water. During convalescence, treat the same as for puerperal fever. If she recovers, do not breed her again, I)ut sell her to the butcher ; for, as before mentioned, it is almost certain to occur again, and at no distant day to end in death. If it is necessary to give any drenches during the coma, use the stomach pump, to guard against turning them in upon the lungs. ^ X. Leucorrhcea, or Whites. This is catarrh of the vagina and woml), with a chronic discharge of a muco-purulent, Avhite fluid that hangs around the vulva and tail, and has a very offensive odor. It is not attended with serious constitutional dis- turbance, but sometiines causes nymphomania or "bullers." Such cows rarely breed, and even if they do so. ai-e apt to al)ort. Sometimes the discharge is so profuse as to kee|) tiie cow pom-. 758 THE AMERICAN FARMER'S STOCK liOOK. What to do. — Syringe out tlic jiarts witli toi)i(l water, and inject lotion No. 47, repeating this twice a day. Feed on nutritious l)ut light diet, and give No. 21 in the feed. XI. Gonorrhcea. This is catarrh of the generative parts of the bull, — little ulcers or chancres in the sheath and on the penis, with a whitish discharge, which IS clu'onic. How to know it. — Painful urination istlie most charaeteristic symptom ; with all his freijuent efforts, only a few drops are passed, and those not without griiat uneasiness, which is further numifestcd by his st(4)pingfor- waid and back or from side to side;, and by raising the hinil fcc^t, lashing the tail, etc. What to do. — Suspend all service, and give him the laxative recipe No. 8, and when the bowels return to their normal condition give No. 21 in the feed, repeating the latter morning and night, for three or four weeks. Draw out the yard with soft linen cloth, and bathe all affected parts with the following lotion : No. 40. 4 Ounces spirits of camphor, 1 Ounce sugar of lead, 2 Drachms sulphate of zinc, 1 Quart soft water, Mix. Continue the application, once a day, till cured, and do not let him serve a cow, for the reason that it is contagious. If any chancres are seen, touch them once a day with lunar caustic. Feed on green food, if possible. XII. Mammitis, or Inflammation of the Udder. This is most common after a parturition which occurs before the secre- tion of milk has assumed a normal condition, especially in the case of heifers at the first calving. Sometimes, it has no connection with calv- ing, but is contracted by lying on cold, damp ground, or in the case of middle-aged and old cows, develops in hot weather, taking on the form of garget or ciu'dled milk. Cows in high condition are the most subject to it, the attack being usually induced liy driving them until overheated. Tlu! inflammation, in some cases, will subside and go away, and the milk- ing function go on as before with very little loss ; in others, it goes on to suppuration in one or more quarters of the bag, or even to mortification. How to know it. — The type of mammitis that takes on the active in- flammatory character is ushered in with a shivering fit, which is succeeded m a short time ])y fever and dullness. Tlie bag becomes hot and hard, red, swollen and sore. It being so painful to th(> touch, the cow is very DISEASES OF THE ORGAMS OF GENERATION. 759 averse to Itciiig milked. Tlie milk is often curdled, and sometimes bloody. The trouble may stop hero and terminate in resolution, or it may go on to suppuration, the pus in some cases discharging inside and coming away with the milk, and in others through an opening on the out- side. Again, it may not suppurate at all, but become indurated and re- main permanently enlarged, or gangrenous and slough off. The milder type of mammitis, that which is not connected with par- turition, but is simply curdled milk or garget, yields readily to treatment. What to do. — If dependent ujjon calving, and the cow is fat and fever- ish, give recipe No. 8. Foment the l)ag with hot water sevcu'al times a day, and as often as three or four times a day remove the milk that does form, and apply the following lotion : Ko. 50. 4<)uiM'(!.s guin u:iiiiiili(ir, 1 Pint olive oil, Mix. Rub well in three times a day. Jf tiie inflammation does not go out by the time purgation ceases, give No. 1!), repeating it morning and night for a week or two. If the case goes on to suppuration, and it breaks on the outside, foment the bag, and inject recipe No. !l, two or three times a day. In all cases where there is much swelling, support the bag by a l)an- dage passed around the body over the loins. If a (luartcr sloughs off, dress the wound with ,, „ , ■ • , I, ,1 ,. II • METHOD OF SUPPORTING No. 9, and give internally the following: the uuuek. No. 51. 1 Oiinco sulphate of soda, 2 Drachms nitrate of potash, .Mix. Give as one dose in a bran inasli, and repeat it morning and night for a week or two. Isolate the patient, on account of the smell. When it is merely a case of curdled milk (garget), give atablesi)ooii- ful of saltpetre night and morning in a l)ran mash, and milk In;)- with special care, to make sure of getting all the milk away. XIII. Sore Teats. Cows' teats are veiy apt to become chapped, cracked and very sore, rendering the milking exceedingly painful to the cow and very annoying to the milker. Unfortunately, the latter is often so thoughtless as to fiy into a passion and abuse the cow. Great patience and kindness should always be exercised in such cases, the milker taking pUnity of time to soften the sore teats well with the milk before attempting to s(jueeze them. 760 TIIK AMKIilCAN I'AliMKli's STOCK liOOK. Wlicii doiii' iiiilUinj^, itiioiiit (liciii nicely willi llic followiiii^ mixture: No. r>2. I OiiMcc :iliiiii. I DriH'liJii ("irlM.lic :i('i(l. I OiiiuTs liinl, I'owdi'i' till' mIiiiii :iiiiI mix. Or, iiisleiul, lliis may l)e used: No. T);!. '._, ( )uiic(' limnic :iri(l, I DiMcliiii cnrliolic Mc'id, I (>iiM liinl. Mi\. Little pi^ii-like tumors sonietimes yi-ow in tiie milk jjiis.sagi',, in tli(! teat, ovonlniitinj;, in some eases, in its eompletc^ oh.struction, iind the .suhse- qu(Mit los.s of that (juartxir. Many expedients liave heen tried for tii(^ euro of lliis trouhlesonu! condition — sneli as teat sipiions. prohes, histouries, needles, etc. — Itut all to no a\'ail , for tlic tesit V(M'y soon gets .sore, and inilUing lieeomes dang(u-ons, if not well-nigh iinp()ssil)h\ Tiic only fcasihlo way of managing the cast^ is just to let it go till the cow goes dry, milking tliat (piartcr as well as possihlc! without any instrumental aid ; and then to cut into the teat, remove t ho exerosccMiees, ar.d let the wound he.a! over 11 silver prohe. If tiiis is pi-operly done, the tc^at will he as good as ever. XIV. Nymphomania and Sterility. Nymphomania is ehronic inllanimation of th(^ (ditoris, giving rise to :i constant desire for the male. Such cows take the hull at any time, l)ut rarely conceive, and even when thoy do so, :ire almost stu-e to .Mlioi't. 'I'hey are called "hnllers." It often liappcns tlnit tiiey are liarrcn nat- urally, twins heing espoeially prone to that condition. Sometimes, high hred cows will not In'eed to a high hred hull, yet will do so to a mongrel, especially a young hull. What to do. —'"'or cows n.'iturally barren nothing c;m he done. For others the dillicidly can ori<'n Ik^ overc(Hne hy reducing them in Hcsh (for they are nearly alw.iys f.'it ), and hy judicious management . Keel) I hem in a short pasture for ;i few weeks, and give them a handfid of (ilauher's salts (-very second day. At the proper time, put tlicni to a yonuii, vigorous hull, (uie or two leaps ))eing sutKcient. If this does not sueiieed, try ii mongrel Itidl. If the cow is eontinu;dly riding tlu^ other cows, keep hei- to herself, if possible, and feed from half a \)\\\{ to a jjint of hemp seed onco ii day for two months, in sonu' cases hemp seed seems to have ii magie effect. l<\'cd it both l)efore and afti-r the ser\ico l)eo;iiiirmi, the effect of wliicli should be assisted i)y injections of warm water and soap. Bleed from the juL:ular \(in ; keep tlu; head cool by means of ice or very cold water; and if the limbs are cold, use nmstai'd or strong embro- cations of ammonia. Aconite is also eonsideri^d beneficial, but it should never be used exctept under th(i direc^tion of a veterinarian. Dm-ing ro covcry, the animal siiould be ke])t <|uiet, and ha\(^ good nourishing and easily digested food. II. Apoplexy. In true apoplexy, the animal drops sudd(Uily, and death ensu(;s very soon, unless immediate i-clicf is given. The; means to be used arc bleed- ing from the jugulai' \-ein, and the administration of a ])urgativc, .sucli as No. K, with injections of soap and W!it<'i'. (iivc a change of food. III. Epilepsy. Epilepsy is rare, exccspt in the ease of A'oung animals, 'i'here will be severe convulsions, followed by stupor, with foaming at th(! mouth. The TC.l 7<12 'I'liK AMr;iii:ihli cold w.ilir oMT Ihc IkmiI mikI I'm.c/', .•mil wlicii I lio iilliirk Miil)Mi(l('s, ;;iv(i /^iioil loiiil iiiKJ H|i(M'iul cures Willi Hticli I'ciiKMlial iiumih- liWH MM iniiy •>" iiuliciilcd liy llic ;_'('iicnd nlat Intlcr, when one side of the hody only i.s ho. I'aridyHiH is a loss (d' \(ilunlary inovenicnl, and nsnallv occurs as .a .syiiip- toin of olhi'i- diseases, .as sid'leniii;.'; of Ihc Inain, clfnsioiis of Iliiid Ihcivon, etc. What to do. i'iirliniM mix vniiilca, ';, Oiiiici" Hiillpcln-, MK. (Jl\'e an (Hie dose; repeal niorniii'.; and iii;;iil, for a niontli. V. 'relaiiim or Iioeltjiiw. 'rctaiins is iit;;eneral and conrniiicd spasm (or, mori' strictly, coiilnic- lion) of the mnsclcN of the liody, liolli \ oliiiirai'\' and iiiv(ilniitar\'. When thcnmsclcsof the jaw lU'ci principally a ffecli'd il is calh'il ///.s/z/j^.s, or in popular lan;:;na;:;e, lockjaw, the term ti'tamis lieinj^- more properly lim- it.t'd to lh(i j:;enei'al form. Cnusos,' — 'I'iit'i't* ar(^ two forms of this disease, one ( t raiinialic) arising from local ciuiHt^H, as a prick or injury to the foot. 'I'hc* otiier (idio- pathic) form, thouj^li often (d" ohscuie oriniii, has l)e<'n known to iiriso from liad food, and cxpoHiiri^ Father form may follow ciistration. How to know it. Ilx' disease is insidituis in its operations, until llio daiiL'i'rons sla;^!' eoiiu's on. TIk" animal may l»c dull, off its feed, iind ii;eni>ridly disinclined to move. Then the whole hody may lu't'omo affcctt'd, with Ihc hind li'ji's wide apart, tht> nosi< protrudinir. hi-ad and tail i»leval(>d, lirt'idliing (|uickcncd, and the piilsi* fi'eiiuent and corded. The howels ar(< slrou^lv hound. Somclimcs llu^hack isdepresse are differcnl Icchuiial ii.ames for tlu'se several niauifes- talious. DIKICAHIOH or 'rillO NKUVOI'H KVHTKM. Tt'i'A What to do. — l/ilt Ic can he, (|(iii(% ^^\(■(^|ll. to rciii()V(( itll iri'ilat iii;^ ol)- jccls, givo ciiliiiiii^ iiiciliciiu'N, aiid opcirrilo on tlus Ixiwcl.s iih hoom iis pos- sil)l(). Tlio iKsrvoiiH (ixcidiiont will Ixi IomhcikxI by k(!(4)iiif^ llui imlicdit, in ii (lark j)l,'i('0. VI. Rabios or Hydrophobia. It HccMiH n('<((ll{!SH (<) repent (ho <;(!nonil K(ateni(MilH respcKitinjj lliin dis- enHO fjiven in I'arL II of tliis work, juigctH 3!tH and 'MU. It is, of coiirso, ineunihle, and from its (\\ce(Mlin^iy diinj^eroiiH niituro, tho suspected ani- mal kIiouIiI l)e innnediately eonliniid, and killed as soon uh ever the symp- toms hecome ))ronoiineed. VII. NorvouH Debility at Parturition. Tiiis disease! must not be; mistaken for parturient apoplexy or peiiton- itis. It is r('adily dis(in;;uislied fi-om llies(! I)y the total absenc(! of iiny tendency to either high f(!Ver or lelhai'tiy. It is not conlinr'd to animals in iiigh condition, but Ih found (juito uh often iimon*^ those that are lean. How to know It. — 'l"he pids(! may be somewhat fast, but, will be eom- j)ressibl<', ami oftiMi weak. 'I'Ih! uddi'r lemains soft, and the milk is plen- tiful and easily drawn ; and tliou^di tlimc! may be consti])ation, the appe- tite will b(! <^ood. What to do. — Kec'p the animal warm and in good (|uarters, with plenty of bedding. lOvacaiate the bowe^ls by warm injecrtioijs, at the same time giving a mild purgative. No. H. (;iv(« stimuhmls, slo|)])y but nutritious food, hay tea, etc., uiid remove the milk frc(juently from tlu; udder. CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. I. SIMTLE ECZliMA. -11. CllliOXIC ECZEMA, OR I'SOKIASIS. III. ERYSIPELAS. I. Simple Eczema. This is a skin disease in whicii crops of vesiflos come up, bui'st, run ti little water}' matter, dry up and heal, l)ut while these are healing an- other crop breaks out in another place. It is attended with intense itch- ing, which worries the animal exceeding!}-. What to do. — Gi^■e a purgative, No. 8, repeating it after a week ; also, a change of food and good care. Let the cattle have salt at least twice a week. Bathe the affected parts frequently with lotion No. 47. II. Chronic Eczema, or Psoriasis. AVlicn simple eczema is neglected the disease becomes chronic. The skin thickens, gets liard, dry and sore, and cracks into fissures or fur- rows ; the discharge continues and be- comes greasy, offensive and ichorous ; and the hair gets thin and stands straigiit out, or perhaps turns the wrong wa}% giving the parts the ap- pearance of rat tails, by which name the disease is often known. It is very troublesome, frequently causing lame- ness, and always proving hard to cure. What to do. — Apply hot linseed meal poultices totiio affected parts till all intlammation and s(n'eness are gone ; then embrocate freely with lo- tion No. 9, using a cotton bandage wet in the lotion and applying it loosely. If there are any points of proud flesh, burn them down daily with lunar caustic. When all sore- ness is gone and the dise;ise appears to be under entire control, apply either of the ointments Nos. 52 and ."io. III. Erysipelas. This is a diffuse inflammation of the whole thickness of the true skin, sometimes extending to the subcellular tissue, and causing much i)ain and iiTitative fever. 7()4 CHRONIC ECZEMA, OK "UAT TAILS."' DISEASES OF THE SKIN. THo How to know it. — It is indicated by an intensely red skin, there being, moreover, no disappearance of color under pressure. The parts are hard and internally red, but not severely swelled, but the cellular tissue is in- jected and infiltrated, often inclining to a pustular state. The disease terminates in resolution, suppuration or ulceration — -sometimes even in mortification and gangrene. If the head is attacked, there is danger of a fatal termination. What to do. — If there is symptomatic fever and the animal is fat, deple- tion is necessary, — give No. 8 ; but if the animal's condition is the reverse of this, give No. 13. Follow this with nitre, in half ounce doses, twice a day. In connection with the above constitutional treatment, there shonld ])e local applications to the inflamed part, such as lotions of lead or zinc. A strong solution of nitrate of silver is sometimes applied, and with decided benefit, to the outer edge of the inflamed parts. A poul- tice of rii)e cranberries is prol)al)ly one of the best remedies for reduc- ing the inflammation, if applied early. It is to be followed with glycer- ine in Avhich a small quantity of anmionia has been dissolved, or vnih recipe No. 1. CHAPTER X. PARASITIC DISEASES OP CATTLE. I. IIOOSE OK m-SK (VEKMINOITS BRONCHITIS). II. THK (JAl)KLY AND GKUB ((KS- TUUS BOVIS). III. LICE. IV. TATEWOUM. -V. MANllE. VI. inNCi- WORM. I. Hoose or Husk (Verminous Bronchitis.) The symptoms of this disoasc arc simihir to tliose of t)roiK'hitis. The difficulty is caused by a species of strongulus — worms — (Jilaria bron- c/iids) the eggs of which are swallowed in grazing. Calves, and especially sheep, are the most likely to he affected, for the reason that they bite cloKor tlum cattle. Howtoknowit. — There will l)e a .slight, husky cough, recurring at irregular intervals. The coat will soon become staring, and the breath- ing more and more cmliarrasscd. The cough becomes more frcciuent, and in character more suffocating and mucous ; worms, cither singly or roiled together, will also 1)0 coughed up. What to do. — Feed liberally with the soundest and most nutritious diet possible, including linseetl or cotton cake, and roots, mixing in the food some good tonic, such as reci[)c No. 4. For calves, make four doses of the recipe. Burn turi)cntine on pine shavings in the pen with the calves, and let them breath the fumes, and give them a tal)k's[)oonful of sulphur in tile food once a day for two weeks. Prevention. — This is better than cure. The forms from \vhich^/ffr?a bruiirhitis emanate are found in low, wet, undrained pastures. Hence, keep the stock off such i^asturcs when the trouble is found, especially •when Met with dew or riiin. Do not allow animals to drink from stag- nant ponds or pools, and look to the proper drainage of the pastures. II. Tho-Qadfly and Grub (CEstrus Bovis). Little rounded tumors will often be found along the backs of cattle, during late winter and spring. These are called warl)les, and are the lairs of the larvffi of the (>.\ gadfly (wNti'iis bovis). Eacli (unior contains a grub, which may be squeezed out by pressure, some- times escaping with such force as Sometimes it is necessary to enlarge the orifice v/ith 7G(i 0.\ OADFLY ( WITH LICK. Thci'e are also ticks infesting cattle at certain seasons, and especially plenty on Texas cattle. By many, indeed, they arc supposed to be the exciting cause of Texas fever : and while this opinion is doubtless eri-oncous, it is not at all im[)rob- ablc that these ticks, which especially infest pastures traveled over by Texas cattle not wintered north, really do assist in poisoning the blood of native cattle in some degree. The accompanying cut shows the ox tick. "^ tick. What to do. — The remedy for ticks consists in careful currying and ^f^^^ vj fy**^^^"^'\ ' j'/^ 7G8 TlIK AMEIIICAN rAliMKI! S STOCK HOOK. ^^k t'-: ^'■^ ])ickiiii!; Ilu'iii off. Fill- lice on catllc llu' followiiii: will Ik; found ainou" the l)('st I'cincdics in use : N.I. :,:,. i._. I-,, unci of Idhacco, I (iilllnliof \v:ill'l-. Sleep f.ir i\\(, hours. A\'asl) (he ;iffcct('(l anini.'il willi Ihis infusion 1 iiovouirlilv, usiuLT it wai'in. IV. Tapeworm. Il is not necessary Ihtc; lo yo into a disscrlatiini on the lapeworin. Tlic luicroscopic, ejrjfs (a sinjiio worm is cstiinatcd to lay as liigh as '2f>,- ()()(),()()()) aiv passed witli tlio e.xuviie of dosrs, and ai'e taken up l)y graz- ing: s|o<'U. One of the forms in wliicli it exists in rattle is tlii^ cyst ic, found in llie nnix-lcs. 'I'lie parasite whieli is tlic^ mature tapc- \ » , A worm is found in the howels of tiie Imman family, and L •',!,••. :'V\ in animals, especiidly doi;s. 'I'lie t'ut shows tiic head of atap<'worm of the species known as (a'via iitediocan- ,//>!/, I. Prevention. — Prevention of the parasites in the imma- inrc form in stock consists in destroying all exuvia' of dogs in ])astui'cs, wherever found. Once encysted in animals, there is no renied}'. For jircvention of tape- worm in the hunnni family, eat no meat, not even smoked meat, without thorough cooking. V. Mange. There ai'e a number of i)arasilic insects which attach themselves to ill- conditioned cattle, producing itching. The latter is intensely aggravated in hot weathci'. A species of iUniiatovoplts, similar lo the itch or sirab insect, is the nH)st prolific cause of this class of affections. There is also a microscopic insect, the i/ainanns of mnstyhay, which sometimes infests the skin of animals feed- ing thereon. The cut shows the last named insect highly magnified, 'i'reat about the same as for mamre in the horse. (See page 4;}r.). VI. RingAvorm. This is somewhat common in <"iltle, show- GAMASus OP MUSTY KoDPKu. i„j, ,,,., .^ greater or less number of round l)ald sj)ots, covered with white scales, and surrounded with bristly or split hairs which are scabbed aroinid the roots, with some eruption on the skin. UKAI) or TAI'l',- wouM (ior liv KATINO M'.V.V. PARASITIC DISEASES OF CATTLE. 769 The microscope shows it to be a vegetable parusile. It is readily trans- mitted from one animal to another. What to do. — Clip off the hair, and wash the part with soap and water, to remove all scabs ; when dry, rub in well a little of the following : Xo. 50. 2 Ounces tincture of iodine, 1 Ounce oil of tar, 2 Ounces glycerine, Mix. Repeat tln^ application once a day until cured. Or, instead, 1 lie fol- lowing may be used in the same way : No. 57. 1 Ounce solution iudo-broiuiilc of calcium loniiiownd, 3 Ounces water. Mix. Rub well in once a day. CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE EYE. I. OrilTlIAI.MI.V oil (■ON.MNCTIVITIS. II. KUN(ii:S II .1,M ATODKS. OK UI.KKDINIi S. ■> (iiaiiis sul|)li;ilr of atropia, l.Oiinco water, Mix. After the active iiillannnation is subdued, apply the following lotion ill addition to the other trejdmeut, which should still be continued: No. iV,). 30 Grains nltratf of silver, 1 OiiiR-o water, i\Ii\. Apidy directly to the eyeball, morning ;uid night, with a camel's hair brush. Continue this till all opacity is gone, that is, till the white half- moon spot at the bottom of the ant("rior chamber is absorbed. 770 DISEASES OF THE EVE. 771 lI.li.MATOKKS. II. Fungus Heematodos, or Bleeding Cancer. This is a cancerous growtli tliat may develop on any part of the body hut is especially apt to come in the eye, destroying that organ, and ff)rni- ing a large, spongy, fungus-like c.xcres- once that bleeds upcni the slightest in- ^ jur\', in fact almost u|ion a mere touch. What to do. — ANhen the e.xact nature of tlu! disease; is recognized, the eye sliould be dissected out, and the aninud litted for the butcher as speedily as pos- sible. The operation is the same as that described under " Extirpation of the Eye" in the Ibn-se department. (S»!e jiage 4.'')0). III. Torn Eyelids. As in everything of the nature of a " blemisii," an injur}' to the cyo is of less consequence in cattle than in the horse. Still, l)oth hunnmity and self-interest dictate that it should not bo neglected. In a case of torn eyelids, — an accident that may happen in various ways, — bring the edges neatly together, and sew them with fine silk. Dress them afterwards with a weak carbolic or other healing lotion, ajjplying the same; two or three times a day as long as nec(,'ssary. rv. Inversion and Evorsion of the Eyelids. These arc more of an annoyaiicc than a serious ailment, and are not of very frequent occurrence in catdc Their technical names are entropium and ectrojnum, respectively, under which they have been described in the Horse department, on page 42K, to which the reader is referred. They are identical with what oculists are often called on to treat in the human subject. V. Foreign Substances in the Eye. Hayseed, liair, or other foreign pai-ticles in the c^'e always occasion gri'at annoyance, and often real suffei-ing, which the animal will manifest by keeping the eye i)ai-tly closed, and jjcrhaps by turning the head slightly awry. Anything of this kind siiould be reinovcid at once, the head being w<'ll secured, so that the ofjcrator will run no risk of injur}' from the horns. The method of jjrocedure, as also the subsequent treatment, \\ill 1)(; similar to that described on page 424 for the horse. CHAPTER XII. ACCIDENTS, ETC. I. CHOKING. II. FRACTI'RE.S. III. WOUNDS. IV. DISLOCATIONS. V. SPRAINS. VI. WENS. In this chapter we shall treat of the more common accidents, such as every stock-man is called on to face more or less frequently every year. They often recjuire immediate attention, and even if a veterinary sur- geon is within reach it will in many cases be very desirable to take a half dozen stitches or so, while waiting for liini. I. Choking. This is a common accident where roots are fed, and it may happen on any farm in the fall, if the cattle have access to apples, etc. The ini- perfectlv chewed turnip or apple sticks in the gullet, (which in cattle is small), and resists all the animal's efforts to dislodge it. How to know it. — There is ahvaj's tympanitis ; the head is extended and neck stretched out ; saliva drools from the mouth ; the animal mani- fests restlessness and pain ; she keeps chewing and making frequent efforts to swallow ; and an anxious expression is seen on the countenance. Death may follow, either from suffocation or from rupture of the dia- phragm . What to do. — Ascertain if the object is in the throat or neck, and if it is, [ila('(^ a l)alling iron in the mouth, (or a plow clevis may be used, pro- vided it will open the mouth wide enough to allow the hand to be inserted ) ; have the head steadied, and insert your hand and take it out. An assist- ant to manipulate the ol)structioa on the outside, and i)ush it u[) against you, will facilitate its removal wonderfully. If it cannot be reached, tap the paunch with the trochar and cannula, to evacuate the gas ; (see cuts on pages 725 and 726) ; then pass down the probang, and with steady, gentle force push it through into the stomach. In the alisence of a pro. bang, a strong, three-quarter inch rope may be used. Dip it in hot water and oil it ; then pass it down, twisting occasionally with the twist of the j-opc. Even, gentle pressure on the probang will make the obstruction yield in a few minutes. II. Fractures. As a rule, a broken bone is more easily repaired in the case of cattle than in horses, owing to their being more (|uiet. Fractures are classitied 772 ACCIDENTS, KTC. 773 as transverse, oblique, " greeu-stick," siinplo, compouiul ami complex. Ill transverse fracture, the bone is bi'okcn s(juare off; in oblique, it is broken obliquely across ; in "green-stick," it is bent and split Init not broken clear off. In simple fractures, only the bono is broken without any complications ; in conq)ouncl, the ends of the broken bones punch through the ilcsh, and protrude ; in coniplox, tlio bono is shattered into many small j)ieccs. How to know it. — The only reliable tests, when there is displacement, is the uniiatuiul position of the parts and tlie crepitation (grating of one ))()n(^ upon another) that nniy be heai'd when tlie parts are moved. TKANSVEltSK AMI (lltl.KKlC I'l! A( TC Ki What to do. — I'l ciise of u l)roken leg (l)y far the most common frac- ture in catth^), place tlie bones in position as lu^irly as possible;, and put oil a plaster of Paris bandage, to enclose the leg and maintain the parts in place. In the absence of plaster of Paris, sole leather, softened Avith ■water and fitted to the leg may be used ; bind it on with a bandage. KcKip the animal as ((uit^t as possible. Compound and comple.v fractures are generally fatal, on account of tlu! inilammatioii that follows. III. Wounds. Wounds on the body may be sewed up with any of the different su- tures described in the Horse department, on i)age 460. Wounds on the MANY-TAILED liANDAGE FOU LARGE LACERATED AND Ol'EN WOUNDS. legs are best held together with bandages. The many-tailed l)andage is particularly handy to draw the edges together and hold tliein in i»Iace. 774 'I'lll') AMi;i!I(AN I'AKMI'IU S STOCK llOOIl. I5aii(la;j;'i's hIkiiiIiI Iki kc|it- scrupulously clean, liy waslnri^ tlicrii uucc or I wicd a (III}' and Itatliinj; llicmwilli i(^ci|)i) JS'o. !t. \\licu llic, woumi is well lill<' jialclLi. II. slips olT on th(i outside w iicn llm Ic;j; is hack of a piM prndM ul.ir position, and the ani- mal in uualilc to liiin"- it lorwaid. 'I'liis is well shown in llio .acconip.in\- , noN oi' rni; I'A ii:i,i,A iiij^ ilhislrali(ni. It is ln'sl ri<>r :iiiiiM<>Mhi, VVmIit Id immK ir jiilll. .MK. If |)i:icl ic:ilili', IciiidiiL't' l<)li'i';ilil\' ti;jli(. (live rcsl lill i\\i- liiiiicniiH.s is all j;niic. VI. WonH. Tlioso arc Imitl, lilnuiiH liiiiiors rcsiiKin^, usually, from ii Mow or oUior (sxtcnial violiMirc. Tlicy iir(! friUjUduf ly sccu ou tln! I'ibs, l(^ dose, and repeal three times a day for Iwo weeks. No. 8. MIL1> PIIUGATIVK. Epsom sails, 12 onnccs, Ginger, 1 onnce. Gentian, 1 onnce, Syrup, 4 ounces. Water to make 2 ijiiarts. Mix. Give as one dose. CAKltOI.IC LOTION. Carbolic acid, }.^ onnce, Water. 1 pint. Mix. Apply two or three times a day; iu case of a surface sore, bind on a sponge wet \\ illi llie lolion. 7H() ui'XH'Ks rou cattlk 781 No. 10. Al.TKUATIVK AN1> STIMi:LATIN< IIUKNCII. locliilc |p(i(:i^li. 2 (lriu-liili«, Whiskey, 2 niiii<-cs, I'dwdcrcd ciiKjlioiia, 1 oiukm', tiriicl, 1 jiinl. Mix. Give as one ilosc, and n'|wat tluiM times a ilay. TONIC rOWDKU. Saccliiirizfd cai-bonatc of iron,2di'S. I'()\v ALTERATIVE POWDER. Nitrate of potash, 2 drachms. Gentian root (powdered), 2 drs.. Ginger, 1 drachm, Mix. Give as one dose; repeat nioining and night for a week. No. 20. STIMULATING DRENCH. Infusion of gentian, Jo piul. Ginger, 1 drachm. Carbonate of ammonia, 1 diaeliui. Syrup, 2 ounces. Water, }4 pint. Mix. f;ive as on(! dose, and ri'peat tlin'c times a day. No. 21. TONIC POWUER. Sulphate of iron (copperas), 8 drs.. Gentian, 2 drachms, fJinger, 1 drachm, Kicnugreek se<'(l, 1 drachm, I'owder iind mix. f live as one dos(!, and repeat morn- ing and night for a week or two. (82 TIIK A.MEKICAN FAUMKU S STOCK liOOK. No. -l-'. A C.AKGLK. Clildiiitt' of potash. 2 ounces, WllllT. 1 (lUUIl. Mix. Shoot l):u-k Into the throat, as a }^ai-;^h'. several thnes a day with a syrinjje. No. 2:!. I'EVER MIXTU15E. Mindererus' spirit (ae<'lali' of ani- nioiiia), 2 ounces, 'rinclure aconite root. 20 drop>, >Vater. }.;, pint, Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat eveiy two hours till l)ettei-. No. 21. rOUOII MIXTUllE. Gum camphor, 2 drachms. Saltpetre, i drachms. Spirits of nitre, 1 ounce, Water (or gruel) , 1 pint. Mix as directed below. Dissolve the camphor in the nitre, and add the water (or gruel) and saltpetre, and give as one dose. Kei)eat eveiy four or six hours. No. 2.">. IlEAl.INt; LOTION. Vinegar. 1 ounce. Honey, 2 ounces. Water, Ji pint. Mix. Api)ly tJnee or fom- thncs a day. No. 20. I'OWERFIL I'UUGATIVE. Epsom salts, l>a pounds. Ginger, 2 ounces. Gentian, 2 ounces. Calomel, 2 drachms, Croton oil, 20 drops. Syrup, I pint. Warm water, 2 quarts. Mix. Give as one dose. STIMtLATINO DRENCH. TJipior ammonia, 1 ounce. Warm ale, 1 ipiart. Essence of ginger, 3^ ounce. Mix. Give as one dose. No. 2S. ANTACID l-OWDKlt. 15i-carl)onale of soda, '.i drai'hms, (icntian, 2 dracluns, (jingcr, 2 drachms. Mix. Give as one dose and rcjical morn- ing and night. No. J'.l. ASTRINGENT DltENCll. I'repared chalU. 1 ounce. I'owdcrcd catechu, }., ounce, Powdered ginger. 2 draclnns, I'owdered opium, }., drachm, I'cppermint water, ,'.j pint, .Mix. (iive from two to four talilespoon- fuls. according to the size of the calf, morning and night. No. ;{(). ASTRINGENT DRENCH. 'I'inclurc of catechu. 2 ounces, 'riui'turc of I'ardamoms, 2 ounces, Carboualc of soda. 2 draclims. Mix. Divide into Iwo to four doses, ac- cording to age of animal, and give one of them morning and night. NO. ;!1. ASTRINGENT DRENCH. I'owdered opium, }., (hacluu, 'rinclure of cardamoms, 1 ounce, Sulphuric vther, :i drachms. Linseed lea (orstarch gruel) 1 pint. Mix. Diviile into six doses; ji;iv<' one night and morning. ). :f2. ALTERATIVE DRENCH. Tincture of rhubarb. 4 ounces, I'owdered ginger, 2 drachms, AVarni gruel. I ounces, Mix. (Jive as one dose, and follow il witli some doses of No. liO or '.il. I). ;!:(. ASTRINGENT DRENCH. Prepared chalk, I'.j ounces, I'owdered catechu, 2 drachms, I'owdered opium, }.^ drachm. Powdered gentian, 2 drachms. Starch gruel, 1 ])iut. Mix. ( ;i ve as one dose ; repeat in twenty- four hours, if neuessary. UEC'Il'KS FOIt CATTMC. 7. S3 >0. :U. AST1!IN(;KNT IHiKNCH. Powileicd opium, 2 drauhius, Powdered stiirch, 4 ounces, Su]|)linric clhcr, 1 ouiu'c. Cold ale, 1 piMl. Mix. Give as one c. |{y substitutinj; tepid water foi- llie ale.it may be advantajjeoMsly used as an injee- tion. No. ;!.5. ASTUINUENT KHENCII. Taniuc acid, }4 draciini, Powdered opium, 1 drachm. Powdered j;entian, 1 ounce, Warm ale, 1 i)int, .Mix. (Jive as one dose. KO. 3;>. AI.TKUATIVK DUKNCII. Calomel. 1 drachui. Powdered opium. J di-.ichms. Gruel, 1 (]uart. Mix. Give as one do.se. No. ;i7. ALTKUATIVIC HUKNCll. Kpsom salts, 7 ounces, Powdered opium, 2 drachms. Powdered f;<'nt!an, 2 drachms. Gruel, 1 pint. Mix. Give .as one dose. No. 38. ANTISKPTIC MI.XTUKE. Chloridi! of lime, 'j ounce, 'l'iuetur(' of arnica, 'vi ounce. Sulphuric etlier, 1 ounce. Starch j^ruel, 2 quarts. Mix. Give lialf by the nth and half I)y injection. No. 30. STUONO IN.Ji;CTION. Linseed oil. 1 pint. Oil turpentine. 1 ounces, Croton oil, 30 drojjs. Warm water. 1 rjnart, Soft .soap. 1 oun<'e. Mix. Keneat three tiuies a day as an in- iectiou. till a full purgative ac- tion Is "ot. STl.MULATING SUHCUTANEOIJS INJECTION. Strychnine, 4 grains. S|iirits of wine, 1 ounce, Sul])lniric acid. (> drops. Mix. Wiien dissolved, inject from ten to twenty drops under tiie slcin. ANODYNE I'EVKU .■HI.XTIUE. Camphor, 2 drachms, Sulphm-ic ether, }i ounce. Acetate of ammonia, 4 ounces, (.as directed below). Mix. Dissolve the camphor iu the sul- pluiric Ciller, and then add tlio acetate of ammonia. <;ive as one dose in ale or gruel. No. 42. FEVEU MI.XTUKE. Mindererus' .spirit, 3 ounces, Tincture aconite root, 20 drops. Linseed tea. 1 pint, Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat every two hours till Ijettei'. No. 43. STIMULATING DItKNCH. Sididuiric acid. 2 drachms, 'i'ineture of cardamoms, 1 ounce. Water, 1 pint. Mix, Give as one dose. No. 44. ANTILITHIC IN.IECTION. Ifydrocliloric acid, 1 drachm. Water, }.i jiint. Mix.' Inject into the bladder. No. 4'). ACID DRENCH. Hydrochloric acid, 20 drops, (leuliau, 3 drachms. Oat meal gruel, 1 pint. Mix. Give as one dose, and repeat it morningand night for u few days. 784 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK HOOK. No. 4G. ANTACID rOWDEK. Bi-carbonate soda, '; poiiiul. Gentian, 4 ounce*. Linseod meal. 2 pounds, Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls morning and niglxt for two or tliree weeks. No. 47. ANTISEPTIC INJECTION. Carbolic acid, 'o ounce, Water, i.j gallon. Mix." " Use as injection twice a day. No. 4S. ANODYNE DRENCH. Chloral hydrate, 1 ounce, Water, 1 pint. Mix. Give as one dose ; rejieat, if neces- sary, in half an hour. No. 49. HEALING LOTION. Spirits of camphor, 4 ounces, Sugar of lead, 1 ounce. Sulphate of zinc, 2 drachms. Soft water, 1 ipiart, Mix. Bathe the parts once a day. No. 50. SOFTENING LOTION. Gum camphor, 4 ounces, Olive oil, 1 pint, Mix. Kub well in three times a dav. No. 51. ANTISEPTIC POWUEU. Sulphite soda, 1 ounce, Nitrate potash, 2 draclims, Mix. Give as one dose in a Inau mash ; repeat morning and night for a week. No. 52. ASTRINGENT OINTMENT. Alum, 1 ounce, Carbolic acid, 1 drachm. Lard, 4 ounces. Powder the alum and mix. Apply twice a day. ASTUINGEXT OINTMENT. Tannic acid, '.jOunce, Carbolic acid, 1 drachm, Lard. 4 ounces. Mix. Apply twice a day. NERVINE AND ALTKKATIVE. NiLX vomica, 2 drachms, Saltpetre, y^ ounce. Mix. Give as one dose, repeating it morn- ing and night for a month. LOTION FOR LICE. Tobacco, }., Pound, Water, 1 gallon. Steep for t\\ o hours. Api)ly warm. MIXTURE FOR RINGWORM. Tincture of iodine, 2 ounces. Oil of tar, 1 ounce. Glycerine, 2 ounces. Mix. Rub well in once a day. MIXTURE FOR RINGWORM. Solution iodo-bromide of calcium compound. 1 ounce. Water, 3 ounces. Mix. Rub well in once a dav. KO. 5S. EYE WASH. Sulphate of atropia, 2 grains. Water. 1 ounce. Mix. Apply several times a day with a eamers hair brush. EYE -NVASn. Nitrate of silver, 10 grains, Water, 1 ounce. Mix. Apply directly to the eyeball, morn- ing and night, with a camel'j hair brush. KKriPKS rOK CATTI.i:. 785 No. (JO. KLY BLISTER. Powdered canthariilcs, 1 (niiu-e, Kurd, 4 ounces. Mix. Kub well in. No. 01. LINIMENT FOR SPRAINS. Tineture arnica, 2 ounces, Alcoliol, 1 ounce. Turpentine, 1 ounce, I>audanuni, 1 ounce. I-lqnor amuionia. 1 ounce. Water (o make one pint, Mi.x. If practicable, bandaji;e tolerably t igbt. Give rest till the lameness in all gone. ■^'rVi'tsSi PART V. SWINE. IIIsrOltY, MANA(iEMEN'l' AND Cll A K AC'IM^IilS'l'K 'S OK 'nil': VAiiioiJs hki'^i^jds SWINE. CHAPTER 1. HISTORY AND STATISTICS OP SWINE. T. ORIGIN AND ANTIQUITY OF THE HOG. II. THE NATIVE AMERICAN SPECIES. HI. SWINE OF EUROPE, ASIA AND AFRICA. IV. THE WILDHOGS OF EUROPE. V. TEETH OF THE HOG. VI. BROUGHT TO AMERICA BV COLUMBUS. VII'. THREE GREAT SWINE PRODUCING STATES. VIII. IMPORTANCE OF THE PORK IN- TEREST. I. Origin and Antiquity of the Hog. The original country of the hog, like that of the other domesticated animals of the farm, is lost in the obscurity of the past. Yet, ever since history began, the hog has been known in a wild state in Asia, Africa and in Europe. That the hogs of all these countries have a common origin is shown by the fact that they all belong to the same scientific classification, sus scrofa, and also by the more important fact that they are all fertile together, and continue to produce fertile offspring, from genei'ation to generation. The great antiquity of swine is shown by the fact that fossil remains have been found in the tertiary and diluvial deposits of Europe ; and fos- sils of a species cl()scl\' allied to them have been found in as ancient de- posits in India. Wliatevcr their origin may have been, their aptitude for taking care of themselves in a wild state — for they are both flesh and vegetable feeders — and their great fecundity would soon have enabled them to overrun large territories. n. The Native American Species. While the original of the domesticated hog was only found in Asia, Africa and P2uro[)e, yet allied native species are found in America. In Australia, the Polynesian groups, and the other Pacific islands, swine were unknown until introduced there by civilized people. The same is true of America. The allied species here are not, we lielieve, continuously fertile with the domesticated hog. 7;»i 792 TilK AMKi;i< AN I'AKMKi; s STOCK HOOK. m. Swine of Burope, Asia and Africa. Wliilo it is :i Ciict, as previously stated, tiiat tlie swine of P^ur()]ic, Asia and Afiiea have a coniinoii ori<;iii, there is no means of ivnowinfr iiow or when tiiev were first introduced. The probability, however, is that they spread spontaneously ov(>r these countries ; for the orij^inal forest eover- ing rendered the means of migration easy to them, since thick timber and all the lands along streams fuj-nish their natural feeding grounds, rv. The Wild Hogs of Europe. It matters little, practically, how any of the farm animals originated, or how they were naturally disseminated over the earth ; though to savants, of course, the question is curious and interesting. It is worthy of remark, that- of all domestic animals used as food by man, the hog is the only one that has preserved liis tiativo characteristics uTnnoditied in a wild state. The hunting of wild hogs lias formed an e.xciting chase in all ages of the Avorld, both on accoimt of their fleetness and their savage courage when brought to l)ay. In the southern portions of the United States, in sparsely settled districts, swine are found escaped from domestication, and showing all their natural savage traits, including dangerous fierceness when brought to bay. Forty y(^ars ago the writer hunted wild hogs, — the descendants of Indian breeds, — in the swamps anil morasses of north- ern Indiana and tlu^ tinib(>red river bottoms of the (^alnmet. The hard winter of lK4f, however, destroyed the last remnant of these wild hogs, they having all died in their lairs, from ex|)osure and want of food. Wild hogs are now rarely found in Euro|)e, and this when preserved in royal forests as iu Denmark, Italy and (Jreeee. In Franct^ and (Jermany they have become exiicmely rare-, ami in (Ireat Hritain the wild species has Ions been extinct. HISTOKY AM) .SlATLslICS OK SWINE. 7!t3 V. Teeth of the Hog. The teeth of swino arc 44 in immhcr, as follows: Incisors, six upper and six iowc^r, (12); caiiiiics or tasks, two upper and two lower, (4); molars, or 82.-2(il '220,:iS8.187 •2:'.r>.iM)'.i.(;i;:i J27.7;il).ss7 r)0:i.,si)7.U!» .^Il.:^l7.l2'.) l.-i:!,010,S!)0 i7c...")i(;.i'.i;i -217.:i2:).212 ■24;{,2S1,.S44 2!i:i.74r>.o.^n 70.(112 (i7."i;!(; G'.I.IIIC. r).-..2()u .")S,iH!!) i;i.-).84!l,41.') iss.(i'.n.27i •2oii.7;!4.(;."is .■)7.4(>2,14fi .-14.27.".. l.-,l S(l.s77,.s47 1.S7S) 1880 2:i(i,4ti(i,0(i;{ 288,0t>!).(!4.5 84.S19,;«,5 97.284,:«)1 CHAPTER n. BREEDS OP SWINE. I. SIRES OF IMI'KOVKO BREEDS. II. CHINESE SWINE. III. NEAPOLITAN SWINE. IV. THE HO(J OK INDIA. V. ENGLISH HUEEDS — THE BEUKSHIKE. VI. THE ESSEX. VII. THE BLACK DORSET. VIII. THE SIFFOLK. IX. THE YORKSHIKE. X. LANCASHIKE BREEDS. XI. AMERICAN BREEDS. XII. THE CHESTER WHITE. XIII. THE FOLAND-CHINA. XIV. THE CHESHIRES. XV. JERSEY RED SWINE. XVI. DUROC SWINE. XVII. SUMMARY OF BREEDS. I. Sires of Improved Breeds. The swine used in the improvement of the breeds of England und the United States, are : First, tlie China lioji' ; second, tlie Neapolitan hog, and third the hog of India. The first has given remarkable aptitude in fattening, while the second and third have imparted style, beauty of form and excellence of flesh. II. Chinese Swine. The first improvement in modern swine is undoubtedly due to impor- tations of hogs from China. Thoy are remarka])le for prepotency of INKsK BOAK. blood, due to their careful breeding for centuries in China with special reference to early maturity and aptitude for fattening ; and these hogs were the basis upon which all Englisli and American bi'eeds were originally 7!M) riii: \Mi;i!HAN ialvmI'II! s si'ock hook. Iiiiill. Till' ilil'ii-'ioii 111' lliis ('liiii('s(^ hidod liiiij^ since ronvcrlcd (he (tl'i;;- inal iiiw-lioni'tl, liiird-l't'i'diii!^, lon^-iio.^'d iiiid l(ni;;-l('eikshire, the l'',ssex,and various other ItlaeU and sp()tt authority of Martin, adds also the swine of \\'illsliire. Of these hreeds only the licrkshire, Kssex and ^'ol•kshire ha\ e held their "ground with the other imjiroved l»i-eeds of to-day, and tlicse .'ire ainuni; the lines! ;ind most jjen- erallv liketl of any of the now fasjiionalile breeds. The lir-1 importation ItltKKKS i'iO liiK; (spcciiiii'iiM W(;r The fashionable color now is, black all over except the dish of the face, the feet and tlie end of the tail, which are white. If there is white, no matter iiuw small, on the body, discard such animals ; a bluish spot or tinge is not objectionaljlc, but rather siiows a strengthening of the blood by reversion to the original cross. The points of the pure Berkshire >;i»() TIIK A.Mi:i!ICAN FAJilMKI! s STOCK liOOK. .iiH' : Face short, tine and well di.shed ; frenerally hroad between the eyes ; ears almost ei'ect, sometimes inclined forward with advaneing age, always small, thin, soft and showing veins ; jowl full ; neck short and thick ; shoulder short from neck, but moderately deep from back down ; back broad and straight, or very little arched ; ribs long and well sprung. giving rotundity of bodv ; short ril)s of good length giving breadth and Icvelness of loin ; hips good length from joint of hips to rinnp ; hams thick, round and deep, holding their thickness well Imck and down to the hocks ; tail fine and small, set on high up ; legs short and tine, but straight and very strong, with hoofs erect and legs set wide apart ; size medium ; length medium, since extremes are to be avoided : l)one fine and compact ; offal vei-y light ; hair fine and soft ; no l)ristles ; skin pliable. m!EKl>,S OF SWINE. 801 VI. The Essex. This medium to light •weight English breed is, to our mind, one of the very best of the breeds ever introduced into the United States. They combine great stamina and vigor of constitution. They make excellent pork, not too fat. The sows are prolific and are good nurses ; and the barrows fatten easily and kindly at any age. When mature they weigh about 300 pounds. They make excellent crosses on coarse swine, the produce being tine-boned, (|ui('t, and easily fattened hogs. The Essex, in AMKltlCAN KAltMKI; S STOCK ItOOK. .sliapc and color, is not unlilco tlic l^crksliirc, l)ut lariicr proportionalJv. The color is a puic, dec]) hlack ; faic short and dished ; tars small, soft and erect while young, but falling over somewhat with age ; the hone is fine, hair thin ; the carcass long, hroad, sti'aight and d('('[), with excellent hams, carrying meat fully down ne ir the hock. Their great delicacy of form is due to their ci'ossing with the Neapolitan ; and except that they are better haired the cuts we give woidd not be bad rei)resentations of the breed. HI.ACK DOKSKT SOW. VII. The Black Dorset. The black swine of Dorsetshire, England, are a breed in high repute, locally. 'J'hcy are rei)Tcsonted as being strong-const itutioned, attaining BllEEDS OF SWINE. 803 heavy weights and f:ittenin;ht. of (ho B('^kshil•(^ X. Lanoashire Broods. Tliis remarkahlo Knifiish hi'eed is di\ided iiilo three siili-fainilies : Tho short-fiiced, the middle breed and the large Luiieashire ; the character- isties ami eoloi (puic whitt ) of t ich hi iiiii (oust iii( <)\ei' one hundred years ago the laige biccdwtio cultnatcd m Eiigl.uid, and are represented as lieing of ininiense size, large-linihed and coarse-honed. Short Faced Lancashire.— This breed is reinarkaliie for llie sliortness of the face from the eyes to the end of tiie snout ; |)ri(U ears ; small hones; a good coat of white hair; culiic in form, with hroad hack and I!i;i:kiis ok swim;. 81).^ hroad liiims, well ic) dnwii. The skin, us woll :is the hair, is white, al- though Mil oecasioual one may l)e found haviiiii a few dark-blue spots on the skin, but never dark or black hairs. Lancashire Middle-Breed.— This breed is one which partakes of the quality of the small breed and the size of the large breed. Middle bred hogs are got by crossing large bred sows with small bred boars, but all attempts to attain the same results by reversing this operation, and putting large bred boars to small bred sows have proved failures. 'IMk; largest of the middle bred sows are used to improve the large breed. Their char- acteristics are : The small l)red hog nmst have small l)oncs ; a short face ; silky hair; tine, small, upright ears; a comparatively square form ; must have good S(]uare hams, the most valuable part of the hog; must carry the meat near tlu^ ground ; tlat on the back ; straight and t^ubic in form. Lancashire Large Breed. — These hogs have large bone^, are of great height and h'ligth, and are the largest breed of swine known. They are a true breed, and breed constant to color and characteristics. These are : Large size, great length ; flat Ijack, with large square hams when fattened ; nmst carry their width of back along over the hams ; nmst have deep and tolerably straight sides, large feet and leg bones ; hair short ; may have a long face, but it had better be short, as they fatten better ; may have a large, drooping ear, but, other qualities and size being equal, an upright, smaller ear preferred. They usually have a long, thick, strong tail ; must be of great weight when fattened, and above all must be des- cended from a hog having the foregoing qualities, and, if a breeder, must produce them. They are short of hair, Ijut still are hearty. A middle bred hog must have a short face, and all other good (jualities of the small breed, except that they may be longer in proportion to their width ; must have thicker legs and longer bones to carry the greater size ; should be well haired. XI. American Breeds. The American breeds in best repute are : The Chester White, which originated in Pennsylvania ; the Poland-China, which originated in Ohio ; Jersey Eeds, originated in New Jersey; the Duroc, originated in New York ; and Cheshire, originated in New York. These, however, as previously stated, are only modified Yorkshires. Of those breeds the Chester- White and Poland-China have been most widely disseminated. XTE. The Chester White. This breed originated in Chester County, Pa., and is recorded to have been brought about as follows : The first impulse to the improvement of swine in that county was given l)y the introduction of a ])air of fine pigs, brought from Bedfordshire, England, by Capt. James Jeffries, and 80(; Ml-: WIKKICAN I'AllMKi; S STOCK llODK. |)liici''\vi(li llio best spccinicns ■•iltiiiiiahlo, and l)V a courst! of careful and judicious ci'ossing and seledion for nuiiiy y<"ars, (lie present \aluaiile Inecd of well formed, j at the point; iiccU short and tliitii; jerkshir(^s contin- ued to conuMiito \\\c Miami \allev until about |x|l. Tho Bcn'ksliirc i)lood was liiierally infused into the stock existing not ordy in Southwest- ern Ohio, but in Kentuck}' also. Crossing with tho Berkshii'es was almost exclusively doiK^ until about 18;^H or IH.'ilt, when Mr. William Neff, of Cincinnati, imported some choice specimens of the Irish (irazier. This iirced soon grew into high favor, and, as aconse(]uonce, was liberally used in making crosses with tho best six'cimens of the crosses prciviously made. 'I'his crossing of breeds contimuid for some time. In a few years, however, the use of the pure; bloode(l Berkshire was entir'cly discontinued, and there were no furlhei- importations mad(! of the Irish (Jrazier. For more than thirty years no new Mood has been inli-odueed into this breed, and no (effort made to obtain a ninv supply of thi^ blood of eithei- breed pi-e\iously used. While tlii.s is true, the breeders have not been in- different to tho further improvement of the })reed. Tho b(\stspo(!im(!ns hav(!good length ; short legs ; brf)ad, straight backs ; dee[) sides, flanking well down on the leg; very broad, full, s(|uare hams and should(!rs ; drooping eais ; shoil heads, wide between tho eyes, of 808 TIIIC AMKUICAN lAKMIOi; S STOCK HOOK. HpotUnl or (lark color ; arc lianly, viiioroiis, and prolilic, and wlicn tat iiic models, conihiunii;' the e\c('llenc<'s of holli larn'c and small lueeils. It should 1)0 added, that the rei)rescntation we give is that of a Poland- Cliina, eomhiniiiii tlio eharacleristics of Hoth the white and lilaclc crosses. The nioi'e fashionable eoloT now is pui'c Mack, with minnte white spots 1'.i;i;ki)s ok swim:. f^oy scattered more oi' less omt llie Ixxiv ; lliis is uiHl(iiil)le(ll \- owiiiji' to Inter and liheial iiilusioiis (if iiidderii llerksliire hlodd. XIV. The Cheshire. This variety', mid()ul)tedlv oiilv a iiiodilied Yorksiiire, is saiil to liavo orif^iiuitcd iii Jefferson county, N. Y. They are pure white in color, with little hair and a pink skin, thin and i)Iial)le, hut not quite uniform, marked distinctions sometimes heinjjj noticed ; and, like the Suffolks, the tails of th(^ younii pijrs often drop off. Tlu? snout is often long, hut very slender and fine. The jowls ai'c plump, and tiic car erect, fine, and thin. The IMI"HOVi;i) CllKSniKK. shoulders are wide and the hams full. The flesh of these hogs i.s fine- grained, and they are commc^ndod on account of the extra amount of mess-pork in pro))ortion to the; amount of offal. The proI)ahility is they will never 1)0 very popular among tlunirecders in the West and South. Yet, for fatt(Miing exclusively in the pen, therc^ an; few of the white breeds that excel them. XV. Jersey Red Swine. The origin of this breed is not positivi^ly known. In some portions of New Jersey they have been bred for over fifty years, and are there con- sidered valuable. Their size is immense, a weight of 500 or fiOO pounds being not unusual. They are also hardy, strong in constitution, and fi-ee from disease: and they ai-e said not to lie subject to mange. They sio •rUK AMKIMCAX lAltMi:!! S STOCK HOOK. Viiry ill color, in .soiiic nciiiiiljorlioods hcjiiij; of a daiU red, ;iii(l in ollicrs quito Siindy patclied witii wliite. A p)od specinuMi of a Jersey Rod should be red in color with a snout of luoderato leuj^jth, largo lop-oars, small lieail in proportion to the size and length of the hody. They should ho long in the body, standing high and rangy on their legs ; bones coarse, hairy tail and brush, and hair coarse, inclining to bristle on the iiaek. XVI Duroc Swine. There is another breed of Kcd Swine named Durocs, which have been bred rather extensivel}' in Saratoga county, \. Y., and have been known there for twenty-tivo years. They are liner in e\S ()!■ S\\ INK. XI I their sul>s(;in(M> lliaii tlie .Icrscy Rods. 'Vlw. orijiiii of ))otIi tlio Jersey Rods and tlio Diirocs was iiiuloiihtiMlly in tlie old-fi;sliined IJei'ksliirc, ii sandy hog with more or K'ss hhuk. This was not unusual with the lierivsliiics as we know them and bred them over forty years ago — a hog in every respect different from the eh-gant and finished swine of the last fifteen }cai's. XVII. Summary of Breeds. The English lireeds of to-day that have been received with (he most general favor in the United States are : Fii'st, the Berkshire, nc.\t the Essex, and third the Yorkshire. The Berkshire will weigh at full matu-, rity 500 pounds, and the Essex 400 i)ounds. In exceptional cases they will average these weights. 3')0 pounds for Berkshire and 250 for Essex may be taken as good weights. Tiie Yorkshires in their tiiri>e classes — small, medium and large — will weigh 250 pounds for the small, ;550 pounds for tlui medium and up to 450 pounds for the large I)reed. They may, of course, be made to W(^igh much heavier at maturity if fully fat, anil so may the oilier ])roeds men- tioned. The so-called Prince Albert Huffolks are sim[)ly modified small Yorkshii'os, and the same may be saitl of the other sub-families called Suffolks. All these sub-breeds, including flic Yorksiiires, are pure white, and dark hair is not allowable, Jnit l)iuish Hi^sh marks or sjjots are not objectionable ; on the contrary, they are an indication of purity of blood. The most widely distributed of American breeds are : First, tlu' I'oland- China, and second the Chester county hogs. W(^ll to tlu^ Noitii the latter have been more widely disseminated than tiie former. In all tiie great corn growing region of tiie West, it may be safely said the I'olands are the favorite of American breeds. The Jefferson county, the Jersey Reds and tlu^ Durocs, have never become widely known. We do not think the first has anything to recommend it over the small Yoikshii'c. They seem to have been too closely interbred, like particular families of Suffolks, a thing that should be especially guarded against in swine, since they are inclined more or less to scrofula and other cutaneous and sub-cutaneous diseases. For this reason, the Jersey Reds and Durocs, as ])eing especially free from these taints, have been received witii favor — notwith- standing their sonu'wliat (-oarse (|uality — in many places sui)ject to so- called hog cholera and other epidemic diseases. CllAl'TEK ill. THE BREEDING AND CARE OF HOGS. I. PUACTICAI- VAI.UK OK IMritoVED KKEF.D.S. II. CAUKIN SELKCTION. III. AGE OK HUEE1)IN(1 SWINK. IV. HOW TO S!EI,EfT HUEE1JIN(; ANIMALS. V. FOKM AND KEEDINC ylAl.lTIES. VI. THE CARE OK HUEEDINCi STOCK. VII. FAK- I!OWlN(}. VIII. \VEANIN(J THE PIGS. IX. CASTIiATION. -V. GP;STATION OK SOWS. XI. NEIESSITV OK <;OOI) CARE.— — .KII. HINGING A HOG. I. Practical Value of Improved Breeds. Ill no department of stock breeding has the value of superior l)recds been more fully asserted than in the breeding of swine. Cheap food and the inipi'oveinent of breeds have already made the West and Southwest the great swine-breeding and swine-feeding regions of the world, and eventually the Northwe.st and the South will share e(]ually in the jirotits of these great industries. 1 n all the "West and Northwest , it is now difficult to find a farmer who has not swine of some one of the improved breeds. "When the South, also, shall have taken hold of the business, in the extension of a di- versified agriculture, millions of dollars will have been added to the wealth of that section. From what we have said in the preceding chapter, it should not be difficult f(n- the young breeder to work undcrstandingly and l)rotital)ly. No money can be made by selecting any such species as the " jnairie ranger," whose portrait is ))rinted on an adjoining page. Nor <-an success be achieved by selecting a good breed, and starving the hogs, or allowing them to shift for themselves. Ilogs of the imjiroved breeds lire not so well able to take care of themselves as those of n half-wild breed, but well cared for they will jiay fifty ju-r cent, in profit over the other breed, for the grain fed. "Why? They are more quiet, and assim- ilate their food more ))erfectly. This is all there is to any superior breed of any farm stock, if we add that the flesh is better laid on in the prime parts. II. Care in Selection. However good the breed, if care is not taken in the selection, or coup- ling of animals, degeneration of the offsi)ring will inevitably result. This is true of all animals. But care in selection is even more clearly shown to be n(>c(>ssary in planting grains and vegetables, for the reason that weeds, poverty of soil, and the sowing of iin|)crfcct seed, react at once on the product, llciice llic rt'ason why scedsinen make fortunes in •Sli' TUK BRKEUI.NG AND CAKE OF irOGS. 813 sclliiiiT improved seed that liavc l)cen grown on rich soil, carefully selected, anil all undersized seed screened out. Exactly the same care is necessary with breeding stock. Keep this up to the mark at any cost; those ani- mals that do not come up to the standard can be used for food. Never sell the best seeds, nor the best animals, whatever may be offered ; they are worth as much to you as any one else. m. Age of Breeding Swine. The boar is capable of coupling at from six to eight months old, but it is better that he be at least ten months of age before being allowed to serve. The sow is capable of i)rpeding at seven or eight months old, but A IMiAIIMi; i;AN(iEli. it is better that she shall not drop her first litter until she is thirteen to fifteen months old. Two litters of pigs each year is all the sow should be allowed to raise, and the best breeders are content ^nth one litter a year. If the sow has a warm place for farrowing, the earlier in the season the pigs are pro- duced, the greater is the profit from them. If they come the first of March, and are Avell fed until the new 3'ear, there is little difficultv in making them average 250 pounds each, and such pigs should l)ring fully one cent a pound more than hogs wintered once and weighing perhaps fifty pounds more. The profitable plan with swine of any breed is to push their fattening from the time they are born until they are killed, for with swine, as with other farm stock, the daily increase in flesh becomes less and less as the animal increases in age. 814 THE AMERICAN FAIIMEIl S STOCK BOOK. rv. How to Select Breeding Animals. In the selection of stock for l)reeding,look first to constitutional vigor. Without tiiis, no matter what the beauty of form may be, disaster will be brought to the herd. Next examine the form with reference to what you re(iuire. Then the question of early maturity and aptitude to fatten will be important. Then constancy of characteristics as shown in the progeny must be attended to, since this shows a perfect line of superior breeding, nif)st valuable in any kind of farm animals. In all farm ani- mals tractability and quietness of disposition are essential. In swhie this is especially so. The subject of uniformity in the progeny is referred to in cattle under the title "heredity." It is worth reading again in cou- uectioii with swine. V. Form and Feeding Qualities. Once you have secured an improved breed, or if you have made one by judicious crossing and selection, not only hold it so, but continue to im- prove it. Careful selection of animals that show the best points, is the impoi-tant integer here, and the fixing thim by breeding such animals A liACK-wooDs noi;. together in connection with good shelter and feeding is another. The best breed that ever existed, if they do not die in the degenerating pro- cess, will, if they must shift for themselves half the year, with barely enough to keep life in them the other half, soon come to look like the picture of "a l)ack-woods hog", or that of the "prairie I'anger." Wesee THE BKEEDIXG AND CAKE OF HOGS. 815 them every day even in the l)est farming regions, among tluit elas-s who have "no luck" in raising "critters.'" ^\'hy should they? Tlicy arc de- generating, themselves, every day in the effort to get "something for nothing," or else for less than its value. VI. The Care of Breeding Stock. In a general way the same jirincipU's laid down for the care of other farm stock will apply to swine. There is one thing of special importance, however, in breeding swine, that must not be overlool^ed. That is the care that must be taken in not breeding too closely in-and-in. We have A BKEEDINd SOW IN (iOOU CONDITION. shown in another part of this work that the tendency of this close breed- ing is to render the constitution delicate, and hence the vigor of the ani- mal must suffer. Swine are especially' susceptible to scrofula and other blood diseases, and also to inflammatory diseases. In-and-in Iireedingis apt to exaggerate these constitutional disabilities. For this reason special care must be taken, not only in the breeding, but in selecting for lireed- ing purposes only those that show superior constitutional vigor. If yoa see a pig in a litter free from cough, that is superior in growth, and shows great constitutional vigor, save him or her by all means, for further examination. Save all such, and you will soon have stock superior to that originally bought ; for the breeder of pure stock sells all indiscriminately, 816 TIIK A.MKKICAN lAK.AIKIt's STOCK ISOOK. except such ;is lU'o actually (Icfonucd, oi- so fai- from the t^pc that even the ignorant will notice tlu; fault. They must do so, or else sell at such prices as to place stock out of the reach of all ))ut the most wealthy. Once a breeder finds an animal right in every respect, some hundreds, or even a thousand, dollars over the usual price of average specinuMis of a breed is readily paid. Hence, in starting out, if your stock is not perfect you can easily improve it by selection and care in breeding. It is the object of this book to give the mass of farmers definite information on these points. The best breeders are already informed, and fully alive to their value. VII. Farrowing. In regard to farrowing, the farmer must be guided by circumstances. If the sows are expected to produce two litters of pigs a 3'ear, the first lit- ter must come as early as March, so that the next litter may come early enough in the autumn for the pigs to be weaned and feeding before cold weather sets in. When faiTowing is expected in cold weather, a i)lace warmed by fire heatnuist be provided, and the sow, especially if it be a young one, nmst be allowed perfect cjuiet. A tcmpei'atiire of not less than sixty-five de- grees is necessary until the pigs are pro[)crly dried and take the teats. After that, they will do well luider a temperature at night of about fifty degrees, yet sixty will be found better, for there is nothing more tender, or more susceptil)le to cold than a newly born pig, unless it be a young lamb. The sow having farrowed all right, she will generally take the boar again when the pigs are three or four days old. If not, she will not come in heat until after the pigs arc weaned. VIII. Weaning the Pigs. The pig is born with teeth that will be ready to grind its food by the time it is two months old. We have always weaned at six weeks old, so far as spring i)igs were concerned, allowing plenty of skimmed milk and butter- milk, mixing, at seven or eight Meeks old, a fair proportion of corn meal mush, or, better, light wheat and rye screenings ground together. (Jive them grass, also, as soon as they ■will eat it, and at three months old they maybe put on clover and whole, or, better, soaked corn, IX. Castration. Pigs should be castrated at from two to three weeks old ; never delay it lonsrer than the age of four weeks ; since they require fully three M'ccks to recover from its effects before being weaned. THE BREEDING AND CAKE OF HOGS. 817 Castration i.« a simple operation. Let an assistant hold the pig on its back, with its head and shoulders between his knees and with tlie legs spread apart. With a sharp knife, cut down into the sci'otuni and thi'ough the testicle, press it out from the integuments, separate this from tlic tes- ticle and with a jerk break the cord ; or the cord may be cut with a dull pair of shears to prevent bleeding. Tiie pigs will generally do well eiiougli, though there is no objection to introducing a little melted lard and salt into th(\ wound. If there is swelling the second day, inject into the cavity a little tincture of myrrh. X. Gestation of Sows. Gestation in the sow is accomplished in three months, three weeks and three daj^s, as the average time. There is a variation sometimes of twenty and even thirty days. Young or weak sows carry their young a shorter period than older and stronger ones. Once you get a good breeding sow, keep her as long as possible, since young sows are of ten bad mothers. A sow will remain prolific for about eight years, unless she becomes over- loaded with fat, and this nmst be guarded against. XI. Necessity of Good Care. Swine have naturally but little hair, and artiticial breeding has nearly destroyed what little they originally had. To supply this lack, nature has given th(^m a thick layer of fat next the skin, when in good condition. Hence the necessity, not only of good feeding, but also of warm quarters and a good bed to lie in. Nature has also given them the Instinct to cany together plenty of material for making their own beds, and also to lie together in families for mutual warmth. Knowing these facts, it should not be diflBcult for the sagacious farmer so to provide them with food and quarters, that they may be comfortable. If this is not done, and considerable numbers are kept together, they will "pile up" in cold nights so that in the morning the owner may have a chance to drag out some hogs dead from smothering. For when swine are piled up two or three thick, the under layer have no longer the power to move if they should try. XU. Kinging a Hog. We do not believe in ringing swine, except fattening stock and those fed in the fields with a view to fattening. We believe it one of the most prolific causes of disease and contagion, especially in preventing them from getting their natural food. Breeding stock should never have i-ings in their noses, at least until they are ready to be turned out for fattening. «18 THE AMEinCAN FAUMEU S (STOCK BOOK. Nevcrtholcss, we .suppose many will not think so. The illustration shows tlio old fashioned way of hampering a hog for ringing, and also the ring : now-a-days patent rings and ringing pincers render the process more easy. 'IMio old method was both clumsy aud cruel ; and except when necessary, rings of every kind should be discarded. RINfilNC A HOG. A hog that is turned out to forage in the woods on mast and roots should not, of course, be ringed ; for he then needs free use of his snout which is the means nature provides him with for getting food. The rea- son why breeding swine should not be ringed is, that the natural exercise of rooting, and the food they get in this way, are necessary to develop constitutional vigor and perfect health, so important in all breeding stock. This point is touched upon more fully elsewhere. CHAPTER IV. THE FEEDING AND SHELTEKING OP SWINE. I. FEED THE BREEDKKS FOR HEALTH. -11. THE PROPER FOOD FOU SWINE. III. SUMMER KEEDINd FOU PORK. IV. GRASSES AND CLOVEItS. V. ROOTS. VI. GRAIN THE MAIN RELIANCE. VII. FEEDIN(; IN THE FIELDS. VIII. GLEAN- • ING IN THE FIELDS AND AFTER CATTLE. IX. VALUE OF MAST FOR HOGS. X. IIOG-FEEDING IN THE SOI'TH. XI. FEEDING IN CLOSE PENS. XII. HOG BARNS. XIII. THE BEST FORM OF HOG BARN. XIV. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF LIGHT AND HEAVY HOGS. XV. ECONOMY OF FULL FEEDING FROM BIKTH. I. Feed the Breeders for Health. The oiil_y profit that fan accrue from the care and management of .swine lies in the vahie of their flesh a.s food, and in the offal for grease and in the arts. . Hence the greatest profit — except in I'are cases, where thev have an unlimited forest range — lies in forcing their feeding to fatness, from birth until they .ire slaughtered. True economy will dictate that they have the warmest possil)le shelter in winter, and that they be kept cool in summer, with some place where they may escape from in- sect enemies, and with range sufficient for them to exercise their instinct of rooting for such underground vegetation as their natures may require. This promotes heiilth and strengthens their constitutions. The above applies especially to the breeding stock. Those animals which are intended for fattening — and whose lives should not extend be- yond fifteen months at most — do not require all this. If the breeding stock have been kept healthy they will transmit health to their offspring. I believe that the purely artificial breeding and feeding of l)rccding stock, the indiscriminate ringing, the absence of roots, and the feeding of lireeding animals almost exclusively on corn, have, in many cases, so enfeebled the constitution of swine that they have become an easy pre}^ to the various epi- demic and contagious diseases that, of late years, have carried off so many. And I believe, also, that the utmost care will l)e necessarv in the fu- ture to guard against this disability. And any common-sense man may see that the breeding animals are so few in proportion to the slaughtering swine, that it is true economy for every breeder to sjjare no pains in pro- viding for this class of stock diversified food which they crave, and which is necessary to make sound and vigorous constitutions. Kemember that swine — like man — are universal feeders, and that if allowed to be so, few animals are more cleanly in their habits. They wal- 811) 820 THE AMEHICAN FARMEK's .STOCK HOOK. low ill the mud, at times, it is true, but a mud batli is nature's speeific for scurvy and otiier skin di.seases. Swine, also, take a mud hath as a refu<;e from insects ; nevertheless they are careful, if allowed, to thor- oughly clean themselves, when dry, against the ruhhing post. II. The Proper Food for Swine. Swine eat fewer varieties of hcrhs and grass than any other animal. Pig- weed ( amaranth ) , pursley (^portulacca ) and various other succulent plants , with the common pasture grasses, and red and white clover are al)out the only ones swine will feed on. Artichokes and various tuberous and bulbous roots, many insects — especially the larvse of the May beetle, and the white grub of our pastures — frogs, and such small animals as they can kill, together with all the edible grains, and culinary vegetables, consti- tute their natural food. In fact, they eat few suljstances that would be injurious to man. Such, then, is their pro[)er food — so far as it may be obtained — if the highest constitutional vigor is to be prciserved in the breeding stock. If they are allowed a fair range on clover, including the gleaning of grain fields in summer ; and if a good supply of pumpkins, and the refuse fruit of th(! farm I)e allowed them in autunm ; and if in the winter they be allowed daily rations of artichokes, small potatoes, parsnips or carrots, they may have, in addition, what grain they need to keep them in full tlesh — not fat. If this course of feeding Avere gener- ally ado|)ted for the breeding .stock, we should in a few years hear but little of the epidemics which periodically SMccp the swine away by thous- ands. But as long as there are so many breeders who never look lieyond present profits, these epidemics will probably continue to be bred among the herds of this class to scatter the germs far and wide. m. Summer Feeding for Pork. We now come to the care of fattening stock. The pigs having been weaned, as already dii'ected, give them the rim of a clover pasture ; and, while we object to the ringing of breeding stock, with those intended for fattening it is, ))crhaps, less objectionable than the tearing uj) of the graz- ing fields. But if the grazing fields are infested with the larvte of the May beetle or similar insects, the fattening hogs may as well be allowed to root as much as they want to. There is no cheaper way of ridding the land of these i)csts. In addition to clover, give the yomig pigs all the milk and other slops of the house, and also give what corn they will eat ; older ))igs will do well enough on clover and corn, without the slops. Whether the grain shall be ground, or ground and cooked, will depend entirely on the price. We have always found whole grain tlui cheapest, except for linisjiing off. TIIK l'EKI)IN(i AND SIHOl.TKIilNO OF SWINE. 821 wliGU the pvk-c of corn was fifty cents per bushel or loss ; and here again economy will depcntl more or less nj)on the facilities for grinding and for cooking. rv. Grasses and Clovers. The main dependence for grazing will he blue grass, orchard grass, and red and white clover. Alfalfa — wherever it will grow — cut green, makes an excellent supplementary food, when swine get used to it ; and field i)eas cut just before they shell are excellent for hogs. Artichokes, potatoes, ruta-liagas, parsnips, carrots, and beets, ai'e readily eaten by swine, and are preferred in the order named. We have successfully wintered store hogs entirely on ruta-bagas with the addition of a little meal. Artichokes are a cheap and excellent root food, if the swine are allowed to gather them themselves in the autunm and spring. VI. Grain the Main Reliance. Grain, however, is, in the West, the cheapest food and the main de- pendence of the farmer. The other foods are useful mainly for k(^e{)ing the animal in good health and digestion ; for, without sound health and good digestion, no animal can be made fully fat. In the fall there is no better food than pumi)kins and grain boiled together; and if the pumpkins are protected from frost, swine may be carried in this way until Christmas and made fully fat. VII. Feeding in the Fields. In all the great corn region of the West and South, field-feeding will lona: continue to be the favorite way of fattening hogs. It is cleanly, and, where grain is cheap, economical. It is only necessary to see that tin- hows are made comfortable by shelter from storms and cold weather, and that they have plenty of pure water. This is so easy to do that the mere mention of it will suffice. vm. Gleaning in the Fields and after Cattle. Swine should always have the run of the grain fields after harvest, if possil)le. In this way they save all the grain dropped in harvesting, and, most important, they get a variety of herbage, which they could not otlu-r- wise obtain. It should, of course, not interfere with their g(!tting full rations of grain, and plenty of pure water for drinking must be provided, for swine are thirsty animals ; and attention to providing a dark place where they may escape insects must not be forgotten. 822 THE AMEKICAN FAR.MEK S STOCK BOOK. So, in feeding cattle, swine should glean what is left. One or two hogs should follow each steer or cow, according to how much grain is fed to the hogs in addition. Our plan always was, to allow two hogs to each steer, and then at night to give the hogs what extra corn they would eat. IX. Value of Mast for Hogs. This will depend upon the range and the number of nut-producing trees. When a suital)le range is to be had it should always be used, especially for breeding hogs, and young swine. For fattening, it will only be available in extensive forest districts, and for half-wild swine. In any event, hogs fed on mast should be allowed full feeds of grain for at least three weeks before slaughtering. X. Hog Feeding in the South. Swine-feeding can be profitably conducted on a large scale at the South, only in the more temperate regions where corn may be economically grown. There is, however, still so much forest area there, that it should be made use of to the fullest extent for hog pasture, on account of the natural roots, the wild fruit and the mast. The supplementary food must depend, as it does everywhere else, on the cost. If it has to be bought, corn and mill feed will be found the cheapest. Every planter should raise and cure enough hogs to furnish pork, bacon and hams for his home use. It will be found, in nearly every instance, cheaper than to buy the bacon and pork already prepared. XI. Feeding in Close Pens. In all cases, where few pigs are kept, or where only the family supplies of pork are fattened — especially when the fattening pigs are bought in the sprins; — it is cheapest to feed in close pens. These should always be in two apartments, one closed in for sleeping, and the other an open plat- form for feeding. A pen twelve by sixteen will accommodate six large hogs ; and this will allow the sleeping room to be >S by 12, and the feed room the sam'> size. In every case where hogs are to be kept and fattened in cold weather, warm sleeping places must bo provided ; and even where large numbers of hogs were kept to be fed fully fat, we have found the plan of close pens to be most economical in the end. XII. Hog Barns. AVhen many iiogs are kept, a pernuuient structure should be built for fattening and wintering them. The simplest form of a hog barn is alow building, with ranges of pens on each side of a four-foot passage way, the sides being divided into pens eight feet square. This would give twenty feet for the width of the building. In the middle, a twenty-foot room should be left for the boiler, and for the storase of feed. The THK FEEDING AND SHELTERING OF SWINE. 823 sleeping upartinents may be lean-to structures, back of the feeding rooms, and witli a door to each, hung ou hinges at the top, so it may easily swing either way when a hog pushes it. The pens must be cleaned into a wheelbarrow, rolled along the passage ou a running way laid for dump- ing directly upon the compost heaj). XIII. The Best Form of Hog Bam. The l)est form of hog l)arn we have ever used was a central building, twentv-four feet square and two stories high ; the upper stories arranged with bins for meal, and a corn crib, with chutes running l)elow. The twelve-foot square in the centt'r of the lower story is used exclusively for the cooking apparatus, the first range of ])eiis adjoining being for breeding sows and the younger pigs, since it is tiie warmest part of the Imilding. Thence wings extend on each of the four sides, as in the plan of a hog barn first described, except that tliis being intended for both winter and summer feeding, a door communicating from the sleeping pens to a yard beyond should be added. In this way we have kept five hundred hogs, and, by proper attention to their feeding and sanitary condition, always breeding our own stock with but slight loss from epidemics. The water supply was ample and [)ure. The pens were kept regularly washed ; the offal was carried to the compost heap and covered regularly with earth ; and the hogs had always by thein ashes and salt, and also a supply of bituminous coal slack. XIV. Comparative Value of Light and Heavy Hogs. We have heretofore shown that an animal, if allowed to lose flesh when growing, does so at the expense of ultimate profits. This is especially true of swine. No feeder can afford to winter pigs with a view of getting heavy weights, unless under exceptional circumstances. It costs too much. Hogs weighing from 400 to (iOO pounds will not bring so much per pound as lighter fat hogs, and with hogs as with other stock, every year tliey are kept their daily gain becomes less and less. Hogs weighing 200 pounds, or thereabout, will bring more money in any market than those of any other weight ; for hogs of this weight cut u}) better into hams, bacon, and family side pork, than heavier ones. No one wants a ham, for instance, that will weigh twent3'-five to thirty pounds ; there is too much fat on it for the lean. Thick bacon does not sell well, for very fat bacon is not liked. Hogs if jDroperly fed may be turned off weighing 200 to 250 pounds at nine months old ; and under ordinary good feeding, at ten or eleven months old. We have 821 Tlir. AMI'.ltlC AN I' AKMKI! S S'I'OCK HOOK. rniMMl |)ij;s, furrowed in Miucli, lliiil. in Ihf succccdiii;,^ ,l:inii;irv killed to dress n|i Id MHO pounds, nnd have turned llieni olT several limes. Dial, al, Icn inonllis old, \voul(l averaii'(^ ^iOO pounds alive. To pul llie Miiii^ in ii rnil-slieil, il is all()jj:ellier cheaper lo feed three pijfs lo 200 pounds each at nine niontlis old, than il is to feed a hoj^tln'ee years to make him weii^h (!00 i)ounds ; and aj^ain, if the pigs im; worlli six cenls a pound aliv(\ it is $'M> ; the 1)00 pound hoj^ will not then lirinu' more llian live (■(^nts, oi' $;)0, and has eaten nioi(^ corn than llie Uinc light(^r hoj;s. XV. Economy oi Full Feeding from Birth. It shotdd he rememhered thai it takes a cei'tain perct'iitajic of the food to supply daily animal waste. 'Phe youni,' animal converts into llesh more of the food j;iven than u full "rown oiu- ; no matter how lonjf the animal is kept the daily waste goes on constantly. Ilonce, it should re- (juire MO arjiiiment to show that the; true economy is to feed strong from birth, if the object ho simply to sell the animal when fat. When fat, s(^ll at once, unless the slate of llie market is such that il will pay lo hold for a time. Above all , do nol allow I lie animal lo fail away at any stage of growth, since il inusi be bi-oiiglil back at an increased cost of food over I hat originally giv<'n, lo bring it to the condition at which il be- iran to fail. PART VI. Diseases of Swine. now TO KNOW THEM; THEIR CAUSES, PREVEN^- TION AND CURE. Diseases of Swine. CllAI'TKIi 1. MALIGNANT AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES. I. TIIK I'ltKVKNTlON OK DISEASE. II. MALIGNANT EPIZOOTIO CATAimil. III CONTAdlOl'S l•'EVKI^ <)]'' HWINK. IV. CONTAGIODH rNKIIMO-ENTEIMTlS. V. SI'LENK; I'KVKlt, Olt MALKfNANT ANTHRAX. VI. SlIMMAUV OF TltEATMKNT F01{ .MAI.KJNANT DISEASES. VII. UUI.ES FOIl DISINFECTION. VIII. DIFFICULTY I.N (iIVIN(J MEDICINE TO SWINE. 1.\. WATCH SYMPTOMS EAUI.V, AND USE IMtEVKNTIVES. I. Tho Provontion of Diseases. Ill tlio ciU'c of swiiic. fli(^ prcvciilioii of disciisc! is of (,li(! utmost inipoit- ;iiic<\ Tlicy ill"''. iiKlcwl, siil)jcct to I'oinparativiily few iiiliiiciits ; hut those few iirc!, generally, in th(i sliape of uialiu;nant, opid(^iuie or <;oiitii- jrioiis diseases of tiie most .serious kind. In such eases tlu; diflieitjty in adiniiiisteiin;^' medicine (tliey lieinii' <"" "^'''k lolake it witli food) is very owels always holli inflamed. Cough always present. The red or purple color diffused over the surface, and of an eiv- sipelatous appearance. Tiii-i: CHARBON. — Period of in- culcation, oi' latency, from a few hours to tln-cc days. Easily transmissible to other species of animals. Spleen always enlarged, and often broken down. Blood after death dark and fluid. Bacilhts antltmcix in the blood. Lungs and bowels frequently not iivi])licated. Coughmay be present. The discoloration local, and of a true carbuncular appearance. There are two forms of i)neumo-entcritis, one the erysipelatous form, the other with malignant sore throat. The Erysu'ELATovs Form. — The animal is dull ; will not eat : is un- willing to move ; tries to vomit ; there is cougii ; difficulty in urination; the bowels ai'e constipated ; the dung hard and black. Then dark red or purple blotches passing into bluish-black will appear al)out the ears, throat, neck, breast and between the fore-legs. There may ])e a dis- charge of dark or puiple fluid from the nose ; the breathing becomes labored, even to panting ; there is paralysis of the hind limbs ; if the animal is forced up, his head will drop to the ground, and he v.'alks with a reeling gait Icehind. Fcetid diarrho'a sets in, and the animal dies in from one to three days. "With Malignant Sore Throat. — The symptoms in the commence- ment are the same as in the erysipelatous form, witli a red and puri)lc line about the throat ; there are attempts to vomit ; difficulty in swallow- ing ; and the sensation of choking in breathing is so intense that the animal will sit on his haunches, gasping for breath with li^nd, protruded and swollen tongue. The s^'uiiitoms so increase, sometimes, that the swelling of the larynx will kill, by choking, in an hour. What to do. — Foment the swollen jcai'ts with hot water, saturated vvith v^uliihate of iron (copperasj. If there arc signs of gangrene, saturate the S;^2 THE AMERICAN lARMEK S STOCK BOOK. siUTOUiKling parts with C()U:il parts of turpentine and sweet oil. Give at •>nee two ounces of castor oil, and wlien it operates, give the following two or three times a day : Xo. 10. 20 Grain.s nitrate of . the infection tiiat every tissue of the animal MALIGNANT AND E1"IDEMIC DISEASES. 833 is affected, and is poisonous to both man and beast, producing what is known as malignant pustule, if serum or blood or the flesh of the in- fected animal comes in contact with any abrasion of the skin. Prevention. — Perhaps as good a preventive as any is prescription No. 12. liut every animal infected had better be killed at once and buried deeply, and covered with quick lime. VI. Summary of Treatment for Malignaat Diseases. As a last word, however, we repeat : Do not waste time in doctoring any but blooded hogs that are valuable enough to warrant perfect isola- tion and the necessary care in curing. The best precaution to take in all the diseases named, and which go under the general name "hog cholei'a," is disinfection, and the most thorough isolation of the sick from the well. If the sanitary conditions of the hospital are not strictly attended to, all other treatment is thrown away ; and the attendants nmst thoroughly disinfect themselves before going about other swine. In fact, it is better that the attendants keep away from the well hogs altogether. Hence our advice : Thoroughly isolate all swine upon the first indications of disease, and if it does not give way quickly to treatment, kill and bury deeply at once. VII. Bules for Disinfection. The rules we give for disinfection, will apply to any structure, includ- ing barns, stables, sheds, and outhouses of every kind. Fumigants are not alwa3's disinfectants, and simply deodorizing or destroying odors, is not disinfection in any sense of the word. The disinfection of all barns, stables, sheds, or other places where ani- mals having malignant or contagious diseases have been kept, should re- ceive strict attention. Every part should be stopped tight, and flowers of sulphur and wood tar, in the proportion of one pound of the former to two quarts of the latter, mixed with tow, should be burned and allowed to smoke thoroughly, until the whole l)uilding is thick with smoke. So the hospital should be fumigated with the same, two or three times a week, but not suflicientl}' to set the animals coughing. Every part of the building should also be thoroughly washed M'ith dilute carl)olic acid, and the clothing also wet with it. If pure carbolic acid is used for sprinkling floors or washing Avails, 100 i^arts of soft water may be added to one pint of acid. The impure carbolic acid of gas works may be used undiluted. All discharges should be treated vdth chloride of zinc, dissolved in water, in the proportion of one ounce to one or two gallons of water. The at- tendants taking care of animals with malignant diseases should never approach or handle the well ones. 53 ,S34 THE A3IEEICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. A disinfectant that has no smoU and is not poisonous, known as chh)i-aluni, is made by dissolving three pounds of chloride of aluminum in two gallons of water, or in like proportions. Another cheai) and pow- erful disinfectant, but poisonous, if taken, is made of eight ounces of chloride of zinc, sixteen ounces of sulphate of iron, and one gallon of water. Dissolve, and to each pint used add one gallon of water. Among disinfecting substances may be named chlorine. This is set free by add- ing oil of vitriol and a little black manganese to common salt, as a disin- fectant of the air, but must be used in vacated buildings, and is better if used in the full light of day. So flowers of sulphur, burned by a heat only sufficient to produce smoke, will accomplish the same purpose, and if used carefully, it will not injure stock. A disinfectant that may be used in occupied buildings, is formed by adding a little chlorate of lootassa, at short intervals, to half a pint of strong muriatic acid, in a strong vessel of glass, or heavily glazed stoneware. VIII. Difficulty in giving Medicine to Swine. The difficulty in getting swine to SMallow medicine, when they are so sick they will not eat, is well known. Hence the difficulty in curing them when attacked with malignant disease. The easiest way we have ever found, is to have them in a pen where they cannot turn round ; pass a slip-noose over the upper jaw, and the mouth being open, turn down liquids from a horn. In case doses in the form of pills or paste are pre- scribed, they may be placed well back on the root of the tongue. IX. Watch Symptoms early and use Preventives. The "ounce of prevention" in the case of swine, is worth many times more than the "pound of cure." Good nursing, isolation and thorough disinfection are really the chief, as they are the common-sense treatment. This has always been our practice, in connection with prompt killing and deep burial of those Avhich did not yield to simple treatment. Any per- son by carefully studying what we liave written, may pretty accurately judge when killing becomes necessary. CHAPTEE II. THE COMMON DISEASES OF SWUTE. I. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. II. PNEUMONIA OK INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. III. QUINSY OK INFLAMMATION OF THE TONSILS. IV. APOPLEXY^, STAG- GERS, OR CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN. V. COLDS OR RISING OF THE LIGHTS. VI. CATARRH OR SNUFFLES. VII. MEASLES AND TRICHINA. VIII. TRI- CHINA SPIRALIS. IX. OTHER INTESTINAL PARASITES. X. PARASITES OF THE SKIN — MANGE OR SCAB. XI LICE. XII. DIARRHCEA. XIII. LEPROSY. XIV. SKELETON OF THE IIOG. I. Inflammatory Diseases. Swine are, from their nature and the manner in which they are kept, more subject to congestive and inflammatory diseases than any other farm animal. The results of this tendency are conspicuously seen in quinsy, coughs and colds, sometimes ending in consumption, and es^seci- ally in inflammation of the lungs. n. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Limgs. How to know it.^By the rapid and laborious breathing, and shivering of the body and limbs. There will be a more or less severe cough, and the hog loses appetite. What to do. — Pnt the animal in a comfortable, quiet and well venti- lated place. Keep a preparation of mustard and tepid water on the chest and side, and give the following mixture : Xo. 13. 2 Draehins bi-sulphate of soda, 2 Drachms nitrate of potash. Mix in a pint of gruel and feed it to the patient, or turn it down from a horn. This may be repeated as necessity requires, and, if necessary, a blister may be applied to the chest ; but good nursing, and such nour- ishing food as the hog will eat, should effect a cure. III. Quinsy or Inflammation of the Tonsils. This is a comniou and often fatal disease, if relief is not promptly given. It is an inflammation of the glands of the throat. How to know it. — If you And that the hog has difliculty in swallowing ; if slavering and protrusion of the tongue are seen, and especially if there be a swelling under the lower jaw and neck, you may be sure the animal has the quins}'. What to do. — Cast the hog or pig, and with a thin, keen-bladed knife scarify the parts until the blood flows freely. Then foment the parts 8.3.i 836 Till", A.MKltlCAN IAUMKK's SICXK ItOOK. with clollis \vi-iini^ out of vi'i-y lioir wiildr, iipplyiiiir tlu-in i-cpoiitpclly to iiulii((! bleeding iiiul n-diice tins iiifliinuuiilioii. lu tlie niciiii tiiiio the fol- lowing slioiild 1)0 prepared, to be used us soon as possible, as an injeelion : .No. II, A Oiiiici'S Kiilplialr 111 iii:i;;ii('siii, 2 l)nichiii.s uil of liiipcMtliic, )4 Pint soap siid.M. Mi.x, and injoet into the reetum with a sj'ringe. If tlie animal will oat, give the following, niixcsd in a little gruel: No. IT). 2 Teaspooiifiils (iirpciitiiic, 2 'rciispoonfuisi lai'd oil. If he will not eat, swal) the tonsils often with the ini.xtiire 1)V means of a swab fastened to a small rod, th(^ mouth iieiiig held oi)eii, as previ- ously described. IV. Apoplexy, Staggers or Congestion of tho Brain. This disease is not unusual in fat hogs. How to know it. — I'lie. animal will be stupid ; tlie eyes red ; the pulso hard and ra[)id ; the imwels eonstipated. As the disease progre.sses, the animal beeomes j)artially or wholly Ijlind, going in a circle or striking against objects ; and at last ho fall.s unconscious. Sometimes tho attack is attended with effusion on the brain, without other symptoms being especially noticeable; the animal falls suddenly ; tho limbs .stiffen; froth flows from ths mouth, and the Itreathing is hard, with a snorting sound. What to do. — If eold water is not at hand, bleed freely from tho jugu- lar vein. The [)roper application is cold water allowed to fall upon tho head from a considerable height. At tho same time let an injection bo (luickly prepared and administered at once ; use No. 14. V. Colds, or Rising of the Lights. Rising of the lights is what is generally called a cold. Keep tho ani- mal warm and (juiet ; feed well with easily digested food, and rub vinegar and mustard on the chest. If it does not yield to treatment, give a table- spoonful of tar every day, placing it well l)aek on the tongue with a ])addle. If the dis(^ase resolves itself into inllammalion of tho lungs, sco Irealineiil therefor in Article II, of this chapter. VI. Catarrh or SniiiHos. This is a common disease that usually disappears with warmth and good care, and light, digestible food. It .sometimes assumes a chronic form, as nasal gleet, just as it does in man. When this is tho ease, the animal had better be killed at once and buried. TIIIC COMMON Dl.SKASES OF KWINE. 837 VII. Moaslos and Trichina. Causes. — In swlno moa.sle.s is caused by a parasite (the bladder worm) from eating tiie egijs of tiic tape worm of man ((ami a solium) in its food, just as trichina is caused by (sating rats and mice or garbage containing tlie germs of this parasite ; dogs, also, are well known to carry and void the eggs of the tape-worm, and hence care should Ix; taken that swine do not eat their excrement. If the tiesh of measly pork is eaten by man, without its being most thoroughly cooked, he will bo just as surely infected with tape-worm as he wf>uld be with trichina if he ate trichina-infected poi'k. Hence, il is iK^vcr safe to eat measly j)ork, since there is always danger (hat some of Ihe cysts may escape death in cooking. The tape-worm is a flat-bodied worm, made up of small segments or joints from a f|uarter to a half incii in length, joined end to end, with a depression between them. Wlum full grown, the worm is from one inch to one hundred feet long. One end is nari'ow, being the head, which is globular and furnished with circular^ sucking discs and a proboscis or snout, encircled l)y a row of booklets. Fi-om the broad end the segments become detached and are expelled when ripe. These little segments may be seen wriggling along ov(!r the grass, vegetables and ground, and, as they go, they deposit innumerai)le quantiti(!S of eggs, which are taken up by grazing animals, especially the hog. It is estimated that a single tape worm lays upwards of 25,000,000 eggs. An egg taken into the stomach of a hog opens and hatches an f)Void, six-hooked embryo, which boi'es its way through the tissues till it linds a tissue congenial to its nature; and there it encysts itself and lies an indefinite length of time till, perhaps, it is eaten by a person, who becomes a feast for the tape-worm, which is developed very soon and causes intes- "ead ok t>knia solium. final pain, emaciation, nervous irrita- Magnified, (Cobboid.) bility, convulsions and, oftcm, death. The cysficercus vdlulosa is the hydatid oi- bladder worm, that forms the measles in pigs ; it becomes encysted in the mus- cles, liver, brain, mucous and serous mcanbrancs, etc. How to know it. — Measly pork is known by the cysts, some of which arc nearly the size of a grain of barley, distributed through the muscular and cysticekcds cellu- other tissues. In the living hog, when infected, i-osa.— Magnified, there will be found small, watery pimples of a pink or red color, just under the skin. There will also be weakness of the hind jjurts and gen- eral lack of health. 838 THE AMEKICAN FAKMEIl S STOCK BOOK. What to do. — Trojitmoiit is of little avail. If the difficulty eould be known in time, daily small doses of sulphur and saltpetre, given for some weeks, miiiht pass the eggs from the bowels ; yet this is not certain. Keep the doijs about the place free from tape worms I)y occasional vermifuo-es, and burn all their dung when found. VIII. Trichina Spiralis. Trichinre are found in all animals, but usually in man, the hog and the rat. They arc almost microscopic, varying from one-eighteenth to one- si.vth of an inch in li'ngth, and are among the most fatal of parasites. The mature and fertile worm lives in the intestines of animals, while the immature lives in cysts in the muscles. When the eggs fii-st hatch, the young ones migrate through the intestines, and find their way into the voluntary muscles, that is, the mus- cles of motion ; and in the course of six weeks they become encysted, and do no farther harm to the man or animal containing them ; but during those six weeks the life or death of the victim is merely a question of strength to withstand the pain, ex- hauslioii and emaciation, and many people die from it. How to know it. — The symptoms are swelling and great soreness of the muscles affected ; pain ; emaciation and exhaustion ; it is often mis- taken for rheumatism. In the lower animals, the same symp- toms arc seen as in man, but to a less marked degree ; there is loss of appetite ; stiffness in the hind parts ; the muscles are sore, and the animal is loth to move. If those affected live ADULT INTESTINAL TUI CHINA SPIRALIS. JIAGNIFIEn. MUSCLE TUICHINA ENCYSTED. MAGNIFIED. thi-ougli tlie six weeks, they will recover. What to do. During the six weeks give alcohol in half-ounce doses, three times a day in gruel, and a teaspoonful of sulphur in the food morning and night. Prevention.— For people— never eat underdone pork, for trichinse sur- vive 1 10 - V. Hams thoroughly smoked and boiled are safe. For hoiis keep them remote from slaughter houses, and never feed them on the offal from slaughter houses. Keep their pens free from rats and mice. Pork fed on slaughter refuse, or kept near a slaughter house, ought to be examined with a microscope before being eaten. When a case has occurred, trace it to its origin and kill the hogs and burn the pen and manure. Till'; COM.MOX DISl'.ASICS Ol' SWINIO. 889 IX. other Intestinal Parasites. These iii'c muiicrous. 'I'hc Imd worm ( tSt( ji//(iiiiirits Dni/afus) mid llie kidney ■wonn ( Eus/i'oiiffi/his C'/ijns) -ah' llio luo.sl, coiiimoii, c.xeepL tlioso whicli ])r()duc!e Uie inraslcs. ()n((^ tlicy luivo found lodg- ment, tliero is little lo he; done, :iii enormous size — the gifjas means the giant — it being found from onelo three feet long and from a quarter to a half %"^a.i;f;,I"^,""mci inch in diameter. It is sometimes found in the inlcistines. ~' "■"' '■' X. Parasites of the Skin— Mango or Scab. Seal) is produced by a small itch insect {tSarcoittia /Snis), and the disease may be eouinuniicated to man. If the an inuds appear uneasy I - 1 Ko.N(iVLfs (iiiiAS Cl'iivicr.) examine them with a glass. Mange should be no more tolerated than the itch in children. What to do. — (■i\<' the animal, immeiliatcdy, and thereafter onee a day f(n' a fort hiLiht , the followiiiii' as a dost;: i\o. KJ. I. OiiiiiT ll.iHcr- ..I' -iil|ilim-, I Driii'lnii iiili'Mic , (,> — I'luilniigcs. 1, Os suriVaniiiis, or i)iiH(i'ni hoiid. 2. C)s (^oroim-. .'{. < )s pedis. Jt — Pelvis. ( Fore-lei^ of pifif. Phiiliinges 1, 2, il). 1. Jliimi. 2. Piil)is. 3. Ischium. A'— Femur. 7'— Paieiia. C7— Tilmi. V— Fihula. W — Iloelv. 1. ( )s calcis. 2. Aslragaius. ;}. CjUneiforin magnum. 4. (CuneiForm medium. T). t'uneiform parvum. (!. Cuhoid. ■'},(!. ('uho cuneiform. A' — Largo met at ai'sai. ( llind-leg of pig. Phal- aiigi^s 1, 2, ;!)• ^ — Small metatarsal. Z — Head. 1. Inferior maxilla. 2. Sup(>rior maxilla. 'A. Anterior maxilla. I. Nasal lioiie. 5. Molar. (!. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 1*. Laciirymal. U). S(iuanious- tempoid. 11. Pctrous-teinpoid. PART VII. Sheep and Sheep Husbandry. EiyiBii^vciiNra- OEIGLN", BEEEDS, BREEDING Al^D MANAGEMENT ; WITH FACTS CONCERNING GOATS. SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS. I. NATIVE COUNTRT OF SHEEP. II. THEIR DIVERSIFIED CHARACTER. III. ANATOMY OF THE SHEEP. IV. TOP AND VERTICAL VIEWS OF SKULL. V. DEN- TITION OF SHEEP. VI. POINTS OF SHEEP EXPLAINED. VII. DIVISIONS OF FINE WOOL. VIII. COMPARATIVE VALUE OF FINE AND COARSE WOOL. -IX. RANGING AND FLOCKING OF DIFFERENT BREEDS. X. REGIONS ADAPTED TO SHEEP. XI. POINTS OF EXCELLENCE OF THE PRINCIPAL BREEDS. XII. STANDARD FOR AMERICAN MERINOS. XIII. STANDARD FOR MIDDLE-WOOLED SHEEP. XIV. STANDARD FOR COTSWOLD SHEEP. I. Native Country of Sheep. The native country of sliccp is not Ivuowm, jind has not been since the earliest historical times. There arc no wild sheep known, if we except the Ovis Montana, or wild sheep of Montana, in the United States, though at the Paris exhibition of 1865, several wild (so-called) sheep were exhibited, although bred in confiiienieiit. Among these were the wild sheep of Barbary, Ovis Tvarjdapux, more resembling a goat than our wild species, which is really a sheep ; and also thePunjaub wild shcej), Oviit Cydocvras, a native of Northern India, and the Europeon moufflon, Ovis Musimon, belonging to Corsica and Sardinia. n. Their Diversified Character. That sheep wei'e the earliest domesticated of any of the wild animals, there is no doubt. Abel was a keeper of slusep, the first recorded shep- herd or herdsman of any kind. The great length of time since their domestication, is also shown by their widely diversified character. The classification of Linnaeus shows : The Hornless, Horned, Black-faced, Spanish, Many-horned, African, Guinea, Broad-tailed, Fat-rumped, Bucharian, Long-tailed, Cap-bearded, and Bovant. To these may be added the Siberian sheep of Asia, found also in Corsica and Barbary,and ■SIT S4.S THE AMEUICAN FAKMER S STOCK BOOK. the Crotiui .slioop of the (ivociaii Islanils, Hungary, and some portions of Austria, making about all the principal sub-si)ecies. III. Anatomy of the Sheep. SKELETON OP I.EICESTEK SHEEr. Explanation. — Bcgnming witli llic iicad, the references to cut of sivcle- ton siiuw : 1 — Tiie intermaxillary bone. 2 — Tlie nasal bones. 3 — The upper jaw. 4 — The imion of the nasal and n))per jaw bone. 5 — The union of the molar and laehrymal bones. tJ — Tiie orl)its of tiie eye. 7 — The frontal bone. J' — The lower jaw. 10 — The incisor teeth or nip- pers. 11 — The molars or grinders. The Neck and Body. — !> 1 — The ligament of the neck, supporting the head. 1, 2, ;^, 4, 5, ti, 7 — The seven vertebnu, or bones of the neck. 1 — 13 — The thirteen vertebnv, or bones of the back. 1 — G — The sixver- tebraj of the loins. 7 — The sacral bone. 8 — The bones of the tail, va- rying in different breeds from twelve to twenty-one, 9 — The haunch and pelvis. 1 — ()w. .') — Tiie knee, with its different bones. C — The metacarpal or siiank-bones ; the larger bones of the leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller mctacaqjal. 8 — One of the sessamoid bones. 9 — Tiie two first bones of the foot ; the pas- terns. 10 — Tlu' proper bones of the foot. ORKilN, ANATOMY AND POINTS OK SIIEEI'. 849 The Hind Leg. — l — I'lc thigli bono. 2 — TlicstilU; joint and ils hone, the patella. 3 — Tlio tibia, or bone of the upper part of the leg. 4 — The point of the hock. 5 — The other bones of the hock, ti — The metatarsal bone, or bono of the hind leg. 7 — Rudiment of the small metatarsal. 8 — A sessaraoid bone. 9 — The two first bones of the foot, tlio pasterns. 10 — The proper bone of the foot. It will be seen that the general anatomy of the sheep corresponds to that of the ox. In the limbs we find the number of joints the same in the horse, ox and sheep. Beneath the fetlock, however, the four bones are doubled in the sheep. IV. Top and Vertical Views of Skull. The first illustration shows the skull of a polled sheep as seen from the top. Explanation. — 1 — Occipital bone, depressed out of danger. 2 — The parii'tal bones, the suture having disappeared, and also out of danger. 3 — The squamous portions of the temporal bone — the buttress of the arch of the skull. 4 — The meatus auditorius, or bony opening into the ear. T) — The frontal bones. G — The openings through which ])lood-vcssels pass, to supply the forehead. 7 — Tiie bony orl)its of the eye. 8 — The zygomatic or molar ])ones, very much developed. 9, 10 — The bones of the nose. 11 — The upper jawbone. 12 — The foramen, through which the nerve and blood-vessels pass, to sujjply the lower jjart of the face. 13 — The nasal processes of the intermaxillary l)oiies. 14 — The palatine processes. 15 — The intermaxillary bone, supporting the cartilaginous pad, instead of containing teeth. Next we give a vertical section of the head vvith its appropriate expla- nation. Explanation.— 1 — Nasal bone. 2 — Upper jaw bono. 3 — Intermaxil- lary bone su[)porting the pad, supplies the place of upper front teeth. 4, 4 — The frontal sinus. 5 — Cavity or , sinus of the horn, communicating with the frontal sinus. It is here shown by removal of a section of the I)ase of the horn. 7 — The fron- tal bone. 8 — Vertical section of the brain. 9 — Vertical section of the cerebellum, a — The cineritious por- tion of the brain, b — The medul- I'OI-LEU SHEEP. UEAD OF SHEEP— VERTICAL SECTION. lary portion of the brain. 10- -The ethmoid bone. 5t 11 — The cribiform 850 THK AMKIIICAX KAK.MKI! S STOCK HOOK. or perforated plate of tho ethmoid bono. 12 — The hjwer cell of the ethmoid bone. 13 — Tho .superior turliiiiated bone. 14 — The inferior turbinated bone. 17 — The sphenoid bone. V. Dentition of Sheep. Youatt gives as follows the dentition of sheep, by whieli it will be easy to tell the age correctly : The sheep has eight incisors in the lower jaw, and twelve grinders — six on a side in each jaw, — making in all thirty-two teeth. At l)irth the lamb should have the two central incisors just pushing through. At a month old all the incisors should be up. At one year, sometimes not until fifteen months old, the two first milk incisors will be shed, and two new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old past, it will have two more i)ermanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past, it will have six pei-manent incisors, and at four years old past, the eight permanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will be shown. This will be an accurate test as to the age of sheep, up to four years, varied of course, by care and keep ; highly fed sheep developing faster than ill kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, and lose their fan shape, as seen at four years old. At seven they become longer and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last they become quite slender, the middle ones long, and at ten years they loosen and begin to drop out. VI. Points of Sheep Explained. To locate the different exterior portions of the sheep, we give a cut of one of the half-wild breeds of the animal, which seems goat-like, but the wool of which shows it to be a sheep. EXTEKIOK POINTS OF SHKEP. Explanation. — A — Face. B — Muzzle. O — Neck. D — Shoulder. B —Point of the Shoulder, i^— Breast. (7— Girth-place. ^— Back. I —Loin. ^— Rump. Z— Thigh. 3/— Ilip. iV— Root of Tail. OKIGIN, AX ATOMY AND POINTS OF 8HEEP. Vn. Divisions of Fine Wool. 8al To illustrate the divisions of the wool we give a figured cut of a fine- wooled sliccp. The divisions are numbered to correspond to pure Saxon and Merino sheep, which when pure-bred, show only four qualities of wool. However, the cross-breds and especially grades sometimes show seven or eiii'ht. unit DIVISION OF WOOL. Explanation. — The rejina, or pick wool, ( 1) begins at the withers, and extends along the back, to the setting on of the tail. It reaches only a little way down on the quarters, but dii)ping down at the flanks, takes in all the superior part of the chest, and the middle of the side of the neck to the angle of the lower jaw. The fina, (2) a valua])le wool, but not so deeply secreted, or possessing so manj' curves as the reiina, occu- pies the belly, and the quarters and thighs, down to the stifle joint; (3) is found on the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, and the shoulders, terminating at the elbow, (fore legs, ) and reaching from the stifle to a little below the hock; (4) is procured from the tuft that grows on the forehead and cheeks, from the tail, and from the legs below the hock. Vin. Comparative Value of Fine and Coarse Wool. Up to twenty years ago. fine wool was the most valuable, and the fine- ness of the fil)er inci'eased the price per pound in corresponding ratio. Tlicii the exceeding fineness of broadcloth was the limit and standard of highest excellence. Of late years the demand for long and worsted wools 852 THE AMEKICAN FARMER'S STOCK I500K. has steadily incroased, with the change in fashion for gentlemen's wear ; and the demand for worsted, eomhing, and other long wools is steadily- growing, and at prices altogether in advance of the tine wools. Hence the larger breeds of sheep, once principally valnahle for their mutton, sprung suddenl}' into favor for their wool. In England, the value of a sheep is rated fully as much for the carcass as for the wool. In the United States and in Canada, to a considerable degree, the wool is still the principal object ; so the saying that, an Englishman in examining a flock, would ask, " how much will they dress," while the question of an American would be, " how much will they shear," stfU holds good. Nevertheless, this is gradually changing ; and the increased consump- tion of prime mutton in our huge cities, and the increased facilities for ocean transportation of live animals, have stimulated more and more the l)rceding of mutton sheep. The i)robabili1y is, that the fashionable fab- rics made of the wools mentioned will not soon go out of use for sum- mer wear, since they are altogether superior to cotton and linen, both in coolness and the ease with which they may be kept clean. Fine wools, on the olhcr hand, will never be superseded for winter wear, for blankets, for underclothing, and the endless variety of uses for which they are atlapted. IX. Ranging and Flocking of Pifferent Breeds. It is not generally known that there are peculiarities in sheep husband- ry, especially in the flocking of herds, which cannot be overcome. The most important of these is, that the mutton and long-woolcd breeds can- not be carried in large flocks. Merino and other tine-wooled breeds may easily be carried in flocks of even 1000 and ui)wards, on suitable soils ; ])ut the large breeds cannot successfully be carried in flocks of more than 100 together. Hence the adaptability of the Western plains and of Texas and New Mexico to the tine-wooled breeds, individual owners numbering their flocks by many thousands each. On the other hand, the large breeds are the favorites among farmers in the thicikly settled portions of the United States, where tliey are kept in tlocks of from twenty up to several hundreds. X. Regions Adapted to Sheep. It has generally been thought that only rocky, hilly regions are well adaiited to the keeping of sheep. This is a mistake. Such regions are suited to sheep, no doubt, for sheep require a tirra soil ; sheep, also, can subsist in rocky, barren regions where other animals would starve. Yet any dry situation adapted to grass possesses all the necessary essen- tials. The Western prairies, which, except for a short time in the spring, are firm and dry, are most admirably adapted to sheep. All the hill ORIGIN, ANATOMY AND POINTS OF SHEEP. 853 regions of tlio kSouth arc oiiiiiiently suited for sheep liusljaiidiy, espe- cially for the inuttoii and loiiij-wooled l)reeds. There are found the es- sentials of a genial eiiinate, plenty of range, pure water, sweet grasses, and a soil natural to sheep. There is only a single drawback — the num- ber of dogs that are allowed to wander at will to decimate flocks. If the dogs were abated, the hill regions of the South would soon prove as valuable for sheep as for fruit and for general agriculture. XI. Points of Excellence of the Principal Breeds. The standards of excelhuice, now generally adopted at the St. Louis fair, at the Illinois State fair, and at many other jjromincnt Western fairs, and also at the great exhibition of live stock at the Chicago fair for 1881, may be taken as being as near perfect as possil)le, and will rule in all points except, perhaps, in the weight of the carcass. In the East, and in some portions of the hill region South, the wciglit of carcass may be reduced some twenty pounds. Thus the standard of 1(5.5 pounds gross weight for a Merino ram, and 120 pounds for gross weight of Merino ewe, Avas reduced to 140 and 100 pounds respectively at the Centennial Exhibition, while in other respects the standards were identical. At St. Louis, the heavy standard known as the Illinois standard is, without modi- tication, used forjudging shec|). This standard, in fact, was really arranged by prominent breeders of Illinois, and of the country contiguous to St. Louis, we believe. The standards for the several grades will be found adapted to any breed ; that for Cotswolds, applying to any long-wooled breed with very simple moditications. The standards arc as follows : XII. Standard for American Merinos. Points. Blood. — Thoroughbred, i. e, purely bred from one or more of the direct importations of Merino sheep from Spain prior to the year 1812, without the admixture of any other blood. - - 1 Constitution. — Indicated by form of body ; deep and large breast cavity ; broad back, heavy quarters, with muscular development forming cai)acious abdomen ; skin thick, but soft, of fine tex- ture, and pink color; exjjansive nostril, brilliant eyes, healthful countenance, and good size, age considered. - - - - 15 Size. — In fair condition, with fleece of twelve months' growth, full- grown rams should weigh not less than 1(55 pounds, and ewes not less than 120 pounds. _ _ . _ _ _ .7 General Appearance. — Good carriage, bold style, elastic move- ment, showing in particular parts, as well as general outline and sj-mmetry of form. ---- _ ___3 «r)4 THE AMKIilCAN FAIIMEII S STOCK BOOK. Points. Body. — Throughout, heavy hones, well proportioned in length ; sniootii joints ; rihs starting horizontally from hack-hone, and well rounded to the hreast-hone, which should be wide, strong, and prominent in front ; strong back-hone, straight and well proportioned as to length ; heavy, muscular (juarters, deep through, and squarely formed l)(;hiiiel and before, with shoulders well set on, neither projecting sharply above the back-ljone, nor standing so wide and Hat as to incur liability to slip-shoulders. - 8 Folds and Wrinkles. — Folds on the ram should be larger than on the ewe. Large and pendulous folds from the chin or jaws, succeeding each other down the neck to the brisket, ending with large fold or " apron," and extending up the sides of the neck, but lighter if at all extending over top of neck; two or thi'ee behind the fore leg or shoulder ; one on front of hind leg, hanging well down across the flank ; two or more on rear of hind legs or quarters, extending up towards the tail, with one or two on and around the tail, giving tlu; animal a square appear- ance on the liind ([uarters, and straight down as may be from end of tail to hock joints and hind feet. In addition to folds, small wrinkles over the body and belly are desirable, as forming com- pactness of fleece, but not large enough to be apparent on the surface of grown fleece, or to cause a jar in its quality, tims leaving the body of the fleece even in (|uality. and free from the jar of large folds over the body. - - - - - - 10 Head. — Wide l)etwecn the eyes and behind the ears and across the nose ; short from top of head to tip of nose ; face straight, eyes clear and prominent ; cars thick, medium size, and, together with the face, nose and lips, white, cov(!red with soft fur or downy wool. Ewes should give no appearance of horns, wiiile upon the rams the horns should 1)0 clear in color, S3'mmctri- cally curved, without tendency to press upon the sides of the head or to extreme exptinsion. - - - - - - (> Neck. — Medium length, good bone and muscular development, and, especially with the rams, heavier, toward the shoulders, well set high ui), and rising from that point to the i)ack of the head. -- - - - - ---.5 Legs and Feet. — Legs medium or short in length, straight and set well apai-t forward and back ; heavy bone, smooth joints, with large muscular development of the fore-arm ; thick, heavy thighs, wide down to hock joints, and from knee joints down- ward covered with short wool, or the soft furry covering ))ecu- liar to the ears and face; hoofs well sjiapcd and of elcai- color. - 5 OUIGIN, ANATO.MV AND POINTS OF SHEEP. 855 Points. Covering. — Tendency to hair and gare upon any part of the sheep is to be avoided. Evenness of fleece in length, qualit^s density, lustfe, crimp, truencss, strength and elasticity, covering tiic en- tire body, belly and legs to the knees ; head well covered forward, squarely to a line in front of the eyes ; well tilled V)e- tween the eves and the ears or horns, and well up on the cheeks ; muzzle clear, with small opening up to and around the eyes: Scrotum of rams covered with wool, free from tendency to hair. ------ - 15 Quality. — Medium, but such as is known in our markets as tine de- laine and fine clothing wool, distinctly better in quality, lustre, crimp and elairticity, than the wools of same length grown upon the common grade sheep. - - - - - 5 Density. — Shown by the compactness of the fleece thi'oughont, which should open free but close, showing very little of the skin at any point, even at the e.xtremities of the fleece. - - 10 Length. — At one year's growth not less than two and one-half inches, and as nearly as may be uniform in length to the extrem- ity of the fleece. - - - - - - 5 Oil. — Evenly distributed : soft and flowing freely from skin to sur- face ; medium in ([uantity. . - - - - ,'> 100 XTEI. Standard for Middle-Wooled Sheep. Points. Blood. — Purely bred from one or more of direct importations from (irc-it Britain. - - - - - - 10 Constitution and Quality. — Indicated by the form of bod}' ; deep and large in breast and through the heart; back wide, straight, and well covered with lean meat or muscle ; wide and full in thigh, deep in flank ; skin soft and pink color ; prominent eyes and healthful countenance. - - - - - 25 Size. — In fair condition, when fully matured ; rams should weigh not less than 200 pounds, and ewes not less than 175 pounds. U) General Appearance and Character. — Good carriage ; head well up; elastic movement, showing symmetry of form and uni- formity of character throughout. - - - - - 10 Body. — Well proportioned ; small bones ; great scale and length : well finished hind (piarters ; tliick back and loins ; standing with legs well placed outside ; breast wide, and prominent in front. - - - - - ^ - - - - 10 85() THE A.MEUICAN FAKMER'S STOCK BOOK. Points. Head. — Short and broad ; wide between ears, and well covered with wool ; color dark grey ; light mnzzle not objectionable ; ears short. - - - - - --10 Neck. — Short and heavy, especially toward shoulders. - - 5 Legs and Feet. — Short and well set apart : color dark grey, and wooled to the hoof, which must be well shaped. - - - 5 Covering. — Body, belly, head and legs well covered with fleece of even length and quality ; scrotum of rams also well cov- ered. - - - - - - --10 Quality of Wool. — ]\Iedium, such as is known in market as half- combing wool. ---------5 100 XIV. standard for Cotswold Sheep. Points. Head. — Not too tine, moderately small, and broad between the eves and nostrils, but without a short, thick appearance, and in yomig animals covered on crown with long lustrous wool. - - 8 Face. — Either white or slightl}' mixed with grey, or white dajjplcd with brown. - -- - - -.--4 Nostrils. — Wide and expanded ; nose darK. _ - . . l Eyes. — Prominent, but mild looking. - - - - - - 2 EARS.-^Broad, long, moderately thin, and covered with short hair 4 Collar. — Full from breast and shoulders, tapering gradually all the way to where the head and neck join. The neck of ram should be short, thick and strong, indicating constitutional vigor, (neck of ewe should be fine and graceful) and free from coarse and loose skin. [Collar 5 points with ewe.] - - - (J Shoulders. — Broad and full, and at the same time join so gracefully to the colliir forward and the chine backward as not to leave the least hollow in either place. .-...- H Fore-legs. — The mutton on the arm or fore-thigh should come quite to the knee. Leg upright with heavy bone, being clear from superfluous skin, with mooI to fetlock, and may be mixed with grey. -..-.-----4 Breast. — Broad and well forward, keeping the legs wide ajjart ; girth or chest full and deep. . - - - - - 10 Fore flank. — Quite full, not showing hollow behind the shoulder. [4 points with ewe.] - _ - - - _ - f) Back and loin. — Broad, flat and straigiit, from which the ribs must spring with a fine circular arch. - - - - -1-2 Belly. — Straight on underline. [5 points with ewe.] - - 3 OKIGIN, ANATOMY AM) I'OINTS OF SHEEP. 857 Points. Quarters. — Long and full, with mutton quite down to the hock 8 ilocK. — Should stand neither in nor out. . .... 2 Twist. — Or junction inside the thighs, deep, wide, and full, which, with a Ijroad breast, M'ill keep the legs open and upright. - 5 Fleece. — The whole l)ody should be covered with long, lustrous wool. ___-- - - - - -18 lOU STANOAKU JiEKINO EWE. CIIAPTEK II. VABIETIES OF SHEEP AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS. I. LONG-WOOLED ENGLISH ."inEEP. II. LINCOLN SHEEP. III. KOMNEY MAKSII SHEEP. IV. LEICESTER SIIKEP. V. THE COTSWOLDS. VI. NEW OXKOKD- SHIUE SHEEP. VII. THE O.XF01{1)-1>0\VNS. Vi;i. MIDDLE AND SHOUT-WOOLED BIUTISII HKEEDS. IX. ■\VII1TE-FACED MOUNTAIN SHEEP. -X. BLACK-FACED HIGHLAND, OK SCOTCH SHEEP. XI. nA.MPSHIUK-DOWNS. XII. SHUOPSHIRE- DOWNS. Xm. SOUTH-DOWNS. XIV. OTHEK BKEEDS OF GUEAT BRITAIN. XV. DORSET SHEEP. XVi. FINE-WOOLED SHEEP. XVII. AMERICAN MERI- NOS. XVIII. THE ATWOOD AND HAMMOND MERINOS. .XIX. THE RICH MERI- NOS. XX. ABOUT SHEEP IN GENERAL. XXI. THE AVEKA<;E WOOL PER SHEEP. XXII. SUMMARY OF BRITISH BREEDS. Long-Wooled English Sheep. Loiig-\v(i(ilc(l sIkh'P may lie divided into two classes — those roared in ricli alluvial and inarsliy districts that have Ixhmi drained, a.s the Lincoln and Honinev marshes ; and those n-aretl in the rich agricultural districts of aral)le land devoted to mixed farming. The latter includes thi; Cots- ivolds, the Leieesters, and the Oxford-Downs. In discussing long-wooled sheep, we shall simply give characteristics, supplemented with accurate illustrations of the more valuable breeds, since this will be allthat will be necessary to enable the reader to easily recognise them and estimate their value. n. liincohi Sheep. The Lincoln sheep are the largest sheep known. Under fairly good feeding they dress up to 120 to KiO pounds at two years old past, while under exceptional circumstances they dress up to 90 pounds perquarterat that age. Their long, lustrous fleeces, at the second shearing, will weigh from 10 to 15 pounds of washed wool, the til)re measuring nine inches in length. They have been known in the United States since IJSSo, are hardy and prolitic, but large feeders. Notwithstanding their good qualities, they have not become widely disseminated in this country, the Cotswolds being generally preferred. They require the best and most succulent grasses and the most skillful care, and this, probably, is the reason whj-^ they have not succeeded so well in the West, where high farming is not the rule. ni. Romney Marsh Sheep. These .'iheep are natives of the Southeastern ]r,irt of England, especially the drained marsh districts of Kent, where they have been bred from the «58 VAKIETIKS or SHEEP ANI> THEIIl CHARAfTEItlSTirS. .S59 earliest times. They are hardier (iiau the Liiieohis, and, like most Brit- ish l)reeds of loiig-wooled sheep, have been improved by a cross of the Leicester. They have a peculiar tuft of wool on the forehead ; a thick, broad head and neck ; are long in the body, with tiat sides ; a broad loin ; full, broad thighs ; the fore quarters are not so well deveT()i)ed. The limbs are strong; the hoofs broad ; the wool long, somewhat coarse, but sound, bright and glossy. Tlie wethers at three years old will dress from 100 to 120 pounds for the butcher ; the ewes dress from 70 to ilO pounds, and have nuich inside fat. There seems to be no reason why they should not prove valuable on rii'h, succulent pastures in the West, tliough it is not to be denied that all the English lireeds deteriorate in America, es- pecially in the West, probably both from the dry climate and the want of succulent food (roots) in winter. rv. Leicester Sheep. Leicester sheep arc considered as among the most valuable of British breeds, and justly so. Since their improvement by Bakewell, during the last century, they have been successfully used for the general improve- ment of the long-woolcd breeds of England, giving better feeding quali- ties, fineness and early maturity. They are divided into Leicesters proper and Border Leicesters. The modern improved Leicester is hornless ; the head small and clean; eyes bright, prominent and animated ; limbs clean and line-boned ; the neck and shoulders full and deep ; the body full ; back straight, with hind quarters tapering to the tail, and less square than ,S(i() THK AMKUICAN I'AKMEU S STOCK liOOK. tlm Cotswnlds ; llicllcsli is uood, l)iit not the hi'st, hcinj:' too fat: tlic cars tliiii, loiiir, and dirci'tcd hacU. Tlic llccccs arc cspccialU- xaliiahKr for oonil)inii' wool, ln'inst and the hill regions of the South, have made them general favorites with long-wool breeders. They also cross kindly with other breeds, including the South-Downs ; the ewes are prolific, and the tlesh of the iain'hs and THE AMKUKAN FAKMKli S STOCK BOOK. yearlings most excelkut. Jjilv(> all the long-wooled breeds, they accumu- iato much fat with age. Another point in their favor is that the fleeces are not "■innniy, and do not shrink, as do the Merinos. A pound of Cotswold wool, as it is taken from the sheep, will produce as much dean scoured wool as two and a half pounds of gummy Merino wool. South of the Ohio river, Cotswolds are often reported as wintering with little or no feeding, except grazing, unless during more than ordinarily severe winters. East and West of the Mississipi)i, in the latitude of St. Louis VAKIETIES OF SHEEP A\U THEIK CHA1!ACTEK1STK'8. ISC)''. and south of it, the same is true, and the statement will hold i:;ood with all the more hardy breeds. Yet, even in these genial climates, all sheep must be sheltered from storms, and it is by no means good policy to allow them to shift entirely for themselves in the matter of food. To show accurately the form of this adniiraVde breed, we give an il- lustration of a ewe, and also of a buck, showing their appearance after shearing. In the hill region of Virginia, and other parts of the South and West, the Cotswolds are yearly increasing in favor. The testimony of many Southern planters and farmers is decidedly in their favor. One statement, s±^ :;m;J&A!'^ i'kN.'iV'l COTSWOl.I) r.WK- that of a prominent farmer of Clark county, Va., must suffice. His testimony is as follows : It is far more profitable to keep the different varieties of mutton breeds, than the fine wools, or Merino breed in this portion of Vii'ginia. I say this from my own experience, and that of many intelligent gentlemen with whom I have convei'sed. The Cotswold sheep, and its crosses with the South-Down, are less liable to diseases of all kinds ; they are more prolific, better nurses, and less lial)le to lose their lambs than the Merino. The lambs are more vigoi'ous and hardy ; then jidd their early maturity, their fitness for market at eighteen months old, and their almost double value when in market, and you have advantages which far outweigh the additional amount of food which the mutton shecji may consume in jjroportion to iiis size. ,S(; I TIIK AMICKICAN FAK.MKi: S STOCK HOOK. This is high pialso not only for the Cotswolds, but for the South- Downs which were always a favorite brci-d in tlu- hill region of the SHEARED COTSWOLD UAM. South. It must he remenibereil, however, that none of the long-wooled or the mutton breeds do well in large flocks. As before stated, 100 of these SHEAKED C'OTSWOLI> K.W1-: sheep is the largest number that should be flocked together. The illus- tration of yearling Cotswold will serve as a good ri'presentation of the VAliUVIlKS OF SHEEP AND TllKIl! CIIAItACTEKISTICS. 865 fully woolcd animal at this a.£^o. It also shows the fore-top of wool on the pate, which is characteristic of this breed. YEAKLINC; COTSWOLU. VI. New Oxfordshire Sheep. Another breed that lias been introduced into the United States, but has not met with general favor, is the New Oxfordshire, one of the breeds W^ M i ' 1(1/ '^' , iA NKW O.XFOKDSniRE EWE. arising from crosses of the New Leicester upon the Cotswold. They should not be confounded with the Oxford-Down, which is a cross between H(jt) TlIK AMEUIf'AX FAn^rEI: S STOCK HOOK. Iho Cotswold and Hampshire-Down, and belongs to the middle- wools, as well as to the special mutton breeds. In England they are regarded in their own locality with favor. They arc less hardy than the Cotswolds, and in the United States have not been received with special favor. The illustration of New-Oxfordshire ewe Aviil show the general appearance of the breed. VII. The Oxford-Downs. This excellent breed of English sheep is said to have originated about the year 1830, by crossing a Cotswold ram on a Hampshire-Down ewe, producing a sheep heavier than the Hampshire, reseml)ling the Cotswold in size and fleece, but finer and firmer in the fibre. The produce of these parents were bred together, and careful selection produced sheep that iu 'iUmM»^m YEARLING OXFORD-l)O^VN. 1862 were awarded a separate class at the English fairs. They are com- paratively rare in the United States. It is said of them that, in a district at the foot of the Cotswold hills, abounding in springy places, and re- quiring extensive drainage, they have succeeded and thriven where neither the Cotswolds nor the South-Downs would. A pen of these sheep, shown at the Smithfield cattle show, iu 1873, are reported to have averaged, at 22 months old, 298 i)ounds each, or 885 pounds for the pen of three. The average fleece is given as weighing 8 or 9 pounds, and of the best quality for worsted manufactures ; and rams are i-eported as having sheared 20 pounds of wool. The ewes are prolific, producing 150 lambs to the 100 ewes. The Oxford-Downs mature early, dressing 80 VAIIIETIE.S OF SHEKi" AND TIIEIU CIIARACTERIJSTICS. 8(J7 to 90 pounds of superior mutton at fourteen month of age. They are hardy, herd well, and are good feeders. They have a head niueh like the Cotswold, with the tuft on the forehead, but with dark grey face aud legs, like the Hampshires, hut the grey is lighter than that of the South- Downs. The fleece is thick and somewhat curled, giving 8 to 10 pounds each, yearly, for the ewes, and twelve to fifteen pounds for the rams. The wool is six to seven inches long, lustrous, neither hairy nor liarsh. HI) 8 TIIK A.MKIMCAX FAUM I'.I;' S STOCK HOOK. but even in qiuilitv. This breed lias as yet been but sparsely introdueed into the United States, but wherever it has fallen into good hands, has been much liked, and is fully worthy of more extended trial, cspeeially ou soft and spongy lauds, where its eonstitutional vigor should stand it in good stead. vni. Middle and Short-wooled British Sheep. The niiddio and short-woolcd sheep of Great Britain are comprised prineipally in the following breeds : The Black-faced and the White- faced Highland sheep ; the Ilanipshire-Downs ; the Oxford-Downs ; the Shropshire-Downs ; the Cheviots ; the Dorsets ; the Welsh Mountain sheep, and tlie mixed Mountain siiecp of Ireland. IX. White-faced Mountain Sheep. Wales has long been noted for one of the indigenous breeds of British sheep, as it also has been as possessing one of the indigenous breeds of British cattle. This breed seems clearly allied to the Highland sheep of Scotland, and long occupied much of the lowlands and hill r(>gion adjoin- ing Wales. Its principal recommendation is the superior quality of the WIllTE-KACICU IIKJIILANM SlIKEl'. mutton, which, however, seldom weighs more than eight to ten pounds l)er quarter. These sheep are hardy, good nurses, with faces white, rusty-brown, or speckled with grey. The fleeces weigh only about two pounds each, but the wool is famous for its quality of not shrinking in washing, a (juaiity probably due, mainly, to the fact of its being homo- VAUIETIES OF SHEEP AND THEIR CHAEACTEKISTICS. 8(itf spun, since the .sniuc (luality is iiUowcd to nil home-spun flannel in ;i greater or less decree X. Black-faced Highland or Scotch Sheep. This breed is celebrated for its i^reat hardiness and for its power of withstanding cold and living on scanty food even when the ground is cov- ered with snow, as well as for its superior mutton. It is the oldest breed known in Scotland. The face is black ; the muzzle thick ; the horns of the rains massive and spirally curved , eyes bright and wild ; the body square and compact. They heid well together, are docile and easily BLACK-FArKI) HIOHLANl) SHEEP. handled. When fat, the carcass will weigh from sixty to seventy pounds, and j-iclds mutton of exceedingly fine flavor. The ewes are excellent and careful mothers, and for these reasons we have given them a place in this work ; in some momitain regions of America, this and the "Welsh ^Moun- tain breed may come to be of value. The fleece of the White-faced breed will weigh about three pounds, but is adapted only to the manufacture of coarser fabrics, as carpets, blankets and rugs. XI. Hampshire-Downs. The Hampshire-Downs are a mixed breed, oi'iginating by crossing the South-Down on the native breed of Hampshire, followed later by the Cotswold. During this infusion of improved blood, they have retained their original hardy constitutions in a remarkable degree. Befoie the -var they were much esteemed in the South, as being larger and fully as «70 THE AMKIiUAN lAmiEH S STOCK nO(1K. •rood ill tlu'ir niutton as the Soiitli-Dowiis. I'lu' laiiihs at a year old, un- derwood kiH'[i, will weigh 100 pounds oaoh, and tlio ilooc-cs give six to seven pounds of excellent combing wool. The mutton is not overloaded ^•^Bxe^/Kse^t^ass 1IAM|->II1KE-1)0\VN. with fat, and is juicy and excellent in tlavor. The Hampshire-Downs arc a hornless breed with l)lack face ; roman nose ; large head ; the whole frame massive and compact ; the barrel round and the limbs strong and short. XII. Shropshire-Downs. The original of the Shropshire-Downs is an old English breed which were kept on what was known as Marfe common, a tract of some 600,- 000 acres. They were horned ; black or brown faced ; hardy, and con- stitutionally excellent ; yielding a medium fine fleece, of about two pounds weight ; and about fifty pounds of excellent niutton when ma- ture. Crossed with the Cotswold in tiie latter part of the last century, and later with the Leicester and South-Down, careful selection has pro- duced a sheep without horns ; faces and legs of a peculiar spotted gra^' or darker color ; small, firm head ; handsome ears ; thick but handsome neck ; broad deep breast — a round-barreled, broad-backed, tine-horned sheep, that at two years old, will dress 100 iiounds, and under extra feed 120 pounds, of excellent mutton. The fleece is long, glossy and will yield about seven pounds of washed wool. The ewes are prolitic and good mothers, and wherever known in the United States and Canada, are highly prized. VARIETIES OF SIIEKl' AM) TIIEIK CIIAHACTEKISTICS. 871 Xni. South-Downs. The South-Downs, once the most rclebnitcd of the mutton breeds, both in England and the United States, ought probably still to be the favorites wherever the production of mutton is the chief ;iim of the breeder. But in the United States, wool is the most valua))le product of sheep husbandry, and in England the South-Downs have, of late years, given place in numy districts to the breeds heretofore mentioned, which combine good mutton with superior wool. This is very generally the case in the United States, and especially in the West, except in the vicinity of large cities whei-e superior mutton commands high prices. Still, the South-Downs have been bred for many years iu the United States, and are found in all sections of the country. The ewes are very SOTJTH-UOWN RAM. prolific. The staple of the wool is line and curled, with spiral ends, well adapted to carding. They are models of what a mutton and hill sheep should be ; in shape and character they have altered very much from the old-time South-Downs, being smaller in the bone, equally hardy, and with a greater disposition to fatten is coml)ined a heavier carcass when fat. The head of the modern South-Down should be of a medium length, and the lips thin ; the under-jaw, or chap, fine and thin ; the ears tolerably wide apart, well covered with wool, full and tliin ; the forehead well covered with wool, especially between the ears, and the eye full and bright, but not prominent. The neck should be of proportionate length, thin next the head, and enlarging towards the shoulders, where it should be broad and sti'aighton the top, and not wliat is generally called ewe-necked. The breast should be wide and deep, projecting well forward between the fore-legs. This is considered an essential point with gi'aziers, as the breast gives the sheep a greater degree of weight, and also indicates a good constitution and disposition to thrive. 872 TUK AMKlUfAN FAKMKK S STOC'K l',<)OK. The shoulders should he on a level with the back, and not too wide above. If the shoulder-plates are very wide on the top, it is generally found that the annual drops behind them. The back should be flat, from the shoulders to the setting on of the tail. The ribs should project horizon- tally from the si)ine, extending far backward, and the last rib projecting more than the others. The rump should be long and broad, the tail set on high, and nearly on a level with the spine ; the hips wide, and the space between them and the last rib on either side as narrow as possible, thus preventing the dropping of the bell}' ; the ribs generally presenting a cH'cular form. The legs should be of proportionate length ; the hind legs full in the inside at the point called the twist ; the hock, or hough, rather turning out. The fore-legs should be straight from the breast to the foot ; the face and legs of a dark brown color. XIV. Other Breeds of Great Britain. The breeds of sheep in Great Britain are as varied as the neighborhoods, very few of them, except those already mentioned, having more than a local reputation. In the summary of breeds, a few pages further on, these will be mentioned in connection with some of those described in the preceding pages. The only additional English breed necessary to illustrate here is the Dorset sheep. XV. Dorset Sheep. The Dorset sheep, while probably of the came origin as the Welsh Mountain, and the Scotch Highland shee^), are peculiar, we believe, to DOUSKT KAM. Dorsetshire. They are a hardy, active, stiong, luavily iiorned race, that wr>uld seem to I;e well al»!e to take care of theniseUes in iniiospitable VARIETIES OK SHEEI' AND TilEIK OHARACTEKISTICS. .S73 regions. They are larger in every way than the Highlanders, prolific, and both rams and ewes are horned. They are said to produce young twice in the season, and this is turned to account, since the mutton of the lambs IS excellent, and sells for good prices. At two years old, they are said to dress 100 pounds each, and the fleeces are close, soft and white, and comb well, and weigh about six pounds each. It is probable that they might have some value in the mountain regions, where the lambs might be made available in some near market. XVT. Fine Wooled Sheep. The principal breeds of fine wooled sheep that have attained a good reputation, are : The Spanish, the Saxony, the Silesian, the French Meri- nos, and the American Merinos. This latter breed, years since famous all over the United States, is the result of careful breeding from Span- MERINO KAM. ish Stock. All ttie otiier breeds have been carefully tried in the United States but not with satisfaction. Both the Saxony and the Silesians have exceedmgly fine wool. In Australia many of the flocks have received an infusion of Saxon blood; but at the Centennial Exhibition at Philadel- phia, there was nothing in the vast variety of these fleeces to induce S74 riii: AMKiJUAN lAimr.i! iTOCK HOOK. Aiiu'iican brocdors to iiiaUi- ;i rluunif in tlu'ir own tiiu'-wooloii sheep. A cross of the Freneli Mormo on Aiuerii'.in Merinos, anil :i seooiul eross, making the strain three quarters American and one quarter French, re- sulted in increased size, but the animals were tender and bad feeders. This iniiihl liave been expected, since tiie French Merinos are at best a monirrd race. It is doubtful if now a tlock of Frer.cii Merinos can be found in the United Stntes. XVII. American Merinos. 60 widely disseminated are this most valuable breed in every portion of the United States, and so well known are they, that it is not necessary to jro into a description of their origin further tlian what has been given. ORorr OK AMERirw merixos. SutKi-e it to say they are now divided into llnee families, known a> the .Vtwood, the Kich, and the Ilanuuond Merinos, from the names of the three original breeders of these strains. They have bi>en improved by hnig I'ontinued and careful selections. XVm. The Atwood and Hammond Merinos. The .Vtwtiod Merinos were originated in 1 M .'> by ^Ir. .Vtwood, from what were known as the Hunqihrev slock. .\.i>out 1844 Mr. Hammond, from selections from the .Vtwood tlock. produced the larger breed of .Vmerican Merinos, perfect in the length and thickness of tleeee and thickness of staple, and characterized l>v great looseness of the skin which lies in soft, low, rounded ridges over the body, but offering no oli- stnution to the shears. These were originally of Infantado and Paular blood, (he raulais, it is saiil, prevailing. VAKIKTIKS OF KIIKKI' AM> THKIIt CJIAKACTEHISTICS. b7.0 XIX. Tho Rich Merinos. Those were originally descended from th(i pure I'aulars of Spain, and by careful breeding und selection were much improved by Mr. Sihis Rich, of V(!rinont, and by his son. Thus the American Merinos originated from the choicest families from the herds of Spanish grandees, at the time of their confiscation and sale by the Spanish government, about 1809. Hon. Wm. Jarvis, at that time United States Consul at Lisbon, bought '^J)()() sheep from the flocks of the Paulars, Negrettis, Agueirres and Montarcos. Tho flocks of these grandees are said to have amounted to an aggregate of 50,000 sheep. The animals bought by Mr. Jarvis were tho cream of Spanish flocks, and with the Infantados, make up the five faniili(!S which constitute the ground-work of the American Mei-inos, now acknowledged to be; the most valual)l(! fintvwooled sheep in the world. 'I'lius we possess the descendants of the Infantados, large, compact, rather long bodied, and the descendants of tho Paulars, smaller but exceed- ingly riitli in all that constitutes fine wool — two well marked families that would bo injured by tho infusion of foreign blood, from whatever source it might come. XX. About Shoep In General. In Gr(vit Britain tho breeding and fcu'ding of sheep has been second in importance only to that of cattle. Since tlie settlement of Australia and the other British dependencies, tlio brooding of fine-woolod slioop in Elngland has been almost entirely abandoned, and long, medium and short-wooled sheep — valuable as well for mutton as for their fleeces — have taken their ])lace, leaving to the United States, and to the British colonies, the almost (ixclusivo breeding of fine-wooled shoep — Saxony, Silesian, and French and Spanish Merinos. This production has grown into great magnitude, owing to the fact before stated, that those Merinos may be kept in immense flocks, and to the added reason, that, in Aus- tralasia and in Texas, New Mexico, and the great American plains east of tli(! Rocky mountains, there are vast ranges of country where stock of all kinds may bo herded at a minimum cost. The sheep of the world are estimated at 600,000,000 head, yielding '3,000,000,000 pounds of wool annually. Of this number Groat Britain has ;]5,000,000 sheep, shearing annually 218,000,000 pounds of wool. This wool is principally of long, middle and short staple, but is not what is known as fine wool. The rough wool, medium fine to coarse, but not uniform in its texture, is produced in South America and Mexico from .58,000,000 sheep, yielding annually 174,000,000 pounds of wool ; in North Africa, with 20,00(1,000 sheep yielding 4.5,000,000 pounds ; and 876 THE AMERICAN FAKMEIl S STOCK BOOK. ill Asia with 175,000,000 slioep, yielding aiimiallj 350,000,000 pounds of wool. Now if we add 25,000,000 slioop to these numbers for the moun- tain regions and northern portions of Europe, Greece, and Turkc}', and 50,000,000 for Russia, producing in all 164,000,000 pounds of wool, the entire balance of the world may be set down as the home of fine-wooled sheep. Of these Australia has 60,000,000 ; the United States 36,000,- 000; the Cape of Good Hope 12,000,000; Germany 29,000,000; Aus- tro-Hungary 21,000,000; France 26,000,000; Spain 22,000,000; Italy 11,000,000; Portugal 2,750,000 sheep. Of all these countries, Austra- lia produces the finest wool, while the United States and Canada come next, although Canada is essentially a mutton producing country, which the United States is not, for the number of sheep kept. Notwithstanding the immense area in the United States adapted to sheep husbandry, the industry has not kept pace with the demand, and until ten years ago our wool imports were constantly on the increase in spite of the yearly increase of our flocks. From 1870 to 1875, only two-thirds of our manufactured wool product was home grown. Since that time our annual imports have not increased. The bulk of imported wool is of low grade carpet wools, and unwashed Merino, and c«ustitut> ing only one-fourth of the product manufactured. XXI. The Average Wool per Sheep. In the United States the average weight of wool per fleece is over five pounds ; in Australia it is over four pounds ; in Great Britiau four iuid three-quarters pounds ; in the German Empire three and two-thirds pounds ; in France four and five-sixths pounds ; in Austro-Hungary three pounds. South American fleeces are variable in weight, hut much lighter than those of Austi'alia, and probably will not average more than three pounds of wool each. XXII. Summary ol British Breeds. The report to the Government of the United States, following the Vienna Exhibition, states the characteristics of prominent English breeds as follows : The British breeds are most naturally divided according to al- titudes and fertility of their habitat. The large breeds, white, hornless, and bearing long wool with small felting property, occup}' the rich allu- vial districts, the land.T reclaimed from the sea, and the highly cultivated and very productive farm-areas. These are the Leicester, Lincoln, Rom- ney-lNIarsh, Cotswold, the few remaining of the Devonshire Notts, the Roscommon, and similar Irish sheep. Next should be classed the sheep of the chalk-downs, the commons and forests, suited to a dry and tem- perate climate. These are the Downs of several families, perhaps now to VARIETIES OF SHEEP AND TIIEIU CHARACTERISTICS. S77 be taken as breeds, the Dorsets and their congeners — tlie puik-noscd Somersets. They produce a short, felting-wool, suited to inferior grades of goods. The Ryeland, formerly found in the western counties, and es- teemed for producing tiic tincst cloth-wool of England, is now almost ex- tinct. The third general division comprises tlie mountain breeds, first the Cheviots of the hills of the North of England and borders of Scot- land ; the Black-face of the central chain of mountains and moors north- ward from Devl)yshire to the mountains of Scotland ; and two varieties of Welsh mountain-sheep, and the Kerry and other mountain breeds of Ireland. There are many local remnants of the ancient stock allied to the above, but there are none worthy of special mention. The weight of fleece of British sheep averages about five pounds. The Lincolns may be placed at eight pounds, the Cotswolds nearly the same, the Leicesters at seven, the Downs at four, the Cheviots at three, the Black-faces at two and one-half, and the Welsh at two. The Leicesters are most numerous, exceeding one-third of all ; the Downs one-sixtli, the Black-faces nearly as many. Cheviots one-eighth, leaving about one-fifth for other breeds. The heavy breeds of eighty years ago, modified mainly hy the Leicester, now fui'uish lighter fieeces. CHAPTER 111. BREEDING AND CABE OF SHEEP. I. CONSTANT WATCHFtTLKESS NECESSARY. II. THE BREEDING AGE OF SHEEP. III. CROSSING. IV. COUPLING. V. THE PKOrEU TIME FOR COLl»- MNG. VI. GESTATION. VII. KEEP A RECORD Of THE BREEDING. VIII. MANAGEMENT AND TRAINING OF RAMS. IX. P.ASTrEAGE FOR SHEEP. X. WATER. XI. PROTECTION FROM INSECTS. XII. EARl-Y AND LATE PAS- TURE AND FEEDING. XIII. WINTER FEEDING. XIV. SHEEP BARNS. XV. {'.HADING THE SHEEP. XVI. FEDING TROUGHS AND RACKS. XVII. CASTRATION AND DOCKING. XVIIl. WEANING THE LAJIBS. XIX. LAMBING TIME. XX. THE NURSERY. XXI. TAGCtING SHEEP. XXII. MASHING AND SHEARING. XXIII. TYING THE WOOL. XXIV. DIPPING AKD ANOINTING SHEEP. XXV. A WORD ABOUT GOATS. I. ConstantWatcMulness Necessary. Con.sttint care and attention are necessary in the managemeutof sheep. They are timid, without self-reliance, a pre}' to dogs : and even foxes will destroy the lambs. The necessit}' of keeping large flocks together causes them to be especiall}' liable to contagious and epidemic diseases. In any district where nuuw sheep are kept, M'andering curs must be de- stroyed. They are worse than wolves and foxes ; for the latter may be guarded against at night, while dogs scare and destroy sheep in the day time as well. Care must, also, be taken to secure them against conta- gious and epidemic diseases. The shepherd must be watchful, vigilant and attentive, summer and winter; it is woi'th his while to be so, for there is money in sheep, once in the fleece and once in the carcass. n. The Breeding Age of Sheep. The proper age for sheep to breed is two years. The ewe may be placed with the buck in the autumn after she i.s one j'ear old, and there- after she may continue to breed until the age of ten years. But unless there is something in a buck or ewe more than ordinarily valuable, it is hardlj' economy to continue them breeding beyond seven or eight years old. From the age of three to eight years the be.st lambs will be pro- duced. Under exceptional circumstances a strong ram will cover 100 ewes if allowed only one ser%nce each ; but as a rule it is better to keep a ram for each fifty ewes. 878 BUKr.DIMi AM) CAKK OF SHEEP. f> ( :' III. Crossing. Unless the bi-eeder be tlioroujriily informed, und is breeding with u view to the estal)lishniont of a new breed, in wliich distinct charaeteristies • ire to be perpetuated, notiiing is gained ))y crossing two distinct breeds. I'lic breeding of grades is diffei-cnt. If the farmer cannot afford to l)reed pure stock, the American iMcrimi may Ik^ crossed upon any of the ordinary fine-wooied sliecp of a district. In like manner the Downs will improve tlie quality of tlic mutton and wool ; the Leicester will give increased size and early maturity, and length of the wool staple; so Vviil the CoLswold, and IIh; latter will certainly get good constitutionced an animal intended for breeding, enter its age and pedigree, unless the entry is already made in a public record (herd book). R,SO ril''^ A.MKUICAN I'AKMEK S STOCK BOOK. ill wliifli c-aso refer to it by p:»ge ami number. Write down, also, every trait and eharacteristic, even to the minutest, including feeding and thriving qualities ; it will save you much care and vexation in future. If you are breeding sheep, preserve samples of the wool from year to year, and attach to the samplv^s a record of weiglits, with comparison of quality from year to year, and one fleece with another. Thus, on all occasions, you may satisfy not only yourself, but any buyer as to the quality of your herd. Even with ordinary flocks, a carefully kept register of name, age, characteristics, and quality will be found useful. VIII. Management and Training of Kama. Rams should be trained to. docility and obedience, and this is not diffi- cult to do. They should never be allowed to run with the flock of ewes, but should have separate pastures and enclosures, clean and comfortable, and entirely disconnected from the flocks. They should be trained to lead and to be handled ; and if more than twenty ewes are to be served during the season, the ram should have extra feed and care for at least six weeks before tupping time. One hundred and fifty ewes have been served by a single ram during an extended season, but under the best of keeping less than 100 is better than over that number. Do not let a ram serve more than two or three ewes in the beginning of the season, in- creasing the number to five, and even ten, if necessity demands. As the season approaches the close, restrict him again to a small number, for an exhausted male cannot get strong progeny. To keep the reproductive powers in full vigor, daily exercise must be kept up. There is more in this than many persons imagine. IX. Pasturage for Sheep. Sheep eat a variety of vegetation other than the true grasses. They ai'c fond of many weeds, and if allowed they will soon reduce the weeds that spring up after harvest. All the pasture grasses arc natural to sheep, except those, like Timothy, which close feeding is apt to kill. Blue grass, orchard grass, the fescues, red-top, i-ye gi-ass, etc., maybe the main dependence for sheep ; clovers they do not like so well. In pastur- ing ewes with lambs it is well to have spaces through which the lambs can pass, and yet which will not permit the egress of the ewes. In Eng- land these are called lamb creeps ; this arrangement, as shown in the illustration, often enables the lambs to get much succulent food outside, and they do no damage to crops. In fact, sheep are often turned into corn-fields, and other hoed crops, late in the season, to eat the weeds, of which they are fond. They will soon clean a crop if it be such as they will not damage. BREEUIXO AND CAKE OF SHEEP. 881 X. Water. It has been said that sheep require no water when pasturiiisr. Do not listen to such folly. On very succulent grass they will live without it, Hnd as a rule, take hut little. Thev should alwavs iiuve it to take when LA.MB CKEEPS. they desire. Like any other animal, sometimes their systems requires more than at othei's. This is especially trut^ during suckling time. See that they have it, and of pure quality. Sheep, above all other animals, should never drink from stagnant pools. XI. Protection from Insects. In summer, sheep should have shelter where they may escape from the many insects that torment them, especially the sheep gad-fly, and others producing internal parasites ; also, during July and August, j^rovide a plowed surface of mellow soil, and smear their noses, if necessary, daily with tar. XII. Early and Late Pasture and Feeding. The better your early and late pastures are, the easier you can winter your sheep, especially in the "West where few roots are raised. Attend to this, and supplement the pastures by sowing rye and other hardy cereal ffvaiiis, which mav be done on corn land of the same season, at the last 882 THE AMERICAN FARMER S STOCK BOOK. plowing, and upon grain land intended for hoed erops next season. Liglit grain, of little other value, will prove a mine of wealth in this way if sown as directed. Never allow your sheep to fall away in flesh before they are put iuto the feeding yards and harns for the winter. The time to feed is before they hegiu to lose flesh. They will, indeed, shrink in weight somewhat, as the feed becomes dry, but it will be principally moisture that they lose, if proper feeding be kept up. When the full succulence of the flesh is to be kept up, there is nothing better than roots — Swedish turnips, car- rots and beets being the most profitable in the West. At all events, as the pastures become dry, let the sheep have one feed a day of somethuig better than they can pick up in the fields. Xm. Winter Feeding. You cannot have an even texture of wool, if sheep are allowed to fall away greatly in flesh, or even receive a decided check. Every time this occurs, a weak place wdl be found in the wool. Nor can you raise heavy fleeces on hay. If you do not intend to take the best of care of sheep, and keej) them thriving, you had better not keep any but the com- monest kinds. It is true, you will lose money on these, but then you will have the satisfaction of knowing tiiat you have lost less money than you would have lost on better ones. ALLOWED TO SHIFT FOK ITSELF. WINTEHKU WITH GOOD SHELTER AND FEED. The f(!eding of roots is essential to the l)est care of sheep, especially when the succulence of the flesh is to be retained ; but roots are not abso- lutely ne('essary. The question of cost must be considered in connection witii grain. Carrots and j)arsiiips may I)e raised witii proper implements and put in pits for five dolliirs per ton ; and Swedish turiiii)s and mangel wurzels, for about three dollars or less. Carrots are excellent for ewes before lambing time, and i)arsnips for those giving milk ; the latter may i)c left all winter in the ground and be fed up to the time grass be- comes flush. Beets should not be fed until after January on account of BKEEDINli AND C'AKE OF SHEEP. W.\ !iM acrid principle thej conUiiii when first pitted. They are l)est when used after the Swedes are exhausted. Xrv. Sheep Bams. These need not be expensive structures, since it is onl}' necessary to provide shelter that will keep out wind and water, and at the same time admit of proper ventilation. Ventilators for the escape of foul air must be provided at the peak of the I'oof , and sliding doors and windows are needed to allow the ingress of air, according to the wind and temperature. -iMi'i.i-; >iiki.i'i-:k, i;it Let there l)c a passage-way through the center, if many sheep be kept, wide enough to admit a wagon — say nine feet — for ease in feeding and cleaning. On each side of this passage should be the racks and troughs for feeding, the pens l)eing arranged so as to accomodate about twenty- five sheep each. In very severe weather this passage may be used for sheltering sheep kept in open sheds, if necessary. The illustration shows one of the simplest forms of shelter, a structure of poles covered witl: hav. 8«4 TllK AMElilCA.N I'Al;.MKi: S ST()( K ];()OK. XV. Grading the Sheep. Sheep in winter should be ciirefuily graded, iui'ordiiiir to size, strength and condition. Strong hinibs should not be put with weak ones; the same rule applies with owes and wethers. Hams should never be kept with any other sheep ; nor should ewes be kept with wethers. Fat- tening sheep will, of course, always be kept by themselves. The hirger the flock the more closely can sh<'ep and lambs be graded, according to age, size, strength and other conditions. XVI. Feeding Troughs and Racks. Sheep should never he fed on the ground, but from suitable troughs and racks. The arrangement of these will depend ujjon whether the sheep are to 1)e fed under sheltei or not. The racks should be low enough foi' the OMHINATION TltOUGll. sheep readily to get the fodder without reaching too high, and below should be a receptacle for catching the waste. The illustration given .shows a good form of feeding trough ; if intended for hay, let the slant- ing board be of slats, or it may economically be made double, so as to BUEKDIN(J AXU (AKK OF SlIEEP. X.S.5 allow fepdinjT; on both siilc>. Again, it may 1>C' used altcrualcU' for liotii bay and grain : tbe biugetl doors allow easy cleaning. Tbe back is up- d-k-. IMPROVED SHEEP RACK FOR PREVENTING WASTE. right ; the center boards are movable to work up or down, so that when feeding from ])()th sides they rest together on the center beam. XVI. Castration and Docking. Lambs should be castrated at from two to four daj^s old. A lamb is held by an assistant, who turns him upon his back, holding the rump be- tween the knees — the head towards himself — taking the fore and hind legs in each hand, putting the fore legs outside of the hind, and holding them firmly just above the knee joints. The operator takes hold of the pouch and pulls it gently, so as to get as much as possible of it, and then with a sharp knife at a single stroke, or better, a pair of sti'ong shears, takes off the pouch prett}^ close to the testicle. Then take a firm hold of each testicle separately between the fore finger and thumb of the right hand, and pull it out with all the cord that adheres to it. This com- pletes the operation. The reason for cutting off all the pouch that can be easily pulled beyond the testicle is, that it leaves a much evener sur- face for shearing than if only a little is taken off. This operation should be performed in the morning, and the lanil)s then turned out to move about, which will, in a great measure, jirevent any disposition to swelling or .stiffening of the parts, which is frequently tiic case if they are allowed to lie still for a time afterward. Doekmg should be performed as soon as they recover from the gelding, generally al)out three days afterward. This operation should be per- formed with a single strt)ke of a sharp knife, and in the evening, being careful to sever the tail at a joint, the assistant drawing tlie skin of the tail to the l)odv, so that the end will well co\er tlie stuli. 'Vhou allow XHi; rilK AMKIMCA.N I'AIt.M KlI S STOCK liOOK . tlie Hock to lit' i.\(; and cauk of yniiiEP. 887 XX. The Nursery. Every shepherd shoukl provide a nursery for sheep that are ailing, es- pecially in winter. This may even he made availa))le as a jjlace foi' lambing. It is hetter, however, that both a lambing place and a nursery be provided, since tire is essential for new-born lambs early in the season. XXI Tagging Sheep. This is important and should be performed as soon in the spring as possible, certainly before the sheep are turned to grass. Securetho sheep and cut away all the wool about the buttocks liable to gather dirt and dung which accumulates in balls. It will improve the sheep and save much trouble at shearing time. XXn. Washing aad Shearing. We do not believe in washing sheep. It is distressing and dangerous to the sheep, and the wool often becomes dirty again before shearmg. But if the sheep are to be washed, it should be done in clear, running water, on a gravelly bottom, or under a stream of water. Do not shear for three days or more after washing, according to the weather. For those who still believe in washing sheep, the two illustrations will sliow tlie old and the new method, the latter being the best. It is important tliat the shearing be properly done, and no unskilful person should be allowed to handle the shears. It is better to pay an e.\- ti a price than to allow the skin of the sheep to be clipped and torn in shearing. If the sheep have been washed, shearing should take place M hen the oily-feeling matter, termed yolk, has so far l-eajjpeared in the wool as to give it its natural brilliant appearance and silky feeling. The wool should be cut off evenly and smoothly, reasonably close, l)ut not l».'aving the .skin naked and red, which renders the sheep very liable to re- ceive injury from cold. Stubble shearing and trimming, leaving the wool long, so as to give the next fleece the appearance of extraordinary length, orleavingitlongin places, in order to affect the apparent shape of tiie an- imal, are both frauds, but are sometimes practiced by unscrupulous per- sons, on sheep intended for show or for sale. XXIII. Tying the Wool. The fleece should be as little broken as j)ossible in shearing. It should be gathered up carefully, placed on a sinooth table, with the inside ends down, put into the exact shape in Mhich it came from the sheep, and pressed close together. If there are dung-balls, they should be re- moved. Fold in each side one-quarter, next the neck and breech one- quiirtcr, and the fleece will then l)e in ;m ohh)ng si|uai'e form, some 888 TIIK AMKIMCAN 1 AKMKI: s STOCK liOOK. twenty iiiclu-s wide, and twi-nty-livc or thirty inches long. Then fold it oneo more lengthwise and it is ready to l)e rolled up and tied, or placed in the j)ress. XXIV. Dipping and Anointing Sheep. For freeing sheep of vermin, as lice and ticks, and also to free them from mange and other itch insects, recourse must he had to dip- ping, as it is termed. When large flocks are kept, this is the only course [23^^^^^^^ OLD WAY OF WASHING SHEEP. to i)ursue. When but few sheep arc kept, the cure is accomplished gen- erally hy anointing them with any of the prei)arations in common use for this purpose. For those who prefer ointments, the following will he founil good : One pound mercurial ointment, one-half pint oil of tur- pentine, one pound resin, and six j)ounds of lard. Dissolve the resin in the tur|)ontine ; dissolve the lard hy gentle heat, mi.x the mercurial oint- ment thoroughly with it, and when cold rub l)oth ))reparati()ns well to- gether. In applying this, the wool must he parted well down to the skin from between the cars to the tail. Fi'om this similar partings should he made along the shoulders and thighs to the legs and also parallel ones BUEEDI\(; ANU CARE OF SHEEP. 889 aloiiii' the sides. These fun-ows must liuvc the ointment lightly ruhhed into the skin as the}' are formed. For dipping sheep, suitahle yards, a dipping trough, and dripping plat^ form must be provided ; also means for heating and keeping the li([Uor hot. The following is one of the best mixtures, having met with favor in England, Australia and America : Three pounds arsenic, three pounds jiearl ash, three pounds sulphur, three pounds soft soap. J\lix in ten gallons of hoiling water, stir, hut ;ivoid tlie fumes, and add ninetv gallons THE NEW WAV Of WASHING SUEEl". of cold water. Prepare a tank that will easily allow a sheep to be dipped, having a slanted, slatted drain at the side, tight bottom underneath, to allow the drip to run back. Dip the sheep, back down, being careful not to allow the head to enter the poisonous mixture, letting the animal re- main one minute. Lift on to the slats and rub and squeeze the wool, until pretty well drained, and place in a 3'ard until dry. AVhen partly dry, go over the heads with the ointment as reconnnendcd in ca^e the flock is too small to allow the expense of i)reparing for dijiping. «90 TIIK A.MKKIfAN FAUMKU iS STOCK BOOK. XXV. A Word About Goats. So much ha.s heen .said about the keeping of goats for their fleeee, that we "■ive a .suuimary of the faets in the case. The suhstance of what fol- lows was prepared by the writer for the American Encych)piBdia of Agri- culture, from which wo extract : As a food animal, neither the common goat nor its kids are nmch es- teemed in the United States. As for their milk, we seldom see them kept, except occasionally for the use of invalids. In many countries, AN(iOUA Hlf'K. however, as in some mountainous sections of P^urope and Asia, it is differ- ent. Large flocks are kept, not c)nly for their milk, but for tlie manu- facture of cheese. This is especially true of Switzerland. In ^Mexico and New Mexico large numbers arc kept. In some portions of Te.vas, and in California, they are more or loss found. In mountainous, Ijarren regions where subsistence may scarc^ely be had for cattle, the goat may eventually find a place in the United States. Such, however, has not yet been the case with the exceptions named. Iloi'e and there goats are kept aliout stables for tlieii' supposed good effect on the health of the horses. Of the IJKKEDIXO AM) CAKE OF SHEEl'. 891 other varieties of -goats introduced into the United States, at different times, there has been great confusion of names. Thus, it has I)eeu said, the Cashmere, Persian, Angora, and Circassian goats are the same, only moditied by altitude where raised. This is imdoubtedl}' a mistake. The Cashmere and Thibet goats are the same, and in their native country are said to yield only about three ounces of the precious down per fleece, of which the costly Cashmere shawls are made. In France the introduction of the Cashmere goat, in 1819, did not prove profitable, the yield of FEMALE ANGORA. down being too small. In 182:^ a cross was made between the Cashmere and Angora goat, which brought the yield of down from three ounces to thirty-three ounces per fleece. In 1849 the first introduction of Cash- mere goats was made into the South. Other importations into other States have followed, notably to New York and California, esi)ecially of the Angora goat. The cuts of male and female Angoras will show their characteristics. They are now found in nearly every State in the Union, principally through their crosses on the common female goat. They are hardv even in Wisconsin, yet the}' have not proved jjrofitable to their S!l-J TiiK \Mi;i;i(.\N i.\i;mI''.k s stuciv iuvdk. (iwiiors, ovou ill iiiiumlniii districts, and llicir int-cdiiii;- Ins pn-tly miicli lnH'U iiltandoiii'd, i-xccpl in sunu- portions of tin" Soulli. I'ImIi, and Cali- foniia. TliiM'o \vt>iild siHMU to Ix' no roiisoii why (lio roaring of Angora goats slionld not lio |)rolilal>lo in niui-li of tlio liiil anil mountain regions of (lu< Sonlli. and in tlio inonnlain n-gions of California and Drogon. Mncli of lln> liiU and |>lain region of tlu< far \\'est ^lioidd also he cxci'llonllv adap- ted to this indnstl'N. Thai the eoinnion goal thli\es and breeds w it h i lie utmost feenndlty ni .Me\ieo and New Mexieo is well known, and this is Iruo of the plain regions w herever tiiey have been tried. Tin* Angora will tlii'i\(' wherever the eiiminon goat will. The probability is (hat tlii> iiigii price of the pure .-.I ocU operates against tlu' lir(>eiling of these aiii- iiials ; and besides liiile is really known of them outside tin" line breeders who ari> inlorosUHl in llieni. Capital is cautious about I'lilering into un- tried ehannels ; this is especially true of agricultural capital. Farnu>rs. as a class, aie conservative in their ideas, jind pro|ierly so, since their wealth is. as a rule, accuinulated slowly. I'robably the time has not. come for the development of this industry ; if it ever i-omes, it must arise fi-oni a st»eri>asing d\ tlieir hooks, and are not casih- dislf)dired. GENERAL DISEASES. .S!)7 What to do. — The gi-ubs may often be extracted by a competent sur- geon, but it is a nice operation, and scarcely pays except in the case of a very valuable animal. Burning leather under the noses of the sheep in a close place, to cause violent sneezing, used to be practiced, but it is un- safe. Injecting up the nostrils equal parts of sweet oil and turpentine will often dislodge the grubs Avhen they are not firmly fixed, but care must be taken not to strangle the sheep. Prevention. — Prevention is in this case far the l)est remedy. Keep a portion of the field plowed so the soil is loose and dry. Smear the sheep's noses once a day with tar during the season of the fly, and catch as many of the flies as possible, by means of a light bag-net. V. Hydatids on the Brain. Causes. — The bladder worm, causing this dangerous disease, is one of the forms of the tape worm, preceding the true or sexually perfect worm. It is rare in America, jirobablv from the fact that there arc fewer dogs in proportion to the population than in England. What to do. — Once fixed, nothing i)racticall3' can be done, though, when located, surgeons have i)ierccd the cysts with a strong hypodermic syringe, injecting therein half a teaspoonful of the follo^ving : No. 2. 1 Grain iodine, 5 Grains iodide of potash, 1 Ounce water. Mix. Prevention. — Never allow dogs to feed on sheeps' heads, or other gar- bage, unless cooked in the most thorough manner, remove the excre- ments of dogs wherever found in the pastures, and Icill all dogs that make a habit of prowling about, away from home. VI. Apoplexy. This disease is mostly confined to sheep that are plethoric and fat. What to do. — The sheep will leap suddenly in the air, fall, and unless promptly relieved, will die in a few minutes. Then the only remedy is sudden and copious bleeding from the jugular vein. Prevention. — Fat sheep should be carefully watched for the earlier symptoms. If a sheep apjiears dull and partially unconcious of what is going on ; if the nostrils and pupils of the eyes are dilated, and the membranes of the nose deep red or violet ; the pulse hard and the breath- ing stertorous, bleed immediately and give afterwards two ounces of epsom salts, to Ijc followed by an ounce every six hours, until a full evacuation takes place from the bowels. ,S!)S THK AAtKKlCAN I'AHMEI! S .STOCK BOOK. VTl. Inflammation of the Brain. This is produced by the same causes that produce apoplexy, and is often a secondary effect of apoplexy. The animal is dull and inactive ; the eyes red and protruding, and, as the symptoms intensify, the animal rushes about in the wildest delirium. The general treatment is the same as for apoplexy. Vin. Inflammation of the Eyes. What to do. — If there is serious iiiHamniatiou, take a little blood from the facial vein, the vein running down obliquely from the eye. Bathe the eyes with the following wash : No. 8. ii Grahis nitrate of silver, 1 Ounce soft water. 15 Drops laudauuni. Dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water and add the laudanutn ; mix. Bathe the eyes well three times a day and apply the lotion twice a day with a camel's hair l)rush. IX. Swelled Head. Causes. — This is produced by a variety of causes, the bites of venom- ous st^rpcnts and malignant insects, etc. Snake l)ites usually produce death before the animal is found. What to do. — 111 ("ise of the bites of venomous insects, cut the wool from around the parts, and bathe with strong saheratus water and give internally, if necessary, each hour until relief is obtained, the following : No. 4. yi Drachm chloral hydrate. 1 Ounce soft water. Mix. X. Vegetable Poisoning. What to do. — 111 case of trouble fnjin vegetable poisoning, bathe the affected parts thoi'oughly with warm water, and keep moist with the fol- lowing lotion : No. .'>. 1 Ounce sugar of lead. 1 Pint soft water. Mix. XI. Tetanus or Lock -Jaw. Causes. — There are various causes producing this difficulty, as inflam- mation of the memliranes after gelding, injury to the horns and hoofs, or a wound on any part of the bod}'. How to know it. — The animal, if able to walk at all, does so with great distress ; the jaws arc set, and death generally takes place (juickly. Tt 13 an excited condition of the nervous system. GENEUAL DISEASES. SIC) What to do. — Treiitmeut is of little use, tlio malady being usually fatal. Put the sheep into a dark place alone, and put a piece of Solid Extract of Belladonna, the size of a pea, on the tongue twice a day ; put oatmeal water in the pen for him to drink. Warmth and quiet are essential. Bleeding used to be considered a specific by many, but it should not be practiced. Move the bowels as soon as possible, and follow this up with belladonna. Give four ounces of castor oil as the laxative. When the worst symptoms are overcome, give gruels and other soft nourishing food until recovery. XII. Paralysis or Palsy. Lock-jaw and epilepsy are often mistaken for palsy ; yet, it is the direct opposite of them. Like the two first it is somewhat raie in America. What to do. — The first thing to do is to make the lamb warm and com- fortable. Ciive warm gruel, with a little ginger as a stimulant. If the bowels arc costive give four ounces of linseed oil. Give twenty grains of powdered Nux Vomica in soft mashes three times a day ; continue this two or three weeks. If the paralysis is severe, clip off the wool and apply a blister of Spanish Hies to the spine, from the points of the hips to the shoulders. XIII. Babies or Canine Madness. Sheep are particularly lial)le to be bitten by rabid dogs in their first stages of madness. The flock-master should not hesitate to destroy all strange dogs, and, of course, the sheep if attacked with rabies must be killed at once. CHAPTER II. PAEASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. I. SCAB, TICKS AND LICK. II. VOOT-KOT. III. FOII, IN TlIK FOOT. IV. SWOLLEN FOOT ANI> (iUAVEL. V. MAGGOTS FROM BLOW FLIES. VI. IN- TESTINAL WOKMS. VII. THE ROT OR LIVER FLUKE. VIII. LUNG WORMS. IX. SHEEl' WORRIED I!Y DOGS. X. SPRAINS, STRAINS AND BRUISES. XI. CARE WHEN LAMBING. XII. NAVEL ILL. I. Scab, Ticks and Lice. Causes. — Scab is produced by a niiiuite microscopic, parasitic insect, which burrowing just beneath tlie cuticle, jjroduces extreme irritation, and cau.'^e.s the exudation of a wateiy Huid, serum. This, in diying, form.s the scab wliich brings away with it the wool in larger or smaller patches. The di.sea.se is very contagious, and the insect is so tenacious of life that it ha.s been said to have remained in a pasture three years andthen spread the infection. A careful flock master should examine every sheep purchased minutely, and take every means to keep Is found in sebaceous glands ,,.»,. /. i • ji i rii} ^^^ . ,• i of the sheep .ind dog; it t iKMutct-tion trom liis Hock. i he illustration shows causes skin irritation and jv- . i -.i i • -i i j! eruption. sliccp afrectcu With seal) in its extreme lorin. How to know it. — The sheep will be restless and irritable ; will rub against anything near ; M'ill l)ite its fleece, and scratch with its hoofs. At length the fleece becomes ragged, and drops off, to iicrmanently infect the pasture. What to do. — It is not diflicult to cure, l)ut the means must be thor- ougii. A good effective remedy, though poisonous, is the following: Xo. G. G I'ounds arsenic, 6 Pounds peiirl ash, 6 Pounds snl])hiir, G Pounds soft soap, 20 Gallons boiling water. Mix, but avoid tlie f unites, and when cold, add 180 gallons of cold water, and stir until well mixed. Prepare a tank that Mill readily allow a sheep to be dipped in it. From this a slanting, slotted drain, having a water- tight l)ottom underneath, and extending just over the edge of the tank, should be laid. Dip the sheep, backforemo.st, into the tank, allowing him to reniain submerged in tiie li(iuid, except the head, for one miiuitc. Then 900 i'AK.\>rrii OIIIKI! DISEASKS ;m)1 [)l:ic-t' him OH the shit-^ and s(|iu't'z(' the wool thoi'ouii'lily, and wlicn well di'aiiicd turn into a clean \ard until di y. Then go o\er the heads of the ilock with the following : No. 7. 2 Pounds iiii'rciiii:il ciintiiicnt, 6 roumi.s lard, 2 Pounds I'osiii, 1 Pound oil of luipi'iUinc. Place the lard antl mercurial ointment in a suitable iron pot , and ini- mersc in a vessel of hot water, .say about ISO degrees, and stir until well Hiixed. Then dissolve the rosin and turpentine, and when the lard is cold, rub it all well together. Apply it by parting the wool on the lusad between the ears, on the forehead, and under the jaws, the idea being to reach every part not touched by the; di[). scAU IN .sul;:i . In preparing No. fi, for ordinary cases, twenty pounds of strongtobacco may be simmered in the water, instead of the arsenic, and the other ingre- dients may bo stirred in while the liquid is boiling hot, having tirst re- moved the tobacco leaves and stems. AVhen this dip is used, the head may also be dipped, from ti:ne to time, being careful that the liquor does not get in the nose and eyes. The sheep may remain in the liquor, as hot as can be borne, four or five minutes, dipping the head occasionally, and No. 7 need not be used though it would be better. The wool must be pressed and dried, as liefore stated; so proceed until the flock is all gone over, using some means to keep the liquor hot rilK AMKIilCAN I'AimiCi; S STOCK nooK. SHEEP TICK WITH ECCS. A dip in grciil repute in Australia, where ininionse ll()el tlie sheep in the licjuor, as hot as can he home, for five minutes. Tjcl^, — The sheep tick is a dipterous insect, liut with no wings devel- oped. Tile ti<'ks are large and live on the surface of the >ie rubbed back and forth, when taken up between the thumb and fingers, it is soft and Habljv, with a crackling sensation. What to do. — If there is diarrhoea, a weak heart beat, and general stupor, i-cinov(! the sheep to a high dry pasture, or to well ventilated airy places, as the case may be. Prepare the following : No. 15. ig Pound sulphate of magnesia, 6 Drachms oil of turpentine. Mi.K the magnesia sulphate with three half pints of water, add the turpentine and give one-third of it every two days, shaking the bottle before using. Follow the above with the tonic : Jfo. 16. 40 Pounds o.at meal, 4 Pounds powdered gentian or anise seed, 4 Pounds common salt, 1 Pound sulphate of iron. Mix. Give half a j)int to each sheep once a day for a week : then wait three weeks and repeat. Remove the sheej) to high dry pasture or salt marsh, l)otli being poisonous to the Huke. Do not put the sheep in a wet pasture, for there they only sow the seed to perpetuate the trouble. vm. Lung Worms. Causes. — This disease is caused by the presence of worms (^StrongyJus Filaria), which are usualh' found in the wind-pipe, and l)ronchial tubes and sometimes in the lungs. How to know it. — There will be a husk\' coLigli ; (juickened breathing; loss of appetite and flesh ; and the sheep will rub its nose on the ground ; there may be dysentery with foetid evacuations. Examine the mouth and throat, and also the stools, for in- dications of the norms. Prepare the following: Xo. 17. Ounces sulphate of magnesia, 4 Ounces nitrate of potash, 4 Ounces sulphur, 4 Ounces sulphate of iron, iMlx. UISTONECM LANCEOLATUM. STKONGYLUS FIL.^KI.V, M.\I,E EXLAROED. Iioi; THE a:\iericax fakmkr s stock hook. Give a single liiindful to each sheep in oat or corn meal once a day for a week ; then wait three weeks and repeat. Burn turpentine on pine shavings under tiioir noses so as to niaki- theni breathe the fumes. IX. Sheep worried by Dogs. Sheep tiiat liave been torn l)y dogs, are apt to die, owing to the lacer- ated nature of the wound, especially if the skin has heen stripped from consideraI)le surface in hot weather. What to do. — The lacerated surfaces must Ix; brought together, in such a way that they may unite ; and, if necessary, stitched. In hot weather flies must be guarded against, and the wounds should be treated as advised in the case of horses wheu wounded. X. Sprains, Strains and Bruises. What to do. — These also are to be treated precisely as advised iu the case of horses. In simple cases hot fomentations and the subsequent application of camphor is the rule usually followed. For a sprain, to immerse the limb in water as hot as can be borne, for half an hour at a time, and repeated several times a day, usually effects a rapid cure. XI. Care when Lambing. What to do. — The ewes siiould be well fed for several weeks previous to lambing, so as to be sti'ong and have the lambs strong and well devel- oped when dropped ; but avoid having ths ewes fat. Have a dry, com- fortable place for them to run in, not too warm ; they should be put in a SWK.I,l.INr, OF THE UMBILICUS IN CHAIIBON (NAVEL ILL.) wai-mcr i)lace wheu lambing than tliey have been accustomed to, in order to avoid chilling the lamb. Allow no spectators around the sheep while lambing, except the man they are accustomed to ; let him watch the progress of events to see thnt help is given if needed. PARASITIC AND OTHER DISEASES. 907 Sometimes wrong presentatioiis are made, and then the shepherd should be ready with his liand oiled and warmed in warm water to render assistanee ; let hiin insert his hand and ehange the position of the fcrtus as the case requires, being very eareful indeed not to wound or torture the ewe. If the lamb is dropped ut night and gets chilled, put it into a warm water bath and dry it thoroughly when taken out, and give it a few spoonfuls of milk, diluted a little and sweetened, and with a dusting of red pepper in it. Keep the ewe separate from the others for a week or ten davs, and feed on soft food and roots if it is too early for grass. Charbonous fever. XII. Navel 111. •arbuncular erysipelas in lambs, in addition to the other symptoms, usually manifests itself in swelling of the umbilicus. The swellings are not confined to the umbilical region, but are often found in other parts of the body. It is sometimes seen as a symptom or complica- tion of rlieumatic disease of the joints of lambs, foals and calves. It was considered by shep- lierds, not many years ago, to be a distinct disease, known as Navel 111. See illustration on i)receding page. PART IX. POULTRY. HiSTOEY. manageme:n^t a:n^d characteristics OF THE VARIOUS BREEDS. POULTRY. CHAPTER I. ORIGIN AND VARIETIES OF FARM BIRDS. I. ORIGIN OF THE WOni) POILTRY. II. TVPE3 ANI> K ATIVE f'OUNTRY OF BARN-VARI) FOWLS. III. CHANGES DUE TO BKEEUING. IV. DIVISION OF FOWLS. v. THE WILD TURKEY. VI. DUCKS. VII. GEESE. VIII. THE SWAN. IX. PHEASANTS. X. GUINEA FOWLS. XI. PE.i^FOWLS. XII. ANATOMY OF THE HEN. I. Origin of the "Word Poultry. The Avord poultry comes from the Latin word puUus, a chicken, or the young of any animal. In its hroad .sense it is now used to designate any domestic fowl bred or fed for human food, and for the eggs and feath- ers. Hence, the peacock may reasonaljly be included, since its feathers are an important article of commerce. The modern word poultry, how- ever, more properly comes from the French word jwule, hen, just as our word pullet comes from the French poulct, a chick. The cut of the French Creve Cceur will illustrate a singular departure from the wild type given on the next page. In a more modern sense the word poul- try is generally ap^ilied to barn-yard fowLs or the genus gaJlus — the word fowl being used M'ith a prefix, as water-fowl, which includes ducks and geese. Guinea-fowl, etc., while turkeys, peacocks, pheasants and other later or only partially domesticated birds are designated by their pro]3er or common names. II. Types and Native Country of Barn- Yard Fowls. The originals of all the varieties of barn-yard fowls were inhabitants of thickets, and other openings of the forests, rather than of the dense forest itself ; there are a number of species. A variety closely resem- bling our common barn yard fowl, is the Sonnerat fowl, (^GaUus iSon- nera(ii) a native of the Ghautes, separating Malabar from Coromandel. Dami)Jiicr, previous to the discovery of Sonnerat, found wild fowls closelv resembling our old barn-yard fowls in the islands of the Indian Arcliipehigo. So it ma}' safely be said, that our fowls witli long flowing tails, arc'natives of India. hi yi;j !IU THK AMKIJICAN lAK.MKll ■^TOCK HOOK. ni. Changes Due to Breeding. The great wild species of Southern Asia, and tlie wiUl Mahiy and Chit- tagong, were i3rol>al>ly intlueiitial in modifying the hirge Asiatic brecdsof to-day ; and our hantanis undoulitedly spring from tlie Baniviva jungle fowl, although carefid antl systematic l)reeding and selection have given ns bantams of all the princii)al breeds of barn-yard fowls, including the games. Again, as siiowing a marked departure from the wild form, we CREVE COil'K COCK AND HEN. give cuts of two iieads. one the iiredu, or Gueldre, retaining the wattles, but not till! marked comb, and a variety of Brahma, with no wattles, and with only the rudiments of a comb. IV. Division of Fowls. Our barn-3'ard fowls may therefore be divided into the common or mixed breeds, Asiatic fowls, Eurojjean and American varieties, and Ban- tams. Each of these will be treated in their propi'r places. ORIGIN AXU VARIETIES OE EAR.M lUIlDS. 915 V. The Wild Turkey. The wild turkey is a native 011I3' of America ; tliere are several so- called species, but they are, however, only varieties that have bred con- stant to tj'pe, perhaps having escaped from some ancient domestication. They are all fertile one with another. The turkey is native to all that region from Central America, north, up to 4.5 degrees, wherever suitable timl)er covert can be found ; but in all the more thickly settled regions they have long since been exterminated. The illustrations show the common wild turkey hen, and the Mexican wild turkey cock. ;ALLtS SONNEKATIl. VT. Ducks. None of the wild fowl seem to have been more easily domesticated than the duck, though the domestication of birds of any species seems easy, whenever they prove valuable enough to pay their keeping. Only the larger varieties have, as a rule, been thought worth domestication, though of late years some of the smaller and beautifull}' plumaged birds have been bred in a tame state. They make very handsome adjuncts to water scenery, in connection with swans and the rarer species of geese. !ll(i THE AMKKICAN FAli.MEl! ■.'ortii, they breed in summer from latitude fortv-tive uj) to sixty, and return in the autumn to their winter ouarteir OlUrrlX \XI> ^■A1!IETIES ()F FATIAI TilRDS. !)17 in the sub-ti-opical regions. Tiie common gr:ij goose is tiie nearest ap- MEXICAN 'WILU TURKEY COCK. proach to the wild type, and these are becoming sciircer and scarcer each 918 TH!'. .\-Mi:i;UA\ I AUMICi: S STOCK 1500!v. Vi'iii', gnuliuilly uiviuii" way to improved l)7'cc(ls. Of these, tlie Einl)deii, or Bremen, eomltiiie a i)ure white e()h)r, softness of color, anil heavy weight. The ori<>in of the gray and the white geese is generally sup- posed to he the Gray-lag goose (yl«ser i^c/vf.s), of the Nortii of Europe. The American wild goose (Anser Canadensis), is a distinet species; this variety breeds freely, and is toleraljly contented under domestication, ORIOIX AN1> VARTKTIKS OF FAIUF BIRDS. 91!) even in the first gciienitioii. It is Imt ;i few years, eomparativelv, since they were first domesticated. Asia and Africa liavc f iiniished us with four sul)-fainilies of aeese, three of wliieh come from China, and the fourth from Africa — the African jroose. il2() Till'; AMi;i;i( AN rAioiKu's stock hook.. VIII. Tho Swan. The swiin lias loiii^ Ik-cii known in liistory, hut is not a usoful ])ird (ixccpt as ail ornamental apix^idagi! lo (he. ponds and lakes of i)arks. 'I'lic most <'()inni()n i>i 1 In- wliili^ swiii ; I liric are, hcsidos, u number of rare Mild (iniaineiilal varici ii's, niiioni^ 1 liciii I li(> black swan from Australia, and the bhu'k-iieckrd Cliili swan. Tlie bead and neck