W^M^ 4 o ♦ -c^^'^-,^'^ o "V-O^ j^o-ni. ELEMENTARY HISTORY THE UNITED STATES WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. ^ i?,-'? -' >^ .fiT. ^^^ G. P. QUACKENBOS, LL. D., AUTHOE OF " ILLTTSTEATED SCHOOL HISTOET OF THE V. S.," " AMSKIOAN UISTOBT FOK SCHOOLS," ETC. HE VISED, IK 188 I^^ BY JOHN D. QUACEENBOS, A.M., M.D. NEW YOKE: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET. 1884. ^.Vv^ PKEFACE FinsT books, on any subject, should be simple and attractive. The be- ginner should never be discouraged by words that he does not understand, or sentences of great length and complicated structure. He should find his text-book interesting, and be won to study by the pleasant trains of thought it suggests and charms of style and story. He will otherwise be apt to con- ceive a dislike to the subject treated, and may feel the ill effects of a bad beginning throughout his whole subsequent course of study. These principles have been kept in view during the preparation of the present volume. The author has here endeavored to present the history of our country so clearly that it may be studied with profit at an early age. Leading events are presented, but without any repulsive array of minute details, dates, or figures. We all know the fondness of the young for stories ; truthful anecdotes have therefore been interspersed throughout. To please the eye, as well as awaken thought, numerous engravings, designed with strict regard to his- toric truth, have been introduced. The form of a continuous narrative has been adopted as preferable for reading purposes, but questions bringing out the leading facts are presented at the bottom of each page, which may be used by the learner in preparing himself and by the teacher at recitation. It is hoped that this book will be found comprehensive and thorough, as well as easy and interesting. Used independently, it is believed that it will give a fair and correct idea of our country's history ; when a more ex- tended course is desired, it may with advantage be followed by the author's " Illustrated School History of the United States ". New Youk, August 1, 1860. In the present edition, the former text remains materially unaltered ; the form of the book has been changed, new maps have been introduced, as well as instructive illustrations from the pencils of eminent designers, and the whole has been brought down to June, 1884. Copyright, 1860, 1868, BY G. P. QUACKENBOS. CoPTEiGHT, 1884, BY JOHN D. QUACKENBOS. \ ISO?; COJSTTEKTS LESSON I. Four Hundred Years ago, II. Christopher Cohimbus, . III. The Discovery of America, IV. Later Voyages of Columbus. — Cabot, V. Balboa. — Magellan. — Cortez, VI. French Discoveries. — De Soto, . VII. The American Indians, VIII. The First Settlements, IX. Captain John Smith, X. The Virginia Colony, . XI. Dutch Settlements. — Henry Hudson, . XII. The Pilgrim Fathers, . XIII. The Plymouth Colony, XIV. Other New England Colonies, . XV. Connecticut. — The Pequod War, XVI. Maryland. — Delaware. — New Jersey, XVII. King Philip's War, ' . XVIII. Virginia. — Indian Troubles. — Bacon's Rebellion XIX. Carolina. — Pennsylvania, . XX. Indian Missions. — French Explorers, XXI. King William's War, XXII. Queen Anne's War. — The Southwest. — Georgia founded XXIII. Washington's Expedition, XXIV. French and Indian War. — Braddock's Defeat, XXV. Close of the French and Indian War, . XXVI. Troubles with the Governors, . XXVII. Causes of the Revolution . XXVIII. Commencement of the Revolution, XXIX. Capture of Ticcnderoga. — Ethan Allen, XXX. Battle of Bunker Hill, XXXI. Invasion of Canada. — Siege of Boston, XXXII. Attack on Charleston. — Declaration of Independence, XXXIII. Battle of Long Island, CONTENTS. LESSON XXXIV. Washington's Ketreat. — Trenton. — Princeton, XXXV. Burgoyne's Campaign, XXXVI. Brandywine.— Germantown. — Valley Forge, XXXVII. Monmouth. — Wyoming. — Movements in the South XXXVIII. Paul Jones.— Francis Marion, XXXIX. Hanging Eock. — Camden. — Arnold's Treason, . XL. King's Mountain. — Cowpens. — Guilford Court-House. XLI. Eutaw. — Yorktown. — Close of the Revolution, . XLII. Formation of a Constitution, XLIII. Washington's Two Terms, XLIV. John Adams. — Thomas Jefferson, . XLV. Jefferson's Second Term. — James Madison, XL VI. Battle of Tippecanoe. — War with England, XL VII. Reverses on Land : Triumphs on the Ocean, XLVIII. The War in the Northwest, XLIX. Pike's Expedition. — Fort Stephenson. — Lake Erie, L. Harrison's Invasion of Canada. — Creek War, LL Close of the War of 1812, LII. James Monroe. — John Quincy Adams, LIII. Andrew Jackson, LIV. Martin Van Buren. — Harrison and Tyler, . LV. James K. Polk. — The Mexican War, LVI. Taylor and Fillmore, LVII. Franklin Pierce. — James Buchanan, LVIII. Commencement of Civil War, LIX. Movements of 1862, . LX. Movements of 1862 (continued), . LXI. Movements of 1862 (continued) and 1863, LXII. Movements of 1863 (continued), . LXIII. Movements of 1864, . LXIV. Movements of 1864 (continued), . LXV. Closing Movements of the War, LXVI. Johnson's Administration, . LXVII. Grant's Administration, LXVIII. Hayes's Administration. — Assassination of Garfield LXIX. Arthur's Administration, Chronological Record, . Declaration of Independence, Constitution of the LTnited States, . ELEMENTAKY HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. LESSON I. FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 1. The Earth is round, like a ball. It contains two large divisions of land, called Continents. One lies in the east, and is called the Eastern Continent. The other lies in the west, and is called the Western Continent. These two continents are separated on one side by the broad Atlantic Ocean, and on the other by the Pacific, which is still broader. The map given above shows these continents and oceans. 2. The United States, in which we live, is part of 6 FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO. ]S"orth America, and lies in the "Western Continent. Eu- rope, Asia, and Africa, form the Eastern Continent. Those who want to go from one continent to the other, have to sail many miles, across either the Atlantic or the Pacific. 3. ISTow, our gallant sailors think nothing of making such a voyage. But there was a time when even the bravest were afraid to venture far out upon the ocean. Their vessels were not so large or so well shaped as ours ; and they feared, if they went too far away from land, they w^ould never find the way back. 4. Four hundred years ago, men did not know so much about the Earth as they do now. They thought that it was flat, instead of round. They knew nothing of the Western Continent. They were afraid of the broad ocean. They supposed that those who kept saihng west would either reach the end of the Earth and fall off, or meet with dreadful gales and whirlpools. Some thought that the unknown waters to the west were filled with frightful monsters, and that it was wicked to try to sail there. So they left the Atlantic mostly unexplored. The farthest land that was known toward the west was the isl- ands called the A-zores', about 800 miles west of Portugal. 5. Four hundred years ago, the land we inhabit looked very different from what it now does. There were no great cities in it then ; no large farms, with fields of wav- ing grain ; no comfortable houses, with smoke curling up from their chimney-tops ; no horses or cattle in the mead- ows; no fences, no bridges, no roads; no steamboats or saihng-vessels on the rivers ; no white men, to give life to the whole. 6. In place of these, there were giant trees, thick woods, and rolling prairies. Deer, bears, and wolves. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 7 abounded. There were fair streams, but no signs of life on them except the busy beaver. Here and there was a rude hut, covered with bark or skins ; and dark, half- naked figures stole through the tangled brush-wood. 7. And what has so changed the appearance of the country ? — Its discovery by Europeans. They found it a fruitful and pleasant land. They came over to it in great numbers. They cut down the woods, laid out farms, tilled the soil, and built villages and cities. They made the wilderness blossom like the rose. 8. But the Western Continent might have remained unlvnown to Europeans till this day, had it not been for the genius of one man. That great man, the discoverer of America, was Christopher Columbus. LESSON II. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 1. Colviinbus was born at Gen^o-a, in Italy, a coun- try of Europe. His parents were poor, but had him well instructed. At an early age he went to sea, and visited various countries. On one occasion, the ship on which he served took fire, and lie had to throw himself into the sea and swim for his life. 2. After making many voyages, Columbus became convinced that the Earth was round, and that by saiHng west he would finally reach land. If you mark an orange, and place your finger on the opposite side, you will reach the mark whichever way you carry your finger round. So Columbus thought that by sailing west he would arrive at Asia, just as certainly as he would by 8 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. [1474 going east. He knew nothing of the Western Conti- nent ; but he supposed that Asia extended much farther east than it does, and he determined to try to reach it by launching out on the unexplored ocean. 3. The Azores, as we have said, were the most westerly land known at that day. Now, after a violent west wind, trees torn up by the roots w^ere sometimes washed on these islands. The bodies of two men, very different in appearance from the people of Europe and Africa, had also been thrown there. These facts con- firmed Columbus in his belief, and made him still more anxious to set out on a voyage of discovery. 4. But where was he to get the means ? He was poor, and had no ships of his own. He could only lay his plans before the different powers of Europe, and implore their aid. First he tried his countrymen, the Genoese, but without success. Then he went to Portugal. The King of this country listened to his arguments ; but, wishing to have the honor of the discovery all to himself, he basely deceived Columbus, and sent out a vessel on the proposed course under another commander. The expedition, how- ever, failed, as it deserved to do. 5. Columbus next turned to Spain, which was then ruled by the famous Ferdinand and his wife Isabella. He had by this time become so poor that on his way to the court he had to beg for bread for himself and his little son. On his arrival, he found the King and Queen engaged in a great war with the Moors. They had no time to listen to a poor sailor whom every one laughed at. Still Columbus would not give up. Full of his great idea, he waited for a more favorable time, supporting himself by making maps and charts. 6. At last he obtained the ear of Ferdinand, and 1491] COLUMBUS BEFORE THE COUNCIL. 9 pleaded his cause so earnestly that be almost convinced the King. But the long war had exhausted the royal treasur}^, and money was too scarce to be risked on an uncertainty. So Ferdinand resolved to take the advice of the wise men of his kingdom. Columbus appeared before them at Salamanca, to unfold his cherished plan. 7. Before the Council. — But the wise men of Spain could not believe that a poor sailor knew more than they did. How, they asked, could the Earth be round? If it were, then on the opposite side the rain would fall upward ; trees would grow with their branches down ; and every thing would be topsy-turvy. Objects on its surface would certainly fall off the opposite side ; and, if a ship by sailing west got around there, it would never be able to climb up the side of the Earth and get back again. How could a ship sail up-hill ? 8. Such was the reasoning of the \vise men. By their advice, the King refused to furnish Columbus the ships he wanted. Who can describe his disappointment, after waiting so many years ? There was yet one chance. Per- haps Queen Isabella would listen to him with more favor. He obtained an interview with her. Alas ! she too was persuaded to refuse him. 9. Ahnost in despair, Columbus was on the point of quitting Spain forever, when a message from Isabella recalled him to court, with the glad tidings that the Queen had changed her mind. She had determined to fit out three vessels fol' the enterprise, even if she had to pledge her jewels to raise the necessary money. 10 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. [1491 LESSON III. THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. 1. Spanish Ships, — On the opposite page is a pict- ure of three ships in the time of Columbns, with a portrait of the great discoverer himself. They look quite different from vessels of the present day. The hulls are much higher out of the water than those of modern ships, and not so sharp in front. The rigging, too, is different. You see a little round box near the top of the foremast. Here a sailor was stationed to keep a lookout ; and in battle men were placed there to shoot those who appeared on the ene- my's deck. 2. First Voyage of Columbus. — With three such ships, two of which had no decks, Columbus set out on his voyage of discovery. So dangerous was it considered, that he could hardly get sailors enough to man his vessels. At last ninety men were obtained, and with these he sailed from Palos \^2^ah'los\ a Spanish port, on the 3d of August, 1492. Columbus was now fifty-seven years old. 3. After stopping at the Canary Islands, to repair one of their vessels, Columbus and his men stood out boldly to the west on the great ocean. Day after day they kept on their course, with nothing in sight but the sky and the sea. The sailors looked out anxiously for land ; but, as none appeared, they became terribly frightened, and wanted to turn back. This Columbus would not do. He set before them the glory they would gain if they succeeded, and the anger of Queen Isabella if they should return contrary to his ^vishes. But, as time wore on, they became more and more alarmed. They feared they would 1492] THE VOYAGE. 11 never find the way home. Tliey even talked of throwing Columbus overboard, and taking the ship back to Spain themselves. 4. At last Columbus had to promise that if land was not discovered within three days he would return. How anx- iously he watched during that time, and how high his heart beat with hope when signs of land actually appeared ! The water grew shal- lower. Flocks of little birds came round the vessels. A 12 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. [1492 branch bearing fresh berries was found floating on the sea. A close watch was kept. Two hours after midnight, on the 12th of October, a jojful cry of '' Land ! land ! " was heard from one of the vessels. It was echoed on the others. The sailors were now frantic with delight. They were ready to worship Columbus, whom a little while be- fore they had talked of throwing into the sea. 5. When day dawned, the land was plainly seen. A pleasant land it was. There were gay flowers, and tall trees with leaves and fruit such as they had never seen before. On the shore were unclad copper-colored men, gazing in wonder at the Sj^anish ships. They took the ships for great birds, the white sails for their wings, and the Spaniards for superior beings brought down from Heaven on their backs. 6. Columbus and his men hastened to land. Kneel- ing, they kissed the earth, and returned thanks for their successful voyage. Then Columbus took possession of the country in the name of the King and Queen of Spain. 7. The land thus discovered was one of the Ba-ha'ma Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean, between [N'orth and South America. He named it San SalVa-dor. Thinking that he was now in the East Indies, he called the natives Indians. All the islands of this region are still known as the West Indies. 8. Discovery of Cuba.— Columbus soon left San Salvador, to make further discoveries, in the course of which he touched at Cu'ba and Haiti [Jia'te]. At the latter island he lost one of his ships, and left some of his men as a colony. After collecting specimens of the pro- ductions, and inducing several of the natives to embark with him, he set out to retrace his course to Spain. 1493] LATER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. 13 9. On the return voyage, a terrific storm arose. Fear- ing shipwreck, Columbus wrote an account of his dis- coveries, and sealed it up in a cask, which he threw into the sea, hoping that if he and his men were lost it would be picked up and made known to the world. But it was not God's will that he should perish thus. His shij)s, though shattered, brought him safe to port. He landed amid the firing of cannon, and hastened to bear the news of his success to Ferdinand and Isabella. Thousands crowded around him on his journey to court. The streets and windows were lined with people, and the Indians he had brought with him were looked at with as much wonder as if they had come from the moon. With no less wonder did they gaze at the strange scenes about them. 10. Remember the date of the discovery of America — October 12, 1192. LESSON lY. LATER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS.— CABOT. 1. The news of Columbus's discovery threw all Europe into excitement. Wonderful stories were told about the new land in the west. Many believed that gold grew on the trees, and that diamonds were as common there as stones in other countries. Those who had before laughed at Columbus, now thought that their fortunes would be made if they could only get to the land he had discovered. " To the west ! To the west ! " was the cry of every bold navigator that could fit out a vessel. 2. Columbus himself made three more voyages to the western world. On his third voyage, in 1198, he first 14 LATER VOYAGES OF COLUMBUS. [1499 reached the mainland, near the mouth of the 0-ri-no'eo, in South America. 3. Meanwhile murmurs arose among those he had brought out, because they did not find gold so plenty as they had expected. The enemies of Columbus, too, spread false reports about him in Sj^ain. Moved by these stories, and forgetting all he had done, the King and Queen unjustly deprived him of his command ; and his successor went so far as to send him back to Sj)ain in chains. This ingratitude cut Columbus to the heart. He carried his chains around with him wherever he went, and ordered that when he died they should be buried wdth him. Though he proved his innocence, he was never restored to his authority. 4. On his fourth voyagfe^ Columbus, now an old man, was wrecked on the coast of Jamaica. He and his men were thus left at the mercy of the Indians. The In- dians had at first been very friendly ; but during the ab- sence of Columbus the Spaniards had beaten them, forced them to work, and robbed them of their gold. Such treat- ment had awakened a thirst for vengeance. When Co- lumbus was wrecked, therefore, they not only left him and his men to starve, but even threatened to attack them. At this crisis, Columbus saved his party by his knowledge of astronomy. 5. He knew that on a certain night an eclipse of the moon would take place. Collecting the natives around him shortly before the time, he told them tha the Great Spirit was angry because they would not aid the Span- iards, and that he would cover his face from them that very night. The moon gradually became dark ; and the natives, believing that God was thus showing his displeas- ure, fell on their knees, promised Columbus abundant 1506] THE CABOTS. I5 supplies, and prayed that he would ask the Great Spirit to show his face once more. When the eclipse was over, they kept their word. With their help, Columbus suc- ceeded in getting back to Haiti. 6. On his return to Spain, Columbus found that his friend. Queen Isabella, was dead. There was nobody now to do this great man honor. He died in 1506, poor and neglected. Even the continent that he discovered, was called after another. 7. Name of the New World.— Among those who visited the new world shortly after its discovery, was an Italian named Amerigo Yespucci \ah-ma-re' go ves- poot'she]. After his return to Europe, he wrote an ac- count of his voyage, containing a great many interesting but untrue stories. Among other things, he falsely claimed to have reached the mainland before Columbus. His book was read by many, and believed ; and the new world, instead of being named Colutsibia in honor of its real disco-s^erer, was called after this Italian, America. 8. The Cabots. — The hrst navigator that reached Korth America was John Cab'ot, who was in the ser\dce of King Henry YIL, of England. In 1-I9T, about a year before Columbus reached the mainland, Cabot explored the coast of Newfoundland. He found a cold and barren shore, very different from the pleasant land that Columbus had described. 9. The first turkeys that were ever seen in Europe were taken over by Cabot on his return. His son Sebas- tian soon after made several voyages to the new world, and touched at different points of the coast as far south as North CaroHna, taking possession of the country in behalf of the King of England. 16 BALBOA. [1513 LESSON V. BALBOA.— MAGELLAN.— COR TEZ.