o »J V C~ '<^>cV -^ ^^ O « O " ^* ^^"/i^^Sfe"^ v^' ' .V .0 .0 , * • • ' '^^ .*'>'^ ^;. v.. ^**- ^ ^ '" • * * ^^ ^ ^^ r»^ - o " » - "* ^. 4 .»* ^0' * >.^ ^ A^"- ^^-^^^ 3-^ . o « a T .^•^' X 1-0^ *bV" '^0^ The Times of the Rebellion IN THE WEST: A COLLECTION OF MISCELLANIES,, Showing the part taken in the War by each Western State- Notices of Eminent Officers — Descriptions of Prominent Battles — Conspiracies in the West to aid the Rebel- lion — Incidents of Guerrilla and Border War- fare — Individual Adventures — Anecdotes Illustrating the Heroism of West- ern Soldiers, Etc., Etc., Etc. ILLUSTRATED BY LARGE BOLD ENGRAVINGS.' ^ By HENRY'HOWE. CINCINNATI: No. Ill Main Street, HOWE'S SUBSCRIPTION BOOK CONCERN. ESTABLISHED BY HENRY HOWE IX 1847. y. A. HOWK, Proprietok. IIEXRY HOWE, Manaobb. 1867. Ei+70 ■ 'i .H?c Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1867 By F. a. HOWE, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio. Introduction A few words only are necessary to introduce this collection to the reader, for the title page gives a gen- eral idea of its intent and scope. The literature of the Rebellion already large, will for many years continue to receive important accessions. ' This collection contains many of the minor matters ^- which we all like to see preserved, and which will not find a place in general history. Yet they are import- ant in refreshing our memories of those troublous times which entered so Avidely and thrillingly into our general experience. The heroic part borne by the people of the West, in extinguishing the gigantic rebellion entered into to destroy our Union, requires no encomium here. It is partly illustrated in these pages. To do so fully would require volumes. Contents. Tb: PAGE ES OF THE Rebellion in Ohio, 7 " '* West Virginia, ------ 35 " " Indiana, 51 " " Kentucky, - .. gy " " Illinois, 121 " " Michigan, 155 " " Wisconsin, 171 " " Minnesota, 185 " " Iowa, 193 " " Missouri, - 211 " " Kansas, 245 ENGRAVINGS, Union Family Fleeing from Guerrillas, . - . . Frontispiece. The Squirrel Hunters of Ohio and Indiana Crossing the Pontoons at Cincinnati, 10 Averill's Eaid, ■ 44 Volunteers of Indiana Swearing to Remember Buena Vista, - - 53 The People of Louisville, principally Women and Children, driven out of the City by the Order of General Nelson, encamping on the Banks of the Ohio, 95 Funeral of Abraham Lincoln at Springfield, 128 Capture of Jefferson Davis by the Michigan Cavalry, - - - - 162 Porter's Gunboats Passing the Red River Dam, 172 Identification of Sioux Murderers by a Boy Survivor op the Massacre, 182 Volunteers of Iowa Raising the American Flag over the new Capitol AT Columbia, South Carolina, 200 Massacre at Lawrence, Kans^vs, 234 THE TIMES OP THE REBELLION IN OHIO. No state has more cause to be gratified with her record during the life and death struggle of the nation than Ohio. Her sons have been among the bravest in the field, and the wisest in the council. Her patriotic governors, who have ever given such a warm support to all measures affecting the public good, and the cabinet ofiicer, who so wisely devised means for furnishing the sinews of war, have rendered service not less efficient than that of her generals, who have marshaled vast armies, and achieved great victories. But not less honor is due to those who, with their bayonets in the field, and their ballots at home, have done so much for the union and perpetuity of our government. How freely she contributed blood and treasure is manifest from the following facts. At the beginning of 1865, she had 100,000 men en- listed in the military service of the general government; and the grand total furnished, from the beginning of the war, then amounted to 3-46.326. The total loss of Ohio soldiers to January, 1805, was estimated at 30,000. The state pays one tenth of the internal revenue tax. For the year ending Isovember 1, 1805, this was placed at $24,000,000. The total landed pi^operty in the state was, in value, exclusive of town lots, $500,000,000, divided among 277,000 owners. The early dixjs of the rebellion were marked, in Ohio, by the same features of enthusiastic uprising of the people as in the other loyal states : but it was not until the last days of the summer of 1862, that the sensation of danger from the presence of the enemy on her soil was experienced. This was the threatened invasion of Cincinnati by Kirby 8mith. TriE Siege of Cincinnati. — After the unfortunate battle of Eich- mond, on the 29th of August, Kirby Smith, with his 15,000 rebel vet- erans, advanced into the heart of Kentucky, took possession of Lex- ington. Frankfort, and Maysville. Bragg, with his large army, was then crossing the Kentucky line ; while Morgan, with his guerrilla cavalry, was already joined to Smith. Pondrous-proportioned Hum- phrey Marshall was also busy swelling the rebel ranks with reci'uits from the fiery young Kentuckians. Affairs looked threateningly on the border. tj 3 TIMES OF THE REBELLION General Lewis "Wallace was at once placed in command at Cincin nati, by order of Major-General "Wright. Soon as he arrived in the city, on Thursday, the 4th of September, he put Cincinnati, and the two cities on the Kentucky side of the Ohio, Newport and Covington, under marshal law, and, within half an hour of his arrival, he issued a proclamation suspending all business, stopping the ferry-boats from plying the river, and summoning all citizens to enrol themselves for defense. It was most effective. It totally closed business, and sent every citizen,' without distinction, to the ranks or into the trenches. Nor was it needless, for the enemy, within a few days thereafter, ad- vanced to within five miles of the city, on the Kentucky side, and skirmished with our outposts. A painter, of the time, draws this pic- ture of the events. The ten days ensuing will be forever memorable in the annals of the city of Cin- cinnati. The cheerful alacrity with which the people rose en masse to swell the ranks and crowd into the trenches was a sight worth seeing. Of course, there were a few timid creatures who feared to obey the summons. Sudden illness overtook some. Others were hunted up by armed men with fixed bayonets; fer- reted from back kitchens, garrets and cellars where they were hiding. One peace- fully excited individual was found in his wife's clothes, scrubbing at the wash-tub. He was put in one of the German working parties, who received him with shouts of laughter. The citizens thus collected were the representatives of of all classes and many nativities. The man of money, the man of law, the merchant, the artist, and the artisan swelled the lines, hastening to the scene of action, armed either with mus- ket, pick or spade. But the pleasantest and most picturesque sight of those remarkable days was the almost endless stream of sturdy men who rushed to the rescue from the rural districts of the state. These were known as the ^' squirrel-hunteis." They came in files, numbering thousands upon thousands, in all kinds of costumes, and armed with all kinds of fire-arms, but chiefly the deadly rifle, which they knew so well how to use. Old men, middle-aged men, and often mere boys, like the "minute men" of the old Revolution, they dropped all their peculiar avocations, and with their leathern pouches full of bullets, and their oxhorns full of powder, by every railroad and by-way, in such numbers that it seemed as if the whole State of Ohio were peo- pled only with hunters, and that the spirit of Daniel Boone stood upon the hills opposite the town beckoning them into Kentucky. The pontoon bridge over the Ohio, which had been begun and completed be- tween sundown and sundown, groaned day and night with the perpetual stream of of life, all setting southward. In three days, there were ten miles of intrench- ments lining the Kentucky hills, making a semi-circle from the river above the city to the banks of the river below; and these were thickly manned, from end to end, and made terrible to the astonished enemy by black and frowning cannon. General Ileth, with his 15,000 veterans, flushed with their late success at Rich- mond, drew up before these formidable preparations, and d6emed it prudent to take the matter into serious consideration, before making thg attack. Our men were eagerly awaiting their approach, thousands in rifle-pits and ten3 of thousands along the whole line of fortifications, while our scouts and pickets were skirmishing with their outposts in the plains in front. Should the foe make a sudden dash and carry any point of our lines, it was thought by some that nothing would prevent them from entering Cincinnati. But for this, provision was also made. The city, above and below, was well- {>rotected by a flotilla of gun-boats, improvised from the swarm of steamers which ay at the wharves. The shrewd leaders of the rebel army were probably kept well-posted, by traitors within our own lines, in regard to the reception prepared for them, and taking advantage of the darkness of night and the violence of a IN OHIO. 9 thunder storm, made a hasty and ruinous retreat. Wallace was anxious to follow, and was confident of success, but was oveiTuled by those higher in authority. To the above general view of the siege, we contibute our individual ex|ierienee. Such an experience of the entire war in a diary by a citizen, of the genius of Defoe, would outlive a hundred common his- tories ; centuries hence be jjreserved among the choice collections of American historic literature. It would illustrate, as nothing else could, the inner life of our people in this momentous period — their varying emotions and sentiments ; their surprise and indignation at the trea- son to the beautiful country of their love ; their never-equaled patri- otism and generosity; their unquenchable hope; the almost despair that, at times, settled upon them, when all seemed but lost, through the timidity and irresolution of weak generals in the field; the in- trigues and intended ti'cachery of demagogues at home. Then the groping forward, like children in the dark, of millions of \oja\ hearts for some mighty arm to guide ; some mighty intellect to reveal and thus relieve the awful suspense as to the future ; as though any mere man had an attribute that alone is of God. Finally, through the agony of sore adversities came the looking upward to the only power that could help. Thus the religious instincts became deepened. Vis- ions of the higher life, dwarfed the large things of this : and through faith came greater blessings, than the wisest among the good had hoped. On the morning the city was put under martial law, I found the streets full of armed police in army blue, and all, without respect to age, compelled to report at the headquarters of their respective districts for enrolment. An unwilling cli'i- zen, seeing the bayonet leveled at him, could but yield to the inexorable logic of military despotism. It was perilous to walk the streets without a pass. At every corner stood a sentinel. The colored men were roughly handled by the Irish police. From hotels and barber shops, in the midst of their labors, these helpless people were pounced upon and often bareheaded and in shirtsleeves, just as seized, driven in squads, at the point of the bayonet, and gathered in vacant yards and guarded. What rendered this act more than ordinarily atrocious was, that they, through their head men, had, at the first alarm, been the earliest to volunteer their services to our mayor, for the defense of our common homes. It was a sad sight to see human beings treated like reptiles. The undying hate of a low Irishman to an oppressed race is but a measure of his own degradation and vileness. Enrolled in companies, we were daily drilled. One of these, in our ward, was composed of old men, termed " Silver Grays." Among its members were the ven- erable Judge Leavitt of the United States Supreme Court, and other eminent citi- zens. Grandfathers were seen practicing the manual, and lifting alternate feet to the cadence of mark-time. At this stage of affairs, the idea that our colored citizens possessed warlike qualities was a subject for scoffing; the scoffers forgetting that the race in ances- tral Africa including even the women had been in war since the days of Ham; strangely oblivious also to the fact that our foreign born city police could only by furious onslaughts, made Avith Hibernian love of the thing, quell the frequent pug- nacious outbreaks of the crispy-haired denisons of our own Bucktown. From this view, or more probably a delicate sentiment of tenderness, instead of being armed and sent forth to the dangers of the battle, they were consolidated into a peacel'ul brisrade of workers in the trenches back of Newport, under the philan- thropic guidance of the Hon. Wm. M. Dickson. The daily morning march of the corps down Broadway to labor was a species of the mottled picturesque. At their head was the stalwart, manly form of the land- IQ TIMES OF THE REBELLION lord of the Dumas house. Starting back on the honest, substantial, coal-black foundation, all shades of color were exhibited, degenerating out through successive gradations to an ashy white; the index of Anglo-saxon fatherhood of the chival- rous American type. Arrayed for dirt-work in their oldest clothes ; apparently the fags of every conceivable kind of cast-off, kicked about and faded out garments; crownless and lop-eared hats, diverse boots; with shouldered pick, shovel and hoe; this merry, chattering, piebald, grotesque body, shuffled along amid grins and jeers, reminding us of the ancient nursery distich: " Hark ! hark I hear the dogs bark, The beggars are coming to town, Some in rags, some in tags, And some in velvet gowns." Tuesday night, September 9th, 1862, was starlight; the air soft and balmy* With others, 1 was on guard at an improvised armory, — the old American Express buildings, on Third-street near Broadway. Three hours past midnight, from a sig- nal-tower three blocks east of us, a rocket suddenly shot high in the air; then the fire-bell pealed an alarm. All was again quiet. Half an hour passed. Hurrying footsteps neared us. They were those of the indefatigable, public-spirited John D. C. "Kirby Smith," said he, quickly, " is advancing on the city. The military are to muster on the landing and cross the river at sunrise." Six o'clock struck as 1 entered my own door. The good woman was up. The four little innocents — two of a kind — were asleep; in the bliss of ignorance, happy in quiet slumber. A few moments of hurried preparation, and t was ready for the campaign. The provisions these: a heavy blanket-shawl; a few good cigars; a haversack loaded with eatables, and a black bottle of medicinal liquid — cherry bounce, very choice. As I stepped out on the pavement, my neighbor did the same. He, too, was oflf for the war. At each of our adjoining chamber-windows, stood a solitary female. Neither could see the other though not ten feet apart: a wall intervening. Sad- ness and merriment were personitied. Tears bedewed and apprehension elongated the face of the one. Laughter dimpled and shortened the face of the other. The one thought of her protector as going forth to encounter the terrors of battle : vis- ions of wounds and death were before her. The other thought of hers with only a prospect of a little season of rural refreshment on the Kentucky hills, to return in safety with an app«tite ravenous as a wolf 's for freshly-dug pink-eyes, and Beres- ford's choice cuts. We joined our regiment at the landing. This expanse of acres was crowded with armed citizens, in companies and regiments. Two or three of our frail, egg- ehell river steamers, converted into gun-boats, were receiving from drays bales of hay for bulworks. The pontoon was a moving panorama of newly made warriors, and wagons of munitions hastening southward. Back of the plain of Covington and Newport, rose the softly-rounded hills: beyond these were our blood thirsty foe. Our officers tried to maneuver our regiment. They were too ignorant to ma- neuver themselves: it was like handling a rope of sand. Drums beat; fifea squeaked, and we crossed the pontoon. The people of Covington filled their doorways and windows to gaze at the passing pageant. To my fancy, they looked scowlingly. No cheers, no timiles greeted us. It was a staring silence. The rebel army had been largely recruited from the town. March! march! march! We struck the hills. The way up seemed intermin- able. 'J'he broiling September sun poured upon us like a furnace. The road was an ash heap. Clouds of limestone dust whitened us like millers, filling our nos- trils and throats with impaljiable powder. 'J'iie cry went up, water I water! Lit- tle or none was to be had. The unusual excitement and exertion told upon me. Years before, I had, bearing my knapsack, performed pedestrian tours of thous- ands of miles. Had twice walked across New York; once from the Hudson to the lake : in the hotest of summer liad footed it from Itichmond to Lynsh-" burg. No forty or fifty miles a day had ever wilted me like this march of only four. But my muscles had been relaxed by years of continuous office labor. I had been on my feet on guard duty all night. Everything unaccustomed I had IN OHIO. IX about me felt heavy; my musket, my blanket-shawl, my haversack; all hut my black buttle. Kcluctantly I drew on my reserve, making the bottle still lighter. The reminiscence to this hour is to me, a bronchial benetit. Near tlic top of the hills, some 500 feet above the Ohio level, our regiment halted, when our officers galloped ahead. We broke ranks and laid down under the wayside fence. Five minutes elapsed. Back cantered the cortege. "Fall into line I Fall into line ! Quick, men I " was the ci-y. They rode among us. Our colonel exclaimed — "you are now going into battle 1 The enemy are advanc- ing! You will receive sixty rounds of cartridges ! Do your duty, men ! do your duty ! " I fancied it a ruse to test our courage : and so experienced a .sense of shame. 1 looked upon the men around me. Not a word was spoken : not one smiled. No visible emotion of any kind appeared, only weary faces, dirty, sweaty and blowsy with the burning heat. 1 dropped my cartridges into my haversack along with my bread and butter. Our captain, in his musical, pleasant voice, gave us instructions, though he had never studied Vauban. Gentleviail these cartridges are 2)ecii liar ; you put the ball in iirst, and the powder on top I " .Some one whispered in his ear. " Genile- men," he again exclaimed, with a significant scowl and a shake of the head, "I was mistaken: you must put the powder in first and the ball on top." We did 80. We had elected Billy captain lor he was genial and of a good himily. We again shuffled upward. Suddenly as tlie drawing up of a curtain, a fine, open, rolling country with undulating ravines burst upon us. Two or three farm mansions, with half-concealing foliage and corn-Iields appeared in the distance; beyond, a mile away, the fringed line of a forest; above, a cloudless sky and a noonday sun. The road we were on penetrated these woods. Jn these were con- cealed the unknown thousands of our war-hardened, desperate foe. On the summit of the hills we had so laboriously gained, defending the ap- proach by the road, ran our line of earthworks. On our right a few rods, was Fort iMitchell; to our left, for hundreds of yards, rifle-pits. The fort and pits were filled with armed citizens; and a regiment or two of green soldiers in their new suits. Vociferous cheers greeted our appearing. "How are you, II.?" struck my attention. It was the cheerful voice of a tall, slender gentleman in glasses who does my legal business. Turning off to the left into the fields in front of these, and away beyond, we halted an hour or so in line of battle, the nearest regiment to the enemy. We waited in expectation of an attack, too exhausted to fight, or, perhaps, even to run. Thence we moved back into an orchard, behind a r.ail fence, on I'ather low ground ; our lelt, and the extreme left of all our forces, resting on a farm-house. Uur p»io- ncers went to work strengthening our permanent position, cutting down brush and small trees, and piling them against the fence. Here, we were in plain view, a raile in front, of the ominous forest. When night came on, in caution, our camp- fires were extinguished. We slept on hay in the open air, with our loaded mus- kets by our sides, and our guards and pickets doubled. At 4 o'clock reveille sounded, and we were up in line. I then enjoyed what I had not before seen in years — the first coming on of morning in the country. Most of the day we were in line of battle, behind the fence. Kegiments to the right of us ; and more in the ritle-pits farther on, and beyond, it seemed a mile to the right, the artillerists in Fort ilitchell — all those on hills above us, also stood waiting lor the enemy. Constant picket-tiring was going on in front. The rebels Vwere feeling our lines. Pop! pop! pop! one — two — three, then half a dozen in quick succession: followed by a lull with intervals of three or four minutes, broken perhaps by a solitary pop. Again continuous pops, like afeit-dejoie, with another lull : and so on through the long hours. Some of our men were wounded, and others, it was reported, killed. With the naked eye we caught occasional glimpses of the skirmishers, in a corn-field near the woods. With a glass a man by ray side said he saw the butternut-colored garments of the foe. Toward evening a furious thunder storm drove us to our tents of blankets, and brushwood bovvers. It wet us through, and destroyed the cartridges in our cotton haversacks. Just as the storm was closing, a tremendous fusilade on our right, and the cries of our officers, " iAe enemy are upon us; turn out! turn outl'^ . 12 TIMES OF THE REBELLION brouccht us to the fence again. The rebels, we thou.2;ht, had surprised us and would be dashing down in a moment with their cavah-y through the orchard in our rear. Several of our companies fired off their muskets in that direction, and to the manifest danger of a line of our own sentinels. Ours held fast. It was a false alarm, and arose in the 110th Ohio, camped on the hill to our right. You may ask what my sensations as I thus stood, back to the fence, with up- lifted musket in expectant attitude? To be honest — my teeth chattered uncon- ' trollably. I never boasted of courage. Drenched to the marrow by the cold rain, T was shivering before the alarm. 1 reasoned in this way : " Our men are all raw ; our officers in the doughy condition. We are armed with the old, condemned Austrian rifle. Not one in ten can be discharged. All my reading in history has ground the fact into me, that militia, situated like us, are worthless when attacked by veterans. An hundred experienced cavalrymen, dashing down with drawn sabers, revolvers and secesh yells will scatter us in a twinkling. When the others run, — and I know they will, I won't. I'll drop beside this fence, simulate death, and open an eye to the culminating circumstances." I was not aching for a tight Ambitious youths going in on their muscles, alas ! — are apt to come out on their backs. Unlike Xorval, I could not say ; " I had heard of battles and longed To follow to the field some warlike t/iop." When at school, I never fought excepting when my pugnacity was aroused on seeing large boys tyrannize over small ones. I never slew anything larger than a a cat,"which had scratched me; and at this, as soon as done, 1 child like, as child I was, repenting, sat down and cried. I am soft-hearted as my uncle Toby with the fly — " Go, poor devil! the world is large enough for both you and I." To pit my valuable life against one of these low southern whites; half animals, fierce as hyenas, degraded as Serbs, appeared a manifest incongruity. It never seemed so philn before. It was tackling the beast in the only point where he was strong, and in one where I was weak. Some things were revealed to me by this soldier-life. The alarming rumora current. The restraints upon one's liberty ; imprisoned within the lines of the regiment. The sensation of being ordered around by small men in high places; and despicable in any. The waste of war; piles of bread, water-soaked by rain into worthless pulp. Tlie vacuity of mind from the want of business for continu- ous thought. The picturesque attitudes of scores of men sleeping on heaps of straw, seen by the uncertain light of night. The importance of an officer's horse beyond that of a common soldier, shown by the refusal of hay on which to sleep on the night of our arrival, because the colonel's beast wanted it. Didn't our good mother earth furnish a bed? In our company were three of us, — W. J. R, S. D., and IT. H. — not relatives in any way, who, in a New England city, distant nearly a thousand miles, had, over thirty years before been school-mates. It illustrated a peculiar phase of Ameri- can habits. We had some odd characters. Among us Gentiles, was a large shoal of Jews caught at last by the remorseless net of universal con- scription. Feeding and fattening in the disturbed currents of the times, all their wriggling to escape excited no sympathy. Our fifer, a short, square-built, warm- faced man, had been in the r>ritish Army— had seen service in Afghanistan, the other side of the globe. Another, a(Jcrman lieutenant, had experience of war in our country — was at Shiloh. lie was imaginative. I talked with him in the night. To my query of the probability of a night attack, he replied, "yes ! the secesh al- ways attack in that way." Fast midnight, as he was going the rounds of the pick- ets as officer of the guard, he saw crouching in the shadow of a ravine a large body of rebels, lie ran to headquarters and aroused our colonel and staff; but when they arrived at the seeing point, lo! the foe had vanished. A fat, gray- headed captain with protuberant abdomen, came to me soon after our arrival and with an impressive countenance discoursed of the perils of our position. In this, I quite agreed with him. Then putting his band to his stomach and giving his head a turn to one side, after the usual manner of invalids in detailing their woes, IN OHIO. 13 he uttered in lugubrious tones — " T am very sick : the march over has been too much for me : 1 feel a severe attack of my old complaint, cholera morbus coming on." After this, I missed him. He had got a permit from the surgeon and re- turned home to be nursed. Our medical man, Dr. 1^, was old Virginia born; and I had, notwithstanding his generous qualities, suspected him of secesh sympa- thies. I wish to be charitable, but 1 must say this confirmed my suspicion: it was evident he wished to get the fighting men out of the way ! Saturday noon, the 13th, we began our return march. The militia were no longer needed ; for the rebels had fallen back, and thousands of regular soldiers had been pouring into the city and spreading over the hills. Our return was an ovation. The landing was black with men, women and children. We re-crossed the pontoon amid cheers and the boom of cannon. Here, on the safe side of the river, the sick captain, now recovered, joined his regiment. With freshly-shaven face, spotless collar and bright uniform he appeared, like a bandbox soldier among dust-covered warriors. Escaping our perils, he shared our glories as, with drawn sword, he strutted through street after street amid cheers of the multitude, smiles of admiring women, and waving of 'kerchiefs. Weary and dirt-begrimmed, we were, in a tedious, circuitous march, duly shown otf by our officers to all their lady acquaintances, until niglit came to our relief, kindly covered us with her mantle, and stopped the tom-foolery. The lambs led forth to slaughter, thus re- turned safely to their folds, because the butchers hadn't come. morgan's raid into OHIO. \y. In the year following, 1863, Ohio was invaded by the guerrilla chief, John Morgan. He crossed from Kentucky into Indiana with a cavalry force of about 4000, and moved nearly parallel with the Ohio river. He approached within a few miles of Cincinnati, and caused some lit- tle stir there, but thought it n >t jDrudent to visit the city. He was closely pursued by the federal I'orces. The following are some of the particulars of his march and capture. The only battle worthy of the name took jDlace near BuflSngton Island, where the raiders made an attempt to cross into Virginia, but were prevented by the gun-boats. We j)resent the particulars as pub- lished at the time : Buffington Island lies in the Ohio river, close to the Ohio shore, about thirty- five miles above Pomeroy, and was chosen by the rebels as a place of crossing into Virginia, on account of the shoals between it and Blannerhasset's Island, twenty miles above. Our gun-boats, viz: Moose (flag-boat), Reindeer, Springfield, Naumbeag and Victory, in command of Lieutenant-Commander Le Roy Fitch, were patrolling the river from an accessible point below Ripley to Portsmouth ; but as soon as it was definitely ascertained that Morgan wAs pushing eastward, the Moose, towed by the Imperial, started up stream, followed at proper distances by the other boats. The Moose made the foot of Buffington Island on Saturday night, and remained until next morning, without changing position, on account of a dense fog. The rebel force made the shore opposite, and above the island, as before stated, at two o'clock, and took position, under cover of artillery, in an extensive corn and wheat field, skirted by hills and woods on its north and east sides. The po- sion was a good one, and might have been held to advantage for a much longer time than it was, but for the co-operation of the gun-boat Moose, the only one of the fleet which arrived in time to participate. The Fight. — The rebels had their artillery placed on the highest elevation on the east and completely commanded the Pomeroy road, over which Gen. Judah's force came filing along, unaware of the close proximity of the enemy. It should be noted here, that the old stage road to Pomeroy, over which Morgan came, and the lower road traveled by Judah met in an acute angle three quarters of a mile 14 TIMES OF THE REBELLION from the battle-field. Our column came along the lower road within range at six o'clock, having marched all night, having started from Pomeroy, and was not aa fresh by five or six hours' rest as the enemy. The rebels met us in solid column, and moved in battalions, and at the first fire repulsed our advance, which was too far ahead to be assisted by our artillery. This was the best opportunity they had to make a successful fight, but we fell back to bring forward our artillery, and the enemy did not seem to care to follow up the advantage. During this encounter, Capt. Jno. J. Grafton, of Gen. Judah's staff, became separated from the advance and narrowly escaped capture, by shoot- ing the I'ebel cavalryman who seized him. He was dismounted, and being left on the ground, made his way with considerable difficulty to the river, where he hailed the Moose and got aboard. Meantime the tight progressed, but in a desultory man- ner, until our artillery get into position, and our lines were drawn closely around the enemy. A furious onset was made on our side, and the enemy was driven over the field eastward, and sought the shelter of the woods beyond. Co-operation of the Gun-boat. — No more fortunate circumstance could have transpired for the union force than the escape of Captain Grafton to the gun-boat Moose, for he pointed out to Lieutenant-Commander Fitch the exact position of the rebels, and enabled that officer to so direct his guns as to throw shell in their very midst. The Moose is armed with twenty-four pounder Dahlgren guns — the most accurate and effective gun in the service for operation against exposed bodiea of men — and on this occasion the weapon did not belie its character. A dense fog, however, prevailed, which prevented Lieut. Fitch doing as great execution in the rebel works as he desired; but his shots from the larboard and forward guns told, and an extensive scattering took place. The Moose opened at seven o'clock, and as the rebels were driven she kept steadily moving up stream, throwing shell and shrapnel over the heads of our lads into the ranks of the enemy. It now became evident that the rebels were being pressed in all directions, and that hard fighting would not save them from destruction. A simultaneous rush was then made for the river, and throwing away arms and even clothing, a large body ran down to the shore, some with horses and some without, and plunged into the stream. The point chosen to efi'ect the crossing was one mile and a half above the head of Buffington Island, and the movement would undoubtedly have been attended with considerable success but for the presence and performance of the gun-boat. The crossing was covered by a twenty-pounder Parrott and a twelve-pound howitzer dragged into position by the rebels in their hasty retreat, but before the guns could be loaded and sighted the bow guns of the Moose opened on the rebel guns and drove the gunners away, after which the pieces were captured. Some twenty or thirty men only succeeded in crossing into Virginia at this point. Several were killed in the water, and many returned to the shore. While this was transpiring on the river, the roar of battle was still raging on the shore and back into the country. Basil Duke, under whose generalship the fight was conducted, was evidently getting the worst of it, and his wearied gang of horse-thieves, cut-throats and nondescripts began to be- think them only of escape. Many threw down their arms, were taken prisoners and sent to the rear. Others sought the shelter of trees, or ran wildly from one point to another, and thus exposed themselves far more to the dea Uy chances of the field than if they had displayed courage and stood up to the fight. The scene of the battle was one of the most composite, perhaps, in the pano- rama of the war. The rebels were dressed in every possible manner peculiar to civilized man, but generally speaking their attire was very good. They wore in many instances large slouch hats peculiar to the slave states, and had their panta- loons stuck in tlirir boots. A dirty, gray-colored coat was tbe most prevaleht, al- thou'j;!i white "dusters" were to be seen. They were armed with carbines, Enfield rifles, sabers and revolvers, were well- mounted and looked in good liealth, although jaded and tired. The battle-field and the roads surrounding it, were strewn with a thousand articles never seen, perhaps, on a battle-field before. One is accustomed to see broken swords, mus kets and bayonets, haversacks, cartridge-boxes, belts, pistols, gun-carriages, cais- IN OHIO. 15 eons, cannon, vrngons upset, wounded, dead and dying on a battle-field, but beside all these on the battlefield of Bufiington Island, one could pick up almost any ar- ticle in the dry goods, hardware, house-furnishing, or ladies' or gentlemen's fur- nishing line. Hats, boots, gloves, knives, forks, spoons, calico, ribbons, drinking- cups, buggies, carriages, market-wagons, circus-wagons, and an almost endless va- riety of articles useful, and more or less valuable. An inventory of Morgan's plunder would tax the patience of an auctioneer's clerk, and 1 question if one man's life would be long enough to minutely catalogue the articles picked up dur- ing his raid. The carnage of the field was not remarkable, although little groups of rebels were found, slain by the deadly fragments of shell. Nearly 1,700 prisoners are now in our hands, under guard of the 8th Michigan cavalry, and others are constantly arriving by our scouts and pursuing parties. Prisoners admit a loss of 200 killed and wounded on the field, while our loss will not exceed a fourth of that number. The saddest incident of the fight is the mortally wounding of Major McCook, father of the lamented Brigadier-General McCook, murdered in the summer of 1862, by guerrillas, in Kentucky. Anotloer writer gives some characteristic incidents of this raid, ■which he derived from Major Eaney, the chief of the party of scouts. Eaney was the Avell-known Cincinnati detective, and, therefore, in the direct line of his profession, though on a somewhat expanded field. At Miamitown, Raney's scouts first came in direct contact with Morgan's men, forming a portion of his advance guard then heading for Cincinnati. Raney had but 23 men, but these were well armed and posted behind trees and fences, so as to command the road for some distance, without being exposed themselves. As soon as the extreme advance came in sight, 23 rifle balls whistled around its head, and stretched 2 men dead, and wounded 3. These were abandoned; but the return volley killed one of Ranej-'s most valuable men, a member of Collins' battalion, 11th Ohio, recruited for Indian service. While the skirmish was going on, a portion of the rebel force was engaged in pillaging the neighborhood, where they got sev- eral hundred dollars in small sums, and a quantity of jewelry and silver spoons. It was not the object nor the business of Raney to fight the rebels, although his ambush certainly turned them from Cincinnati, and as soon as the advance headed ofi" which it did wlien fired upon, the scouts mounted and rode forward to pick up stragL'lers. Three prisoners were taken, among them Lieutenant Kirby of the 10th Kentucky, (rebel.) This chivalrous (?) officer, when taken, swag- gered in true Kentucky blackguard style and riding up to Major Raney, demanded to be treated as a prisoner of war, for he was an officer and a gentleman, and from Kentucky, and was, therefore, entitled to respect, etc., etc. Raney replied that he always treated a n)an as a gentleman until he found him to be otherwise, and al- ways treated a man as iionest until he found him to be a thief; and by way of illustrating his principle, he thrust his hand into Kirby's shirtbosom, and drew out half a dozen pairs of ladies' kid gloves, some ribbon, ladies' silk hose, and some other articles of finery stolen from a store or the wardrobe of a lady of means. The next object of interest encountered by the scouts was an old, feeble man, evidently a discharged soldier, leaning on the arm of a sturdy, sunburned country- man, who, to all appearances, had humanely oifered assistance to the returned veteran. This sham'would have succeeded had not the sunburned countryman looked a trifle too sharp out of the corners of his eyes as he passed. Raney thought he spied the twinkle of a rogue's eye, and he ordered the fellow to be taken in custody, when, upon examination, he proved to be Ike Snow, one of Mor- gan's most valuable and efficient scouts. At Harrison, the rebels were about to set fire to three mills and a distillery, but upon entreaty decided to spare them upon the payment of $1,000 for each build- ing, which was immediately handed over and pocketed by the ubiquitous John. At Sharon, the main body, with which Morgan was riding, stopped and hon- ored a butternut tavern-keeper by 'dt :uia? of Myers with a visit. Morgan or- 16 TIMES OF THE REBELLION dered dinner for himself and staff, but Myers demurred, on the eround that he could not make a fire and cook food for so many in a short time. Morgan i-eplied that he could soon make a fire, and he would see that the cooks were expe- ditious. At this suggestive intimation the host set about dinner with a will, and by way of showing his devotion to his guests, descended to the cellar and brought forth a bottle of old Otard, and pouring out a liberal " smile," asked Morgan to " take a little trink of pranty py way of pitters pefore tinner." Morgan, not ac- customed to be gotten ahead of, said, "Yes, sir, but after you." Myers swallowed half the liquoi', when Morgan also "smiled." Myers continued to make himself agreeable to his guests, and furnished them with all the information they required, together Mnth a fine horse, and upon their departure received two hundred dol- lars in "greenbacks," as a cataplasm for his wounded honor and patriotism, for, be it known, that no one so heartily abused Morgan — after he was gone — as Myers. The most wanton murder, perhaps, perpetrated by Morgan, was that of McDou gal, at Piketon. He with two or three others, were taken prisoners, and as he was the best informed of the party, Morgan ordered him to act as scout, or pilot, for a body of the rebels. McDougal refused and expostulated with the ruffians, but they refused to parley, and pushed him toward a fence where they almost riddled his body with bullets. The arrival at Cincinnati of the prisoners taken in the BufRngton fight is thus given in one of the papers of the day. At 11 A. M., July 2.3d, the rebel oflicers, including Dick Morgan and Basil Duke, •were brought from the steamer Starlight to the foot of Main-street, on one of the ferry-boats. Morgan being wounded, and Duke lame, temporarily, we believe, they were provided with a carriage, while the balance of the officers formed in their rear in two ranks, when the column, strongly guarded, moved through the city to the city prison, on Ninth-street. The boats containing the privates then proceeded down the river to the foot of Fifth-street, where the prisoners were marched to a special train on the Indianapolis and Cincinnati railroad, and sent to Indianapolis. As soon as it was known the boats containing the prisoners had arrived, the le- vee was thronged with men, women and children, anxious to see the noted horse- thieves. Many sympathizers were present, and in several cases undertook to fur- nish their friends with money, refreshments, etc. This pi'oceeding, however, was soon stopped by their arrest. A number of the prisoners being from Covington, their female relations and friends came over in carriages to see them. They were not permitted to communicate M'ith the prisoners, however. A pass from General Burnside admitted us to the temporary enjoyment of the eociety of the rebel officers. Although the prison itself is not a very stronghold, we found the guard sufficient to insure the safety of the captives, for a few days at least. The walls were whitewashed, and they seemed to have been cleaned foi; the occasion. From the accounts we have read of Libby prison, we should judge the city prison, in which we entertain rebel officers, heavenly, compared to it. Kone of them have been hoard to complain about it; but some of them were pre- sumptuous enough to think we ought to furnish them with a keg of lager beer once a day, and other refreshments in addition. The following is a list of the officers: Coh„els.—B. W. Duke, W. \y. Ward, D. N. SmUh, B. 0. Morgan; Lieut.- Col. J. W. Hoffman. Mayard Station this morning, who were captured in the neighborhood by the provost marshal's force. They were taken to Alliance, to be sent from that place to Columbus. Morgan's men were poorly dressed, ragged, dirty, and very badly used up. yome of them wore remnants of gray uniforms, but most of them were attired in spoils gathered during their raid. They were much discouraged at the result of their raid, and the prospect of affairs geqerally. Morgan himself appeared in good spirits, and quite unconcerned at his ill luck. He is a well-built man, of fresh complexion and sandy hair and beard. He, last night, enjoyed for the first time iu a long while, the comforts of a sound sleep in IN OHIO. 19 a good bed, which was some compensation for his otherwise bad hick. lyiorgan was attired in a linen coat, black pants, white shirt and lii^ht felt hat. No deco- rations were visible. He has rather a mild face, there being certainly nothing in it to indicate the possession of unusual intellectual qualities. Colonel Cluke is ver^y tali, rising probably two inches over six feet. He was attired much after the manner of his chief He is slender, has sandy hair, and looks like a man of invincible determination. His countenance is not devoid of certain savage lines, which correspond well with his barbarities as a leader. On their arrival at Cincinnati a few days later, a large crowd was assembled at the depot, and as the prisoners moved, immense numbers were constantly added to it. When they marched down Ninth-street not less than 5,000 persons sur- rounded the fiimous guerrilla and his aids. Many of these lookers-on seemed ex- cited, and cried, " Hang the cut-throats," " bully for the horse-thieves." Several of the spectators were flourishing pistols, but the guard quickl}- drove them away_ The capture of Morgan occasioned great rejoicing; and Prentice, of the Louisville Journal, suggested that a salute of one gun he fired be- fore every stable door in the land. Morgan and a number of his officers were confined in the state prison, at Columbus, from which the great raider, with several com- panions made his escape, on the night of the 27th of November. The following particulars of the flight were detailed in a Eichmond paper. It had been previously determined that, on reaching the outer walls, the parties should separate, Morgan and Hines together, and the others to shape their course for themselves. Thus they parted. Hines and the general proceeded at once to the depot to purchase thoir tickets for Cincinnati. But, lo ! Avhere was the money ? The inventive Hines had only to touch the magical wand of his ingenuity to be supplied. While in prison he had taken the precaution, after planning his escape, to write to a lady friend in a peculiar cypher, which, when handed to the author- ities to read through openly, contained nothing contraband, but which, on the young lady receiving, she, according to instructions, sent him some books, in the back of one of which she concealed some "greenbacks," and across the inside wrote her name to indicate the place where the money was deposited! The books came safe to hand, and Hines was flush ! (Joing boldly up to the ticket office, while Morgan modestly stood back and adjusted a pair of green goggles over his eyes, which one of the men, having weak eyes, had worn in the prison. They took their seats in the cars without suspicion. How their hearts beat until the locomotive whistled to start! Slowly the wheels turn, and they are off! The cars were due in Cincinnati at 7 o'clock, a. m. At Xenia, they were detained , one hour. What keen anguish of suspense did they not suffer ? They knew at 5 o'clock, A. M., the convicts would be called, and that their escape would then be discovered, when it would be telegraphed in every direction ; consequently, the guards would be ready to greet them on their arrival. They were rapidly near- ing the city of abolition hogdora. It was a cool, rainy morning. Just as the train entered the suburbs, about half a mile from the depot, the two escaped prisoners went out on the platform and put on the brakes, checking the cars sufficiently to let them jump off. Hines jumped off first, and fell, considerably stunned. Mor- gan followed, unhurt. They immediately made for the river. Here they found a boy with a skiff, who had just ferried across some ladies from the Kentucky side. They dared not turn their heads for fear of seeing the guards coming. ''Hines,'' whispered the general, "look and see if any body is coming! " The boy was told they wanted to cross, but he desired to Avait for more passengers. The general told him he was in a hurry, and promised to pay double fare. The skiff shot out into the stream — they soon reached the Kentucky shore, and breathed — free ! THE VALLANDIGHAM CAMPAIGN. From the outbreak of the rebellion the opposition of the Hon. Clem- ent L. YallaBdigham, M. C. from- the .Dayton district, to the govern- 2 20 TIxVIES OF THE REBELLION ment was so marked as to be generally considered as amounting to ac- tual sjnnpathy with the south. On the 19th of April, 18C3, Gen. Burnside, commanding department of the Ohio, issued his famous order JSTo. 38, in which he said, " The habit of declaring sympathies for the enemy will no longer be toler- ated in this department. Persons committing such offenses will be at once arrested with a view to being tried as above stated, or sent be- yond our lines, into the lines of their friends." Mr. Yallandigham, in a speech at Mount Vernon, Knox county, on the 1st of May, commented with great bitterness on the above order, which resulted in his arrest at his residence in Dayton on the morn- ing of the 5th of the same month. He was taken to Cincinnati, tried by a military'- commission, found guilt}^, and sentenced to imprison- ment in Fort Warren during the war. This sentence was changed by the president, into banishment beyond the federal lines, which was carried into effect. Much sympathy was exjoressed for Yallandigham by his friends and the opposition press; but, on the other hand, there was a general ap- proval of the course pursued by the chief magistrate of the nation. Prominent among the former was Governor Seymour, of New York, and the Freeman's Journal said, "Ohio has her exiled hero, Yallandig- ham." The sudden rise of the oj^position party to the war following the •unfortunate issue of McClellan's camjjaigu in Yirginia, and Buell's in Kentucky, in the latter part of 18G2, together with the issuing of Pres- 'ident Lincoln's proclamation, in January, 1863, had emboldened Mr. ^ Yallandigham to ui'ge his peculiar views. This had greatly excited the soldiers in the field, and in their numerous addresses and letters they appealed to the people at home to stand by the union. General Posecrans, whose signal victory at Stone River, and whose generosity of spirit and fatherly care of his men had endeared him to the people of Ohio, wrote an eloquent, patriotic letter to the legislature, and his Ohio soldiers an address to their friends at homo: the latter we have preserved as a part of the history of the times. The Battle-Field of Stone Riveu Tol). 1, 1863. To the People of Ohio : The Ohio soldiers of the western army, your friends, brothers and sons, address you from this fieki of renown, in urgent entreaty, upon matters of such grave import to them and to the country, as to demand your calm and patient audience. Exiles from home for long weary months, away from the petty strife of local politics and the influence of selfish demagogues and party leaders, with the pure and steadfast faith in the holy cause of defending our gov- ernment which brought us intp the field, and has sustained us in perils, iiardships, J toils and exposures, which have scarcely a parallel in history, we feel none of the I acrimonious bitterness that now enters into the ignoble contentions of home poll- | tics, and calmly view th.e conditions of the country from the only true standpoint, | the soldier's and patriot's devotion to the great republic — once blessed of all na- tions. We ask, what means this wild, shameless party strife at home ? why any oppo- ■sition to this war of self-preservation? why any but political demagogues should wish a severance of the republic? wherefore a foolish cry for a cessation of hos- tilities on our part, to give time to the traitor-rebels to sti'engthen their defenses and discipline tlieir armies ? why should the brave, true men of the great army oi' tHe. United States, war-broken, toil-vvurn and battle-stained, be left without sym- IN OHIO. 21 pathy from you, men of Ohio, now enjoying the blessings of peace, careless of dangers of invasion, war's dread terrors, only because we, your brothers and sons, stand " between your loved homes and war's desohition ?" Are we not in war ? Is not tlie whole force of the government employed in de- fending the nation against a gigantic elfort to destroy it? Has not blood flowed like water, and treasure expended enough to make rich a nation ? Is it not worth preserving ? Can two or more states be carved out peacefully from the present loved republic ? Can we give away its rivers, lands and loyal people to its destroy- ers ? Can we afford to divide the republic into contending petty states, and be forever the victims of internecine wars between small principalities? Can we quietly, calmly, even complacently, sit by and see the grand republic of the world thus cut off and destroyed b}^ innate weakness ? No honest citizen of Ohio is willing that such should be our fate. What matters now the cause of the war? By whose fault, or by the adoption of what mistaken policy ? It exists ! It must be fought out, or ended by giving up all that it is waged fur. For the sake of peace; for fear of the shedding of blood ; would any basely give up his nation and become the citizen of a ruined and dishonored land ? Then wherefore this opposition to the war ? Because a particular party is in power? Because its policy is obnoxious? Because it has committed errors? Because it has thrown to its surface and given prominence to bad or incompetent men, or adopted political theories and sought to make them practical, which are condemned by many good men? No ! the remedy for all these evils, if they exist at all, may be sought in the quiet but powerful means of the ballot, which has power in our government to change dynasties, where the armies of the world would fail. Is it thought that peace and a voluntary restoration of the union may be effected by compromise ? All that has been tried. Disdainfully, the rebels flung back in our faces every proffered olive-branch, before peaceful men became armed soldiers and the booming of Fort Sumter's cannon, with its terrible alarm, called a nation to arms. And now, insolent and detiant, they laugh to scorn all thoughts of peace on an}' other terms than recognition of their false nationality. They are stronger now than then. The despots and money-changers of Europe have given them substantial aid to destroy a republic ; they have more powerful armies, abler gen- erals and a firmer determination than when the rebellion began. They know their strength and appeal to it — not to the poor demagogues of the north, who are their allies. They condemn and despise them. Read their j^i'oclaraations, ad- dresses, army orders and newspapers. At no time have they ever spoken of north- ern friends, except as allies in the war! They deride the foolish ajipeals of their northern allies for peace and compromise, and preclude all hope of the restoration of the union on any terms. What incalculable mischief is being done by these northern allies — their speeches and newspapers are quoted, and results of elections reported in southern papers, as evidence, not of any hope of restoring the union, but to show that the loval people of the north are becoming willing to submit to any dishonorable and humiliating terms of peace, based even on a full recognition that this fiendish re- bellion was right, and that it was well to destroy this government. People of Ohio ! But one alternative is left you. Yvu must pronounce this a just rebellion ; you must say that it was right and justifiable to destroy this re- public ; that a republic is a weak, helpless government, powerleas to sustain itself, and to be destroyed ichenever conspirators enough can be allied for the purpose, or you must show to the tcorld the power of self-preservation in the great example of confederated republics. That it has a q.uiet, dormant force, which, aroused, has gigantic strength and energy. That it not only can protect its citizens in all their rights and privileges, but can sustain itself as well against foreign attack as inter- nal treason. We are fighting for the republic — to it we have given our hearts, our arms, our lives. We intend to stand between you and the desolating hosts of the rebels, ">^-hose most cherished hope and desire has been, and is, to take possession and 22 TIMES OF THE REBELLION ravage your own beautiful Ohio. Once already we have stood as a living wall be- tween you and this fate, and we may have to do it again. Men of Ohio! You know not what this western army has suffered. You know not now the hardships and sufferings of your soldiers in their chill tents, their shelterless bivouacs, their long, weary marches, and their battle-thinned ranks, if there be honesty and purity in human motives, it must be found among your long-enduring soldiers. Hear us, and for your country's sake, if not for ours, stop your wild, shameless political strifes, unite for the common cause, and never think or speak of peace and compromise until the now empty terms mean — the republic as it was, peaceably if it may be, but forcibly at all events. It is said Avar and force can not restore the union ! What can ? Is there anything else that has been left untried, short of national dishonor and shame? Nothing. Purely physical power has been invoked to destroy the government, and physical force must meet it. Conquer the rebellious armies, shut in by blockades and victorious armies the deluded people of the rebellious states, and let no peace, no happiness, no prosperity dwell in their land or homes, until they rise against their tyrants, until popular opinion with them overthrows their false government, and dooms their despotic leaders. Whip them and confine them, until " Actseon is devoured by his own dogs." This is all that can be done, and it must be done with the determined energy of a united people. Thus feel and think the soldiers of the grand army of the United States. Are you with us, or will you now desert us, sell your national birthright for a mess of pottage, and for success in local politics, barter away your country, crawl at the feet and lick the hands of the perfidious, cruel and devilish conspirators, who have organized this rebellion, and who boast of their success in destroying your government, slaying your sons and wasting your trea- sure, contemned, derided aVid despised by them, while you are humbly craving their favor? Not waiting or even hoping for returning loyalty in them, or for terms of peace to be tendered by them ? Can you thus dishonor yourselves, your soldiers or your state ? We ask you now to stay, support and uphold the hands of your soldiers. Give some of the wasted sympathy, so illy but freely bestowed upon the old poli- tical hacks and demagogues, who seek a blessed martyrdom in Lincoln bastiles, to the suffering but bravely-enduring soldiers who, in the camp, the field and the hospital, bear real hardships uncomplainingly. If treason must run riot in the north, keep it there — insult not your soldiers by sending to them the vile emana- tions of the traitors who are riding into office, place and power, over the ruins of the government, and making them their stepping stones. Insult us not by letters, speeches and papers, which tell us we are engaged as hirelings in an unholy, abo- lition war, which make mob idols of the hour of those whose hypocritical dema- goguery takes shape in cowardly, covert treason — whose constant vocation is denunciation of their government and its armed defenders. The army of the west is in terrible earnest — earnest to conquer and destroy armed rebels — earnest to meet force with force — earnest in its hearty detestation of cowardly traitors at home — earnest in will and power to overcome all who de- sire the nation's rnin. Ohio's 100,000 soldiers in the field, citizens at home, potent in either capacity, ask their fathers, brethren and friends, by their firesides and in their peaceful homes, to hear and heed this appeal, and to put an end to covert treason at home, more dangerous now to our national existence than the presence of the armed hosts of misguided rebels in the field. On the hearing and adoption of this address by the 1st brigade, 3d division, I4th army corps, Colonel Walker also reported the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted: " Tlierefi/re, Resolved, For ourselves, we are resolved to maintain the honor and integrity of our government; from the ISt Lawrence to the gulf, and between the oceans, there shall be but one supreme political power. We are able to de- fend our birthright; the blood of our sires is not contaminated in our veins; we are neither to be insulted nor robbed with impunity; the government we defend was formed for noble purposes; we are the executors of a living, a dying testa- IN OHIO. 23 menfc written in the blood of our fathers, which we will re-Avrite in our own; to preserve our government, is, to us, On Wednesday, while we were stationed as guard to the ford, Gen. Rosecrans came up to Col. Price, commanding the brigade, and said: "You're Col. Price, commanding the vi2d brigade, are you ? " Yes, sir." " Well, Colonel, will you hold this ford ?" "Well, General, I will if T dan." "That won't do, sir," said Rosecrans. "Will you hold this ford?" "I'll die in the attempt," responded the cautious colonel. " That won't do, sir. Will you hold this fordf "I will," said the colonel, fh-mly, and General Rosecrans rode off without an- other word, and left the colonel to fulfill his promise. The last day of 1862 was a marked one in the history of Eosecrans He was at Stone river; his army was encamped in line of battle.' McCook s corps formed his right, in three divisions— Johnson's, Davis', bheridans. Secretly, with the stcalthiness of savao-es the rebels massed themselves at the extreme right, under cover of the woods 28 TIMES OF THE REBELLION The unsnspecting soldiers were totally unprepared. Some of the ar- tillery horses were oflF for water. Advancing through the morning fog, they bounded on like an army of ravenous wolves, screaming, yelling as they ran, striking, first upon Johnson, then upon Davis, and at last upon Sheridan, rolling and crumbling them up, and hurling them, routed and flying, into the cedar thickets which skirt the Nash- ville turnpike. Rosecrans would send no help. He was fearful of weakening his left and center, which up to this had not been engaged, for the enemy lay in his front within sight, anxiously Avatching and ready to- pounce upon him. If any part had been weakened they would have attacked, and, if successful, would have destroyed his army. His preparations were to halt the enemy on his defeated right, without exposing his left and center to imminent danger. For this purpose he massed his artillery and troops on the position occupied by the center, one of the most difficult of maneuvres, and changed his line of battle. There it was that the genius of Rosecrans was displayed. A more vivid description of battle is never seen than this which any eje-witness gives : Lines upon lines were piled upon each other with matchless skill. Columns were hurled in solid ranks from one side of the field to the other as if they were toys ; the evolutions of the brigades as steady as the movements of a grand review. Thousands acquired an idea of the art of handling masses of which lliey never dreamed before. The rebels came nearer and nearer the Nashville turnpike, nearly two miles and a half; the right wing of our army had been driven in with a loss of twenty-eight pieces of artillery and a thousand of our men. A faintness of heart came over me as the destruction of our whole army seemed to stare us in the face, but Rose- crans stood with the flower of his center and left wing in an array of imposing grandeur along the turnpike and facing the woods. The scene was as grand and awful at this time as anything I ever expect to witness until the day of judg- ment. Let the rebels ever obtain possession of the turnpike and of the immense train of wagons along it, its line of retreat would ))e cut off, and nothing could save the union army from utter rout and capture. Such sounds as proceeded from that gloomy forest of pines and cellars were enough to appal the stoutest heart. The roar of cannon, the crashing of the shot through the trees, the whizzing and busting of shells, the uninterrupted rattle of thirty thousandmuskets, all mingled in one prolonged and tremendous volume of sounds ; and above all could be heard the wild cheers of the traitorous troops as body after body of our men gave way and were pushed back toward the turnpike. Nearer and nearer came the storm, louder and louder resounded the tumult of battle. The immense train of wagons packed along the roads suddenly seemed instinct with struggling life, and every species of army vehicle, preceded by frightened mules and horses, rolled and rattled away pell-mell in an opposite direction from that in which tlie victori- ous foe were pressing onward. The shouts and cries of terrified teamsters urg- ing teams to the top of their speed, were now mingled with the billows of sounds wiiich swayed and surged over the field. iSuddenly the rout became visible, and crowds of "ten thousand fugitives, presenting every possible phase of wild and un- controlled disorder, Imrst from the cedar thickets, and rushed into the open space between them and the turnpike. Amongst them all, perhaps not half a dozen members of the same regiment could have been found together. Thick and fast the bullets of the enemy fell amongst them, and some of them were shot down, but still the number constantly increased by reason of the thick crowds which every moment burst from the thickets. Awaiting the coming storm, conspicuous among all the rest, was the well built form of our Commanding General, his countenance unmoved by the tumult around IN OHIO. 29 him, and his thoughtful and animated features expressing a high and patriotic hope which acted like an inspiration on every one that beheld him. As he cast his eye over the grand army which he had mustered to repel the foe, he already felt Tuaster of the situation. At last the long lines of the enemy emerged from the wood rank behind rank, and with a demoniac yell, intended to strike terror into the souls of the Yankees who stood before them, charged with fearful yells to the very muzzle of tbe can- non, whose dark mouths yawned upon them. A dazzling sheet of flame burst from the ranks of the union forces. An awful roar shook the earth, a crash rent the atmosphere, and the foremost line of the rebel host was literally swept from the field. For ten minutes the thunder of battle burst from the clouds. When our batteries advanced they found no rebels between the turnpike and tlie wood, excepting the dead, dying and wounded. The roar of our artillery sounded farther and farther off as our difl'erent batteries moved after the routed, living foe, and we in turn again occupied a considerable portion of tlie lost ground of the morning. Since the annihilation of the old guard, in their charge at Waterloo, there pro- bably had not been an instance of so great slaughter in so short a time as in this rebel repulse at Murfreesboi'o. That eminent engineer Maj. Gen. Qitincy Adams Gilmore was born in 1828, some thirty miles west of Cleveland, on the margin of Lake Erie, in Black river township, Lorrain county. His surprising skill in gunnery, shown in the reduction of Fort Pulaski, and in the siege of Charleston, has lastingly identified his name with the highest achieve- ments in military science. His "swamp angel," located on the flats, miles away from the doomed city, became a very fiend of destruction, as from its monster mouth huge fiery missiles shot forth, converting entire squares into shapeless ruing, and streets into untrodden, deserted wastes. There, where for thirty years trea- son had stalked in wicked effrontery, the demon of war meted out righteous ret- ribution. Ohio's dead ! they lay upon every battle field. Tens of thousands mourn fathers, brothers, sons, who have died for us and ours. Beyond the sacred limits of their own homes, they mostly were un- known. But it matters not. The choicest sj^irits, the most noble na- tures that God has here created often live but to suffer and die, crushed and bleeding among the obscure of earth. They rise in etherial bright- ness, appreciated in the higher immortality. History groups them in masses, and holds up to the gaze of the liv- ing the heroism of their dead. Here and there one, who has been elevated by rank, combined with opportunity and capacity, is singled out for an individual memorial. A lew such among Ohio's dead come under our notice. Major-General James B. McPherson, who fell in the battle of Peach- tree creek, July 22, 1864, in the campaign against Atlanta, in his 36th year, was born in vSandusk}^, Ohio. He was educated at West Point. After the battle of Shiloh, he was chief engineer and had charge of all the fortifications erected in the siege of Corinth. He was subse- quently assigned to the command of a division, and gained greai credit at Yicksburg, as one of the chosen otficers of Grant. His characteristics, as thus described, are beautiful. In few military men of our army were the qualities of a true gentleman so hnp- pily blended with those of a real soldier. Justly' regarded as one of the most skillful soldiers in the western army, he was noted for a total absence of that roughness and uncouthness of manner, almost amounting to boorishness, wliich some oflicers seem to regard as a sine qua non to tlae make-up of a good com- 30 TIMES OF THE REBELLION mander. Xo subordinate, whatever his rank or station, whether private soldier or brigadier-fjeneral, ever received from him an unkind answer or an uncivil word. He was as courteous to his body-servant as he was respectful to his superiors in rank and position. 1'he writer recollects, on one occasion, an officer said to him, "Why don't you swear at the damned rascals?" alluding to some men who had been guilty of dereliction of duty. The general replied, " I have no more right to swear at them than at you. How would you like to have me damn you a little now and then?" It was a favorite expression of his that politeness was a coin that passed current everywhere, and was never at a discount. His courage was of a kind most valuable to an army, and to himself as a com- mander. He was stoical, but never impetuous — calm, cool and self-possessed, no matter what the danger that might surround him. He never lost his presence of mind for a single moment, even in the most desperate situation, or during the pro- gress of the most hotly-contested engagement. His enthusiasm never got the bet- ter of his judgment, and he could give as good counsel and advice during the pro- gress of a bayonet charge, led by himself, as if he. were enjoying a social iete a tete far removed from the scene of hostile operations. He would form his line of battle under the heaviest fire of the enemy, with as much indifference to rebel cannon and sharpshooters as if he were arranging a holiday dress-parade. We think we utter but the verdict of all who knew General McPherson, when we say he was a model soldier ani^ a model gentleman. General i\IcPherson was killed under the following circumstances : The battle of the 22a was fairly opened about 12 o'clock, M. After it had progressed some time, a gap appeared in our line between the 16th and J 7th corps, which the reb- els sought to take advantage of and permanently divide the line. Gen. McPher- son, perceiving this situation and danger, at once rushed to the front, and, with two or three of his staff, was superintending the location of men to defeat the rebel plan. This brought him within fifty yards of the rebel advance, who fired a volley on him and his few companions. A ball struck him in the right side, and passing through, shattered the spinal column, causing instantaneous death. Major-General Logan was at once quietly notified of what had occurred, and without the troops knowing their terrible loss, the battle went on, and a victory won by McPherson's troops on the plan devised by him. It was about half an hour after his death before the corpse was fully in our possession, it, in the mean- time, lying on the disputed ground between the two armies. General .McPherson rode, on this occasion, a favorite black horse, which he ob- tained of a surgeon after the battle of Corinth, and which had carried him safely through every battle in which he had since been engaged. So fortunate had both been, that he had come to feel a degree of safety on the back of his noble steed. But in this, their last association, the charm was broken with both of them — the rider was killed, and the charger received three balls, which, however, were not fatal. The correspondence that ensued between General Grant and the grandmother of McPherson, aged 87 years and 4 months, on the occa- sion of his death is a most touching souvenir. A good old lady, as her letter shows her to be, is very certain to be, as she was, blessed in the per^ictuation of virtue to the second generation. Clyde, Ohio, August 3, 1864. To General Grant : Dear Sir — I hope you will pardon me for troubling you with the perusal of these few lines from the trembling hand of the aged grandma of our beloved Goucral James B. McPher- son, who fell in battle. When it was announced at his funeral, from the public print, that when General Grant heard of his death, he went into his tent and wept like a child, my heart went out in thanks to you for the interest you manifested in him while he was with you. I have watched his progress from infancy up. In childhood, he was obedient and kind ; in manhood, interesting, noble and persevering, looking to the wants of others. Since he entered the war, others e^n appreciate his worth more than I can. When it v/as announced to us, by telegraph, that our loved one had fallen, our hearts were almost rent asunder j IN OHIO. 31 Dut when we heard the commander-in-chief could weep with us too. we felt, sir, that yon had been as a father to him, and this whole nation is mourning his early death. I wii^h to inform you that, his remains were conducted by a kind guard to the very parlor where he spent a cheerful evening, in ]S6], with his widowed mother, two brothers, an only sister and his aged grandma, who is now trying to write. In the morn- ing, he took his leave at 6 o'clock, little dreaming he should fall by a ball from the enemy. His funeral services were attended in his mother's orchard, where his youthful feet had often pressed the soil to gather the falling fruit, and his remains are resting in the silent grave, scarce half a mile from the place of his birth. His grave is on an eminence but a few rods from where the funeral services were attended, and near the grave of his father. The grave, no,.doubt, will be marked, so that passers by will often pause to drop a tear over the departed. And now, dear friend, a few lines from j'ou would be gratefully received by the afflicted friends. I pray that the God of battles may be with you, and go forth with your armies till rebellion shall cease, the union be restored, and the old flag wave over our entire coun- try. With much respect, I remain your friend, Lydia Slocum, Aged 87 years and 4 months. GENERAL GRANT S REPLY. RTERS Ar; City Point, Va., August 10, 1864 Headquarters Armies op the United States, 1 Mrs. Lydia Slofum : My Dear Madam — Tour very welcome letter of the .3d inst. has just reached me. I am glad to know the relatives of the lamented Major-General McPherson are aware of the more than friendship existing between him and myself. A nation grieves at the loss of one so dear to our nation's cause. It is a selfish grief, because the nation had more to expect from him than from almost any one living. I join in this selfish grief, and add the grief of personal love for the departed. He formed for some time one of my military family. I knew him well. To know him was but to love him. It may be some consolation to you, his aged grandmother, to know that every officer and every soldier who served under your grandson, felt the highest reverence for his patriotism, his zeal, his great, almost unequaled ability, his amiability, and all the many virtues that can adorn a commander. Your bereavement is great, but can not exceed mine. Yours truly, U. S. Grant, Lieut. -Gen. Brigadier-Gen. Egbert L. McCook was a member of that heroic Ohio family, that has lost so many members in the war. One of them, a mere boy of seventeen, was killed at Bull Run, at the beginning of the rebellion. Being called upon to surrender, — he re2:)lied — "I never surrender to a rebel;" upon uttering which, he was shot. Another son, B]"igadier-General Daniel McCook, was mortally wounded at Ken- esaw Mountain. The father, a venerable old man, volunteered to as- sist in driving Morgan's guerrillas from the state, and was killed in action: and Eobert McCook himself was assassinated by rebels. A fourth brother is the Major-General Alexander McDowxl McCook, an army corps commander at Perryville, Stone river and Chickamauga. Robert at the outbreak of the war, was a lawyer in Cincinnati. Within 48 hotxrs after the President's first call he mustered into the service the 9th Ohio, and had them in camp. It was composed entirely of Germans, became one of the most effective of regiments, and had the distinguished honor of making at Mill Springs the first bayonet charge of the war. He was a large-hearted, impulsive man : and so hated all pretense and show of any kind, that he most unwillingly submitted to the requirement of wearing a military dress. He was murdered in the summer of 1862, while riding, sick and recumbent in a spring-* wagon, attended by a small escort of half a dozen cavalrymen, who, all but one, cow^ardly galloped off as the guerrillas appeared. The subsequent particulars are thus stated. Captain Hunter Brooke, was riding with the general, who, owing to his feeble condition, was lying in the bottom of the box. When the guerrillas opened the fire upon the conveyance, Gen. jSlcCook at once exclaimed, " The bushwhackers 32 TIMES OF THE REBELLION. are upon us," ordered the driver, his nef^ro servant John, to turn quickly around, and rose to his knees to assist him in holdinc;; the frightened horses. The team was just fairly started, when the murderer of the general came up and ordered it to halt. It being impossible to check the spirited horses at once, the team kept moving, when the guerrilla again ordered it to halt, but almost instantaneously fired the fatal shot from his carbine, although Captain Brooke begged him not to fire upon a sick man. Another rebel rode up at the same time and aimed his gun, when the general told him, reproachfully, " You need'nt shoot, I am already fa- tally wounded." The bullet passed entirely through his body, fatally tearing the intestines. The main body of the rebels pursued the flying escort, and but three or four remained with their victim. The general was driven to, and taken into, the house at which he died, by Captain Urooke and .John. He stated afterward, that when the party came up to the house, the occupanis, women and children, clapped their hands in approbation of the rebel achievement. In a few minutes, those that had gone in pursuit, came tearing back, and hurried off with Captain Brooke. John, upon the advice of the general, had previously managed to escape out of the house and through a corn-field. The general lived about twenty-fonr hours after being wounded. He was con- scious to the last, although frequently unable to speak from the dreadful pain he was suffering. Whenever able, he uttered words of advice, gratitude and con- solation to those around him. His dying moments showed the nobility of the man. In a lull of his parox- ysms of anguish, he said to young Captain Burt, "Andy, the problem of life will soon be solved for me. My good friend, may your life be longer and to a better purpose than mine." In reply to Father Beatty,, the brigiide wagon-master, if he- had any message for his brother, Alex., he answered: "Tell him and the rest, I have tried to live as a man, and die attempting to do my duty." Finally, clasping his hands in the death struggle, the dying man exclaimed : " 1 am done with life ; yes, this ends all. You and 1 part now, but the loss of ten thousand such lives as yours and mine would be nothing, if their sacrifice would but save such a govern- ment as ours." The whole brigade arrived at the house about an hour after he was wounded. The men came up in double quick, panting and shouting for vengeance, 'i'he ef- fect of the sad sight of their mortally-wounded general upon them Avas most dis- tressing. All day and night the faitliful soldiery were grouped aliout tlie house, waiting their turn to bid a last farewell to their commander. Neither among the officers nor the men was there a dry eye, or a lip, not quivering with anguish. A more moving scene, it is said, was never beheld. The brigade did not resume its march until the general had breathed his last. Betribution — terrible retribution was dealt by the 9th Ohio. With fire, and sword, and bayonet, the scene of the foul assassination was reduced to a state of desolation. Every house in the neighborhood, and over 70 of rebel citizens, men, were shot or hung. Major Gen. O. M. Mitchell was born in Kentucky in 1810; but when a boy removed to Ohio, and from that time was identified with this state. At fifteen years of age he received a cadet warrant; and, being poor, earned the money that paid his expenses to West Point. But his manner of traveling was humble; for, bearing his knapsack, he footed it all the way from homo, in Lebenon, Warren county, Ohio, and arrived there in June, 1825, with onl}^ twenty-five cents in his pocket. Soon after graduating he settled in Cincinnati, founding in 184-5, the first Astronomical Observatory ever erected on the globe by the contributions of the people. When the war broke out, he said: "He was ready to fight in the ranks, or out of it; and he only asked permission from his country to have something to do.'' This sentence was the key note to his character — patriotism and intense activity. IN OHIO. 33 In August:, 1861, he was created treneral. After the occupation of Nashville, he -was given command of an independent expedition; Avhen, with incredible celerity, he marched across the country and took possession of the whole of the railroad running across north Ahibaraa, and at the same time guarding that from Nashville to Stevenson, making in all 352 miles of railroad, besides 120 miles of river patroling, to prevent the rebels getting up ferries and crossing the Tennes- see; with his pickets extending over hundreds of miles, he knew almost every hour Avhat was transpiring in that large district. From Corinth, on the West, to Chat- tanooga, on the east, he kept the rebels in continual excitement by his rapid move- ments. No sooner had he planned and started an expedition in one direction than be followed it by the instant execution of a new one in another. One day he Avas threatening the rebel general at Chattanooga, and had him telegraphing all over the South for help. Another, he was on the left wing of the Corinth army, driving their guerrillas across the Tennessee. The moving force of ^litchell, aside from those left to guard the railroads was less than 3,000 men, and but one regiment of cavalry, — John Kennett's 4th Ohio. These were always in advance, scattered over a territory of 300 miles, and so continually moving, that Kirby Smith, at Chattanooga, could not refrain from asking, " How manj'- thousand of the 4th Ohio cavalry are there ? We can't put our foot down anywhere but we iind them." So active and daring was Mitchell, and so much was accomplished, that the en- emy fancied he must have had thirty thousand men I In all his operations, Mitchell never threw up a single spadeful of earth, unless it was to hold a railroad bridge ; and he never allowed the enemy to attack him in any position or in any single instance, while he harassed them continually by skirmishes and assaults. Sleeping but four hours out of the twenty-four, Avitli all the energies of a most ardent temperament enlisted in the cause, he formed a con- trast to the slow-moving Buell. This officer, after the evacuation of Corinth, marched with his army corps of nearly 40,000 men, and took chief command. In the f:\Jl (1862) Mitchell was put in command of the department of the south, and was preparing for a vigorous campaign against Charleston when he was seized with yellow fever, and died on the 30th of October. General Mitchell was the author of several valuable astronomical works ; and as a lecturer on astronomy, so far surpassed all others, as to have been pronounced the only lecturer on the subject the country ever had. His religious instincts Avere very sti'ong ; he was all alive with feeling; he possessed great fluency and command of language, and he electrified his audiences with this most sublime, elevating topic, as probably no man living or dead had ever done before. His " Woi'ds for Poor Boi/s," show _what were his early struggles, and the spirit that enabled him to rise above obstacles. Poor boys, some of them, we trust, will read these pages. Here is encouragement from the lips of a good and eminent man. When I was a boy of twelve years, I was working for twenty-five cents a week, with an old laily, and I had my bands full, but I did my work faithfully. I used to cut wood fetch water, make fires, scrub and scour in the mornings, for her, before the real work of the day commenced ; my clothes were bad, and I had no means of buying shoes, 60 was olten barefooted. One morning I got through my work early, and the old lady, who thought I had not done it, or was especially ill-humored then, was displeased, scolded me, and said I was idle and had not worked. I said I had ; she called me a " liar." I felt my spirit rise in- dii^nantly a^'ainst this, and standing erect I told her that she could never have the chance of applying that word to me again. I walked out of the house, to re-enter it no tnore. I h;i(l not a cent in my pocket when I stepped into the world. What do you think I did then, boys ? I met a countryman with a team, I addressed him boldly and earnestly, and offered to drive the leader, if he would only take me on. He looked at me in surprise, but said he did not think I'd be of any use to him. " yes, I will," said I ; "I can rub down and watch your horses, and do many things for you, if you will only let me try." He no longer objected. I got on the horse's back. It was hard traveling, for. the roads were deep, and we could only get on at the rate of twenty miles per day. This was, however, my starting-point. I went ahead after this. An independent spirit, 34 TIMES OF THE KEBELLION and a steady, honest conduct, with what capacity God has given mo — as he has given you — have carried me successfully through the world. Don't be down-hearted at being poor, or having no friends. Try, and try again. You CO)? cut your way through, if you live, so please God. I know it's a hard time for some of you. You are often hungry and wet with the rain or snow, and it seems dreary to have^Tio one in the city to care for you. But trust in Christ, and he will be your friend. Keep up good heart, and be determined to make your own way, honestly and truly, through the world. As I said, I feel for you, because I have gone through it all — I know what it is. God bless you. General TVm. H. Lytle was born in Cincinnati, on the 2d of Nov. 1826, and bred to tlie law. He served in the Mexican war; and at the breaking out of the rebellion was chosen colonel of the 10th Oliio vol- unteer infantry, almost entirely composed of Irishmen, — a fighting regiment, of course. He was wounded at Carnifex Ferry, also at the battle of Chaplin's hills, Ky.; and finall}', killed while leading a charge at Chickamauga, September, 20, 1863. He was a man singularly gifted, and sincerely mourned. The following is a faithful tribute to his memory. LINES TO THE MEMORY OF WM. H. LTTLE. The flag was drnpod with funeral hues — The flafr ho loved so well ; ' Neath which he marched to battle oft — ' Npjith which he proudly fell. Its ,iilorioii,s folds were wound around The noble warrior's breu'^t ; Together they wex-e in the fight, Together let them rest. Dead marches on the muffled drums For soldier true and tried, For poet sweet, bring Ij're and sword, And lay them by his side. Though strong of hand, of gentle heart, If prayers and sighs could save, We had notfuUowed him in tears, To liis untimely grave. Untimely! No— his country called. For her he shed liis blood ; But left these glorious names behind, The Gallant and the Good ! Gallant and Good, yes — Gifted, too ; Ohio's crown of pride Ne'er lost a brighter star, than when The noble Lytle died. Tet long upon the storied page, His honored name shall stand, Not last and least among the great And worthy of our land. As be remembers Lytle's sword. The patriot shall be strong ; And bards shall inspiration catch From Lytle's fervid song. But Lytle needed no lines from stranger-pen to perpetuate his fame The yxjct's own does that in these sad strains, as jjlaintive as those of an EoHan. ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA. I am dyin?:, Egypt, dying. Ebbs the crimson life-tide fast. And the dark Plutonian shadows Gather on the evening blast ; Let thine arm, Queen, enfold me, Hush thy sobs and bow thine ear, Listen to the great heai"t secrets Thou, and thou alone must hear. Shonld the base plebian ra.lible Dare assail my name at Kome, Where the noble spouse. Octavia, Weeps within her widowed home, Seek her ; say the gods bear witness. Altars, augurs, circling wings, That her blood, with mine commingled, Yet shall mount the thrones of kings. Though roy scarred and veteran legions Bear their eagles high no more. And my wrecked and scattered galleys Strew dark Actium's fatal shore ; Though no glittering guards surround me. Prompt to do their master's will, I muft perish like a Roman, Die the great Triumvir still. Let Cresar's servile miniins Mark the lion thus laid low ; ' Twas no foeman's arm that felled him, Twas his own that struck the blow- His who. pillowed on thy bosom. Turned aside from glory's ray — His who. drunk with thy caresses. Madly threw a world away. And for thee, star-eyed Egyptian ! Glorious sorceress of the Nile, Light the path to stygian horrors With the splendors of thy smile ; Give the Cic-ar crowns and arches, Let his brow the laurel twine. I can scorn the senate's triumphs, Triumphing in love like thine. I am dying, Egypt, dying; Hark! the insulting fieman's cry, They are cominc ; quick, my falchion, Let me front them ere I die. Ah, no more amid the battle Shall my heart exulting swell, Isis and Osiris guard thee, Cleopatra, Home, farewell ! *THE TinVTES THE REBELLIOISr WEST YIHaiN"! A. West Yirginia early became a theater of military operations. These were on a comparatively small scale, owing to the difficulties of providing and sustaining large armies. The country as a whole may be defined as a collection of lofty mountains, with deep narrow valleys that seem to exist merel}^ to define the mountains. Along these valleys are a primitive people, simple in their wants, dressing in homespun, and living a varied life of hunting and agriculture. Tliey are scattered in cabins often miles apart, the mountains so encroaching upon them as to leave but mere threads of arable land. The roads for want of room are much of the way in the beds of the streams, which are swollen by every heavy shower to raging, impassable torrents. Bridges do not exist excepting at a few points. Military operations are very difficult; transportation at times being impossible. The best part is in the JSTorthwest, along the valley of the Ohio and its tributaries. In this section runs the Baltimore & Ohio Eailroad, which forks at Grafton about 100 miles from the Ohio, one branch termi- nating at Parkersburg and the other at Wheeling. The secessionists at the beginning made strenuous exertions to" hold this country, and suppress its union sentiment: also to possess the fertile valley of the Kanawha, so valuable to them for its abundant crops of grain and iaexhaustible supplies of salt. The first event of the war in West Yirginia was the surprise by two union regiments under Cols. Kelly and Lander, on the morning of the 3d of .Tune, 18G1, of some 1500 secession troops under Col. Porterfield, at Philippi, a small village on the Monongahela about 20 miles south of Grafton. None of the unionists were killed; and the loss of the secessionists trifling. The surprise occurred at daybreak; but it so happened that the secessionists mostly made good their escape. Their flight is amusingly described by one present. Said he "Did you ever drive a stake into an ant hill, and watch the movements of the panic stricken inhabitants? It was nothing to this flight. They didn't stop to put on their clothes, much less their shoes; grabbing the first thing they could reach, and dressing as they ran, each turned his face to- ward Beverly. One fellow had cased one leg in his unwhisperableS', when the cannister came whizzing about him. — ^'Delf.y was death,' and with his shirt streaming behind, and the unfilled leg of his pants •flopping and trailing after him, he presented a most comical figure. 3 85 36 TIMES OF THE REBELLION Some, half-naked, mounted horses unbridled, and grasjiing the mane, urged them into a sharp run by their cries and vigorous heel-punches. Many took to the thickets on the hills; ^nd among these unfortunates the Indianians, after the melee was over, ignorant of their 2:»resence, discharged their minie rifles, for the purjiose of clearing their guns, and with fatal efl:ect." Gen. McClellan, in command of the department of the Ohio, for politi- cal reasons, refrained from crossing into Western Yirginia until the 27th of May, after the ordinance of secession had been voted upon in a state election. Then the western troops crossed over and took a position at Grafton. On the 11th of July, occurred the battle of Rich Mountain. At that period the secession forces under Gen. Garnett, numbering several thousand men, occupied near Beverly two intrenched camps — Eich Mountain and Laurel Hill, a few miles apart. Garnett remained at the last named, leaving Rich Mountain under the immediate com- mand of Col. Pegram. Eosecrans was sent with three regiments of Indiana and Ohio troops to make an attack upon Pegram. Passing around the mountain, through miles of almost impenetrable thickets, Eosecrans, assisted by Col. Lander, made a spirited attack upon the upper intrenchment of the enemy, who were routed and fled. McClel- lan was preparing to attack Garnett, but he fled also. On the 13th Col. Pegram, who had been wandering in the hills for two days without food, surrendered unconditionally. When Pegram advanced to hand his sword to Major Laurence Williams, each instantly recognized the other, and both were moved to teai-s, and turned away unable to speak for a few moments. They had been classmates at West Point, and had met thus for the first time in many years. The number captured amounted to about 600. Pegram was killed late in the war, at the ■battle of Hatcher's Eun, before Eichmond, Feb. 1865. The same day. Gen. Garnett, with the main body, on his retreat, was overtaken some thirty miles north at Carrick's Ford on Shafer's Pork of Cheat Eiver, by the advance of Gen. Morris. He attempted to make a stand to cover his retreat: his men became panic stricken and fled before half their number. Here Garnett was killed by a sharpshooter. Not a Virginian was at his side when he fell: a young lad from Georgia alone stood by him bravely to the last, and when ■Garnett fell, he fell too. Garnett was about 40 years of age, a broth er- in-hiAV of Gov. Wise, and in the Mexican war aid to Gen. Taylor. He •was a roommate at West Point of Major Love, of Gen. Morris' statf. "Bat an hour or two before, the major had been talking about his former ac- quaintance and friendship with Garnett, and had remarked that he would be glad if Garnett could only be taken prisoner, that he might be able to see him again, and talk with him about the government which had educated and honored him. When the major reached the field, a short time after the flight of the rebels, he was led to the bank of the river, where the body of his old roommate lay stretched upon " the stones! Who shall blame him for "the manly tears he shed kneeling by that traitor corpse? The brave boy who fell by, was taken to the hill above the head- quarters and buried by our troops. At liis head they placed a board, with the inscription: "Name unknown. A brave fellow who shared his general's fate, and fell fighting by his side, while his companions fled." The appearance of the battle field is thus described by an eye witness. Returning from the bank where Garnett lay, I went up to the blufi" on which .the enemy had been posted. Around was a sickening sight. Along the brink of TIMES OF THE REBELLION 37 that bluflf lay the dead, stifFening in their own gore, in every contortion which their death anguish had produced. Others were gasping in the hist agonies, and still others were writhing with horrihle but not mortal wounds, surrounded by the soldiers whom they really believed to be about to plunge the bayonet to their hearts. Never before had I so ghastly a realization of the horrid nature of this fraternal struggle. These men were all Americans — men whom we had once been proud to claim as countrymen — some of them natives of our own northern states. One poor fellow was shot through the bowels. The ground was soaked with his blood. I stooped and asked him if anything could be done to make him more comfortable ; he only whispered, "/'/» so cold !" He lingered for nearly an hour, in terrible agony. Another — young and just developing into vigorous manhood — had been shot through the head by a large minie ball. The skull was shockingly fractured; his brains were protruding fi-om the bullet hole and lay spread on the grass by his head. And he was still living! I knelt by his side and moistened his lips with water from my canteen, and an officer who came up a moment after- ward poured a few drops of brandy from his pocket flask into his mouth. God help us! what more could we do? A surgeon rapidly examined the wound, sadly shook his head, saying it were better for him if he were dead already, and passed on to the next. And there that poor Georgian lay, gasping in the untold and un- imaginable agonies of that fearful death, for more than an hour! Near him lay a Virginian, shot through the mouth, and already stiffening. He appeared to have been stooping when he was shot ; the ball struck the tip of his nose, cutting that off, cut his upper lip, knocked out his teeth, passed through the head and came out at the back of the neck. The expression of his ghastly face was awful beyond description. And near him lay another, with a ball through the right eye, which had passed out through the back of the head. The glassy eyes were all open; some seemed still i^asping with opened mouths; all were smeared in their own blood, and cold and clammy with the dews of death upon them. But why dwell on the sickening details? j\lay I never see anotlier field like that! All around the field lay men with wounds in the leg, or arm, or face, groan- ing with pain, and trembling lest the barbarous foes they expected to find in our troops, should commence mangling and torturing them at once. Words can hardly express their astonishment, when our men gently removed them to a little knoll, laid them all togetiier, and formed a circle of bayonets around them, to keep off the curious crowd, till they could be removed to the hospital, and cared for by our surgeons. There was a terrible moral in that group on the knoll, the dead, the dying, the wounded, protected by the very men that had been fighting and who were as read}' then as they had ever been to defend by their strong arms every right these self-made enemies of theirs had ever enjoyed. Every attention was shown the enemy's wounded, by our surgeons. Limbs were amputated, wounds were dressed with the same care with which our own brave volunteers were treated. Tlie wound on the battle field removed all differences — in the hospital all were alike, the objects of a common humanity that left none beyond its limits. Among the enemy's wounded was a young Massachusetts hoy, who had received a severe wound in the leg. He had been visiting in the South, and had been im- pressed into the ranks. As soon as the battle began, he broke from the rebel ranks and attempted to run down the hill, and cross over to our side. His own lieutenant saw him in the act, and shot him with a revolver! Listen to such a tale as that, as I did, by the side of the sad young sufferer, and tell me if your blood does not boil warmer than ever before, as you think, not of the poor deluded followers, but of the leaders, who, for personal ambition and personal spite, began this infernal rebellion." SoTne_ainusing anecdotes were related of this battle. Previous to the fight, before any shells had been thrown, a Georgian, who was behind a tree some distance from one of our men, called out to him, " What troops are you ?" One soldier, squinting around his tree, and seeing that there was no chance for a shot at his questioner, replied: "Ohio and Indiana volunteers." 38 IN WEST VIRGINIA. "Volunteers! ," exclaimed the Georgian, "you needn't tell me volunteers stand fire that way ! " The day's skirmish presented some instances of extraor- dinary daring. Perhaps the most astoundino; was that of a fellow who undertook to furnish the news to the rebels. One of Milroy's Swarnp Devils, (as the boya of the Ninth Indiana were called,) took a paper and deliberately walked up the road at the foot of the hill, on which the enemy were placed, till he got within convenient talking distance. Then asking them if they wouldn't like to have the news, and they having answered in the affirmative, he unfolded his paper and began, "Great battle at Manassas Gap; rebels completely routed; one thousand killed, ten thousand wounded, and nearly all the rest taken prisoners ; all traitors to be hung and their property confiscated ! " By this time the bullets bei^an to rain down upon him rather thickly, and he beat a rapid retreat to a convenient tree, carefully folding up his paper as he went, and shouting back that if they would come over to camp, he would give them the balance of the news ! " Another incident worth preserving is as follows : In one of the Indiana regiments was a Methodist preacher, said to be one of the very best shots in his regiment. During the battle, he was particularly conspic- uous for the zeal with which he kept up a constant fire. The 14th Ohio Regiment, in the thick of the fight, fired an average of eleven rounds to every man, but this parson managed to get in a great deal more than that average. lie fired carefully, with perfect coolness, and always after a steady aim, and the boys declare that every time, as he took down his gun, after firing he added, "And may the Lord have mercy on your soul." The loss in killed and wounded was slight. In the result, the enemy were for the time being driven from Northwestern Yirginia. The whole affair was a mere skirmish compared to an hundred later battles of the war, too inconsequential to be described in history. But it was the first decided union victory, and gave great eclat to Gen. McClellan, who, in the enthusiasm of the time, was in consequence transferred to the command of the army of the Potomac. A second JSTapolcon was supposed to have been found in the person of an ex-captain of U. S. engineers. The next engagement of importance was, the battle of Carnifex Ferry, which took, place on the 10th of September between the union forces under Gen. Eosecrans and the rebels under Gen. Floyd, ex-sec- retary of war. Floyd's position was a high intrenched camp on the summit of a mountain in the forest, on Gauley river, oj^posite the precise j^oint where the Meadow river fills into it. The intrench- ments extended about a mile and a half in his front, each end resting on the bank of the river, which here by its curving formed a kind of bow, while the intrenched line answered for the string. In the center of Floyd's line was an extensive earthen mound, supporting his main battery. The rest of his works were of fallen timber exclusively. The position could not well be flanked, and the only resource was to attack him in front. Floyd had six regiments and 16 pieces of artillery. On the last day of August, Gen. Eosecrans, moved from Clarksburg, to put himself at the head of his army, and resume active operations. His plan was to engage Floyd in the region of the Kanawha line. After much delay, the army moved from Birch river toward Summer- ville on the 9th. On the 10th he marched eighteen miles, to near the intrenched position of the enemy, in front of Carnifex Feny. At three o'clock in the afternoon he began the strong reconnoissance, termed the battle of Carnifex Ferry. This lasted until night came on, when the troops being exhausted, he drew them out of the woods and IN WEST VIRGINIA. 39 posted them in line of battle, intending to storm the works in the morning. In the night Floyd having become alarmed at the streno-th of the attack upon him, silently fled, crossed the Gauloy and destroyed the bridge after him. Eosecraus took possession of the camp, captured a few prisoners, and some arms and some stores. The union loss was 114; among the killed Avas the brave Col. Lowe. At the time Eosecrans was operating against Floyd, Gen. J. J. Eeyn- olds of Indiana, was stationed with his brigade at two fortified camps on Cheat Mountain, one called Cheat Summit, and the other Elkwater seven miles apart by a bridle path. The . oel General E. E Lee' desired to get into their rear into Tygart Vulley, and once there with a large force he would have advanced against Grafton and Clarksburg, the principal military depots in Northwestern Virginia. On the 12th mst. he marched up the Staunton pike, with about^OOOO men and from 8 to 12 pieces of artillery. He made attempts for several successive days to take these works ; and was finally repulsed on the 15th. Amono- the rebels killed was Col. John A. Washington, proi^rietor of Mt. Ver*'- non. He was shot by a small scouting party while reconnoitering, and at the moment he and his escort had turned to flee, the latter galloping off" leaving their commander wounded and dying bv the road side. ^ & ^ "The party ran up to the wounded man, and found him partially raised upon one hand attempting to grasp his pistol. As they approached, the d>ing man smiled fointly, and said ''How are you boj/s ? give me some water." One of the party piaced his canteen to the soldier's lips, hat they were already cold in death. A htter was made, and the body carried to headquarters, when an examination of the person was made. Judge, if you can, of the surprise excited, when upon his clothing was found the name of John A. Washington! Four balls had passed through his body, two entering either lung and anyone inflicting a mortal wound. A flag of truce was sent the next morning to the rebels, oflerin"- to return the bodj', and all the colonel's effects. It was met bv Lieut. Col. Stark, of Louisiana who was coming to our camp to demand the body. When told that Colonel Washington was dead, Col. Stark was very deeply affected, and for some moments was unable to speak at all. He finally said, " Col. Washington's temeritv killed him; he was advised not to go where he did, but was on his first expedition, and extremely anxious to distinguish himself" Col. Washington was attached to the staff of General Lee, as engineer, from which it is judged Gen. Lee in person commands the forces in our front. What a sad commentarv Col. Washington's death affords us. His ilhi.stnous uncle, the founder of oar liberties, the greatleader in the war for our independence! The degenerate nephew, taken in arms, fighting a>'ainst the government his progenitor has called into being; losing his life in attempting to undo what that noble man had done ! To be shot in the back was a proper termi- nation to the career of a relative who in selling at an exorbitant price the jMount V ernon estate to a patriotic association of ladies, had speculated upon the bones of George Washington." _ Guyandotte a town of about 600 inhabitants, situated on the Yii-- ginia bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of the Guyandotte, twelve or fourteen miles above the Kentucky line, was the scene of tragic events on Sunday night and on Monday, :N'ovember 10th and 11th. The people were nearly all bitter secessionists. Col. Whaley was forming ther.e the ISTinth Virginia (union) regiment, and had with him on Sun- day about 120 of his own men, and 35 of Zeigler's 5th Virginia Cavalry. A little after sundown this small body was surprised by a force of several hundred cavalry under the notorious guerrilla chief Jenkins. The 40 TIMES OF THE REBELLION attack was entirely unex^^ected, and "Whaley's men were "taking it easy," some at church, some sauntering about, some asleep in their quarters, and only a camp guard out and no pickets. The men rallied and gathered in squads, sheltering themselves behind buildings and making the best fight possible, in which the gathering dai'kness in- creased their chances for escape. The rebels pursued the squads, charging upon them around the corners, running down individuals, . killing some, wounding others, and taking prisoners. After the fight was over, they hunted many from places of concealment. As our men fought from sheltering positions, and the enemy wore in the open streets, the loss was supposed to be nearly equal in killed and wounded, — from 40 to 50 each. The enemy captured some seventy prisoners. The attack was accompanied by acts of savasje barbarity. Some of the fleeing soldiers in attempting to cross the bridge over tlie Guyandotte, were shot, and those only wounded, while begging for their lives were thrown into the river to be drowned. Others were dragged from their hiding places in the town and mur- dered. Some poor fellows who had taken to the river were killed as they were swimming, or when they had crawled out on the other bank. One John S. Gar- nett, who hid on that side was busy at tliis bloody business. A witness testified that he heard them shout across "John! IIo! John Garnett, shoot them devils coming out of the water there," and two guns went off. "There is another just behind the tree." "Oh! I have sunk that Yankee.'' Soon another shot and a yell, "I've got one of tlie -dad's scalps and a first rate Enfield rifle." Early the next morning, the rebels fearing pursuit, left the town* carrying oif with them as prisoners some of the union citizens, having first taken and destroyed their goods. When they left, twenty one secession women all with their secession aprons on, paraded and cheered the visitors. Col. Zeigler with a few union troops immediately landed from a steamer, arrested ten of the leading citizens as prisoners. As the people had fired on the trooj^s from their dwellings, the soldiers set fire to tlie houses of tlie rebels, which communicating to the others, from one half to two thirds of all the buildings in the place wore burnt. The guei'rilla war in West Virginia was marked with many horrible atrocities and thrilling adveutui-es. There was scarcely a county which did not contain more or less secessionists who degenerated into assassins. They shot down in cold blood their neighbors in open day, and at night stealthily burnt their dwellings. Hundreds of these villains were arrested, but for want of positive evidence discharged on taking the oath of allegiance : when they again renewed their acts of savage barbarity. So little was this sacred obligation observed, so venomous did they remain, that it had its proper illustration in the popular anecdote of the time, told of a union soldier who had caught a rattlesnake; and asked his companion "what should he do with him?" ^^ Swear him and let. him r/o," was the instant response. A writer of the time well illustrates the fiend-like spirit that was rife in these par- agraphs. A thrilling incident of the war occurred today, within two miles of Parkers- burg. There lives in that vicinity a farmer named Smotherton. He is of the gemis termed "white trash" by the contrabands; a renting farmer, who lives from hand to mouth, ignorant, quarrelsome and reckless. He has quite a family. Smotherton is a secessionist, a very bitter one, and he has imbued the idea and its spirit into all his family, from his wife down to his youngest child. The sue- IN WEST VIRGINIA. 42 cess of the federal arms has only served to embitter and enrage him, and time and again he has threatened to poison the ^yater which supplies the camp at this place, to destroy by tire the property of his union neighbors, kill their cattle and muti- late their horses. For several months he has done little else than make threats of this character. His wife was as bad with her tongue as he was, and even his children have been taught to hate and curse those who were for the uniou. Smotherton beinii; in- formed that he would be driven from the neighborhood if ho did not improve his conduct, replied that he would not leave until he had destroyed the property and shed the bh)od of some of the union men. "They can't hurt mc for it," he con- tinued, " kase the war's commenced, an' there haint no law." That seemed to be his firm belief To-day two sons of Smotherton, the oldest not yet thirteen years of age, was out in the woods with a rifle. They came across another lad, named King, about the same age, whose family is for the union, and reside in the s;ime neighborhood. The young Smothertons, following the example of their father, immediately called liiui to account. Young King stood up for the union, which so enraged the other two boys that they threatened to shoot him. Young King then boldly straiglitened himself up and shouted, "Hurrah for the union." The oldest of the Smotherton boys — not yet thirteen years old, remember — deliberately raised his rifle, fired, and gave young King a mortal wound. To-night it is said he can not survive until morning. As soon as the affair became known, a file of soldiers were dispatched from town to Smotherton's hut, which they surrounded, and, vrithout resistance, took the old man, his sons and two or three others prisoners. I need not say that the soldiers «rere disappointed in not meeting resistance, for they did not want to bring in any prisoners. The party was marched to town surrounded by bayonets, and com- ■ raitted to prison, to await examination before the military authorities to-morrow. An indignant crowd followed them, and many voluntarily stepped forward as witnesses. An intelligent country girl said that she heard the boy Smotherton declare, several days ago, that he would shoot the boy King if he did not stop hurraing for the union, for he (Smotherton) was a secessionist, and he wasn't agoing to stand it. Just such people you will find all over "Western Virginia, and as their cause sinks they become more desperate, and endeavor to support it by blood and crime. Until they are treated and dealt with as traitors, the war in Western Virginia, will not approximate a close. Our troops curse the policy that has heretofore governed the military authorities, and now they take no prisoners whenever they can avoid it. Retalliation, as above stated, at last became the common rule. The union scouts learned to take no prisoners. One of the best pictures ■which gives the lights and shadows of this border war, is drawn by a writer in the first year of the struggle, an union soldier from the New England settlement of Ccredo. He saj'S : In February 1861, nine others and myself were threatened with expulsion from the "sacred soil" of the Old Dominion for voting for Lincoln: all residents of Ccredo. In May the war against us raged fiercer, and some of the marked ones left for fear of violence. Some of my neighbors could not leave if they would, and my courageous wife agreed with me that it was better to stay, for we might by that course do more for the good cause than in any other way. In June and July the excitement was all the time increasing, and by the mid- dle of the latter month it was publicly stated that the "Lincolnites" of Ceredo must leave, and notices to that effect were sent to us. "We sent back word to them to " come on," we were prepared for them (but we were not though), and defied them. For several weeks in the middle of Summer we watched every night for the Coming of the indignant secessionists. They looked for ue to submit and take the oath of allegiance to the Southern Confederacy, or leave. It was during this time 42 TIMES OP THE REBELLION of fearful peril — for we had sworn to stand by each other and resist to the death if necessary — that everythini:; else was forjjottcn. All business was al)andoned. The farmers who had been influenced by our position and action, left their crops and joined us in consultation and watch. They were made to understand thai they were risking all their pi'operty and their lives, and perhaps the lives of their families, by joining us. But they pledged themselves willing to make the sacrifice, if need be, for the sake of the union. Our fears were reasonably increased by the treatment of union men in the adjoining counties, and we did not hope for mercy. The enemy outnumbered us who would fight more than three to one; yet our bold stand and defiant declarations kept them back. For many nights my wife did not retire to rest with any certainty that she would not be a^-ouscd before morning by the torch and bullet of the rebel guerrillas, now organized in three different places in our own county, and in large numbers in the next and nearest county above us. A little band of twenty-five, and sometimes thirty or more, when our country neighbors came in, stood on guard through many summer nights, with such arms as we could pick up, waitinii; to resist the attack of three hundred or more; but I have no doubt we should have made a desperate resist- ance. We had become so exasperated by the infamous threats of the rebels, and so incensed at their conduct toward union men up the country, that we all felt that it was our solemn duty to resist. Then began the organization of a regiment. One of the old residents was urged to take the lead in this; we New Englanders pledged ourselves to sustain him. It was a fearful undertaking, but we had the riiiht kind of a man to leal oS", and it was successful. The rebels were of course indignant that we should attempt to have a military force in the "abolition" village of Ceredo. It has been one continued whirl of bustle, and excitement and panic. It seems as though yeai's ought to embrace the crowded events of the past few months. In fjicfc, it does seem years since last June. I remember a few scenes, a few days, and the balance is one confused jumble of stirring incidents, panics, fearful and energetic struggles to calm the popular feeling, painful and tedious night Avatch- ings. long rides for reconnoiterino;, anxious consultations, and frequent renewal of pledges. It makes me shudder to think of the danger we escaped. I can hardly realize that we did pass through all and are yet safe, and that the dear ones at home were permitted to remain there, when danger passed so near, — and particularly since we have learned what nefarious plots were concocted for our destruction. While the recruiting was coing on we were all the time in danger, and before the regiment was half full we had men out constantly on the scout, either to hunt rebels among the hills, or to guard union mens property away from our camp. While our men were taking prisoners and running the scamps from hill to hiding- place, the union men in Cabell county were rode over rough-shod. Every one who had a shotgun or rifle, or a grain of powder, was robbed. The robbers also took beef and corn, and the union men inthat county said not a word, for fear of faring worse. The few who dared to say anything were driven away or killed. Two others were shot, but recovered, and are now in the union army. One Avho had always maintained the right of a Virginian, clinging to the old government, was called to his door one morning by some of Jenkins' cowardly crew, and shot dead — four of the assassins shooting at once. In our county, young men, who were out of the reach of our protection were forced into the rebel army.- I can not describe with what a high hand many outrages were perpetrated — how heart- less and cruel, and with how little sense of honor, these "chivalrous southrons" committed numerous wrontis upon lovalists, upon their riirhts, liberty and prop- erty. However, every prominent secessionist in our county has been killed or taken prisoner. This is some consolation, though it does not compensate for the suffering of the loyal men. I entered the army as a private, determined to be useful. I was put where it ■was thought I could be of most use, and have been constantly and ceaselessly en- gaged. My duties have not prevented my making some observations of the character and the moral effect of our enterprise. AVERILL'S RAirX IN WEST VIRGINIA. 45 How curiously — to me it seems — has this matter operated. The northerner and Virginian, it appeared, never could affiliate. They never did. It was plain that a Yankee never would be respected by the VirL;;inian ; from the most ignorant to the most cultivated, there was the same inborn prejudice. If common courtesy and the studied politeness of the educated man ( V^irginian) led him into souiable- ness and cordiality of friendly intercourse for a time, he would all at once assume a coldness as though he had forgot himself and done wrong. Among the ignorant it was still more unpleasant; but now ail is changed, 'i'ney now seem to think we are of one nation — we are all brothers — we should all be united — we should help each other— ^we should not remember that one was from a free state, and an- other was born in a slave state. This is of the union men. The secessionists hate us more, if possible, and hate their neighbors who have joined us still worse. Nothing else, it appears to me could ever have destroyed this prejudice. And to us, Avho have seen this inveterate prejudice, this appears strange. Is it love of counti'y, or is it the danger? Who can tell ? I have witnessed many scenes in this brief time which I had never expected to see — altogether a great deal of the worst of the "horrors of war," and mingled with the soldiers Avho are roughest and hardest, and heard their talk and their nonsense. Instead of feeling as though I had been hardened, or had become Gallons to the suffering of men and the cruelties of war, it seems as though the best feelings were sharpened. I know men who never before appeared to have any real and natural love for their families, manifest the best and most encourag- ing aspects of fraternal affection — the most delicate and tender love for friends and families — since this war commenced. Men, unconscious of the best feelings of cultivated natures, manifest that tender and affectionate regard for their wives which we e.xpect to see only among the most enlightened and harmonious fiimi- lies. Many of the natives are rough and uncultivated. The war does them good! So it seems to me. Tliis is my question: why is it? How would you ex- plain it? How is it possible that civil war, where there is so much of awful trag- edy, and wherein neighbor will shoot neighbor, to say nothing of the lesser wrongs and outrages, will improve men generally ? While they talk so glibly of this one and that one of their acquaintance who are rebels, as deserving to be shot, they seem to be progressing in other respects. They become less selfish, more confiding, more generous, more considerate, and better men, I think, altogether. And this while we have not the best discipline in our regiment, and there is none too little whisky in camp. Is it love for country? Is it that the union is in danger, or that their families are in danger? Would this last produce such an effect? Or is it that the love for country is such a great and noble virtue that it increases other good qualities in men f Yes, this is it, it can be nothing else. The bitter contempt and hate with which the union men were held throughout the south at the outbreak of the rebellion, found fall ex- pression in their secession papers : of which the following extract pub- lished in the Jeffersonian at Barboursville, West Yirgiuia, in May 1861, is a fair specimen : Capt. Roger's company of volunteers are making active preparations for service. They are a fine body of men, as true as steel, and fighting in the cause of liberty, every single man of them is equal to a dozen of the base hirelings with whom they have to contend. In the hour of battle, we doubt not but what each man will prove himself a Spartan. Should old Lincoln grow so in'^ane as to send 100,000 of his box-ankled Yankees up through this part of Virginia, our mountain boys will give them a wai-m reception, and will be sure to save ennvgh Yankee shin bones to make husk- ing pegs icith ichich to husk all our corn for a hundred years. A few months of actual experience dispelled some of those pleasant delusions in regai'd to the cowardice of union men. As the rebels were soon driven by our brave volunteers from their various enmps at Phil- ippi, Laurel Hill, Cheat Mountain, Gauley river and other points, they 46 TIMES OF THE REBELLION left behind in their panic hurry, bushels of private letters. These revelations of the inner life of the rebellion, are important contributions to the history of the times. They illustrate the ideas that prevailed among- the poor whites of the South, their ferocity against the people of the free states; and an ignorance so px'ofound as to show how readily they became the willing instruments in the hands of their aristocracy, to perpetuate and increase their own degradation. The most amusing of these were the love letters of which the camps were full. Some of the tender documents could not be exceeded in ferocity of spirit by the cannibals of Fejee. Mingled with good religious advice to husbands by wives to trust in the Lord and offer up continued prayers for his guidance, are blended requests to kill every Yankee they met, and bring the scalps home as trophies of the war. Little children also write to their papa's for union scalps, and tender swains and love stricken maidens all appear to revel in visions of blood. We open with one of this description. Sewel ]\Iountaix October 3d 1861. Dear Maiss Sarah margret Waup I send j^ou m\'^ best love and respects to you. I am well at this present time in hopinsi; these few lines will find you in the same helth and in the Same mind as you was when I gote the last letter. My love is round as a ring that has no end and so is my to you. I waunt you not to foregit mea and pick up eny of the Raleigh boys fore I am goun to Sleep in youres arms if I live and the dam yankee devels dont kill mea. I still lives in hopes tiie devels Cant kill mea, 1 hope that we will .Tine handes again. I waunt you to never have eny thing to Saye to the Raleish boyes they are all purty mutch unean [union] mean I understand and that is a poore Cuntry I no. I have got youres lik- ness yet and kiss hit evry Day bites no ende that howe I lov you. I think of you when I am marced into the hattle feal. I waunt you to ware the Seccions war riben a white peas of cloth around your wast; the unean [union] lades wars the black beltes around their wast * * [The writer indulges in some thorough going profanity in reference to " Linken," and expresses a few uncharitable wishes respecting his future.] * * mair margret I would like to see you So we Could laff and talk all about old times. My pen bade my ink is no count and I bant have but 8 minets to rite to you and 1 have to rito hit on my lapt. Pleas exkoose mea I have rote 6 letteres and reserved 3 from you and the hole of them thare was mise rote this you see rember mea if this not except please exkooss mea and burn hitup Sarah margret Waup JAMES BOLTOK From another letter found in Laurel Hill camp we take two lines. "i sa agen deer Melindy weer fitin for our liburtis to dew gest as we pleas, and we will fite fur them so long as GODDLEMITY givs us breth." Here are two letters from loving maidens. The first according to her own revelations had been some time "on the market." Mr. , Dear Sir: I take the pleasure in writing you a few lines to-night. And to answer the kind & excepted note. We are all well at present. I think that good health & company is all that one should wish for. I know that I am contented when I am in your good company, that I love to be in so much. But I hope the kind Providence will soon permit us to be to gather soon. 1 wished that all of those Yankees heads icas shot ojf and piled up. Beck has formed a good opinion of you. But I think that 1 like you the best. She said that she •wished that she was married. She says that she wants me to put the holtar on first. There is no man here I care anything about now. I was once 12 years engaged, but am free now. There was a certain person told me to keep myself free from all engagements for him, but did not answer, and that was the last. I IN WEST VIRGINIA. 47 dreamt about you last night 1 thought I heard you talking to papa. I tell you 1 almost was under John's control, but it may be for the best yet. If things had of went on, 1 would of been married, some time ago. These are times to try persons faith and feelings. 1 think every one should be candid. I know that you loye me. That love can be returned. I am in for anything that you say, «fec., &C/ Wyths vill VA August 17th 1861 Dear sub — it is with grate plesur for me to ancer yore letter I was glad to think that you thougt that much of me amany A time I think of you all and wod like to see you all but I think that it will be A longe time be fore i will see you all but I hoape that it will not be so longe you sade that you had that arboviter that me and sue give you and that likeness that miss sue Pattison had of yores she has got it yet. She sase that she is A goante to kepe it. The times air loancem hear know sence you all lefte hear. II tell you that campe Jacksom lokes loancem know. I havente northen much to rite to you at this time but I hoape that I will have nore to rite to you. The nexte tine that you rite if that ever will be but 1 hoap that you will not forgit to rite. 1 woante you to excuse me for not hav ritten sooner but I havent not had the chance but 1 tride mity harde to ancer it sooner but I cudeut. 1 hearde this morninge that you all was a goanto leave thair and I thaute that 1 wod ancer it this eaven. I woante you to tell mr yomce to rite to me. Ancer this as soon as you git this. I have northen more to sa at the present time but excuse bad riten and spellinge. Dearest frende Miss Mary D McA Here is a third maidenly letter found at Cariiifex Feriy after Floj^d's flight by some of Eosecrans' soldiers. It was.in a highly scented white envelope, and was evidently addressed to one of the secession chaplains, that "Genuine itinerant Methodist minister." Miss Becky repels the base charge that she is given to tobacco chewing. Rev. Wm. H. Dear, in high esteem your very welcom letters arrived in due time, which were pleastant visitant, it was truely gratifying to hear of the abundance of good things you are blessed with in N. Carolina. I recon Egypt will certainly divide with Canaan. Well Parson J suppose you are in the Dominion state this year among polished characters. I don't know how you can think of the plain people in Fentress Tennessee. I would just say as it regard my useing tobacco it is altogether a false suppo- sition. 1 protest the use of tobacco in every shape and form, so enough on that subject. Dear I appreciate you as a genuine Itinerant Methodist minister and will take pleasure in any writen correspondence with you. There have been revivals on this mission since you left. We expect Parson at his appointment. Well Dearest ■ we are many miles apart Oh! the deep between us roll the rough Hills which intervene between you & I. yet all things are possible in the sight of the Lord. IMay the good Lord bless thee my dearest I hope you will find friendes that will treat you kindly. Oh ! that this may be a glorious Conference year. You are still remembered by Rebecca. Things are going on smoothly. Mary is primping and fixing herself looking for her beaugh. Dear me ! Clear the wa}'', move the chairs, & make room. Well Parson, I must now close by solic- iting your prayers in my behalf. Respond to this the first opportunity. Fare-well this time Rebecca Oh ! I remember how you looked Remember well your silvery Tone And placid smile of sweetest lore Though Many hour.s have rapid flown. Poetical effusions in great quantities were found "to fire the Southern heart." This one is a fair specimen. . It was obtained at Camp Gauley, among the official papers of the adjutant of a Virginia regiment : 48 TIMES OP TUE REBELLION Come all you brave Virginia boys if bonor scase your Soards brave boys AVith hearts both stout and true And Muskets not A few Come let us go down to the mason line Come lets go down to the Battle ground And Whip the Nothern crue And Whip the Notbern crue Old lincola is there president Fight on Brave Boys with out a doubt That evry body knows On til you gain the Field And he was elected by the Vote The god of Battle he is stout Of men as black as Crows He will caus our foas to yeald A Malgamation is tber theme Our Wives and sweet hearts And that will never do . tell us go and fight Just like A man Come lets go down to the Battle ground And keep the nothern negro crue And Whip the Nothern Crue off of Virginue land Be brave and Bold you Valiant boys if luckey is our doom Brave Boys and keep your Armors Bright in old Abe lincoln hall For Sothcrn Boys Wonts nothing else On our nsxt Independent day But Just the things that Right We will Take a Sothern Ball God made the peopl Black and white and when we come safe home Again he made the red man to Our wives and sweet harts to And for to mis up is not Right We they will weloom us from Washington lets Whip the Negro crue for they have nothing elce to do August the 14 1861. The war in West Yirginia was confined to small battles, skirmishes, and conflicts with guerrillas. One of the most important of the bat- tles, in its consequences, in the latter part of the war, was that of Droop Mountain, in the Greenbrier country, Nov. 6, 1863. In this at- tion, the rebels were attacked in their works on the summit of the mountain by Gren. Averill, and routed with a loss of 400 men. The guerrilla leaders, Jenkins and Imboden, were, for a time, active and enterprising, and the union troops were kept busy under Cox, Scammon, Crook, Averill, Kelly, and other union officers, Avhose terror- inspiring raids, and the liardshii3S endured by those who took part in them, will show hoAV noble a part was played in the great drama of the present age by the union-loving sons of West Virginia. The most noted of all the raids was that of Averill in the winter of 1863-4. The object of the expedition, which was planned by Clen. Kelly, was to cut the Virginia and Tennessee railroad, and so sever the communication between Lee, in Virginia, and Longstreet, in Ten- nessee. Several feigned movements were made in order to mislead the enemy, which were successful. The command of the. real expedition was given to General Averill. On the 8th of December, he started from New Creek, near the Mary- land border, with four mounted re the order before a court or grand jury, they are instructed to refuse to answer mch questions, alleging as a ground tor their refusal, that their answers may yriminate themselves. The testimony shows that this course has habitually been, pursued by members, especially in Indiana, when placed in such a situation. Besides the oaths and other forms and ceremonies which have been alluded to, he ritual contains what are termed '•Declarations of Principles." Tiiese decla- rations, whicli are most important as exhibiting the creed and character of the Drder, as inspired by the principles of the rebellion, will be fully presented under, the next branch of the subject. The signs, signals, passwords, etc., of the order are set forth at length in the testimony, but need only be briefly alluded to. It is a significant fact, as show- ing the intimate relations between the Northern and Southern sections of the secret conspiracy, that a member from a Northern State is enabled to pass with- out risk througli the South bv the use of the signs of recognition which have 5 72 TIMES OP THE REBELLION been establislied throughout the order, and by means of wliich members from distant points, though meeting as strangers, are at once made known to each other as "brothers." Mary Ann Pitman expressly states in her testimony tliat whenever important dispatches are required to be sent by rebel generals beyond their lines, members of the order are always selected to convey them. Cerlaia passwords are also used in common in both sections, and of these, none apprars to be more familiar than the word "Nu-oh-lac," or the name "Calhoun," sjult backward, and which is employed upon entering a temple of the first degrei' of the Order of American Knights — certainly a fitting password to such dens of treason. Besides the signs of recognition, there are signs of warning and danger, for use at nio-ht, as well as by day; as, for instance, signs to warn members of the ■a\)- proach of United States officials seeking to make arrests. The order has al>o established what are called battle-signals, by means of which, as it is asserteil, a member serving in the army may communicate with the enemy in the field, and thus escape personal harm in case of attack or capture. The most recent of tin -e signals represented to have been adopted is a five-pointed copper star, worn uinltr tlie coat, which is to be disclosed upon meeting an enemy, who will thus recdL^- nize in the wearer a sympathizer and an all}'. A similar star of German sih ( r, hung in a frame, is said to be numerously displayed by members or their faniili"s in private houses in Indiana, for the purpose of insuring protection to their pro- perty in case of a raid or other attack; and it is stated that in many dwellings in that State a portrait of John Morgan is exhibited for a similar purpose. Other signs are used by members, and especially the officers of the order in their correspondence. Their letters, when of an official character, are generally conveyed by special messengers, but when transmitted through the mail are usually in cipher. When written in the ordinary manner, a character at the foot of the letter, consisting of a circle with a line drawn across the center, signifies to the member who receives it that the statements as written are to be understood in a sense directly opposite to that which would ordinarily be conveyed. It is to be added that the meetings of the order, especially in the country, are generally held at night and in secluded places; and that the approach to them is . carefully guarded by a line of sentinels, who are passed only by means of a special .countersign, which is termed the "picket." \ I VI. — ITS WRITTEN PRINCIPLES. The ^'■Declaration of Principles,'' which is set forth in the ritual of the order, has already been alluded to. This declaration, which is specially framed for the instruction of the great mass of members, commences with the following proposition: "All men are endowed by the Creator with certain rights, equal as far as there is equality in the capacity for the ajipreciation, enjoy- ment, and. exercise of those rights." And subsequently there is -..added: "In the Divine economy no individual of the human race •must be permitted to incumber the earth, to mar its aspects of trans- cendent beauty, nor to impede the progress of the physical or intel- lectual man, neither in himself nor in the race to which he belongs. Hence, a people, upon whatever plane they may be found in the ascending scale of humanity, whom neither the divinity within them nor the inspiration of divine and beautiful nature around them can impel to virtuous action and progress onward and upward, should be subjected to a just and humane servitude and tutelage to the superior race until they shall be able to aj^preciate the benefits and advantages ■ of civilization." Here, expressed in studied terms of hypocrisy, is the whole theory IN INDIANA. 73 of human bondapcc — the right of the strong, because they arc strong, todispoil and enslave the weak, because they are weak! The lan- guages of earth can add nothing to the coward'lj-and loathsome base- ness of the doctrine, as thus announced. It is the robber's creed sought to be nationalized, and would push back the hand on the dial plate of our civilization to the darkest period of human history. It must be admitted, however, that it famishes a fitting "corner-stone" for the government of a rebellion, every fiber of whose bod}- and every throb of whose soul is born of the traitorous ambition and slave-pen inspirations of the South. To these detestable tenets is added that other pernicious political theory of State sovereignty, with its necessary fruit, the monstrous doctrine of secession — a doctrine which, in asserting that in our fed- erative system a part is greater than the Avhole, would compel the General Government, like a Japanese slave, to commit hari-kari whenever a faithless or insolent State should command it to do so. Thus, the ritual, after reciting that the States of the Union are "free, independent, and sovereign,'' proceeds as follows: "The government designated the United States of America, has no sovereignti/, because that is an attribute with which the people, in their several and distinct political organizations, are endowed, and is in- alienable. It was constituted by the terms of the comjjact, by all the States, through the express will of the people thereof, respectively — a common agent, to use and exercise certain named, specified, defined, and limited powers which are inherent of the sovereignties within those States. It is permitted, so tar as regards its status and rela- tions, as common agent in the exercise of the powers carefullj- and jealously delegated to it, to call itself 'supreme,' but not ^ sovereign.^ In accordance with the principles upon which it is founded the American theory, government can exercise only delegated power; hence, if those who shall have been chosen to administer the govern- ment shall assume to exercise powers not delegated, they should be regarded and treated as usurpers. Tlie reference to 'inherent power,' 'war power,' or 'military necessity,' on the part of the functionary for the sanction of an arbitrary exercise of power by him, we will not accept in palliation or excuse.'' To this is added, as a corollary, "it is incompatible with the history and nature of our sj'stem of government, that Federal authority should coerce by arms a sovereign bjtate." The declaration of principles, however, does not stop here, but proceeds one step further, as follows: "AVhenever tiie chosen officers or delegates shall fail or refuse to administer the Government in strict accordance with the letter of the accepted Constitution-, it is the inherent right and the solemn and imperative duty of the people to resist the functionaries, and, if need be, to expel them bij force of arms ! I^uch resistance is not revolution, but is solely the assertion of right — tiie exercise of all the noble attributes which impart honor and dignity to manhood." To the same effect, though in a milder tone, is the platform of the order in Indiana, put forth by the Grand Council at their meeting in P>bruary last, which declares that "the right to alter or abolish their government, whenever it fails to secure the blessings of liberty, is one of the inalienable rights of the people that can never be surrendered." Such, then, are the principles which the new member swears to observe and 74 TIMES OF THE REBELLION abide by in his obligation, set forth in the ritual, where he says: "1 do solemnly promise that I will ever cherish in my heart of hearts the sublime creed of the E. K., (Excellent Knights,) and will, so far as in me lies, illustrate the same in my intercourse with men, and will defend the principles thereof, if need be, with my life, whensoever assailed, in my own country first of all. I do further solemnly declare that I will never take up arms in behalf of any government which does not acknowledge the sole authority or power to be the will of the governed." TJie following extract from the ritual, may also be quoted as illustrating the principle of the right of revolution and resistance to constituted authority insisted upon by the order. "Our swords shall be unsheathed whenever the great principles which we aim to inculcate and have sworn to maintain and defend are assailed." Again : " I do solemnly promise, that whenever the principles which our order inculcates shall be assailed in my own State or country, I will defend these prin- ciples with my sword and my life, in whatsoever capacity may be assigned me by the competent authority of our order." And further: "I do promise that I will, at all times, if need be, take up arms in the cause of the oppressed — in my own country first of all — against any jjower or government usurped, which may be found in arms and waging war against the people or peoples who are endeavoring to establish, or have inaugurated, a gov- ernment for themselves of their own free choice." Moreover, it is to be noted that all the addresses and speeches of its leaders breathe the same principle, of the right of the forcible resistance to the Govern- ment, as one of the tenets of the order. Thus, P. C. Wright, Suprem.e Commander, in his general address of December, I860, after urging that "the spirit of the fathers may animate the free minds, the brave hearts, and still unshackled limbs of the true democracy' (meaning the members of the order), adds as follows: "To be prepared for the crisis now ap- proaching, we must catch from afar the earliest and faintest breathings of the spirit of the storm ; to be successful when the storm comes, we must be watchful, patient, brave, confident, organized, armed." Thus, too, Dodd, Grand Commander of the order in Indiana, quoting, in his address of February last, the views of his chief, Vallandigham, and adopting them as his own, says: "He (Vallandigham) judges that the Washington power will not yield up its power until it is taken from them by an indignant people hy force of arrns." Such, then, are the written principles of the order in which the neophyte is in- structed, and which he is sworn to cherish and observe as liis rule of action, when, with arms placed in his hands, he is called upon to engage in the over- throw of his Government. This declaration — first, of the absolute right of slavery; second, of State sovereignty and the right of secession ; third, of the right of arm- ed resistance to constituted authority on the part of the disaffected and the dis- loyal, whenever their ambition may prompt tliem to revolution — is but an asser- tion of that abominable theory which, from its first enunciation, served as a pretext (or conspiracy after conspiracy against the Government on the part of Southern traitors, until their detestable plotting culminated in open rebellion and bloody civil war. What more appropriate password, therefore, to be commimi- •cated to the new member upon his first admission to the secrets of tlie order "could have been conceived, than that which was actually adopted — "Calhoun! " — a man who, bafiled in his lust for power, with gnashing teeth turned upon the Government that had lifted him to its highest honors, and upon the country that had borne him, and down to the very close of his fevered lile labored incessantly to scatter far and wide the seeds of that poison of death now upon our lips. The thorns which now pierce and tear us are of the tree he planted. IN INDIANA. 75 VII — ITS SPECIFIC PURPOSES AND OPERATIONS. From the principles of the order, as thus set forth, its ,c:eneral pur- pose of co-operatino; with the rebellion may readily be inferred, and, in fact, those principles could logically lead to no other result. This general purpose, indeed, is distinctly set forth in the personal state- ments and confessions of its members, and particularly of its prom- inent officers, who have been induced to make disclosures to the Government. Among the most significant of these confessions are those already alluded to, of Hunt, Dunn, and Smith, the heads of the order in Missouri. The latter, whose statement is full and explicit, sa3's: "At the time I joined the order I understood that its object was to aid and assist the Confederate Government, and endeavor to restore the Union as it was prior to this rebellion." He adds: "The order is hostile in every respect to the General Government, and friendly to the so-called Confederate Government. It is exclusively made up of disloyal persons — of all Democrats who are desirous of securing the independence of the Confederate States with a view of restoring the Union as it was." It would be idle to comment on such gibberish as the statement that "the independence of the Confederate States" was to be used as the means of restoring "the Union as it was;" and yet, under the manipulations of these traitorous jugglers, doubtless the brains of many have been so far muddled as to accej^t this shameless declara- tion as true. But proceeding to the specific purposes of the order, which its leaders have had in view from the beginning, and which, as will be seen, it has been able, in many cases, to carry out with very considerable success, the following are found to be the most pointedly presented by the testimony: 1. Aiding Soldiers to Desert and Harboring and Protecting Deserters. — Early in its history the order essayed to undermine such portions of the army as were exposed to its insidious approaches. Agents were sent by the Knights of the Golden Circle into the camps to introduce the order among the soldiers, and those who became members were instructed to induce as many of their companions as possible to de- sert, and for this purpose the latter were furnished by the order with money and citizens' clothing. Soldiers who hesitated at desertion, but desired to leave the army, were introduced to lawyers who en- gaged to furnish them some quasi legal pretext for so doing, and a certain attorney" of Indianapolis, named Walpole, who was particu- larly conspicuous in furnishing facilities of this character to soldiers who applied to him, has boasted that he has thus aided five hundred enlisted men to escape from their contracts. Through the schemes of the order in Indiana whole companies were broken up — a large detachment of a battery company, for instance, deserting on one oc- casion to the enemy with two of its guns — and the camps were imbued with a spirit of discontent and dissatisfaction with the service. Some estimate of the success of these eftbrts may be derived from a report of the Adjutant General of Indiana, of January, in 1863, set- ting forth that the number of deserters and absentees returned to the 76 TIMES OF THE REBELLION army through the post of Indianapolis alone, during the month of December, 18G2, was nearly two thousand six hundred. As soon as arrests of these deserters began to be generally made, writs of habeas corpus were issued in their cases by disloyal judges, and a considerable number were discharged thereon. In one instance in Indiana, where an otiicer in charge of a deserter properly refused to obey the writ, after it had been suspended in such cases by the President, his attachment for contempt was ordered by the Chief Justice" of the State, who declared that "the streets of Indianapolis might run with blood, but that he would enforce his authority against the President's order." On another occasion certain United States othcers who had made the arrest of deserters in Illinois were themselves arrested for kidnapping, and held to trial by a disloyal judge, who at the same time discharged the deserters, though acknowledging them to be such. Soldiers "upon deserting, were assured of immunity from punishment and pro- tection on the part of the order, and were instructed to bring away with them their arms, and, if mounted, their liorses. Details sent to arrest them by the military authorities, were in several cases forcibly resisted, and where not unusu- ally strong in numbers, were driven back by large bodies of men, subsequently generally ascertained to be members of the order. Where arrests were eft'ected, our troops were openly attacked and fired upon on their return. Instances of such attacks occurring in Morgan and Rush counties, Indiana, are especially no- ticed by General Carrington. In the case of the outbreak in Morgan county, J. S. Bingham, editor of the Indianapolis Sentinel, a member or friend of the order, sought to forward to the disloyal newspapers of the West false and inflammatory telegraphic dispatches in regard to tlie affair, to the efiect that cavalry had been sent to arrest all the Democrats in the county, that they had committed gross outrages, and that several citizens had been shot; and adding "ten thousand soldiers can not hold the men arrested this night. Civil war and bloodshed are inevitable." The assertions in this dispatch were entirely false, and may serve to illustrate the fact heretofore noted, that a studious misrepresentation of the acts of the Government and its officers is a part of the prescribed duty of the mem- bers of the order. It is proper to mention that seven of the party in Morgan county, who made the attack upon our troops, were convicted of their ofiense by a State Court. Upon their trial it was proved that the party was composed of members of the Knights of the Golden Circle. One of the most pointed instances of protection afforded to deserters occurred in a case in Indiana, wdiere seventeen entrenched themselves in a log cabin with a ditch and palisade, and were furnished with provisions and sustained in their defense against our military authorities for a considerable period by the order or its friends. 2. Discouraging Enlistments and resisting the Draft. — It is especially inculcated by the order to oppose the re-enforcement of our armies, either by volunteers or drafted men. In lb62, the Knights of the Golden Circle organized generally to resist the draft in the Western States, and were strong enough in certain locali- ties to greatly embarrass the Government. In this year and early in 1(S63 a numiber of enrolling officers were shot in Indiana and Illinois. In Blackford county, iTidiana, an attack was made upon the court-house, and the books con- nected with the draft were destroyed. In several counties of the State a consider- able military force was required for the protection of the United States oiticials, and a large number of arrests were made, including that of one Reynolds, an ex- Senator of the Legislature, for publicly urging upon the populace to resist the conscription — an offense of the same character, in fact, as that upon which Val- landigham was apprehended in Ohio. These outbreaks were no doubt, in most cases, incited by the order and engaged in by its members. In Indiana nearly two hundred persons were indicted for conspiracy against the Government, re- sisting the draft, etc., and about sixty of them were convicted. When members of the order were forced into the army by the draft, they were instructed, in case they were prevented from presently escaping, and were obliged IN INDIANA. 77 to go to the field, to use their arras a