UNIVERSITY LIBRARY \QBOD SG yw ‘0: Mockanical J tp es ira pA 1c Fmt ad oil i, He perl. 2 1 : ie Mockan. Ey y ; “4 physica D3. Cynk Sepor. : A CONTINVAT ION Nevv Experiments Phyfico- Mechanical, Touching the Sprina and WVeraut of the AIR, and their Effects. A RA ryt THE 1. PART. Writen by way of Letter, to the Right Honourable the Lord (lifford and Dungarvan. VVhereto is annext a fliort Difcourfe a OF the Armospr HERES Of Con- fiftent Bodies. By the Honourable ROBERT BOYLE, Fellow of the Royal Society. OXFORD, Printed by Henry Hall Printer to the Univerfity, for Richard Davis, in the Year 1669. PePSEE PET SP OPE POSES | The PREFACE. Aving atthe beginning of the Treatife, where- of This is aContinuation , acquainted my Rea- ders with feveral things thac belong in com- mon as well to the following Experiments, asto thofe There publifh’d; it will not be neceflaty for me to trouble the Reader with a repetition of what he may have met with there already, not toacquaint him in this Addrefs with any Other particulars then Thofe that concern the Experiments! am now about to prefent him. I doubrnot butit will beremembred by fome,that I feem'din the abovementioned Book to have promis’d a Second part of it, or a large Appendix to it: but Inti- mations of that kind do many times refpect onely the Thing it felf, leaving the Giver of them free in point of Time:.andI wanted not fufficient inducements to delay a while to perform my Promife, if I made any. ihad indeed, partly before the Book already referr'd to came from the Prefs, and partly fometime after, made divers other Tryals in order toa Supplement of it: but being oblig’d to make fome Journeys and Re- moves, which allowed me no Opportunity to profe- cute the Experiments,i had made no very great Progres \QOOSG Shs <2 The Preface. in my Defign, before the convening of an Mluftrious Affembly of Virtuofi, which has fince made it felf fuf- ficiently known under the Title of the Royal Society. And having then thought fitto make a Prefent,to per- fons fo like to imploy it well, of the great Engine, I had tillthen nvade ufe of in the Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments about the Air, and being unable afters wards to procure another fo good, | applied my Stu« diesto other Subjects, and gave over for a great while the care of making more Experiments of that kind:and the rather, becaulethat.finding by the very favourable reception ThofeI had publifh’d had met with among the Curious in {everal parts of Europe, that they were like to be Confidered and Perufed; I thought! might fafely leave the Profecution of them to Others, who would probably come more Frefh and untiredto {uch an Exercife of their Curiofity. | But obferving, that the great Difficulties men met with inimakingan-Engine, thar vyould exhauft and keep out a Body fo fubtle as the Air; and fo ponderous asthe Atmofphere, (befides perhaps fome other im- pediments ) vvere fuch, that in five or fix year I could hear but of one or two Engines that vvere brought to be fitto Wark, and of but one or two Nevy Experi. ments, that had been added by the Ingenious Owners of Them, 1 began to liften tothe Perfwafions of Thofe that fuggefted, Thatunleffe { refum'd this work The Preface. my felf there would fcarce be much doneinit. And therefore having (bythe help of Other work-men then Thole Thad unfuccesfully imploy’d before) pro. cured a new Engine lefle than the Other , and diffee ring in fome Circumftances from it, wedid (chough not without trouble enough) bring it to work as well asthe Other, and, as to fome purpofes, better. And having once got ‘This, I made haft totry withitchofe Experiments, that belonged tothe defign'd Continua; tion, and do now make up this Book. I hope,that to fuch Readers as the following Papers are principally intended for, I {hall not need to make an Apology either forthe Plainenefle of my Style, (wherein! aim’d at Perfpicuity not Eloquence, yor for my not having adorn‘d or ftuffc this Treatife with Au- thorities or Sentences of Claflick Authors,which I had neither the leifure to leek, nor thought! had any great need toimploy, though it had been far more eafie then pethaps it would have proved, to borrow from them things that would have been very proper toa Treatife where my main Defign was, to make out by pradt. cable Experiments divers things among other that have not hitherto been advantaged by that way of Probation, nor perchance thought very capable of ir; fo that I fhall have obtained a great part of what I aim’d at, if have fhewn, that thofe-very Phenomena, which the School-Philofophers, and their party urge, an Lhe Preface: and fometimes triomph in,as clear Proofs of Natures abhorrency of a Vacuum, may benot onely explicated, bucactually exhibited, fome bythe Gravity, and fome alfo by the bare Spring of the Air. Which Latter! now mention as a diftinét thing from the other, not that I think it is actually feparated in thefe Tryals, (fince the Weight of the upper parts of the Air does, if I may fo fpeak, bend the Springs of the lower,) but becaufe that having in the already publifhed Experiments, and even in fome of Thefe, manifefted the Efficacy of the Airs gravitation on Bodies, I chought ficto make it my Task in many of Thefe,cofhew, that moft of the fame things that aredone by the Preffure of all the - fuperincumbent Atmofphere acting as aVVeight, may belikewile performed by the Preflure of a {mall porti- on of Air, included indeed (but without any new Compreflion ) acting as a Spring. The prefent firft part of our Continuation might I confeffe have been fist” inconveniecntly..divided into two parts. For fir/ itcontains fome Experiments that are already relatedinthe Printed book, though they be here fo repeated, asto be confirmed, illuftrated, or improved, by being reiterated either with better Inftru- ments, or with better Succefle than when they were made in my large Receiver, which holding (if! mif, remember not) about eight Gallons, could not eafily be fo well exhaufted as thofe fmall Receivers | often {ince The Preface. fince imployed. And /econdly, che other and far moye numerous fort of Experiments, related in this Fie# part, arenewand fuperadded. And yet I forbearto ~ affign each of thele two forts a place by irfelf, becaufe I could not conveniently fet down my Tryals other. wile then as they came to hand among my Notes; and Iconfidered, that in divers places the New ones and the Old ones being mentioned together, might ferve by their neighbourhood to illuftrate or confirm each other. And however at another Edition of our Continuation it will bea very eafie task, if it appear to be arequifite one,to give the improvements of the former Experiments, and the fuperadded new ones, diftiné Titles and Places. As for the Mechanical contrivances imployed in making the following Experiments, though moft of themhave had the good fortune to meet with an ap- probation, and fome of them with more than that, from nomean Virtuofi and Mathematicians, yet as I expectthat Critical Readers will judg, that in fome _ Experiments more artificial Inflruments might have been made ufe of , fol hope that they will not look upon thofe | was reduced toimploy, as alwayesthe beft that ever lcould have direéted, fince it fufficient- — ly appears by diverfe paffages of the following Expes riments, that they were not made at London, but in. places where the want of a Gla{s-houle and other aca €omo- The Preface. accommodations reduced meto make my Tryals not after the beft manner I could devife, but in the beft way Icould then and there put in practice. And let me addonthis occafionto what! have elfewhere faid to the like purpofe, that tis both a great difcourage. mentto many ingenious men, and no {mall hinde- rance tothe advancement of Natural Philofophy, that fome nice Criticksare fo cenforious in exacting from Attempters the very beft Contrivances,and many that - would beattempters ftand too much in awe of fuch mens judgments; for though in very nice Experiments the exactnefle of inftruments is not onely defireable and uleful, but in fome cafes neceffary, yet in many others, wherethe production of anew Phenomenon is théthing aimeédat, they are to be looked upon as Be- nefaétors to the Hiftory of Nacure, that performe the fubftantial part of a Difcovery, though they do it noe by the moft cafieand compendious wayes devifeable, oratcain not to the utmoft precifenefs.that might be wifhed, andis poffible. For fuch performances, not. withftanding their being fhort of perfection, make difcoveries tothe World of new and ufefal things, which though others, that aremore lucky atContrie vances, and have better accommodations, may com- paffe by more compendious wayes, or with greater precifeneffe; yet ftill the Worldis beholding to the firft Difcovery forthe improvements of it, as we areto Are chimedes The Preface. chimedes for the firft devifing a way,to find by weighs ing Bodies in Water, how much Gold or how much : Silver a mixcure of thofe Metals does contain, though (if Hiftorians have not injured that great man in the relation) he went a more laborious and lefle accurate way to work than modern Hydroftatians, who (as I elfewhere fhewy) may perform the fame thing by a far better way, which yet probably we fhould not have thought of, if that attributed co Archimedes had not preceded, and afforded us a fundamental Notion. And that the not being fo dexterous at contriving che wayes to effect a thing, is nofure argument that a man “has nota true and folid knowledge ofit, we may eafily learn from Enclid, vvhom our Geometrici- ans generally and juftly acknowledgeto be their Ma- fter, and to have enriched the World with many ufes ful Truths, and folidiy demonftrated afl his Propofi- tions, though divers of his modern Commentators have found out more compendious wayes for effe- Ging feveral of his Problems, as vvellas of demon- {trating divers of his Theorems , efpecially fince the excellent invention of /pectous Algebra, by whofe help that accurate Mathematician Dr. Wallis has, befides other Specimens upon intricate Propofitions, clearly demonttrated the ten firft and for the moft part per- plexing Theorems of the fecond Element, in litle more than as few lines. In fumme, in Experiments ¥% that The Preface. that arevery nice, accurate Contrivances and foftru- ments ate induftrioufly to be fought, and highly to be yalued, and even in fuch other Experiments as are frequently to be reiterated the moft commodious and eafie waysof performing them are very defireas ble, but chofe practical Compendiums, thongh very welcome tothem that would repeat Tryals, are not {fo importantto the generality of Readers, as being but ufeful to fave pains, not neceffary to difcover Truths; to vvhich men may oftentimesdo good fervice, withs out any peculiar gift at Mechanical Contrivances, fince in moftcafes They may be lookt upon as promoters of Natural Philofophy, who devife Experiments fic to difcover'a-new Truth if the attempt fucceeds , and propofe wayes of bringing it to Trial, which though perhaps not the moft skilful or expeditious, are yet fuf- ficient and practicable, the increafe of Phyficalknow- ledg being the produé of the things themfelves that are difeovered, whatever were the inftruments men imploied about mak ing the Dilcoveries. | As for the Cuts, | endeavouredto make their Rela- tions,and Defcriptions of moft of the Experiments, fo fall and plain, as to need as few Schemes as might be to illuftracethem: burthough! hope, that they who either were verftin fuch kind of Studies, or have any peculiar facility of imagining, would well enough conceive my meaning onely by words; yet left my — The Preface. own &€cuftomance to devile fuch Trials, and to fee thefe made, fhould make me think them more eafily incelligible than moft Readers will find them, | advi- fed with a Learned friend or two, fitto be confulted on fuch an occafion, what Experiments wererequifite to be illuftrated with Diagrams, and to fuch I took care they fhould be annexed. Onely I forbore to adde to the Figure of each Inftrument Alphabetical explications of its parts, as judging that troublefome work leffe eafie for me, than it would be for fuch Readers as this Tract is defigned for, co underftand what is delivered by the help of a litle Attentionin conferring the Schemes of the Infttuments with the Verbal accounts ‘of the Experiments they relate to. But there is one Particular about the Cuts may re- quire Loth to be given notice of and excufed: which is, that having occafion to alter the method of my Experiments, when I began to forefee that | fhould be obligedto referve divers things for another oppor- tunity; aud being my felfabfenttrom the Graver for a good. part of the time he was at work, fome of the Cuts were misplaced, and not graven in the Plates, in which, accordingtothe prefent /eries of Experiments, they might moft properly have been put. But perhaps I may (for! am not fure of it) more need the Readers pardon for (unknowingly) trou- bling him in this Continuation with fome paflages, ¥¥% 2 that The Preface. | that heimay have alteady met with in the Bock it re’ fersto: which though I bad not read over forfome years before, chanced notto have athand, whendie vers of the following Papers were writen; and though afterwards I recovered it, yet the indilpofiti- on of my Eyes made me think it unfit rather to tire them by reading over the whole Book, than to truft tothe Readers good Nature (in cafe i fhould needit) for the pardon of a few unintended Repetitions. Idoubt not, many Readers will be inquifitive to know, why-this Treatifeis filed the Firft part of a Continuation: To give thefe fome account of the Title, | muft putthem ia mind, that in the already published Experiments | intimated, that two forts of Tryals might be made by the help of our Engine: the _ one, fuch asneeded but a fhort abfence of the Air, and the other {uch as required that the Air fhould not onely be withdrawn for a vvhile, but kept out for a confiderable time; from-the-Bodies vvhexeupon the trial ismade. Ofthe former fort of Experiments are thefe this prefent Book does (as vvell as that hereto. fore publifhed did) confift of. And though I have beenfo much called upon , and troubled for certain Writings, whereof I had made fuch mention in thofe that paft che Preffe,as fome Readers interpreted to be an engagement, that ic made methink fic, when I f@- tisfied their demands, to be thence forward very fhy of The Preface. of making the Publick any promife; yet i was indue ced not to alcer the Title of this Treatife, partly bes caufe it may intimate to the Curious, that there are yet agreat mapy things tobe performed By our Engine, befides the productions of it! have hitherto prefented them, and partly becaufe, though | fill perfiit in my former aver{nefle to make promiles to the World; yet tis very poffible, that ifGod grant me life and healih, ] may in due tite prefent my Friends with what may ferve for aSecond part of our Continuation, confi- Rting of Experiments that require a longer abfence of the Air from the bodies to be wrought upon: and ] fhall think, if this Firft part prove not unacceptas bleto the Curious, that the Latter will be not unwel- come to them, as being defigned to confit of Sets of Experiments, which by their being.moft of them New, and fome of them oddenough, may perchance afford fome not defpicable hints to the Speculative. Butthe very nature of thefe Experiments, requiring that fome of them fhould be long in making, my Friends could not reafonably expect a quick difpatch ofa work of this kind, though | fhould not meet for the fucure with {uch intervening impediments, as have hitherto difturbed it, (as want of inftruments, of health, of leifure, and of the liberty, which is fo requi- fite inthis cafe, of ftaying long enough in one place:) notwithftanding all. which difficulties | have by eS Inatches Seneea quelt nate The Preface. {natches been able through God’s bleffing to make forty or fifty of defigned [ryals, being {uch as require the leaft of time to be performed in, though I now think not ficto mention any of them, as well for o- ther reafons, as becaule though they be made by the help of our Engine, yet they require a peculiar appas ratus of Inftruments, very differing fromthofe we have hitherto mentioned, and notto be intelligibly defcri- bed without many words and divers figures. In che: mean time, left the induftrious ihould be difcouraged by a furmife, thatthere is nothing left for them to do by the help of our Engine, at leaft.as to the firft fort of Experiments, | fhallinform them, that! had thoughts to, have added divers others of that kindto thefe that now come forth , and particularly two Clufters of Pneumatical trials, the one about Refpiration, and the other about Fire and Flame; butfeveral of my Notes and O bfervations being at prefent out of the way ,my having neither lsealth nor leifure to repair thefe incon- veniences, and profecute Tryals of that fore with any affiduity, makes mechufe rather to referve them for an Appendix, than to make thofe that now come a. broad flay forthem. Which will not (Iprefume) be the more difliked, becaufe by taking this courfe] may in delivering of the phanomena of Nature, imitate Nag ture her felf, of whom tis the Roman Philofophers tinea. faying, Rerum Natura facra fua non fimul tradit. SOME SLLLSLEBLLLOL LOLS & Some Advertifements touching the Engine it [elf T Hough the Engine already publifhed,and that which I imploy- edin the following Tryals,have the fame Ufes, & agree both in the ground and the main part of their Conftru@ion » yet they differ in fome particulars fit to be taken notice of: for after I had prefented the great Engine I formerly made ufe of to the Roy- al Society, partly the difficuley of procuring fuch another’of thar Size and Make, and partly the defire of making fome improve- ments invited me to make fome alterations in the Strudtures fome of them fuggefted by others, (efpecially by the Ingenious M° Hook, ) and fomewf them that I added my felf, as finding thar without them I couldnot domy work. Wherefore it wil] not be amifs to point at the chief differences between the former §nd the latter Engine, and tointimate fome of the conveniences and inconveniences that attend them. As for the Conftru@ion of the fecond Engine it felf, fince tis prefumed, that the Readers of this Book have already pernfed That of which this is a Continuation, and underftood the contri- vance of the Inftrument that belongs to it, it was prefumed fufs ficient to exhibit in the firft Plate the delineation of the entire Engine ready to be fet at works and inthe fecond, the figures of the feveral Metalline parts that compofe it, before they are fer together. For though thefe have not verbal and Alphabetical explications annexed to them, yet the fight of them may fuffice to make thofe that have an imagination fitted to conceive Me- chanical contrivances, and-are acquainted-with the former Ene gine, comprehend the ftructare of this; which, Alphabetical exe plications would fcarce make fuch Readers do, as are not fo qua- Jified: onely two things there are, which being of fome difficul- ty, as well as of importance to be conceived, I fhall here particu larly Some Advertifements touching the Engine it felf. larly tak notice of. The firft of whichis, that in regard the Sucke et isto be alwayes under water, and the perforation p 4, that pafles perpendicularly quite through it, and ferves together with the ftickr § for a Valve, is to be ftopt at the botrom of the Cye linder, as at 2 0, when tis fall of water, twas requifiteto make the ftickr p ofaconfiderable length, as two or three foots The other and chief ching is that in the fecond Plate, the Pipe 4B, whofe end B bends upward, 1s made to lie in agruve or gutter purpofely made in the flat wooden Board c aef, om which the Receiversaretoreft; which {quare board I caufed to be overlaid with very good Cement, on which cookcare to apply aftrong © plate of iron, of the bignels and fhape of the Board, leaving once ly afmall hole for the erected part of the Pipe to come outat, which added, not onely to keep the wooden Board the better. from warping, but becaufe I knew (what willperhaps be thought ftrange) that the preflure of the Atmofphere on one fide of the Bo@sd, when there is no preflure or but very litle on the other fide, will enable many Aerial particles to ftrain through the very wood, though ofa good thicknefs, and imbued with oyl to choak the Pores; to this iron-plate we fometimes fit a Lip turning, op about it, to hinder the Water that on fome occafions will come from the Receiver from falling on the Room; (and to add that’ upon the by) though the Stop.cock ¢ hi k, that belongs to the hitherto mentioned Pipe, may be inferted.atJ..into the Barrel or Cylinder mao by the help of Soder, yet we chofe as a much better way to havethe Branch £ of the Stop-cock made like a Screw, which being once firmly {crewedin to the Barrel, is not apt to be broken off, and may be more eafily mended if any thing happen to be out of order, which the Engine is the mott liable ro bein or about the Pipe, partly becaufeit may fall our, (though but very rarely if due care be but taken,)that the Air will inf. nuate it felf between the wooden Board and the iron-plate, and fo get up (where the Pipe bends upwards) into the cavity of the Receiver, and partly becaufe the Pipe being for a juft reafon made Some Advertifements touching the Engine it felf, made but flender, and the pare of it chat looks upwards very fhort, it happens not very unfrequently, chat when we imploy Recei- vers with narrow Orifices, where the Cement mutt lie clofeto the opening of the Pipe, it happens, I fay, that the Cement, e- {pecially ifit be much foftned by hear, is fucke (as they {peak) into the Pipe, and fo choaks itup; or elfe chat fome part of the body included in the Receiver is drawn co the orifice of the Pipe, and lying upon itas.a Cover hinders the free paflage of the Ait into the Barrel, againft which inconvenience,to add chat upon the by, weufe amongft other Expedients to place juft about the Ori- fice of the Pipeafinali cover of Tin, ike that of a litle Box, which covers it at the top to hinder any thing from lying imme- diately upon the Pipe, and has a {mall opening or twoin the fide, to give the Air of the Receiver free accels to the Pipe. The fquare and hollow wooden part of this Engine, difcerna- blein the firft plate, is fo made, that it may contain not onely the Cylinder, but fo much water, as will alwaies: keep the Cylinder quite cover'd with that liquor; by which means the Sucker, lying & playing alwaies under water,is kept fill curgid and plump,and the water being ready at hand to fill up any litle interval or chink, that may happen to be between the Sucker and the infide of the Barrel, does together with the newly mentioned plumpnefs of the Sucker very much conduce to the exact keeping out of the Air. But this advantage is not without fome inconvenience, for Givers times, if great care be not taken in turning the Stop-cock, the water will be impell’d into the Receiver, and much prejudice fundry Experiments, when the included bodies are fuch that may be fpoiled or impaired’ (at leaft for the prefent) by. that liquor. The fmalnefs of our Cylinder is a convenience in regard of the facility it affords to make and difpatch thofe many Experiments that may be performed in {mall Receivers, though it make thofe more troublefome and tedious, that require the Exhauftion of Jarge and capacious ones, The flat Plate (mentioned a litleabove) has this great conve- A niency Some Advertifements touching the Engine it felf. niency in many Experiments, that the Receiver needs no Stop- cock ofits owns for fuch a veffel being made all of an entire piece of Gla(s, and whelmed on upon the Plate well covered with Ce- ment, can better keep out the Air, than if here were a ftop- cock, at which the Air does but too frequently get in: but befides that in divers Experiments fuch Receivers do ufually require to be wide mouthed, whereby a greater compa(sis to be fenced againft the ingrefs of the Air, feveral Experiments cannot fo convenient- ly be tryed in this fore of Receivers. . But becaufe, that though this fecond form of our Engine hath gs to feveral purpofes its Peculiar conveniences and advantages, yet fome Virtuofi may be furnithed withthe other already, and fome may conceive it the more clearly of the two, ormay judg it preferable for their particular defigns; I fhall here intimate, that for moft of the Experiments, ifnot ail, that follow, in this Trea- tife, they may make ufe of, orat leaft make a fhift with the firft Engine, with a very few alterations; whereof the chief is to be this, That to the upper part of the great Cylinder, on the fide eppofite to the iron-rack , there is ro be faftned fuch a fquare Board, and fuitable iron place, as is uled in the fecond Engine, betwixt which Board and Plate isto be lodged fuch a Pipe as was lately defcribed, being either a continuation of the outward branchiofthe Stop.cock, or elfe firmly faftned to it by fodering or (crewing: for by chis means, when the Sucker is depreit, the Air will through the Cavity of this Pipe, and the Stop-cock whereto itis annexed, pafs freely by virtue of its own Spring out of the Receiver into the exhaufted Cylinder; though this, andthe Sucker that moves init, being mor kept as in che fecond form of the Engine under water, the greater care will be needed to keep the Air from infinuating ic felf between them. A good Cement, to faften the Receivers to the often mentioned Plate of Iron, is a thing of no fmall moment in makipg the following Experiments, of which we imploy differing Compofitions fie differing purpofes, fome of which are not neceflary to be mentio- ned Some Advertifements touching the Engine it Self. ned in that part of this work that now comes forth; but thar which in almoft all the following Tryals_wechiefly make ufe of, is awell wrought mixture of (yellow) Bees wax and Turpentine, which com pofitionas it ferves better than mott others to keep out the Air, fo it has the conveniency , which is no (mall one, of feldome needing to be heated, and feldomer to be much fo; efpe- cially if we imploy a litle more Turpentine in Winter than in Summer, in the former of which feafons, as much, or very near as much of that ingredient as of che Wax does well, for as in Sum- mer a mixture of three parts of Wax to about two of Turpentine is more proper. Aha 7 Sash AANA AGATA AR AAR ARR ERRATA, By an overfight a foort Paragraph was omitted inthe 14 page, tmporting, that the fecond figure of the 4th. Plate was defignd onely to make fome reprefentation of the difference that would appear, ifinftead of making the 4. Experiment with Water, asin the foregoing figure, the Tryal was made with Quick filver. So likewife in pag.104.lin. 4. and 8.for 14 of the 12 Book read 14 of the 11. pag.ib.1, 9. read Cylinders of equal heights are to one another as their Bafes. A 2 The ShahahahahananenAnanaieh Seah ehhnaAAnAaAA The Reader is defired to perfe& with his Pen the marginal Notes refer- ring to the Plates as being defective, and alfo to infere fuch others as were wholly omitted, according to the following Directions, which could not otherwife be conveniently fupplied, without putting a top to the Prefs. Inthe Margent of Page the — 3d, read See Plate the 111, Figure the 1. 14-1. See plate the 1V. figure the 2. 30, te See plate the 111, figure the 2. 320 1. plate the 111, fig. the 2. 34. Sec plate the 111. figure the 3. 43. 1. See plate the V. figure the 1. 54. 0 See plate the III, figure the 4. 73. againft the 16, line, inferc— See the whole Barofcope detineated Plate the V.fig.the &, 87, againft the laft line but two, infert— See plate the V. figure the 3. 88. againft the 6. line infertc-—See plate the V. figure the 4, yo7. againft the 28. line, infert See plate theV1, figure the 6 as 1x. againft the 20. line, infert See plate the VL. fig. the 2. 113- 1. See the 2« figure of the 7. plate: (adding thereto) which though made primarily for the 39. Experiment, may facelitate the conceiviag of This, x20. againtt the 17. line, infert See plate the VI. figure the 3. x22. againtt the 9. line, infert See plate the V1. figure the 4, 123. againft the 19. line, infert See plate the VI. figure-the . 125. againft the 14. line, infere See plate the V1. figure the 6. 130, read See plate the V1. fig. the 7. 332. ©. See plate the VII. fig. the x. 336. againft che 8, line, infert See plate the Vit, figure the 3. 339. tead See plate the VII. figure the 4. 7 144. . See plate the VIII, fig. the 1. 355. 4. See plate the 1/7, fig. the 3. 161, tT» See plate the VII. Fig. the 2.and 4. 365. againftthe 21. line, infere See plate the VIL. fig.the 4. and againft the laft line fave one, infert See plate the VILL. fig. the 3. 166, t. See plate the VIL. fig. the §. ie 174. Within 3 lines of the bottom, infert See plate the IV. figure the 4. SE SERSISTATTTy! A CONTINVATION OF Nevv Experiments Phyfico- Mechanical, ‘Touching the Srrine and Wercurt of the AIR, and their Effedts, THE I, PART. Wriwen by way of Letter, to the Right Honourable the Lord (lifford and Dungarvan, B HAO il Ee The If Plate. SPUVTTINTUIUITTUUOTUREEEUULU LL My Dear Lord; Ince I have already in proper places of the Phy/ico. Mechanical Experiments about the Air, which | fore merly prefented your Lordfhip, giv’n you a fuffis cient account of feveral things touching the Scope, Occafion, &c. of my Attempt; it willnot be neceflary to make a folemn Preface to the enfuing Expetiments. And therefore prefuming upon an acceptance, which the favourable Entertainment, which your Lordfhip, as well as the Publick, was pleas’d to give my firft Tryals of this kind, encourages me to expect, | fhall) without troubling you with any further Preface, im- mediately fall upon a Continuation, efpecially fince Your Lordfhip will perhaps wonder, that you have not receiv’d it much fooner, as, indeed, you fhould have done, if 1 had been befriended with Accom. modations and Leifure. EX PE- A Continuationof New Experiments EXPERIMENT I. Abent-the raifing of Mercury to.a great height in an open Tube, by the [pring of a little included Air. Dis ways have been propofed to thew both the Preffure of the Air, as the Atmofphereis a heavy Body, and that the Air,efpecially when compre(s'd by outward force, has a Spring that enables it to fuftain or refift.a preffure equal to that of as much ofthe Armolphere, as can come to bear againft it, and alfo_ to{hew , that fuch Air as welive in, and is not condens’d by any humane or adventitious force, has not onely a refi/fing Spring, put an active Spring (if I may fo fpeak) in fome meature, as when it diftends a flaccid or breaks a full-blown Bladder in our exhau- fted Receiver. ; : ~ Butobdferving that there feems to want avifible Experiment - to convince thofe that are not fo eafily fatisfy’d with Reafons, though drawn by juft confequencefrom Phyfical or Mechanica} Truths, or even from other Experiments, taking notice, I fay, - hereof. made the following Experiments; not fo much to pre- vent or removeafcruple no better grounded, asto have a new way of making an Eftimate by fome known and determinate mieafure of the force of the bare Spring of the Air, bothin its nae tural ftate, (as tis {aid to be whennot comprefs’d nor rarity’d, more then the free Air we breath,) and according to its feveral degrees of Expanfion. 4 Wetookthema Viol, with aneck not very large, and having fill'd about a fourth part of it with Quick-filver, wefo erected and faftned along and {lender Pipe of Glafs, open at both ends in the neck of the Viol, with hardfealing wax, that the lower end reach’d-almoft to the bottom of the Quick-filver , and the upper more Touching the [pring and weight of the dir. 3 morethena yard above the viol,’ Then having biown in a littl air, to try whether the Inftrumeut didnot leak, (which tis very expectation, that the Spring of the Air, included in the viol, im- the pell’dup the Quick- friver into the erected Pipe, roche height of 27. inches, and having fuffer’d the External air toreturninto the Receiver, the Quick-filver fubfided in the Tube, fometimes al- moft, and fometimes quite as low as the ftagnant Quick-filver in the viol. For the better iliuftration of this Experiment, thus fummarily related, but with the like fuccefs, as to the main, fev. ral times re- peated, we will fubjoyn the following Obfervations and Notes. L That we try’ this Experiment feveral times, and the laft time in the prefence of the famous Savilian Geometer, Dt Walls, who law the Quick-filver in the Pipe impell’d up to 27s inches, being one himfelf of the meafurers , and though at other times we found it'to be much about the fameheight withthelaft, yet once it (eém’d plainly to be aipretty deali:higher’, :which yet we {pecifi’d not, becaufe a mifchance took offthe mark, which we had made to meafure the height by, II. Having once, totry the ftanchaefferof the viol, blown in fo much Air, (without taking out any thing as we ufetodo inthe like cafe) thac the Air in the cavity) of the viol raiftd:and keptirhe Quickfilver 3- inches highin the Pipe, when we«went onwith the reft of the Experiment, according tothe way:-above defcrib'd,. we: found byemptying the’Receivenof air, that we were able to raife the Quickfilver in the Cane:3 oinches, or fomewhat more ‘above thac‘in the viol. i . rt III.. Sometimes irmay happen, that the Mercury, when ta- ken very foon out of the Receiver, will not.appear to have fub- fided toits firft lownefle; which perhops ‘twilknotifink to infome while after: which isnotto be wondred at; finceimfucita Recei ‘ B. 3 . ver, 4 A (ontinuation of New Experiments ver, which contains but little air, the heat of che Cement and the iron, imploy’d to melt it quite round the Receiver, may im- partalitcle warmth co the air inthe viol, which will afcer return toitsformer Temper. But this Accident is neither conftant nor neceflary tothe Experiment. IV. Tisvery remarkable, that if the Receiver be ficly ftopt, and flender enough, upon the turning of the Stop-cock,to let out the air at che firft exuction, the Mercury will be impell’d up by the {pring of the Air in the viol,fuddenly fying abroad or Rretch- ing it felf, fo that ic will be raif'd feveral inches above the height it will reft ac atcerwards, and will make feveral vibrations up and down beforeit cometo fettle, juft as the Mercury does inthe Torvicellian Experiment, (the bare preflure of the lictle air do- ing hereto the Mercury, what the weight of the Atmofphere does there,) and fuch motions of the Mercury will be made four or five fubfequent Exuctions, upon the withdrawing of the air inthe Receiver. Buc as thefe grow leffer and leffer,as the Spring ofthe included Air grows fainter, fo none of them is any thing near {0 confiderable as the vibrations made upon the firft Suck. V. Agreeable hereunto we obferv’d, that at the firft Exu- ction,, when the Spring of the included Air was yet ftrong, the Mercury would be raif’d by our Eftimate above half, if not ? of the whole height, whereto ‘twill at length be brought, (though that muft be according to the bignes of the Receiver, and other circumftances,) and the fubfequent ExuCtions do ftill adde lefs and lefs proportions of height to the Mercurial Cylinder, and that for two Reafons: the one, becaufe the more there is of Mer- cury impell’dinto the Tube, the greater weight of Mercury pref- fes upon the included sir: and che other, becaufe the air has fo - much the more room in the viol to expand it felf, whereby irs fpriag muft be proportionably weakned. Laftly, when we made mott of thefe Tryals, I had the curios fity to obferve the height of the Mercury ina good Barometer, and thereby found, chat che Air was then-but light; its greaceft Bs 3 ' height Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, & height reaching but to 29 inches, and 7, andits | eight foon af tertheTryal , whereof D: #’adis was witneffe, amounting but to 29.inches. . To make an eftimate of che Quantity of Air, thae had- raifd the Quickfilver to 27 inches, we took the viol that was im ploy’d about this Experiments and having counterpois’d it, whilft it was empty, we afterward fill’d it with water, and found the Liquor to weigh 5.Ounces, 2. Drachms, and about 20. Grains; and then having pour'd out the water, till ic was funk to.amatik which we had made on the outfide of the Glafs, to take notice how high the Quick-filver reach’d that we pour’d in: and laftly, weighing the remaining water, equal in bulk to the Quick-filver, we found it to amount to 1. Ounce, 2, Drachms, 14. Grains; fo that the air, that had rais’d up the Mercury, pofle(s’d (before its Expanfion) in the viol the place but of 4. ounces, and afew odde grains, 7. ¢. of about 4 of a Pint of water. And as for the Pipe alfo, im- ploy'd about the fame Experiment, we found its Cavity to have about; part of an Inch in Diameter, It was one of the Ufes. I hop’d to make of this Experiment, that by comparing the feveral degrees of Expanfion of air inclu- ded in the viol, with the refpe@tive and increafing heights of the Mercury that was impell’d up into the Pipe, fome eftimate might be made of the force ot the Spring of the Air weaken’d by feveral degrees of Dilatation, bur for want of conveniences | forbore to venter upon fuch nice Obfervations, efpecially becaufe the Pref- fure of the dilated air, that remains ia the Receiver, and is exter. nal to theair included in the viol, muft alfo be taken into confide- ration, Another Ufe of our Experiment may be this: That. it. may fupply us with aconfiderable Argument againft fome Learned men, whoaattribute the fufpenfion of the Quick. Gilver in the Tor- ricelléan Experiment to acertain rarify’d matter, which fome call a Funiculus, and whereto others give other names; which rari« fy'd fubftance they fuppofe so draw up and fuftain the sages = ? 6 A Continuation of New Experiments ver,ia compliance of Natures abhorrency of a Vacuum: For in the Experiment under confideration, the Quick-filver being not onely fultain’d ac the height of 27 inches inthe Tube, but eleva- ted thither; . if che caufe of This be demanded, it will be anfwer’d, according to their hypothefis, that the air in the Receiver, exter- nal co that of the Viol, being, by reafon of the fucking out of fome of it bythe Pamp, more rarified than thatin the viol, it draws upto it the Quick-filver inthe Cane, and the mote it is ras rify’d, the bigheritis enabl’d to draw it. But then I demand, - whence it-comesto pals, that though we can, by perfevering to pump, more and more rarifie the kigtle remaining air, or the Ac- real fubftance inthe Receiver, That inthe viol not appearing to be alo rarified, yet the air in the Receiver does not by virtue of its fuperadded rarefaction, whereby it exceeds that of the air in theviol, pull up the Quick-filver coagreater height in the Tube then 27. inches: For;thatthis is not che greateft height,to which Mercury may beraid by this rarefy’d {ubftance, our Adverfaries muft nor deny, who tell us, that inthe Zorrécellian Experiment ic faftains a Mercurial Gylinder of 29. inches, and +, and can raifea Cylinder of 2ginchesto29:, orhigher, in cafe thac the Cylinder be made to vibrate up,and dowain the Tube, cre we lite Andas for thofe, that will infuch cafes, as our Experiment pig fuggefts, have recourfe onely to that which they call the Fuga jug Fxpes Vatai, they may pleafe alfo to confider , that fince the Quick- vimest, falver remains the fame, its alcenfion in the Tube will not be a- vailable for what they think to be Natures purpofes for,whether irreach higher or lower inthe Tube, it will adequately fillno- more {pacein one pofture, or in one figure, then in another, in what part foever of the.cavity of the Receiver it be plac’d. Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. 2 EX PERIMENT. II. Shewing, that muchintluded Air raif'd Mercury in an open Tube, no higher than the weight of the Atmo{phere may in a Barofcope. N the former Experiment, by reafon of the fmalnefs of the vi- ol, that was employ’dabout it, there was fo little Air included, that the Expanfion of it fo far, as was requifite to impell up the Mercury in the Pipe to the above mentioned height of 27. inches, may be probably fufpected to have very much weaken’d its Spring, and therefore it may be thought, that (efpecially confi- dering the great force that feveral’ of our Experiments manifeft imprifon’dair to have,) if there were a.greater Quantity of airin- cluded inthe veffel, fo that the Expanfion, fufficient to raife the Mercury to the former height, would not need to be confiderable, (becaufe that the capacity of the Tube being but the fame, the whole included air will be fo much the lefle expanded, by how much the more of it there is,) it feem’d probablethat the Spring ofthe Air, being butalittleweakned by fo {mall a dilatation, would remain ftrong enough to raife a much taller Cylinder of Mercury inthe Tube, and perhaps make the Liquor run over into the Receiver. But though this Suggeftiom feem probable enough, yet when Tconfider’d, that the weight of the Atmofphere is. able to fuftain a Cylinder of Quickefilver but of 30: inches, ‘or thereabouts, (in perpendicular height,) and confequently that the preffure of fuch a Mercurial Cylinder is equivalent to that of an Atmofpherical Cylinder of the fame bore 5. "twas not difficult to‘conclude, that’ fince the Air in a viol, before the mouthis clos‘d, has a Spring but equal in ftrength tothe weight of the Atmofpherical Pillar thac Jeans upon it, (for if the Spring were too ftrong for the weight that leans on it, foe of the air would get out of the viol,)a grea ter viol,and confequently a greater quantity of included air would C. not 8 A Continuation of new Experiments not beable by its {pring to elevate and fultain a longer Cylinder of Mercury, than the weight of the Atmofphere is able to do; nor indeed altogether fo much, becaule of fome little (though but lic. tlé) Diminution of the Spring by fome (though but a fmall) ex- panfion, that the included Air fuffers, by fucceeding in the place of the Mercury, thatis impell’d up. To clear therefore this matter by an Experiment, we took a ftrong glafs- bottle, capable of holding about a Quart of Liquor, and having put intoit aconvenient quantity of Quick filver, we erected in it a very long andflender pipe of Glafs, open at both the ends, and reaching at the lower end beneath the furface of the ftagnant Mercury, and having faften’d this pipe in the neck ofthe Bottle. , by choaking up that neck very accurately with good Cement, that none of the incladed. air might be able to get out, we conveigh'd the whole into a Receiver, like that imploy’d about the I. Experiment in fhape, buc much larger, that it might beable to. contain fo great aveflel, and then the Engine being fet awotlk, wequickly rais'd the Quick-filver to agreater height than formerly, and when we faw it come toa ftand, we did by the heip of fome marks; made before hand on the pipe, and by the help of a very long and well divided Ruler, meafure, with as much care and accuratene(s as the figure of theveffels would allow us todo, the height of the Mefcurtal C ylinder, which we found to be 29. inches,and about 2, to which abating half an inch.which was rais'd, before the Pump was employed, by fome air that had been blow’'d into the Bottle, totry whether it were ftanch, dedudting, 1 fay, this half Inch of Quick-filver, which remain’d in the Tube after the external Air was let in,(as well as it had been there before the Receiver wasexhaulted,) ont of the newly mention’d number there remain’d 29.inches,and neer ;, for the height of the Mer- cury, rais‘d by the Spring of the Air, fhut up inthe Bottle: and then confulting with the above meationed Barofcope,which ftood in a window in another part of the houfe, I'found, that the weight of the Atmofphere did bear a Mercurial Cylinder of about 29. inches, . a 7 5 . , . ? e Touching the pring and weight of the Air a) Iaches andi, which was-higher by § than chat to which the Spring had rais’d the Quick- filver in the exhaufted Receiver: and the Difference perhaps would have been greater, if the place, where the Experiment was made, had not by its warmth added fome little matter to the Spring of the Air,and if alfo we could have kept the Mercury fo long elevated, as to give it leave to difcharge its felf of thofe {mall bubbles, which tis almoft impoffi- blein fuch Experiments as this to free Quick- filver from, without fome help from time, Laftly, though we caus’d the Pump to be ply’d, to try whe- ther we could not,by the more diligent Exuction of the Receiver, raife the Quick- filver above the height of that which the Atmo- {phere kept {uftain’d in the Barofcope, yet our labour gave us but 2 confirmation, that the Spring of the 4ir would not raife the Mercury higher, then did the weight of the Atmofphere, which may not a litcle confirm the 24 Obfervation. NB. This was not the onely nor the firft Experiment we made of this kind, but this being carried on without mifchances, (with which divers others were attended,) and made with much care, I thought fit to fet down This in ftead of all, intimating ge- nerally about thereft, that they feem’d to agree well forthe main with that, whichis here recited; onely there is one thing relating to thofeother Experiments , thar feems not altogether unworthy to be taken notice of; which is, that when our Tryals were made in veflels, chat contain’d aconfiderable quantity of Air, though upon the exhauftion of the Receiver the Spring of the in- cluded Air could not raife the Quick- filver to the top of the pipe, yet fometimes by other Effects it manifefted it felf to be very ftrong, as once or twice by the blowing out or breaking the Cork or Cement, and other matter that was imploy’d to ftop the Glafs it was fhutin; andonce by an Accident too memorable to be here paft over in filence. T had one day invited D' walls to fee fach an Experiment as I have been relating, made with (not aviol, bur) a bottle of Cree a Hass, 10 A Continuation of New Experiments. Glafs; (fuch ss weufe now for Wine,) and 4 or 5 pounds of Mercury. After this Learned Perfon and I had continued Spe. Gators as long as we thought fir, we withdrew into another Room, where we hadnot fatlong bythe fire, before we were furpriz’d by a fuddain noife, which the perfon, that occafion’dit, prefently came running in to give us an account of, by which it appear’d, that this Ingenious young Man, (whom I oftenimploy _ about Pneumatical Experiments, and whom I mention’dto Your Lordfhip, becaufe 4,4, has the honour to. be fomewhat known to You,) being defirous in our abfence to fatisfie the Curiofity he had to know, whether the Quick-filver could not be rais’d higher in the pipe chan 1 had foretold, plyed the Pump fo obfti- nately, that at length, the Bottle being not,it feems, every where equally ftrong, the imprifon'd air found it more difficult to make the Quick- filver run over at the top of the pipe, than to break the Bottle in the weakeft place, and accordingly didnot onely throw offa piece ofthe Bottle, but threw it with fuch violence againft the large and ftrong Receiver, as broke that alfo, and render’d i unferviceable for the future. But the Door and I laying toges ther che Pipe, which happen’d to be broken into but few pieces, concluded by the place, to which we were told it reacht when this Accident happened, that ithad not exceeded, nor indeed fully e- quall’d the height, co which the weight of the Acmofphere might have rais’d it. EXPERIMENT IIL Shewing that the Spring of the included ‘Air will raife Mercury to almoft equal heights in very unequal Tubes, YH Aving fhown in the two former Experiments ,that the dive ftrength of the Airs S pring is very confiderable, I thought good alfo to examine , whether or no to the other refemblances in Touching the [pring and weight of the Air. f ia operation between the weight of the free Air, and the preffure of the included Air, this alfo may be added, that as the gravitae tion of the Atmofphere is able (as we fhall hereafter prove) to fuftain the Mercury at the fameheight in lefferand greater Tubes, feal'd at the tops fo the Preffure ofthe included Air may be able to futtain the Mercury at the fame height in flenderer and in lar ger Tubes, though in the latter it muft foftain a far greater weight of Mercury than in the former; provided allowance be made for the weakning, which the Spring of theincluded Ait mutt be fubjeét to, by reafon that,to fucceed in the place of alarge Cylinder of Mercury impell’dup into the greater Tube, ic muft expand it felfmore, and confequently have its Spring more weakned, thanif the Tube were flender. To profecute this Experiment , I thought on a peculiar fhape fveffels, which, if! had been where thereis a Glafs-houfe, I would have caul’d to be blown for the. more convenient trying of two Pipes of different bores at the fame time, But though I wanted this Accommodation, I thought I might well enough Show what Lintended by imploying fucceffively two Tubes of very differing fizes, provided the veffel for the including of the Air were the fame, ee Wherefore taking the Glafs bettle, made ufe of.to try the former Experiment, and erecting in it afterthe manner above de- {cribed a Cylindrical pipeot Glafs , agood deal larger than the former, (if not as large agen,) we profecuted the Experiment as we had madeit, with the flender Tube above mentioned , and found that we were able, by the Spring of the Air in the bottle, to raife the Quickefilver to a confiderable height , which, meafu- ring as well as the veflel would allow us, was,by the leaft eftimate that was made of it, (which was mine) 38. inches, andg, by which it appear’d to want fomewhat above an Inch of the height of the Mercurial Cylinder, which the weight of the Atmofphere could have fuftain’d, as appear’d by the Barometer, wherein the Quick- filver at that time was about 29, inches, and 4 high; which diffes rence 12 A Continuation of New Experiments rence was no more then I expected, confidering that, whereas the weight of the Acmofphere is ftillthe fame when the Mercury is at its full height (and that whether the Pipe be great or fmall) in a feal'd Tube; the Spring of our included Air muft needs be weakned the larger the Tube is, and the higher the liquid Metal isimpell’d init, fo that it feem’da confiderable Phenomenon, that the Spring of fo little Air fhould be able toraife the Mercury as high within aa Inch or thereabouts in a wider as in a flenderer Tube, fince the Diameter of the Cavity ofthe former being by our eftimate double to that of the latter , (into which the flender Pipe could eafily be put as nto a Cafe too big for it:) The grea- ter Mercurial Cylinder may be fuppof'd to have weighed near four times as much as the leflers I fay, sear, becaufe there was an Inch difference in their heights: butin cafe thefe had been equal, then the Solidities of the Cylinders would have been to one ano. ther as their Bafes; and fince thefe, being Circular, are in duplicate proportion to their Diameters, that is, asthe Squares of their Diameters; its plain, that if the Diameters be as one to two, the Squares of them muft be as one to four; andthefe Cylinders cons fitting ofthefame Mercury, their Weights will have the fame Proportions with their Solidities, and confequently would be as one tofous , making the abatement formerly intimated for the Inch and a little moreof Mercury, by which the larger C ylinder came fhort of the height ofthe former. NB. 1: This andthe two former Experiments tryed by us with Quick: filver, may-be alfo tryed with Water, but befides that we could hardly procure Tubes long enough for fauch Tryals we were not very follicitous about it: for if we attentively enough confider, what has beenalready deliver’d, and the Proportion ‘in fpecifick gravity betwixt Water and Quick-filver, (whereof the latter is near 14. times as heavy, bulk for bulk, as the former,) *ewill not be difficult to forefee the Event of fach Experiments, which he, that hasa mind to make, fhould be furnith’d not onely with long Tubes, but with capacious Veffels to fhut up the Air in. elfe Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. 13 Elfethe Air will be fo far expanded before the Water has ate tain’d nearche height, to which the weight of the Atmofphere may raifeit, thatthe Experiments will not feem to fucceed near fo well with Water, as ours did with Quick- filver. 2, Wethoughte it worth trying, whether, when the included Air had rais’d the great Cylinder of Mercury ro the utmoft height, it could elevate it to, by the Spring it thenhad; it would not be brought to raife the Quick-filver yet higher, if, notwiths ftanding the Expanfion it hadalready, there were an agitation made by the heated Corpufcles of the fame Air. And in pur- fuance of this Curiofity having caus’d an hot Iron anda Shovel of kindled Coals to beheld near the oppofite parts of the Recei- ver, we perceiv'd after a while, that the Mercury afcended ; of an inch or better above the greateft height it had reach’d before. But conjecturing that ic would have rifen higher, were it not that whilft the application of the hot bodies was making , fome Pat- ticles of Air had unperceivably ftolen into the Receiver, I cand the Pump to be ply’d again to withdraw the Air, I fafpected to have got in, by which means the Mercury was quickly rais’d £ of an inch, (or better,) by virtue of this Adventitiois Spring, (if I may fo call it.) which the included Air acquir’d by heat, and I made no doubt, that it might have been rais‘'d much higher, but I wasunwilling by appiying alefs modersie heat to hazard the breaking of my Glaffes, inthe place Ithen was in, where {uch a mifchance could {carce have been repair'd, EXPERIMENT IV. About anew Hydranlo-pneumatical Fountain, made by the Spring of uncompre[sd Air, | Shall now add fuch an application of the Principle whereon the former Experiment was grounded, as I fhould fcarce _ wort See plate the Figure the 14 A Continuation of New Experiments worth mentioning in this place, were it not that befides that di- vers Virtuofifeem not a little delighted with it, ic may for oughe E know prove to beof fome Philofophical ufe (to be pointed at hereafter. ) Wetook a Glaffe- bottle with aconvenient quantity of Water in it, and fitted this Bottle with a flender glafs- pipe open at both ends, aud about three foot long’, which was fo plac'd, chat the lower Orifice was a good way beneath the Surface of the Water, and the Pipe it {elf pafled perpendicularly upwards: through the Neck of the Bottle, which Neck was, by the Pipe and by good hard Cement imploy’dto fill the (pace betwixt the Pipe and the infide, fo well and firmly clos’d, chatno Water or Aircould get out of the bottle , nor no externall: Aire could get’ in toit, but by paffing through the Pipe. -Fhis’ Inftrumenc was convey’d into.a large Receiver fhap’d like a Pear, of which a good part of the bluntend , and a {mall part ofthe fharp end are cut off by Sedtions parallel to the Horizon, andconfequently to one a-’- nother. . And becaufethis Receiver was not (nor ought to be) long enough toreceivethe whole Pipe, there was Cemented on to the upper part of it-a fmaller Receiver of white Glafs, of facha length and bignefs, that che upper end of the Pipe might reach to the middle of its Cavity, or thereabouts, and that the motions of the {pringing water nr.ght have a convenient Scope, and fo be the better taken notice of. This double Receiver being cemented on to the Engine, a little of the Air was by one Suck of the Pump drawn out from it, by which the Pre(fure of the remaining Air being weakned,it was ne- ceffary, that fince the Air included in the Bottle had not its Spring likewife weakned, it fhould expand it felf, and confequently im- pell ap the water in.the fame Bottle through che Pipe,which iedid fo vigoroufly, as to make.ic ftrike briskly at firtt againft that part of the top of the fmaller Receiver, which was juft over the Ori- fice ofthe Pipe, -Bucafter it had awhile made the Waterthus fhootup ina perpendicular line, as. the Spring of the Air ia the Bottle grew by that Airs dilatation to be weaken’d, the Water Louching the [pring and weight of the Air. 15 would be impell’d up lefs Rrongly andlefs dire@ly, till the Air in the Bottle being as much expandedas thatin the Receiver, the Alcent of the Water would quite ceafe, unlefs by Pumping a lic- tle more Aireout of the Receiver werenew’d it again. About the making of this Experiment thefe Particulars may be noted. I. Tisconvenient, that the upper part of the Pipe be made (as iteafily may be atthe lame of a Lamp) very flender, that the ‘Water having butavery fmall Orifice to iffue out at, may be fpent but flowly, and thereby make the Experiment laft fo much the longer. 2. Youmay, ifyou pleafe, in ftead of making the upper part of the Pipe flender, as was juft now direéted, Cement onto ita Top either of Glafs or Brafs, confifting of three or more very flender Pipes, witha Pin-hole atthe end of each, that one of thefe pointing directly upwards, andthe others to the right band and to the left,the Water may {pin out feveral ways at once, by which kind of branched Pipes we have fometimes imitated the fers a’ eau(as the French call them) and Artificial fountains of Gar- dens and Groto’s. 3+ In regard that fo fhort a Cylinder of Water, as exceeded fot the length of our Glafs pipe,could not make any confiderable refiftance tothe expanfion of the included Air, it was thought and found fafe enough to imploy in ftead of a {trong Glafs- bor- tle a much larger Viol, without being follicicous about its fhape, or that it fhould be very ftrong, and by this means we could make this pleafant Spectacle laft a great while, efpecially if we alfo made ufe of the expedient to be mentioned in the following Note. 4. If you find that the included Air have by expanding it felf toomuch weaken’d its Spring , whilft there yet remains with it a good quantity of Water in the Bottle or Viol, you may reinforce the preflure of the Air by onely turning the Stop cock, and let- ting in what air you think fit to the exhaufted Receiver: for upon the admiffion of this new Air, the Air in the Receiver will prefs D upon 16 A (ontinuation of New Experiments upon the Water in the Pipe, and having driven it intothe bottle again, will follow it thither, till the Air in th¢,Bottle, and that in the Receiver haveattain'd an equal Spring, and then by Pumping out aconvenient quantity of the Air contain’d in the latter, the Airfout dp in the former will beable to impell up the Water as before, till the (tagnant Liquor be depreft to the lower Orifice of the Pipe, at which, whenthe Air of the bottle can get our, the eourfe of the water upwards mutt ceafe. The Lifes I made of this new Hydraulo- pneumatical Fountain (for init Laim not onely at a Ludicrous. Experiment) were princi pally thefe. The firft was to make itthe more probable, that.if we had had convenient Veilels, we might by the Preflure of the Air included. in the Bortle haverais’d Water about fourteentimes as high as we did Quick-filver in the former Experiment , fince wpom bur a little weakning of the Preffureofthe Air in the double Receiver, the Air in the Bottle was able to impell the Water forcibly e- nough, andfora pretty;while , tothe top of aPipe of abouta Yard long, andagood deal higher. (But this is bura flight Ufe, ) The next thing therefore we defign’d to fhew by this Experi- ment was, That inthofe Hydraulo-paewmatical Engines, where Water is plac'd between two parcels of Air, the Water may be fet amoying as well by the meer dilatation of one of the parcels ofthe Air, as by giving a new force by heat or compreffion to the other, and. whether this Mechanical Principle of Motion may: hereafter prove not altogether ufelefs in Engines, we refer to: further confideration. Another Ufe we made of this Experiment was to fhow fome- what relating tothe Spring of the Air, which may be worth con- fidering, though we fhalbnowbut barely mention it. Ifthen when fome of the Air had been pump’d out of the Receiver. we remov’d that double Veflelfrom the Bottle, the external Ait would by its weight haftily deprefs the water in the Pipe still ha- ving driven it to the very: bottom, it-got up in.numerous Bubbles. - through Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, V7 through the water, and joyned it felf with the Air incumbent on that Liquor: bucchat which washere obfervable was, thar all the external Air that was able to get intothe Bottle, did notdo it fudden}y, but after the firft irruption we could perceive, that from time to time there would new portions of Air leafurely infinuate themfelves through the Pipe into the Bottle,and emerge through the ftagnant Water in Bubbles, thac fucceeded one-another fo flowly, as-to beget fome wonder, as if the Spring of theincluded Air having beemonce put out of its wonted conftitution by its late expanfion, could not be reduc’d to it but by degrees by the weight ofthe Atmofphere, which was ftill the fame: or, rather, as if between the Spring of the included and the Preflure of the ex- ternal Air counterballancing each other, there happen’d fome fuch thing asis obferv'd in an ordinary pair of Scales, of which oneis too much deprefs’d, where the motion (which was {wift e- nough at firft) becomes fo much the flower, by how much the Weights come nearer to the equilibrium, which their equality difpofes them to reft in. But the chief Ufe defign’d in this Experiment was, to obferve, whether the Lines, madesby the water in its effluxions, would be of the fame figure, notwithftanding the rarifaction ofthe Air in the upper part of the Receiver, as if the Air had not been at all rarified: — and for this purpofe it is beft to make ones Obfervati. ons towards the Jatrer end of the Experiment, becaufe then the Receiver being moft exhaufted, and confequently having the leaft of Aur left in it, the difference made by the change of the denfity ofthe medium, in which the Beams of Water (if I may fo call them) move, is like {in cafe there be any) to be beft difcern’d. And this convenience we had by.our way of Experimenting, that we could take notice of the Lines defcrib'd by. the Salient water, as the ejaculation of that Liquor grew ftill fainter and fainter. But though I afterwards invited Dr. Walls to favour me with his O- pinion about the Curve Lines ofthe Salient water, yet for want ofan upper Receiver large enough, even he protefs'd him felf (as D2 +8 A Continuation of New Experiments Ihad done) not fatisfied about them. Onely He fometimes (as Lalfodid) obferv’d the Salient water to defcribe part of a line per- feG@tly enough Parabolical, with which fort of Curves he has been particularly converfant. - This made me refolve for farther fatis faction to attempt by a- nother contrivance, (of whofe fuccefs, if 1 can procure the Imple- ments I need, Your Lordfhip may expec an account,) what the Figures will be not onely of Salient water, but Mercury, and o- ther Liquors; and that when the Receiver is much better exhaue fted, then it was neceflary it fhould be inthe foregoing Experi- ment. EXPERIMENT V, cA bout away of [peedily breaking Flat Glafses, by the weighe of the Atmo{phere. . Fo the more eafie underftanding of fome of the fubfequent Tryals, ic will be requifite in this place to mention among Experiments about the Spring of the Air the following Pheno- menen belonging to its Weight. . This is one of thofe chat is the moft ufually fhownto Stran- gers, as aplainandeafie proof both that the Weight of the in- cumbent Air is confiderable, and that the round figure of a Re- ceiver doth much more conduce to make an exhaufted Glafs fup- pore that weight, than ifthe upper part of the Receiver were flar. To make this Experiment we provided a Hoop or Ring of Brafs of a confiderable thicknefs, whofe height was 2 + ,or 3 In- ches, and the Diameter of whofe Cavity as well at the upper as lower Orifice (fhould have been juft 3.Inches, but through the errour of the workman) was 3. inches and *.. To this Hoop we facceffively faften’d with Cement divers round pieces of Glafs, fach as is ufed by Glafiers (to whofe Shops we fent for it) to make Panes for Windows, and thereby made the Brafs-ring: with its Glafs- Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, r9 Glafs- cover a kind of Receiver, whofe open Orifice we carefully cemented on tothe Engine; and then we found, as we had conje- Gared, that ufually at the firft Exuction (though fometimes not till the fecond) the Glafs- plate would be broken inwards with fuch violence, as to be fhatter’d into a great multitude of (mall fragments, and (which was remarkable) the irruption of the ex- ternal Air driving the Glafs inwards did conftantly make aloud Clap, almoftlikethe Report ofa Piftol. Which Phenomenon, whether it may help us co difcover the caufe of that great noife, that is made upon the difcharging of Guns, (for the Recoy! feems todependuponthe Dilatation and Impulfe of the Powder,) I muft not ftay to confider- EXPERIMENT VI. Shewing, that the breaking of Gla{s- plates in the foregoing Experi- ment, seed not to be afcrib’'d to the Fuga Vacui. °F Hough Tlong fince inform’d you, that inthe Experiments. then prefented Your Lordfhip, it was not my purpofe to deliver my own Opinion whether there be a Vacuum, or no, and though I donot inthis Traét intend to declare my felf either way; yet, that I may on this occafion alfo fhow, that the Preffure of the Air may fuffice to account for divers Phenomena, which according to the vulgar Philofophers muft be referr’d to Natures abhorrency ofa Pacaum, I will illuftrate the foregoing Experiment by another, the fubftance whereof is this. Thatif, inftead of the above mentioned brafs Hoop, both whofe Orifices are of equal breadth , you imploya hollow (but taller) piece of Brafs, or (which is more eafily made) of Latton, shap'd likea Conus truncatus, or a Sugar-loat, whofe upper part is taken off parallel co the bottoms and if you make the two Ori- fices of a breadth {ufficiently unequal, as if the larger being made as 20 A (ontinuation of new Experiments as wide s thatof our Brafs.hoop, therftraiter were lels than an Inchin Diameter; You will find, that if this piece of Metal be made ufeof, as the other was inthe foregoing Experiment, the lat Glafs cemented on to the Orifice, will be eafily broken, as formerly when tis faftned to the wider Orifice; buc ifthe ftraiter Orifice be turn’d. upward, the Glafs that covers it, if it be ofa due thicknefs, ( though no thicker than the former,} will remain ventire, notwithftanding the withdrawing of the Air from befeath it: Which feems fufficiently'to argue, that» tismot precifely Na- tures abhorrency ofa vacuum, thatis the caufe'why Glafles are ° ufually broken in fuch Experiments, fince whether the wider or the narrower Orifice be uppermoft, and cover’d, (the Metalline part of the veffel being the lame, and onely varying its pofture,) the capacity of the exhaulted .veffel will be equal; and therefore Nature ought to break the GiafS as well in one cafe as the others which yet the Experiment fhows fhe does not, Wherefore: this Diverficy feems much better explicable by faying, that when the wider Orifice is uppermoft, the Glals chat covers it muft ferve for the Bafis of a large Atmofpherical Pillar, ‘which by its great weight may: eafily force the refiftance of the Glafs: whereas when the {maller Orifice is uppermoft,there leans upon its Cover but fo flender a Pillarof the Atmofphere, that the natural tenacity or mutual cohefion of parts.in the Glafs is not to be furmounted by a weight thet is no greater. EXPERIMENT. VIL About aconvenient way of breaking blown Bladders by the Spring * ofthe Air included in them: He foregoing Experiments having fufficiently manifefted the - ftrength of che Airs Spring upon fluid Bodies , I next thought fic to try whether the force ofa little included Air would ' alfo Touching the [pring and weight of the Air 21 alfo upon confiftent and even Solid bodies emulate the Operas tions of the weight of the Atmofphere.- In the profecution of which Enquiry we thought fic to make two forts of Tryals: the one, where the Air is included in the Bodies; om which its-Spring does work; andthe other, where ris External to them, Of the firft fort are this 7'*; and the two following Experiments; and of the fecond:fort are fome other Tryals, to be comprehended un- der the ro” Experiment: Having formerly mention’dto Your Lordfhip, . that we. were feveral times able (though fometimes not without much difficul- ty) tomakea blown Bladder break with the Spring of its-own Air, Mhould not thinkit worth while to fay any.thing here about the fame Phenomenon, but that (befides that it feems odd enough, and is not unpleafant to many Spectators,/ it may defe:ve not to be wholly neglected, becaufe aGood way to break Biadders in the much Exhaufted Receiver,: may fometimessprove an uleful Expedient, efpecially in fuch cafes where the Experimenter (who fometimes either isnot skilful enough; or, well enough farnith’d with accommodations to, regulate the ingrels of the Air) would very fuddainly (upply the Receiver with trefh Air, when it has been muchemptied, without danger.of letting ia too much Air from without. Notto mention, that the Air, included in the Bladder to be broken, may be fo mingled with ftéams, or imbu’d with, divers qualities, asto be much ficter thancommon Air for fome particular Purpofes. We thall chen for.che affinities fake between this Tryal and the former, fubjoyn now the way, by. which we feldom fail’d of brea- king Bladders in our emptied Receivers. For this purpofe, the blown Bladder chat was to be burft, having the neck very clofely and ftrongly tyed, was kept a pretty while in the Receiver, whilft the Air was pumping out, and then taken out again, that, now the fibres were ftretcht and relax’d, the Capacity being leflen’d by anew ligature that I order’d to be ftrongly made near rhe Neck, the Bladder might be leffen’d though the Air were bee the 22 ‘A Continuation of New Experiments. the fame, and the Membrane being not fo capable of yielding as before, upon the fecondexhauftion of the Receiver the Bladder in it would break, far more eafily then otherwife, and perhaps be oddly enough lacerated. We fometimes alfo varied this way of difpofing Bladders to be burft, by omitting the preparatory putting in of the Bladder into the Receiver, and onely taking itina little near the Neck, that, che Bladder having not been blown very fullat firft, the tenfion of the included Air might be greater. But this laft way is to be made ule of, when the thing we defire is, that the Bladder by breaking at a certain time may part with its Air, and not when tis onely to give aninftance of the force of the Spring of sscom- pref'd Air againft the fides of the Veflel that contain it. EXPERIMENT VIII. Abont the lifting up 4 confiderable Weight by the bare Spring of 4 little Air included in a Bladder. Ou willeafily believe, that the Forceimploy'd (in the fores going Experiment) by the Air, to break the well blown Bladders tis included in, is confiderable, if 1 here adde, that a fmall, quantity of Air, which willnot fill + ofa Bladder, will not onely ferve to blowit quite up, but will manifeftly fwell it, though that Effeét be oppof'd not onely by the refiftance of the Bladder it felf, but by a confiderable weight tied to the bottom ofit, as in the following Experiment. We took a middle fiz'd Bladder (ofa Hog or Sheep,) and has ving prefs’d out the Air,till there remain’d but about a fourth or fifth part (by guefs,) we cauf'd the Neck to be very ftrongly tyed up again: alfo round about the oppofite part of the Bladder,withe in about aninch of the bottom, we fo ftrongly tyed another String, that it would not be made to flip off by a not inconfide- rable a ee ; sabe niles #2 : Touching the [pring and weight of the Air: 22 ’ r=) rable weight we hung at it. Then faftning the Neck of the Blad= der to the turning Key, we convey’d the Bladder and the Weight hanging at it intoa large Receiver, in which when it began to be pretty well exhaufted,the Air within the Bladder being freed fron the wonted Preflure of the Air without it, did by its own Spr manifeftly fwell, and thereby notably fhortenthe Bladder hac contain’d it, and by confequence vifibly lifted up the Weighr, (that refifted that change of figure,) which exceeded 15 pound of 16, Ounces to the Pound. After that we tooka larger Bladder, and having let out fo much Air, that it was left lank enough, we faften’d the two ends of it to the upper part of the Receiver, (for whichelfe it would have beentoo long, ) and tyeda Weight (but not the fame) fo as thatit hung down from the middle of the Bladder; then exhau- fting the Receiver as before, though the Bladder, and chis new Weighe which ftretcht it, reach’dfolow, as that for a while we could fcarce fee whether it hung in the Air or no, yetat length we perceiv'd the Bladder to fwell, and concluded that it had lifted up its Clog about an Inch; which was confirm’d by the return we permitted of the Air into the Receiver, upon which the Bladder became more wrinkled than before, and the Weight defcended, which being taken off, and weighed in a Statera, amounted to a- bovt 28 Pounds. ‘We would have reiterated the Experiment, but foheavy a Weight having broken the Bladder, we were dif. couraged from proceeding any farther, {pecially in regard of the difficulty of bringing by this contrivance the ftrength of the Airs Spring to any exact computation, though it fufficiently thews what defign’dit thould, namely that che Spring of a little inclu- ded Air may beable even in (0 flight a contrivance to raile a great Weight. Whether this Experiment may any way illu@racethe motion of Mafcles, made by Inflation, Contraction, &c, it belongs.not to this place: to confider, E EXPE. 24 A (Continuation of New Experiments EXPERIMENT IX. About the breaking of Hermetically feal’d Bubbles of Glafs by the } bare Spring of their own Air. . Shall premife tothe following Tryals an Experiment, wherein Uncomprefs’d Air is made by its own bare Spring to break the folid body it (elf tisthut up in. And this I therather fet down exp. pag before the fubfequent Tryals, becaufe in our already publith’d 36. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments mention has been made of this Tryal, as of one that we could not then make to fucceed, we have fince, imploying fmaller Receivers, made it often enough profpe- roufly,(omewhat to the wender ofeminent 7értwoft,who confels'd- tomethey had made frequent and divers attempts to perform the fame thing, without ever fucceeding in any of them. But it will not be requifite to multiply relations about this Par- ticular, and therefore I fhall fet down.but this one, which I meet withamong my loofe Notes. A large Glafs Bubble Hermetically feal’d being put into the Receiver, andthe Air drawn out as muchas in ufual Operations, and fomewhat more, though I told the Company before hand that [had feveraltimes obferv’d, that fuch Bubbles would not break immediately, but fomewhile after the withdrawing the Air from about them, yet this continued fo long entire after we had left off Pumping, that prefuming it had been blown too ftrong, I began to difpair of he Experiments fucceeding; when, whilft we were providing fomething elfe to put into the Receiver, andi as f, guefs’d 4. minutsafter the Pump had beenlet alone, the Bubble furpriz’d us with its being broken with fuch violence by the Spring of the included Air, that the fragments of it were dafh’d every way againft the fides ofthe Receiver, and broken fo very fmall, that when we came totakeitup, the Powder was by the By- ftanders compar’d to the {mall Sand wont to be imploy’d to: dry Touching the fpring and Weight of the Air, 25 dry Papers, that have been newly writ upon withInck. ‘The Reafon why the Bubble broke fo flowly [ cannot now ftay to propofe,no more then to examine whether the difficulty of break. ing veflels of Glafs, nothicker then thefe Bubbles, proceed from fome weakning of the Spring of imprifoned Air, by its retching alittle the including Glafs, (for in another cafe we have obferv'd this Glafsto be ftretchable by the preffure of Air; ) or from hence, that ‘twas very hard, as I have elfewhere mention‘d, to a- void rarifying the Air a little, and confequently weakning its Spring, by the heat that was neceflary tobe imploy’d about. the fealing up the Bubble. ——_.— EXPERIMENT xX. Containing two or three Tryals of the force of the Spring of our Air uncompre[s'd upon table and even folid Bodies, (whereto tis exteraal.) ]N profecution of the Enquiry propos’d inthe Title;: we made (among others ) the following Tryals. The I. TRYAL. 1, WeEtookthe Brafs-hoop, mention’d in the 5** Experi- ment , ( whofe Diameter. is fomewhat above 3. Inches, ) and having caufdaGlazier to cut fome Plates of Glafs, fuch as are ufed for making the Quarrels of Windows, till he had brought themtoa Size,& aroundnefs fic to ferve forCovers to that brafs. hoop, we carefully faften’d one of them with Cement to the ups per Orifice of the Hoop or Ring, and then cementing the lower Orifice to the Engine, fo that the Veffel, compos’d of the Me- taland Glafs, ferv’d for a fmal] Receiver; we whelm’d over it a large and ftrong Receiver, which we alfo faften’d onto the En- gine with Cement afterthe ufual manner. By which Contri- vance it was neceflary , that when the Pump wes fet on work, the included Receiver (of Brafs and Glafs) thould have its Air with- drawn, and yet the Air in the larger Receiver fliould not be E 2 pump d ‘26 A Continuation of New Experiments pump’d out but by breaking through the Glafs, fo that the inter. nal Air of the Metalline Receiver (as we may call it for diftin@i- ons fake) being pump’d out, the Glafs Plate, thatmade part of that Receiver, muft lyeexpos’d tothe preffure of the Ambient Air fhut up in the other Receiver, without having the former af- fiftance of the now withdrawn Air to refift the Preffures. where- fore, as we expected, at the firft or fecond ExaGtion of the Air, includedin the{mall metalline Receiver, the Glafs-plate was, by the Preffare of the incumbent Air, concain’d in the great Recei- ver, broken into-an 100 pieces, which were beaten inwards into - the Cavity of the Hoop. , The II. Tryal. 2. This done, to fhew that thereneeded not the Spring of fo great a quantity of included Air to break fuch Glafles, we took a nother Roundifh one, which, though wide enough at the Orifice to cover the Brafs- Ring & the new Glals- plate that we had cemen- ted on it, was yet fo low, that we eftimated it to hold but a 6 part of what the large Receiver, formerly imploy'd, is able ta contain; and having whelm’d this {maller veffel, which was fhap’d like thofe Caps they call Tumblers, over the Metalline Recei- ver, and well faften’d it cothe Eagine with Cement, we found that thougit this External Receiver hada great part of its Cavity = fill’d by the included.one, yer when this Internal one was exhau- fted by an Exuétion or two, the Spring of the littie Air that ree main’d, was able to break the Plate into a multitude of frag ments. The UI. Tryal. 3. Becaufe the Glafs- Plates hitherto mention’d feem’d not fo thick, but chat the Preffure of the included Air might be ableto give confiderabler Inftances of its Forces in ftead of the Metalline Receivers hitherco employed , we took a {quare Bottle of Glafs, which we judg’dto be able to contain about a Pint (or Pound) of Water, and which had been provided to keep fubtle Chymical Liquors in, for which ufe. we are not wont to choofe weak ones. This. Touching the pring and weight of the Air. 27 his we inverted, and apply’d tothe Engine as a Receiver, over which we whelm’d the large Receiver formerly mention’d; and having cemented it on, as inthe foregoing Experiments, we fee the Pump on work to empty the internal Receiver, (or fquare Bottle, )by which means the withdrawing ofthe Air, and the fi- gure of the veflel (which was inconvenient for refitting) (uffer’d the Preflure of the Air included in the external Receiver to crufh the viol into agreat number of pieces. And to vary this Experiment, as we did that of breaking the metalline Receivers,we took another Glafs of the fhape and about the bignefs. of the former, and having apply’d it to the Engine as before, and cover'd it with a Receiver that was little higher than it felf, we found, that upon the exhauftion of the Air the fecond fquare Glals was likewife broken into many fragments, fome of which were: of fo great a thicknefs , as mov‘d fome wonder, that the bare Preffure of the Air was ableto break fuch a veffel, though probably the Cracks, that reacht to them, were begunin much weaker parts of the Glafs. NB, 1. The bottoms andthe necks of both thefe {quare Bottles were entireenoughs by which: it feem’d probable, that the veflels had been. broken by the Preflure of the Air againft the Sides, which were not onely thinner than the parts above named, butexpos'da larger Superficiesto the dateral Preflure of the Air, than to the perpendicular. 2. Weobferv'd in one of the two laft Experiments, tharthe Veflfel did not break prefently upon the laft Exu@ion that was made of the included Air, but aconfiderable time after; which it feems was requifite to allow the compreft parts of the Glafs time to change their places; and this Phenomenon I theretore mention, becaufe the fame thing that here happen’d in the breaking aGlafs inwards by the Spring of the Air, I elfewhere obferv’d to have happen’d in breaking a Glafs outwards by the fame Spring. 3- Toconfirm, that itis the Spring of the External Receivers Air thatis the Agent in thofe Fratures.of Glafles, and to prevent Ok 28 A (Continuation of new Experiments or removefome fcruples, we thought fit to make this variation inthe Experiment. We applyed a Plate of Glafs, jut like thofe formerly mentioned, to the Brafs-hoop; but in the cementing of icon, we plac’din the thicknefs of the Cement a {mall Pipe of Glafs of about an Inch long, whofe Cavity was not fo big as that ofa Seraw,and which being left open at both the ends might ferve for alittle Channel, through which the Air might pafs from the External Receiver to the Internal; over 74% we whelm’d one of the {mall Receivers above mentioned, & then,though we fet the Pump on work much longer then would have needed if this litle Pipe had not been made afe of, we found,as we expected, that the Internal Receiver continued entire, becaufe the Air,whofe Spring fhould have brokenit, having liberty to pafs through the Pipe, and confequently to expand it felf into the place deferted by the Air pump’d out, did by that Expanfion weaken its. Spring too much, to retain ftrength enough to break the Metalline(or Inter nal) Receiver, But here tisto be noted, that either the Pipe muft be made bigger than chat lately mentioned, or the Exudion of the Air muft not be made bythe Pump as nimbly as we can, or other. wife the Plate of Glals may be broken notwithftanding the Pipe; becaufe the Air contain’din the External Receiver,having a force much greater thanis neceflary to break fucha Plate, it may well happen (as I have fomerimes found ic do) that if the Air be haftily drawn out of the Internal Receiver, that Air,which fhould f{ucceed inits room, cannot get faft enough out of that external Receiver through fo fmall a Pipe, and the Air remaining in thae external Receiver will yet retain a Spring {trong enough to break the Giafs. To illuftrate which, I fhall propofe this Experiment That fometimes, when I have at the fame of a Lamp caus’d Glafs Bubbles to be blown with exceeding flender Stems, if they were nimbly remov‘'d out of the flame whilft they were ignited, they would according to my conjecture be either broken,if they cool’d too faft; or comprefs’d inward, if they long enough retain’d the foftne fs Touching the Spring and VVeicht of the Air. 29 Softnefs they had giventhem by Fufion. For the Air in the Bubble being exceedingly rarified and expanded, whilft the Glafs is kept in the flame, and coming to cool haftily when remov’d from thence, loofes upon refrigeration the Spring the heat had given it, and fo, if the External Air cannot prefs in faft enough through the too flender Pipe, there will not get in Air enough to refift the Prefure of the Atmofphere, and therefore if this Pref- fure find the Bubble yet fofe, it will prefs it a little inwards, and either flateenit,or makeadimpleinit, though the Orifice of the Pipe be left open. a EXPERIMENT XI, Shewing, that Mercury willin Tubes be raifed by Suction mo higher then the weight of the Atmofphere is able to impell at up. ‘T's fufficiently known, that the common opinion of Philofo. phers, andefpecially of hole which follovv U47i/totle,has long been, and ftill is, that the caufe of the Afcenfion of Water upon Suction, and particularly in thofe Pumps, wherethe Water feems of its own accord to follow the rifing Sucker, is Natures abhorrency of aYacuum. Againft this receiv’d Opinion divers of the Modern Philofophers have oppof'd themlelves. But as fome of them were Vacuéffs, and others Plenifs, they have explicated the Afcenfion of Water in Sucking-pumps upon very different grounds; fo that many Ingenious men continue yet irrefoly’d in thisnoble Controverfie, Wherefore though I have formerly i made, and now renew 2 folemn Profeffion, that I donot in this “i Treatile intend ta declare either for or againft the be- ing ofa Vacuum; and though Ihave * elfewhere occafi- .°7” Mle eae onally acknowledg’d my Self not to acquielce: fully ia ‘bore Examen of Me. what either the ancient or the modern Philofophers have Hobbs bis Dialogue taughe about the. adequate caufe of Sugion ; (ia the as ae ails 30 A Continuation of New Experiments affigning of which, I think, I have fhown them to have bees fomewhat deficient,) yet fince I think fome Experiments,ofim- portance to this Controverfie, may be better made by the help of our Engine, thanthey have been by any Inftrument I have yet heard of, I fhall now adde the Tryals1 made, to fhew both that whether there be or may be a Vacuum or not, there isno need to” have recourfe to a fuga'vacwi to explicate Suction; and alfo that whatever other Caufes have by Gaffendus and Cartefiws been in- genioufly propof'd to explicate Suction, it feems to depend clear- ly upon the Weight of the Atmofphere, or in fome cafes upon the Spring of the Air; though I deny not, that other Caufes may contribute co chat Preffure of the Air, which I taketo be the” gtand and immediate-Agent in thefe Phenomena, We took a Brafs-Pipe bended like a Siphon , and fitted atthe bigger end witha Stop-cock &c, as is delineated in the SeePlatethe Fig. the ‘and the A, Figure,(which Inftrument for brevities fake I often call an notations atthe clofe of Exhautting (or Sucking) Siphon, ) and to the flender end this Experiment. ofthis we faftned with good Cement the upper end of a Cylindrical Pipe of Glafs, of about fifty inches long, and open at both ends, and having the lower end open into a Glafs of ftagnant Quick-filver, whofe upper Superficies reacht a pretty deal high- er than the immerft Orifice of the Glafs Cane, Thefe things beingthus prepared, we caufd the Pump to be fet on work, whereby the Air being by degrees drawn out of the Exhaufting Siphon, and confequently ofthe Glais- Cane that open’d into its the ftagnant Mercury was proportionably impell’d up into the Glafsepipe, till ic had attain’d to its dueheight, which exceeded not 30.inches. And.thep, though there remain’din the upper part of the Pipeabove 20 inches unfill’d with Quick. filver, yet we could not by further pumping raife that fluid Metal any higher. By which it feems manifeft enough, that whatever many Lear- ned men have taught, or others do yet believe about the unlimi- ted power that Naturewould exercife, to prevent what they call a Touching the [pring and weight of the Air: 3% a Vacuum yet this power has its bounds, and thofe depend not fo.much upon the Exigency of that Principle, which the School- men calla fuga vacui,as upon the fpecifick Gravity of the Liquor to berais'd by Su@ion. For confirmation of which, we fubfi- tuted in ftead of the ftagnant Mercury a bafon of Water, and though inftead of the many Sucks we had fruitlefly imploy’d to raife the Quick-filver above the lately mentioned height, we nowimploy'd but ove Exfuction, (or lefs thena full one,) which did but in part empty the Exhaufting Siphon: yet the Water up- on the opening of the Stop-cock was not onely impell’d to the very top of theGlefs-Cane, but likewife continued running for agood while through the Exhautting Siphon, and thence fell up. on the plate ofthe Engines fo that it feem’d an odd fpe@acleto thofe that knew not the reafon of it, to fee the Water running very briskly ofits own accord as they imagined out of the fhorter leg of a Siphon; efpecially that leg being perhaps not above a a quarter folongasthe other. And here I muft not omit this confiderable circumftance, that though fometimes in the Zorricel- dian Experiment I have obferv’d the Mercury to ftand at chirty inches, and now and then aboveit, yet the height of the Mercury elevated in our Glafs.C ane appear’d not, when meafured, to reach fully 29, inches and a-quarter, which I thought it was not difficult to render a reafon of, from the varying weight of the Atmofphere; and accordingly confulting the Barofcope, (that ftood in another room,) I found the Atmofphere to be at that time fomewhat light, the Quick-filver in it being in height but 29. inches and an eighth, which probably would have been the very height of the Quick-filver raif‘d by the Engine, if it had had time by ftanding to free it felf from Bubbles. From whence wemay conclude, that Suction will elevate li- quors in Pumps no higher then the weight of the Atmofphere is able to raifethem, fince the clofenets requifite in the Pamp of our Engine to be ftanch makes it very unlikely, that by any ordi- sary Pamp amore accurate Suction can be efteed. 1 F 32 A (Continuation of New Experiments L havenothiag to.adde about the related Experiment but this one; thaticmay afford us a notable confirmation of the argument weformerly propos’d againft them, chat afcrib'd the elevation and fuftentation of the Quick-filver in the Torricedliian Experi- ment to acertainrarified Air, which the more highly it is rarified, the greater power it acquires to attrac Quick.filver , and other contiguous Bodies; forin our Experiment though by continuing to pump we can rarifie or diftend. more and more the Air inthe Exhaufting Siphon, yet we werenot ableto raifethe Mercury a= bove 30 inches, (whichexceeds not the height to which the At- mofphere is able to elevate it, and this,though, the ftagnane Mer- cury being expofed.to the free Air, it.cannot be pretended (as in: fome other cafes.ic may, though: not fatisfactorily,,. be done} that the Mercury cannot be raifed higher, without offering violenceto the body incumbent on the ftagaant Mercury: for imthe Experi- ment we are confidering if Nature fhould( raife: the Quick- filver higher and higher in the Pipe, to fucceed im theroom of the Air hac is withdrawn; the formerly Stagnant Mercury, that would on this occafion be rais‘d, might be immediately {ucceeded by the free and undilated Air, fothar Nature would be purto offer vio- lence to the Quick- filver onely, whichifthe were {crupulous to do, what ayl’d-her to raifeit (asthe didin our Tryal)againft the inclinations of fo ponderousa body, to above 29. Incheshigh? Annotation. Though the Exhaufting Siphon, mentioned at the beginning of this Experiment, may. beeafily. enough conceiv'd by-an atten- tive infpectionof the Figure, yet becaufel frequently make ufe of it in Pneumatical Experiments, twill not be amifs to intimate here once for all thefe three particulars about i, 3. That though the beading Pipe its felf may be tor fomeufes more con- veniently. made of Glafs than of Metal, becaufethe Tran{parency ofthe forme: may inableus.todifcover what paflesinit; yet for the Touching the foring and weight of the Air. 23 the moft part we choofe to imploy Pipes ofthe latter fort, be- caufe the others are fo very tubjeét to break. 2. That tis conve- nient to make the longer leg of the Siphon a little larger at the bottom than thereft of the Pipe ufually needs tobe, thatic may the more commodioufly admitthe thank of a Stop-cock, which isto be very carefully inferted with Cements by feafonably turn- ing and returning of which Stop-cock, the paflage ( for the Air) between the Engine and the Vellel to be exhautted is to be open- edandfhut. 3. Thatchough we fometimes content our felves to apply immediately the brafs Siphonits felfto the Engine, by faftning with Cement the external thank of the Stop-cock to the Orifice of the little Pipe, through which the Exuction of the Air is mate; yet the bended Pipe alone, if it be not almoft conftantly held, is fo ape to be loofensd by the motion of the Engine, and the turning of the Stopcock, (which frequently occafions Leaks, and difturbs the Operation,) that for the mo pare we make ufe of a Siphon confifting ofa brafs Pipe, and Stop- cock, and a Glial Of see piate 6,8,or to Inches inheight, and of fome fuch fhape (for it need not te be the very fame) as that reprefented inthe Figure: for by this /,°” means, though the Exhauttion is becaufe of this additional Glafs, fomewhat longer in making, yet itis more fecurely and uninter- tuptedly carried on by reafon of the ftability, which the breadth of the lower Orifice of the Glafs gives to the whole Inftrumenc. Befides which, we have thefe other conveniences, that not onely the Siphon is hereby much lengthned, which in divers Tryals is very fits but alfo chat we may commodioufly place in the Glaffie part of this compounded Syphon a Gage,whereby to difcern from time to time how much the Air is drawn out of the Veflel to be exhaufted. F 2 EXPERT Plate ibe Fig. the A. Continuation of New Experiments EXPERIMENT XII ‘About the differing Heights whereto Liquors will be elevated by Suttion, according to their feveral Specifick Gravities. }F: when I was making the foregoing Experiment, I had bees able to procure.a Pipe long enough, I had tried to what height I could raife Water by Suction, though I:would have done it ra ther to fatisfie Others then my felf, who fcarce doubted, but chat as Water is (bulk for bulk) about 14. times lighter than Quick. filver: foit would have been rais’d by Suction to about: four or five andthirty foot, (whichis 14:times as high as we were ableto elevate the Quick: filver,) andnohigher. But being noc furni- fhed for the Tryal would have made, Ithought fit to fubftitute another, which would carry the former Experiment fomewhat further, For whereas, in That, we fhew'd how high the Atmo- fphere was able by its whole Gravitation to raife Quick-filvers and whereas likewife that, which appears in Monfieur Pa/chalsEx- periment, is, at what height the whole weight of the Atcmofphere can fuftain a Cylinder of Water: by the way that I thought on, it would appear, (which hath not yet (that 1 know of) been thewa,) - how a part ofthe Preffure of the Air would in perpendicular Pipes raifenot onely the two mentioned Liquors, but others alfoto Heights anfwerable to the degree of Preffure, and proportiona- ble to the fpecifick. Gravities of the-refpective Liquors. To make this Tryal the more clear and free from exceptions; I.caus’d to be made and inferted tothe fhorter Leg of the above mentioned Exhaufting Siphon a fhort Pipe; which brancht it felf equally to theright hand and the left, as the adjoyning Figure declares. Ia whichcontrivance Taim’d at thefe two convenien- ces: one that | might exhauft two Glafs- Canes at the fametimes andthe other, to prevent its being furmis’d that the Engine was. not equally applied to both the Glalses to be exhaufted. This additional: a SS, . oa, ER es Touching the {pring and Weight of the Air. 35 additional Brafs- pipe being carefully cemented into the Suckiag Syphon, we did to each of its two branches take care to have well faftned with the fame Cement a Cylindrical Glafs of about 42 Inches in length, (that being fomewhat near the height of our exe haufting Syphon above the floor,) the lower Orifice of one of thefe two Glafses being immerft ina veflel of ftagnant Mercury, and that of the other ina veflel of Water, where care was taken by thofe | imploy’d, that as the Tubes were chofen near ofa bigne(s, (which yet was not neceffary,) fo the furfaces of the two different Liquors fhould be near ofaheight. This being done, we began to pump warily and flowly, till the Water in one of the Pipes was elevated to about 42 inches, and then meafuring the height of the Quick-filver in the other Pipe above the furface of the Stag- nant Quick: filver, we found it to be almoft 3 Inches; fo thatthe Water was about 14 timesas highas the Quick-filver. And to profecute the Experimenta little further, we very warily let ina little Air tothe Exhaufting Syphon, and had the pleafure to fee thetwo Liquors proportionably defcend, till turning the Stop- cock when the Water was about 14 inches high, we thereby kepe them from finking any lower, till we had meafured the height of the Quick. filver, which.we found to be about one inch. Wetriedalfo the proportion of thefe two Liquors at other’ heights, but could not eafily meafure thé (o well as we did at thofe newly mentioned; and therefore though chere feem’d to be fome: flight variation, yet we lookt upon it but as what might be well imputed to thedifficulty of making fuch Experiments exactlys . and this difpleas‘dme notin thefe: Tryals, that whereas it was ob- ferv'd, and fomewhat wondred- at, that the Quick«filver for the moft part feem’d to be fomewhat (though buc avery little) high- er then the proportion of 1 to 14 required, I had long before by Particular Tryals found, that though 14.and x be the neareft of {mall integer numbers that expre(s the proportion between the Specifick Gravities of Quickfilver and Water, yet the formier of thofe Fluids (or at leaft that which Imade my Tryals with) isaoc quite: 36. A (Continuation of new Experiments quite foheavy as this proportion {uppofes, though I thall not here ftay todetermine precifely the difference, having done it in another Tract, wherethe method Limployed in the inveftigation ofiris alfo fet down. The above mentioned Experiment , made by the help of our Engine,as to Quick filver and. Water being confirmable by Try- als (to be by and by mentioned) made in other Liquo:s, affords our Hypothefis two confiderable advantages above the vulgar do- Grineotthe Schools , (for Idomot apply what follows to all the Pilenifis,) who afcribe the afcenfion of Liquors by Su- tion toa Tra@ion made ob fugam vacui, as they are wont to {peak For firtt itis manifeftly agreeable to our Dodtrine, that, fiace the Air, according to It, is a Fluid that is not void of Weight, it fhouldraife thofe Liquors that are lighter, as Water, higher then thofe that are ponderous,as Quick-filver, and that an{werably to the difparicy of their. Weights- And fecondly, there is no rea- fon why, ifthe Air be withdrawn by SuGion from Quick filver and Water, there fhould be lefs left a vacuum above the one then above the other, in cafe either of them fucceed not in the place de- ferted by the Air, arid confequently when the Air is withdrawn out ef both the forementioned Glafs- pipes, ifthere would be no vacuum in.cafe no liquor fhould fucceed it, why does Nature needlefly ro prevent avacuwm make the Water that is an heavy body afcend contrary to its own nature,according to which it tends towards the Center ofthe Earth? _ And if the fucceeding of a li- quor be neceffary to prevent a vacuum, how chance that Nature does not elevate the Quick-filver as well as the Water, efpecially fince tis manifeft by the foregoing Experiment that fhe is able to raife that ponderous Liquor above 26 inches higher than the did in the Experiment weare now difcourfing of. Perhaps it would not be amifs to take notice, on this occafion, that among other applications ofthis Experiment ic may be made fomewhat ufeful co eftimate the differing Gravities of liquors,to which Touching the Spring and VVeioht of the Air. 27 w°* purpofe: I caus’d to: be put under the bottom of the foremens tionecGlafs pipes two veffels, theone with frefhwater,& the other wioliche like water impregnated with a good proportion of Sea- falie that-1 had caus’d tobe diffolv’dinir, for want of Sea- water, which I.wouldrather haveimploy’d. And. I found, that when the frefa water wasirais’dito about 42 inches, the Saline folution had not fully: reacht to: 40. But: though this: difference were double to that-which the pro- portion and Gravity betwixt. evn Sea-water and:freth warer would have required, yetto make the dilparity more evident, andalfo becaufe I would be able the better to gue(s at the proportion of the diffolv'd Salt by making it as gteatas.I could, I caus’d an un- ufual Brine to be made, by fuffering Sea-fale to deliquate inthe moift Air. And having applyed:this Liquor and 'fre(h water to the two-glready mentioned Pipes, and proceededafter the former manner, we found that when the pure water was elevated to near 42 Inches, the liquor of Sea: fale wanted’ about 7, Inches and a quarter ofthat height; and when-the water was madeto (ubfide to the middle of its Pipe,or thereabouts,: the Saline liquor in the other Pipe was between 3 and 4 inches lower thenic. I would havetryed the difference between thefe Liquors and Oyl, but the Colduefs of the Weather was unfavourable to {uch a.Tryal: but.to thew-a fargreater Difparity then That would have done betwixt the height of Liquors'of unequal Gravitiés, | took fais Water, anda liquormade of the: Salt of Pot-afhes fuffered to runina Sellar per deliquium, (this beingone of the ponderoufelt Liquors I have prepar’d;) and having: proceeded asin the former Tryals, I found that whenthe: common: Water: was about 42 inches,high, thenewly mention’d Solutiom wanted’ fomewhat of 30 inches; and when the: Water was madeto {ubfide to the mide dle of its Pipe,or thereabouts,the deliquated Liquor was between 6 and 7 inches lowerthen ic. Thadfome: thoughts, when applied my- felf to make thefe ‘Tryals, to examine how well we could by-this new way — € 38 A Continuation of New Experiments the Salenefs of the waters of feveral Seas, andthofealfo of Salt- {prings; and likewife whether, and (if any thing near) how far we might by this Method determine the proportion of the more fim- ple Liquors that may be mingled in compounded ones, asin the mixture of Water and Wine, Vinegar and Water, &c. but being Not provided with Inftruments fit for fuch nice Tryals, and a mif- chance having impair’d the Glaffes lately mentioned before the laft Tryals were quiteended, and having foon after broken one of them, I laid afide thofe Thoughts. EXPERIMENT XiIll,.. cA bout the Hedghts to which Water and Mercury may be rais’d, pro- pertionably to their [pecifick Gravities, bythe Spring of the Air. ]* profecution of the Parallel formerly begun, betwixt the Efé * feéts of the Weight ofthe Atmofphere, and the Spring of in- cluded Air,we thought fit after the foregoing to make the follow. ing Experiment. Wetook aftrong-Glafs-bottle, capable to hold above a Pin of Water, and having in the bottom of it lodg:d a convenient quantity of Mercury, we pour'd on it a greater quantity of Wa- ter, (becanfe this Liquor was to be impell’d up many times high- er than the other, ) and having provided two flender-Glafs- pipes, each open at both ends, we fo plac'd and faftned them, by means of the Cement wherewith we choak’dthe upper part of the neck ofthe Bottle, that the fhorter of the Pipes had its lower Orifice mmoerft beneath the furface of the Quick- filver, and the longer pereacht not quite fo low as-that Surface, and fo was immerft inthe Water, by which contrivance we avoided the neceffity ‘ing two diftinét veflels for our two ftagnant Liquors, which nave been inconvenient inregard of the flendernefs of the cr part of our Receiver, This done, we conveyed the Bortle into Touching the [pring and weight of the Air. 29 into a fitly thap’d Receiver, (formerly defcrib’d at the firftt Expe- riment, ) and having begun to pump out the Air, we took notice co what heights the Quick-filver and Water were impell’d up in their re{pective Tubes, on which we had before made marks from inch to inch with hard Wax, (that they might not be remov’d by wet orrubbing,) and weobferv’d, that when the Quickfilver was impell’d up to two inches, the Water wasrais’d to about eight and twenty; and when the Quick- filver was about one inch high, the Water was about fourteen. I fay, about, partly be- caufe fome allowances muft be made for the finking of the Super- ficies of the Stagnant Quickfilver, and the greater fubfidence of that of the ftagnant Water, by reafon of the Liquors impell*d in- to the two Pipes; partly becaufe that the breadth of the Mark of wax was confiderable, when the Quick-filver was but abour, an inch high, and fo made it difficult to difcern the exact height of the Metal, when the water was fallen down to fourteen inches: ef- pecially in regard that the Quick-filver never afcending fo high as the neck of the Bottle, (which the water left far beneath it,) the thicknefs of the Receiver, and that of fo ftrong.a Bottle made it difficule to difcern fo clearly the ftation of the Quick-filver as I _could have wifhed. EXPERIMENT XIV, About the Heights anfwerable to their re{pective Gravities,to which Mercury and Water will (ubfide, upon the withdrawing of the Spring of the Aire FOrthe further illuftration of the DoStrine propos’d ia the laft and fome of the foregoing Experiments, about the raifing and fuftentation of Liquors ia Pipes by the Preflure of the Air; 1 thoughtit not unfit co make the following Tryal, though it were eafie to forelee in this peculiar Experimenta peculiar difficulty. G We 40 A (Continuation of New Experiments Wecaus’d then tobe convey’d intoa fitly (hap’d Receiver two Pipes of Glafs very uneven in length, but each of them feal’d at oneend, the fhorter Tube was fill’d with Mercury, and inverted into a fmall Glafs Jarr, wherein a fufficient quantity of that Liquor had been before lodg’d: the longer Pipe was fill’d with common Water, and inverted into alarger Glafs,wherein likewife a fit pro- portion of the fame Liquor had been put. Then the Receiver being clofely cemented on to the Engine, the Air was pump’d our fora pretty while before the Mercury began to fubfide, but when it was fo far withdrawn, thac its Pref fure was no longer able to keep up a Mercurial Cylinder of that height, that liquid Metal begantofink; the Water in the other Tube, though this were three cimes as long, {till retaining its full height. But when the Quick-filver was failen fo low, as to be but between three & four inches above the furface of theSragnant Quick- filver, the Water alfo began co fubfide, but fooner then according to the laws of meer Staticks it ought to have done, be- caufe many Aerial Particles emerging from the body of the Wa- ter cothe upper part of theGlafs , did by their Spring concurr with the Gravity of the water to deprefs this Liquor. And fo when the Quick: filver was three inches above the ftagnant Mere cury, the water inthe other Pipe was fallen divers inches beneath 42, and feveral inches beneath 28 when the Mercury had fubfided aninchlower. Butthis. being no more then was to be expected, after we had cauf‘d the Pumping to bea while continued, to free the water the better from the latitant Air, we let in the external Air, and having thereby impell’d.up again both the Liquors into their Pipes, and remov'd the Receiver we took out thofe Pipes, and inverting each of them again tolet out the Air, (for even that wich heldthe Quick. filver had got a {mall Bubble, though inconfiderable in comparifon of the Air that had got up out of che Water,) we fill’d each of them with a little of the reftagnant Liqnor belonging toit, and inverting each Tube once more into its proper liquor, we repeated the Experiment, and foundit, asit feem’d, a feem'd, to require more pumping then before to make the Li- quors begin to /ubfide, fothat whenthe Mercury was fallen to threeinches, ortwo, or one, the water fubfided fo near to the heights of 42, 28, or 14 inches, that we fawno fufficient caufe to hinder us from fuppofing, that the litle differences that appear’d between the feveral heights of the Quick.filver, and fourteen times as great heights of the Water (which fell fomewhat lower than its proportionin Gravity required) proceeded from fome A- erial Corpufcles yet remaining, in {pite of all we had done, inthe water, and by their Spring, though bur taint, when once they had emerg‘d to the upper part of the Glafs, furthering a little the de- preffion of it: not now to mention leffer Circumftances, particus larly, that the furface of the ftagnant Water did not inconfidera- bly rife by the acceffion of the Water lately in che Pipe; wheres by the Cylinder of water, rais’d above that furface, became by fo much the fhorter. However Your Lorcthip may, if Youthink fit, caufethe Experiment to be reiterated, which I could not fo well do, by reafon of a mifchance that befell the Receiver. Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, At EXPERIMENT XY. About the greate/t height towhich Water can be rais'd by \Attra- étion or Sucking Pumps Ince the making and the writing of the foregoing Experiments, having met with an opportunity to borrow a place fomes what convenient to make a Tryal to what height Water may be raisd by Pamping; I thought not firto negleé@t it. For though bothby the confideration of our Aypothefis, to whofe truth fo many Phenomena bear witnefs; and though particularly by the Confequences deduceable from the three laft recited Experiments I were kept from doubtingwhat the event would be,; et Ithougtic it worth while to make the Tryal. : ; G 2 I 42 A (Continuation of New Experiments I know what is fid tohave been the Complaint of fome Pamp-makers- But I confefs the Phenomenon, ’twas grounded on, feem’d not to me to be certainly enough deliver’d by a Wri ter. or two, that mention what they complain’d of; and their ob. fervation feems not to have been made dererminately or carefully enough for a matter of this moment. Since that which they com- plain of feems to have been in general, that they could not by pumping raife Water to what height they pleafe, as the common Opinionof Philofophers about Natures fuga vacui made them expe& they might. And it may well have happen’d, that as they endeavoured onely to raife it to the height their occ:fions required, fo all that their Difappointment mianifefted , was, that they could not raife ir to that particular height: which did not de- termine, whether if the Pump had beena Foot or a Yard fhorter, the Water would then have been elevated to the upper parc of it orno: but that which I chiefly confider is, that thefe being but Tradefmen, that did not work according to the Dictates of, or with defiga to fatisfie, a Philofophical Curiofity, we may juftly fufped, that their Pumps were not fufliciently ftanch, nor the O- peration Critically enough perform’d and taken notice of. Wherefore, partly becaufe-a Tryal of fuch moment feemd not to have yet been duely made by any; and partly becaufe the va- rying weight of the Atmofphere was not (that appears) known, nor (conlequently) taken into confideration by the ingenious Monfieur Pafchal in his famous Experiment, which yet is but a- nalogousto.this; and partly becaufe fome very Late as well as Learned Writers have not acquiefc'd inhis Experiment, but do adhere to the old Do@rine of the Schools, which would have Water raifeable in Pumps to any height, 0b fugam vacui, (as they fpeak,) I thought ficto make the belt thift I could to. make the Tryal, of which I now proceed to give Your Lordthip an Acs count. _ The place I borrowed for this purpofe was a flat Roof about’ 30 foot high from the ground, and with Railes along. the edges of Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. 43 ofit. The Tube we made ule of thould have been of Glafs, if we could have procured one long and ftrong enough, But that being exceeding difficulc, ¢ (pecially forme, who was not near a Glals- houfe, we were fainto caufe a Tin- man to make feveral Pipes of above aninch bore, (for of a great length ‘twas alleadg’d they could not be made flenderer, ) and as long as he could, “of Tinor Laton, as they call thia Plates of fron Tinn’d over; and thefe being very carefully foder’d together made up one Pipe, of about one or two and thirty foot ie which being tied to a Pole we tried with Water whether it were ftanch, and by the vam ons of that Liquor finding where the Leaks were, we caus’d them to be ftopt with Soder, and then for grearer fecurity the whole Pipe, efpecially at the Commiflures, was diligently cafd over with our clofe black Cement, upon which Plaifter of Paris was ftrewed to keep it from fticking to their hands or cloaths thee fhould manage the Pipe. At the upper part of which was very carefully faftned with the like Cement a {trong Pipe of Glafs, of between 2 and 3 foot inlength, that we might fee what fhould happen atthetop ofthe water- And to the upper pare of this Pipe was (with Cement, and by the means of a fhort elbow of Tin) very clofely fattned another Pipe of the fame Metal, confi- fting of two pieces, making a right Angle with one another, whereof the upper part was parallel to the Horizon, and the o- ther, which was parallel to the Glafs-pipe, reacht down to the Engine, which was plac’d on the flat Roof, and was to be with good Cement follici toufly faftned to the lower end of this defcen- ding part of the Pipe, whofe Horizontal leg was fupported by a piece of Wood, nail’d to the above mentioned Rails; as the Tube alfo was kept from overmuch fhaking by a board, (faften’d to the fame Rails,) and having adeep Notch cutinit, forthe Tube to be infefted into, This ~ agin being made, and the whole Tube with its Pole erected along the Wall , and faftaed with {trings and other Fi helps , and the deicending Pipe being carefully “cemented on” to 44. A Continuation of new Expenments tothe Engine, there was plac’d under the bo:tom of the long Tube aconvenient veffel, whereinto fo much Water was poured, as reach’da great way above the orifice of the Pipe, and one was appointed to ftand by to pourin more as need fhould require, that the veflel might be {till kept competently full. After all this the Pump was fet on work, bie when the water had been raifed toa great height, and confequently had a great Preffure againft the fides of the Tube, a fmall Leak or two was either difcovered or made, which without moving the Tube te caus’d to be well ftopt, by one that was fent up a Ladder to apply ftore of Cement where it was requifite. Wheretore at length we were able after a pretty number of Exuétions, to raife the Water to che middle of the Glafs-pipe a- bove mentioned, but not without great ftore of bubbles, (made by the Air formerly conceal’d in the pores of tae water, and now emerging,) which fora pretty while kept a kind of Foam upon the furface of it, (freth ones continually fucceeding thofe that broke.) And finding the Engine and Tube as ftanch as could be well expected, I houghtit a fit feafon to trie wiat was the utmokt height to which Water could by Suction beelevated; and there- fore though the Pump feem’d to have been plyed enough alrea- dy, yet tor farther fatisfaction, whenthe Water was within few inches of the top of the Glafs, I caus'd20 Exuctions more to be nimbly made, to be fure that the water {hould beraifed as high as by our Pempit could be poffibly. And having taken notice where the Surface refted, and caus’d a piece of Cement to be ftuck near it, (for we could notthen come to reach it exactly,) and de- fcending to the Ground where the ftagnant water ftood, we caus’da ftring to belet down, witha weight hanging at the end of it, which we applied to a mark, that had been purpofely made at that part of the (Metalline) Tube, which the fuperficies of the ftagnant water had refted at, when the water was elevated to its fullheight: and the other end of the {tring being, by him that let it down, applied to that part of the Glafs.as new as he could guefs, where Tou bing the Spring and VVeight of the Aiy AS where the upper pirt of the Water reacht, the Weight was pull’d up; and the lengtt ofthe ftring, and (confequently ) the height of the Cyliader of Water was meafur’d, which amounted to 33 foor, andabout 6 inches. Which done, Ireturn’d to my lodg- ing, which was not far off, tolook upon the Birofcope, to be in- formed of the prefent weight of the Atmofphere, which I found to be but moderate,the Quick- filver ftanding at 29 inchés,and be- tween 2 and3 eightsofaninch. This being taken notice of, it was not difficult to compare the fuccefs of the Experiment with our Hypothefis. Forit we fuppofe the moft received proportion in bulk between Cylinders of Quick-filver and of Water of the fame weight, namely that of 1 to14, the height of the water ought to have been 34 foot and about two inches, which isabout 8 inches greater tian wefoundit. Buctthen Your Lordthip may be pleafedtoremember, that I formerly noted (beforeever I made this Experiment) that I did not allow the proportion be- twixt Mercury aac Water (at leaft {uch water as I made my Tryals with) to bealtogether fo great, aod though in ordinary Experiments we may with very litle inconvenience make ufe of that proportion toavoid fractions, yet in fo tall a Cylinder of Water as ours was, the difference istoo confiderable to be neg- leGted. If therefore in ftead of making an Inch of Quick-filver equivaient to 14 inches of Water, we abate buta quarter of an inch, which is bucz 56 part of the height of the Water, thisa- batement being repeated 29 times anda quarter, will amount to 7 inches, and above a quarter, which added to the former height of the Water, namely 33 Foot and 6 inches, will make up 34 foot and aboveaninch; fothat the difference between the height of the Mercury fuftain’d by the weight of. the Atmofphere in the Barofcope, and that of the Water rais’d and fuftain’d by the Pref- fure of the fame Atmofphere in tbe long Tube did not appear to differ more than at Inch or two from the. proportion they ought to have had, accorcing to the difference of their {pecifick Gravi- ties; Aad though in our Experimencthe difference had beea ee greater, 46 A Continuation of New Experiments greater , provided it exceeded not 8 or 10 Inches , it would not have been ftrange: partly, becaufe of the difficulty of mea. faring all things fo exa@ly in fuch an Experiment, partly becaufe as Waters are not all of the fame weight , foa lit- tle difparity of it in fo long a Cylinder may be confiderable, and partly (and perhaps chiefly) becaufe the Aur flying out of the babbles, that rofe out of fo great a quantity of water, and break- ing at the cop of it, and fo near that of the Tube, might by its Spring (chough but very weak) affifting the weight of fo much water, fomewhat (though not much) hinder the wtmoft elevation ofthat Liquor. Butour Experiment did not make it needful for me to infifton thefe confiderations , and the inconfiderable difference that was betwixt the height of the water we found, and that which might have been with’d, did rather countenance then at all disfavour the thing to be made out by our Experiment, fince by no Pumping wecould raife the Water quéte fo high (though I confefs it wanted but very little) as the weight of the Ate mofphere was ableto keep up a Cylinder of Mercury proportio- nableto it in height, and equivalent in weight: and yer I pre- fume, Your Lordfhip willeafily grant, that there was at leaft as much care ufedin this Experiment, to keep the things imploy’d aboutit tight, as has been wont to be ufed by Tradefmen in their Pumps, where tis not fo eafie either to prevent a little infinuation ofthe Air, or todifcern it. Tis not that I am fure, that even all our care would have kept the water for any long time at its full height; but, chat the Air was (ufficiently exhaufted for our purpofe, when we determin’d the height ofthe water, I was induc’d to conclude by thefe Cire cumftances, 1. Aswell the conftruction of the Engine, as the many (fore merly related) Experiments, that have been fuccefsfully tryed with it, fhew that tis not like it fhould be inferiour in clofenefs to the great W ater-Pumps, made by ordinary Tradefmen: and par- ticularly Toaching the [pring and weight of the Air: 47 ticularly the XJ. Experiment foregoing, manifefts, that by this Pump Quick- filver was rais’d'to as great a height, as the Atmo- {phere is ableto fupport in the Torricelian Experiment. 2. The ftanchnefs of the Pipeappear’d by the Diminution (as tonumber) of Bubbles, that appear’d atthe top of the Water, and by their fize too, for when there was a leak, (though but fe very (mall, that the water could not get outat it in the Tube,) it might ufually be taken notice of by the attentive ear of him that ftood to watch uponthe Ladder, erected by the fide of the Tube; andthe Air that gotin, did eafily difcover it felf to the Eye by large Bubbles, manifeftly differing from thofe that came from the Aerial particles belonging to the water; and if the leak were not fovery fmall, the Air that got in would fuddenly lift upthe water above it, and perhaps fill wich it the defcending Pipe. 3. Though there had been fomeimperceptible Leak, yet that would not have hindred the faccefs of the Experiment for the main, For inleaks that have been but fmall, though manifett enough, we have often,by caufing the Pump to be ply’d les nim- bly then it now was, been able to profecute our Tryals; becaufe the Pump carried off {till more Air than could get inataleak that was no greater. 4- Andthatlitle or no (intruding) Air was left inthe upper part of our Tube, was evident by thole marks, whereby it was ea- fie for them that are well acquainted with the Pump, to eftimate what Air is left inthe veffel it fhould exhauft, and particularly to- wards the end of our operation I obferv’d, that when the Sucker was depredt, there came out of the Water that cover’d the Pump, fo very few bubbles, that they might be imputed to the Air af- forded by the Bubbles, {pringing from the water in the Tube; Whereasif any adventitious Air had got into that Cylinder of water, it would have appear’d in the water that cover’d the Pump. 5. Laftly, it were very Arange,that ifthe water was but cafu- H ally 43 A Continuation of New Experiments ally hindred by fome Leak from afcending any higher, it fhould be fo eafy to raife it to the very number of feet that our Hypothe- fis requires, and yet we fhould be unable by obftinate Pumping to raife it one foot higher. Note, t. as (oon as we had made our Experiment,and thereby found, that what was requifite to it was inorder; I fent to give notice of it to D* hallis,and D« Wren, as Perfons whofe curiofity makes thenvas well delighted with fuch Tryals, as their deep knowledg makes Them moft competent Judges of them. But before They could be found, and come, it being grown fomewhat Jate and windy, I that was not very well, and had tired my felf with going up and down, couldaot ftay with them fo long as I intended, but leaving the reft of the Repeated Experiment to be fhewn them by 7. M. (who had been very induftrious in fitting and erecting the Tube) they andtheir Learned friend (whom they brought with them) Doctor millington , told me a while after, that they alfo had found the greateftheight, to which. they could raife the water, to be 33 foot and an half. 2. When the Water began firftro appear in the Glafs, the Bubbles would be, as I had foretold, exceeding numerous; fo as to makeafroath ofmear afoot high, if the water were newly brought, and had never been rais’d in the Tube before. , But if the Pumping were long continued, the number and height ( or at leaft one of thetwo) ofthe Aggregate ot Bubbles, would (as there remain’d fewer and tewer Aerial particles in the water)be lef- ferand leffer; but their emerging did never that I remember wholly ceafes At the beginning alfo there would appear great vibrations of the water inthe upper part of the Tube; therifing and the fal ling amounting fometimes toa foot, or near half a yard: but thefe grew lefler and lefler, as thofe of the Quickfilver in the Torricele lian Experiment ufe to do. One may ufe an ordinary Pailtoholdthe ftagnant waters but we rather imploy’da veffel of Earth made (for another pur- pofe. Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 49 pofe) fomewhat flender, and of a Cylindrical thape, becaufe ina narrow veflel tis more eafie to guefs by the rifing and falling of the Liquor, how the Pump is ply’d , and to perceive even {maller Leaks. : 5- Imuft not forget to take notice, that though the newly nam’d Gentlemencameto me (when they had feen the Experi- ment tryed) within lefs than an hour after the time I had look’d upon the Barofcope,and obferv’d the Quick: filver to ftandfome. what beneath 29 inches, and 3 eights, yet when prefently upon their return I confulted the fame inftrument again, the Mercary appear’d to be fenfibly rifen, being fomewhat (though but very litle) above 9 and 20 inches, and3eights, and 5 or 6 hours ale ter (at bed-time) I found it to be yet more confiderably rifen. Which may keep Your Lordthip from wondriag at what I inti- mated a littleabove, touching Monfteur Pa/chal’s Experiment,as well astouching the difappointment of the Pump-makers en- deavours. For tisnot onely poffible, that (as I have elfewhere noted) W ater may beraifed inthe fame Pump (though we fup- pofe it ftill equally ftanch) higher at one time than at another: but “twas contingent, that, in Monfieur Pafchal's noble attempt to imitate the Torrécedian Experiment with Water in ftead of Quick-filver, the proportion betwixt the heights of thofe two Liquors in their ref{pective Tubes an{wer’d fo well to their fpeci- fick Gravities, For, the varying weight of the Atmofphere be- ing not thea (that appears) known, or confequently taken into confideration; if Monficur Pafchal, having tryed the Torricellian Experiment, when the Air was for inftance very heavy, had tryed his own Experiment,when the Atmofphere ‘had beenas light as 1 have often enough obferv’d it to be, he might have found his Cylinder of Water to have been half.a Yard or two foot fhorter than ug formerly meafyr'd height ofthe Quick: filver would have required. T have nowno more to addeaboutthis 15 Experiment, but that it may ferve for afufficient confirmation of what I-note ina- H 2 nother 50 A (Continuation of New Experiments nothet Treatile, againft thole Hydraulical & Pneumatical Wrte ters, who pretend toteach wayes of making Water pafs by infle- éted Pipes,and by the help of Suction, from one fide of a Moun- tainto the other, bethe Mountain never fo highs For, if the Water be to afcend as ‘twere {pontaneoufly above 35 or 36 foot, a Sucking Pump will not ordinarily, at leaft here in England, be able to raife it. And now I {peak of Mountains, it willnot be altogether ime pertinent to add, thacif it had not been for unfeafonable weather, Thad thought ficco make the foregoing 11‘8 Experiment (of e- levating Mercury by Suction) to be tryed at the top.of an Hill, not far from the place Ithen was at. For by what has beenal- ready delivered, it appears, that we might have eftimatedthe height, to which the Water may be there elevated by Suction, without repeating the Experiment with a thirty five foot Tube, (which we could not hope for conveniency to do,) by the utmoft height to which our Engine could have rais’d Mercury: and it may be offomeufe to be able from Experiments to make fome eftimate (for it can fcarce be an accurate one) how much it may be expected, that Pumps fhall (ceteris paribus) loofe of their power of elevating Water by Suction, by being imploy’d at the top of an Hill, in ftead of being fo at the bottom, or onaPlain, Ree = membring always what I lately intimated, chat even in the fame place Liquors will be brought to afcend by Suction to a greater or lef's height at one time than another, according to the varying Gravity of the Atmofphere- EXPERIMENT XVI. About the bending of 4 Springy Body in the Exhausted Receiver. "THe caufeofthe Motion of Reftitution in Bodies, and confe- - quently of that which makes fome of them Springy , which far Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. re: far the greater part of them arenot, has been ingenioufly attemp- ted by fome Modern Corpafcularians, and efpecially Carte 1anss ‘but fince divets Learned and Judicious men do ftill look upon the caufe of Blafticity, as athing that needs to be yet farther en- quiredinto; and becaufe I am not my felf {0 well fatisfied as to blame their Curiofity, I held it not unfic to examine by the help of our Engine their Conjecture, who imagine that the Air may havea great ftroak inthe making of bodies Springy; and this I , 1. ee therather did , becaufe I had ~ elfwhere thewn, that there is po atour1 need toaffert, thatinall Bodies, that have ic, the Elaftical power fr of flows immediately fromthe Form, but that in divers of them it“ depends upon the Mechanical ftructure of the Body. Tomake fome Tryal therefore, whether the Air have any great Intereft in the Motion of Reftitution, we took a piece of Whalebone of a convenient bignefS and length,. and having fa- ften’d one end of it ina hole made inathick and heavy Trencher, to be placed on the Plate of the Engine , we tyed to the other enda Weight, whereby the Whalebone was moderately bent, the weight reaching down fo near to a Body plac’d in a level pofi- tion under it, that ifthe Spring were but-a little weaken’d,. the weight mufteither lean upon, or at leaft touch the Horizontal plains or if on the other fide: the Spring fhould grow fenfibly ftronger, it might be esfily perceiv’d by the diftance of the weight, which was fo near the plain, that a litle increafe of it muft be vifible. This done, we convey’d thefe things into the Receiver, and order’d thofe that pump’d to fhake it as litle as they could, thac the weight might not knock againft the Body that lay under it, or fo thake it, as tohinder-us from difcerning whether or no it were deprefs'd by the bare withdrawing of the Air. And when the Air had been well pump’d out, Iwatcht atte tively whether any notable Change inthe. diftance ofthe weight from the almoft contiguous plain would. be producd uponits being letin again: for the weight was then at reft, and the return- IDs ta.’ 52 A Continuation of new Experiments ing Air flowing in much more fpeedily than it could before be drawn out, I thought this the likelieft time to difcover whether the abfence of the Air had fenfibly altered the Spring of the Whalebone. But though the Experiment were made more than once, I could fatisfie my felf onely in this,that the depreffioa or elevation ofthe Weight, that was daeto the true and meer change of the Spring, was not very confider able, fince 1 did not think my felffure, that! perceiv’d any at all: for though it be true, thar fometimes, when the Receiver was well exhaufted, che Weight feem’d to be alittle depreft, yet That I thought was ve- ry licle, if any thing more than what might be afcrib’d to the ab- fence ofthe Airnot confider’d as a Body that had any thing to do dire@ly with the Spring,but as a Body that had fome(though but alitle) Weight; upon which account it made the medinm, wherein the Experiment was tried, contribute tofupportthe Weight that bent the Spring, which Weight, when the Air was abfent, mutt (being now inalighter sedéum have its Gravitation increas’d by as much weight, as aquantity of the exhaufted Air , equal to it in bulk, couldamountto. But this Experiment being tried on- ly with V Vhalebone, and ina Receiver not very Great, may de- ferve to be further tryed in taller Glaffes, with Springs of other kinds, and by the motions of a V Vatch, .and other more artifici- al Contrivances. een ‘EXPERIMENT XVII ‘About the making of Mercurial, and other Gages, whereby to¢- imate howthe Receiver is exhaufted. ; BEae the Air beinginvifible, it is not alwayseafieto know whether it befufficiently pump’d out of the Receiver that was to be exhaufted; we thought it would be very convenient to have {ome Inftrument within the Receiver, that might ferve fot Touching the Spring and VVeight of the Air. ER fora Gage, or Standard; whereby to judge whether or no it fufficiently exhaufted. To this purpofe divers Expedients were thought on, 2nd fome of them put in practifes which, though not equally commodions, may yet all of them be ulefully imploy’d, one onthis occafion, and another on that. The Firft (if I mifremember not) that T propof'd, was a Blad- der, (which may be greater or lefs, according to the Size of the Veffel it is to ferve for} co be very ftrongly tied art the neck, after having had onely fo much Air left in the folds of it, as may ferve to blow up the Bladder toits full dimenfions, when the Receiver isvery well exhaufted, andnot before. But though Your Lord- fhip will hereafter find that I yet make ufe of (mal! Bladders on certain occafions, in which they are peculiarly convenient, yet in many:cafes they do, when the Glaffes are well] exhaufted, take up too much room inthem, and hinder the Objeéts, included in the Receiver, from being obferv’d from all the fides of it, Another fort of Gage was made with Quick: filver, pour’d into avery fhort Pipe, which was atterwards inverted into a litle Giafs of ftagnant Quick: filver, according to the manner of the Torri« eelian Experiment. For this Pipe being but avery few inches long, the Mercury imit would not begin to defcend, tillavery Great proportion of Air was pump’ d out of the Receiversbecaufe tillthen, the Spring of theremaining Air would be {trong e- nough to be able to keep up fo fhort a Cylinder of Mercury. And this kind of Gage isno badone. But becaufe, toomit fomeo- ther litle inconveniences, it cannot eafily be fulpended, (which ia divers Experiments ‘tis fit the Gage fhould be,) and the Mercury in it is apt to be too much fhaken by the motion of the Engine, there was another kind of Gage by fome Ingenious man {who e- ver hewere) fu dftituted in its place, confifting ofakind of Si- phon, whofe fhorter leg hath belonging to it a large Bubble of Glafs, moft commonly made ufe of at an Illuftrious meeting of yirtuofis where Y our Lordthip having feenit, I fhall not need to defcribe it m ore particularly. Bue: were BA A Continnation of New Experiments But none of the Gages I had formerly us’d, nor even this Jatt, having the conveniences that fome of my Experiments require ; I was fain to devife another, which is That I moft make ufe of, as having advantages , fome or other of which each of the Gages al- ready mentioned wants; for even that with Spirit of Wine, not to mention lefler difadvantages, hath a Bubble too Great to let it be ufeful in veflels fo flender, as for fome purpofes I divers times imploy; and this dbort Cylinder of fo light a Liquor as fpirit of Wine, makes the fabfidence of the Liquor be indeed a good figa that the Receiver is well exhaufted, but givesus not an account what Quantity of Air may bein the Receiver, “till ic be arriv’d at that great meafure of Rarefation; and the fame Liquor, being upon avery fmall leak (fuch as would aot be prejudicial to many Experiments) impell'd up to the rop of the Gage, we cannot af- terwards by this Inftrument take any mealure of the Air that gets inatthe Leak. But nowthere are divers Experiments where [ defire to feethe Phenomena that will happen, not onely (or pet- haps not at all) upon the uttermoft Exhauftion ofthe Air, but when the Preflure of it is withdrawn to fuch or fuch a meafure, and alfo when the Air is gradually readmitted. To make the Gage we are fpeaking of, take a very flender and Cylindrical-Pipe of Glafs, of 6, 8, 10, or more Inches in length, sm ie and not fo big as a Goofe-quill, (but fuch as we imploy for the the Stems of feal’d Weather: Glaffes,) and having at the flame ofa Figre Lamp melted it, but not too near the middle, to make of it by the bending it a Siphon, whofe two Legs are to be not onely parallel to one another, bur as litle diftant any where from one another as conveniently may be. In one (which is ufually the longer) of thefe Legs, there is to be left at the top, either halfaninch , ora whole inch, or more or lefs than either, (according to the length of the Gage, or the {cope of the Experimenter) of Airin its natu- ral tare, neither rarefied,nor condens’a; the reft of the longer leg, and as great a part of the fhorter as fhall be thought fit, being to be fill’d with Quick-filver, This done, there may be Marks plac’d Louching the [pring and weight of the Air. ae plac’dat the outfide of the longer (or fealed)leg, whereby to meas fure the Expanfion of the Air included in the fame leg, and thefe marks may be either litle Glafs Kaubs; about the bignefs of Pins heads, faften'd by the help ofa Lamp at certain diftances to the longer leg of the Siphen, or elfe the divifions of an Inch made ona lift of Paper, and pafted oneither to the Siphon it felf, or to the flender Frame, which on fome occafions we faften the Gage to, This Inftrument being convey'd intoa Receiver, (which for expedition fake we choofe as {mall as will ferve theturn,) che Air is tobe very diligently pump'd out, and then notice is to be ta- ken to what part of the Gage the Mercury is depreft, that we may know, when we fhall afterwards fee the Mercury driven fo far, that the Receiver, the Gage is plac’din, is well exhaufted. Add ifit be much defired to know more accurately (for one may arrive pretty near the truth by Guefs) what ftations of the Mer- cury in the Gage are anfwerable to the degrées of the Raretaction of the Air in the Receiver; that may be compaffed either by Calculation, (which is not fo eafie,and fuppofes fome Aypothe/es,} or (though not without fometrouble) by letting in the water as oftenas is neceflary, into a Receiver, whofe intire capacity is firit meafured, andin wh!ch there may be Marks made to fhew when the water to be let in fhall fill a fourth part, or half, or three quarters &c. ofthe Cavity. For if (for inftance) when rhe Quick- filver in the Gage is depreft to fuch a Mark, you let inthe water, and that Liquor appearsto fill a fourth part of the Receiver, you may conclude, that abouta 4‘ part of the Air was pump’d out, or that a 4" part of the Spring , that the whole incladed Air had, was loft by the Exhauftion, when the Quick: filver in the Gage wasat the Mark above mentioned; & if the admitted water do con- fiderably either fall fhort of, or exceed the quantity you expe- ced, you may the next time let inthe water either after the Mer- cury hasa litle paft the former Mark,- or a litle before it is arriv’d at it. And when once you have this wy obtain’d one oo I ong 56 A (Continuation of New Experiments long and accurate Gage, you will not need to take fo much pains to make others, fince you may divide them by the help of that one; for this being plac’d with any other in a {mall Receiver, when the Mercury in the Standard-Gage (if 1 may fo call it)is depreft to any ofthe determinate divifions obtain'd by obfervation, you may thence conclude how much the Air in the Receiver is rare. fied, and confequently by taking notice of the place where the Mercury refts inthe other Gage, you may-determine what degree of Exhauftion ina Receiver is denoted by that {tation of the Mer- cury inthis Gage. Perhaps I need not tell your Lordfhip that the Ground of this contrivance was, that whereas in divers other Gages, when the Pump cameto be obftinately ply’d, the Expaafion of the inclu- ded Air would be fo great, that it would either drive out the Li- quor,efpecially ifit were light, or in part make an efcape through it: Ijudg’d chat in fuch an Inftrument, as that newly defcrib‘d, thofe inconveniences would be avoided, becaufe that the more the Air hould come to be dilated, the greater weight of Quick. filver it would in the fhorter Leg have to raife, which would fuf- ficiently hinder it from making that heavy liquor run over; and the fame ponderoufnefs of the Liquor, togethér with the flender- nels of the Pipe, would likewife hinder the included Air from get- ting through in Bubbles. NB, 1.. For moft Experiments, where exact meafures are not required, it will not be fo neceflary to mark the Gage at any o- ther ftation of the Quick- filver then that which tis brought to by the Exhauftion of the Receiver, for by that alone we may know when the Airis well pump’d out of the Receiver, wherein the Gage is included: and when one is alitle ul’d to fome particular Gage, one may. by the fudfidence of the Mercury guefsat the dee oree of the Airs rarefaction, fo near as may ferve the turnin fuch Experiments. But whenthis Inftrument is to be us’d abour nice Tryals, where it may be thonght requifite to have it divided ace cording to one of the ways formerly propofed,. it will on divers occa Touching the fpring and Weight of the Air, bf occafions be more fecure (in cafe the maker of the Gage has skill todo it,) to put to the Divifions rather by litle Knubs of Glafs, than by Paper; becaufe this will on fuch occafions be in danger either to be rubb’d off, or wetted. Andif Glafs- marks be us‘d, it will be convenient that every fifth, or renth, or fuch Ordinal number as fhall be jadg’d fit, be made of Glafs of adiffering co- lour , for diftinction fake, & the more eafie reckoning. We fome- times for aneed apply, in ftead of thefe Glafs- knubs, little marks of hard fealing Wax, which will not be injur’d by moifture, as thofe Papers will chat are pafted on; but thefe of Wax, though in many cafes ufeful, are not comparable to the other in all, fince if they be very fmall, they are eafily rubb’d off, and if large, they make not the Divifion exact enough, and often hide the true place of the Quick-filver. I fhall here about the Mercurial Gages add onely this Hint, that what I propos’dto my felf in that Contrivance, was not one- ly to eftimate the Air pump’d out of the Receiver, or that remai- ning in it; butalfo, by the help of this Inftrament (as elfewhere by another Experiment) to meafure (fomewhat near) the ftrengch of the Spring of rarefied Air, according to its feveral degrees of Rarefactions and by this Obfervation, in concurrence with other things, | hoped we might (according to what I have elfewhere in- finuated) be affifted to eftimate, by the Cylinder of Mercury rais'd inthe openleg, the Expanfion of the Air included in the fealed leg: bur of thefe things I defign’din this place to give but an Intimation. 3. That leg of the Gage that includes the Air, may be feal-d up either at the beginning, before the Pipe be bent intoa Syphon, or (which is much better) after the following manner, Before you bend the Pipe, draw out the end of it, which you mean to feal, toafhort and very flender Thread; then having made the Pipe a Siphon, pour into the leg, whichis to remain open,as much Quick: filver as you shall judg convenient, which will rife toan equal height in the other leg, out of which by gently sae I 2 the 53 A Continuation of New Experiments the Siphon, you may pour out the fuperflaous Mercury, (if here be aay,)and when you fee that there is aninch, or halt an inch/or what part you defign’dto leave for Air) unfill’d with Mercury, next to the end that is to beclos’ds and that the reft of that leg, and as much:(ss you think fir) of the other is full of Quick: filver, you may, by keeping the Siphonin the fame pofture, and-warily applying the flender_4 pex above mentioned to the upper part ofthe flame of a Lamp, blown Horizontal, eafily feal up that 4- pex without cracking, or prejudicing the open leg, or confidera- bly injuring the Air hole, that was to be feal’d up in the other. And this fealing of one leg muft (as tis evident) keep the Mercus ry fufpended in it, though it be higher by divers. inches than that in the open leg, till the withdrawing of the external Air enable the included, by expanding it felfto deprefs the Mercury in the feal’d leg, and raifeitintheopen. 4: How the length of thefe Mercurial Gages is to be varied, according to the Bignefs and Shape of the lender Receivers they are to be imploy'd in, and how they may eafily be made either to ftand upright at the bottom of the Receiver, or be kept hanging in the middle, or near the top of it (as occafion may require, )and how the open end may be made to fecure the Mercury, in cafes where thatis needful, belongs not fo properly to this Treatife, as to the Second part of the Continuation; where, if ever I trou- ble Your Lordship withit, the Ufefulnefs of this fort of Gages, and the Circumftances that may advantage them, will beft ap- ear. 5- There being fome Experiments, wherein it is not defir’d ' that the Receiver fhould be neer exhaufted, but rather that the degrees of the Airs rarefaction, which ought not tobe very great, fhould be well meafur'd, we may in fach cafes make ufe of Gages fhap’d like thofe hitherto defcrib’d, but made as long as the Re- ceiver will well admit, and furnith’din ftead of Quick-filver either with {piritof Wine coloured with Cocheneel, or e//e with the tinGure of red Rofe-leaves ,, drawn onely with common.Water; made Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, Fo made fharpby a litle either of the Oy], or. che {piric of Vitriol, ot of common Salt, For the lightnefs of thefe Liquors in com pari- fon of Quick-filver will allow the Expanfions of the Air included in the Gage to be very manifeft, and notable enough, though not half, or perhapsa quarter of the Air be pump’d out of the Receiver. 6. You may alfo in fuch cafes as thefe, where the Receiver is Jargeenough, andis notto be quite exhaufted, make ufe of a Mercurial Gage, differing from thofe above defcrib’d onely in this, that the fhorter leg need not be above aninch, or half an inch long, before it expandit felt into a Bubble of about half an inch, or an iach in Diameters and having at the upper part a very. Short and flender unfeal'd Pipe, at which the Air may get in and out: by which Contrivance you may have this Convenience, that You need not include fo much Air, as otherwife would be requi- fite,at the top.of the longer Leg, becainfe the Mercury in: the hor- ter cannot, by reafon of the breadth of the Bubble, whereinto the Expantion of the Air drives it, be confiderably rais’d:Upon which account it becomes more eafie to eftimate by the Eye the degrees of the included Airs Rarefaction, which may be done almoftas. eafily , as if there were water in ftead of Mercury: provided it be remembred,that Quick. filver by reafon of its ponderoufnefs,does. far more affift the dilatation of the Air, then fo much Water. would do. EXPERIMENT XVIIL About an eafie way to make the Preffure of the Air fenfible ta the Touch of thofe that dawbt of it. T Housh feveral of our Experiments fufficiently manifeft fo the Skilful , that the Preflure of the Air is very confidera- ble; yet becaufe fome of them require peculiar Glaffes , and o- ther: ——S SS SSS SSS 60 A (Continuation of new Experiments thet Inftruments, which are not always at hand, and bécaufe there are many thar think it furec to eftimate the force of Preflure by what they immediately feel, than by any other way; I wasinvited for the fake of fuch to imploy an eafie Experiment, which ufu- ally proved convincing, becaufe it operated on that Senfe, wheres on they chiefly rely"d. Teaus’d then to be madea’ hollow (but ftrong) piece of Brafs, not above two or three inches high, (that ic might be in a trice exhaufted,) and open’at both ends, whole Orifices were Circulat and parallel, but not equal, (the Inftrument being made tapes ring, fo that it might be reprefented by an excavated Conus trum catus, or a Gigg, with the lower part cut tranfverfly off.) This piece of Brafs being cemented on. as if it were a {mall Receiver to the Engine, the Perfon, that would not believe the Preflure of the Air to be near fo confiderable as was reprefented, was bidden to lay the Palm of his Hand upon the uppet Orifice ; and being ordered tolean a little upon it, that fo the lower part of his hand might proveaclofe Cover to the Orifice, one Exuction of the Air was made by the help of the Pump: and then upon the with= drawing of the greateft part of the Preffure of the internal Air, that before counterballanc’d that of the External, the Hand be- ing left alone to fupport the weight of the Ambient Air, would be prefled inwards fo forceably, that though the ftronger fort of men were able (though not withouc much adoe) to take off their Hands, yet the weaker fort of Tryers could not do it, (e[pe- cially if by a fecond Suck the litle Receiver were better exhau< fted,) but were fain to-ftay for the Return of the Air into the Re- ceiver.to affift them, . This Experiment being defign’d rather to convince than to unifh thofe chat were to make ic , wetook care not onely that the Brafs fhould be fo thick, and the Orifices fo fmooth, that no Sharpnefs nor Roughnefsefthe Metal fhould offend the Hands but alfo that the narrower Orifice (which was the oftneft made ufe of ) fhould be butabout an inch and 4 quarter in Diameter, But Touching the Spring and VVeight of the dir: 61 Bat ifany were defirous of a more fenfible conviction, “twas very eafie to give it him by making the larger Orifice the uppermoft, which was the reafon why the Inftrument was, as we formerly noted, made tapering, Butyet chis larger Orifice eught not to exceed 2 Inches, or 2 Inches and 7 in widenefs; leaft the great Weight of the Air endanger the breaking or confiderably hurting the Hand of the Experimenter. Which Caution I am put in mind of giving, by remembring that T once much endangered my own Hand, through the miftake of him that manag’d the Pump, who unawares to me fetit on work, when, for another purpofe, f had laid my Hand upon the Orifice of an Inftrument of too great a Diameter. ” He famous Experiment of Torticellius, mentiouedin the 7th of our already publifhed Try als, is of that Nobleneffe and Im= portance, that though divers Learned men have (but upon very dif- fering principles ) difcourf'd of stin Print, which gives me the leffe mind to infift long upon st here, yet 1 {hall not (cruple to fubjoin {ome Notes concerning Tryals that I made, (though for want of opportu nity I could not repeat them according to my cuftom,) which I had not met with in Others, and which may ferve to confirm the Hy pothefis made ufe of in this Continuation, and the Treatife it belongs to. EXPERIMENT XIX, About the Subfidence of Mercury in the Tube of the Torricellian Esc» periment to the level of the flagnant Mercury. A Barofcope being includedina Receiver » made of a long Bolt head with the lower part of the Ball cut Circularly oft; upon the firft Exuction of the Air, the Quick-filver thar before ftood at 29 inches, (the Atmofphere appearing then by a conftant Barofcope very light,) would fall. fo low as to reft gt 9 or 10 in ches, G2 A Continuation of New Experiments ches, (for once I meafur'd the Subfidence beneath its former E- levation,) andinabout three Sucks more it would be brought . quite down tothe Level of the Stagnant Quick: filver, and fomes what below, (as tis the property of Quick: filver, quite contrary to Water, rorife lefs inaflender Pipe than in awide.) The Air being let into the Receiver, the Quick-filver would be impell*d _up flowlier or fafter, as we pleas’d, to the former height of 29 itte ches, or thereabouts. NB.1, Thatifthe Air were fuffer’d to ‘go haftily out of the Receiver, the Mercury would, by virtue of the accelerated moti onacquir’d inits defcent, at the very firft Suck defcend till ic reacht within an inch or two of the ftagnant Mercury, though it would prefently after a few rifings and fallings fettle arthe height . -of 9 or 10 inches, till the next Suck brought it down lower. 2. If whenthe Mercury was reimpell’d up to its due height, thofe that manag’d the Pump did, in ftead of rarifying the Air, a little comprefs it, the Quick-filver would by the compre(s’d Air beeafily made to rife aninch or more above the former ftandard of 29 inches. Which Circumftance | mention, not as a new thing, but to.confirm (what fome think ftrange) a Paffage print- ed, page the 59", where I mention, that if the Air in the ecei- ver, in ftead of being rarify’din the Engine, were a litle compreft by it; the Preflure of the included Air, being fomewhat increas’d by having its Spring thus bent, would fuftain the Mercury in the Torricelian Tube ata greater than the wented Height. And toconfirm another paffage in the fame Page, where I ob- ferv'd., that if the Preffure of the Air upon the ftagnant Mercury be not fo great as tis wont to be, the Mercury will beginto fube fideina (fill’d and inverted) Tube, which wants of the ufual height; we took a Glafs. Cane, ({eal’d at one end,) much fhorter than the due length, and having fill’d it with Mercury, and inver- ted it into-a Glafs full of ftagnant Mercury, we placed allin the former Receiver, where the Mercurial: Cylinder for want of the requificé height remain’d totally fulpended, butupon the firlt of fecond Touching the [pring and weight of the Air: 63 fecond Suck it would fubfide, and intwo or three Sucks more it would fall co the levell of the ftagnant Mercury, or a little below it, Ulpontheietting inof the Air ic would be impell’d to the very Top of the Tube, hating an Aerial bubble, which feem’d to come from the Mercury it felf, and was fo litle, as not to be at all difcernable, fave to a very attentive Eye. rr. This Experiment I fhould not think fit hereto relate, fince I. formerly acquainted Your Lordfhip with the Subfidence of the x, Mercury upon the withdrawing ofthe Air fiom the Receiver, ' were it not that, in the mention of chat Tryal, I remember I con- °’ fefs’dto You, thatI could not fo freethe great Receiver I chen us'd from Air, but that the licle thatremained or leak’d in, made me unable to bring the Mercury inthe Tube totally co fubfide, or fall: mach nearer than within an Inch of the Surface of the ftagnant Mercury, with which in our prefent Tryals that in the Tube was brought to a Level. EXPERIMENT XxX, Shewing that in Tubes open at both ends, when no fuga Vacui can be pretended, the weight of Water will raife Quick-filver no higher in [lender than in larger Pipes. Ecaufe I find it, even by Learned and very Late Writers; urg das aclear and cogent Argument againft thofe that a- fcribe the Phenomena of the Torricellian Experiment to the weight of the External Airs That tis impoffible, that the Air, though ‘twere granted 'to be a heavy Body, could fuftain the Quick-filver at the fame height in Tubes of very differing big- nefs, fince the fame Air cannot equally counterpoile Mercurial Cylinders of fuch unequal weights: and becaufe this Objeétion is wont very much to puzzle chofe that are not well acquainted with the Hydroftaticks, I prefume Your Lordfhip willallow me, K till 64 A (Continuation of New Experiments till I.can hew you fome Hydroftatical Papers, by which the Ob» jeGtion may appear to be but ill grounded upon the true Theos remes of that Arr, to annex.the Tran(cripts of acouple of Exp. periments, (that L once made to remove this, fuppofedly inlupe- rable, Difficulty,) juft as I find them regiftred ia my Notes books. The J. Tryal. Sept, the 2. 16626 Wetookavery large Glafs- Tube, Hermetically feal’d at one end, and about two Foot and ahalfin Length. lato this we pous red Quick filver to the height of 3 or 4 fingers. Then wetook acouple of Cylindrical Pipes of-very unequal fizes, (the wider being as big agenas the flenderer) and open at. both Eads.._ The lower Ends of thefe two Pipes we thruft into the Quick-filver, and faften’d them near their upper Ends to the Tube with ftrings, that they might not be lifted up, nor mov’d out of their pofture, in which the convex Surface of the Mercury in both the Pipes feem’d to lie almoft ina Level, the Tube alfo it felf being plac’d uprightina Frame. This done, by the help of a Funnel we pou- red in Water by degrees at the top of the Tube, and obferv'd, that as the Water gravitated more and more upon the ftagnant Mercury, fo the included Mercury rofe equally in both the Pipes, till the Tube being almoft fill’d with Water, the Mercury ap- peared to be impell’dup to and fuftain’d at as great a height in the Big Tube, as inthe Leffer, being in either raifed about two In- ches above the Surface of the Stagnant Qaick-filver. NB. 1, Having caus’dabout half the Water (having no cons weniency to withdraw any more) inthe Tube tobe fuck’d out at the Top, we obferv’d the Quick-filver in both the Tubes to fub- fide uniformly, and to reafcend alike upon the reaffufion of the Water. >. Weendeavouredto try the Experiment (for their fake who have notthe Conveniency to have fuch Tubes purpofely made) Touching the foring and weight of the Air. 6% made) in a wooden veffel, into which, when it was fill’d with was ter, we let down aflac Glais furnifhe with ftagnant Mercury, whereifito the Ends of the two Pipes wereimmerfd. But the Opacon(nefs of the Cylinder (which reduced us to fee onely from the Top the Reflection of the ftagnant Mercury,) and other Im- pediments, difabled us to perceive the Motions and Stations of the Mercury inthe Pipes, though we once made ule of a Candle the better todifcern them. : The 11. Tryal. : Wetook avery wide Tube of Glafs, of about a Foot long, andinto it poured a convenient Quantity of Quick-filver. We took alfo two Pipesofabout equal length, and of that difparity in Bignefs that we newly mentioned, (thofe Pipes lately defcri- bed being indeed cut off from thefe weare now to {peak of,) and thefe being fill’d with Quick: filver (after the manner of the Zor7- cellian Experiment) were by a certain Contrivance let down into the Tube, and unftopt under the Surface of the ftagnant Mercue ry, and chen the Quick-filver-in the Pipes falling down to its wonted Station, and refting there, we poured intothe Tube about afoot height (by Guels) of Water, whereupon the Quick- filver as it before ftood , as it were, in a Level in both the Pipes, {0 it was, for ought appear’d co us, equally impell’d up beyond its wonted Station, and fuftain’d there both in the flender and in the bigger Pipe, and upon the withdrawing of fome of the Water it began to fubfide alike,as to fenfe, in them both, falling no lower in the bigger than inthe flenderer. And Water being a fecond time poured down into the Tube, the Mercury did in both Pipes rifeuniformly as before. By which andthe former Experiment it fufficiently appeared, that a Gravitating Liquor as Air or Wa- ter, may impell or keep.up Mercury to the fame height in Tubes that are of very differing Capacities: And that Liquors bailance each other according totheir Altitude, and not barely according totheir Weight. Forin this laft Experiment, the Additional Cylinder of one Inch of Mercury was maniteftly rais’d and kepe K 2 up 66 A (Continuation of New Experiments up by the Water incumbent on the ftagnant Mercury, (che'os ther Caufe, whatever it were, of the Mercury's Sufpenfion, be, ing able to fuftain but a Cylinder fhorterby an Tach.) And the fame parcel of Water did counterpoife in the differing Pipes two Mercurial Cylinders, which though but of the fame Altitude, (namely about an. Inch) were of very unequal Weight. EXPERIMENT XXI. Gf the Heights at which pure Mercury, and Mercury Amal gama with Tin, will ftandtn Barometers. f~ Onfidering with my felf, that if the Suftentation: of the Quick-filver in the Torricelian Experiment at a certain heighr, depends upon the e4quilibrinm, which a Liquor of that Specifick Gravity does at fuch a height attain to with the Exter- nal Air, if thac peculiar and determinate Gravity of the Quick- filver be altered, theheight of it, requifite to an e£quilibrium with the Atmofphere , muft be altered too (Confidering this F fay) I thought it might fomewhat confirm the Aypothefis hitherto made ufe of , if a Phenomenon fo agreeable to it were actually exhibited. This I {uppofed performable two diflering wayes, namely by mixing or (as Chymifts {peak) Amalgamating Mercu- ry either with Gold, to makeit.a mixture more heavy, or with . fome other Metal that might make it mere light than Mercury aloneis, Batthe former of thofe two ways I forbore to profe- cute being where I then was unfurnifhed with a {ufficient quantity of refined Gold, (for that which is Coyn'dis generally allayed with Silver, or Copper, or both,) and therefore Amalgae mating Mercury with a convenient proportion of pure Tin, (or,as the Tradefmen call it, Block- Tin,) that the mixture might Be be too thick to be readily poured out into a Glafs- Tube, and-to fubfide in it,we fili’d with this. Amalgam a Cylindrical Pipe, fea led. Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 67 Jed at one end, and ofa fit length, and then inverted it into a litle Glafs furnifhed with the.like mixture... Ot which Tryal the E- vent was, that the Amalgam did not fall down to 29, nor even to 30 inches, but ftopt at 31 above the furface of the ftagnant Mix- ture. Note ». Fhat though one may expe@, that the Event of the Experiment would bethe more confiderable, the Greater the Quantity is that is mingled ofthe light Metal, yet care mutt be taken that the Amalgam be not made too thick, Jeaft part of it ftick here and there (as we did to our trouble find it apt to do) to the infide of the Pipe, by which means fome Aerial Corpu- {cles will meet with fuch convenient Receptacles, as to make it very difficult, if not almoft impoffible;. to free the Tube quite from Air. 2. It may perhaps be worth while to try; whether by compa* ring the height of the Amalgam, to what it ought to be upon the {core of the {pecifick Gravities of the Mefcury, and the Tin, mins gledin a known-Proportion in the Amalgam, any difcovery may be made whether thofe two Metals do penetrate one another after fuch a manner (tor there is no ftri@& Penetration of Dimenfie ons among Bodies) as Copper and Tin have, as I elfewhere note, been (by fome Chymifts) obferv’d to do , when being melted down together they make up amore clofe and fpecifically ponde- rous Body, than their refpetive Weights feem’d to require. 3+. That-by comparing this 214. Experiment with the z8of thofe formerly publifhed, it may appear, that the height of the Liguor, fufpended inthe Torricelian Experiment, depends fo much upon its equilibrium with the outward Air, thatitmay be vatied by a change of Gravity in either of the two Bodies that counterbalance each other, whether the change be of weight in the Atmo{phere, or of Specifick Gravity in the fufpended Liquors a ee AD» A- Continuation of new Experiments Advertifement: Should here acquaint Your Lordjhip with what Ihave fince tried in reference tothe 18% of the- Printed Experiments, where I mention, that I obferved, by long keeping the fame Inftrument with which Tonce made the Torticellian Experiment in the fame place; that the height of the fufpended Mercury would vary according as the weight of the Atmofphere hapnedto change. But though about the Barometer (as others have by their imitation allowed me to call the Infirument hitherto mentioned, put inte a Frame) I made in the year 1660 feveral Obfervations, that would not perhaps be impertie nent in this place, yet having long fince left thew with a Friend, who lives far off, and not havin them now in my power, I muff beg Your Lordjhips permifjion to viewed them for apart of the Appendix, which I doubt I [ball be engaged to adde to this Epiftle. Andinthe meantime I (pall not forbear to prefent Your Lord{hip thofe ether Papers that Ihave by me , relating to the Barometer; fome of which will, I pre(ume, [ufficiently confirm my lately mentioned conjecture about the caufe of the Vartation obferved in the Height of the fufpem ded Mercury. EXPERIMENT XXII, wherein is proposd a way of making Barometers, that may be tran{ported even to distant Countries. Hinking it a defireable thing (as I have elfewhere intimated) “& tobeabletocompare together, by the help of Barometers the weight of rhe Atmofphere at the fame time, not onely in dif- fering parts of the fame Country, as of Evgland, bat in differing Regions of the World, I could not but forefee that ‘twould be very difficult to accomplifh my defire without altering the form of the Barometers I had hithertomade ufe of. For as thefe be unfic Touching the Spring and VVeicht of the Air: 69 unfit to be tranfported far, becaufe chat ftagnant Mercury would befo apt to fpill” So the procuring them to be made in the plas ces where they areto be ufed, though it be no bad expedient, and fuch as I have divers times made ufe of, is liable to this inconve- nience; that, befides that few willcakethe pains, and have the skill, requifice to make Barofcopes well, though they be fuffici- ently furnifhed with Glaffes and Mercury for that purpofe, be- fides this, 1 fay, except men be more than ordinarily diligent and skilful; (and perhaps though they be,) “cwill be very difficult to be fure that the Barofcopenewly made ina remote Countr 7515 aS Good (and but as good) as thar which aman makes ue of in thiss in regard that at the making of the former, they are fuppofed to have no other Barofcope to compare it with; and to be fure, they have not the fame with which it is to be compared Here Being by thefe confiderations invited to attempt the making of Portable or Travailing Barofcopes, (if may fo call them,) I thought it requifite co endeavour thefe three things: The firf; to make the veffel chat fhould contain both the fuftained and the ftagnant Mercury all of one piece of Glafs, of a like bignefs: The next, to place this veffel, when fill'd, in fuch a Frame, as may be eafie to be tranfported, and yet in @ reafonable meafure defend the Glafs from external violence, no part of it ftanding quite out of the Frame, as in all other Barofcopes: And the third, fo to or. der the veflel, that it may not be fubject to be eafily broken by the violent motion of the Mercury contain’d init, The firft of thefe will not feem pra@icable to thofe that ima- gine (without any warrant from the Hydroftaticks) that tis as well neceflary as afual, that the ftagnant Mercury fhould have a veflel much wider thea the Tube, wherein the Mercurial Cylinder is futtain' d; butto usthe difficulty feem’d much lefs to make the Glafs part of our Tube of one piece, and of a convenient fhape, than afterwards to fill it. Buttodo both, wetooka Glafs Cylinder feal’d at one end, and ofa convenient length, (as about.4. or 5 foot, ) and caus’d it by the 70 A Continuation of New Experiments the flame of a Lamp to be fo bent, that, to thofe that did not take notice ‘twas fealed at one end, it feem’d to bea Syphon of very unequal Legs, the one being 3 or 4 times longer than the others by virtue of which Figure the fhorter Leg may ferve ‘in ftead’ of the diftinct veffel ufually imployed to contain the ftagnant Mer- cury. To fillthis, which isnot eafie, one may proceed after this manner. Takea {mall Funnel of Glafs, with along and flender Shank, fo thac it may reach 3 or 4 Inches, or further, into the fhorter Leg of our Barometrical Syphon (if Imay fo callit;) and by this Funnel pour into this fhorter Leg as much Mercary as may reach about 2 or 3 Inches in both Legs; then ftopping the Orifice with your finger, and flowly inclining the Tube, the Mercury in thelonger Leg will gently fall tothe fealed end; and the Air that was there before, will pafsby it, and fo make it rooms’ The Mercury inthe fhorter Leg (which Leg ought to be held uppermoft) will by the fame inclination of the Tube fall towards the Orifice, but, being by the finger that ftops thar, kept from falling out, -if you do flowly reereét the Glafs, and then make it ftoop again as much as before, the Mercury will pafs out of the thorter Leg into the longer, and joyn with that which was there before; and ifall the Mercury do not fo pafs, the Orificeis to be ftopr again with your Finger, and the Tube inclin’d as for= metly This done,the Tube is to be eretted, and by the help of the Funnel more Mercury is to be poured in, and the foregoing pro- cefs of {topping the Orifice, inclining the Tube &c, is to be re- peated, till all the Mercury pour’d into the fhorter Leg, be brought to joya with that in the longer; and then the open Leg is to-be furnifht with frefh Mercury, obferving this, chat che nearer the longer Leg.comes to the being fill’d, thelefs you muft raife it from time totime, when you pour Mercury #fito the fhor¢ ter; asallo, that when you fee the longer Leg quite full of Mere cory, (though there be but litle inthe fhorter,) you need not pour in any more, ifthe longer do much exceed a Yard; becaufe upon the reftoring of che Tube to an erected pofture there will fubfide Touching the [pring and weight ofthe Air. 71 Mercury, by reafon of the {pace at the feal’d end, which will be deferted by the Mercury that was there, But becaute tis difficul by this way, as well as by that practifed already, to fill a Tube with Mercury without leaving any vifible bubbles; to free it from fuch (if any happen to be) you muft once more ftop the Orifice with your finger, and incline, and.reereét the Tube divers times, till youhavethereby brought moft of the fmaller bubbles into one greater; (which you may if you pleafe increafe, by letting in alittle Air:) for by making this Great bubble pafs leifurely two or three times from one end of the Tube to the other, it will in its paflage as it were lick upall the {mall Bubbles, and unite them toits felf; which may afterwards by one inclination more of the Tube be made to pafs into the fhorter Leg, and thence into ehe free Air. But thereis another fort of Funnels, which ifone have the skill and conveniency to make, (as J. M. eafily doth, ) one may very expeditioufly fill the bended Tubes of our portable Baro- meters. For if youmake the flender part of the Funnel not ftreight but bended, in the form of an Obtufe Angle, and of fuch a length , that the part whichis to gointo the fhorter Leg of our Siphon may reach to the Flexure (ofthe Siphon; ) then you may, by fo holding the Tube that the fealed end be fomewhat lower than the other, and by pouring in Mercury at the Obrufe end of the Angular Funnel, eafily makeit run over the Flexure into the longer Leg of the Siphon; provided youdo now and then, as occafion requires, erect a litle and fhake the Tube, to help the Mercury toget by the Air, andexpell it. By fuch wayes.as thefe we have found by Experience, that tis poflible (though not eafie) to doin fucha bended Glafs, as our purpofe requires, what, befides avery late Learned Writer, the Diligent Merfennus bimfelf, admonifhes his Reader, that tis not a practicable thing to doin the Ordinary Glafses of the Torricel- lian Experiment, viz. to free the Mercury of ¢ ftraight Tube trom i Air fabfide from the taller leg into the other apretty quantity of 2 A Continuation of New Experiments z L } Air and Babbles, (fo asto be able by inclining the Gtais to make the Liquor afcend to the very top.) The Firft of our 3 above mentioned Scopes being thus attai- ned, it was not difficult cocompals the Second, by the help of a folid piece of Wood, which isto be fomewhat longer than the Tube, anda good deal broader in the lower part than in the upper, thit it may receive the fhorter Leg of the Siphon. In fach a piece of Wood, which was about an Inch thick, wecaus'd to be made a Gutter or Channel, of fucha depchand fhape, that our Siphon might be placed in it fo deep, thata flut piece of Wood (likea plain’d Lath) might be layd upon it, without at all prefling upon or fo much as touching the Glats; fo that chis piece of Wood may ferve for aCover to defend the Glals, to be put on whenthe Inftrument is to be tranfported, and taken off again whea tis to behung upto make Obfervations with; the Chaanel: piece of wood ferving both fora part of aCafe, and for an entire Frames which may for fome ufes be a litle more commodious, if the Co- ver bejoyned (as it may eafily be) to the relt of the Frame, by 2 or 3 litle Hinges and aHafp, by whole help the Cafe may be readily opened and fhut at pleafure. The 3° thing we propofed toour felves is nothing near fo ea- fieas the 24, nor have we yet had opportunity to try, whether the way we made ufe of will hold, ifthe Barometer be tran{ported into very remote parts, though by fmaller Removes we found caufe to hope that ‘cwill fucceed in Greater. The Grand difficulty tobe obviated was this, That though "ewere eafie to hinder the fpilling of the Mercury, by ftopping the Orifice of the fhorter Leg of our Siphon, yer that would not ferve theturn; for the uppper part of the Tube being defticure of Air, ifthe Mercury be by the motion of the Inftrument putto vibrate, it will be apt (for want of meeting with any Air in the upper part of the Tube to check its motions) to hit fo violently again{t the Top of che Glafs as to beat it out, or to crack. fome of the neighbouring parts. To Toobviare this great incon Tube, till the Mercury be impell’d to the very top there willremain acompetent quantity in the fhort Glafs, if that be not at firft made too fhort. This done, the re- maintng part of che fhorter Legistobe quite fil ; ye Touching the foring and weicht of the Air POMC | Si “ vans J . 73 Vv he ; er keen fie en imal? emence our Way IS, toinciin i 4 € ter leg oft = i Water or Mercury, and the Orifice of it isto be very care and firmly ftopr, (for which pur ment:) for by this means the Mercary ia the lo no room co play, cannoe ftrike with violence as the top of the Glafs. But though by many times {u cceffively {ha- king the Barofcope we did not perceive that twas very liketo be prejudiced by the fhakes ic muft neceffarily indure in Tranfporta- tion toremote places, if due care be had of it by the way, yer till Nes eee fees thn amt ETT aes St We Pi aes s farther Tryal have been made I fhallnor pretend to be certain of w’ Lita the Event. Bat thus much of conveniency we have already found in this Contrivance, that we fent it fome miles off to the top ofa Hill, and had it broughe home fafe again,the phenomena at the top and bottom of the Hill being anfwerable to what we m ght have expected if we had imployed another Barofcope. When the Inftrument is to be fent away, the height of the Mere curial Cylinder (to be meafured from the farface of the ftagnant Mercury in the fhorter Leg) being taken for that place, day, and hour, and compar’d (if it may be) with that of another good Ba- rofcope, which is to continue in that place;.as much of the Gutter p eee Bia as is unfill’d by the Glafs may be well ftufted with Cotten, or fome fuch thing, to keep the Glafs the more firm in its pofture; and that the Tube be not fhaken or. prefs'd againft the Wood, fome of the fame matrer may be put between the reft of the Frame andthe Cover, which ought to be well bonnd together. . And when the Inftrument is arriv'd acthe remote place where tis to be imployed, (for if it be to be fent but alirle way, it may becatried fately without ufing any adventitious Liquor.) the Water that is added, may be taken off again, by foaking ic up with pieces of Sponge, Linnen, &¢. butifintead of Water you putin Mer- L 2 cury 74. A (Continuation of New Experiments cary, as irought to have been put in by Weight, fo itis to be taken out, till you have juft che Weight that was pat in: and tis not difficult to take out the Mercury by degrees, by the help ofa fmall Glals- pipe, fince You may either fuck up litle by little as muchas remains of the additional Mercury, when by erecting the Barometer, and warily unftopping the Orifice of the lower Leg, as much Mercury as will of its felf Mow outis efflux’d, or elfeyou may take out the fuperflaous Mercury, by thrufting the lower end of the litle Pipe into that Liquor, .and when_it has taken in enough, ftopping the upper end clofe with your finger, to keep it from falling back again when you remove the Pipe, NB. Ifitfhould happenin along voyage, that by the nume- rous Shakings of the Inftrament there fhould from the additio- nal Water or Mercury in the fhorter Leg get up into the longer any litle Aerial Bubble, which feems the onely (but I hope not likely) danger inthis Contrivance, he that is to ufe the Inftru- ment, attheend of the Voyage may, if he be skilful, free the Mercury from it by chefame way, that we lately prefcrib’d to free it frgm Air, when thelnftrument was firft fill’d, I prefame I need not tell Your Lordfhip, that the chief ufe of this Travailing Barofcope is, Thet he that ufes it in a remote part, keeping a Diary of the heights of the Mercury, by compae ring thefe heights with thofe at which the Mercury ftood at the fame times in the Barometer that was not remov’d, the Agree- ment or Difference of the weight of the Acmofphere in ci(tant places may be obferved. To which this may be added,the Con- veniency, which the ftructure of thefe Inftruments gives them to be fecurely let down into deep Wels or Mines, and to be drawn up to the top of Towers and Steeples, and other elevated places: not here to confider, whether by aconvenient addition, thefe, as well as fome other Barometers, may not be made co difcover evea very minute Alterations of the Atmolpheres Preffure. Whether this Travailing Barofcope, being furnifh’d at its up- per end with avery good Ball and Socker, and at the lower end with 4 Tout hi: No fa witha great weight, (which way of keeping things fteady in a Ship has-been happily ufed by the Roya/ Soczety on another occa- fion,) whether, I fay, our Inftrament may by this Contrivance, or fome other thit might be fuggelted to the fame purpofe , be made any thing ferviceable at Sea , notwithftanding the difte- ring motions of the Ship, Ihave hadno opportunity totry: bu whether it may or may not be ufeful in fpite of the rolling of the Ship, it may at leaft be made ufe of in flac Calms, (which divers times happeniniong Voyages, efpecially to the Ea? Indies, and to Africk,) and then the Inftrument, which at other times may lie by without being at all cumberfom, may be made ufe of, as longas the Calm lafts, ro acquaint the Obferver with the weight of the Atmofphere in the Climate where he is, and that upon the Sea: which may give fome welcome Information to the Cu. riofity of Speculative Naturalifts, and perhaps prove either mofe directly or in its confequences of fome ufe to Navigators them- felves, as by enabling them by its fuddain changes to foretell the endofthe Calme. Befides that, having one of thefe Inftruments ready at hand, where ever they fet foot on (hore, though it be but upon a {mall Ifland, ora Rock, they can prefently and eafily take notice of the Gravity of the Atmofphere in that place; which whether or no, if compared with other Obfervations, it may in time provenot altogether ufelefs to the Gueffing whereabouts they are, andthe forefeeing fome aproaching changes of Wea- ther, I leave tofuture Experience, if it hall be thought worth the making, to determine. Befides the ordinary Barefcope, and this Travailing one, I have imployed 2 or 3 other Inftruments of quite differing kinds, to difcover the varying Gravities of the Atmofpheres but though they have hicherto fucceeded well (for the main,) yet being wil- jing to make further Obfervations about them, I referve one of them for another opportunity, and think fit to. leave the otherin a Tract it belongs to. A. Pe Ey © eee } SN fp NE) a , Be 7 {Prine a IPIODE Of the 5° ney Ene fpring ana DOES IVE vj tie Ah. 75 anaes aes ieenasnye So eR = A (ontinnation of new Experiments A Poft-feript Advertifment. C ince the writing of the foregoing andthe following Experiments SF shout the Travailing Barofcope, having had occafion to make one at a place shout 50 miles diftant from that where 1 was when I writthem, I took notice, that the Mercury in the Travailing Baro» (cope mas not by 5 of an Inch fo high as that in another Bar ofcope made the ordinary way; andyct’twas not eafie to perceive, that the former had been lefs carefully filtd than the latter. So that I yet know not well towhat caufe toimpute the Difference, unlefS it fhowld perhaps acpend upox this Circumftance; That the Pipe, whereof the Travailing Barojcope was made, was very flexdcr, and mach more {o than the Tube of the others; and I have already elfewhere obfer- vcd, that Mercury, contrary to what happens in Water, w life apt to rife in very flender Pipes. And though I remember that, at the Place where I writ the Experiment, towhich this Peft{cript belongs, inthe Lube 1 thenimployeato make the Travailing Barofcope, the Mercury afcended as high asin a noted one made the common way, wet not being in the other place furnifhed with a Tube long and big es nough, Lihink my [elf oblig’d, ti 1 can clear the Doubt by further Tryal, to give Your Lardjhip this Advertifement, left either, the Canfe already [u{pected, or {ome other unheeded thing may in fome cafes make thefe Travatling Barolcopes fomewhat aiffering from o- thers. But though they fhould prove to be fo, yet it would not follow that they cannot be made [erviceable: for keeping a pretty while that Infrument, which [uggefed the Scruple to me, juft by the other with which | had compardit, and carefully taking notice of the re[pective heights at which the Mercury refted in both, 1 obferv'd that when it rofe or feiltn the ather Barometer, tt did alfo rife and fall in the Portable one, and when it refted at its firft [ation in the Former, it aid (9 inthe Laters and though there feem'd to be an inequality iB th: quantity of the Afcent, and {ubjidence of the Mercury 1n the two Inflruments, yet that feed to be accountable for by fame Circum- frances, 77, } s ‘ VU xa rae ° Touching the Spring and VV tobt of the 4; LEP « 77 frances, e{pecially the very unequal breedsh of the vcfel that come tain d the ftagnant Mercury inthe other Barometer, and that fhorter Leg which an{wer'd to that vefel inthe Travailing Barometer. But till the formerly prepoled Scruple be by further Obfervation remos ued, the [afeft way will be to make the Barometer tobe [ent to remote places, as like as may be (in bigne/s, and length of the Tube) to a- nother Portable one kept at homes that fo when they are once adjuftcd, the Collations may be made betwixt two ‘nfiruments of the fame kind, whereof that which is kept at home may alfo, if it be thought fit, be compared, when the Obfervations are made, with a Barofcope made the ordinary way. ba) EXPERIMENT XXIIr. Confirming, that Mercury in a4 Barometer will be kept {a{pended higher at the top, than at the bottom of a Hill, On whichoccafion fomething is noted about the height of Moun- tains, ¢{pecially the Pic of Tenarifi. "O give Your Lordfhip fome Inftance (till T can prefent You: witha Nobler one) of the Ufe of our Travailing Baromes ter, I fhallnow adde: Thae when I writ the foregoing Experi. ment , chancingto bewithin 2 or 3 miles of 4 Hill, which, though not high, was the leaft low in that Countrey , I thoughe our Inftiument might be fately, and not alcogether uielefly , car- ried on Horfe-back to the top of it, which was too remote from the bottom ro be conveniently reacht by me on foot inthe mid of Winter. This Tryal therefore I refolv’d to make, becaufe, though I formerly told You of a confiderable one that had been made in France by fome Eminent Virtuo of that Country , yet 1 was willing, not onely to have a Proot how (ately our Barofcope might betranfported, but to confirm to Your Lor fhipapon our own Obfervation, made in another Region, fo confiderable anh: “8 A Continuation of New Experiments an Argument, as thefe kind of Experiments afford to our Hype thefts: ad though when I came to try the Experiment , I hapned to have an Indifpofition that forbid me to do It all my Self,yet hae ving carefully mark’don the edge of the Frame the height to which the fufpended Quick-filver reach’d, snd compar d it with a good Barofcope made the ordinary way, 1 committed our In- firument to a couple of Servants, that I had often imployed about Pneumatical and Mercurial Experiments, giving them particular Inftruétions what to do. And the Inftrument being fuch as might be lafely carried on Horfeback, [had in two.or three hours an Account brought me back, the Summe of which was: That they found the fufpended Mercury fall alitle as they afcended the Hill, at whofe Top they gave the Liquor leave to fetle, and cares fully took notice by a mark of the Place irrefted at; which was; as Lafterwards found, : ofanInch, or fomewhat better beneath the Mark I had made, and.this notwithftanding the Hill was not high, and the Air and Wind feem’d to them to be much coldet at the top of it, than beneath. But though, asthey defcended more and more, they obferv’d the Mercury to rife again higher and higher,(as being pre(s’d againft by a caller column of the Ate mofphere, ) and though confequently the Experiment agreed ve- ry well with our Hypothefis, and may ferve for a Confirmation of it; yet by reafon of the {mall height of the Mountain the Decre- ment of the height of the Mercurial Cylinder was not fo confides rable, but chat I thonld perhaps have omitted the mention of this Tryal, ifitdid not fhew that our Travailing Barofcopes may be fit to beimployed about fuch Experiments. And therefore, when I can recover fome of my {catter’d Papers, I fhall by way of Appendix fabjoin to this fome other Obfervations, that I procur’d to be made by Ingenious men, who had the Opportunity of li- ving near higher Mountains. Some further Tryals I have recommended to be hereafter made by fome other inquifitive Perfons; andto make them the more Touching the [pring and weight of the Air. 75 y more inftructive, I could wifh that others would do what I thould have done, if Opportunity had befriended me, For I defign’d to make the-Experiment at the bottom, thetop, and the intermedj- ate part of the hill,at three differing conftitutions of Air;viz.when it fhould appear by 2 good ordinary Barofcope, that the Atmoe {phere wasvery heavy, when itthould be found to be very light, and when it fhould have a moderate degree of Gravity: And I hoped, that if fagacious Experimenters fhould make thefe diver- fify’d Oofervations on diftant and unequal Hils, good Hints may refult from the Collations that may be made of the varying De. crements of the Mercurial Cylinders height, according to the differing Gravities of the Atmo{phere: at feveral Times, and the differing heights of the Hils and Stations where the Obfervations fhould be made, J alfo indeavoured to get a Barofcope carried down to the bot- toms of deep Mines; partly, to try whether the Atmofpherical Pillar being longer There then at the Top, the Mercury inthe Tabe would not be impell’d up higher; and partly, in order to o- ther Difcoveries. But ome Impediments in the ftructure of thofe Mines made it not very Practicable to imploy Barometers there; which yetmakes me not defpair of Succefs in fome other Mines, where the Shafts or Pits are funck more perpendicularly. Perhaps I told Your Lordfhip already by word of mouth, that J have been follicitoufly endeavouring to get the Torricellian Ex- periment tried upon the Pic of Teneriff, but hitherto | have had no Account of the fuccefs of my Endeavours; for which I am the more concern’d, becaufe of the Eminent (if not Matchlefs) height of that Mountain, of which You may receive fome Satisfaction, by what ] am going to fubjoin about it. M An Appendix 80 A (Continuation of New Experiments An Appendix about the height of Mountains, Orafmuch as onthe one hand not onely Kepler, but divers o- ther modern Writers of Note, do endeavour to ftraiten the Atmofphere, and make itlower by half than the leaft height to which, according to our Eftimation, it fhouldreach; and to coun. tenance their Opinion, will not allow the Clouds to be often a- bove a‘ Mile high, (noreventhe higheft Mountains to exceed twomiles.) And forafmuch as on the other fide other Learned men feem to make the Clouds and the Mountains of a ftupendous height; we, whotakea middle way of eftimating the height of the one and theother, hold it not unfit to fubjoyn on this occa fion fome uncommon Obfervations, infavour of our Opinion, that we have obtain’d from inquifitive Travellers. Bue firft I will fubjoyna Paffage I have fomewhere met with in Ricciolushis Almigestum novum, where he(if I well remember) relates, that the Rector Meten(is (ashe calls him) of the Jefuites Colledg affirm’d to him fome years fince, that he had meafured the height of many Clouds, without having found any of them higher than 5000 paces: which argues, that he met with fome fo high, though indeed the height of Clouds muft needs bevery vari- ous, according to the Gravity or Lightnefs, Denfity or Thinnefs, Reft or Agitation of the Air, andthe condition of the Vapors Se Exhalations they confift of. And if either that be true which we have formerly had occafion to mention concerning Maiznan's Obfervation, or if ie be true that Sub/unary Comets (for | {peak not of Celeffial ones) are Generated of Exhalations of the Ter- reftrial Globe, we may well conjecture that the Atmofphere, (e- fpecially if its height be not uniform,) and even Clouds (efpeci« ally thofe that have moft Fumes., and feweft Vapors) may reach much higher than Cardan, Kepler , and others have defin’d. Butof the height of Clouds (which we have fometimes at- tempted to take Geometrically) we may have elfewhere occafion to Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. Sr to fpeak again; and therefore I thall now proceed to what I have tofay concerning the Height of Mountains. Which being an oy Enquiry curious and difficuit enough init felf, and of fome Im- portance in the Difquifition about the height of the Atmofphere, (it being evident that That muft reach at leaft as high as the top© of Mountains, upon whofe tops men can live,) I hope it will noc be unacceptable to Your Lordthip, if having awhile fince (as I was intimating) had the opportunity to difcourfe withfome cre- cible Perfons that have been upon the top of exceeding high mountains, particularly of the Pic of Tenariff, (and efpecially with one Gentleman, who was afew dayes betore brought to (a- tisfie the Curiofity ofour Inquifitive and Difcerning Monarch, by giving him an Account of his Journey,) I acquaint You with thofe of the Particulars, which I learn’d from thence, that are the moft pertinent to our prefent purpofe. Firft then whereas di- vers late Mathematicians will not allow above two miles or half a German league (and fome of them not half fo much) to the height of the higheft Mountain; the Mountain we fpeak of, in the Ifland of Fenariff, one of the Canaries or Fortunate Iflands, is fo high, that, though perhaps I think thofe Travellers I have taken notice of, peak with the moft when they write, that the top of this Mountain is to be feen at Sea 4 degrees off, i.e. at leaft three- {core German Leagues, yet having ask'd the ingenious Gentle- man lately mentioned, Mr. Sydenham, from what diftance the top of the Sugar-loaf (or higheft part of the Hill, {0 called from its Figure) could be feen at Sea, according to the commor opi- nion of Seamen? he anfwer’d, that that Diftance was wont to be reckon’d 60 Sea- leagues, of 3 miles to a League: adding, that he himfelf had feen it about 40 leagues off, and yet it appear'd ex- ceeding high, and like a blewifh Pyramid, manifeftly a great deal higher than the Clouds. And what he relatedto me about the Diftance,’ was afterwards confirmed by the Anfwers I receiv’d from obferving men of differing Nations , who had fail’d that way; and particularly by a Noble Virtuofo, skill’d in the Mathes M 2 maticks, 82 A Continuation of New Experiments maticks, who was then Admiral ofa brave Englifh Fleet: And the above mentioned Gentleman (M*° 5.) alfo cold me, chat fome- times men could from thence fee the Ifland of Madera, though diftant from it 70 leagues; and that the Great Canary, though 18 Feagues off, feem’d to be very near them that were on the top of the Sugar-loaf, as if they might leap dowa upon it: Thus far M: Sydenham, By whole Relation it appeass, that this Pic mutt be far higher than Kepler and others allow Mountains to be: for elfeit could not be feen at Sea from fo great a Diftance. And the Learned Ricciolus fuppofing itto be (a: fome Navigators re port ic to be) difcoverable at Sea 4 degrees off , calculates its height meafur'd by a Perpendicular line, and allowing too for Refraction, to amount to Ten miles, which Altitude alfo the ace curate Snelling affigns it, But I fear this Learned man may have been fomewhat misinform’d by the Navigitors he relyes on, ot elfe that the way of allowing for Refractions is not yet reduc’d to afufficient Certainty, For 1 do not find by thofe who have put- pofely goneto the top of it, that the Mountain is fo high as his Calculation makes it» And whereas thefame Eminent Writer refolutely ponounces that the Height of mount Canca/us, Dedus étion being made for Refraction, is 51 Bolonian miles, (which are confiderably greater than the Roman miles,) I doube that here likewife, though I queftion not his Supputations if You grant him the Grounds of them, he makes this Mountain far high- er thanindeeditis, For the Paflage of 4réffotle, on which he founds his Opinion, is obfcure enough; and —4riffotle himfelf does fometimes take up Reports upon Heir-fay, without over- ftri@ly examining their Truth or Probability; whereas all the Navigators and Travellers 1 have hitherto met with, (and Your Lordfhip knows, that I have upon a Publick Account the oppor- tunity of meeting often with fuch men,) co almoft unanimoufly agree, that che Pic of Tenerif isthe highet Mountain hitherto knowninthe World, and yet that is fo far from being 15 leagues high,(as {ome Eminent and even late Writers would perfwade us,) that Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 83 that it_is (carce a7" part fo high as Ricciolws computes Mount Caucafus to be. For having ask’d M* Sydesham , and others, what was the Eftimae made by the moft knowing Perfons of the Ifland of the height of the Hill, he told me that his Guides ac- counted it to beoneind twenty mile high from the Town called L’oretava , feated onthe lower part of the Hill ; from which town tothe Sea therz is 3 miles of way alwayesdefcending. Buc in regard that the way, which amounted to 21 miles in length, is, as other wayes whereby fteep places are wont to be afcended, made to wind and tu:n for the conveniency of Travellers; Ican {carce deduG lefs than 2 thirds for the Crookednefs of the way: andaccordingly having ask’d him, whether rhe Perpendicular height of it had beenaccurately taken by any with Mathematical Inftruments, he anfwered, that he could fay nothing to that upon his own knowledg, but that aSea-man with great confidence af- firmed himfelf to have accurately enough meafur’d it by Obfer- vations made inaShip , and to have found the Perpendicular height of the Hilltobe abour 7 miles. Which Eftimate agrees well enough with the Calculations of Riccéolus and Suellius, if we leffen the Diftance from which the top of the Hillis to be difco» vered, from 60 German leagues of 4 milestoa League, to the like number of common Leagues at 3 miles toa League. And becaufe emirent Writers have fo confidently deliver'd prodigious things tcuching the height of this Mountain, I will here, to confirm theEftimate already made, adde thefe Particu- Jars, whichT took from the Gentleman’s own mouth, (and which were afterwards confirm’d to me by another that went with him, and partly alfo by a. 3", who went upto the top at another time of the Year,) viz. That they begun their Journey from L’oretava on the 18" of Auguft, about 10 of the Clock at night, and tra- vell'd till Five in the Afternoon on the Munday following,refting two Hours by the way, and travelling about 10 miles of their way upon Mules, which afterwards they were forc’d to leave, and betake themfelves to their feet. Refting upon Munday mid- 84. A Continuation of New Experiments midnight, they refum’d their journeying, and travell’d till about | Ninethe next morning, at which time they arriv’d at the top of | the Sugar-loaf, or higheft Pile of the Mountain; fo that they : travell’d inall but 26 hours, in which, confidering the fteepnels in and raggednefs of the ways,and that they were forc’t to goe above ead half way on foot, to which they were unaccuftomed, tis likely e- nough that the length of the way didnot much , ifacall, exceed the Computation of the Guides, We have fince endeavour’d, but without yet knowing what will be the fuccefs, tohavethe height of this Mountain carefully taken by skilfulmen. Inthe énterim I fhall not deny, but that if what C4 riffotle and other Authors report of Mount Caucafus be true, there may.be far higher Mountains than the Pic of Te- wariff, elpecially fince there is one Confideration, which perhaps You will not think defpicable, that I findnot taken notice of by thofe that have written of the height of Mountains; viz, That of the like Confideration tWO Mountains that , meafur'd by Geometrical Inftra- 1 fince found to bave ments, may appear to be of the fame height, there may | pti i yet be a Great inequality; becaufe the Meafurer meafures y | onely from fome plain piece of Ground at the bottom of | the Hill ro the top, whereas it may be, that the Country, where- | in one of thofe Mountains ftands,m zy be exceedingly much high. oh er than that wherein the other is plac'd: which difference of heights in the feveral Countreys, he that is to meafure onely the height of one of the Mountains, is not wont totake any Notice of; and confequently though inrefped& of the Plains, adjacent to the feet of the Mountains, their Alcicudes may be equal, yer ia refpect of the Level or Superficies of the Terraqueous Globe, confider’d as having no Mouatains at all but thofe two, the height of the one may far exceed that of the other; and fo the Pic of Tee nariff being look’d upon from the Level of the Sea,may be much lefs high than fome other Hils, but may appear much higher than fome other Hils, which yet protuberating above the level part of fome Country which is it felf generally exceeding high, may have it$ ‘ 7 b¢ rary ip a 7 je Touching the Spriag and V} eight of the Air. 85 itstop moreremote from the Centre of the Barth, than that of the Pic, and would appear higher than it, ifas well the one as the other were look’d upon from the fame Superficies ot the Sea, But to return to the height ofthe Atmofpheres in order to the making an Eftimate of what we have confider’d as to the height of Mountains, I fhall adce, that though by what has been alrea- dy faid touching the height of the Pic, and other Hills, it appears, that the Atmofphere reaches far higher than many learned men would hitherto allow, yet we are not to think that the Atmo- {phere may not reach almoft incomparably higher than the tops of Mountains. Nor do Ifuffer my felf to be concluded by whac many Commentators of Arifotle and other Writers are wont to teach touching the diftin? narrow Extent they allow to that Sphere, within whole Limits they would have the Steams of the Terreftrial Globe to produce Meteors. How far the Height of Monatains may make the Air at the tops of them inconvenient for Refpiration, thail be (God permitting ) confider’d, whenI come to acquaint Your Lordfhip with my loofe Tryals about Refpiration. — SS EXPERIMENT XXIV. Shewing that the Preffure of the Atmofphere may be exerchs’denouch to keep up the Mercury inthe Torricelian Experiment though the Air pre[s upim it at avery [mall Orifice. Yavery flight variation of the foregoing 22th Experiment we may both.confirm one of the moft important and the leaft likely Truths of the Hydroftaticks, and removean Objection, which, for want of the knowledg of this Trath » Is wont to be urg ‘dagainit our Hypothe(is even by Learnedmen. For divers of thefe, when they fee the fame Phenomena happen in the Torricel- dian Experiment, whether it be made in the open Air, or ina Chamber, Hs 4 } | 86 A Continuation of New Experiments Chamber, are forward to object, That if it were,as we fay tis, the weight of the Air, incumbent on the ftagnant Mercury, which keeps that {ufpended in the Tube from falling down, the Mercury would not befuftain’d “at any thing near the fame height inthe open Air, where the Pillar that is {uppos’d to lean upon the ftag- - nant Mercary, may reach up to the top of the Atmofphere, asin acloferoom, wherethey imagine that no more Air can prefsupon it, than what reaches diredtly up to the Root or Sealing. And when to this tis an(wer'd, thatthough if a Room were indeed ex- actly clos’d, the Suftentation ofthe Mercury ought to be aferib’d to fome other caufe than the weight of the Imprifon'’d Air,(which other Caufel have elfewhere fhewn to be its Spring; ) yet in ordinary Rooms there is ftilla Communication between the in- ternal and external Air, either by the Chimaey, or, if the Room have none, by fome Crevice in the Window, or by fome Chink between the Wall andthe Door, or at leaft by the Key-hole. And when to this tis objeGted, that the Orifice of the Keyholeis much narrower than the Superficies of the ftagnant Mercury , and confequently, though the Atmofphere were not reduc’d to prefs obliquely on the Mercury, yet, entring at fo {mall an O- rifice, it could not prefs fufficiently upon its when, I fay, inan- {wer to this Objection I have alleadg’d that Hydroftatical Theo- reme, That the Preflure, infuch cafes as ours, isto be eftimated by theheights of che Liquors and not the breadths, the Affertie on has been thought unlikely and precarious, To confirm therefore this Hydroftatical Truth, one may take the bended Tube, meation’d in the 22" Experiment; and incli- ning it till the greatelt part of che Mercury pafs from the fhorter Leg into the longer, the upper end of this fhorter Leg may by the flame of a Lamp be drawn out fo flender, that the Orifice of it fhall not be above an 8 or ro" part (not to fay amuch leffe) as big as “twas before. For this being done, and the Tube ere- éed again, if the tall Cylinder of Mercury be of the ufual or for- mer height, as we have found it, ° twill appear congruous to our Hypothelis, Touching the [pring and weight of the Air. $7 Hypothefis, that the weight of the external Air may exercife as much Preffionupon the ftagnant Mercury through alittle hole, as when all che upper Superficies of that Mercury was dire@ly expos'd to it. And if onehave not the conveniency to draw out the fhorter Leg as is prefcrib’d, one may neverthelefs make the Tryal, by carefully ftopping up the Orifice with a Cork and Cement, lea- ving onely (or afterwards making) avery {mall hole forthe Air to pafsinand out. . If Thad not wanted a fit Inftrument, I would have tried to exemplifie the Truth of what has been delivered, by adding to the Glafles we imploy’d to make the V*. Experi- ment, fuch a Cover, as might be cemented on to the Edge of the Glafs, having onely a very fmall hole inthe midft, at which the Acmofphere would be reduc’d to exercife irs Preffure; and the like Cover I would have made ufe of in the X'* Experiment, about the breaking of Glafs-plates in the unexhaufted Receiver, by the bare Spring of the Air. EXPERIMENT XXV, Shewing that an Oblique preffure of the Atmofpbere may fuffice to keep up the Mercury at the wonted height in the Torrtcellian Experiment, and that the Spring of alittle included Air may do the fame. B* adding a couple of litle Circumftances to the Tryals lately propos’d, we may confirm two confiderable Articles of our Hypothefis. For 1-if, in ftead of drawing the fhorter Leg of our Barometrical Syphon (if 1 may fo callit) dire@tly upwards, or parallel to thelonger Leg as in the foregoing Experiment, You make the flender part bend off fo, as that, itit were continued, ic would make aright Angle with the longer Leg of the Syphon, or elfe an acuce Angle tending downwards; this being done, fay, N if §8 A (Continuation of New Experiments if when the Tube is ereéted the Mercury reft at its wonted ftati- on, twill appear, that the Preffure of the Atmofphere may be exercis’d uponit as well obliquely, when the Pipe that conveyes it is either Horizontal, or opens downwards. And 2. if in fead of bending this flender: Pipe, one feal it up Hermetically, the continuance of the Mercurial Cylinder at the fame height will thew, chat the Spring ofavery litle Air, fhut up with the Preflure of the Atmofphere upon it, (though no more than’ what the Air here below is ordinarily expos’d to by the weight of the incumbent Air, ) isable to fupport as tall a Cy- linder of Mercury as the weight of the whole Atmofphere, #.c.of as much of it, as cam come to exercife its Preflure againft the Mercury. NB. Ifwhen the fhorter Leg of the Barofcope is feal'd: up, you move the Inftrument up and down, the Mercury will vibrate, by reafon of the fomewhat yielding Spring of the imprifoned Air; but becaufe of the refiftance of the Spring, the motion will be diverfified after an odde and pretty manner: which may be ea: ' fily perceiv'd by the Impreffion it makes upon the Hand, but not fo eafily defcrib’d. Aind becaufethat, when the fhorter Legis drawn out flender enough, after the Inftrumenc is furnifh’d with Quick-filver; tis eafieto feal ic wp with the flame of a Candle, without thehelpof any Inftrumenc at all, I fhall here take notice to Your Lordhip, (which I couldnot reafonably do. before, that it may on fome occafions beconvenient to feal up the Barometer, beforeit be tranfported, and, infome cafes, to incline the Tube beforehand, till the Quick-filver have quite fill’d the longer Leg; by this means the vibrations of the Quick-filver will be le(sthan otherwife they would be’, and ‘twill beno trouble at all, when the Inftrument is brought to the defign'd place, to break off the flender Apex of the fhorter Leg,~and fo. expofe again. the Mercu- ry tothe Preffure of the Atmof phere. . Asabout the former Experiments, fo about thefe two this Advertifement may. be given; viz. That thefame Tryals, for the Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. 89 the main, may be made without confining ones {elf to the pros pos'’d wayes of making them. 1. For the Firft of thefe new Tryals may be made by Cemen- ting very.carefully onto the Orifice of the fhorter Leg (which need not be alter’d) a fhore Pipe of Glafs, whofe upper end may be drawn out very flender, and bent either Horizontally or down- wards; which is far eafier to be done, than to draw out thefhorter Leg when the Glafs is furnifh’d with Mercury. 2. Andasfor the 2’ Tryal, that may be well enough made, by carefully ftopping tbe unalter’d Orifice of the fhorter Leg witha good Cork, and our clofe Cement, or with the later onely; and when you would afterwards ufe this Inftrument as a Baro- fcope, You need but heat a Pin or flender Wire red hot, andfo burn ahole through the Stoppel. Andthis Expedient, which I could not conveniently advertife Your Lordthip of fooner, may be of Ufe when a Travailing Ba- rofcope is to be often remov'd:. becaufe having once ftopr the whole Orifice well, tis far more eafie to ftop and opena Pin- hole accurately, than to clofe and unftopthe whole Orifice of the Tube, Note, I endeavoured to confirm more than one of che fore- going Particulars by thisone Experiment. Having caus’d a Pore table Barometer to be made with the fhorter Leg of a fomewhat more than ordinary length, I afterwards caus’d the upper part of this Leg to be drawn out very flender, (as in this 25°" Experi- ment;) and laftiy | caus‘dthefame fhorter Leg to be either a- bout or fomewhat above the middle bended downwards, fo that the fmall Orifice of the ilender .4pex pointed towards the Ground. This done, I was to have meafur'’d the height of the fufpended Mercory, but not having a fit Ruler at hand, 1 then deferr’d, and afterwards forgot to do it; but I remember, that neither J, nor fomeothers verf’d in fuch Experiments, to whom I fhew'dit, took any notice that the Mercury avas lefs high than in ordinary Barometers; whence “twas concluded, that the Atmoe N 2 fphere 90 A Continuation of New Experiments fphere could exercife his Preffure not onely at avery fmall Ori- fice, (which in our Experiment did litle, ifatall, exceeda Pip. hole,) buc when the Air muft at this little Orifice prefs upwards to beable to prefs upon the Surface of the ftagnant Mercury: EXPERIMENT XXVI. About the making of a Barofcope (but of litle prattical ufc) that ferves but at certain times, 2 O thew fome Ingenious men by a 2ed/um,that has not hither- to (that l know of ) been made ufe of, That the not fubfi- ding of Quick. filver in an inverted Tube, that is a litle fhorter than 30 inches, or thereabouts, does not proceed from fuch a fuga Vacui as the Schools afcribe to Nature, but from the Gravity of the external Air, I devifed the following Experiment. Having made choice of a time, when it appear’d by a good Barofcope, (which had frequently confuleed for that purpofe,) that the Atmofphere was confiderably heavy, I caus’da Glafs- pipe, Hermetically feal’d atone end, and in length about 2 foot and a half, to be fill’d with Quick: filver, fave a very litle wherein fomedrops of Water were put, that we might the betrer-difcern the Bubbles, if any fhould be left after the inverfion of the Tube into an open Glafs with ftagnant Mercury init. Having by this means (though not without difficuley) freed the Tube from bub- bles, we fo order’d the matter, that the Quick. filver and the Jitle water that was about it, fill'd the Tube exactly, without leaving any interval that we could difcern at the top, and yer the Mercuri- al Cylinder was but very lictle higher than that of our Barofcope was at that time. This done, the newly fill'd Pipe was left erected in a quiet place, where the Liquors retain’d their former: height for divers dayes. But though anordinary Schoolephilofopher would con fidently pet ° Sir Re is f e Louching the fpring and weight of the Air. of fidently have attributed this fuftentation of fo heavy a Body to Nature’s fear of admitting a Yacuux, yet it feems, that either the is not alwayes equally {ubjeét to chat fear, or fome other caufe of the Pbanomenon mutt be affign’ds for when (a pretty while after) Thad obferv'd by the Barofcope, that the Atmofphere was grown much lighter than before, repairing to my fhort Tube, I tound that according to my expectation the Quick: filver was not incon= fiderably fabfided, and had left a Cavity at the top, which after- wards grew leffer, according as the Atmofphere grew heavier. NB. 1. The Tubeimployed about this Experiment, may be brought to the requifite fhortnefs, either by wearing off alit- tle of the Glafs at the Orifice of it, or by increafing the height of the ftagnant Mercury, into which it hath been inverted. 2. When the Quick filver in our fhort Tube was much fub= fided, there appeared in the Water that {wam upon ita litle Bub- ble, about the bignefs of a {mall Pins head, but, confidering how cateful we had been to free the Tube from bubbles before we fet it toreft, it may very well be, that this fo (mall a Bubble was not produc’d till after the fubfiding of the Quick-filver, whereupon the Aerial Particles in the Water became lefs compre(s’d than be- fore; not to mention that the Bubble (fuch as it was) appear’d very much greater than it would have done, if the Preffure of the Atmofphere had not been kept from it by the weight of the fub- jacent pillar of Mercury. EXPERIMENT XXVII. About the Alcenfion of Liquors in very flender Pipes in an Exhaufted Receiver. Vv Vie Trelated to Your Lordthip in the3 5**of the publith’d Experiments, (pag. 138.) about the feemingly {ponta- acous Afcenfion of Water in flender Pipes, has occafion’d the ma. 92 A Continuation of New Experiments making of many Tryals by the Curious, whereby that Experi. ment has been not alirtlediverfity'd , but becaufe among thofe Ihave yet heard of none have been made in our Engine, it may not beamifs to adde the following Tryal, which may be ofufe inthe Examen of one ot two of the chief Conje@ures that have hitherto been propos'd about the caufe of that odde phenomt= non. ‘ We ting’d fome fpirit of Wine with Cocheneel, which being put into the Receiver, and the Air withdrawn, did exceedingly bubble fora pretty while. Then little hollow Pipes of differing Sizes being put into it, the red Liquor afcended higher in the flenderet than the others, but upon the withdrawing of the Air chere {carce appear’d any fenfible difference in the heights of the Liquor, not yet upon the letting it in again. Atterwards two {uch Pipes of differing Sizes, being faften‘d to gether (at adiftance) with Cement, were let down into the fame fpirit of Wine when the Receiver was well exhaufted , notwith- ftanding which the Liquor afcended in them, for ought we could plainly fee, after the ordinary manner; onely when the Air wis Jet in again, there feem’d to be fome little (and bye very litle) ti fing at leatt in one of the Pipes. Inthis Tryal this Ph anomenon was noted: That though there appear’d no Bubbles at all in the veffel’d {pirit of Wine, (notwithftanding that we continued to pump,) yet there did for a pretty while ari fe bubbles in chat. part of the Liquor that was got into the flender Pipes, which T guels’d to proceed from the faftentation (in part) of the fpirit of Wine, made by the infide of the Pipe whereto it adher’d. ——— nl EXPEREL Touching the Spring and VVeight of the Air. 93 EXPERIMENT °*XXVIIE. About the great and [eemingly {pontancous Afcenfion of vrater in a Pipe fill with a compact body, whofe Particles are thought in- capable of imbibing it, V Pon occafion of the (feemingly) fpontaneous Afcenfion of Water in flender Pipes of Glafs, I confider’d that *twould be eafie by another way to makeit rife toa far Grecter height than bithertohad been done; for fince we had found by Obfer- vation that, caters parthws, the flenderer the little Pipes werethat weimployed, the higher che Liquor wouldrife in them: and fince the Hydroffaticks had taught us, that often times even in very crooked Pipes Water would be made tw afcend by the fame wayes (of raifing it) to the fame perpendicular height (or thereabouts) as inftraight ones; I thought, that I might well fubfticute a Powder, confifting of folid Corpufcles heap’d upon one another, and included ina Glafs-Cane in ftead of the litle Pipes I had hi- therto ufed. For E confider’d the litle intervals, that would ne- ceflarily be left between thefe differingly thap’d and confufedly placd Corpulcles, would allow paflage to the Water as did the Cavities of the little Pipes, and yet would in many places be ftraiter than the flendereft Pipes I had us’d. And though beaten Glafs, or fine Sand, &c. might have been imployed about this Experiment, yet I judg*dit far more convenient to make ufe of fome Metalline Caix, becaufe the Operation of the Fire, making @moreexquifite Comminution of Solid bodies than our Peftles are wont to do, is fittofupply us with exceeding minute Granes, thatintercept proportionable Cavities between them, Upon this C onfideration therefore (befides others to be here- after hinted) Ltooka ftrait pipe of Glafs, open at both ends, and of a moderate widenefs, (for it need not be-very flender,) andha- ving tyeda Linnen-rag to one end of it, that the Water might: have ead of the . é : year 1662.about3 oinches.And then,ourSociety exprefling aCuriofity to fee 94 A Continuation of New Experiments have free paflage in, and the Powder not beable to fall out, we carefully and as exactly as we could, fill’d the Cavity with Mini- um, (which is Lead calcin’d, without addition, to Rednels;) and then having erected the Tube, fo that the bottom of it refted up- on that ofa fomewhat fhallow and open mouth’d Glafs, contaie ning Water enough to fwim an Inch or-two above the bottom ofthe Tube, into whofe cavity it did, as I expected, infinuate it OT foreat¥elf by degrees, as appear’d by alitle change of colour in that part not ) aboutot the Minium which itreacht, till (che open Glafs being from time to time fupplied with freth liquor) it attain’d to the height of it, and have it plac’d among better things, I was hinder’d from making any farther Obfervations with that particular Glafs. Wherefore taking afterwards another Tube, and fome Minium carefully prepared, I profecuted the Experiment fo as to make the Water rife in the Pipe about go inches above the furface of the ftagnant Water; andI guefs'd ic had rifen higher, but, by reafon that at the upper part of che Minium the ditference of co- lour was fo {mall, as not to be eafily diftinguifhable with certain- ty, I forbore to allow a greater height to che Afcenfion of ‘the Water: nor could !, where I then was, much promote the Expe- riment, for want of fuch Accommodations as I defir'ds bur about the Experiment, as I try dit, I fhall take notice of the following particulars. Itryed (ome other Powders befides red Lead, (as beaten Glafs, pieces of fine Spunge, Patty, &c.) but did not find any of them do fo well; which fuccefs was yet-perhaps but accidental, and therefore the Tryal may be repeated, efpecially with Putty, be- caufe that being a Metalline Calx as well as Minium, confitts of very {mall Grains, and by reafon of its Great whitenefs receives 2 Greater change of colour by wetting than Minium does; in which, efpecially itit bevery fine, the difcoloration that Water makes toward the upper partof the Tube, is fometimes not {fo eafte to beclearly difcern’d. a4 Touching the [pring and weight of the Air, 95 2. Idid indeed endeavour to remedy this inconvenience, by ufing, in ftead of meer Water, tinéted Liquors, as Qur of Safron, &c- but they feem’d not torife near fo hi alone,as if the diflolv’d ingredients did by degrees choak the p. of the Minium. . 3- Tohavethe Grains of our Powder more minute and the {maller intervals between them, I chofe not onely co afe the f- neft fort of Minium I could procure, but alfo to fife it through a very fine Searce, and to put it but. by litle and litle into the Tube, that by ramming it from time totimeit might be made to lie the clofer,; which Expedients fucceeded not ill. 4<- Icfeem’d bya Tryal or two (for I am not fure the obfer- vation will alwayes hold,) thacif the Tube were very flender, (a about the bignefs of a Swans quill,) the Experiment {ucceede not well. 5- It may be worth while to obferve in what times the Wa- ter afcends to fuch and fuck heights; for at the beginning twill afcend much fafter then afterwards, and fometimes twi!] continue rifing 24 or 30 hours, and fometimes perhiaps much longer. 6, One of the {copes I propos’d to my felfin this Experiment was to difcover a miftake in the Explication that fome Learned modern Writers have given us of the caufe of Filtration; for whereas they teach that the parts of Filrre that rouch the Water, being {well’d by the ingrefs of it to their pores, are thereby made to lift up the Water, till it couch the fuperiour parts of the Filtre that are almoft contiguous tothem; by which means thefe being alfo wetted, and {well’d, raife che Water to the other neighbour- ing parts of the Filtre, till it have reacht to the top ofit, whence its own Gravity will make itdefcend. But in our cafe we havea Filtre made of folid Metalline Corpufcles, where twill be very hard to fhew that any fuch intumefcence is produc’d, as the reci- ted Explication requires. 7+ Water afcends fo few inches even in very-flender Pipes, as to feem much to favour their Judgment,: who diffallow the O cons 96 A Continuation of New Experiments conjefture lately entercain’d by fome ingenious men, ( particular. ly Mr 2.) avout the taifing of the Sapin Trees after the like man- ner that Water is raifed in flender Pipes; ut without fally des livering ye: my thoughts of that Speculation, I may take notice, that in the laft Tryal above recited, I made Water to afcend near, if not above, 3 foot 23 and if by fo fleight an Expedieat, Water may be male torifeas high as 1s neceflary for the Nutrition of fome thoudnds of Plants, (for fuch a number there fs, that exceed not 3 foot; inheight,) one may without abfurdity ask, why tis not poffibe that Nature, or rather the moft wife Author of it, may have made fuch Contrivancesin Plants, as to make Liquors afcend in tiem to the Tops of the talleft Trees; efpecially fince, befides divers things thar we may already fulpect, (as Heat, and fomething equivalent to well plac’d Valves,) many others, that perhaps ate not yet dreamt of , may probably concur to the Effect. 8. As I formerly made, by bending the flender Pipes we have beentalking of, fhort Syphons through which the Water runs, without being at firft affifted by Suétion, fo I thought fit to try, whetter I could not in larger Pipes, by the help of Minium, make mud longer Syphons. But though when the Orifices were turn’d upwards, fine Minium were ramm’d into both the Legs, and the O:ifices were both of them clos’d, yet whenthey came to be agairturn’d downwards, the weight of the Minium would fomewher or other (and for the moft part at or near the flexure) make fome fuch chink or difcentiniation, as to hinder the farther progrefs of the Water, Which impediment, though I judg dit fuperableenough, (efpecially by making at the Flexure alittle Pipe or Socket, by which both Legs might be clofely fill:d) yet for want cf Accommodations and leifure it was left unfurmoun- ted, . Upon which account alfo 1 did not fatisfie my felf about the fuccefs of (ome former Tryals, as of the Afcenfion of Water into pieces of Wood of differing forts, the operation of the Vi- cifficudes of the Suns beams, and the abfence of them upon liquors afcendingin Tubes fill'd with Minium, &c. 9. Whe- Touching the pring and Weight of the Air, o7 9. Whether the Preffure of the outward: Air bethe caue of the Afcénfion of Liquors in our Tubes fornifht with Minium. is a Probleme, in order to whofe Solution I could acquaint Your Lordfhip witha Contrivance, wherewith to make fome Tryals inour Engine. But finceit can {carce be well defcrib'd withouc many words, unlefs You exprefs a particular Curiofity to know it, I fhall not trouble You withit: and the rather, becaufe the bet way I know of examining this difficulty belongs to the 2 part of this Continuation, where mention is made of an attempt about it, which did not, I confels, difpleafe me, EXPERIMENT XXIX. Of the feeemingly (pontaneous A(cen(ion of Salts along the fides of Glafjes, with a conjecture at the Caufe of it. T° the fame Caufe (or the like) with that of the Afcenfion of Water in flender Pipes may be probably referr'd an odde Phenomenon, which though I remember not to have been men- tioned by any Chymical or other Writer, [have not unfrequente ly obferved as well by chance as in Tryals purpofely made to fas tisfie my felt and others about the truth of it. The Phanomenon, in thort, was this. That having in wide. mouth:d Glafses (which fhould not be very deep) expof-d to the Air aftrong Solution of common Sea-fale or of Vitriol, which reacht not by fome inches to the top of the Glafs; and having fuf- fered much of the aqueous part to exhale away. very flowly, the coagulated Salt would at length appear to have lined the infide of the Glafs, andto have afcended much higher, not onely than the place where the furface of the remaining Water then refted ar, but than the place to which the Liquor reacht when ‘twas firft Ppouredin. - Andif the Experiment were continued long enough, Tfometimes obferved ‘this Afcenfion of the Salt to =“ to O 2 ome 93 A (Continuation of New Experiments fome inches,and that the (alt did-not onely line the infide of the Glafs, but, getting overthe brim ofit, cover’d the outfide of it with aSaline Cruft: which made them that faw how litle liquor remain’d inthe Glafs, admire how ic could poffibly get chither. And though Ihave mentioned but the Solution of Vitriol and Seafalt, becaufe they are much eafier than others to be procut’d, and yet the Experiment fucceeds better in Them than in fomeo- ther far lefs parable Salts 5 yet, they are not the onely ones by whofe Solutions the recited Phenomenon may be Exhibited. As for the Caufe of this odd Effe&, though I {hall not propofe any thing aboutit with Confidence, till I have further inquired in- toit, andefpecially till Ihave tryed whether the Phenomenon may be produced in an Exhausted Receiver ; yet, by what I have hitherto obferved, Iam inclin’d to conjecture, that it may be re- ferr’d to fuch a caufe as that of the Afcenfion of Liquors in Pipes after fome fuch manner as this. Firft, lobferved, thatin Water and Aqueous liquors, that part of the Surface which is next the fides of the Glafs, is (whate- ver the reafon of it be) fenfibly more elevated than the reft of the Superficies, and ifvery litle clippings of Straw or other fuch mi- nute and light bodies, floating upon the Water, chance to ape proachnear enough to the fides of the Glafs, they will be ape (which one wou'd not expect) torun up as.twere chis afceat of Water, and reft againft the fides of the Glafs, Next we may take notice with the Salt-boylers and Chymifts, that Sea-falt is ufaally wont to coagulate at the top of the Water in (mall and oblong Corpufcles, fo that as tothefe tis eafie to “conceive, to them that have confidered the firft Obfervation, how numbers of chem may fatten themfelves round about to theinfide ofthe Glafs. And befides Sea-falt, I have found by tryal divers others, if their Solutions be flowly enough evaporated, that will, whillt yer there remains 2 good proportion of hat afford Sa- line Concretions at the top of the Water... And the faftning of Saline particles to the fides of the Glafs may perhaps. be promo- ted Touching the foring and weight of the Air. 99 ted by the Coldnefs thae may be communicated to the Corpu- {cles contiguous to the Glafs, by reafon of the coldnefs which the DS 4 S E if entity, in Glafs may be fulpected to have, uponshe {core of its D comparifon of Water. But to proceed: Iconfider, that by the Evaporation of the aqueous parts of the Solution, the furface of the remaining liquor muft neceflarily fubfide, and thofe Saline particles , that were contiguous to the infide of the Glafs and the more elevated part of the Water, having no longer enough of Li- quor to keep them diflolv’d, will be ape to remain fticking to the fides of the Glafs, and uponthe Jeaft farther Evaporation of the Water will be a litle higher than the greater part of the Superfi- cies of that Liquor, by which means it will come to pafs, that, by reafon of the litle inequalities that will be on the internal fur- face of the adhering Corpufcles of the Sale, and perhaps alfo on the internal Supetficies of the Glafs, there will be intercepted be- tween the Salt and the Glafs litle Cavities, into which the Water contiguous to the bottom will afcend or be impell’d upon fuch an account as that, whereon tisrais’d inflender Pipes. And when the Liquor is thus got to the top of the Salt, and comes to be expofed to the Air,the Saline part may, by the evaporation of the Aqueous, be brought to coagulate there, and confequently to increafe the height of the Saline filme, (ifI may focallit;) which by the like means may beat length brouglit to reach to the very top of the Glafs, whence it may eafily be brought over to the outfide of the veflel, where the natural weight of the Solution will facilitate its progrefs downwards; and the skin of Salt, toge- ther with the contiguous furface of the Glafs, may (at. length) conftitute a kind of Syphon, To this Explication it agrees well, that I have ufually obferved the Saline filme hitherto mentioned to be with great eafe fepara- blefrom the Glafs in large Fleaks; which argues, that they did not ftick clofe to one another except in fome few places, buthad a thin Cawity intercepted between them, through which che wa- ter might afcend, Nor 100 A Continuation of New Experiments Nor isit repugnant to this Explication , that in cafe the Wa- ter afcended, it fhould, as it feems, diffolve the Sale. For the Liquor being already upon the point of Concretion, is fo glutted with Salt, that it can diffolve no more. Whence we may alfo render areafon, why, when the Saline filme chances to reach tothe outfide of the Glafs, the Liquor (divers times) does not run down to the bottom, but is coagulated by the way. And I have alfo had a fufpicion, (though I could not feafonably take notice of it before now ,) that when the Concretion is once began , the Film may be railed and propagated, not onely by the motionof the Liquor between the infide of itand the Glas, but by the fame Liquot'’s infinuating it felf on the outfide of the Film into the {mall Chinks and Crevifes, intercepted between the Saline Cote pu(cles, as Ink (efpecially if fomewhat thin) rifes into the Slit, and along the fides of the Nib ofa Pen, though nothing but its very point be dipt in the furface of the liquor. And by this means the impregnated Solution may ag it were climb up to the top of oe faline- Concretion, and by coagulating there adde to its eight, Some other Circumftances Ihave noted of our Phenomenon, that agree with the propos’d Explication, but perhaps it would not be worth while to {pend more time about ite Not to exa- mine here whether what has been related, fo asto make it proba- ble that afcending Water may carry up wherewithall co heighten and increafe the Pipes or veflels through which itrifes, may con- tribute any thing more then was fuggefted in the former 28:4 Exe periment, towards. the Explication of the Rifing and diftufing of the Sap in Trees. EXPERI Touching the Spring and VVeioht of the Airs’ 101 EXPERIMENT. XXX. About an attempt to meafure the Gravity of Cylinders of the At mofphere, fo as that it may be exprest by known and common Weights, VV Hilft] was making the former Experiments, twas more than once my with, that by knowing the juft. weight of a Cylinder of Quick- filver of a determinate Diameter, and of 29 or 30 inches high, which is near the height that the Air does ufu- ally counterballance, I might the better eftimate the weight of a Cylinder of the Atmofphere of that Diameter, and confequently make the better Guefses how near the effeAs of the Spring of the Air (as well as of its Weight,) produc’d by the help of our Engine, approach’d to the utmoft of what might have been e€xpe- &ed, in cafe all the inftruments imployed had been perfect, and all concurrent circumftances had been favourable: And upon this account I feveral times regretted my want ofa long Inftru- ment of Steel or hardned Iron, wherewith I many years fince made an Obfervation, that was more carefully regiftred than pre- ferved, of the weight of a Mercurial Cylinder of a determinate height as wellas Diameter; which weight I did not think it fo fafe to determine by the help of Glafs-Tabes, becanfe tis very difficult to have them uniformly Cylindrical, and to know thac they are fo, inregard that they are form’d but by blowing and drawing out, and, befides the inequality that may happen to the Cavity upon other accounts, tis very difficult to make the fides of the Clafs equally thick, and to examine whether they be fo or no, Butatlength lighting upon (what I had too often wantedin the foregoing Experiments) a dexterous Artificer, that chanced to come fora while to the place where I then was, lindeavour’d to repair my lofs, as wellashe could help meto doit, by iain im 102 A Continuation of New Experiments him toturn very carefully a Cylindrical piece of Brafs, of an inch in Diameter, and 3 inches in length, and open(that it might be the better wrought) at both ends, to one of which was exactly fitted a flat bottom of the fame Metal, faftned very clofe to it with lite tle Screws on the outfide; this being judg’d a better way, than if ithad been turn’d all of a piece. This inftrument being diligently counterpois’d in a trufty pair of Scales, was carefully fill’d with Mercury, which (for greater caution) we took out of anew parcel, that we had not yetim- ployed about other Experiments, and finding itto weigh xvit Ounces, one Dram, 45 Gr: Troy weight, (or 137 di 45 gt) multiplying that by 10, there wiil come tor the weight of a Mer- curial Cylinder , of one inch in Diameter, and 30 inches in height, (and fo high] have divers times feen the Mercury to be ina good Barometer,) about 14, 2!, (4.¢« 14!, 2 Ounces, and above three drams, Troy- weight; and almoft 11, 8. Haberdupoife weight, (i.e. 11, 12 Ounces, and above 6 Drams,) which is a greater weight than without fuch a Tryal one would esfily imagine that fo fhort a Cylinder of Mercury, and much lefs that a Cylinder of fo lighta Body as Air, being neither of them above an Inch Dia meter, could amount to. Note Fut, to examine at the fame time the weight: of the Mercury, and its proportion to Water, we did, before the Mercu- ry was pour'd into the Brafs-veflel, fill ic with Waters (after which we wip’d it dry before the Mercury was put into it;) and this liquor weighing 10 drams , and 15 gt: the proportion be- tween the Mercary and the Water appeard to be that of 13 4? to x: which though it feem fomewhat of the leaft, yet Your Lords fhip may remember, thar I formerly told You I had feveral times found thereceiv’d proportion of 14.0 1, between Mercury and Water, to be fomewhat too greats and befides that, ina velfel whofe orifice was noleffe than an inch in Diameter, tis exceé- ding difficult to be fure when tis precifely full either of Water of Mercury; becaufe the former has a Superficies confiderably con- cave Touching the fpring and weight ofthe Air: Yo ; cave, and the other one that is notably convex, and though we usd fome litle Artifices (which would be troublefome here to mention) to eftimate the protuberance of the one liquor, and the deficience of the other, as near the truth as could be, yet I am not fare but there may have been a few Mercurial Corpuicles more than there fhould have been, and that confequently fome fmal] a- batement may have been made of the weight newly attribuced to the whole Mercurial Cylinder of 30 inches, 2. I had thoughts of making ufe of the Barrel of 4 Gun, ofa convenient length, to find the weight of a Mercurial Cylinder of 2 foot and {, but I preferr’d the Inftrument already made ufe of (efpecially not being where I could have one bored after a pecu- liar way,) not onely becaufeI could not meet with one whofe Diameter was a juft inch, and confequently as convenient for cal- culations, and becaufe that the Barrels of Guns are often bor’d a litle Tapering; but becaufea skilful Artificer confett to me, that they fcarce ever bore fuch Barrels, but with a four. fquare Bit, (as they callit,) which leaves the Cavity too Angular, or too imper- fectly round; whereas if an Hexahedrical Bit be imploy'dic will, as he affirmed, make the Cavity almoft as Cylindrical as can be reafonably defired. I fay nothing here of making ufe tor our pur- pofe of a Trunk, as they call ahollow Cylinder of Wood, be caule T elfewhere thew, that Wood (at leaft fach as the Trunks to fhoot Pellets with are wont to be made Of)is not ofa Texture clofe enough for fuch an ufe. , 3. Becaufein Cylinders of Mercury, 30 inches is a height which the Atmofphere is feldome heavy enough to beable to counterpoife, and becaufe 29 inches is (omewhat nearer the mid- dle between the greateft and the leaft heights, at which I have obe ferved the Mercury at differing times to ftand in good Barome- ters. Your Lorcthip ‘may, if You pleafe, abate a 30* part of the weight affign’d above to a Mercurial Cylinder of 30 inches, (though Itake29 and :, or thereabouts, to be fomewhar a more ufual height of the Mercury, than precifely Nine and twenty.) Pp 4, The 104. A (Continuation of New Experiments 4. The Weight ofa Mercurial Cylinder inan -£qnilibriam with the Atmofphere, and of one inch in Diameter being thus fetled, we may, by the help of the doétrine of Proportions, and a few Propolfitions, efpecially the 14'* of the 12 book of Euoli- des Elements, eafily enough calculate the weight of a Cylinder of Mercury of another Diameter, and confequently the force of the Preffure of aa Atmofpherical Pillar of the fame Diameter. For fince according to the forenam’d 14" Propofition of the 12, Cylinders of equal Bafes are to one another as their Heights; and fince by the 24 Propofition of the fame 1 2. Element, Circles’ fuch as are the Bafes of Cylinders) are to one another, as the Squares of their Diameters; and fince Jaftly we fuppofe, that Mercury being a Homogeneous body, at leaft as to fenfe, the Mercurial Cylinders will have the fame proportion to each other in Weight that they have in Bulk; fince,| fay, thefe things are fo, if, for ine ftance, we defire to know what will be the weight of a Cylinder of goJacbes high, whofe Diameter is twoinches, the Rule will e this. As the fquare of the Diameter of the Standard Cylinder, (as I call that whofe weightis already known ) is tothe fquare of the Diameter of the Cylinder propos’d, fo will the bulk of the for- met Cylinder be to that ofthe later, and the weight of that to the weight of this. According to which Rule, the fquare of 1 inch (whichris the Diameter of the ftandard Cylinder) being but 1, (whereby Your Lordfhip may perceivehow much the meafure I pitcht on facilis tates Computations,) and the fquare of 2 (which is the Diame- ter of the propos’d Cylinder) being 4, the bulk or folid Con- tents of this later Cylinder, and confequently its Weight, will be 4 times as great as thofe of the ftandard Cylinder, and fo, fince the leffer has been already fuppos’d to weigh 11, 8 Haberdu- poife, the Mercurial Cylinder of two inches in Diameter, will weigh 47, 2! of the fame weight. EXPE- Touching the Jpring and Weight of the Air, ‘108 EXPERIMENT XXXI, About the Attrattive virtue of the Loadftone in an Exbaufted Recetver. Ome Learned modern Philofophers, that have attempted to explicate the caufe and manner of Magnetical Attraction or Coition, give fuch an account of it, as fuppofes, that the Air be- tween the tivo Magnetical Bodies, being driven away by their Ef- fluviums from between them, preffes them on the parts oppofite to thofe where the Contact is to be made; ani upon fome fuch fcore (for I muft not now ftay to deliver their Theories Circum- ftancially) the Air is fuppos’d to contribute very much to the At- traction and Suftentation of the Iron by the Loadftone: wheres fore partly toexamine this Opinion, and partly for fome other Purpofes (not neceffary now to be mentioned) we thought fit to make the following Exptriment. We tooka {mall bat vigorous Loadftone, cap’d and fitted with aloofe plate of Steel, fo fhap’d, that when it was fuftained by the Loadftone, we could hang at a litle Crook, that came out of the midft of it, and pointed downwards, a Scale, wherein to put what Weights we fhould think fit-. Intothis Scale we put fometimes more and fometimes lefs weight,and then by fhaking of the Load- ftone as much as we guefs’d it would be fhaken by the motion of the Engine, we found the greateft weight, that we prefum’d it would be able to fupport, in fpite of the Agitation *twould be expofed to, which prov’d to be, befides che Iron.plate and the Scale, vi Ounces Troy weight, to which if we added half an ounce more, the whole weight appear’d too eafieto be fhaken oft. This done, we hung the Loadftone, with all the weight it fuftain’d, at a Button of Glafs, which we had-procur’d to be faftned onto the top of the infide of a Receiver, when’twas firft blown, and thowgh in about 12 Exudctions we ufually emptied fach Receivers as P 2 much 106 A Continuation of New Experiments as muchas wasrequifice for moft Experiments; yer this time, to exhauft it the more accurately, wecontinued pumping till we had- exceeded twice thatnumber of Exu@tions , at the end of which time fhaking the Engine fomewhat rudely, without thereby fha- king of the Weight that hung atthe Loaftone , the Iron feem’d to be very near as firmly fuftain'd by it as before the Air began tobe pump’d out. — I {aid very wear, rather than altogether, be- caufe that the withdrawing of the Air, though it be not fuppos’d to weaken at all the Power of the Loadftone precifely confidered, yet it mutt leffen its power to fuftain the Steel, becaufe this in fo thin amedium muft weigh heavier, than inthe Air, by the weight ofas much Air, asis equal ia bulk to the appended Body. Some other Magnetical Tryals (and alfo fome Eleétrical ones) Iremember I attempted to make by the help of our Engine, but not having the Notes I took of them now at hand, I fhall fu- {pend the mentioning them, till Ican give Your Lordthip a more punctaal Account of them, EXPERIMENT XXXII. Shewing, that when the Prefure of the External Air is taken off, tis very eafie to draw up the Sucker of a Syringe, though the Hole, at which the Air or Water fhonid [ucceed, be ftopp'd, Aving taken notice, that fome learned Oppofers of the Mo: dern Dotrine about the weight. of the Atmofphere think themfelves more than erdinarily befriended by the difficulty we find in drawing up the Embolus or Sucker of a Syringe, when the hole, at whichthe Air or Water fhould fucceed, is ftopr, and by the violence, with which, as foonas tis let So, tis, asthey ima- gine, drawn back, And fuppofing the reafon of this confidence of theirs to be, that Men havemot yet been able in thele Pheno- men Touching the pring and weight of the Air, Toy mena (as infome others) to prove the intereft of the Atmo- {phere’s Gravity by direct or confefledly analogous Experiments; I prefum’d it will not be unwelcome to Your Lorcfhip, if I here fortifie the Speculations that have been or may be propos’d to explicate thefe things according to the Hypothefis of the weight ofthe Air, by what we tried to that parpofe, among others, whea we were making ufe of a Syringe in our Engine. The I, Tryal. We took a Syringe of Brals, (that Metal being clofer and ftron- ger then Pewter, of which fuch inftruments are ufually made, ) being in length (in the Barrel) about 6 inches, and in Diameter a- bout 1 inch 3; and having, by putting athin Bladder about the Sucker, and by pouring a litle Oyl into the cavity of the Cylin- der (or Barrel,) brought the inftrument to be ftanch enough, and yet the Sucker to move to and fro without much difficulty, we thruft thisto the bottom (or Bafis)of the Barrel to exclude the Air, and having un(crew'd and ‘laid afide the flender Pipe of the Syringe (which in this and fome other Tryals was like to prove not onely needle(s, but inconvenient) we carefully ftopt the Ori- fice, to which the Pipe in thefe inftruments is wont to be {crew’d, and then drawing upthe Sucker weletit go, to judg by the vio- lence, with which it would be driven back again, whether the Sy= ringe werelight enough for our purpofe, and finding it to be fo, we faftned to the Barrel a ponderous piece of Iron to keep it down, and then faftning tothe handle of the Rammer (or Axle» tree of the Sucker} one end of 2 String, whofe other end “Was tied to the often mentioned turning-key: We convey d this Syringe, and the weight belonging unto it, into a Receiver, and having pump'd outthe Air, we then began to turn the Key, thereby: to fhorten the String that tied the handle of the Syringe to it; and,as. weforetold, that the Preffure of the Aur, lately included in the Receiver, being Withdrawn, we fhould no mote find the se reliltance: 108 A Continuation of New Experiments refiftance in drawing up the Sucker from the bottom of theCy- linder, fo we found upon Tryal that we could very eafily pullit up without finding any fenfible refiftance. However having thought fit torepeat the Experiment, (which wedid with the like fuccefs,) left it might might be objected, that this want of refiftance might proceed, as partly from-our im. ploying the Turning: key to raife the Sucker, fo principally from fomeunperceived Leak, at-which the Air may be fuppos’dto have got into the cavity of the Cylinders I thought fit sot onely to examine by Tryal , after the Receiver was remov’d from off the Pump, whether the Syringe were not ftanch, (upon which I found that I could not, without fome ftraining draw up the Sucks ereven alitle way, and that it would be violently beaten back a« gain,) but alfoin one of thefe Experiments to make this variations “hat when, the Receiver being exhaufted, we had drawn up the Sucker almoft to the top of the Barrel by fach a ftring as was put- pofely chofen fomewhat weak, we kept the parts of che Syring in that poftare, till we had open’d a paflage to the outward Air, up- on.whofe ingrefs the Sucker was (as we intended it fhould be) fo forceably depreft, that it kroke the String by which it was tied to the Turning- key, and was violently driven back to the lower part of the Barcel, & that notwithftanding thefe two difadvantageous Circumftances; one, that the ftring was not fo weak, but that one, whom Iimploy’dto try it before it was taftned to the Syringe, madeit fuftaina lump of Iron that weighed between four and five pounds and the other, that yer this ftring was broken long before all the Air, that flowed in to fill the Receiver, had got in: fo that the preffure of all the admitted Air would doubtlets have broken - a much ftronger ftring , if wehad imploy'd fuch a one to refift the depreffion of the Sucker, which will yet be more evident bya phanomenon of our Sy ringe,that I thal] prefently have occafion to relate. i, T. ryal Touching the Spring and VVeight of the Air. 109 The ll, TRY AL, Containing a Variation of the foregoing. We took the Syringe imploy’d in the foregoing Experiments, and having found by Tryal that it was, though not pertectly, tite, (nor altogether fo much fo as before, )yet enough fo for our pre- fent purpofe, (fince, when the Orifice of the vent in the Bafis was ftopt, if the Sucker were more forceably drawn up alitle way, and then let go, it would haftily return, or rather violently be impell’d back towards the bottom of the Barrel,) we made it ferve us as well as we could for the following Experiment. Of this Syringe we did very carefully with a Cork and our Cement clofe the vents and then having tied tothe barrel of the Syring a Weight that hapned to be at hand, (and to amount to 2 Pound, and as many Ounces, ),we fufpended the Rammer of the Syringe by a ftring in a large Receivers and then caufing the Pump to be applied, we made 11 or 12 Exuétions of the Air, without any appearance’ of change in the Syringe: but becaufel had judg’d the above men- tioned Weight fufficient, and fuppos'd that the little Air ftill remaining inthe Receiver, had yet too ftrong a Preffure to be furmounted by it, I caus’d the Pumping to be continued, and within 2 or three Exudtions more I perceiv’d the Cylinder to be- gin to be drawn down (though but very flowly) by the Weight hanging at it, (affifted by its own Gravity:) and likewife tried (af ter having purpofely ftopt awhile the working of the Pump) that juft upona freth Suck the defcent would be manifeftly acce- lerated. And when we had foffer’d the Barrel and Weight to flide down as far as we thought fit, weletin the External Air, which (as was to be expected) rais’d them both again much fatter than they had fubfided. NB. There would not have needed any thing near fo great a Weight-to deprefs the Barrel of the Syringe,but chat itis difficule in to A Continuation of New Experiments in fuch an inftrument to make the Sucker fill it accurately enough, without making it fomewhat uneafie to be mov'd to and fro; Upon which account twas neceflary that a Weight fhould be ad- ded, not onely to furmount the Preflure of the Air remaining in the Receiver, (which was not, nor needed to be diligently ex- haufted inthis Experiment,) but to overcome that refi tance, which we juft now noted the inequalities of the infide of the Cy- linder and thofe of the Sucker to give to the motion of the one in or over the other. And yet for all this tis not eafie, though it be not impoffible,to make one of thefe Syringes very Tight, e- {pecially when the Nofe is well ftopt, and the Sucker drawn up; there being often fome litle Air that ftrains in between the Suck- er and the Barrel, and fome that will be harbour’d between the Sucker (though thruft home) and the bottom of the Barrel, be- fides what may lurk between the fame Sucker and the Cork that ftops the orifice of the Vent. Nor were weconfidene, that our Syringedid not at length let fome Aerial particles infinuate them- felvesinto the Cavity, which the depreffion of the Barrel had made betwixt the Bafes’ of that Barrel andthe Sucker: and in fuch cafes we ought not to wonder, if upon the return of the Air the Barrel and Weight be not impell’d up all together to the fame height they refted at, when they were firft {afpended in the Res ceiver. 2. Ieagreed very well with our Dodtrine, that as the Cyline der and Weighe begannot to fall, tilla great quantity of Air had been pump’d out of the Receiver, fo they did not begin to move upwards prefently upon the freedom that was allow’d the Airto return into the Receiver. For till it had continued a pretty while flowing in, there was not enough of it entred to reftore by its preflure the Cylinder and the annexed Weight to their formet fituation. 3. What has been deliver’d about our Experiment may be confirm’d by this Variation which we made of it: That having fubfticuted a far heavier Weight inftead of that lately mene aes the Touching the fpring and weight of the dir. rIy the depreffion of the Barrel of the Syringe fucceeded 2 or 3 times one after another much fooner than formerly, viz. about the fixth, or at moft, the feaventh Exuction, tt TE ere ene ihpcsesaty EXPERIMENT XXXIII, fled Receiver. ana by the help of it making the Preflure of the Air lift up 4 confiderable Weight. About the opening of a Syringe,whofe Pipe was ftopt in the Exhau- Hough the Trial Iam about torelate, had not all the fuccefs I'defir’d, yet perhaps it will not be impertinent to make mention of it, becaufe there is noc any fort of Experiments, that is wont fo much to perfwade the Generality of Spectators, of the great force of the Preflure of the Air, as thofe, wherein they plainly fee heavy and folid Bodies madeto afcend, (upon the ope- ration of the Air on them,) without {eeing any other thing lift them up, We took the often mention’d Syringe,and having clos’d up the Holeat the bottom with good Cement, we ty'd tothe Barrel a hollow piece of Iron, that ferv’d us for a Scale, into which we put divers Weights one after another, trying from time to time whether, when the Sucker was forceably drawn up, and held fted- dily inits higheft tation, the Weight tyed to the Barrel (which was held down, whilft che Sucker was drawn up, and afcerwards let go) would be confiderably rais'd: And when we perceiv’d, that the addition of halfa Pound, ora Pound more, would make the Weight too Great to be fo rais'd,we forbore to put in that in- creafe of weight; and having tied the Handle of the Rammer to the Turning- key,we convey’d the Syringe together with its clog into aReceiver, out of which a convenient quantity of Air being pump’d, we were thereby enabled eafily to draw up the Sucke without the Cylinder; after which having let in the Air, — by- tanders y¥2 A (ontinuation of New Experiments ftanders concluded, that the weight was rais’d-a licle, which yet Twould not have allow'd, ifwe had not been able, by inclining the Engine and the Receiver, tomake the Syringe and Weighta litlerofwing. Butto make the effe more evident; I caus‘ a two pound weight to be taken out, and then the Receiver being fomewhat exhaufted, and the Air readmitted, the Clog, when all . the Air was come in, was fwiftly raifed, and as ic were {natch'dup from the midle to the upper part of the fufpended Kammer, It is no eafie matter to meafure, with any certainty. and exact nefs by a Syringe, the weight of an Acmofpherical Pillar equal to itin Diameter, efpecially if there be any imperfe@tion ia the Sy- ringe, either becanfe the Sucker does not go clofe enough, in which cafe ir can fcarce be ftanch, or becaufe by its Preflure a- gainft the infide of the Barrel (which often happens if it be too clofe)it hinders the Sucker and Barrel from fliding without refi- ftance by one another, and confequently there is an undue refi- ftance made to the endeavour of the Atmofphere, to raife the Barrel and Weight. And therefore, though our Syringe being, upon the account of fome ill accident, lefs in order than it was in fome ofthe foregoing Experiments, I muft not conclude thata Cylinder of the Atmofphere of the fame widene(s with it, is equi pollent to no greater a weight,than that which was taken up in our Trial, yet we may fafely conclade that fo flender a Pillar of the Atmofphere is abletoraife by a Syringe at leaft fach a Weight,as in our Experiment it a@ually lifted up, which amounted to about fixteen pound (Haberdupoile weight, ) for it exceeded fifteen —— threequarters, befides the weight of the Syringes bar- rel it felf. i a oar eee EXP ERI- Touching the {pring and Weight of the Air, 112 EXPERIMENT XXXIV. Shewing, that the canfe of the _Afcenfion of Liquors in Syringes is to be derivd from the Prefjure of the Air. ] Shall not here trouble Your Lordfhip with what I have el{e- where propos‘d about the explicating of Suétion;: but as by the lately recited Experiments (I mean the 31, 32, and 33) it bas appeard, that tis to the Preffure of the External Air chat we fhould afcribe the difficulty of drawing up the Sucker of a Syring, when the Pipe (orthe Vent) # ffopt; fo I fhall now endeavour to fhew, that the Afcenfion of Liquors, which follow the Sucker when tis drawn up, the Pipe besmg open, depends alfo upon the Preflure of the Atr, (iacum bent on that Liquor.) [tI had been furnithsd with very call Receivers, and fuch other Glafles as I could have with'd , I had tried the following Experi- ments with Water, as wellas Quick-filver, but for want of thofe Accommodations I was reduc’d tomake my Experiment with the later onely of thofe Liquors, which yet will 1 hope fvffi- ciently make out what was intended. The 1. Tryal, We took a {mall Receiver, fhap’d almoft like a Pear, cut off Horizontally at boch ends, (being the fame cap’d Glafs that is elfewhere mentioned in the accounts of other Experiments:) we sibs tee alfo took the Syringe formerly defcrib’d,and having faftred on to of the plate it with geod Cement, in {tead of its own Brafs- pipe, a fmall Glafs pipe of about halfafoorinlength, we put this Syringein ac the narrow end of the Receiver; to whofe Orifice was (afterwards) carefully cemented on the Brafs-cap with the Turning-key, whereto was tied by a ftring the handle of the Rammer. Then having conveniently plactd upon the Engine avery fhort thick Glals fhap’dJike.a Sugar-loaf, (which was made ufe of for want ofa better) with a fufficient Quantity of Quick- filver in its - 2 . fe) ~~ Br4 A (Continuation of New Experiments fo placed the Receiver over it, rhat the lower end of. the Pipe of the Syringereacht almoft to the bottom of this Glafs, and confe- quently was immerft a pretty way beneath the furtace ofthe Quick filver. Wehad alfo poureda litle Water in the upper part of the Syringe, that no Air might get in between the Sucker and the Cylinder, notwitftanding that by fome Accident or other” the Syringe was become fomewhat lefs Tite than before, And laft- of all we cemented the Receiver to the-Engine after the ufual manner. That whichnow remained, being to try the Experiment it felf, in order to which all this had been done; the Air was pump'd out of the Receiver, (and confequently outofthe litle Glafs chat held the Mercury,). and chen the Sucker being warily drawn up, we could not fee the Quick-filver afcend to follow it, though a litle Water, which it feems the outward Air had thruft in becween the "Sucker and the Cylinder, was either rais’d or ftopt in the Glafs- pipe of the Syringe, (whereof yet much the greateft part remaind unfill’d; ) of which the reafon according to our Hypothesis was mas nifeft, namely, thatthe Air being pumpd out of the Receiver, the litle that remain’d had not ftrength enough to prefs. up fo ponderous a Liquor asthe Quick-filver into the Pipe, (though even that litle unexhaufted Air might have Spring enough letr to raifea litle water.) And finceit appear'd by this, that without the Preffare of the Air the Quick-filver would not be elevated, we thought it feafonable to thew, that dy the Preffure of the Air itwould. Whereupon the Air being let flowly into the Recei- ver, the Mercury was quickly impell’d-up at leaft to the tap of the Glafs- pipe, (though by reafon of fome unperceiv’d leak it was not long fuftain’d there. ) And for further fatisfaction, when the Experiment. waS-to be tried over again, we order'd it to be fo made, that it might plainly be obferved, that though when, the Receiver not being yet ex haufted, the: Sucker was drawn up but one inch, the Mercury would berais'd to the upper part of the Glafs pipe of the Syringe, eb Touching the {pring ‘and weight of the Air, t 18 yet efter the exhaufting of the Receiver, though the Sucker was drawn up twice as high, there appear’d no afcenfion of the Mercus ry inthe Pipe, (whofe fower pare onely was darkned by the litle Glafs which contain’d that fluid Metal.) Before | difmifs this Experimenr, I muft, to make good a pro- mifeI made Your Lord{hip, acquaint You with a Phenomenon, which does nota litle confirm our Doétrine , according to which "it waseafie both to forefee andto explain it: The phenomenon was, That if when the Air was diligently pump’d out of the Re- ceiver, the Sucker were endeavour'd to be pull’d up, it could nor be fo; without much difficulty and refiftance, fuch as was former- ly found when the Vent of the Syringe was ftopt, of which in our Hypothefis the reafon may be clearly this; That there being no common Air in the Receiver to affitt by its Preflure (whether im- mediate or mediate) the raifing of the Sucker, this could not be raifed but bya force great enough to furmount the Weight of the external Air or Atmofpherical Pillar that lean’d upon it, So that as the other Phenomena of our Experiments manifeft, that the raifing of Liquors by a Syringe, which is commonly afcrib’d to Attraction, depends upon the Preflure of the Air; fo by this Phanomenon it appears, that the difficulty of opening a Syringe, whofe Pipe is ftopt, need not be attributed to fuch a fuga vacui as valgar Philofophers refer it tos _fince in our cafe the fame difficul- ty was found; though the Pipe were open, and the Liquor “twas immerftin, might have had-free accefsto the place deferted by the Sucker. The Il. Tryal Being a Profecution of the former Attempt. To vary as well as confirm the foregoing Experiment, we caus-d the Syringe to be tied faftto a competently ponderous Body that might keep the Cylinder unmov d, ‘when the Sucker fhouldbedrawaup. Wealfo cemented onto the ventor {crew at. 116 A Continuation of New Experiments at the bottom of the Syringe a Pipe of glafs of about two inches in length, (which fhould have been longer, but that then there would not have beenroom in the Receiver for the pulling up of the Sucker,) and having plac'd the heavy Body whereto the Sy- singe wastied upona Pedeftal of a convenient height, that the Glafs. pipe might be all feen beneath it, and a very low Viol al- moft fill’d with Quick. filver might be fo plac'd underneath the Pipe, that the ftagnant Mercury reach’d a good way above the immerft orifice of the faid Pipe. Thefe things being thus pro- vided, and the Handle of the Syringes Rammer being tied with a ftring to the Turning-key that belong’d tothe Brafs- cover of the Receiver, this veffel was cemented on to the Engine, and by it Exhau fted after the ufual manner. . When this was done: we look’d upon the Syringes Glafs- pipe above mentioned, and being able to fee througtrit, (whereby we were certain that it was not yet full of Quick filver) we did by the ftring draw up the Sucker to a good height, but could not perceive the Pipe to be fill’d with any fucceeding Mercary. Wherefore warily letting in fome Air, we quickly faw the Mere cury impell’d to the very top of the Pipes and we concluded from the quantity of Quick-filver that was rais‘d, thata pretty deal was alfo driven into the cavity of the Cylinder. NB. I had once before feen the Mercury afcend into the Pipe upen the letting in of the Airinto the emptied Receiver, but it feeming fomewhar difficule to me to determine whether the Sucker had been raifed, becaufe there was no mark to guide my Ahtimate by, I thought it might be fufpected, that in cafe the Sucker had not been rais’d, the Afcenfion of the Quick-filver might have proceeded from hence, That the Air contain’d in the Gla(s- pipe, breaking out through the ftagnant Mercury upon the Exhaufting of the Receiver, the Quick: filver might upon the re- turn of the Air into the Receiver be preft up into the place de- ferted by the Air, that broke out of the Pipe. Wherefore we _ caus’da ftring to be tied about the Rammer, as near as we could to the Touching the Spring and VVeioht of the Air. 4 a thetop of the Cylinder, by which means, when the Receiver was the next time exhaufted, we perceiv’d, that by drawing up the Sucker vve had rais’d it about two inches, ifmot more, and yer vve could not difcern any Mercury to follow it, (the Glafs-pipe ftill continving tranfparent,) till we had let fome Air return into the Receiver, This Experiment joyn’d with thofe we have formerly related to have been tried with our Syringe, may teachus, that if a Sy- ringe were made ufe of above the Atmofphere, neitherthe ftop- ping of the Pipe vvould hinder the eafy drawing up of the Sucker, nor the drawing up of che Sucker, though the Pipe vvere not ftopt; vvould raife by faction the Liquor vvhich rhe Pipe was immerft in. Post {cript. Sace the laft recited Experiment was made, and written, find- ing fome of our Inftruments to bein better order than they were when chat Tryal was made, vve thought fic to endeavour by that which follows, to repair an omiffion or two, that former- ly we could not well avoid, . Having then caus’d fuch a Glafs- pipe, as has been lately mens tioned, to be vvell cemented on to the Syringe, (vvhofe Sucker didnow move more eafily, and yet fillthe Barrel more exadtly, than before,)I order’d( being to be abfent for a while my felt) chat the Pipe fhould be fill’d with {pirit of Wine tinted with Coche- neel,that the liquor and its motions might be the better difcern’d, and that the Pipe being fill’d, that Air might be excluded, which vvould elfe be harbouredin the Pipe, (which Caution was omit- ted in the foregoing Experiment.) And this the Perfon, to whom T committed it, affirm’d to have been carefully done, though when he inverted the Pipe thus fiil'd into the reft of thered Liquor, that was put intoa Viol, he could not poffibly doit fo well, but that a bubble of Air got into the Pipe, and took up fome (though but a litle) room there, By that time, I was call’d upon, to ire the vi8 A Continuation of New Experiments the Event of the Tryal, and could come to look upon it, the Re- ceiver was almoft quite exhaufted, vvherefore after I had made the pumping be continued a litlelonger, and perceived that the tincted fpirit was fallen down out of the Pipe, and that which lay inthe Viol feem'd almoft to boyl at the top, by reafon of the ee merfion of numerous Bubbles, I caus’d the Sucker to be, by the help ofthe Turning-key, drawn up (by our zftimate) about two inches and a half, notwithftanding which vve could not perceive the fpirit of Wine to rifein the Pipe, (though the Pumping were before left off.) For vvhich reafon I order’d the Air to be let in very Jeifurely, upon which vve could plainly fee that the red {pi- rit was quickly drivenup tothe top of the Pipe, and that it was fo likewife into the Cavity of the Barrel, appeared, when the Res ceiver was removed, by the fmall Quantity of Liquor that re- mained inthe viol, andthe plenty of ic which came out of the S ringe. ; "NB. That if1 had not vvanted dexterous Artificers, to work according to a Contrivance I had defign’d, I had attempted to imitate, by the help ofthe bare Spring of the Air, fuch Expert ments, as in the lately recited Tryals vvere made to {ucceed, by the help of the Preffureexercis’d by the Ait upon the account of its Weight. ; EXPERIMENT XXXKV. Shewing, that upon the Preffure of the Air depends the fticking of Cupping Glaffes to the flefhy parts they are apply'dto. Ci Is fufficiently known, that if the Air within a Cupping Glafs be rarified by the flame of Tow, Flax, or the like, (burn’d for a litle while in it,) andthe Glafs be prefently clapt upon fome flethy part ofa Mans body, there will quickly enfue a painful and vifible {welling of the part cover’d by the Cupping Glafs: eS Touching the [pring and weight of the Air. 119 Tis alfo known, that this Experiment is wont to be ure’d by the Schools as a clear proof of that abhorrence of a Vacuum they afcribe to Nature; for, fay they, the reafon of this phenomenon is plainly, that the iaternal Air of che Cupping Glafs, preeterna- turally rarified by heat when the Inflrumentis applied, That heat after awhileceafing, the fucceeding Cold muft again neceflarily condenfe the Air; and fo this contracted Air being no longer 2- ble to fill the whole {pace it replenifhed before, there would en- fue a vacuum, it the flefh covered by the Cupping Glafs, or ad- joyning to it, did not fwell into the Gavity of it, to fill the place deferted by the Air. Thofe Moderns that affert the Weight of the Atmofphere, do thence ingenioufly endeavour to deduce the phenomenon. And indeed if to their Hypothe(is about the Airs Weight, the confide- ration of its Spring be aaded, ‘twill be eafie enough to explicate the phanomenon, by faying, That when the Cupping Glafs is firft fet on, though much of the Air it formerly contain’d were alitle before expell'd by the heat, yet the fame heat,increafing the pref= fure of the remaining Air, is the canfe that the abfence of the Air driven out of the Glafs, does not immediately occafion fo fen- fiblea pain: but, when that adventitious agitation of the included Air ceafes, that Air having now, becaufe of the paucity of its Cor- pufcles, but a weak Spring, can no longer prefs upon the part co- vered by the Cupping Glafs neer fo ftrongly, as the outward Air does by its Weight prefs upon all the neighbouring parts of the flefh: by which means (according to what we have more than once explicated already) fome of the yielding fleth (or other bos dy covered by the skin) mutt be forceably thruft into the cavity of the Cupping Glafs, where there is le(s Preflure, then at che outfide of it. And the fibres and membranous parts being thus violently ftretche, there muft needs follow a fenfible Pain as well es Tumour. Which Tumour yet does not fill ap the Cupping Glafs, not onely becaufe of the refiftance of the skin tobe fo for diftended, butalfo,iftheincluded Air have not been much rati- R rified, 120 A (Continuation of New Experiments fied becaufe of the Spring of the imprifoned Air, (which grows fo much the ftronger, by how much the {welling fleth reduces the Ait incolelsroom,) as Ihave fometimes tried, by applying a Cupping Glafs to Quick-filver, or even to. Water, which will rife ini¢ but to a certain hesght. But though by this, or fome fuch Explication, the Argument urged by the Schoolsin favour of the fuga vacui may be fuflici- ently enervated; yet it fuited better with the defign of this Trea- tife to propofe fome new Experiment, to illuftrate our Hypo- thefis, and though it feem’d to be far more difficult to do itin re. ference to Cupping Glaffes, than to other fubjecis, yet I pitche upon two different wayes of Experimenting; whofe fuccefsnot difappointing me, I shall now give Your Lordfhip an account of them We took a Glas of about one Inch anda half in Diameter, but a good deal longer, than.an ordinarily fhap’d Cupping Glals of that breadth would have been, that there might be the more rootn for the flame to burn in it, and rerifie the Air. We alfo pro- videda Receiver fhap’dalmoft like a Pear, this Receiver was 0- pen at both ends; at the fharper whereof there was bat a {mall o- rifice, but at the obtufe end there rofe up a fhort neck, whofe O- ” rifice was wide enough to admit with eale the newly mentioned Cupping Glafs without touching the fides of it, and we were not willing’it fhould be much larger, leftit fhould not be fo-exaéily cover’d by the Palm of the hand that fhould be Iaid upon it, and left alfo the hand fhould be broken or hurt by the too great weight of the Atmofphere, when the included Air fhould be withdrawn from under it. Thefe things being thus prepared, and the {maller Orifice of the Receiver being taftned with Cement to the Engine, I caufed the Cupping Glafs to be faftned, wich the mouth upwards, to the Palm of the hand of a Youth, (whom your Lordfhip may remem- _ ber to have feen with me,) whofe hand feem’d fram’d by Nature for this Experiment, being broad, ftrong, and very plump. And a Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. $21 having pull’d the Glafs, totry whether it {tuck well on, I caus’d him to put it into the Receiver, and lay his hand fo upon the O- rificelately mentioned, that it might ferve fora Cover toit, and hinder any Air from getting in between them. That which we pretended was, that the Receiver being but fall, (thatit might be quickly exhaufted, and fo not put the Youth toalong piin,)uponan Exuction or two made with the Pump, of the Air about the Cupping Glafs, the remaiaing Air fhould have its Preffure fo far weakned; as not to be able to fup- port the Cupping Glafs; efpecially fince if the Air without:the Cupping Glafs (but yet inthe Receiver) fhould be more rarified by the removal of that which had been pump’d out, than the Air included in the Cupping Glafs was by the precedent Heat; this laft mentioned Air having a ftronger Spring (or tendency to exe pand it felt) than the External Air of the Receiver, the Glafs muft needs fall down, or rather be thruft off, though, in cafe there had been no Air at all Jefe in the Cavity of the Cupping Glafs, the Air in the Receiver would by its Preffure fuftain a far Greater weight. The Event of our Trial agreed very well with our conjecture. For upon the firft Suck the Cupping Glafs fell off, the weight of the Atmofphere preffing fo hard upon the Young mans hand, that, though he be more than ordinary ftrong, he complain'd he could very hardly take it off the Glafs it was almoft thraft into, and, a while after, thac his hand was very fore. Buc, this laft in- convenience became not fo quickly very fenfible, but that we had time to repeat our Experiment, by faftning the Cupping Glafs more ftrongly than before; fo that he complain'd that it drew ia his hand very forceably, andthough that part be not wont to be flefhy, yetthe Tumour occafioned by the Cupping Glafs was manifeft‘enough to the eye: but as before, fo now, at the very firft turning of the Stop. cock, (to let out the Air of the Recetas ver,) the Cupping Glafs fell off. R 2 E X- 132 A (Continuation of New Experiments EXPERIMENT XXXVI. About the making, without beat, a Cupping Glafs tolift upe great Weight. Te other Experiment I lately told Your Lordfhip we had made, to illuftrate our Doctrine about the caufe of the fticke ing of applied Cupping Glaffes , was tried after the following manner. Wetook the Brafs-hoop or Ring, mentioned inthe 5“ and 6% Experiments, and cover’dit witha Bladder, (which was wetted to make it the more limber, ) and was fo tied on to it, (which was eafie to do,) that the bottom of the Bladder covered the upper orifice of the Hoop, and was ftretchr (though not ftrongly) up- on it,almoft like the Membrane that makes the head of a Drumm; and the neck of the Bladder was. tied with a ftring near the middle ot thelower Orifice of the Hoop, andinthis lower part of the Bladder we made two or three {mall Holes for the Air to pafs in andoutat, Then having plac’d at the bottom of the often men- tioned capp’d Receiver a thick piece of Wood, that had a hole ia it, toreceivetheneck of the Bladder, we fo plac'dthe cover'd ' Hoop upon this piece of Wood, that the upper part of the Blad- der lay parallel cothe Horizon. This done, we fufpended, at the Turning- key belonging to the Cap of our Receiver, a blind head {as Chymifts call it) of Glafs, which for want of a true Cupping Glafs we were fain to fubfticuce, and which indeed was not very unlike one either for fhape or fize; andto the upper part of this Glafs we faftneda large Ring of Metal, the better to deprefs ir, and make it lean ftrongly on the Bladder. Thefe things being thus made ready, and the Receiver cemen- tedon tothe Engine, we did by help of the Turning- key let dowa the Cupping Glafs, (for fo we thall hereafter callic,) tillit came almoft to touch the level Superficies of the Bladder; and when Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 23 when the Receiver was as far exhaufted as we thought fir, (but noe near as far as it might have been, )we let down the Cupping Glafs alitle lower, fo that it lean’d upon the Bladder, and touch’dit with all the parts of its orifice: fo that the Cupping Glafs with the fubjacent Bladder was become an internal Receiver (if I may fo call it,) whofe Air was confiderably expanded, and confequently weakned as toits Spring. All this being done, we warily let the Airinto the Receiver, and thereby the Air, chat did furround the Cupping Glafs, (which we juft now called the Internal Re- ceiver,) having now a ftronger Preffure than the Air in the Cup- ping Glafs could refift; the Bladder, on which the Cupping Glafs refted, was as we look’d for, thruft Up a,pretty way into the cavity of the Glafs, in which it made a confpicuous Tumors and was made to ftick fo clofe to the orifice of it, thar one would have thoughe that the Bladder had been violently drawn in, as the skin is wont to be in the ordinary applications of Cupping Glafles, And becaufe we took notice, that hough this Glafs were nor capacious, (for it {carce held a Pint of Water,) yet the orifice of it Was not very natrow, (being in Diameter an inchand ss) we thought fit in repeating the Experiment to adde fomething that feem'd odd enough, and was fit to manifeft that Cupping Glaffes may, withoutheat, by the bare Preffure of the external Air, be more ftrongly faftned, than for ought we know they are by the helpof flame, Having then reiterated che former Experiment with this onely variation, that we exhaufted the Receiver further than before, wetook out the Cupping Glafs and the Bladder, which together with the included Brafs-hoop was hanging at its and then having tied the Glafs to the Hook of a good Statera, and tied alarge Scale to the neck of the Bladder, we put in by degrees Weightsinto the Scale, till we had loaded it enough co force off the Bladder from the Glafs; which bapned nor till the whole Weight, that tended to draw down the Bladder, amounted to 35 Pound (ifnot better,) of fixteenouncesin the pound. Nor did we 124 A Continuation of New Experiments we doubt, but that the Preffure of the Atmofphere would in our Experiment have kept up a much greater Weight, if we had, before we let in the outward Air, diligently exhaufted the Recei- ver; which we had purpofely forborn to do, for fear the too dif- proportionate Preffure of the external Air fhould break the Blad~ der: which puts me in mind of adding,upon the by, That as more Weight was put into the Scale, the Bladder (ftretcht more and more by the Weight on one fide, and the Air on the other,) ap- pear’d to {well higher inthe cavity of the Glafs. EXPERIMENT XXXVI. shewing,that Bellows, whofe Nofe & very well ftopt, will open of themfelves, when the Pre{fure of the external Air ts taken off. T is wont by the Peripateticks and others to be made great argument for the fuga vacui which they attribute to Nature, That if the Nofe of a pair of Bellows be well ftopt, one cannot o- pen them by raifing the upper board from the lower. But of this another reafon may be eafily affigned, without determining whe- ther there be avacunm or no, namely the Weight and Preffure of the Air: for when the Nofe of a pair of Bellows, that are Tite e- -nough, is well ftopt, no Air being able to infinuate it felt upon the disjoining of the boards into the Cavity made by that disjun- ion, This cannot be effected, but by fuch a force as 1s a/moff a- ble I fay alwoff, becaule ordinary Bellows cannot be fo well fhut, but that there will remain fome Air in them, whofe Spring will facilitate the opening of them) to raife an Atmofpherical Pillar, whofe Bafis fhall be the upper board, vvhich is commonly fo large, that a lefs force may ferve to break common Bellows, then toraife fo great a Weight: bucifthey vvere made ftrong enough, and there vvere applied a fufficient force to lift fo Great a vveight, 4s the newly mentioned Pillar of the Atmofphere,the fides might be Touching the Spy ing and VVeioht of the Airs 4 35 be disjoyn’d, how-clofe and ftanch foever the Inftrement vyere made, Thus far one may argue upon the bare principle of the weight ofthe Air, but taking in the Spring of it too, I thought one might proceed fo much further, that I ventur'd to foretell divers ingenious men, that if the Preflure of the ambient Air were ta- ken off, not onely it would be eafieto openthe Bellows in {pite of their being carefully ftopr atthe nofe, bat that they would fly Open as it were of their own accord, without the application of any external force atall. And ‘twas partly to juftifie this predi- ion, as well as to make a Trial, I thought more confiderable, that we made the following Experiment. We caus‘d (then) to be madea pair of Bellows, differing from ordinary ones in thefe particulars. Firft, that the Boards were circular, (and fo without handles,) and of about 6 inches in Dia- meter: 2, That there was no Clack or Valve: 3. That the nofe was but an inch long, or lefs, (being to be lengthned if occafion required vvith a Pipe:) 4. Thatthe Leather (which vvas not {par’d, that the inftrument might be the more capacious) was not horny or very ftiff, but limber. The Reafon of the firft and.” thitd diverfity was, that the Bellows might be capable to be con- veyedinto our Receiver; (for vvhich purpole allo, if there had appear'dneed, the nofemight have been made in the uppermoft of the two Boards:) the reafon of the 24 variation was, that thein- ftrument might be the more ftanch: and of the 4'5, that the bafes of the Bellows might (asin Organ- bellows) be clapt clofer toge- ther, and harbour lefs Air. in the wrinkles and cavity. So thac when the Bellows vvere opened to their full extent, by drawing up the upper Bafisata button purpofely made in the midft of ir, the Bellows look’d like a Cylinder of 16 or 18 inches high, upon which refemblance I take the liberty to call both the Boards (as Geometricians do both the circular parts of a Cylinder) Bafes. Buc though thele were made by an Artificer, otherwife dexte- Tous, yetit not being his Trade to make Bellows, nor any other mans 426 A Continnation of New Experiments mansin the Town I then was in, he could not make them fo Tite, but that in {pite of our oyling the Leather, and choaking the Seams with good Cement, there was fome litle and unpercele ved hole or cranny, whereby fome Air had paflage when the nofe wasaccurately ftopt: but this was not fo confiderable, but that if we drew up the upper Batis from the lower, the external Air would on ail fides prefs the Leather inwards, andfo make the fhape of the inftrument very far from being fo Cylindrical, as it would be if the nofe were left open. : Wherefore concluding, that notwith{tanding this imperfection the Bellows would ferve, though not for both the Experiments Idefign’d, yet for one of them, we carefully ftopt the nofe, after we had approach’d the Bafes to one another, and conveying them intoa large Receiver, it quickly appear’d, when the Pump was fet on work, that at every Exfuction of the incumbent Air, the Air barbour’d in the folds of the Leather, and the reft of the litle Cavitie that could not but be left between the Bafes, made the upper of thofe Bafes manifeftly rife, though its weight (be- caufe of the thicknefs and folidicy of the Wood) would {toon after deprefs it again, either by driving out fome of the Air at fome place where the inftrument Was not fufficiently Tite, or by ma- king it as it were ftrain’d through the Leather it felf; and ifthe Pump were agitaced fomewhat fafter than ordinary, the Expanfi- onof the internal Air would be greater than could be rendred quite ineffectual by fo fmalla Leak , and che upper part of the Bellows would be foonraif‘d toa confiderable height, as would appear more evidently if we haftily let inthe external Air, upon whofe ingrefs the Bales would be clapt together, end the upper of them a good vvay depreft, Sothat the imperfection of the Bellows made the Experiment rather more thanlefs concluding; for fince there was no external force applied co open them, if not withftanding that fome of the included Air could get out of thé, yet the Spring of the internal Air was {trong enough to open the Bellows when the ambient Aix was withdrawn, much mote Bee hs Pea cg would Touching the {pring and weight ofthe dir. 17 would the effec have been produc:d, if the Bellows bad been pers fectly ftanch. I lense yeehteeeneeneeenee EXPERIMENT XXXVIII About an Attempt to examine the Motions and Senfibility of the Cartefian Materia fubtilis, or the Ather, with a pair of Bellows (made of a Bladder) in the exhausted Receiver. Will not now difcufs the Controverfie betwixt fome of the Modern Atomifts, andthe Cartefians; the former of whom: think, that betwixe the Earth and the Stars, and betwixt thefe themfelves tbere arevaft Tracts of Space that are empty, fave where the beams of Light do pafs through them; and the later of whom tell us, that the Intervals betwixt the Stars and Planets (a- mong which the Earth may perhaps be reckon‘d) are perfeétly fill’d, but by a Matter far fubtiler than our Air, which fome call Celeftial, and others e#ther, I fhallnot, I fay, engage inthis controverfie, but thus much feems evident, That ifthere be fuch a Celeftial Matter, it muft make up far the Greateft part of the Univerle knowatous. For the Interftellar part of the world (if I may fo ftile it) bears fo very great a proportion to the Globes, and their Atmofpheres too, (if other Stars have any as well as the Earth,) that itis almoft incomparably Greater in refpect of them, than all our Atmofphere is in refpect of the Clouds, not to make the comparifon between the Sea and the Fifhes that {wim init. Wherefore I thoughe it might very vvell defervea heedful Enquiry, whether we can by fenfible Experiments (for I hear what has been attempted by Speculative Arguments) difcover a- ny thing about the Exiftence, or the Qualifications of this fo vat Ether: and Lhoped our Curiofity might be fomewhar affifted by our Engine, if I could manage init fach a pair of Bellows as I defign’d. For I propos’d tomy felf to faften a convenient weight S to 128 A (ontinuation of New Experiments to the upper Bafis, andclog the lower with another, great enough to keep it Horizontal and immoveable, that when by the help of the Turning-key, frequently above mention’d, the upper Bafis fhould be rais’d to its full height, the cavity of the Bellows might be brought to its full dimenfions. ‘This done, I intended to ex- hauft the Receiver, and confequently the thus open’d Bellows with more than ordinary diligence, that{o both the Receiver and they might be carefully freed from Air, After vvhichI purpos'd tolet go the upper Bafe of the Bellows, that being haftily de- preft by the incumbent Weight, it might fpeedily enough fall down tothe lower Bafis, and by fo much, and fo quickly leffen- ing the Cavity, might expell thence the Matter (if any were) be- fore contain’d init, and that (ifit could by this way be done) at the hole of aflender Pipe, faften’d either near the bottom of the Bellows, or in che upper Bafis: againft or over the orifice of which Pipe there was to be plac'd ata convenient diftance either a Fea- ther, or (if that fhould prove too light) the Sail of a litle Wind- mill made of Cards, or fome other light body, and fic co be put in- to motion by the impulfe of any Matter that fhould be fore’d out of the Pipe. By this means it feem'd not improbable, that fome fuch difco- very might be made, as would not be altogecher ufelefs in our Enquiry. . For if notwithftanding the abfence of the Air, it fhould appear by the Effects that a ftream of other Matter, capa- ble to fet vifible bodies amoving, fhould iflue out at the Pipe of the compreft Bellows; it would alio appear, that there may bea much {ubtiller Body than common Air, and as yet unobferv'd by the Vacuifts; or (their Adverfaries ) the Schools, that. may even copioufly be found in places deferted by that Airs and tharit is not fafe to conclude from the abfence of the Air in our Recei- vers, andin the upper part of thofe Tubes where the Torricelian Experiment is made, that there is no other body left but an ab- folute Vacuity,or (as the Atomifts call it) awacws coacervata.But if on thé other fide there fhould appear no motion at all to be pro- ; duc’d Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 129 duc'd, fo much as in the Feather, it feem’d that the Vacuitts might plaufibly argue, thateither the Cavity of the Bellows was abio- lucely empty, or elfe that it would be very difficult co p: any {enfible Experiment that ic was full, and, ifby any « W of probation it be demonftrable, that it was replenifh’d with A- ther, we thathave not yet declar'd for any party, may by our Ex- periment be taught to have no confident expectations of eafily making ig fenfible by Mechanical Experiments ; and may alfo be inform’d, that tis really fo fubtle and yielding a Matter, that does not either eafily impell fuch light bodies as even Feathers, or fen- fibly refift as does the Air it felf the motions of other bodies throughit, and is able without refiftance to make its paflage through the Pores of Wood, and Leather, and alfo of clofer bo- dies, which we find not that the Air doth in its Natural or wonted {tate penetrate, To illuftrate this laft Claufe I thall adde, that to make the Trial more accurate, I wav'd the ufe of other Bellows, (efpecially not having fuch as I defired,) & caus’da pair of {mall Bellows to be made witha Bladder, as a Body, which fome of our former Ex- periments have evinc'd to be of fo clofe a Texture, that Air will rather break ic chan paffe through it: and that the Bladder might no where loole its entirenefs by Seams, we glued on the two Ba- fes, the one to the bottom, and the other to the oppofite pare of it, fo that the Neck came out at. a hole purpofely made for it; in the upper Bafis, and into the Neck it was eafie to infere what pipe we thought fit, binding the Neck very clofe co it on the outfide, We had likewife Thoughts to have another pair of Tite Bellows made with avery light Clack in the lower Bafis, that by haftily crawing up the other Bafis, when the Receiver and Bellows were very carefully exhaufted, we might fee by the reft, as the lifting up ofthe Clack, whether the fubtle Matter that was expell’d by the upper Bafis in its Afcent, would, according to the Modern Dodrine of the Circle made by moving Bodies, be impell'd up or not, S 2 We See Plate the Fig the 130 A Continuation of New Experiments Wealfo thought of placing the litle Pipe of the Bladder- bef lows (if Imay fo call them) beneath the furface of Water eX qUi- fitely freed from Air, that we might fee whither upon the De preffion of the Bellows by the incumbent Weight, when the Ree ceiver was carefully exhaufted, there would be any thing expell’d at the Pipe, that would produce Bubbles in the liquor, wherein its Orifice was immertt. To bring now our Conje&ures to fome Trial, we putintoa capp’d Receiver the Bladder accommodated as before is- mentio- ned, and though we could have wifh’d it had been fomewhat lar. ger, becaufe it contain’d but between half a Pint anda Pint, yet in regard it was fine and limber, and otherwife fic for our Turn, we refolv’dto try how it would do; and todeprefs the upper Bafis of thefe litle Bellows the more eafily and uniformly, we cover’d the round piece of Paftbeard, that made the upper Bafis, with a Pewter-plate, (with ahole init for the neck of the Bladder;) which neverthelefs upon trial prov’d not ponderous enough, whereby we were oblig’dto affi(t it by laying on it a Weightof Lead. And to fecure the above mentioned Feather, (which had a flender and flexible Stem, and was left broad at one end, and faftned by Cement at the other, foasto ftand with its broad end ataconvenient diftance juft over the Orifice of the Pipe, ) from being blown afide to either hand, we made it to move ima perpen- dicular flit in a piece of Paftboard, that was faftned to one part of the upper Bafis, as that which the Feather was glued to was.to an- other part. Thefe things being thus provided, the Pump was feta work, and as the ambient Air was from time to time with- drawn, fo the Air in the Bladder expanded it felf fo ftrongly, as to life up the metalline Weight, andyet in part co fally ouc at the litle Glafs- pipe of our Bellows, as appear’d by its blowing up the Feather, and keeping it fufpended till the Spring of the Air inthe bladder was too far weakned to continue todo as it had done: In the mean time we did now and then, by che help of a ftring falt- en‘dtothe Turning: key, and the upper Bafis of the Bellows, let down oS 5 Te Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 4 31 down that Bafisa litle, to obferve how upon its fiaking the blaft againft the Feather would decreafe, as the Receiver was further and further exhaufted. And when we judg’d it to be fufficiently freedfrom Air, we then let down the Weight, but could not per- wa ceive that by fhutting of the Bellows the Feather was at all blown up, as ithad been wont to be, though the upper Bafis were more than ufually depreft. And yee ic feems fomewhat odd, that when, for Curiofity, in order.to a further Trial, the Weight was drawn up again, as the upper bafis was rais’d from the lower, the fides of the Bladder were fenfibly (though not very much) preft, or drawn inwards. The Bellows being thus opened, welet down the upper bafis again, but could not perceive that any blaft was produc’d; forthough the Feather, that lay juft over and near the orifice of the litle Glafs Pipe, had fome motion, yet this feem’d plainly to be but athaking and almoft vibrating motion (to the right and left hand,) which it was put into by the upper bafis, which the ftring kept from a {mooth and uniform defcent , but not to proceed from any blaft iffuing out of the cavity of the Bladder. And for further fatisfaétion we caus’d fome Air to be let into the Receiver, becanfe there was a poffibility, that una- wares to us the lender Pipe might by fome accident be choak’d: but though upon the return of the Air into the Recciver, the ba- {es of the Bellows were preft clofer together, yet it feem’d thar, according to our Expectation, fome litle Air got through the Pipe into the cavity of che Bladder: for when we began to vvith- draw again the Air we had» lec into the Receiver, the Bladder be- gan to {well again,and upon our letting down the Weight,to blow up and keep up the Feather, as had been done before the Recei- ver had been fo well exhaufted. What conjecture the opening and fhutting of our litle Bellows, more than once or twice, with- out producing any blaft fenfible by the raifing of the Feather, gave fome of the by. ftanders, may be eafily gue(s’d by the pream. bie of this Experiment; bue whilft I was endeavouring to profe- cute it for my own further information, a mifchance that si the 122 A Continuation of New Experiments the Inftrumenr,kept mefrom giving my felf the defir'd fatisfaatis on. a —$—<$—$— $e, EXPERIMENT XXXIX, About a further attempt to profecute the Inquiry propos’d in the foregoing Experiment. Onfidering with my felf, that by the help of fome contrivan- ces not difficult, a Syringe might be made to ferve, as faras our prefent occafion required» in ftead ofa pair of Bellows; I thought it would not be improper to try a differing, and, in fome regards, a better way toprofecute an attempt, which feem’d to the to deferve our Curiolity. , See plate. Lcaus’dthen to be made, for the formerly mentioned Syringe, the in ftead ofits ftreight Pipe, a crooked one, whofe fhorter Leg pe * — was paralleleo the longer, And this Pipe was for greater clofe- nefs, after ‘twas {crew'd on carefully, faftned with Cemene tothe Barrel; and becaufe the BrafS-pipe could fcarce be made fmalle- nough, we caus’d a fhortand very {lender Pipe of Glafs to be put into the orifice of thefhorter Leg, and diligently faften’d to it withclofe Cement, Then we caus‘d the Sucker (by the help of Oyl, Water, and moving icup and down) to be made to go as fmoothly as might be, without Jeffening the ftanchnefs of the Sy- ringe. After this; there was faftned co the handle of the Ram- mer a Weight, made in the form of a Ring, or Hoop, which by reafon of its figure might be fufpended from the newly mention’d handle of the Rammer, and hang loofe on the outfide of the Cy- linder, and which both by its Figure and its Weight might evenly and {wiftly enough deprefs the Sucker, when That being drawn upthe Weight fhould be let go. This Syringe thus farnithed, was faftned to a broad and heavy Pedeftal, to keep it in its vertis - cal pofture, and to hincer ic from Tottering, notwithftanding theWeight that clogg’dit. And befides all thefe things, there was : ¢ 7 b P¥7.° se Touching the Spring and VV eight of the Air. 4 33 was taken 4 Feather, which was aboutewo inches long, and of which there was left at the end a piece abour the breadth of a mans Thumb.naile, (the reft on either fide ofthe flender ftalle (ifI may fo call it) being ftript off) to cover the hole of the flender Glafs pipeof the Syringe, for which pirpofe the other extreme of it was fo faftned with Cement to thelower part of the Syring, (or to its Pedeftal,) that the broad end of the Feather was plac’d (as the other Feather was in the foregving Experiment) jaft over the litle orifice of the Glafs, at fuch aconvenient diftance, that when the Sucker was a litle (though but very litle) drawn up and let goagain, the Weight would deprefs it taft enough to blow up the broad part of the Feather, as bigh as was permitted by the refiftance of the Stalk, (and that was a good way;,) the Spring of which would prefencly reftore the whole Feather to its former pofition. All thefe things being done, and the handle of the Rammer being tied tothe Turning- key of a capp’d Receiver, the Syringe and its Pedeftal were inclofed ina capatious Receiver, (for none but fuch a one could contain them, and give fcope for the Ram- mers motions,)and the Pump being feton worke; we did, after fome quantity of Air was drawn out, riifethe Sucker a litle by the help of the Turning-key, aridthen wrning the fame Key the contrary way we faffer’d the Weight todepref{s the Sucker, that we might fee at what rate the Feather would be blowa up; ‘and finding that it was impell’d forceably enough, wecaus'd the pum- ping to be fo continued, that a pretty many panies were made, during each of which we rais’d and depre(s’d the Sucker as before, and had the opportunity to obferve, That as the Receiver was more and more exhaufted of the Air, {othe Feather was lefs and lefs briskly driven up, till at lengeh, when the Receiver was well emptied, the ufual elevations and depreffions of the Sucker would-not blow it up atall chat I couli perceive, though they Were far more frequently repeated than ever before; nor was I content to lookheedfully my felf, but I made one whom I had often 134 A Continuation of New Experiments oftenimploy’dabout Pneumatical Experiments to watch atten- tively, whilft I drew up, and let down the Sucker, but he affirm’d that he could not difcern the leaft beginning of Afcenfionin the Feather: And indeed to both ofus it feem’d, that the litle and inconfiderable motion that was fometimes (not alwayes) to be difcern’d in the Feather, proceeded not from any thing that iffued out of the Pipe, but from fome litle Shake, which twas difficult not to give the Syringe and Pedeftal, by the raifing and deprels fing of the Sucker. And that which made our Phenomenon the more confiderable, was, thac the Weight that carried down the Sucker being ftill the fame, and the motions of the Turning-key being ealie to be made equal at feveral times, there feem’d no reafon to fulpet that Contingencies did much (if at all) favour the fuccefss but there hapned athing, which did manifeftly enough distavourt: For I remember, that before the Syringe was put into the Rectie ver, when we were trying how the Weight would deprefs ic, and it was thought thac though the Weight were conveniently fhap'd, yet it was a litle of theleaft, I would not alter it, bue foretold, that when the Air in the Cavity of the Syringe (that now reli- fted the quicknefs of its defcent, becaufe fo much Air could not eafily and nimbly get out at fo {malla Pipe) fhould be exhautfted with the other Air of the Receiver, the elevated Sucker would fall down more eafily, which he, that was imploy’d to manage the Syringe whilft 1 watch’d the Feather, affirm’d himfelf afcerwards to obferve very evidently. Sothat when the Receiver was ¢xe haufted; ifthere had been inthe cavity of the Syringe a matter as fit as Air to make a Wind of, the Blaft ought to have been Grea- ter, becaufe the celerity that the Sucker was depreft with was fo. ‘After we had long enough tried in vain to raife the Feather, I order’d ome Air tobelet intotheReceiver, and though when the admitted Air was but very litle, the motions of the Sucker had {carce if at all any fenfible operation upon the Feather, yet when the quantity of Air began to be fomewhat confiderable, the Touching the [pring and weight of the Air. 133 the Feather began tobe alitle miov’d upwards, and fo by letting m Air notall aconce but more and more tromtimeto time. and by moving the Suckerup and down in the intervals of thofe times of admiffion, we had the opportunity to obferve, that as the Receiver had more Air init, the Feather would be more briskly blown up. But not content witha fingle Tryal of an Experiment of this confequence, we caufed the Receiver to be again exhaufted, and prolecuted the Tryal with the like fuccefs as before, onely this one Circumftance, that we added for confirmation,may be befit to behere taken noticeot. Having, after the Receiver was exhau- fted, drawn up and let fall the Sucker divers times inefteGuallys though hitherto we had not ufually rais’d ic any higher at atime, than we could by one turn of the hand, both becaufe we could not fo conveniently raife it higher by the Hand alone, and becaufe we thought it uaneceffary, fince that height fuffic’d to make the Air briskly tofs up the Feathers yet ex abundaati we novv took an inftrument that was pretty long and fit fototake hold on the Turning-key, that we could eafily raife the Sucker between two and three inches (by our Aiftimate) at atime, and nimbly deprefs it again; and for all this, which would much Have increas’d the Blaft, if there had been a Matter fit for it in the Cavity of the Sy- ringe, we could not fenfibly blow up the Feather, till wehadlet a litle Air into the Receiver: Tobe able to make an aftimate of the Quantity of Air pump’d out, or let in, when the Feather vvas ftrongly or faintly, Or not at all rais’d by the fall of the Sucker; vve took off the Re- ceiver, and conveyd a Gage into it, but though for a vvhile vve made fome ule of our Gage, yet a mifchance befalling ic before the Operation was quite ended, I fhall forbear toadde any thing concerning that Tryal, and proceed to fay fomething of another Attempt, wherein though I forefaw and met with {uch difficul- ties, as kept me from doing altogether what I defired, yerthe fuc- cefs being almoft as good as could be expected, I :fhall venture T to 136 A (Continuation of New Experiments to acquaint Your-Lordthip wit A the Tryal, which was this: In ftead of the hitherto imploy’d Pipe-of Brafs, there was well faftned (with Cement) oe vrinige a Pipe of Glafs, whofe fi- gure differ’d from that of the other in this particular, that the shorter (or remote t) Leg of our new Pipe, after it had for a while been carrie: i egeah to the other Leg, was bent off fo, ie an inch anda half of it tended downwards, that the orifice Fit might beimmerft into Water contain’d in'a {mall open Jarr. The defign of which contrivance was, that when the Receiver fhould be val exhaufted, we might (according to what I told Your Lordhip vvas at firft defign’d) try vvhether by the rarfing and Eeorcline of the Sucker any {uch Matter would be driven out at the nofe of the Pi ipe, as would produce bubb ies in the incumbent Wate,which, Air(though highly rarefied, perkaps to ome huns dreds of times beyond its wonted Dimenfions,) is capable of dos ing. And I choofeto imployrather Water. than Quick-filver, becaufe though by ufing the later I might hope to be lefs troue bled with bubbles 5 yet the ponderoufnels and opacity of it feem'd to outweigh thac convenience. I need nor tell Your Lordfhip, that in other refpects this Ex: periment was made like the former, fo thar I fhall mention onely its peculiarities, which were, That asthe Air was pump’d oat of the Receiver, that in the Glafs pipe made its way through the Water in Bubbles, and alitle Air having once by a fmall PLeak got in, and fore’d fome of the Water out ofthe Jarr into the pipe, when the Receiver was again vvell emptied, hea W ater andeventhe litle quantity y of ftagnant gpa that was contain’d intheimmerft part of the Pipe, produc’d {fo many bu rhbles of fee veral fizes, as quite difturb’d our Obfervations. WwW herefore we let alone the Receiver, exhaufted as it was, for 6 or 7 hours, to give the Water time to be freed from Air, and then caufing what Air mi ight have ftolen into be again pump’ ‘dout, till we had pers ceiv'dby the Gage that the Receiver was we il exhaufted, we caus 'dthe Sucker (of the Syringe) to.be rais’d and depreft diverfe times — oso ° 7 ; Loucht no the fp in ign i 07 (be Abr, 527 . ~ Ly ert WA Sat ae times, and though even then a Bubble vvould now ard then m1 {5 . pe ; make our Obfervations troublefome, and lefs c et itfeem’d to us, chat when we were not thus confounded, we { times ob- ferved chat the elevation and fall of che Sucker, though reiterated > did nut drive out at th bubbles in the it b Deh hea Pipe any thing tha 1t made any difcernable Ui nt now andchen for re Waters for thoug h there would appear 4 VR? I bubbles on the furface of the WV ater, yet I could not perceive thatthe Matrer that made them, iffued ut at the Pipes and fome of them manifettl y proceeded from A- etial Particles, cil then lurking inthe Water, as I concluded from the place and time of their rifing. But this Non-erupsion of bubles at the nofe of the Pipe, vvas not —_ which gaveme the moft of fatisfaétion. For at length both I and another had the Opportunity to obferve the Water in the im merft part of the Pipe, which was very flender, to be about an inch higher than the reft of the ftagnant Water, and to continue at chat height or pla ce in the Pipe, though the Sucker vvere divers times together rais’d anc i deprefi'd by Guefs between 2 and three inches ata time. Which feem’d to argue, either that there was avacaum inthe cae vity ofthe Syringe, or elfe that if ic were full of e4ther, that bo- ay vvas fo fubtle, that che impulfe it received from. the falling Sucker vvould not make it difplacea very litle Thread (per haps not exceeding a Grain in Weight) of Water that vvas inthe Setice ler Pipe. though i ic appear'd by the bubbles, chat fometimes difclos’d themfelves in the Water, a ifter the Receiver had been exhaufted, chat far more Water vvould be difplac’d and carried up by.afraall bubble confifting of fuch rarified Air, that accor- ding to my Ai ftimate the Aerial particles of it did not, before the Pump vvas begun to be fet on vvork,take up in the Watera five- hundredth | part Of the quantity of a Pins head. 3ut whilft we w ere confi dering what to do further in our Try- al, 2 alitie Air, that ftrain’din at fome {mall undifcoverable Leak, drove the Water into theemptied part of the Pipe, and put an end for that time to our Tryal, w nes had been too toylfome to invite us then to reiterate it. T 2 2 w Fa) en all m| fm ceil 138 A Continuation of New Experiments I had indeed thoughts of profecuting the Enquiry , dy dropping fromthe top of the exhanfted Receiver light Bodies convenient ly thap’d, to be turn’dround, or otherwife put out of their fim: pleft motion of Defcent, ifthey met with any refiftance in. their fall; andy making fuch Bodies move Horizontally and other. wifeinthe Receiver, as vvould probably difcover. whither they were aflifted by the meaiwm:. and other contrivances and wayes Thad in my thoughts, whereby to profecute our Enquiry, but vvanting time for other Experiments, [ could not fpare fo much as was neceflary to exhauft large Receivers fo diligently, as fuch nice Trials would exact; and therefore I refolv’d to defift, till] had more leifure than. I thenhad, ( or have fince been Matter of.) ; Inthe interim, thus much wefeem to have already difcovered by our paft Tryals, thacif when our Veflels are very diligently freed from Air, they are fullof ther, that A:ther is fuch abo- dy, as will not be made fenfibly to movea light Feather by fuch an impulfe as would make the Air manifeftly move it, not onely whilft tis no thinner than common Air, but when tis very highly rarified, (which, if] miftakenot, it was in our Experiment fo pi much, as to be brought to take up above an hundred times more room than before.) And one thing more we gain’d by the Tryal made with water; namely a clear confirmation of what I deliver’d inthe 34% Ex- eriment, about the caufe ofthe Su@ion that is made by Syrin- - gess for Your Lordthip may remember, that at the clofe of the Experiment we have all this while been reciting, I obferv'd, that - when the external Air was fo very well withdrawn, the pulling up of the Sucker would not. make the ftagnant Water, that the Pipe of the Syringe was immerft in,to alcend one inch, or fo much asthe tenth part of it. ra RE ST SEF egterveeeeeeey eene EXPERL Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 4 39 EXPERIMENT XL. cA bout the falling,in the Exhaufted Receiver,of a light Body fitted tohave its motion vifibly varied by afmall refiftance of the Air. Perio by whether in the {pace deferted by the Air, drawn. out of our Receivers, there would be any thing more fit to refift the motionof other light Bodies through it, than in the for- mer Experiment we found Itto.impell them into motion; and partly for another purpofe to be mention’d by and by, we made the following Tryals, Wetooka Receiver, which, though lefs tall than we would have had, was the longeft we could procure: and that we might be able, not fo properly to let down as, to let falla Body.in.it, we fo faftaed.a {mall pair of Tobacco- Tongs to the infide of the Re- ceivers Brafs- Cover, that by moving the Turning-key, we might. by a ftring tied to one part of them, open the Tongs, which elfe their own Spring would keep fbut.. This being done, the next thing was to provide a Body, which vvould not.fall down likea Stone, or another dead Weight through the Air, but would in the manner ofits defcent thew, that its motion was fomewhat refitted by the Air, vvherefore that vve might have a Body that vvould be turn’d about Horizontally (as it were) in its fall, we thought fic to joyn.Crofs-wife four broad and light. Feathers (each about an.Inchlong) at their Quils with a litle Cement; into vvhichwve alfo ftuck perpendicularly a {mall Label of Pa- per, aboutan 8" of an inch in breadth, and fomewhat more in height, by vvhich the Tongues might take hold of our light In- ftrument vvithout touching the Cement, which elfe might ftick to them, By the help of this {mall piece of Paper, the litle Inftrument,. See. fvvhich it made apart, vvas fo taken hold of by the Tongs, 71" thatit hung as Horizontal. as fuch.a thing could well be placd:. “" ~ and 3 — i4o A Continuation of New Experiments ‘aa PP castoun Wee Nene Een pee re and thenthe Receiver being cemented on to the Engine, the Dix hae otst nine les tel } rOmpVVvas digentiy been conveyed in, that t Tea ot Kine We iG’? saftly, our eves pens thers, the Tongs wer and the litle Inftramen Pen hia REAS. (Ate made fome turns ia its ¢ ich leche ver SRCA AI eee 4 from, yet now it defcended like a cead REL a Peer eee 94° ae TEES perceiv’d by any ofus to make {0 much . ° n “43 ; a it: notwithftanding which I did, 2 st or apart of y, caufe the Receiver to be taken off, and put on agaia, after the Feathers were taken hold of by the Tongs, whence being let fall inthe Receiver unexhaufted, they made fome Turns in their defcent, as they alfo did being a fecond tithe let fall after the fame manner. But when after this, the Feathers being plac’d'as before, we repeated the Experiment by carefully pumping out che Air, nei- ther I nor any of the By-ftanders could perceive any thing of Tarning in the defcent of the Feathers, and yet for farther fecu- rity welet them fall twice more in the unexhaufted Receiver, and found them to turn in falling as before; whereas when we dida 3‘ time let them fall inthe well exhaufted Receiver, they fell after the fame manner as they had done formerly, when the Air, that vvould by its refiftance have turn’dthem round, vvas remov'd out of theit vvay. Note 1. though (as T intimated above) the Glafs, vvherein this Experiment was made, were nothing near fo tall as I would havehed it, yet itwas taller than any ofour ordinary Receivers, it being in height about 22 inches. 2, Onethat hadhad more leifure and conveniency, might have made amore commodious Inftrument than that we made ufeof: for being accidentally vificed by that Sagacious Mathes matician D' ren, and {peaking to him of this matter, he was leas’d with great dexterity as well as readinefS to make me'alit- tle Inftrument of Paper, oa which, when twas lec fall, the refi- ftance ching the Spring and VI eight ftance of the Air had fo manifeft an operation,: that I { made ufe of itin our Experiment, had it not bec when the ingenious Maker was gone out of thefe parts. 3. Though have but briefly related our having fo order’d : . 1 > > ,? : - the matter, that we could conveniently Jet fall 4 Body inthe Re- ~ ceiver when very well exhaufted, yet tocontrive and put in pra- ctice what was neceffary to perform this, was not fo very eafie, andit would be difficule to defcribe it circum ftantially without very many words; for which reafon I forbear an account, that would prove too tedious tous both, 4. What has been hitherto related, was done in profecution of but one of the two Defigns I aim’d at in the foregoing Contri vance, by which I intended reda all enough, totry whet ¢ heavier) being lec fall when the Air was very diligently pump’d out, would not delcend fomewhat fafter thanif the Receiver were fullofAir, But though I had provided a Pendulum that vibrated quarters of Seconds; yet the Glafs being no higher than it was, the Defcent even of our Feathers took up fo litle time, that even this Pendulum was of no ufesonely it feem’d to all of us that were prefent at making the above recited Tryals, that when the Feathers were let fall at {uch times as the Air (that would have turn‘d them round in their defcent) was removed, they came to the botcom fenfibly fooner than at other times, But when we fhall have opportunity to repeat the Experiment in taller Glaffes, and to make fome variation of it, I hope to beable to give Your Lordfhip.a fuller fatisfaGion about this Particular. And inthe mean while I fhall forbear ta examine whether the Air might fomewhat retard the defcent of the Feathers upon fome other ac- count, or meerly upon that of its being a medium not quite devoid of Gravity. if “anid have nenrureset«aR ; s ,» If could have procured a Receiver er Bodies (fome very light, and-fome Annotations. — t.But here I muft be fo fincere as to inform Your Lordthip,thac this 40" Experiment feem’d not to prove fo muchas did the : fore- $42 A Continuation of New Experiments foregoing made with the Syringe: for being fufpicious that, to make the feathered body above mentioned turnin its fall, there would need a refiftance not altogether inconfiderable, I caus’d the Experiment to be repeated, when the Receiver was by our Ati. mate (which was not made at random neither) litle or nothing more than half exhaufted, and yet the remaining Air was too fat rarified to make the falling Body manifeftly turn. 2. And yet perchance it would have hapned otherwife, if the Receiver had been tall enough; which though [had not then lea- fure and conveniency to make it, yet it willmoc be amifs colet Your Lorthip know by what means we did, that it might be fomewhat fit to make the recited Experiment and fome others, bring ittothe heightithad, which did confiderably exceed that of the talleft Glafs we could then procure. To lengthen our Receiver therefore, we thought fit to try, whether we-could not clofe enough faften to the bottom of tt with very good Cement a.Cylindrical Pipe of Laton, whofe up- per orifice fhould have neer the fame breadth with the bottom of the Glafs. And though this Contrivance feem’d liable to a cou- ple of not mean difficulties; The one, that the Laton being every where bended, andin fome places neceflary to be foucer’d, it would be very -hard (as indeed we found it) to avoid fome fmall cracks and leaks: And the other, that ifthe metalline Pipe were wide enough,fo great. and heavy a pillar ot the Atmofphere would come to bear againft ic, as to prefs it inwards, if not alfo to break it; yet we hoped we fhould be able to obviate both of thele in- conveniences. Againft the firft of which our Remedy was, to Coat over very carefully the whole Pipe with the fame cloieCe- ment, wherewith we faftned it to the Glafs Receiver. And againft the Second; we provided a litle Frame, confifting of divers {mall Tron Bars faftned togethers which Frame (though twere not too wide to go into the Cylinder of Laton, yet it) was wide enough ¢obe fo neer it onthe infide, thac (though the weight of the Armofphere should, as we feared, prefs the Lacon fo as to.make it Louchine the [pring and weicht of the Air. Co) d c=) a J ie yield inward, yet) it could make it bend no further char Iron- frame would permit; which was not far enough t ther che Receiver or the Experiment. _ And this not unp! phenomenon would fomewhat furprife unaccutomed Speé that when after the Receiver had been very well exhaufted, the external Air was permitted toreturn, there would be heard du- ting fome time, from the metalline part of the Receiver, divers Sounds brisk enough, which would make an odd Cracking noife proceeding from the Laton- plate, which having been forceably, though but flowly, bent inwards by the predominant Preflure of the Atmofphere, was now affifted by the Preflure of the return- ing Air, toregainits former Figure. And as I thought not fic toomit this Circumftance, becaufe it confirms the practicable- nefs of the Remedy propos’d againft the 2“Incoavenience; fo I thought fit to mention this way ofenlarging and heightning Re- ceivers, becaufe what we have related feems to give Grounds of hoping that this Gontrivance may be made good ufeofin divers other Tryals, and particularly in attempts to make Receivers cae pacious enough to contain larger Animals, and perhaps evena Boy, ora Man, Ia order to fome of which purpofes we indea- Voured to get an improvement made of our Metalline Cylinder by additional contrivances; but could not (where we then were) get Artificers, that would perform what was directed, EXPERIMENT XLL About the propagation of Sounds in the Exhanfied Re- ceiver. Te make fome further Obfervation than is mention’din the *Publifh’d Experiments, about the Produétion and con- veying of Sounds ina Glafs whence the Airis drawn our, weim- ploy:da Contrivance, of which (becaufe we make ufe of it in di- . Vv vers * Page the 105, 106.4 144 A Continuation of New Experiments vers other Experiments) it will be requificeto give Your Lord- thip here fome fhort defcription, We caus’d to be made at. the Turners a Cylinder of Box, or the like clofe and firme Wood, and of alength fuitable to that of the Receiverit was to beimploy‘din. Out of che lower Bafis of this Cylinder (vvhich might be about aninch and a half in Dia- meter) there camea({maller Cylinder or Axle-tree not a quarter fo thick as the other, and Jefs than aninchlong: this vvas Turn’d very true,thac it might move to & fro(or,as the Tradefmen call it, Ride) very {moothly inalitle Ferrule or Ring of Brafs, that was by the fame Turner ma le for icin the midft of the fixe Trencher, (as we call a piece of folid Wood thap’d like a Milftone,) being 4 or 5 inches(moreor lefs according tothe widenels of the Re- ceiver) in breadth, and between one and two in thicknefs; and inalarge and round Groove, or Gutter, purpofely made in the lower part of this Trencher, I caus’d as much Lead as vvould fill itup to be plac’d and faften’d, that ic might keep the Trencher from being eafily mov’dout of its place or pofture, and in the upper part of this Trencher itvvas intended that Holes thould be made at fuch places as fhould be thought fit, to place bodies at fee veral diftancesas occafion fhould require, The upper Bafis of the Cylinder had alfo coming out of the midft of it another Axletree, but wider than the former, that, into a Cavity made in ir, it might receive the lower end of the Turniog-key divers times already mentioned, to whichtwas to be faftned by a flender peg of Brals, thruft through two correfpondent holes, the one mace in the Key, and the other in the newly mentioned Socket (it I may fo callie) of the Axletree.. Befides all vvhich, there were divers Horizontal Perforations bored here and there in the Pillar it felf, to which this Axis belone’d, vvhich Pillar we fhall to avoid am- biguicy call the Vertical Cylinder, The general ufe of this con- trivance (whofe other parts need not to be mentioned before the Experiments wherethey areimploy’d) is, that the end of the Turning- key being putinto the Socket, and che lower Axis of the Touching the foring and weight of the Air, e413” c f Ss OS J the Vertical Cylinder into the Trencher, by the motior 1 Key a Body faften’d at one of the holes approach d too, or remov'd from, or made to rub o: ftrike againg another Body faftned in 2 convenient poftuseto the upper Part of the Trencher, To come now to our Tryal about Sounds, vve caus’d a Hand- Bell (vvhofe Handle and Clapper were raken away) tobe fo fa nedtoa ftrong Wire, that, oneend of the Wire being made faft in the Trencher, the other end, vvhich vvas purpofely bent down- wards, took hold ofthe Bell. In another hole, made in the cir- cumference of the fame Trencher, vvas vvede'd in (vvitha woo- den Peg) a Steel-fpring, to whofe upper part was tied a Gad of Tron or Steel, lefsthan an inch long, but of a pretty thickne(s. The length of this Spring was fuch, as co make the upper part of the Hammer (if I may. fo call the piece of Iron} of the fame height with the Bell, and the diftance of the Spring from the Bellwas. : fach, that whenit was forc’d back the other way, it might at its 7). are. return make the Hammer fttike briskly upon the outfide of the/errd to. Bell. The Trencher being thus furnifht and plac'dina Capp'd Re- ceiver, (as You know, for brevity fake, we ufeto call one that is fitted with one or other of the Brafs Covers, often mentioned already,) the Air was diligently pump’d out; andthen, by the help of the Turning-key, the Vertical Cylinder was made to go round, by which means as. often ds eit&er of 3 couple of tiff Wires, or {mall Pegs, chat were faftned at right Anglesinto holes,«made not far from the bottom of the Cylinder, pafs’d ( under the Bell, and) by the lately mentioned Spring; they forceably did in their paflage bend it from the Bell, by which means, as foon as the Wire was gone by, and the Spring ceas‘dto be prefs'd, it would fly back with violence, enough to make the Hammer give 2-fmart itroak upon the Bell: » And by this means we could both conti+ nue the Experiment at diferetion, and make the percuflions more equally ftrong than it would otherwife havebeen eafie to Cos V2 ie 145 A (Continuation of New Experiments The event of our Tryal was, That, when the Receiver was vvell emptied, it fometimes feem’d doubtful, efpecially to fome ofthe By-ftanders, whether any Sound were produc’d or'nos but to mefor the moft part it feem'd, that after much éttention I heard a Sound, that I could but juft hears and yet, vvhich ts odd, me thought it had fomewhat of the nature of Shrilnefs init, but feerm’d (which is not ftrange) to come from a good way off Whe- ther che often turning of the Cylindrical Key kept the Receiver from being fo ftanch as elfeit vvould have been, upon vvhich fcorefome litle Air might infinuaceit felf, 1 thall not pofttively determine: but to difcover vvhat intereft che Prefence or the ab- fence of the Air. might have in the Loudnefs or Lownefs of the Sound, I caus:d the Air to be let into the Receiver, notall at once bur ae feveral times, with competent intervals between them; by which Expedient it was eafie to obferve, that the Vertical Cylin- der being ftill made to go round, when a litle Air vvas let in, the ftroak of the Hammer uponthe Bell (chat before cou!d now and then not be heard, sand: forthe moft pare be: bur very fcarcely heard) began to be eafily heard, And when a litle more Air wis let in, the Sound grew more and more audible, and fo increafed, tillthe Receiver was again replenifhed with Air, though even then(that we omit not That phenomenon) the Sound was obferv’d to be muchilefs loud than when the Receiver was mot’ interpos'd between the Bell and the Ear. 1 Set And whereas in the already publith’d Phyfico- Mechanical Ex- periments I acquainted Your Lordfhip with whatl obferv’d a- bout the Sound of an ordinary Watch in the Exhaufted Receiver, J thall now adde, that That Experiment was repeated not long fince, with the addition of fufpending in the Receiver a Watch, with a good Alarum, which was purpofely fo fer, that it might, before it fhould begin to ring y give us time to cement on the Receiver very carefully, exhauft ic very diligently, and fertle "our felves in a filent: and attentive pofture. “And to ‘make this Experiment in fome refpedt more accurate than’ the others we ade Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 7 4? made ot Sounds, we fecur’d our felves againft any leaking at the Top, by imploying a Receiver that was made all of one piece of Glafs, (and confequently had no Cover cemented on to it,) being farnifh’d onely within (when twas firft blown) with a Glafs- knob or Button, to whicha ftring might be tied. And becaufe it might be fufpected, that if the Watch were fufpended by its own Silver Chain, the tremulous motion of its founding Bell might be pro- pagated by that Metalline Chain to the upper part of the Glafs; to obviate this as wellas we could, we hung the Watch, not by its Chain, but by-avery flender Threal, whofe upper end was faftned to the newly mentioned Glafs-butron. Thefe things being done, andthe Air being carefully pump’d out, we filently expected the time when the Alarum fhould begin toring, which ‘twas eafie to know by the help of our other Watches; but not hearing any noife fo foon as we expected, it would perhaps have been doubted whether the Watch continued Going, if for prevention we had not order’d the matter fo, thar we could difcern it did noe ftand ftill. Wherefore Idefir'd an ingenious Gentleman to hold his Ear juft-over the Button, at which the Watch was {ufpended, and to hold it alfo very near to the Receiver, upon which he told us that he could perceive, and but juft perceive fomething of Sound, that feem’d to come from far; though neither we that liftned-very attentively near other parts of the Receiver, nor he, if his Ears were no more advanta- ged in point of pofition chan Ours, were fatisfied thac we heard the Watchat all. Wherefore ordering fome Air to be let in, we did by the help of attention begin to hear the Alarum; whofe Sound was odd enough, and, by returning the Stop: cock to keep any more Air from getting in, we kept the Sound thus low for a pretty while, after which a litle more Air, that was permitted to enter, made it become more audible; and when the Air was yet more freely admitted, the by- ftanders could plainly hear the noife vf che yet continuing Alarum ata confiderable diftance from she heceiver. From 148 A Continuation of New Experiments From what has hitherto been related we may learn what is to bethought of what is delivered by the Learned merfennus, in that Book of his Harmonicks, where he makes this to be the firft Propofition. Sonus 4 Campanu, vel aliw corporilus non folsm producitur in illo vacuo (quicquid tandem illud fit,) quod fit in Ta- bis Hyar argyro plenis, pofteag, depletis, (ed etiam dem acumen,quod in Acre libero vel clan{o penitus obfervatur G audttur. For the proof of which Affertion, not long after, he {peaks chus: Porro vse yits Tubis, quorum extremis Lagena vitrea adglatinantur, obfervari Campanas inillo vacuo appen{as, proprii(g, malleis percuf[as idem penitus acumen retinere, quod in Acre libero habent: atg, [oni mag- nitudinem ci [ono, qui fit in —Aere quem Tubus clan{us includit, nihil cedere. Bat though our Experiments fufficiently manifeft that the prefence or abfence of the common Air is of no fmall importance as to the conveying of Sounds, and that the interpofi- tion of Glafs may fenfibly weaken thems yet fo diligent and faith- ful a Writer as Merfennus deferves to be favourably treated: and theréfore I thall reprefent on his behalf, chat what he fayes may well enough have been true, as far as could be gathered from the Tryalshe made. For Firft, tis no eafie matter, efpecially for thofe that have not peculiar and very clofe Cements, to keep the Air quite out for any confiderable time in veffels confifting of divers pieces, {uch as he appears to have made ufe of. And next, the bignefs of the Bell in reference to the capacity of the exhau- fted Glafs, and the thicknefs of the GlafS, and the manner where- by the Bell was taftned tothe infide of the Glafs, and the Ham- mer ot Clapper was made to ftrike, may much vary the Effed of the Tryal, for Reafons eafie to be gather’d out of the paft Dif- courfe, and therefore not needful to be here infiftedon. And up- on this Account we chofe to make our Experiment, with founds that (hould not be ftrong or loud, and to produce them after fuch Hi | amanner, as that as licle fhaking as could be might be given by Leis the founding Body to the Glafs “twas includedin’ The Propofa made by the fame Merfeanus, to have thofe that have induftry nougb Touching the Spring and VVeioht of the Aj». 149 nough, try whether a Bag: pipe will be made to attord the fame Sound asin the open Air, in (uch Veflels as he ufed for his Bels though he feems to think it would fucceed, is that which Your Lordthip will not, Iprefume, follicite meto make Tryal of, if You remember what is related in the almoft immediately foreco. ing Experiments, fhewing, That we could make nothing come out of the Cavity of a pair of Bellows, that had force enough to blow away a Feather, when that Cavity was freed from Air, as the Bagpipe would be by tke fame operation, that empties the Glate that contains it, or elfethe Sound would nor be madein fuch a Vacuum as the {cope of the Experiment requires. If [had had Conveniency, I would have made fome Tryals by conveying a {mall ftringd Inftrument (perhaps fome fuch as they commonly calla xXit ) exactly run’d, intoa large Receiver, and then upon briskly ftriking the String of a bigger laftrument, (tuned, as they fpeak, to an Unifonto (or with) that of the {maller Tnftrument) I fhould have taken notice, whether the Sound would have been fo uniformly propagated, notwithftanding the Inter- polition of the Glafs Receiver, as fenfibly to fhake the included String; in order to the difcerning of which, a bended Piece of Straw, or Feather, or fome fuch light body, was to be hors'd up- onthe String to be fhaken. I alfointended, in cafe the ftring were made to move, to make the like Tryal after the Receiver was diligently exhaufted. And laftly I defign’d to try, whether two Unifon ftrings of the fame Inftruments, or ofa couple to be plac'd in the fame Receiver, would, when the Air (which is the ufual medium of Sounds) was well pump'd our, yet maintain fuch a Sympathy (as tis call’d,) thae upon the motion of the one, the other wouldalfo be madeto ftir: Which Tryals may be varied, by imployisg for the external Inftrument anether in ftead of a ftringed one. And becaufe C ontraries (as is vulgarly noted) ferve to illuftrate each other, I thought to fabjoyn, tothe Tryals above related, about the propagation of Sounds in ashimmer wsedinm wes 3 350 A Continuation of New Experiments Air, fome obfervations about the conveyance of them through that thicker medium, Water, but having unluckily mislaid my Notes upon that Subject, 1 cannot at prefent acquaint Y our Lord- fhip with what I intended, but mutt defer the doing it, till I fhall have recovered Them. a EXPERIMENT XLIL About the breaking of aGlafs-drop in an Exhausted Req ceiver: YY Onknow, that among the Caufes that have been propos'd of the ftrange flying ofa Glafs- drop into a multitude of pie- ces, when the flender Stem of it comes to be broken off, One of the leaft improbable was taken from the Preffure of the Air: as if that within the poreous (and as ‘twere honey-comb’d) infide of the Glafs, being highly rarified when the drop of melted Glafs fell into the Water at its firft formation, it was fore'd to continue in that praeternacural ftare of Expanfion by the hardnefs and clofe- ne(s of the external Cafe of Glafs, that inclos‘d the Pithlike part (if 1 may fo call it;) forhat upon the breaking off a part of this folid Gafeat the Stem, the external Air gaining accefs, and find- ing in the Spungy pare very litle refiftance from the highly rari- fied and confequently weaken’d Air included there, rufhes in with fuch violence , as to fhiver the Glafs-drop into a multitude of ieces. 3 I fhall notnowtrouble Your Lordfhip with the mention of what may be alleadg’d to queftion this Hypothe(is, e{pecially ifit be compared with that accurate Account of the Phenomena of fuch Glafs drops, which was fometime fince prefented to che So- ciety by that great Ornament of it, St Robert Moray. Bat I fhall onely fay inthis place, that when I confider’d, that if the Diffili- tion of the Glafs would fucceed when the Air was pump’d out of it, Louching the fpring and weight of the Air. Izy it, it would be hard to afcribe that Effect to the irruption of the external Air, I thought fit totry what would happen, if a Glafge drop were broken in our exhaufted Receiver. And accordingly did, rhoughnot without fome difficulty, fo order the matter, that the blanter part of the Glafs-drop was faftned toa ftable Body (convey'd into the Receiver,) and the crooked Stem was tyed to one end ofa ftring, whofe other end was faftned to-the Turning- keys by which means, when the Air had been diligently pump’d out, the Stem was (by fhortning the ftring) broken off, and the Glafs-drop was fhatter’d into a thoufand pieces. This Experiment was long after repeated with the like fuccefs, and having at that time no Gage to try how far the Ait had been drawn out, we let the external Air impell up the Water out of the Pump into the Receiver, and thereby found, that That veflel had not been negligently exhaufted. EXPERIMENT XLII, About the production of Light in the exhaufted Receiver. ] Prefume, Ineed not put Your Lordfhip in mind, that divers attempts were made to try, whether either a Flame, or kindled Coals would be made to continue for fometime burning in our Receiver: But thofe Tryals making it evident, tbat it would be either impoffible, or very difficult to produce any durable Lighr, without the prefence of the Air, by the burning of bodies; I thought it not amis, confidering the Noblenefs of Light, to make trial, whether it might be otherwife produc’d in our exhaufted Recei- ver; fince whether or no the Attempts fhould prove fuccefsful, the Event would probably be inftru@ive. For as tis the proper- ty of Light, when tis produc’d, to be difcoverable by it felf; fo infucha Tryal as we intended; it would teach fomething concer- ning Light, to find that the abfence of the Air would or would x not os 15? A (Continuation of new Experiments not hinderit from being produc’d. In profecution of this De. fign, knowing thet hard Sugar, being nimbly {crap’d with a knife, will afford a fparkling Light, fo that now & then one would think that {parks of Fire fy.from it; we caus’d agood lump of hard Loaf-fugar to be conveniently and firmly placed in the cavity of our capp’d Receiver, and to the vertical Cylinder formerly mens us'd to be faftned fome pieces of a Steel-fpring, tioned we ca which being not very thick, might in their paflage along the Su- gar, grate, or rab forceably againft ic, and then the Receiver be- ing diligently exhaufted inthe Night-time, and inadark Room, the vertical Cylinder (whofe lower 4% was infertedinto the of- ten mentioned Trencher) was made for a pretty while to move The Contrivance bere Yound by the help of the Turning-key, manag’d by a mentioned may be con. hand fteady and {trong enough. By which means the Irons Waa Pipes that came out of the vertical Cylinder, making in their the 41, Experiment. paflage vigorous impreffions upon the Sugar that ftood fomewhatin their way, there were manifeftly producd a good number of litle fa/hes; and fometimes too, though not frequent- ly, there feem’d to be ruck off litle {parks of Fire. EXPERIMENT XLIV. About the production a 4 roe of Halo, snd Colours inthe Exe aufica Receiver. WVE took a large inverted Cucurbite for a Receiver, which being fo well wip’d both within and without as to be very clear, allow'd me to obferve, andto make others do fo too, That when the Pump began to be feta work, if I caus’d a pretty large Candle to be held onthe other fide of the Glafs, upon the turning ofthe Stop cock to let the Air out of the Receiver into the Cylinder, the Glafs would feem to be full of Fumes, and there would appear about the Flame of the Candle, {een through chem, a * r gy 4 ‘ o . | 4 e f A He ~ Touching the fpring and weight of the Air. 15° akindof Halo, that at firft commonly was between Blew and Green, and after fome Sucks would be ofa Reddith or Orange colour,and bothvery vivid. The produétion of this aceteor (if I may fo call ic) was, according to my conjecture, made on fome fuch {core asthis. That the Cement being fomewhat foft an: new (as is convenient for this Experiment) abounds with ' pentine, and having a litle (as well to faften onthe Receiver, as for the other purpofe) apply’d to it'a hot Iron, whereby the Ce- ment was both foftned and heated, it feem’d rational to expect, That upon the withdrawing of the Air in the Receiver, the Acri- al Particles in the Cement, freed from their former Preffure, would extricate themfelves, and with the loofer Reams of the Turpentine and perhaps of the Bees-wax would witha kind of Explofion expand rhem(elves in the Receiver, and by their inter- pofition between the Light and the Eye exhibie thofe delightful Colours we had feen. To confirme which, I afterwards found, thac by watchfully obferving it I could plainly enouch perceive the colouring fteams, juft uponthe turning of the Stopcock, to fly up from the Cement towards the top of the Glafss andif we continued Pumping, the Receiver would grow clearer, and the Colours more dilute, (till we had occafionto put on the Recei- ver, and heat the Cement afrefh:) of which the reafon might be, partly that the Aerial and Volatile Particles of the upper part of the Cement did inthat tra of time {pend themfelves more and mores and partly, becaufe the Agitation they. receiv’d from the hest communicated by the Irondid continually decay: Not to nention , that when the Receiver is more exhaufted, the want of Air makes it more difficul€ for Steams to be fupported, and asit were {wim up and down in it. But for farther Confirmation, I caus’d fome Cement to be pat intoa {mall Crucible, warm erlough to meltity and conveying this into 4 clear Receiver of a convenient thape and fize, 1 caus’d the Pomp to be fet a work; whereupon icappear’d manifeftly e- nough, That upon the opening of the Stop: cock ro let a X 2 ify i +} 15 4. A (Continuation of New Experiments Air, the Steams would copioufly be thrown about from the Cra: cible into the capacity of the Receiver, and would, after having a litle play'd there, fall down again. But in thefe apparitions the Vividnefs, and fometimes the Kind of the exhibited Colours feem’d much to depend upon divers circumftances, fuch as the egrees of Heat, the bignefs and fhape of the Receiver, the quans tity of Air thac yet remain‘d unpamp‘d out, and the nature of the Cement its felf, which laft particular I che rather mention, be caufe, though 1 were hinder’d from doing it, I had thoughts to try alufpicion [ had, that by varying the Materials expos’dto this kind of operation; fome pretty variety might be made in the pha- nomena of the Experiment. Whether or no the Apparition of Whitene(s, or Light, that we fometimes hapned to take notice of divers years agoe, and have # pag.. 56, mentioned in the already * publifh’d pare of our Phyfico-mecha« Ros nical Experiments, may be partly (though not entirely) referr’d to fome of the Cements! then imploy’d, differing from thofe I now ufe moft, and to the unheeded temper of thofe Cements, as to Warmth, and degrees of Softnefs, is a Doubt that further Obs fervation may poffibly enable us to determine, EXPERIMENT XLY, ; About the production of Heat by Attrition inthe Exhaufled Re- CeeVErs ; Ti opinionthat afcribes the Incafefcence of folid Bodies, ftruck or rubb’d hard againft one another tothe attrition ot vehement agitation of the intercepted Air, is famous.and received enouzh to feem worthy ofa pafticular Examination. But I con fefs to Your Lordfhip, that twas not any thing relating co this Qpinion that chiefly induc’d me to make the Experiment 1 am nowabout to givean account of; for I thoughtit might be ule ful y s “ a f a 5 } » Touching the forine and 1 fae) Ai o> peig ht of the fir, f .) fall to more purpofes than one, to be able to produce by Attritie on afomewhut curable Heat eveninour éexhaufted Receiver: and therefore though ’twere eafie to forefee, thet ic would prove no eafietask, yet we thought fit toattemptit in {pight of the diffi- culties mec with at our firft Tryal. In what way and with what fucce{s we afterwards made this attempr, I now proceed to re- late. Crofs the ftable Trencher, formerly often mentioned, there at was faltned a pretty {trong Spring’ of Steel or Iron, thap’dalmott prite ihe like the Lathe of a Crofs- bow, and to the midft of this Spring Fig. the was ftrongly faftned:on the outfide a round piece of Brafs hol- low'd almoft like a concave Burning: glafs, or one of thofe Tools wherein they ufe to grind Eye-Glaffes for Telefcopes. To this piece of Brals, which was not confiderably thick, nor above 2 in- ches Diameter, was fitted aconvex piece of the fame Meral, al- moft like a Gage fora Tool to grind Glafles in,which had belong- ing to it a {quare Handle,whereinto as into a Socket was inferted a {quare piece of Wood, proceeding fromthe Bafis ofa {quare wooden Pillar, which we made ufe of on this occafion in ftead of our vertical Cylinders By the help of another piece of Wood coming from the other Bafis of the fame Pillar, the Turning- key was joyned to this Pillar, which was made of {uch alength, chat when the Turning.key was forceably kept down as low as the Brafs Cover, it wasapart of, would permit; the convex piece of Metal lately defcrib’d did deprefs the concave piece a pretty way, notwithitanding a vigorous refiftance of the fubjacent Spring. Befides thefe things, a litle fine powder of Emery was put bee tween the convex and concave pieces of Brafs, to make them more congruoas, and facilitate the motion that was to be mades and there was faftned to the upper part of the Turning key-a good Wimble, without which we prefum’d the turning. of the Key would not produce a fufficient motion: inorder to the making o which, it was, after the firft Trysl; judged requifite to have 3 {trong man, that was us'dto exercife his hands and armes ~ Mes chanicé FI er = = SS SSeS A 156 A Continuation of New Experiments chanical labours, upon which account we fent for acertain Locks fmith, that was alufty and dexterous fellow. Ail things that were chought neceffary being thus in readinefs, and a Mercurial Gage being convey’d into the Receiver, we caus‘d the Air to be diligently pump’dout; and then the Smith wasor- . der’dto turn the Wimble, and to continue to lean a litle oni, that he might be fure to keep the Turning- key from being at all lifted up by the formerly mentioned Spring. Whilf chis man with mach nimblenefs and ftrength.was moving the Wimble, I watch'd the Gage, to obferve whether the agitati- onof the Stop: cock, and confequently the Engine, -did aot pre- judice the Experiment; and for greater caution I caus’dthe Pamp to be almoft all the while kepe ac work, though that feem’d not fo neceflary. When the Turner of the Wimble was almoft out. of Breath, we let in for haft the Air at the Cover of the Receiver by lifting up the Turning-key, and nimbly removing the Receiver we tele the pieces of Brafs, betwixt whom the Attrition had been made, and, as we expected, found both of them very fenfibly warm. But being willing to confirm the Experiment by afecond Try- al, which we hoped might, afrer the Experience taught us by the firft, be fomewhar better performed, we caus’d the Smith, after he had well refreth’d himfelf with reft and drink, to lay hold of the Wimble again, when the Gage made it appear thatthe Recei- ver was well exhaufted, fo that by further Pumping the Quick filver feem’d not to be further depreft. And inthis 2¢ Tryal the nimble Smith plaid his part fo well, (the Pump in the mean while not being neglected, ) that when we did as before haftily let inthe Air, and take out the Bodies that had been rubb’d againft one a= nother,they were both of them (efpecially the uppermoft) fo hor, that I could not endure to hold my hand on either of them, and they didfora confiderabletime retain a not inconfiderable degree of Warmth. The fame day I caus'd to be made at the Turners two bodies of lias > { i Touching the Spring and VI eight of the Airs 5 57 of Wood, for fize and fhape like thofe of Brats we had jaft before imploy’d; the upper of thefe was of hard Oak, the other of Beech, (fuch a difference between Woods,to be heated by mutual Artri- tion, being thought to be an advantageous citcumftance; ) but though the Wimble was fwiftly curn’d as before, and that by the fame Perfon, neyerthelefs the Wood feem’d not to me (for all the By-ftanders were not of my opinion) to have manifeftly ac- quired any Warmth; and yet that there had been a confiderable Attrition, appear'd by the great Polith which Part of the Wood had evidently acquir’d, vvhich made me fulpea, that though the Wood feem'd dry enough, yetit might not really be fo, notwith- {tanding the contrary was affirm’d to me: but not being willing to fitdown with a fingle Tryal, I caus’d the Experiment to be re= peated with more obftinacy than before; the effe@ of which was, that the Wood, efpecially the upper piece of it, vvas brought to a Warmth unqueftionably fenfible, Se eared eaeiacs-eumseussnemnaesibe EXPERIMENT XLVL About the flaking of Quick-Lime in the Exhaufted Re- ceiver, 7 He feveral Scopes I aim’d at in making the following Tryal are not neceflary to be here particularly taken notice of But one of them may be guefs’d at by the fubfequence of this Experi- ment tothat immediately foregoing, and the phenomena of it may be mentionedin this Epiftle upon the account of their being exhibited by our Engine, We took in an Evaporating Glas a convenient quantity of Water, and having convey’d it intoa Receiver, and well drawn oucthe Air, we let down into it by the Turning-key a lump of ftrong Lime; about the bignefs ofa Pipin, and oblerv'd not that at the firft immerfion, nor for fome while atcer, thereappea’d a- ny — 458 A Continuation of New Experiments ny confiderable number of Bubbles, but within about ; ofan hour, as Iguefs'd ir, the Lime began (the Pamp having been and being ftill ply’d from time to time) to flack with much violence, and with bubbles wonderfully great, that appear'd at each new Exuétion, fo that the infide of the Receiver (though pretty large) was at lenoth lin’d with Lime-water, and a great part of the mix- ture did from time to time overflow the veflel, that had purpole- ly been but little fill'd; nor did any thing but our wearinefs pue a period to the bubling of the mixture, whofe heat was fenfible even on the outfide of the Receiver, and which continued confix derably hot in the Evaporating Glafs for 3 of an hoar (as I conje- &ured) after the Receiver was removed. Note, That the Lime imployed about this Experiment was of avery good and ftrong kind (made of hard ftones,) and not fuch Lime, made of Chalk, as is commonly ufed at London, which probably would not have been ftrong enough to have afforded us the fame phenomenon. — EXPERIMENT XLVIL ‘About an attempt made to meafare the force of the Spring of included Air, and examine a Conjecture about the difference of sts frrength * in unequally broad mouth'd Vefels. Fy Hough feveral of the foregoing Tryals have fufficiently ma- \& nifefted that the Spring of the Air inits natural or wonted ftate, hatha force very confiderable, and indeed much Greater than men feem to have hitherto believed; Yet I could not hope by any of thefe Experiments to determine by any known weight, how Great that torceis, fo as to conclude that it is equivalent to fucha Weight, as fo many Pounds, Ounces, &c. and to no more Wherefore among the UfesIhad defign’d to make of our Sy- ringe, formerly often mentioned, it was One, to try if by the a? : 0 > EE | ; ohhatehe A. Louching the [pring and weight of the Air. 159 ofthat Inftrument, wecould determine fomewhat near (for no more was to beexpected) how much Weight a Cylinder of un- compreft Air included init, and confequently of the fame Diame- ter vvith the cavity of the Barrel, would be able to fuftain or alfo to life up. In order to this Tryal, 1. we provided a ftable Pedeftal, or Frame, wherein the Syringe might be kept firm, and erected. Next, vvealfo provided a Weight of Lead fhap’d like our Brals- hoop, or Ring,* formerly defcrib’d, that by the advantage of its * rrpe, s¢ figure it might be made to hang down by ftrings from the top of Vth. the Handle of the Rammer, and fo prefs evenly enough on al fides, without making the upper part of the inftrament top-hea- vy. 3. Wetook care to leave, between the bottom of the Sy- tinge (which was firmly clos’d with ftrong Cement) and that parc of it where the Sucker was, a convenient quantity of Air, to expand its (elf, and lift up che Weight, when the Air external to that included Air fhould be pump’d out of the Receiver: And lafte ly, the Handle of the Rammer (from which the Annular weight lately fpoken of depended) was fo faftned to the Turning-key of the Cover of the Receiver, thatthe Weight might not comprefs the Air included in the Syringe, but leave it in its natural ftate or wonted Laxity, tillthe Air were withdrawn from the Recei- ver. But norwithftanding all this, when we atually tryed the Expe- riment, That hapned which I feared. For though by this method the included Air would well enough lift up a Weightof 7 or F pound, yet when the Rammer came to be cloge’d with fo confi- derablea Weight, as my {cope in making the Experiment requis red, the Inftrument prov’d not fo ftanch, but that it was eafier for fome particles of Air to force themfelves a paffage, and get a- way between the Sucker and the infide of the Barrel, than to heave up fo great a Weight. And yet I have thought fit to relate the Experiment thus particularly, becanfe, ifan exa@ Syringe can be procured, (which I fear-will be very difficule, but co. apt “3 think 160 A (Continuation of new Experiments think impoffible, this feems to be one of the likelieft and leaft ex. ceptionable wayes I know, of meafuring the force of the Airs Spring. But defpairing to get fucha Syringe, as 1 defir'd, in the place where I then was, 1 bethought my felf of another way, by which Thop’dto be able (though not to arrive at an exaé knowledge ofthe full force of the Airs Spring, yet) at leaft to approach nea- yer it than I have been able to do by the help of the Syringe, For this pur pofe confidering with my felf, thatit a convenient quanti- ty of Air were included in a fine {mall Bladder, the fides ofit would hinder the Air from getting away, and the limbernefs of them would permit the Air to accommodate it felf and the Blad- der to the Figure of a Cylindrical veilel, into which it might be Ute , Wherefore with much adoeI procured to be made. by 2 perfon exercifed in Turning a couple of hollow Cylinders, whofe fides were of a (ufficient thicknefs, (that they might refift the preflure of the Air to be imprifoned in them,) and of fuch differing breadths, that the firft had but one inch in Diameter, and the 2° two: their depths being alfo unequal, that the one might receive a much larger Bladder than the other. Withethe leffer. of thefe (which was very carefully Turned) t madeadiligent Tryal; whofe Circumftances ] cannot now ac- quaint Your Lordfhip with, the Paper, wherein they vvere am- ply recorded, having been vvith other Notes belonging to this Continuation unluckily loft: but the moft confiderable things in the Event were, That twas very difficult to procure a Bladder fmall and fine enough for that litle Cylinders and that one, which at length we procured, would not continue ftanch for many Try- als, but would after a vvhile part with alitle Air in the well exhau- fted Receiver, when twas clog*d with the utmoft Weight it could fattain: but whilf& ic continued ftanch vve made one fair Tryal vvithit, from vvhence vve concluded, thata Cylinder of Air of but an inch in Diameter, andlefle than two inches in length, was able Touching the pring and weight of the Air, 161 able toraife vifibly (though but alitle) a Weight of above ten Pounds, (I fpeak of Averdupoiz vveights, vvherea Pound co tains 16 ounces.) The manner of making this Experiment , the cautions us’d in judging of it, Your Lorfhip may Jearn by the recital of the fubfequeat Tryal; my Notes about which were no fo unfortunate as thofe that concern’d the former. Into.a hollow Cylinder of Wood of fourinches indepth, and __ twoin Diameter, furnifhed with a broad and folid bottom or Pe: | deftal, to make it ftand che firmer, was put a Lambs or Sheeps Figwe bladder very ftrongly tyedat the Neck, on vvhich vvas put a Wooden Plug, markt with Ink where the Edg of the Cylinder vvas contiguous toit; this Plug being loaded with Weights, a- mounting to 35 pound, (the uppermoft of vvhich Weights wes faftned to the Turning-key, to keep ic upright, and to help to raife it at firft, ) the Receiver vvas exhaufted, till the Mark ape peared very manifeftly above the brim of the Cylinders and thea, though the ftring were by turning the Key quite flackned # yet the mark on the Plug continued very vifible: and vvhen fo much Air was let into the Receiver, as made. the Weight deprefs the Plug quite beneath the Mark, upon the repumping out of the Air the Weight was without thehelp of any Turning-key lifted up, and by degrees all the maik on the Plug was raifed about 3 above the edge of the Cylinder. Wherefore we fabftituted for a7 pound weight one that was eftimated at 14, (for then we had not a Ballance ftrong enough to weigh it wich,) and ufing the {ame Bladder we repeated the Ex- periment, onely having a care to fuppore a litle the uppermoft Weight by the Turning-key, till rhe Bladder had attained its ex- panfion; and then the Weight being gently let go, deprefs’d not the Plug fo low, but that we could yet fee the mark on it, (which yet was all we could do,) though that part of the Plug, where the mark vvas, vvere manifeftly more depreft than. the other. For the clearing up of fome particulars relating to this Tryal, we will fubjoya the following Notes. Y 2 1. The — 4 162 A (Continuation of New Experiments 1; The Plug is to be fo fitted to the Cavity of the Cy. linder, as eafily to flip up and down in it, without Grating a. gainft he fides of it, left it needlefly increafe the refiftance of the Weight to berais’d. And this Plug ought to be of aconvenia ent length, as about aninch and ; at leaft, that it may be the firter to helpto reduce che Bladder by compreffion into 4 fomewhat Cylindrical fhape, and yet that it may not be thruttin too deep by the incumbent Weight; and that the Weight might reft more firmly uponit, there was a broadand ftrong Ledge made at the top of it, by which it might lean on every fide upon the brim of the hollow Cylinder. 2. Before che Inftrament was conveyed into the Receiver, the Bladder (which ought to be of a juft fize, and not full blown, and ofa fine and limber contexture) was put into the Cylinder, and by divers gradual (but not immoderate) compreffions was reduc'd to conformits felf, as much as might be, to the Cyline drical fhape of the containing veflel, And then the Weight be- ing put on, and taken offagain, there was a mark (in the form of an horizontally plac’d Arch) made with Ink, where the edge of the brim ofthe hollow Cylinder did almoft touch the Plug. This we thought neceflary to do, toavoida miftakes for we muft not judg, that allthe Weight, that might be rais’d by our Bladder, may pafs for the Weight foughr after by our Experiments fince the Air in the Bladder is by reafon of the incumbent weight more compreft thantwas before, and confequently its being able to heave up a Great weight will not infer, that our common Air is able in its natural ftate (as they call it)to exert fo Great a ftrengths that Weight being onely to belookt omas rais‘d or faftain’d by the uncompreft Air, that is rais’d or fuftain’d when the Plugis liftedup tothe mark, fince till then the Spring of the Air does but bring it back from its new ftate of adventitious compreffioa to its natural or wonted Laxity, When, after the operation was ended, we took the Blad- der out of the veffel, it had obtain’d a form Cylindrical enough, and Touching the fpring and weight of the Air 162 andthough it could be but 2 inches in Diameter, yet it was fo litle as to be but halfan inch more long than broad. 4. Thereafon why I chofe tohave the two Cylinders made of the unequal Diameters above mentioned, was to exdinine, as far as by this way I could, aconjeéture I had, that the force of the Spring of differing Cylinders of Air to lift up folid Weights, would, atthe very firfi raifing of the weights, be in daplicate pro- portiontothe Diameters of their Cylinders, ¢(thofe Diameters being proportionable to the Areas of the plain Superficies,againft which the Air doesimmediately prefs.) without very much confi- dering the inequality that may be between the quantity of the fe- veral parcels of Air, whofe preffures are compared. Bat tis to beremembred , that! faid at the very fir/t raifing of the weights. becaufe prefently after That, the quantity of the parcels of Air may bevery confiderable: for, as-I have fhewn in another Trea- tife, two very unequal quantities of Air being made by their Ex- panfion to poflefs two equal {paces,the leffer quantity of Air mutt be much more rarified in proportion than the greater; and con- fequently, (to bring this home to our prefent Argument) though both be lifted up: or} of aninch, the Spring of avery litle Air muft be much more weakned than that of a very confiderable Quantity, andfoit cannot continue to lift up its weight, asthe ae bove mentioned proportion would (if it were not for this Advers tifement) feem to require. Taking then our conjecture in the fenfe now declared, the fuc- cefs of our Tryals is agreeable to it, inviting us to conclude, that the Airin the Bladder, which was but two inches in Diameter, was able by its Preffure to countervaile the weight of 42 pound, which isabout four times the weighe that we lately obferv’d the Spring ofa Cylinder of Air of one inch in Diameter to: be able toliftup. For though, according to what we have formerly faid ofa duplicate proportion, 42 pound feems to be fomet#flar more than ought to have been lifted up in the Cylinder of two inches bore, when that of one inch lifted upnot much above ro pound; yes a ee, — 164. A Continuation of New Experiments yetthis-difagrees not with the Hypothe(is, it we confider that the fubftance of the Bladder ftraitens the cavity of the Imaller Cylin der in a Greater proportion than that of the bigger. 5: Though we have thus (as far as the Inftruments we were a ble to procure would affift us) meafured the Preflure of included Air, yet I muft not forbear to advertife Your Lordfhip, that con- fidering what I formerly obferv’d to You about the weight of an Atmofpheri¢al Pillar ofan inch in Diameter, I cannot but think, thacifa Cylinder, or other convenient inftrument, exactly Tite, can be procured, the Spring of an Aerial Cylinder will appear to be Greater than we found it by the foregoing Tryalss in which I confider that, not to mention the refiftance of the Bladder its felf, the membraneous fubftance that lin’d the Cylinders (though twere very thin andfine) could not but fomewhat ftraiten their Cavities, and confequently fomewhat (though not much) leflen the Diameters of the included Aerial Cylinders. 6. Toallthefe Notes I muft adde this Advertifement, That jt may be therefore the more difficult in fuch Tryals as ours to a{certain the force of the Airs Spring, becaufe, that Air its felf when tis included, being fhut up with the Preflure of the Amo: fphere uponit, tis probable, chat fince that Preflure (as we have fhewn) is not at all times the fame, the Spring of the included Air will accordingly be varied, And, if my memory fail me not, when the larely recited Experiments were made, our Barometet declared the Atmofphere to be fomewhat light, From what has beenhitherto delivered, this may refult; chat tislikely, chat the Spring of an Aerial Cylinder an inch broad, may be ableto fuftain, if not raife, a pretty deal more than ten pound Weight; and that the paft Tryals, without determining that the Air can raifeno more than in them it did, do, at leaft, prove that it can raife up as much Weight as we have related, fince weactually found it to do fo, E X PE: Touching the Spring and VJ eight of the Air. I 6x EXPERIMENT XLVIIL About an eafie way of making 4 {mall quantity of included Aip raife in the exhaufted Receiver 50 or 60 pound, or a greater weight. Would very willingly have further profecuted the foregoing Tryals, to fee how far the lately propos’d Conje@ure or Hye potbefis would hold; but washindered by the want of Receivers tall and capacious enough to contain the Weights, that fuch an attempt required:* but remembring that there were not any Ex- periments made in our Engine, that appear’d more ftrange to the Generality of Spectators, and ferv’d more to give them a high o« pinion of the Airs Spring, than thofe wherein they fav folid Bo- dies actually lifted up by-it, and remembring, that I had lying by mea Brafs veffel, (which had been befpoken for another Ex periment, for which the Workmen had not made it fit,) I thought it not amifs to imploy it about making a Tryal very eafie, and yet fitto be fhewn to Strangers , to convince them, that the Spring of the Air isamuch more confiderable thing than they i- magined. Wetook then a Brafs veffel made likea Cylinder, and having one of his Orifices exa@ly. covered with a flat Plate very firmly ~ faftned to it, the other Orifice being wide open. The depth of this veffel was 4 inches, andthe Diameter thould have been pre= cifely (bute wanted about a quarter ofan inch of) 4inches. To this hollow Cylinder we fitted a wooden Piug, ike one of thofe defcribed in the foregoing Experiment; fave that it was not quite folong, and that it was furnifhed with a Rimme or Lip, which was purpofely made of a confiderable breadth, tharie might af- ford a ftable Bafis to the Weight that fhould lean uponit. And then taking a middle {iz’d and limber Bladder, ftrongly tyed at the Neck, but not near full biown, we prefs'd it by the iipet the See Plate the Fig. the 466 A Continuation of New Experiments the Plug into the Cylinder to make it the better accommodate itfelfto the figure of it. Then taking notice by an inky mark how much of the Plug was extant above the orifice of the veflel, we laid the Weights upon the Plug, (whofe Rimme or Liphin- der’dit from being depreft too deep into the cavity of the vef- fel;)and having convey’d them into the Receiver, we found as we expected, thatifwe had loaded the Plug but witha fingle Weight, (as to avoid trouble, and the danger of breaking the Glas we ufually thought ficto do,) though that were a common half hundred weight, (which You know amounts to 56 pounds,) it would very quickly be manifeftly heav’dup by the Spring of the included Air. For confirmation of more than which, I thal fubjoyn theenfuing Tryal, asI findic recorded among my loofe Notes. The Weight that was liftedup by the Bladder in the Cylin- der 4 inches broad, was 75 pound; this Weight was lifted up till the wooden Plug di(clos’d the Mark, that was to fhew the height, at which the Air kept the {aid Plug before it was compreft: aif- clos'dit Ifay vifibly at the 5 Exu@ion, andat the 7° that mark was ,, orrather }, abovethe Edge ofthe Cylinder. In the Gige where the Mercury inthe open Air was wont to ftand about 5 a bove the uppermoft Glafs- mark, it was depreft rillic was § below the fecond:mark, When the Air was let in, it was apretty while before the Weight did manifeftly begin to fubfide; the Bladder being taken out, and the place it had poffefs‘din the Cylinder be- ing {upply’d with a Sleeve, or fome fuch thing, and the Weight laid againupon the Plug, we found that at 24 Exuctions the Mercury was depreft to the loweft Mark of the Gage; and it was the 34 or 35'* Exuction before the Receiver appear’d to be fo ex- haufted, asto putan end.to the fining of the Mercury, which was thenabove ; beneath the loweft mark. 3 Your Lordfhip willeafily believe, that moft of the Spectators of fuch Tryals thought it fomewhat ftrange to fee a {mall quan- tity of Air, which was not onely uncompreft in the Bladder, but : eae 5 did Louching the {pring and weight of the Air. 167 cid not near fillit, (and left ic very foft and yielding to the leat touch,) lift up fo eafily by its bare Spring fuch Great Weights as indeavoured to opprefs it. But this not being any thing near a fufficient Tryal, how far the conje&ure or Aypothefis for merly propos’d will hold, I thought fit to make the urmoft Tryals.the talleft Receivers I could procure would admit: and having caus’d leaden weights to be purpofely caft flat like Cheefes, and as broad as we could conveniently put into the Receiver, that by the ad- vantage of this fhape we might be able to pile up the more of them, without much danger that any ofthem fhould be thaken down; we laid divers of them oné upon another, and then the up- per part of the Receiver growing too narrowto admit more of them, we added a lefs broad Weight or twos and then exhaufting the Receiver, till we perceiv'd by the Gage that the Air was mani- feftly withdrawn, we found (as near as we could meafure) by the help of a Mark anda pair of Compaffes, that the Plug was fo far fais ‘d, as chat twas concluded,that the Elevation vvould have been much Greater, if the included Air, being put upon fo Great a Co- natus, had not found it eafier to produce fome Leak at the neck of the Bladder, than to liftup fo Greata Weight, which by our Reckoning came to about 100 pound of 16 ounces tothe pound, But this laft Experiment, for want of fome requifite accommoda- tions; vve vvere hinder’d from repeating and promoting; though the above mentioned Hypothefis made me prefume, that afar Greater weight might this way have been rais’d if the Bladder had been ftanch, and the Receiver high enough. Ineednot cell Your Lordthip, that if a larger Bladder be im- ploy’d and included in a Brafs veffel of a fufficiensly wide Orifice, a far Greater weight may be litted up by the Spring of the inter- nal Air, But yet it will not beamils to give Your Lordfhip on this occafion this Advertifement, which may be fit to be taken notice of on divers others: That care muft be had not to make Receis vers, that ought to be well emptied, too large, and, elpecially too wide atthe Orifice; for otherwayes they will be expos’d to fo: i great —_ —< 168 A (Continuation of new Experiments great aPreflare of the Atmofphere, that they need be of an ex- traordinary ftrength to refift it; aad even Receivers, that feem’d thick enough proportionably to their bulk, and which held out very well till the clofe of the Operation, yet when they came to bevery diligently exhaufted, chey did, byreafon of the widenefs oftheir Orifices, beginto crack at the bottom. EXPERIMENT XLIX. & vic. the TN One-of my publifh’d Experiments * I long fince told Your xxxv1, 4 Lordfhip, thar when I endeavoured, by the help of a feal’d bub. ble, weigh’dinan exhaufted Receiver, to comparethe Gravity of Air and Water, ‘I was hinder’d by the cafual breaking of the Glafs from compleating the Experiment. Wherefore I after- wards thought fic co repeat the Tryal; and though when I had done fo twiceor thrice, having given away the large Receiver I had made ufe of about them, and not being able ever fince to pro- curea Good one, that was capacious enough for the tender Scales Trhought fo nice an Experiment required, I didnot profecute that Attempt fo far as T intended; yet this very difficulty I met with to’ procure the Requifites of making the Tryal, invites me to pale the two following Notes, which 1 fad among my loofe apers. ‘April he - We weigh’d a Bubble imthe Receiver, which we found to a9. 156% weioh above halfa Grain heavier, when much of the Air was exe haufted, than when it was full. Afterwards we took out this feal’d Bubble, and weighing it found it to weigh 68 Grains and ahalf, then breaking off the fmall tip of ic under water, we found that the heat, by whictrit was feal'd up, had rarifi’d its included Air, fo that it admitted 125 Grains of Water, for the admitted Water and Glafs weighed 193} Grains, Then filling ir full with Water, we found it to contain in all 739 Grains of Water, for it weighed $07; Grains: whence tis evident , that the difference between the Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, 169 the weight of Water and Air waslefs than 1228 to 1.J We weighed in the Receiver a Bubble, the Glafs of which May: 363 weighed 60 Grains: the Air that fill’dit weighed in vacuo J of q 166% Grain: the Water that fill’d ic weighed 720;Grains: So that by this Experiment che proportion of the weight of Air to Water is as (one) to (85 3:’,) The Tryals mentioned in thefe Notes, though they were too few for me to acquiefce in, yet being made in anevy vvay, and whichhas fome advantages above thofe that have been hitherto imployed to weigh the Air, may yet ferve to keep us from the contrary Extremes, that have not been’ avoided by {uch eminent Mathematicians as Galileo and Ricciolus; the former of which makes Water to be but about 400 timesas heavy as the Airs and the later, whofe conjeure is much remorer from the Truth, 100C0 times heavier. Butit isfo defireablea thing, and may prove of fuch impor- tance, to know the proportion im Weight betwixt Air and Wa- ter, that I thall not fcruple to acquaint Your Lordthip with an at- tempt or two thatl madeto difcover it by another way: For, though at firft fight this Experiment may feem to be the fame with one publifh’d a pretty while ago in the learned Schottws his Mechanica Hydraulico- pneumatica, yet Your Lordthip will eafi- ly perceive this difference between them: That, whereas the ine duftrious Author of that Experiment contents himfelf to thew, by the diminution of the weight of a Glafs, when the Air has been drawn out of it, that the Air, before twas drawn out, was not de- void of Gravity; the following Tryal does not onely perform the fame thing, and by a fuperadded circumftance confirm the Truth to be thereby prov’d, bur it indeavours alfo to thew the Proportion in Gravity betwixt the Air and Water. The Tryals themfelves were regiftred among my A dverfaria as follows. A fmail Receiver being exhanfted of Air by the Engine, and counterpois'd whil{t itcontinued fo, the Stop-cock was turmd, and the Air readmitted, which madeit weigh 36 Grains mess Z2 than i70 A (ontintation of New Experiments than it did before: and to prevent Jealoufies , we caus‘d it to be applied the fecond time to the Engine, by which the Air being emptied once more, the Glafs was put into the other Scale of the former Ballance, and fo counterpois’d; and then the Exter- nal Air being readmitted, (which rufh«d inas formerly with a whiftling noife), there was found 36 Grains or better, requifite to reftore the Ballance to an equilibrium, Wetook afmall Glafs Receiver fitted witha Stopcock, and having exhaufted it of the Air, and counterpois’d it, and let in the outward Air, we found the vveight of the Veflel tobe increafed by that admiffion 36 Grains, Thisdone, we took the Receiver, after having well counterpois’d it, out of the Scale; and having apply’d it the fecond time to the Engine, we once more with- drew the Air, and then turning the Stop-cock to keep out the external Air, vve took care that none ofthe Cement, imploy'd to joynit to the Engine, fhould ftick to it, as we had diligently freed it from adherent Cement before we laft apply’d it tothe Engine. Then weighing it again, we found it to weigh either 35 or 36 Grains (burrather the former) heavier chan it did, when twas laft counterpois’d in the fame Ballance: This being alfo done, we immers’d the Stop-cock into a Bafon of fair Water, and let inthe Liquor, that we might find how much Water would fucceed in place of the Air vve had drawnout. - When no more vvater vvas impell’d-in, vve turned the Stop-cock once more, tokeep it from falling out, and then weighing icin the {ame Scales, fafter we had wip’d the Stop-cock, that no Water might ftick to ic on the outfide,) we found the water (without computing the veffel) to weigh 47 ounces, 3drachms, and 6 Grains, vvhich divided by 35 Grains, (which Itook to be the weight ofthe Air, that vvas equal in Balk co this-vwater that fuce ceeded it,) the Quotient was (wanting a very litle) 650 Grains, for the proportion of the vveight berween Air and Water ofthe fame bignels, at the time when the Exper?ment was made: yvhich circumftaace I therefore take notice of, becaufe the Atmofphere appear d Touching the fpring and weight of the Air, tr appear’d by the Barofcope (wherein the Mercury ftood then at 29 inches and 4) to be very heavy; which made me th: le(s won- der to find this proportion not fo Great, as at other times I had obferved it to be between water and Air in point of weight: though I fufpected, that becaufe this odd Experiment cannot be nimbiy difpatched, fome litle Air may have got in atthe Srop- cock, befides the Air that difclos’d it felfin numerous bubbles in the vvater chat vvas admitted, vvhere though it lay infuch fmall particles as not to be difcerned befores yet thefe particles, by this opportunity to expand themfelves, extricated themfelves from the vvater, and by getting together might fomewhat refit the In- grels of more; vvhichis a difficulty, vvhere to che mec(uring the proportion between V Vater and Air in a heated Eolip.e is liable. But the Stealing in of any Air, before the vvater vvas let in, is mentioned but as a Sufpicion. Your Lordfhip may perhaps think it fomewhat ftrange, that I thould prefent You Tryals, whofe Events do not fo well agree together, as perchance You expected. Burt this very Difagrce- ment vvas oneof the motives thatinduc’d me to acquaint You vvith them: for all thofe compris’d in thefe Experiments being made faithfally; and not without (at the leaft) an ordinary dili+ gence, as they feem to make it probable, that onem:y without any Great errour eftimate the proportion of our Exgisfh Air to VVaterto beas (One) to fome number betwixt 600 ind 1 1005 fotis not to be expected, that the Proportion, vvhatever it be that fhould be picch'd upon, fliould be accurate and ftable. For | 5 i though Learned men feemto have hitherto taken it for granted, 1 b portion betwixt thofe two Bodies, yet, not onely [am apt to be- lieve thata Determinate quantity of Air (as a Pint or Quart) may be waequally heavy in diftant Countreys, and even in diffe- ring places of the fame Countrey; but what Fhave takea notice of inthe 17 of the printed Experiments, and afterwards trequent- ly obferv'd of the Great inequalities of the vveight of the re : p 1ere 172 A (Continuation of New Experiments fphere, inclines me to think, that in the felf fame place two Exs i periments may be made with the fame Inftruments, and equal di- re | ligence, and yet the weights of the Air may be found differing e- EAR pough;. which may keep Your Lordfhip from much wondering, void that in the36printedExperiment,made when I had the variations hadi ofthe Atmofpheres Gravity inmy Eye, I found the Air tobe a | lefs ponderous in reference to Water, thanin thefe later Tryals. ay But of this I hopel thall, if God permit, make further Tryals with the fame vefleis, at times when I fhall perceive by the Baro- Li fcope, that the Gravity of the Atmofphere is very Great and very | Small, And I wifhthe Curious would make the like Tryals in other Regions. I donot forget , that not onely the School-phi- lofophers , but moft of the Moderns deny, that Air hath any a In the weight in Air,no more than Water in Water; but having *elfe- / gic where declared and explained my fenfe about this received Opini- doxes, Om, I fhall not here fpend any of the litle time I have remaining, to juftifie my Diffent; tor which Your Lordfhip may find fufi- cient Grounds ia the newly related Experiments, efpecially if You pleafe toconfider, that though the Opinion I difallow have been chiefly and generally grounded upon fome Arguments fap- wae b In an Ap poled to evince, that vvater has no vveight in vvater, 1 have aga | aie * . eifewhere thewn thofe Proofs not to be cogent, and taught a * radoxes. Practical way of weighing vvater in vvater with a pair of ordinary i Ae © This me- Scales. © te a Be thod was omitted in the Engli{h Edition of the ncwly mentioned Appendix, but not ia the Latin Ver fon. EXPERIMENT L. ‘About the disjoyning of two Marbles (not otherwife tobe pull’d te [ander without a great weight) by withdrawing the pre ecg the Air from them. ]* our formerly publifh’d Experiments about the Air*, I did, if I mifremember not, acquaint Your Lordfhip with an Attempe * Experiment the XXX 1. See alfo the caufe of this Phanomeaon difconrs'd of in the Au Shots Hiftory of Fluidity and FismncSs, Touching the Spring and VVPeight of the Air: Ihad madeto make a couple of coherent Marbles fall afy withdrawing the Air trom them; but though I then efteem'd thar their Cohzfion depended upon the Preflure of the Air, yet nor being at that time furnith’d withall the accommodations requifite to make an Experiment not eafie to be Perform’d fucceed, [ thought fit, when I had afterwards Opportunity, to profecute what I then began, and add fome circumftances that I could nor then make Tryal of, and yet whofe fuccefs will not I prefume be unwelcome, finceit fupplies us with no lefs than matters of fad; whence we may argue, that this Experiment of coherent Marbles (which not onely the 4r7/otelian Plenifts have of late much tri- umph'd in, but which fome recent Favourers ofour Hypothefis have declar’d themfelves to be troubled with) is not onely recon- cileable to our Doétrine, but capable of being made a confirmati- onofit ; notwithftanding what has lately been publifh'd (upon the {uppofition of acafe, which at firft Bluth may feem fome- what of kin to our Experiment, ) by avery learned* Wri- ‘ #73 nder, by ter, to whofe objection againft our Hypothe/is, though as D’. H.M. in the 2d: é ET the Receiver be AA, in which we have a mind to as mix either liquors or powders. Let QQ RR be two Tubes, each:of them fealed:at one end, and open at. the other. Let RQS bea. Veflel of Brafs, to be laid upon the ori: fice of the Tubes, as is fhewed. in the Figure. The Liquors. to:be mixed muft be poured: into: the Tubes QQ: RR, each liquor in- his own: Tube, and: let: the Veflel inverted RQS be laid on the orifices-of the Tubes, andiin that pofture letallbe covered with the Receiver AA, let the Screw be wrung or ftraitened, and the Air intruded after the man: ner deferibed fol. And'when you fhall underftand:by the Gage TT’, that the compreffion. is:arrived:at that: degree, whichyoud ine istobeinverted,andfothe Liquors will flow dowmfrom the Tubes into the Veffel RQS, and be mixed there: If you defire to mix-more liquors or powders,. then the numberof the Tubes is to be encreafed accordingly. FCOs Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments if ICONISME ITIL. Flow fattitious Air may be tranfmitted out of one Receiver into another. Tryed two ways (principally) to tranfnit Air out of one Receiver into another; but becaufe the firft of them fee- med lefs convenient, I fhall bere onely defcribe the Latter. AA Is a plain Plate made of Metal, having an hole in the middle. BB Is the Stop-cock faftened to the hole in the middle of the Plate AA, one of whofe ends is formed into a Male-fcrew. DC Is a Copper Funnel open below, with a broad orifice (that fo it might be cafily fet upon the Paeumatick Engine and there ftand firm) and in the upper part the orifice D is fafhioned into a Female-ferew, to receive the Male-{crew of the Stop-cock BB. EE Isa fmalt Tube, open at both ends, both whofe orifices are excavated into a Female-Screw, to receive the Male-fcrew of the Stop-cock BB. FF Is the Receiver laid on the Plate AA, and exqui- Fags 1 fitely fitted thereunto. Now if we would make fadtitious Air, we muft put the matter which is to produce the air, into the Receiver FF, and placing the faid Receiver on the Plate AA, by means of the Screw, we muft ftrongly faften it thereto, after the fame manner as hath been defcribed in our Engine for compreffing the Air; and the Stop-cock BB we infert into the Female- fcrew D; then the orifice C, and with it the Receiver, is to be placed upon the pneumatick-Engine, and the Stop-cock B being opened, the Air is to be extracted; when the Receiver F F C 2 1S 12 The Second Continuation of is emptied of Air, the Stop-cock B is to be fhut, that fo all paflage of external Air into the Receiver may be intercluded, and the Stop-cock being taken out from the Female-ferew D, the Receiver is prefently.to be immerged in water,fo that at leaft the Plate AA with the Stop-cock may be covered therewith; for fo it will be clear, that no Air from without can find ingrefs, and the Air produced out of the matter included in the Recei- ver, will be preferved unmixed, and the degrees of its rare- faction or compreffion are known after the fame manner, as hath been defcribed p. 4. ah Kir, Now if we would tranfmit that Air into another Re- ~*" ceiver; another Receiver FF with another Plate AA, and a Stop-cock BB is to be procured and evacuated after the fame manner, as was before defcribed, then by meanes of the {mall Tube EE we joyn the Stop-cocks BB of both Receivers, as is {hewn in Fig. 3, and all fufpected places are to be ftopd with Gement or Turpentine, that no external Air may find admiffion; then, the Stop-cocks being opened, the Air pro- duced in the former Receiver flows into the latter, and the Stop-cocks being again fhut and plucked out from the Tube EE the Receivers may be kept apart; and if there be any matter included in the latter Receiver, we may cafily view what in- fluence'the faCtitious Air hath upon it. But becaufe the Mercurial Gages defcribed fol. 4. are fpoiled if they be inverted, and the Gages, mentioned fol. 9. do pre- fently expel their Mercury, if the Air be rarefied in their Re- ceivers; and feeing,the.eperation; here defcribed, cannot be per- feted, but beth Receivers muft be inverted, and both likewife emptied of Air; we mu{ft make Gages of another fort after the manner following. See Fig. 4. AA Is a Glafs Phial filled with Mercury to the Superficies DD or thereabout. BB Is a-Glafs ‘Tube.very well cemented, inthe orifice of the Phial. CC Is | \ | a : | | i iti | i Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 13 CC Is another Tube tranfmitted through the Tube BB, and reaching to the bottom of the Glafs. This Tube muft be fealed above and open below; neither muft it fo exactly fill the Tube BB, but that paflage may be opened to the external Air within the Glafs AA. Now if you put this Inftrument into a Receiver, from which the Air muft be afterwards extracted, it will come to pafs, that both Tubes will be exhaufted of Air, and when you invert the Receiver, to take in new Air, as in Fig. 3 is de- clared ; the Mercury will flow down to the orifices of the Phial, and will be there kept below the orifice of the Tube BB; and the new Air entring, will eafily fill both Tubes and Phial : Then the Receiver being erected, the Mercury will again be ftagnant in the bottom of the Phial, and the orifice of the Tube CC will be found demerfed in it. Then if any Air be produced, out of the bodies included in the fame Re- ceiver, it will come to pafs that the Mercury will afcend into the Tube CC, and there, reducing the Air into a narrower place, will fhew the degrees of comprefiion. Note that almoft all the kinds of fa&titious Air in the begin- ning are in part deftroyed, and therefore the degrees of com- preffion cannot here be fo exactly known, unlefs we know by Experiments, what part of the Air is wont to be deftroyed. ICONISME TV. An Inftrument by which Air may be filtrated through Water. AAT S a Glafs Receiver, whofe orifice, laid upon the ,,;,.,, Plate BB, agrees exquifitely therewith. BB Isa plain Plate with an hole in the middle, to tranfmit the Tubes CC DD. C 3 CC 44 The Second Continuation of CCDD Are two Tubes cemented to the Plate BB, one of whieh is no higher than the Plate, but the other reacheth almogt tothe Top of the Receiver. EEEE Is a Stop-cock , to whofe holes the Extremities of the Tubes CC DD are faftned. FF is the Key of the Stop-cock unperforated , wherein onely one chink GG is excavated. HH Is the Receiver, compafling the end of the Stop-coek, and faftned to it, ferving againft the ingrefs of the outward Air, and communicating with the Pump II. LL Is a Glafs Veffel. M Isa hole in the top of the Receiver, whofe Stopple is faftned with a Screw. In the fecond Figure there is exhibited a Stop-cock, cut tranf. verfly, that the two TubesCC DD may be the better diftin. guifhed, and their infertion into the Stop-cock be perceived. This Inftrument is thustobeufed: We put the thing, about which the Experiment is to be made, into the Veflel; and the Receiver AA being laid on the Plate BB, we pour water into the hole M till the Receiver be half full, or thereabouts, and the Veflel LL, with the matter contained therein, do fwim on the top thereof; then we ftop the hole exactly, and faften it with a ferew, in the fame manner us hath been defcribed in the firft Scheme. _ Thefe things being thus prepared, the Key isto be fet in that pofture that the chink GG may communicate with the Tube CC; then the Plug being brought tothe loweft part of the Pump, the Airofthe Receiver AA, entring through the upper Orifice of the Tube CC, will flow down through the chink GG into the Receiver HH, and into the Pump. Then the Key being inverted, fo that the chink GG doe an- {wer to the infertion of the Tube DD, the Plug is to be impel- led upward, and then the Air will be expelled from thencejand, finding no other paflage, will be driven through the chink GG, into the Tube DD; and from thence will emerge to the upper Phyftco-Mechanical Experiments: rg upper part through the water ftagnant in the Receiver. Itera- ting this labour, we ftrain the: Air through the W ater, as of. ten as we pleafe; and by this means, we know whether it be clothed with any. new qualities, in refpeét of the body inclu- ded with it. ICONISME Iv. Flow the fame Numerical Air may be fometimes coxdenfed, fometimes rarefted. ET the Receiver AA be placed upon the Plate BB ki and {crued in; as is defcribed fol, 8: he CC Is the Stop-cock, faftned to the hole in: the mid of the Plate BB. DD Isa pump joynedtothe Stop-cock.C witha forew. E Isa Veflel of that bignefs, that’ it may flu@uate’ in- the Receiver: AA without danger of inverfion. Let fome-Animal be put into the Veffel E, and lét the Recei- ver AA be put upon it and ferewed to it, as the Scheme fhews,. - Then let the Pump be filled with water, and'by a Serew: fit. ted to the Stop-cock; the Stop-cock being thenopened) Jet the - Plug P’be forced upwards, then the Water afeending through the Stop-cock will, in part, fill the Receiver AA, atid will reduce the Air, contained therein, into a narrower {pace, without any addition of new Air; if then'you draw. the Plug downwards, the fame numerical Air will be again rarefied. Thus‘ you may both condenfe and ‘rarefie the fame Airas often as you pleafe; and by this means you may find° out, wlie=-- therthe condenfation of the Air do contribute any thing to pro- long the life‘or Kealth.of Animals, yea or no? 6 16 The Second Continuation of ICONISME I The defcription of a Wind-Gua. AA¥Sa Copper Globe, hollow within. | BB Isa Tube, faftned to the Globe. F Isa Valve opening inwardly, and fhutting the Globe BB. G Is the Spring depreffing the forefaid Valve. H Is a Gnomon affixed to the Globe AA, and making faft the Spring G. CC Is a Tube of Iron, faftned to the Tube BB and the Globe AA. DD Isa Plug exactly fitted to the forefaid Tube. EEE Is another Plug fitted alfo to the Tube BB with an Iron Wyre, reaching almoft to the Valve F. R_ Is the protuberance of the Tube,CC, fomewhat hollow. ed above to receive the end of the Iron LL. LL Is a crooked Iron, moveable about the Extremity in R, fo that it is like a leaver to lift up the Plug EEE. OPO Is a crooked Iron, faftned in M, that the Thumb fticking in the Angle P, the reft of the Fingers may attract the Leaver L, and fo force the Plug EEE upwards. But the Curvature is made for this ufe, that the one end O might be applyed to the fhoulder,. if it be thought fit to aim at any mark. TT Is.a rectangle of Iron, compaffing the Leaver LL and the Iron OPO, to keep the Leaver in that pofture, which the prefent Scheme holds forth; for otherwife the Plug EEE, would be thruft out far away, whileft we intrude the Air in- to the Globe AA. II Isan elliptick hole in the upper part of the Globe very well fhut with a Valve, opening inwardly; whofe ufe is to give Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 17 - give liberty of infpection, and of amending what is amifs; for the Valve may be drawn through the hole by reafon. of its elliptick Figure. SS Isametalline plate tranfverfly placed above the hole II, and perforated to tranfmit the Screw V, by whofe help the Valve fhutting, the hole II is fuftained and is applyed clofely to the hole. Q Js an hole in the inferiour part of the Tube CC, by which the Air enters into the Tube, whileft the Plug .D is brought to the loweft part of the Tue. The Air is thruft into this Engine after this fort, Itread with my foot upon the crooked end of the Plug DD, that it may not be removed from the ground, and_I lift the Engine up- ward, till the upper part of the Plug be found below the hole Q, and then the Air entring through the forefaid hole, doth wholly fill the Tube CC. Then I forceably deprefs the Engine, and fo the Air, con- tained in the Tube CC, opens the Valve F, and is thruft into the Globe AA; whence it cannot. return , becaufe the faid Valves prefently ftop the paflage; and thus by iterated turns, we may condenfe the Air in the Globe, untill the force of its Spring cannot be overcome by our ftrength. Now if we would difcharge the Air, fo condenfed, the Plug DD is wholly to be drawn out, and a bullet of Lead to be put into the bottom of the Tube CC: Then by means of the Leaver LLL the Plug EEE is to be impelled upward, as we faid before, and then the extremity of the Iron-wire opens the valve B, and the air breaking out therefrom, expels the Leaden Bullet through the Tube CC with great violence. Note that before the plug DD is again put into the Tube CC for the compreffion of the Air, about half an ounce of water is to be poured into the faid Tube. For by this means no Air at all can efcape out by the Plug, and moreover, that D water 18 The Second Continuation of water exatly filling the upper part of the Tube CC, will Caufe that the’ whole‘ Compreffed Air will be intruded within the Cavity AA, and fo the condenfation will’ be perfected much fooner, than if, at every turn, part of the compreffed Air did remain below the Valve F. This Engine is much better than any Wind-Guns hitherto mentioned in Print, 1; Becaufe that feeing one onely Valve ferves, both forthe letting’ in, and difcharging forth of the Atr, it is lefs fubje@ to be fpoiled or impaired, than if two Valves were ufed for that purpofe. 2. If any diforder happen in other Guns, the Engine re- mains ufelefs, but here by the Elliptick hole, a man may take out the Spring’ and the “Valve, and fo mend whatfoever is amifs. 3. In other Guns the Valves being covered with Lea- ther were put in before the Engine was on every fide fhut, and therefore Silver-folder could not be uféd in’ cementing the’ parts, but onely Lead:folder by: whieh the Air, being much compreffed could by no means be reftrained ; but here all things are well cemented with Silver folder, without danger of burning, in regard the Valve covered with Leather is pur in afterward through'the Elliptick hole IT. 4. But this Engine ‘is-chieflysto be preferred” before others on this accompt, becatfe we immit feveral bodies into the Receiver, through the Elliptick hole, and fo make many Ex- periments in highly-comprefied Air. ICO. Cfeomsmus a? Petros 5 LPF ESUELELULAULETOUE TH TH ATATEATOTTIOTIOTENTE FEE FUSE EE in QSSSNEtS5E suaumess tun TTHITTT ITT TT —— = im ooo Hl Hit //, ————SS= iff CHAE TT | i (Rai ee Re Se > > ee a Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 19 ICONISME. V. Ax Inftrument to diftill in vacuo, AAT S 2 Brafs Veflel, fhut below and open above. Bor | BB Is a Diaphragma or Midrift of Tin, whofe *" edges are fo polifhed on both fides that they exquifitely do a- gree and {uit with the a of the Vefiells AA DD, which are alfo polifhed, and fo keep the external Air from Ingrefs, CC {sa Tube faftened to.a hole in the middle of the Dia- phragma BB. DD Isa Brafs Veflel whofe aperture is applyed to the Di- aphragma BB. EE Is a Stop-cock faitned to the hole of the Diaphrag- ma BB. : FF Isa Tube reaching from the Stop-cock EE to the hole for fuction in the Pneumatick Engine. GG Is a metalline Veflel fhutting in the commiflures of the Veflels with the Diaphragma , and alfo the Stop-cock; that it, being filled with water, may keep all fafe from the external Air. This Veflel is to be foldred to the Veffel AA. We ufe this Engine after the following manner, Taking away the Diaphragma BB, we put “the things to be boiled into the Veflel AA,, and fo fet it in a convenient place, that it be not fhaken,, whileft it is evacuated, then putting on the Diaphragma BBand the Veflel DD, we put tothe Pneumatick Engine, and making ufe of the Tube FF, the Air is pumped out of the Veffels, the Veflel GG being: yet firlt filled with water. Then the Stop-cock is to be fhut, afd taking away the Tube FF, we may place the evacuated Engine on the Fire, and the Vapours afcending through the Tube CC, are con- D 2 denfed 20 The Second Continuation of denfed in the upper Veffel, and fo we have a liquor diftilled in vacuo; and the quantity of the generated Air, is known by the Mercurial Gage H, but that muft be kept up in the Top of the Receiver, left the Mercury do exhale, by reafon of too much heat. Note that round pieces of Paper, perforated in the middle, are to be laid over the orifices of the Veffels AA DD, to the end they may be better joyned with the Diaphragma; and the commifluresof the Tube FF with the Stop-cock and Pneu- matick Engine are to be fortified with cement, and the Stop. cock EE is fo to be difpofed with the Veffel GG that part of the Key may be prominent without the Veflel through the hole, that fo it may conveniently be turned, and yet neverthelefs, the Stop-cock, with the Diaphragma, may be taken out of the Veflell GG, whilft the Veffell EE is to be filled with fleth or any other matter. And that is very eafily done in this manner, The Key confifts of two parts, one of which M is turned in the Stop-cock it felf, by means of a certain chink, which receives the {mall protuberance of the other part OO, which other part doth exactly fill the fmall Pipe NN, faftned tothe VeflelGG, and being prominent outwardly may eafily be turned in it, and communicate its motions to.the other part M, but it is drawn outward whilft the Diaphragma BB is to be taken out of the Veflell GG. Shews you another Inftrument, herein differing from the former, that it is almoft all of Glafs and affords a longer paflage for the vapours. BB fsnota Diaphragma, but onely a fmall Tube, polithed at both ends, that it may exquifitely fuit with the orifices of the Veffells A and D. Sh, AA DD Are two:Glafs Veffels,. whofe orifices are applied to the Tube BB, and fo the Vapours are eafily tranfmitted from the one to the other. Fig, 2 EE =x~ = Aaa ins 7 } a » dad ww et Ole ee ee ee a ad Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 2 EE FF GGI have the fame Ufe as in the former Scheme, and the whole Inftrument is to be evacuated after the fame manner , and placed upon the Fire , except that here the Vef. fel AA, as being made of Glafs, muft not be put on an open Fire, but za balneo Maria, or on Sand; and the Vapours will be condenfed in the Veflel DD. AKT 1 Gf ET. Several waies ufed to help the Produétion of the Air. EXPERIMENT IL Fuly 11. 1676. Ecaufe it appears by the new Experiments publifhed at B Parw, in the year 1674. and which are to be fold by Fohn Cuffon in St. ha Street, That Bread alone can’ pro- duce no Air zm vacuo ; we were willing totry whether yet it did not contain fome Air, which might come forth fome other way. I therefore included a little Piece of Bread, very moift and a little kneaded, ## vacuo with a Mercurial Gage. Fuly 12. In fix hours fpace no Air was produced yefterday , but this night a little brake into the Receiver, as much as did fuffice to fuftain three digits of Mercury; the reafon was, becaufe I had neglected to fortifie the Cover with Turpentine. Towards the Evening, I found the Mercury higher by one inch or thereabout, and. I amvery certain that nothing, had entred from without. . . Fulyr3. . . This night alfo. the. Mercury. afcended higher, but.my Gage was not of that fort as exactly to difcover many degrees. D 3 Faly 22 The Second Continuation of Fuly 26. This day the Piece of Bread disjoined its Receiver from the Cover, by the force of the produced Air, and the Smell of it was acid, Herice it follows, That Water isa fit Diffolvent to draw forth Air out of Bread. EXPERIMENT IL July tt. I tried another way to extract Air from Bread, for by the help of a Burning glafs f burnt Bread z# vacuo, and fo I found that the Bread did generate much Arr, and that Air did ever and anon break out , as by Fulmination; whence it feems probable, that Air is contained in Bread, but it is fo clofely co- arétated therein, that no eafie operation can give it a difcharge; but if any thing could diffolve and loofe that knot, it may then produce great effects. EXPERIMENT. IIL Sept. 22. I took eight ounces of dryed Grapes, and, with feven oun- ces of Water, included them in a Receiver, able to-hold 22 ounces of Water, the Grapes. were bruifed. ‘Sept. 23. The Receiver was demerfed under the Water all this night, yet the Mercury afeended'two whole inches. Sept. 30. In feven daies fpace, the Mercury came to the height of thirteen inches. Oétober 5. In five daies fpace, the Mercury ran‘up twelve inches, and was now 25 inches high. Oéfob. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 23 Oétob. 18. TheMercury did not proceedito afcend with the fame fwift: nefs, and the Air began to pafs: out of the Receiver; but not before this day; yet thefe Grapes produced: much more. Air than thofe which I had included without Water. See 47t.1X. Exper. I. EXPERIMENT » IV. Fuly 12. I included of Raifins of the Sun brvifed ten ouncesén vacuo, with a fufficient quantity ° Water to promote Fermentation. uly IA. In 2 daies {pace the: Raifins had produced ten inches-of Air. About the evening the Mercury was about fifteen inches high: the fifteenth day, the Mercury had almoft reached to its accuftomed height. Fuly 16. This. day ;in the» morning,,:I'found the Receiver fevered from its Cover, and the Air breaking forth through the Water, in which it was demerged: I included the fame Raifins again sn VaCHO. Fuly 18. This day , in thé morning’, I found the: Air again breaking out. Fuly 19. I fhut up the fame Raifins in the fame empty Receiver, Fuly20. ra day I found the: Receiver full, andthe Air breaking, out OF If. I again {hut im the fame Raifins in the fame exhauftedt Re- ceiver. Fuly 23. ‘y sivt® H Yefterday about noon-I found the whole Receiver nent u 24 The Second Continuation of full of Air, and this day in the morning I perceived the Air to pafs out very often. From the I. Experiment of Artic. IX, it appears, that Grapes, without Water, can generate but little Air : fo that it is manifeft hereby , that Water is a fit medj- um to elicit Air out of them: ’tis alfo evident that the Produc- tion of Air is not begun prefently upon the Affufion of Water; but it proceeds on with greater {wiftnefs , after that the parts of the Water in five or fix days time have more deeply funk into, and pervaded the Grapes. EXPERIMENT V. Auguft 13. 1677. I included Pears in two Receivers # vacuo; and Plums in another. Aug. 16. In three days {pace all my Receivers were filled with Air, newly generated; yea, one of them, which included the Pears, becaufe I had left it expofed to the Raies of the Sun, in the fpace of 24 hours, was feparated from its Cover, whence we may conjecture , that the Production of Air is very much promoted by the Heat of the Sun. EXPERIMENT VI. Ottob.16. 1677. I took two ounces of Grapes bruifed, and fecured them from the ingrefs of Air, in an exhaufted Receiver, capable of containing twenty ounces of Water. Offob. 17. The Mercury rofe higher about one half-inch. fob. 18. Thefe laft 24 hours the Mercury ran up about another half- inch, Obob. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 25 Oéob. 20. The height of the Mercury was two inches. The 22 it was almoft 4. The 27 it was almoft 6 inches. Fan. 2. 1678. The Mercury as yet came not to the height of ro inches. Ottob. 16. 1677. T put 3 ounces of bruifed Grapes, with half an ounce of Spi rit of Wine into a Receiver able to hold 30 ounces of Water , and then I exhaufted the Air. Ottob. 17. The Mercury afcended but a very little. Oftob. 18. The Mercury came not up to the height of one quarter of an inch. Ottob. 20. The Mercurial Gage was out of order. Fan. 2. 1678. I this day found my Receiver filled with Air; and alo, when fome of the Liquor was poured out, fome Bubbles were formed in the Turpentine about the Orifice, and were broke outwardly. From this Experiment, made in two Receivers together, it feems to follow , that Spirit of Wine doth much advance the Production of Air zz vacuo, though in common Air, it wholly ‘hinders it. See the II. VIII. and XIV. Experiments of the ‘Ii. Article. ‘EXPERIMENT. VIL. Fuly 19. 1678. I put Muft , exprefled from Grapes bruifed , and kept for 10 months in a Veflel, ftopt with a Screw, into the fame Re- ceiver, being alfo flopped witha Screw. E July me The Second Continzation 0 f he i| Fuly 2%. Pane | The Mercury had not afcended at all. 23. The height of it was 3. mc iweae | oe 24. Lhe-height was 5 } 25, In the morning it was 104. Towards the evening the height was 137 ; and the Muft got out. +6. The Mutt. was almoft all got-out of the Receiver ; and although the Air now did poffefs double the fpace it did yefterday, yet it kept up.the Mercury in the fame height. see Rees 27. About half of the remaining Mutt brake forth this night, bhecaufe I had omitted to fet the Screw , left the Receiver fhould have been broken in pieces. From this Experiment it follows, that Grapes kept fo longa time, do rather acquire than /ofe a fermentative Virtue. EXPERIMENT VIII Fan. 30. | put two quantities of Apples, boiled the day before. into two Receivers {topp'd with a Screw; ith one of them I mix ed‘onethird'partof Sugar, the other had: no Sugar at all. Ni Ad thefe Receivers were quite full. Fan. 30s Included raw Apples bruifed: in .three Receivers; in one of them I mixed one third part of Sugar; the fecond was without Sugar, and fo was the third , but it differed_ herein from the fecond!,’that it was fix times“as big: For by this means we may know, whether the capacity of the Vefiel, or the mixing of Sugar, or the crudity of the Fruit, can promote Bie) ae or fetard'the. Production of Air, Nn | ae Febr: 20% | Jn that Receivervonely avhich ‘contained | the raw Apples with Sugar fome Air was produced. Febr. ss Phyfico-Mechanical Expertments. 27 Febr. 14. The raw Apples with Sugar had impelled the Mercury up to 30 inches ; thofe that were boiled with Sugar, to two one- ly; in the other Receivers no Air was produced. Febr. 18. In the Receiver , containing the raw Apples with Sugar, the Mercury came to the height of 56 inches ; in that contai ning the boiled Apples with Sugar, the height was 3. in the other Receivers there was alfo fome Air produced, except in that wherein the boiled Apples without Sugar were put. I opened that Receiver in which the Apples had produced fo great a quantity of Air; yet the Apples feemed hardly tobe fermented, but were endued with a moft pleafant Tafte. Febr. 21. The boiled Apples without Sugar had loft fome of their Juyce; and, opening the Receiver, I found the Cover to be broke, and yet the Apples were not rotten at all. March x. In the great Receiver, containing the raw Apples, the Mer- cury was 25 inches high; in the little one, onely 7; but in that where the Apples were boiled with Sugar, the Mercury had afcended to 9 inches. March 8. In the great Receiver the height of the Mercury was 29 5 in the lefler 22 1; and where the boiled Apples with Sugar were, the altitude abode at 9 digits. March 17. The Juyce got out of the great Receiver; in the little one the height was 67; where the Apples were boiled with Sugar, it was.15 digits. From this Experiment it feems inferrable , that’ Sugar, the Crudity of the Fruit, and the Largnefs of the Receiver, do all contribute to the Production of Ar. E 2 ARTICLE or The Second Continuation of ae ge iy Bes ee alee Several waies to hinder the Production of Air. EXPERIMENT. I. Decemb. 21. 1678. I made Pafte of Bread-corn-meal, without Leaven, and put it into an empty Receiver, and then I put the Receiver in a certain Apartment, with Fire, which there kept a greater heat than is wont to be in the middle of Summer; yet the Dough or Pafte produced no Air in 10 hours fpace; whence it feems to follow, that if Dough hath once fuffered too much Cold, it can fearce recover its faculty of Fermenting ; for, fome years ago, when I made Dough without Leaven, in the Sum- mer time it produced very much Air zz vacuo in a fhort time. EXPERIMENT II. May 23. I included 3 ounces of Dough, kneaded with Leaven, ina Receiver capable of holding 50 ounces of Water; I alfo poured upon it fome quantity of Spirit of Wine, to try whether Fer- mentation would be hindred by that means. May 24. The Mercury was 3 | May 29. No change. inches high. : June 2. It feemed to have a- 26. Little change. fcended a little higher. 27. No change. 14. No change. Decemb. x4. No more Air being produced from the Dough, I took it out from the Receiver, and found the fmell of it not gratefull, but fubacid: I put it into an empty Receiver , and there it rofe or fwelled to double its accuftomed face, and made a little Ebullition. . May Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 29 May 23. I included 3 ounces of Dough kneaded with Leaven in a Receiver able to hold 50 ounces of Water, but here I mixed no Spirit of Wine. May 24. The Mercury was j May 26. “Twas 38 incheshigh. 192 inches high. | 27. There was no change. Dec. 14. The Mercury perfifted in the fame height ; and this day , o- pening the Receiver , I found the Dough of a moft acid {mell. From which Experiment it feems to follow, that Spirit of Wine , even in Dough kneaded with Leaven , doth hinder the Production of Air. EXPERIMENT. III. Auguft 29. I included Pears, with a Mercurial Gage, ina Receiver full of Water, and then I intruded Air into it , till the Mercury {taid at 26 inches higher than it was wont ; within a. quarter of an hour, one of the Pears was broken , and afterwards al- moft all of it was reduced to the confiftence of a Pultis. Aug. 30. In 24 hours fpace, the Pears feemed to have afforded no Air; bat on the contrary, the Mercury in the. Gage was deprefled an inch and half. Ang, 31. I this day found no change in the height of the Mercury. Sept. 1. Now the Pears began to ctr ta Air, and the Mercury was almoft 27 digits high. Sept. 2. In 24 hours the Mercury afcended more than 8 digits, and now twas 35 digits high, E 3 Sept. 30 The Second Continuation of Sept. 3. The height of the Mercury was increafed 17 digits; fo that now it was 52 digits high or thereabout. Sept. 4. Within thofe 24 hours ‘the Mercury rofe 7 digits higher, and refted then in 59- Sept. 5. Tt was 64 digits high; a Pear, eing broken, was become black. Sept. G. Three digits. dnd more being added to the, height of the Mercury, it came now tothe 67 digits and 4 beyond what it was accuftomed. Sept. 7. It defcended 3 digits, and refted again in 64. Sept. 8. This day: the Mercury was deprefled to the 58 digit , and forne of the Water had broke out ; and therefore I ftraitned or et the Receiver with a Screw. Sept. 9. The Mercury afcended full 3 digits, and now ftuck fufpen- ded above 67. Sept. 10. In 24 hours it mounted 1, and {topped almoft in 69. Sep. LI. Now it began to defcend again , and was no higher than 67 digits; yet 1 am certain, nothing chad efcaped.out of the Receiver , but it was a fharp cold night. Sept. 12. No change did evene. Sept. 13. The height of the Mercury did again decreafe ; it was n0t above 64 digits: the Cold increafed. Sept. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 31 Sep. 14. In 24 hours it became higher by 6 digits, reaching to 70. Sept. 16. It was 69 digitshigh, | Sepr.20. It again reached to or thereabouts. 71. 19. It remained. in = 23. The Mercury was a- fame place. gain deprefled to 69. \ Ottob. x. It came now to the height of 75 digits. Ottob. 3 Yefterday I found no change at all in the Mercury; but this day it ftuck in 70; and the Cold was very. bitter. Ottob. 5. ; Yefterday the Mercury did abide in the fame place; but this day it reached to 75: it was a rainy day. Oftob. 7° It continued rainy ; and the Mercury continued in the fame place Oétob. 10. Hitherto the Mercury was not changed; but. this day I found it had defcended to 69 digits; though thé Rain ceafed not. Offob. 12. Yefterday the Mercury flood ftill; but thisday'it-was-de- prefled to 65 digits: and the cold‘weather returned. Ovtcb. 13. The height of the | Nov. 5.:The height was\8o!. Mercury was 64. The Cold abated. 14:2 The licight? 69. 2. The height: was 65. 15.5. was 74° 4 It was a hard ‘¥Froft. 24. The height was 68. 27. The height %The mind 81 | Aug. 92 The height? 113 8$ of itwas $95 10$ ofit was $ F24 The colour of. the whole Apricock’yefterday began, and now proceededto wax yellow. No moifture appeared. : Aug. 1 The héight 131 | Aug. 152 The et as a 13 ES 157 16§ ofitwas $17 143 163 |*- 17 andthe days folow- ing'the fame height remained. F 3 Aug, of it Was 38 The Second Continuation of Aug. 27. The height was 182. 29. When I faw that neither the Fruit nor the height of the Mercury were changed any more, I opened the Receiver, and found the Apricocks of amore acid and lefs acceptable tafte, than the others in faGi- tious air ; yea,their pulp was of a very good colour, but {pongie: they fent forth many bubbles, as the others did. From this Experiment made in two Receivers together, ’tis probably collected, that the artificial Air of the Cherries was a great hindrance to the Apricocks, that they could not pro- duce air; yet notwithftanding, it doth advance the alteration of their colour and firmnefs ; andis alfo good to preferve their tafte. EXPERIMENT VIIL Ottob.10. 1677. Grapes without {pirit of Wine. I fhut inan ounce and half of Grapes unripe and bruifed, in a Receiver that would hold ro ounces of Water; I drew out no Air. Ottob. 11. The Mercury a- fame, but fome finew ‘or fcended a little. mouldinefs appeared in 12. There was but a their fuperficies. fmall change. ; 24 The height was 4+ 13 The height was 22% The height re- 2a digit. 2 it mained thefame, 17 The height was x 24) but the mouldi- digit. nefs or finew encreafed. 18 Theheight 14 26 g 19 The height almoft 274 The height (6 4 digits. 30( ofit was (6% 20 The height the} Nov. 2 7 Nov, ee ee eee Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 39, ° Nov, 6 9 Nov. 18. (23 °( The height \TO 21 ( The height \26 2 of it was 5' Dec. 8 Shit was 43° = og ns ba 39 = as 27 39 Jan.6. 1678. The height was 36. . The air broke out. Ottob. 10. 1 677. Grapes with {pirit of Wine. I made the fame Experiment in another Receiver, obfer. ving the fame circumftances, fave that here I mixed 2 dtachms of fpirit of Wine with the Grapes. Ottoh. 11. The Mercury was} Od. -17. It afcended alittle. not changed. 18. The height ofit was 12. There wasno change. not yeta quarter of artinich. 13. The Mercury was | 19. It was moved but a. not moved, very little. Fam. 6. The Grapes during all the time elapfed, had produced\no:air. By this Experiment made in a double Receiver, it appears that fpirit of Wine doth hinder: Fermentation. EXPERIMEN TIX, Ottob. 17. 1677. I put one Peach into-an emptied Receiver, with fome quan- tity of fpirit of Wine, which yet could not touch tlie Peach; unlefs it were elevated into vapours. March x7. 1678. I drew out the Peach , which had kept its colour, onely it had loft its firmnefs. Though the Receiver-was but fmall, yet it wasnot filled with air, for when it wasopened, the air feemed " t to: 7, 40 The Second Continuation of to rufh into it: +The Peach being foftned, was fo depreffed, that the lower part of it did a little touch the fpiritof Wine; it alfo came to pafs, that the fuperiour part had almoft contra- éted the tafte of the fpirit of Wine, as well as that which was immerged in it. ‘EXPERIMENT X. Ottob. 17. Air with {pirit of wine. ‘T included 5 Peaches in .an unexhaufted Receiver, and to- gether with them, fome {pirit of Wine, which could not:touch the Peaches, unlefs it were elevated in form of Vapours. digits Nov. 6UThe ag 123 ofitwas L416 14 It kept the fame O¢tob.18. The Mercury afcen- ded not at all. 20. The height of the Mercury was 37 16§ height. se 5%) paler. , The height 18 ‘ j z I ah I9z 2 The height ; o7$ of it was " 5 26\ of it was ) o: . | Fan6. 1678. it was 23 Nov. 2 12 March 28.1678.it was 31 3 Ottob. 17. Air without {pirit of Wine. I included 5 Peaches in a Receiver full of Common Arr, without fpirit of Wine. Oftob. 18. The Mercury afcended not at all Octob. 20. The height of the Mercury was 5 digits. Oétob. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 41 digits digits Oftob, 21 C8 Nov. x2 20 22 \r0 I4 20 23( The height /11 r6\ The height )ax 26( of itwas )12 Decemb. 8C of it was 426 Nov. 2 (xs 16 (26s 6/ I7z 27 28% jan.6. 1678. The height was 32 March 28. 1678. The height was 33 :. April. 15. The Liquor in the lower part of the Receiver had brokealf out , and the air followed it ; fo that I took out the Peaches. By this Experiment we learn, That the very Vapours of {pirit of Wine do fomewhat hinder fermentation, yet much Jefs than the fpirit it felf EXPERIMENT XI. April 27. 1678. Pafte with Leaven or Ferment. T included an ounce and half of Pafte, mixed with leaven with common air ina Receiver, ableto hold 23 ounces and half of water. April 28. The height of the Mercury in the Gage was 2 :. April 30. The height of it was 3 3. Ma The Mercury was deprefled, though no air broke forth, and the Pafte was mouldy. The height of it was, 2 :. May 6 2% May 17 4¢ 84. The height )3 204 The height J5 TO\ of it was )32 24 ofit was )6 14 4 28 8 G Fune Ss 42 The Second Continuation of digits digits Jute 2) The height § 9 Fuly 5%The height {13% 660 10 19$ ofit was 15 i4 OFit was (10: | Pafte without Leaven. [included an ounce and half of Pafte, without Leaven, with common air, in a Receiver capable of holding 23 ounces and an half of Water. ‘ April 29. Hitherto the Mercury had notafcended; but this afternoon I found its height to be a quarter of a digit. April 30. There was no change. May. 4. The Mercury afcended but very flowly, and the Pafte was finewed or mouldy. May 6. The height of the Mergury was 4 digits: May 8 5% May x4 16 10( The height )7 = | 23 \-rhe height )18* ~ loz Fune 2 Se 204 7 of lf was 124 6 of 16 was fe 20 133 I4 a By this Experiment; madé’ in two Receivers at once, it feems clear, ‘That Leaven doth rather hinder than help the production of Air, ifthe Pafle be not made in a place hot enough, Phyftco-Mechanical Experiments. 43 EXPERIMENT XE May 23. Pafte with fpirit of wine. I included an ounceand hali of Pafte, without Leavén, in a Receiver capable of holding 25 ounces of Water, and I pou: red fpirit of wine on the Pafte. May 24. The Mercury was x digit high. May 26. It was almoft 2) Fume 1) The height digits high. 5 c: ; 27. Itwas 2: ai aie 31. There was no change. fe) fuly 19 No change. ah i GW December 14. When the height of the Mercury was no more changed, I opened the Receiver, and the Pafte affected my-Noftrils with a fubacid {mell. May Ee Pafte without fpirit of wine. I included one ounce.and an half of Pafte, without Leaven, in a Receiver capable of holding 25 ounces of Water; but I added no fpirit of Wine. May 24. There was noafcenfion.of the Mercury. May 26. It was 3 digits high. ~ May 7 a | Fune : The height § ¥7 : The height : = Fuly 2 of it was 30 ,\. Of it was 9: | Fuly 19. The Mercury little Fune 2 12 exceeded 30 digits. This G2 day Ad The Second Continuation of day I found that the Air had broke out , and therefore I fet or ftraitned the Screw. December 14 The Mercury came again to the height of r¢ digits, but this day I opened the Receiver, and found the Pafte very acid, From thefe Experiments, made with Pafte, in a four-fold Re. ceiver atone and the fame time, it feems to follow, That {pi- rit of Wine doth very much prejudice the production of Air; andthe rather if the Patte be wrought with Ferment ; befides, itisclear,that Pafte without Ferment in tract of time, will prc- duce no lefs Air than Pafte with Ferment. EXPERIMEN T¢ XIE Ottob. 11. Tincluded new Ale in a Receiver, exactly filled by the help of my Pneumatick-Engine, that fo no air might be left: And J included another quantity of the fame Ale, inanother Recei= ver, wherein fome room was allowed for the Air. Odtob. 12. I this day found the Cover of that Receiver in which I had left fome Air, to be broken, and therefore [ transfufed the fame Ale into another Receiver, in which there was room large enough left for the Air. In the Receiver exactly full, the Mer eury afcended a little, Ottober 13. In the Receiver exactly filled, the height of the Mercury was 12 digits, in the other Receiver 13 digits, though it had been thut up a fhorter time, and a much larger {pace was left therein, in which the Air newly produced mighr have been dilated. Oclober 14, In the full Receiver the height was 13; in the other Re- ceiver, 18. Towards Evening F found the full Receiver to work Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. AS work witli greater {wiltnefs, forthe height of the Mercury in it, was 225; and in the other20. Ottober 15. In the full Receiver the height of the Mercury was 42 di. gits; inthe other 26. Befides we muft mark, that fome bub- bles of Air, which in the full Receiver had poflefled its upper part, now did wholly vanith ; and befides the Ale did occupy a long fpace in the Mercurial Gage, wherein before it was not found. Oétober 16. In the full Receiver the height was 60 digits. In the other zo. 18. In the full Receiver the height was. 9o. In the other 4o. 22. Inthe full Receiver the-height was go. In theother 42. 23. In the full Receiver the height was 108. In the other so. 26, In the full Receiver theheight was 108. In the other 60. 28. In the full Receiver the height was 13 3. Inthe other 63. The bubbles. which were vanifhed , appeared again, yet: nothing flowed out. Nov. 8. The full Receiver had loft much Ale, wherefore I opened it, and thereupon all the Ale feemed as if it would have va- nifhed into Froth, unlefs I had fuddenly. fhut the. little hole, which I had opened: I tried it. many times, that if the hole were opened in the Gage, the Mercury prefently defcended ; but if the hole were, again shut, it would f{peedily afcend; as if the compreffion, being abated, had afforded fome facility for the production of Air. ‘The Alehad a moft pungent tafte. Nov. 9. I opened the other Receiver, and obferved in a manner the famé circumitances. From 46 The Second Continuation of From this Experiment it feems to follow ,_ That Ale if the Air be wholly excluded from the Veflel will ferment more flowly than if fome Air were left with it: yet in trac of time, it makes a greater compreffion, if no place be left for its dilatation. EXPERIMENT XIV. Fune 27. Peafe with {pirit of wine. I put green Peafe into an emptied Receiver , with fpirit of “Wine. ‘Towards the Evening the Receiver feemed to admit the external Air, and the Mercury came to the height of 18 digits; and therefore “er? the Cover with Turpentine. UNC 30. I perceived no more ie in the height of the Mercury. aly 7. No Air was produced, even inthemoft vehement heat. Meee eer eS Peale without fpirit of Wine. I put new Peafe into an emptied Receiver , without fpirit of Wine. The Receiver and the quantity of the Peafe were the fame, as in the laft mentioned Experiment. | une 28. The Receiver was full of Air, forI think it was not exactly fhut ; and therefore Tagain included the fame Peafe. Towards Evening the height of the Mercury was 5 digits. Fune 29) The height § 2° Fuly Bek: 26 320 of: 16 7$ of it was 230 July 15 © it was {yo | July 8. The Air got out of the Receiver being too much filled. From Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 477 From. this Experiment, made.in-two Receivers at.once, it appears , ‘That {pirit of Wine doth alfo hinder the production of Air in Peafe.- :| AcRo Ts dehy Asko: dah The Effects of Artificial Air are different ion the Effects of ° Common. Air. BPE ROEM Es Nedti:k Fune i9. 1677. - Put hase into an evacuated Receiver. . In 6 hours time’ the Mercury .came to the heiglit.of 5 digits andan:. Une 2.0. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 3 3. Towards the Evening it was 2, N. Zhe Afcenftons are always to: be underftood, as added * to. the-former.. Fune 2 Le | Find 26 3 era The afcen- )" 27( The afcen- )3 eA fion was ), : | | 8 fion was )5 | 25 bi 38 Ts Fuly x The rae Fuly ere afcen- 3 aoe Gan’ fion was. 3 2 HON Wes The height waS-48; but I. tranfmitted. the Air into. another Receiver, and the Mercury was deprefled to the height of 35, digits. fuly 48 The Second Continuation of Fuly 6. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 4 digits in one nights fpace. 7. Theafcenfion of it was 5% in 24 hours fpace. 8. The afcenfion of it was 5. 9. The afcenfion of it was 5. 10. The afcenfion of it was 6. rr. Theafcenfion. of it was 12. in the fpace of 3 ¢hours, 12. The afcenfion of it was 7. 13. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 3. the heighe about 92 digits; but the Air being tranf{mitted into another Receiver, the Mercury ftaid in the height so, 14¢ The wre te. St Bove afcen-2 13 15) fionwas ¢rr | 175 fion was $ ¢ 18. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 9. the height of it 102. 19. The height of the Mercury was 92. wiz. becaufe I tranfmitted part of the Air into another Receiver. 20 The afcenfion of the Mercury was 15. 22. Some Air got out, and the height of the Mercury Was 63 :. 23. The Siri of it was 12 4. 24. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 4. the height of it was 79 digits ; but the Air being tran{mitted into another Receiver, the height ftaid at 62. 252 The afcen- 58 | 27 §The afcen- 54 26$ fion was os 282 fion was 3 30. The afcenfion of it. was ro. the height was 98. Part of the Air being tranfmitted into another Re. ceiver, the height ftaid at 64. 31. The afcenfion was 6. Aug. 1. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 9. digits. 2. The afcenfion of it was 4. 3. I tranfmitted the Air into another Receiver » and the Mercury abode in the height 68. 4.1 Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 49 Aug. 4. | tranfmitted the Air again into another Receiver, and the Mercury refted in the height 4. 6. The afcenfion of the Mercury was 7. 7. The afcenfion of it was 4. 8. There was no afcenfion thereof. 9. The afcenfion thereof was 3 digits. The Receiver being opened, I found the Cherries of a whi- tith colour, and of very little tafte; but the tafte they had was not ungrateful : their flefh or pulp was fpongie. From this Experiment it feems to follow, that Cherries con- tain much Air in them, and that they produce it very irre- gularly. 3 EXPERIMENT IL. Fuly 13. 1677. I put Cherries into an empty Receiver, and then I tran¢ mitted into the fame Receiver, as much Air produced from other Cherries, as was fufficient to fuftain 50 digits of Mer- cury. Fuly 15. Yefterday the Mercury had not afcended at all; but this day . was two digits higher, viz. in 22.above its wonted height. July +6. The height of the Mercury was 23+. Fuly 17 The height of it Mercury was 45. Some was 25. more Air made an efcape. 26. The height of it 30. The height of it was 43. Some Air got was 52. out. | 31. The height of it 27. The height of the | was 61 digits. Auguft 1. The height of the Mercury perfifts in a manner the fame, but the Air brake out. H Auguft, AI fn = 50 The Second Continuation of Auguft 27. The Air hadall broke out tor fome time befores I took out the Cherries, and found them not to have loft their colour, ag they had in the former Experiment ; and befides they had con. tracted no putrefaction nor mouldinefs, but hadatatfte a little more acid than they were wont to have; and being opened, there were many cavities in their pulp, like fermented pafte or dough , but not quite fo thick. From this Experiment compared with the former, it may probably be inferred, that in Artificialair, fruits do produce lefs Air, and fo they keep their colour and their tafte better ; for the Cherries in the former Experiment remained included in a Receiver, not much longer than thofe in this. EXPERIMEN T IU. September 10. 1677. Common Air. I put 6 ounces of unripe Grapes into aReceiver, capable of containing 25 ounces of Water; and I ftopd it firmly by the help ofa Screw, withCommon of the iro on Wires being broken, all the Air got out. wi herefore I took out the Fruits, and found them very foft, efpecially thofe whofe low er parts were immerged in tHe Water; for the reft they were a little more firm ;. but all of them retained a crateful tafte. From this Experiment made in 2 Receivers, it eems to be interrable ; ‘That Air produced from Cherries, doth promote the alteration both of colour, and alfo of firmnefsin Apricocks. It appears alfo, ‘That fome part of fuch Air is deftroyed in the beginning. X PERIMENT X july 30. 1676 [ put Plums, cut afunder, into 3 Receivers, of which onewas fall of Artificial Air, produced fom Gousberries: the fecond was full of Common Air, the thitd was Vacvous. Auguft e52 Inthe Artificial Air, the Plums were not changed. In the Common Atr, they began to be mouldy ; but in the evacuated Receiver, they retained their colour, but were foft. Auguft 5. In the Artificial Air the Plums had contracted a red colour, humidi ty, and foftnefs; In the Common Air, they feeme dblack and mi ouldy, yet reining their, firmnefs : In the evacuated Receiver, they were alt moft. melted or diffolved. Auruff 7 fil S% fe Inthe Common Air the Plums now began to foften. August Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 61 Anguft 8. Inthe Common Air, the Plums feemed to have loft their black colour, and to have contracted a red one ; even as it hap- pened 3 days ago to the Plums in the Artificial Air. In this Experiment, Artificial Air feems to have promoted alteration. EXPERIMENT XE September 24. I put 5 Peaches into.a Receiver, with Common Air mixed with Air produced from Grapes, and I included the Grapes themfelves in the fame Receiver; that the Common Air might be the better faturated with the Artificial. September 25. Theheight of the Mercury was 21 digits. Sept. 26> The height (23 | S&*: 29) The height § 42 a7 of it was 3; : 49 28 39} 48 Oétob. 2. The fame height continued. 3. Theheight of it was 52 4. 5. The height the fame; but the Peaches feemed fomewhat madid. 6. The height of it was 58. 7. The height of it was the fame. 8. The height of it was 6r. 11. The Mercury afcended a little. 19. The height of it was 65. 25. The height of it was 61. The cold was fharp. 27. The Coldabated andthe Mercury afcended. 30. The height ftay'd at 61. and a little more. Novemb.2. The height of the Mercury was 59. “Iwas bit ter cold weather: 6. The height of itwas 61. The Froft broke and was diffolved. aa ae of it was Nov. 62 The Second Continuation of Nov:~7. The Mercury feemed fomewhat higher 9. The Mercury perfifted in the fame height. Dec. 9. In one Months fpace the Mercury afcended by lit tle and little, its height was 80 digits. April i. 1678. The Mercury came to 96 digits above its wonted height, And I opened the Receiver, and whileft the Air was breaking out, the Peaches did emit many bubblesthrough their skin, not without violent noife, and the skin infome of them was broken ; They had preferved their tafte pleafant enough and the colour of their pulpe was commendable, but they had loft their firmnefs, as if they had been boiled ; being left in the Air for 3 hours fpace, they wereall rotten. This Experiment proves, That Common Air doth corrupt bodies, yet itdoth fo much lefs, if it be mixed with Factitious Air. EXPERIMENT XIE Auguft 4, THe First RECEIVER. I cut 5 Pears, each of them into four parts, and I put one part of each into a Receiver full of Common Air, and {topped it clofe with a Screw. Auguft 6. The colour of thefe Fruits was altered little lefs than of others: The Mercury afcended not at all. Auguft 7. The Pears were little altered; The Mercury was higher by a little. 2 Auguft 8. The Pears underwent no great mutation. The height of the Mercury was 4. digits. Auguft 9. The height of it was 43. Aug, Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 62 eo | Aug. i. 6 | Aug. 13 Sr pagar ss rid Of it was (10! iq) of it was .¢20 The Pears began to be foftned. Aug. 15. The height of it was 21. 16. The height of it was 19. I believe the Air had got out. 17. Now I found the Air hadefcaped out. 18. When the Air had almoft all got out fince yefter- day in the Evening , and J faw the Fruits to look worfe than before, I took them out, and found them putrified. Auguft 4. THe Seconnd RECEIVER. T took one quarter of each of the aforefaid Pears, and inclu- ded it after the fame manner; and afterwards I imamitted Air, roduced out of Cherries, till the Mercury poffeffed 23 digits above its wonted preflure. Auguft 6. Thofe Fruits had-altered nothing, but their colour a little. Auguft 7. The Pears, almoft all, feemed rotten. The Mercury per- fifted in the fame height. : Auguft 8. The Pears were not altered muchmore. Something hindered, that I could not fee the Mercury. Auguft 10. The Pearswax'd moreand more foft. Now looking upon the height of the Mercury, it was 4o digits more thanits wonted height. Aug. 112 The height §51 | dug.r4? The height 567 13$ of it was 261 r5$. of itwas (73 Aug. 16. The Mercury defcended; yet 1 know affuredly that nothing had got out.. : Aug. 64. The Second Continuation of Auguft 17. The Mercury exceeded not 67 digits in height, yet the Air could by no means efcape out. Auguft 18. The Mercury perfifted at the fame height, but I fuffered the Air to break forth; it affe&ted my Nottrils with a tharp odour : moreover the tafte of the Fruits feemed very acid, and their pulpe exceeding foft. Auguft 4. 1677. 2He oF AiR DORE CEI V ER: I put a quarter of each of the forefaid Pears into a Receiver, not exactly fhut. Augult 6. The Pears feemed to change their colour. Auguft 7. One of our pieces of Pears began to lofe its firmnefs: but in the Artificial Air another piece orthe fame Pear did yefter- day feem wholly rotten. Auguft 8. One piece was mouldy, the reft were foft. Auguft 9. The Pears grew more and more rotten. Auguft x1. The Pears were wholly mucid and rotten. This Receiver compared with the firft, fhews, That Cor- ruption doth not begin in Free Air fooner than in included Air ; but when it is begun, it is much more, yea, and more fpee- dily increafed, vz. becaufe the included Air might be fatiated. Auguft 4. 1677. THe FouRtTH RECEIVER. I included one quarter of each of the faid Pears ## Vacuo. Auguft Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 65 Auguft 6. The heightof the Mercury was 5. Auguft 7 8. | Auguft 13) (20 The height IO 14 The height )2 3 9 fj : I5\ ofit was )25 yo\ Of it was ), iy 8 iI 16 20. Hithertothe Pears had undergone no alteration, but this day they began to be foft : The Mercury afcended not. Auguft 26. Neither the Pears, nor the height of the Mer- cury were altered at all. This production of the Air feems very regular. By this Experiment, made in 4 Receivers at once, we find the aptitude of Artificial Air for the foftning of Fruits. And that the production of Air was here promoted by Ar- tificial Air, is very probable ; yet it had fucceeded otherwife with Apricocks, ArticIl. Exper.Vil. EXPERIME.N-T. XII. Auguf rt. 1677. Tue First RECEIVER. I divided 6 Apricocks, each into 4 parts, and I put one piece ofeach into a Receiver full of Common Air, and {topped it firmly with a Screw. Aug.22. The Apricocks feemed riper this day than yefterday; but no Air was produced by them. Auguft 23; One piece, contiguous to the Water, began to be mouldy, the reft inclined to putrifattion: the Mercury feemed to have afcended a little. dug. 24. A piece next the Water, wascovered with a great deal of mouldi- 66 The Second Continuation of mouldinefs, another piece, more remote from.the Water, was fomewhat mouldy alfo ; but all were rotten. Aug. 25. The Fruits contraéted no more mouldinefs ; but the putri- faétion more and more increafed. ‘The height of the Mer- cury was 7 digits. Aug26. The height of the Mercury was 15. digits. 28. The height of it was 30. 29. Fhe fame height continued. 0. The height of it was33. The Fruits were almoft all diffolved. 3x. The height of it was 38. Septemb.x. Theheight of the Mercury was the fame. 2. Thefame height ftill. 3. The Mercury afcended a little. Septemb.4v'The height §4r | eer height § 45 at ofit was 243 | 8§ ofit was ¢46 Septemb. 9, The fame.height continued. Sept.22. Little or nochange was made in the height of the Mercury; but the Fruits were almoft melted into water. Oltob. 1. When the Mercury icontintied inthe fame height, and the Fruits were almoft ‘all yanifhed, I» opened. the’ Receiver ,. and found the Apricocks very mucli impaired, and foft, yet they. had retained atafte, not ungrateful, but. fubacid. Auguft 2.1..1677: Tue Stconpd: RECEIVER: licovered one quarter of each.of the forefaid Fruits, the Re- ceiver not being tortified againft external Air: Aug. 22. The Apricocks. were flacezd or'quailed, as if they had been dry or withered, Ang, Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 67 Aug.23. Many of our Fruits appeared rotten and mouldy. Aug. 24, \ The Apricocks were wholly infected with putrefaction and mouldinefs. Auguft 21. THE Tuorrp RECEIVER. Jincluded firmly bythe help of a Screw, one quarter of each of the forefaid Fruits, in an unexhaufted Receiver; to which T afteradded Air produced from Pears, asmuch as fufficed to fuftain 20 digits of Mercury. Aug. 22. The Mercury afcended notatall; but the Fruits feemed to have acquired a greater degree of maturity than thofe which are included. in Common Air. Aug. 23. Thefe Fruits feemed lefs altered than they which were in Common Air. Aug, 24. The Fruits were not altered. Aug. 25. TheFruitsdid begin to produce Air, but I could not difcern the quantity. Aug. 26. Little alteration in the Fruits. Aug, 28. The Apricocks began to moiften, yetthey were far lefs al- tered than thofe which remain inCommon Air. Aug. 30. ; The Mercury did this day emerge abovethe bodies by whieh it was hid. Its height above the wonted preffure, was 30 digits. K 2 Aug, 68 The Second Continuation of 31. The height of the Mercury was 40 digits. . Theheight of i¢ was the fame. fame height continues. he height thereef4s5. eheight was little changed. ieheight was 4o. and yet no Air got out: 1¢ height was, 3 8.. . The Mercury continued to defcend. 3. The.height of it was 33° Sépt. 14- The Mercury was. fo deprefled, that it appeared no more. Sept.22. The Mercury did emerge again, its-height was 3} The Fruits were covered with a kind of mucor or Finew. Ostob. 1. Whenthe height of the Mercury, nor the Apricocks, ‘were any more altered , and the Finew vanithed away, L.opened the Receiver, and found the Apricocks not impaired , butiofa-co- lour laudable enough, but their pulp was fpongy and foft, and af'a fubacid tafte. Augufl.25 Fue FourrH.ReECEIVER. I took a quarter of each of the aforefaid Fruits; and thut them up firmly .with a Screw in an unexhaufted Receiver, into which afterwards I intruded: Air, till the Mercury came to 90 digits above its accustomed preflure- Aug. 22. Oar Receiver broke into an hundred pieces by the force of tlie Air comprefled-within it: whereupon I putthe Fruits into another Receiver, and added onely fucha quantity of Air as was able to fuftain 6odigits of Mercury. Aug. 25. The Apricocks. had contracted no. mouldinefs, I added new Aa. Aug. Phyfico- Mechanical Experiments. — 69 Auguft 26. The Apricocks were wholly infected with mouldinefs, and rottennelfs, This Receiver, if compared withthe former, doth fhew, That the quantity of corruption, doth depend on, the quantity of the Air. - By. this Experiment madeé in 4 Receivers at once, we have a confirmation, That in Faétitious Air alteration is made quicker; but in tract oftime, thecorruption is far greater in Common Air. Ab Tt Giobe Bico EW. The Effects of Compreffed Air, are different from the Effects of Common Air. b.» PE RL MBN EL. March 24. 1677. Putz Onions into.a Receiver, which was to be {topped clofe with a Screw, and F intruded fo-much Common Air there- into, that raifed the. Mercury 60 digits above its wonted preflure. March. 28. My. Onions took root as well ‘as-other Onions which I had: included in Comnton Air at the-fame time. April.28. The Onions included in Common Air 8 days ago, were covered. with. mouldinefs, though in the beginning they had put forth, roots numerous enough: The Onions in the other Receiver began to contraét corruptionat the ends of their roots, but the comprefléd Air 10 days before had’ found’a gradual paflage 70 The Second Continuation of paflage out,and now was almoft all efcaped. And therefore I put in new Air, till the Mercury had attained to the height of 60 digits above its accuftomed prefiure. April 29. The Onions in the compreffed Air, were all over covered with mouldinefs. From this Experiment it feems to follow, That a little com. preffion doth not prejudice thofe bodies which areto be expan- ded by vegetation. Moreover the new Air, which was intruded, feems to have promoted the mouldinefs, though in the beginning it is pro- bable that thecompreffion of the Air did retard boththe moul- -dinefs, and alfo.the corruption. i XP RE MEN I I, May 9. I put 2 equal quantities of Tulips and Lark-fpurs into 2 Re- ceivers of an equal bignefs, and {topped them up firmly with Screws : I left one ofthem with Common Air onely, but Icom- prefied the other with the intrufion of new Air, tillthe Mercury did exceed its wonted heightby 70 digits. May it. Two Tulips in the Common Air contracted mouldinefs, but all things remained unaltered inthe comprefled Air. May 12. A third Tulip, in the Common Air, began to be finewed; but there was no fach thing in the compreffed Air. i May 14. This day I perceived one Tulip inthe conaprefled Air to be infected with fome mucor or finew, but thofe which remained in the Common Air, were all’ very mucid, and alfo one of ‘the Lark-fpurs in the Common Air,had contracted a mucor. May Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 71" May 17. Three-of the Tulips.in the comprefled Air had indeed con- trated aFinew, but not half fo much as Tulips in the Common Air werecovered with. And moreover of the Lark-fpurs in the Common Air appeared finewed alfo; but thofe fhut up incomprefled Air, were preferved frefh, and wholly free from mouldinefs or. finew. May 21. The:Flowers in the Common Air were all rotten and putri- fied; butthe other in the'Compreffed Air, received no further alteration: and befides, the Tulips, which had ‘contraé&ted fome finew, feemed rather to lofe that,than toacquire mew, May 309. When the Flowers in the common Air, being wholly pu- trid, were diffolved inte water, Ttook them out, and kept the liquor in the Vefiel to try whether any Infects would breed. therein... In the comprefied Air the Flowers fuffered’no more: fenfible alteration; and ‘therefore I took them out,.and found’ them madid, and infected with a fubacid odour. By this Experiment it feems plain, That comprefled Air doth hinder putrefaction and mouldinefs in fome plants. EXPER JM ENT IU. May 21, 1677. I cutan Orange into two equal parts, and one of the’ halfs- I ftopped.up in a Receiver with Air fo comprefled, that it would fuftain 100 digits of Mercury above its wonted preffure ; but I left the other half im another Receiver, wellthut, onely with common Air. May 25: Each half of the Orange had contracted mouldinefs, but that which was in the common; Air was much more mucid than: the other. | May 72 The Second Continuation of ‘May 2.6. ‘This day I perceived that thie comprefied Air had almoft alf ot out,and therefore I putin new. May 30. Every day I perceived fome Air had got forth, and there- fore I made adayly fupply by adding new. And it came to pafsthat the Orange by reeeiving new air, fo often admitted, had contracted a mucor notwith{tanding the compreffion much more than the other piece of Orange that was always left in the fame air without preflure. Fune i. I took out the two half Oranges, and that which: re- mained in the comprefied air, feemed to have contracted a corruption™at leaft three times greater than that which had continued in the common air. By this Experiment, The aptitude of compreffed air, to re- tard corruption, is confirmed; yetia progrefs of time ‘tis very probable, that the quantity of corruption doth dependuponthe quantity ofthe air. See Exper.t. EX:P ERIM EN TT. T¥. May 31. 1677. I included two equal quantities of Rofes in 2 Receivers, which I ftopped. by the help of Screws, into one. of which I intruded as much air as would fuffice to fuftain 90 digits of Mercury, befides its accuftomed prefiure; but I left the other onely with common air. Fune 11. The Rofes in the common air were free from mouldinef, onely they feemed to have loft fomething of their colour ; but thofe which were fhut upin the comprefled air had almoft all contracteda yellow colour, asif they had withered in the open air, and yetthey were not mucid or finewed. Fune ' ax F « 7 . : Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 73 Fune 18. This laft-Week the Flowers in the common air adinitted not the leaft change; but thofe in the comprefled air moreand more yellow. I opened both Receivers, and f prefied air, were not fo foon altered by the conta& of new air, as thofe which had remained in the air not comprefied. From this Experiment it feems to follow, That comprefied air is fometimes fitter for the alteration of colour than com. mon air. And perhaps it may not be unworthy of our no- tice, thatRofes fo included, contraét not a mouldinefs, but onely a yellow colour; but in Tulips and Larkfpurs the mat- ter fucceeded otherwife. See Exper.Il. EX P Ec RMEWN T °V: Funer. 1677. I put the 2 halfs of the fame Orange in 2 Receivers; In the one lincreafed the quantity of air till it fuftained the Mercury 100 digits above its wonted height ; but I left the other un- comprefled, onely exactly fhut. Fune 6. Each half of the Orange was infected with mouldinefs, ef pe- cially that, whofe ambient air was comprefled:. Butnote that new air was every day to be fupplied thereunto; for the com- prefied air in 24 hours fpace had almoft all got out. But in Exper. Mil. it had remained very well {hut in for 6 whole days. Fune If. : The Orange in the common air contraéted no more moul- dinefs; but in the comprefled air, the mucor or mouldinefs Wes more and more increafed, L Fune ‘ The Second Continuation of Fune 18, Finding the mouldinefs of the Orange in the common air to be leffened rather than increafed, I took it out; and petcei- ving further , That incompreffed air the Orange was not more mucid, after I had ceafed to intrude new air ; I was willing to trie, whether the new air did fuppeditate new ftrength to the Orange to exert and thruft out its mouldinefs; there- fore I made the Mercury in the Gage. by reafon of the air I intruded, to exceed its wonted height 80 digits. Fune 20. Two days after I had intruded new air into the Receiver, the mouldinefs of the Orange appearedto be manifeftly aug- mented. From this Experiment we may gather , That the quantity of the mouldinefs doth depend on the quantity of the air. “I +5 EXPERIMENT VI. Fune x7. 1677. [ put 2 Shrew-Mice into2 Receivers, of equal bignefs, and ftopped'them up carefully ; In one of them I left onely com- mon air ; into the other, I intruded air, till the Mercury was higher than its wonted preffure 30 digits: But the Moufe in the common air was included: about 5 and 52‘, 6’ after the other. The Moufe inthe comprefled airfeemed to lofe his ftrength much fooner than-the other, the motion of his breaft being lefs frequent. Yet notwithftanding about 6 and 18’, the Moufe inthe common air, which feemed the ftronger, fell into convulfive fits and died ; but the Moufe in the comprefied air, feemed then, and fome time after, to beas well; as it was an hour and half before. About 11 of the Clock, the moufe in the comprefiéd ‘air did asyet breath ; but about 4 in the morning he was found dead in Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 75 in the fame pofture, wherein he was 7 hours before ; whence we may conjecture, that he wasfree from convulfive fits. I muft not here omit to relate, that the Moufe in the com. mon air had confumed fomething of that air , fo that the Mer. cury ftood at 29 digits, which, when the Receiver was opened, prefently afcended to 30. From this Experiment we learn, That comprefled air {eems fitter than common air, forthe prolongation of Life, feeing the one Moufe lived 2.4’ and no more, but the other lived about 15 turns longer, though onely adouble quantity of Air was inclu- ded in his Receiver. EXPERIM-EN, T. VI4. Fune 13. 1677. I put 4 Flies into a Receiver, into which I afterwards intru- ded air, till the Mercury did occupy 60 digits above ‘its won- tedheight ; and at the fame time I included 3 other Flies in another Receiver, withcommon air not comprefled. Fuly 14. This day in the morning all the Flies were well. In the afternoon I found 2 of them dead in the comprefled air, but in the common air they were all alive. About 5 of the clock one of the Flies in the comprefled air was alive and three in the common air. Fune 15. This raorning I found all the Flies in the common air dead ; butthat fingle one which remained alive in the compreffed air, feemed ftillto be very well, and being taken out of the Recei- ver, flew {peedily away. From this Experiment it feems to follow, That Flies are not very fenfible of the compreffion of the air; and that they die more for hunger than for default of air: for the Flie which was fo long well, fed upon the carcaffes of thofe which were L2 dead, " The Second Continuation of 1, fothat fhe feemed to beaffe&ted with no diftemper. Yet { iterated the Experiment. See Exper. VIL. Puak PUR Rote EON 'T.. VIE: Fune 15. Trepeatedthe former Experi riment , onely including 4 Flies in each Receiver, and comprefling the: air fomewhat more. Fane 16: Fhis morning I found 2 of the Flies inthe common air dead; at but one in the comprefled air. About 2 in the afternoon the 4 Flies in the. common air feemed to be dead, but in thé compr felled air, the-3 werealive. June 17. All the Flies died, except one inthe comprefled air. Fron 1 this, and the former Experiment, ‘a mam may conje- Sture, That: the co eae of the airis of fmall confequence to Fes; and indeed they are not: prejudiced by the ra refaction of-the air, but with great difficulty, unle fc theie beal- moft a compleat VACUUM. BPP? SRE OM BN? OP < et Fune 18. T included 2 Frogs in 2 Receivers, and {topped them Hien IC help of Screws ; the one onely with common air, the oth with air compr refled to faftain 7odigits of Mercury. une 19. Botlrthe Frogs: were alive; and the height of the Mercury in both Receivers remained the fame. : Fane 20. Neither of the Frogs were dead , and'they feemed to’ me ra- ther to diminith than increafe the : air, but the difference was © imall, that E-dare not be pofitive therein. Fune Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 77 Fune 21. In the morning both the Frogs were alive; but towards evening the Frog in the common air was found dead. Fune 22. At evening the Frog in the comprefled air’ was alive. Fune 23. In the morning I found the Frog dead. It muft be found out by iterated Experiments, whether thé greater length of life was to be afcribed to the compreffion of the air, or to the difpofition of the Frogs. EX PERILMEN TX. Fune 18. 1677, Ifhut 2 half parts of the fame Orange in 2 Receivers, and {topped them by the help of Screws ; the one with common air, the other with air compreffed to fuftain’ 90 digits of Mer- cury: Fune 22." This morning I found the Orange in the common air, tobe infected with mouldinefs, but the other was fourid. At 3 of theclock in the afternoon, the Orange in the com- prefled air feemed alfo to have contratted fome mucor. Fune 23. f found the Orange in the common air far more mucid than the other. Fune 24: The Orange in the common air did not incréafe his’ moul- dinefs, but the other was covered all over withit. Fune 28. The mouldinefs produced in the common air ‘was’ how wholly vanithed; In the other Receiver, I faw no further al- teration in the Fruit. Fune 30 78 The Second Continuation of Fune 30. Perceiving that the Fruits perfifted in the fame ftate, I took them out. The half Orange, which was kept in common air, feemed half rotten ; but the other befides its finew , appeared wholly putrified. By this Experiment we have a confirmation, That the quantity of the mouldinefs orfinew doth depend on the quan- tity of the air. It feems alfo worthy of obfervation, That the mouldinefs, or hoarinefs did appear a little later in the compreffed air than in the common, though afterwards it increafed much more. BAPEREALMEN.T XI, Fune 29. 1677. I included Rofes in 2 Receivers, {topd by the help of Screws; I left one with common. air onely, but I filled the other with fo much air intruded by force, that the Mercury afcended to 90 digits above its wonted preflure. Fuly 14. Four or five days ago I found the Rofes in the comprefled air to wither and todegenerate intoa yellow colour. There was not the leaftalteration in the other Receiver. Fuly 17. When I perceived that this prefent Experiment proceeded after the fame manner, as That mentioned p. 72. I took out the Rofes. Thofe kept in the comprefied air, were very much corrupted, and of a very ungrateful fmell; but the others were little altered; and their fmell not unpleafant. Hence we have a further confirmation, That the quantity of corruption doth depend on the quantity of the air. E X- P hyfico- Mechanical Experiments. 79 EXPERIMENT XII. Fuly 4. T cut a Limon afunder, and put both halfs into two Recei- vers, to be ftopped by the help of Screws: The one I left with common air onely, but the other I filled with fo much comprefied air, that it fuftained go digits of Mercury above its wonted prefiure. July 7. This day both parts of the Limon feemed to grow mouldy at the fame time, Fuly 17. The part of the Limon inthe compreffed air, had contracted much more of hoar or finew, than the other: And perceiving no further alteration in them, I took them out, and found the Limon in the comprefled air far more putrid than the other. By this Experiment, it isconfirmed, That the quantity of corrruption doth depend.on the quantity of the air. Itfeems alfo, That atriple compreffion of the air , in refpect of a Limon, is too weak fenfibly to retard the production. of mouldinefs or finew. EXPERIMEN T. XIII Fuly 18. 1677. I included 2 parcels of Gilliflowers; equal: in number, in 2 equal Receivers, and {topped them clofe with Screws. L filled the one withcompreffed air, till it fuftained 100 digits of Mer- cury above the wonted preffure; but the other was left with common air alone. Fuly, 23. vines 8 In the comprefled air, the Gilliflowers:were bedew'd with fome hoarinefs or mould; the others apfeared onely a . u 80 The Second Continuation of But the Mereury exceeded its wonted height onely 70 digits, becaufefome of the air had got forth. Fuly 25. In the compreffed air,the Gilliflowers proceeded to be much more corrupted than the others: They had wholly loft their colour. Fuly 26. In the compreffed air, the Gilliflowers were wholly putri- fied, andcovered with an hoary finew ; the others were moift onely in fome places. Auguft x. Perceving no farther alteration in the Gilliflowers, I took them ou: of their Receivers; thofe which were kept in com. prefled cir were rotten, and did ftinke; but the other kept their colour, and their fmell was not offenfive, but they were moift. This Experiment confirms, That the quantity of the air doth increafe corruption. We my alfo obferve , That the mouldinefs or hoarinefs is :Mot produced, but in compreffed air; neither is it probable that this happened by chance, feeing in each Receiver there were 4 Gilliflowers included, or three at leatt. EXPERIMENT XIV. Fuly 21. 1677. I inchided a Shrew-Moufe in a Recipient, with common air, and fhut it in firmly with aScrew, to trie whether he would froduceor confume air. After 2 hours the Moufe died, and fome air was confumed, but a lef; quantity than in ae Experiment mentioned p. 74, uly 24. Hitherto I found no cha ie the height of the Mercury. Towardsevening it feemeda little higher. July Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. §1 July 25. This day in the morning much air was produced de xove. Fuly 26. The quantity of the produced air increafed more and more. By this Experiment we have aconfirmation , That /ivixg Animals do confume. air, but dead ones produce new. EXPERIMENT XV. Auguft 31. COMPRESSED AIR. I put Pears into a Receiver, whereto, after it was well ftop- ped , I added as much-Air, as fufficed to fuftain 30 dgits of Mercury above the wonted prefiure. : September 1. The Mercury wasdepreffed, asit happened fol.3 7. Sept. 2. Theheight of the iar decreafed : it exceeded not 25 digits. Sept. 3. This day the Mercury proceeded one digit higher ; it ftaid in 26. Sept. 4. The height, thereof was 28. Sept. 8. Becaufe ‘the Receiver did afford fome efflux fo the air, I therefore put innew: And this day, opening the Receiver, to compare the tafte of thefe Fruits with the tatte of theothers, Ifound'that 5 of the Pears had loft their firmnefs, but 2 had retained it. M . Augult 82 The Second Continuation of Auguft 31. ComMMoN Arr. I included Pears of the fame kind in another Receiver, with common air onely, not compreffed. September 1. The Mercury was a little depreffed, as if it had been in com- prefled air: The caufe whereof I judge attributable onely to the Cold. Sept.2. The Mercury was not changed. Sept. 3. The height of the Mercury was one digit above the wonted preffure. Sept. 4\ The height 54 5 $< ofitwas 263 September 8. The height of the Mercury was 20. The Pears being: ta- ken out of the Receiver, ‘had'preferved their tale much better than thofe which were included 7 vacge. They, alfo retained their firmnels. Sept. 63 the height $6. 7$ of it was 212 Auguft. 31. Vacuum. J included Pears of the fame fort é# vacuo,but fome external air brake in, and the height of the Mercury.was 1 digit. Sept. 1 4 | Sept. 5-y 19 2( The height )8, | ee 6( The ea Ge 30 Of it was S12 7( of it was ey: 16 8 fe) The Pears, being taken out, had kept their firmnels, but fad loft much of their tafte. : From this Experiment, made in 3 Receivers at once, it ems to follow, That ina greater compreffion, a lefs quantity ofair is produced, Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 83 EX PER.IM E N/E. XVI December 7. . I fhut up a fmall Bird in a Receiver, capable of holding 20 ounces of Water. The Bird began to be ill, before I had /er the Screw ; but, after [had intruded fo much air, as could fu- {tain 30 digits of Mercury above its wonted height, fhefeemed to recover again ; but in fome fpace of time atter, fhe began again to be fick, and therefore I intruded air the fecond time, till the Mercury ftaid in 45 digits above its wonted height, andthen the Bird was again reftored to health, but a little time after fhe began to gafp again; then opening the Receiver, after fhe had ftaid in it 28 minutes, fhe got out, and was very well. EXPERIMENT XVII Fanuary 20. 1678. I put a Shrew-Moufe into the Receiver of my Wind-Gun, whofe elliptick aperture was fcituate in its upper part, the Fi- gure of itis fet down p.16,17.. Then as quick as I. could, I fo far condenfed the air there, till it was reduced to the twentieth part of its fpace, or thereabouts; andthen I prefently difchar- ged that Air, and the elliptick hole being opened, I fufpected that the Moufe had been onely a little convulfive; but when he was taken out, there'were no figns of life in him. | And there- fore. ’tis left to enquiry, Whether the caufe of ‘his death were to be afcribed to the Narrownefs of the Receiver, or tothe Compreffion of the Air? Wherefore I put another’ Moufe-into the fame!Receiver, and the air being reduced to a third or fourth part of its {pace, I opened the Receiver, but not fo carefully asf had done in the former Experiment; yet the Moufe, taken out therefrom, was found to bevery well. M2 I 84, The Second Continuation of Tafterward repeated the fame Experiment, the air being: about 7 or 8 times condenfed, and the Moufe feemed to fuffer no inconvenience thereby. I tried the fame Experiment again, in Air comprefled 7 times, and left the Moufe included for 24 minutes, which time being elapfed, I difcharged'the Air, and the hole being opened, I per- ceived the Moufe to fetch many deepgroans, as it were; yet, being taken out, he could-not recover his health again. By thefe Experiments it is manifeft, That a great compref- fion of Air is noxious, yea mortiferous to Animals. EXPERIMENT XVIII- Fanuary 28: 1678. I puta Shrew-Moufe into a Glafs, to whofe neck I tieda bladder ftopping the orifice. Thefe things being thus prepared, I put them into-a Receiver for the compreffing of the Air. A little time after, when the Moufe began to be fick, I compreffed the Air, and the bladder was ftraitned, and fothe Moufe was found in-comprefled Air, though no new Air could penetrate to-him: ‘Then he feemed tobe much better, and his heart did not pant- fo often; and opening the Receiver, ina fhort time, he was as well as ever. I: iterated: the fame Experiment, and the Moufe was left there fo long, that he could hardly breath, whileft I-beganto } comprefs the Air; andthe compreffion feemed again to abate his refpiration ; the Receiver, being opened, and fothe Moufe expofed to the Air, could not breath much more freely ; but if i blew-the Air on him by Bellows, he feemed to be fomething relieved ; but being again committed to the comprefled Air, he breathed lefs frequently, and at laft died. March 25. Becaufe in the former Experiment it was not clearly mani- feft, whether the Air did enter through the ligature. of the blad- der, : Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. Se, 9 der, I.ufed the Inftrument defcribed p. 15... And whenI per- ceived that the Moufe was fick, and breathed feldom, I intru- ded Water into the Receiver, fothat the Air was reduced to. the half of its fpace, and then the Moufe breathed more rare- ly; but if, extracting the Water, I left the whole {pace entire for the Air, his refpiration feemed more vivid,and the Air being thus many times contracted and dilated, the fick Moufe feemed to me to breath more lively inthe common Air, than in the comprefled. Whence I-conjectured, That the Air is to Ani- mals,like Food,the quantity whereofought to bear fome propor- tion with their ftrength: and that I might more certainly. know it, I put the fame Moufe into my pneumatick Engine, . and rarified the Air, fo that it pofleffed more than double the {pace it was wont; whileft the Air was rarefying, prefently , the Moufe began tobebetter ; yet alittle while after he feemed: to. be fick, and when the Air was reftored, it brought no fen- fible commodity or inconvenience to the Moufe. I thus re-. peated the rarefaction three times, and the fame fuccefs fol-. Jowed; but at laft the Moufe died... _ A toa oe Ve The Effetts of Artificial Air upon Animats. EXPERIMENT. Ff May5. 1677. Put aBee, with Vinegar diftilled, and pulverized Coral, into an emptied Recipient, and the Air being wholly exhau- fted; 1 ordered the matter fo, that the Coral fell downinto the: Glafs of Vinegar : But the Air, produced from-thence, did not” reftore 86 The Second Continuation of. reftore any power of motion to the Bee; but-when fhe wag expofed to the open Air, in alittle time after fhe began to move her felf Hence ‘a fufpicion doth arifé, That Artificial Air is unfit for the life of Animals. EXPERIMENT. IL Augufi tz. 1676. I put 2Plies into: a Receiver, and exhaufting the Common Air, T fubftituted: Air, produced’ from Goosberries, in‘its place, as muclr as could fuftain 26 digits of Mercury. Afterwards I put 2 other Flies alfo i vacuo ; but with this difference, that I'reftored’common Air to thefé latter Flies, ones ly in that quantity, as could fuftain 2 3 digits of Mercury. Within a quarter ofan hour; thefe latter Flies, upon the're- {titution of the Air, recovered that power of motion which they had loft-#» vacuo, and did flie inthe rarefied Air; but the former lay without any motion, though they had ‘received a greater quantity of Air. Auguft 13. The Flies in the artificial Air, feemed ftill dead ; but the others were luity. The Fliestaken out of the artificial Air, and expofed tothe common air, remained foall this whole day, and.yet did not recover any life. Augufti 18. renewed the fame Experiment, with the fame fuccefs , though Thad reftored a greater quantity of artificial air. Flence we have an high confirmation, That artificial air is noxious to the life of Animals. EX- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. $7 EAP ERIM ENT. ‘Tr. Fune22., 1677. I put Pafte into. 3 Receivers, out of whieh Tafterwerds ex! haufted the Air. Fune 23. When my 3 Receivers did this day regurgitate with Air produced from the Pafte, I kindled a perfumed Cone, and thus. kindled, I put it into one-of my Receivers, which being pre: fently ftopped, the Fire, within oné minuteof time, went out. Then by blowing, I expelled the artificial Air from the Recei- ver, and put in fire to it, asbefore; and then it burned’ bright for a pretty longtime, though [ had fhut the Receiver as {pee- dily,;and-asaccurately as before. I tried another Experiment, after the famé manner, with a Fly, and in theartificial Air-fhe was prefently dead as it were, but afterward; being expofed‘to-the Sun; fhe'in-a fhort time grew well again. Then I blowed in common Air into the. Receiver, which. beingdone, the-Fly included‘as before, fuf- fered: no inconvenience thereby. I iterated the felf- fame Experiment with the fame Flyin our third Receiver, being filled with'Artificial Air, and the fame fuccefs followed, fave onely that‘ this Fly, when it was'taken out from-the artificial Air; could not bereftored' to health; -but in-a longer-time, v7z. becaufe fhe was left there longer. By thefe Experimentscit appears, That factirious Air is pre= judicial to Fire, as well as to the life of Animals. ES PEO RST ME! N&TS “Ty. June- 25. 3677. I put Pafte.into,4 Receivers, and exhauftidgrthe,Air wholly rom 88 The Second Continuation of from twoof them, I pump’ out onely halfthe Air from the other two. . Fune 26. I found the 2 Receivers which I had-left half full with come mon Air, to be quite filled with Air newly. produced; neither dare [ affert, whether they had for fome time regurgitated or no, fo thatthe quantity of common Air was much diminifhed. However the matter was, I put 2 Flies at once into one of the Receivers, after the manner beforedefcribed; and they,asfoon as they touched the bottom of the Receiver, in a.very little while after remained without motion. I put athird Fly into the Receiver, after the fame manner, and found ‘the lived alittle longer there than the former. A fourth Fly, being thruft in, maintained her life longeft of all, yet at laft, fuffering fome convulfion, fhe lay unmoved andrefupine. All the Flies, after fome ftay in the artificial Air, being taken out from,thence, and expofed to the common, grew well.in afhort time. fT made the fame Experiments in another Receiver half fullof artificial Air, and in a manner. with the fame fuccefs; but the Flies, in that Receiver, to which onely common.Air.wasblown in, recovered the power of motion and. their ftrength in.a fhort time. Fune 27. Ifound.one of the Receivers, which was wholly evacuated of common Air, to be full of artificial Air ; but it being cafually thrown down upon the.ground, ingrefs. was thereby afforded to, the: external. Air :. yer I put a Frog into it, which feemed not to be very fick therein. Fune 30. My fourth Receiver, by the power of the produced Air, feemed at length forced away from his Cover. I put a Frog into it, in manner aforefaid, and the fell into high Convulfions for five minutes. fpace, and then lay without motion. . After four minutes were elapfed, T opened the Receiver, and taking our Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 89 out the Frog, for 46 minutes fhe remained without motion ; but afterwards in four or five minutes more fhe grew very well. By thefe Experiments, it is evident, That artificial Air is ve- ry hurtful tothe life of Animals; but ifitbe mixed with com. mon Air, it doth not foreadily produce its effects E.X:B. E-R.FM iB Ni Py WV Fune 28. 1677. I put Pafte into 4 Receivers, 3 of which I caufed to be whol- ly exhaufted of common Air, but the fourth was Jett half full of Air. Fune 29. One of the Receivers which were wholly exhaufted, was found full of Air newly produced; and a Frog being put into it for 4 or 5 minutes, had {trong Convulfive fits; then for one minute it lay {till without motion, whereupon I took the Frog eut, and in 5 minutes fhe began to move, and a while. after became well again. . I took another Receiver, filled with artificial Air, and put- ting a Frog into it, 7 minutes were elapfed before fhe ceafed to be convulfive. And afterward, when fhe had Jain r minute there without motion, I opened the Receiver, andtaking out the Frog, found that fhe began to ftruggle and move, yet I judged thofe motions to bethe relicks of her Convulfions.; for after that fhe remained unmoved for a whole half hour and more; yet at lait fhe grew well again. As forthat Receiver, from which I had exhaufted onely half of the Air, it had fo long regurgitated with produced Air, that it is very credible, much common Air had got out together withit. A Frog being caft into it, feemed to be vehemently moved, and convulfive for 10 minutes, as the reft did, and thea fhe feemed quite dead ; but after a full minute was clapfed, 1 N opened 90 The Second Continuation of opened the Receiver, andthe Frog, being expofed to the open Air, within a quarter of an hour began to recover motion again. os ; I put’a Frog into a Recipient, full of common Air, to trie, whether, the Pafte being now taken out, the Frog would con- tinue her life any longer time there > Fuly x. In the afternoon, I found the Frog dead, in the morning fhe was alive and breathed, fo that fhe lived about 48 hours. Fune 30. I caft a Frog into my fourth Receiver, which was wholly filled with artificial Air; for 7 minutes-and an half fhe was Vve- hemently convulfive, and at laft died ; then after 2 minutes, fhe was taken out of the Recipient, and yet recovered no mo- tion at all. Fuly i. Perceiving the Frog to remain in the fame pofture, I threw her away. We have a confirmation by thefe Experiments, That artif- cial Air is fo muchthe morehurtful to Animals, by how much the freer it is fromcommon Air. EXPERIMEN F' VE Fune 30. I included Pafte in two Receivers, and then I exhaufted the Air. Faly 4. I would have put a Shrew-Moufe, being taken by the tail, into one of my Receivers, filled with artificial Air, but the Jit- tle Vermine, with his fore-feet, did {o catch at the edges of the Receiver, that he could not thenbe thruft into it; and by this means the Receiver, being for a while open, afforded ingrefs to the external Air ; yet I thut it again, till I had bound the legs of Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 91 of the Moufe, and then he was eafily put in, and there fut fered vehement Convulfions, and after the elapfe of one minute, died, I prefently took him out, and expofed him to the com- mon Air; but his life being wholly gone, no power of motion could be recovered. Then Itook the other Receiver , and putting a Snail into it, did with fome wonder obferve, that he continued to be mo- ved very ftrongly for a whole quarter of an heur; but after- wards his motion was flower, untill about anocher quarter of an hour being elapfed, he Jay flill, as if he werecead ; but then being taken out of the Receiver, and expofed to the Air, ina fhort time he grew well. I put Flies intothe fame Receiver; but now 'thad admitted too great a quantity of external Air, for the Flies fuffered no prejudice. By this Experiment we gather , That artificial Air doth kill Animals by {ome venemous quality, and not onely by the de- fet of common Air; for the Snails lived a longer time z# vacuo. See Artic. VI. Exper III. ; EXPERIMENT ‘VI. uly 5. 1677. Itooka Receiver, filled with Air produced from Cherries,and then tranfmitted that Air out ofthat intoanother Receiver, full of common Air, in which a Frog was kept: Matters were fo ordered, that the Water gave place onely to the artificial Air entering in, and the Water it felf flowed out: And thus the Frog, being included in pure artificial Air, fora quarter of an hour and more fuffered Convulfions, and at laft lay ftill with out motion: yet being after taken forth, andexpofed to the open Air, fhe grew quickly well. seats Tt feems probable by this Experiment , That Air produced from Cherries, is tefs hurtful to Frogsthan thai produced from Pafte. See Exper. V. N2 EX- 92 The Second Continuation of EXPERIMENT. VII. Fuly 9. 1677. I put Goosberries into three empty Receivers. Fuly 20. I found one of my Recipients fevered from his Cover by the force of the produced Air ;. I caft a Flie into it, which died in one punctum of time ; a fecond Flie being likewife caft into the Receiver, prefently alfo died: a third Flie put into the fame Receiver, feemed a little while to be convulfive there; but lefs than a fourth Flie, whichI included there, which yet before one quarter of a minute was elapfed, lay unmoved; af terward:I difpelled the artificial Air out of the Receiver, by blowing, andin a little time the Flies grew well. Fuly 24. I took another Receiver, filled with Air produced from Goosberries , and putting a Shrew-Moufe into it , found that he died there in the {pace of one half minute. From this Experiment, it feems inferrable, That Air produ- ced from Fruits, is lefs hurtful to Animals than Air produced from Minerals. For the 20 day of Fu/y I tried, that a Moufe did not live above a quarter of a minute in Air produced out of Gunpowder, EXPERIMENT IX. Fuly 5. 1677. I included Pafte in 4 Receivers, having the Air exhaufted from them. ; Fuly 6. One of thofe Receivers, being filled with factitious Air,was forced from its Cover, which I again ftopped, yet not fo fud- denly, but fome commonaix might mix with the artificial: yet I put I hyfico- Mechanical Experiments. 93 put a Shrew-Moufe into it, who was prefently highly convul- five, and after one minute and an half remained unmoved; and, being prefently taken out, he feemed to make fome con- vulfive motions, but died notwithftanding. Fuly 7. I took a fecond Receiver, filled. with artificial. Air, and ha- ving, put a little Bird into it, I fuddenly. ftopped.it ;. fhe pre- fently fell into convulfive motions, and within a quarter of a minute, or alittle more, died; I took her out, but it was too late, for fle never ftirred more. I blew out the artificial Air from the Receiver, and then, another Bird of the fame kind, being put into it, was very well, yet fhe ftaid there 4 minutes. Fuly 9. I took a third Receiver full of artificial Air, and put that Bird into it, which in the former Experiment had continued well, and yet feemed to be lively and found; before fhe had been there a full quarter of aminute,fhe lay without motion,and being prefently taken out, there appeared no fign of life in her. In the afternoon I put an Adder intomy fourth Receiver, and within2 minutes he began to beill, and to gape and pant; yet he was not wholly deprived of motion till after 24 minutes, Then after 6 minutes more, which made up. halfan hour, I took the Adder out of the Receiver, motionlefs.as he was, and expofed him to the free Air, yet he didnot. Recover life. Fuly. 10. The Adder remained im the fame ftate, and gave no hope of revivifcence. E-X.P-E.R:I M.E:-N_T. xX, Fuly 12. 1678. I put a Bird into a Receiver full of Air produced out of jaa ins: 54 The Second Continuation of fins of the Sun; fhediedin £ of a minute,and though I took her out prefently, yet fhe never ftirred more. : Fuly 18. I likewife put a Shrew-Moufe into a Receiver full of Air produced from Raifins of the Sun; but athred left onthe edge of the Receiver, hindered me from ftopping it clofe; yet the Moufe prefently began-to be very ill, and after 2 minutes he lay, as it were without any motion; yet being taken out, in 2 or 3 minutes time he was wellagain. Ee?) Re M-EAN TT? XE Ottober 1. 1678. About ro of the Clock inthe morning, I included a Shrew- Moufe with common Air, in a Receiver, fortified againft the external Air; about 11 the Moufe was brought to fuch ftraits, that he could hardly breath: I threw in another ftrong and lufty Moufe into the fame Receiver, and prefently put on the ftopple again: But becaufe the firft Moufe had confumed fome of the Air, it came to pafs that the external Air was forcibly impelled into the Receiver, and fo was able to difpel a great part of the Air ftagnant there; and indeed, when this was done, the firft Moufe feemed to be much better, neither didit die muchfooner than the other, but both of them died about noon. About 4 in theafternoon, I thrufta frefh ftrong Moufe into the fame Receiver, and left the external Air might again expel the included Air, I put himin very flowly and liefurely ; The iffue was, that this third Moufe lived not 3 minutes entire. Whence we may conjecture, That that portion of Air which hath once ferved the refpiration of Animals-as muchas it could, is no longer ufeful for the refpiration of another Animal, at leaft of the fame kind. EX- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 9 Wr Pee Rol M BEN sf.) XI. April 28. This day in the morning I put fo great a quantity of Pafle into an empty Receiver, that inthe atternoon,| found the Re- ceiver full of factitious air; whereupon I thruft down a Snail into it, which prefently frothed very much, and did:very often expand and again contract it felf ; but at lengthafter 4 minutes were elapfed , he ceafed to move at all, yet I took him not forth, tillhe had ftaid in the Receiver an whole quarter of an hour, and then, being extracted, he feemed as if he had been quite dead; for though he were pricked with apin, yet he dif- covered no fign of life; yet after another quarter of an hour, being alfo pricked with a pin, he made a little motion. I blew out the factitious air from my Receiver, and then thrufting in another Snail after the fame manner, asI did the former, he was very well in the Receiver, and did not froth at all We have a confirmation by this Experiment, That faCtitious air isa greater enemy to Animals,than a vacumm is. Boe Pe REE EN TT XIN. Fune 22. 1678. This day in the morning J put green Peafe into an empty Receiver, and towards evening the Mercury. had almoft at- tained to the height of ro digits. Fune 3 The height of the Mercury was almoft 30 digits. Fune 24. The Mercury did not as yetexceed 3 oldigits imthtight The Cover did: no longer ftick to the Receivey,yet' hitherto nothing had efcaped out of it. Fune —4 ‘56 The Second Continuation of Fune 26. I included the fame Peafe in the fame empty Receiver. Fune 29. When I now found that the Receiver was filled with faci. tiousair, I thruft a Snail into it, who put forth much fpumeor froth. and did very often expand and contract his horns; but after 6 minutes were elapfed, he lay ftill, as if he had been dead, for 2 or 3 minutes ; then the Receiver being opened, and the Snail taken out, moved himfelf a little, if he were pricked; whence it feems to follow, that air produced from Peafe is lefs prejudicial to Snails than air from Pafte. See Exper. XII, XI. I blew new air into the Receiver, anda Snail then put into it did very well. In this Experiment it feems obfervable , That Peafe do quickly produce air 7# vacuo; but in the wonted compreffion of air they generate but little. BBE Pe MR PDA team Seg SE Animals in Vacuo. tier eet M EN I I. June 22. 1676. PutaButterflie into an empty Receiver, and it was almoft ] 3 hours before fhe was wholly deprived of her faculty of motion; at length, perceiving him to lie unmoved, I let in the air into the Receiver, and in a little time the Butterflie reco- vered hismotion. Then! bound him by oneof hishorns with athred,and fo hanged him inthe Receiver , and then he was carried very freely from one part of it unto the other, by clap- ping his wings ; but after the air was extracted, the clapping of Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 97 of her Wings was in vain, for fhe could not move the thred in the leaft, frombeing perpendicular. EXPERIMENT IL Fuly 1z. 1676. Yefterday I put 2 Flies into a Receiver, in which I left : of air, (é.e.) as much as would fuftain 10 digits of Mercury ; The biggeft of the Flies feemed todie prefently, but the other, which wasa fmall bodied one, lived almoft 24 hours. When both the Flies lay, .as if they were dead, I fuffered fome air to enter in, till the Mercury was 15 digits high; and then the leffer Flie began tomove her feet, but the other con- tinued ftill without motion. Hence it appears, That air highly rarefied may ferve for In- fects to breath in, and that it doth not. kill them fo foon as artt- ficial air. EXPERIMEN Fan May 1. I put 2 Snails into an saat Receiver, and for an whole hour they feemed to be well enough, and crept up tothe top of the Receiver; but in 2 hours time, they fell down from thence, and lay without motion. Six hoursafter they were firft put in, I took them out é@ va- cvo, and within half an hour they began tomove a little. Du- ring the time they were included, they produced near as much uw as fufficed to fuftain the Mercury in the height of 3 of a igit. Thefe Snails lived longer i# vacuo than the others included in artificial air. Artic. V. Exper.VI. Oo EX- Fs 98 The Second Continuation of EXPERIMEN T IV. Auguft 12. 1676. I put Fly-blowings, or the Eggs of Flies,intoan empty Recei ver, to trie, whether they would produce Worms there or no. Aug. 14, I faw the Worms were formed, but the air had ‘crept into the Receiver, fothat it could fuftain 15 digits of Mercury, Hence it appears, That Infects may be produced, and may live, ifnot 2 vacuo, yet at leaftin air very highly rarefied. See Exper. VI, and VIL EXPERIMEN Ty. March 17. 1677. Y put 2 equal quantities of Frog-{pawn into 2 Veflels of Glafs, ef equal bignefs, I left the one included in an empty Receiver, expofed to the Sun; but the other, being ina Receiver full of common air, Ifortified againft the accefs of the external air. The Frogfpawn i. vacuo did all {well into bubbles. May 2. No Frogs were produced in either Receiver, and that Seed or Spawn which was kept 7#-vacuo, remained “ftill full of bub- bles; but about.3 days ago all the bubbles vanifhed, and the Spawn was charged into a certain green liquor. Fuly 2. Our Receivers remained in.a Window expofedto the Noon. day Sun; and fo fome Water that was mixed with the Frog: fpawn, all #2 vacuo, andthe very Spawnit felf was elevated into vapours, and afterwards {licking to the fides of the Receiver, out of its own: Veflel, was there condenfed; but the Veffel kept inthe common air, ftill contained all its W ater, together with the Seed or Spawn. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 99 EXPERIMENT VI. Auguft 16. 1677. I put Flies-Egs into.an empty Receiver. Aug. 29. When no Worms were produced out of them, I gave ad- miffion to the Air to enter into the Receiver, and leftallthings in the fame pofture, to trie, whether the Eggs had loft their fa- culty of producing Worms. Septemb.9. The Eggs produced nothing. This Experiment, if it be compared with Exper.1V. feems to fhew, That Infeéts may be generated, and may live in air highly rarefied, but not at all i# vacuo. EXPERIMENT VU. Fune 15. I fhut in a Frog in an emptied Receiver, at about 7 of the Clock inthe evening, about 9 the Frog died. Fune 16. I repeated the fame Experiment, and again perceived that thedead Frog in 2 hours {pace, had produced fome air, rather than confumed it. Fune 18. The Frog, left hitherto zx vacuo, was fwollen very much ; but the airnow entering, made her far more flaccid and lank than fhe was wont to be. Weare inftructed by this Experiment, That a Receiver void of artificial air, is lefs hurtful to the life of fuch kind of Ani- mals. See Exper. 1V.and VIL of Artic. O2 EX- 100 The Second Continuation of EXPERIMEN T VIII Auguft 3. 1678. T put Flie-blowings fticking to Flefh, iato.an emptied Re: cciver. Aug. 1%. No Worms were generated from them. Aug. 15. Perceiving nochange in the Eggs, I opened the Receiver, to- trie, whetherthey w ould yet be generated in the free air, Sept.1 5. Nothing was produced from them. We havea confirmation by this Experiment, That Animals, which may be generated and live in highly rarefied air, yet are killed zz vacuo. See Exper. IV. EXPERIM#E-N T. IX. Augaft 22: 1678. Uincluded Vinegar full of {mall Eels, or Vi inegar-worms in an Pra Receiver. Ang. 294 The Worms were ftillmoved, yet they were fewer thanin the beginning. September 6: Yefterday fome-of thofe Worms did itillmovein ‘our Vine: gar, but this day I could not fee one; whereupon taking a Microfcope Tfoundthemall dead ; but in the Vinegar , which Ehad left in the-open air, the Eels made as. brisk motions a at the beginning. Hence it appears, That thofe, even very diminutive Ani- mals, are alfo affectea withthe prefence and abfence of the air. ARTI- pi “J Say ee By Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. Lol ee aE AR E.1.G-bEa-Vil. Fire in Compreffed Arr. EXPERIMENT. 3 May. 4. Took a perfumed Cone, ofthat nature, that being once kin- | dled in the Freeair, ‘tis wont by degrees wholly to be con fumed; and put it into a Receiver firmly ftopped with a Screw ; and “intruded air into it, till the Mercury came to ° 120 digits above its wonted height, and then putting tomy Burning glafs, I kindled the Cone, which prefently darkned all its: Receiver with Smoke, and after fometime 3 parts of 1 digit thereof in length were reduced to afhes; yet taking out the Cone, and blowing away the-afhes, I found onely-the fu- perficies thereof confumed-, but the inner parts were :un- touched. I included another Cone of the fame fort in amuch grea- ter Receiver, but I did not comprefs the air therein: The Cone, fired by the fame Burning-glafs, was not taken out, till all the Fumes were abated and fallen down; yet much lefs of this Cone. was burnt than of the-other: EXPERIMENT I. May 4%. I weighed a perfumed Cone exattly, and then firmly inclu ded it ina Receiver with common air, and T kindled it by the help of my Burning glafS;. when the Fumes were condented,. 1 took 102 The Second Continuation of took the Cone out of the Receiver, and w eighed it again, the lofs of its weight. was almoft one grain. Then I got me many pieces of Paper, each of them of the felf fs ame weight, which I prefume to call Paper grains. Atterwards the fameCone, obferving the fame circumftan- ces, was again included.and kindled, but firft I had intruded air into its Receiver, as much as could fuftain 90 digits of Mer- cury, and thus by means ofa pair of Scales, I foun dthe lof of weight this time was 4 times more than of the former, for the ne was light er by 4 Paper-grains. From thisE xpel ane nt it feems-to follow, That tl he confum- ption. of m: atter is {o much the greater, by hos w much the greas ter quantity of airis contained 1 in the Recei iver. EXPERIMENT If May 17.. 167 7: T included a Pe rfumed:Cone in a R Leceiver firmly ftopped by the help of a. Screw ;.and, the air be ing comp refled to fu- {tain 60 digits of Mercury above its wor ated preflure, I fet fire to it with my Burning glafs; the Cone being afterwards taken out, had loft 3 3 Papergrains and an half in w eight. I repeated ‘sin fame Experiment, but in air, fo comprefled, thatthe Mercury reached to120 digits abovethe wonted pref- ae, thenthe Cone was 7 3 Paper-gr ains lighter ; and fo though the quantity of the air was not doub le, yet the confumption we tie 4 the matter by the fire, wasmore than twice as much as tha was inthe former Experiment. May 17. i iterated the far me oe eriment inair , comprefled to fuftain Fits ¢ and then the lofs of y eight feemed tobe ixperiments we are taught , That the matter 1ore confumed by the Fire, -by how much the com- Phyfico-Mechanical Experinents. 103 compreffion of the air in the Receiver is thz gr eater; yea, the confumption: feems to have a greater p roporti ion to the con- {umption, than the compreffion hath to the compreffion. May 18. 1677. I included a perfumed Coneas before, ina Receiver 7 times larger than that which I ufed in the forme: Experiments, and limmitted no airat allinto it. ‘The Conekindled there, loft 3.4 Paper-grains of its weight, and no more; whereas in the fame quantity of air, itit hadbeen reduced toas part. of its ane the Cone would have loft ro grains, viz. by obferving the proportion of the confumption made before in air, faftain- ing Mercury to 120 digits above its accuitomed height, (4e.) air reduced to a5 part of its{pace. From this Experiment it {eems to follew , That the fame quantity of air, if it be reduced to lefs than its accuftomed {pace, on thataccount alonecaufeth agreaterconfumption, than if.it had remained in its wonted expanfion: Ee Xie Rol MeEoN: Fed y. May 19 1677. I repeated the ‘Experiment laft defcribed im the fame Recei- ver, clofely ftopped with a Screw, that nothing might go out or in. ‘The Cone loft 1 paper grain and aquarter onely of its weight, whence I fufpect thatit was not well kindled. Ma y2z. I madethe fame Faipetimienit after the -fememanner. ©. This day the Cone was lighter by 4 Paper-grains; whence Io more certainly collected, ‘That it was not well-fet on fire inthe for- mer Experiment. May 23. Lrepeated the fame’ Experiment twice; bbt do:fafpest > the TOo4 The Second Continuation of the Cone was not-well kindled, feeing at one time it lofton- ly 3, and at another time 1 Paper-grain of its weight. May 24. I tried the fame Experiment again, and this day alfo the lof of weight was found onely 1 Paper grainand a quarter. Then Iopened my Receiver, and having wiped and cleanfed away the Soot, I iteratedthe Experiment, and then the Cone took firevery well, for the lofs of its weight amounted to 6 Paper- grains and an half. ‘ I tried the fame Experiment again in an uncleanfed Recei- ver,and then the Cone lott onely 3 Paper-grains in weight. May 25. I iterated the fame Experiment in a Receiver well.wathed, and the Cone was lighter by 6 Paper-grains and an half. I made the fame Experiment in the like manner, and ina well cleanfed Receiver, and the Cone loft-7 grains and an half of its weight. I tried the fame Experiment again, inan unwafhed Receiver, and then I could norfufficiently kindle the Cone. May 26. I tried the fame Experiment in an unwafhed Receiver about the middle of the day, the Sun being clear , and clouded with no mifts ; and I removed not my Burning-glafs from kindling the Cone along time, fo that it took fire very well, and be- came 8 Paper grains ligliter. By thefe Experiments it is manifeft, That the quantity ofa Cone to be confumed inthe fame quantity of air, is not fixed and certain, but fometimes greater, fometimes leffer, as the ‘Cone fhallbe more or lefs kindled: Befides the imperfeé& mix- ture of the matter may caufe fomedifference; yet it feemscer- -tain that fireis more eafily kindled in compreffed air, than in common ; and the confumption will be the greater in a certain quantity of air, ifthat air be reduced into a narrower fpace, than if it enjoyed its wonted expanfion. EX- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 105 mor eR M-E-N: TV. May 22. I put a perfumed Cone into a Receiver made for compref- fing the air; and intruding the air till the Mercury ftaid in 30 digits above its wonted preflure: I kindled the Cone, and found its weight-to be abated « 3 of a Paper-grain. May 23. I made the fame Experiment again, after thc fame manner, and in effect with the fame fuccefs. { tried the fame Experiment again, but the Cone took not fire well. Whence we have a confirmation, that Fire is more eafily kindled in air much comprefled, than incommon air, or that which is but.a little condenfed. I iterated the fame Experiment, and after I had removed my burning-glafs from kindling the Cone, whileft I was in- tent to fee, whether the Cone would proceed to be confumed, the Receiver brake into 100 pieces, fome of which ftruck my head and wounded it: which paflage I mention, that fo no man may be confident his Glafs will nor break, whileft he is about thefe Experiments, becaufe he hath found that at other times it hath refifted a greater preffure. For this very Glafs of mine, had contained air 4 times more comprefied, very well. See Exper III. Yea inExper.Vi. of Artic.ULit had refifted Air, fuftaining 198 digits of Mercury above its wonted height ; yet now it was broken by a preffure more than 6 timesiefs: and therefore whilft a man looks into fuch Receivers, his head had need be fortified with fome perforated or pellucid muniment and defence to preferve it from.a blow. ip ARTL Lhe Second Continuation of AK EX PE RTM Ee N 1. ay, Fan. 18. 1677. I put 2 drachms of Camphire into an empty Receiver, and the commiffure of the Cover with the Receiver, being fortified Pa again{t a 0,8 The. Second Continuation of againft external Air. I put the Camphire on a digefting Fur: mace Fan. 19. The Camphire was fublimated into Flowers, but: no Air was praduced, EX PER PME NU -¥: May 24. 1676.. feineluded Sa/phur. vivum in an exhaufled Receiver , and. melted it by the help of my burning glafs, but found that the Fumes produced therefrom, did contain no Air in them, be- caufe the Mercury did afeend to the aperture of its Gage, as it ufeth to de while the Receiver is evacuating: yet when the Receiver was cooled, the Mercury. returned to its. former height; and therefore I think that change proceeded onely, herefrom, becaufe the Air included in the fealed leg of the Gage, was rarefied, and drove the Mercury. into the ether part. EXP Py ROL MEN Te Vi Fuly 19. Having. included Pafte 9 days agoe 7 vacuo, and perceiving that it, now. contained.no more air; I endeavoured to fire it with my burning glafs. The fubfiding Fumes had tinged the fuperficies.of the Pafle, with acurious yellow colour; and be- fides I conjectured, That fome Air was produced , becaufe the Receiver, which before was ftraitly joyned to its cover; was new with eafe.plucked therefrom. | Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. ae) v, 9 ATR a ks. 1X. Concerning the Production of Air in Vacuo. EXP ERIME Nt Séptember 9. 1676. -Exhauited the Air out of-a Receiver half full of dried Grapes, and fortified it againft theexternal Air. Sept. 19. In 2.4 hours time the height of the Mercury was =. Sept.1z. In two days time, the afcenfion of it was 3 14. The afcenfion of the Mercury was is 17.. Theafcenfion of it was #. 22. The afcenfion of it was %: \ 27. Theafcenfion was}. Theheight 3 digits.’ Otlober 1%. The height of the Mercuny was now.about. 6 digits. September. 9.» 1676. I put-dried Figs into a Receiver, and filled. about half of it with them,and then I extraéted the Aur, till the Mercury ftaid in the height of 3 digits. Sept. 10» No-Air-was produced: Sept. 17. Perceiving no Air.to iflue out of the Figs,.1 opened the Receiver. . By this Experiment we learn , That dried Fruits, put into an exhaufted Receiver,,.do produce very litle Aar with any regularity. EX- 110 The Second Continuation of EXPERIMENT IL. Auguft 5. 1676. T included Pears and Apricocks iz vacuo. Aug.6. In 18 hours time the Mercury reached 2 digits; in 10 hours more it reached the third digit. Tts height was 3 digits, Aug. 7. The height of it was 5 digits, 8. The height of it was 6 £. 9. In 14 hours {pace, the Mercury mounted 3. Its height was 7 4. Aug. 10 8 3 dug. 18 25 I d Ave 3 19 29 ™\ The height J! 4 2C\ The height )31 T I sik qT. : 29, “ of it was a : ee of it was 34 15 18 23 35 16 20 26 38 Aug. 29. The height of the Mercury was 41. Sept.t. The height of the Mercury was 42 3. 4. The height of it was 44. 7. The three days laft patt, being hotter than the fore- going, the-afcenfion of the Mercury was24. Its height was 46 i. Sept.1o, The height of the Mercury was 47. 13. The Mercury was deprefled, its height was onely 44 digits. 3 : 3. The Mercury was by degrees again mounted tothe 8 digit. : - The height of the Mereury was 50 4, Nov. 5. The Mercury afcended by degrees to the height of 522. Nov, I hyfico- Mec hanical Experiments. 11} Now 28. The Apricocks. were reduced to Water;the skin was-fe- vered from thePulp, yet no more Air was produced, Fan.10,. 1677. Whileft it was avery hard Froft, the Mercury came to the height of 57 digits: but when the Thaw came, it was depref- fed to23. Whether the ftrength of the Froft opened fome way for the Air to get out, I know not. March 3. The Mercury could afcend no higher, becanfe the Air was got out. . This day I found the Receiver tumbled on the ground, and the Apricocks, when theFroft_ was broke, were putrified, and had loft their colour. Fromthis Experiment it feems to follow, That Apricocks do produce Air. almoft as eafily in their wonted preflure, as Za : VacHo, EX FP BRO MEN'S TIE Fune-20. . 16764. [ put fowre Chervies into 2 empty Receivers, and obferved altogether the fame circumflances-in them both; fave;that. in the one, the Cherries were whole, inthe other, ca#tafunder. In 2 hours fpace the whole Cherrics had impelled. the Mercury into the Gage to the height of 10 lines; and the di flected Cher- ries, to about20, Fume w1.% In 24: hours{pace,the Mercury, which was in the Receiver, containing the whole Cherries, came tothe height of 3 digits; but in the other Receiver the Mercurial Gage was {poiled.. Fune 2.6. The whole Cherries had not-yet produced fo much. Air that could fuftain.15 digits of Mercury; but the diflected Cherries had wholly filled their Receiver, with Air. : Fuly I12 The Second Continuation of July 9. This day the Receiver of the whole Cherries was removed from his Cover: Idid eat one of the Cherries, and its tafte fee- med pleafant enough. I included the reft again i# vacuo, many of them were broke, andin one hours {pace they impel led the Mercury to afcend to the height of about 2 digits. Fuly 10. Thefe laft 24 hours the Mercury afcended not ; whether the Gage was prejudiced, I am not certain. Fuly 15. This day T found the Cover fevered from‘his Receiver, and fo it was clear, that the Gage was fpoiled or hurt. This Experiment gives us a probable confequent, That fome diffeéted Fruits do fooner produce their Air, than whale and undivided ones. EXP ERIM ENT AY. Fune 9. 1676. I put Cherries (not acid ones) into an empty Receiver, and within one hour I found as much Air produced from them, as fufficed to fuftain 4 of adigit of Mercury. Fune LO. In 18 hoursthe Mercury feemed to have come tothe height of 11 digits. Fune If. Our Fruits produced Air, lefs,and lefs copioufly ; fo that this day, towards the evening, they came not up to the height of 15 digits. Fune 12. Nowthe Mercury wasa little higherthan r 5 digits. 13. Theheight of the Mercury was 22 digits. 16. The Mercury yetcame not up to 30 digits. 18. Perceiving no more Air to be produced from my Fruits, I opened the Receiver. Such Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. $13 Such a fmall production of Air feemed very obfervable to me, becaufe I had found by experience , that Fruits of the fame kind in France, had filled their Receiver in 2 days time; it may probably come to pafs, that Fruits of the fame kind, in feveral Countries, may differ much among tt themfelves. EX PE RdyMsoE NT VY. Fune 12. 1676. ‘T put Cabbages cut.in piecesinto an empty Recipient,with a Mercurial Gage. and. in one hours {pacethe Mercury had made one line. Fune 13. The Mercury was now come almoft to the height of ro digits. 17. The Mercury was come almoft to the top of its Gage, and the Receiver being opened, I found the Cab- bages little altered. 19. The Cabbages being left 2 days in the open Air, were wholly corrupted and blackifh. I put them again in vacuo, to trie, whether the putrefaction begun, would promote, or elfe retard the produétion of Air. Fune 19. The Mercury in half an hour ranup 3 ofa digit. 22. For three whole days the Mercury got higher onely 10 lines. Its height was x and } of a digit. 23. Finding that the Cabbages produced:no more Aur, I tookthem out ofthe Receiver,their Smell was very bad. Hence afufpicion arofe within me, That Bodies, whenthey putrefie, have already produced almoft all their Air. EXP £2 PM ENT. VI. May 29. 1676. [took pieces of Orange weighing 4 ounces, and put them into a Receiver capable of holding ro ouncesof Water, and I exhaufted the Air. a Fane rd Lhe Second Continuation of Tune 10. This day the Receiver was removed from his Cover, by the foree of the produced Air; fo that I took out the Oranges, and prefently put them into.another empty Receiver capable of con- taining 8 ounces of Water, and. the Mercury within half an hour, was elevated to the height of one half digit. Fune 13. That fudden afcenfion of the Mercury was not durable, for it yet came not tothe height of 2 digits. “ Fume 16. The Mercury, the laft 24 hours afcended about: 3: lines, Fune 2X1. The Mercury, thefe lait 24 hours, did not afcend the {pace ef one line. Faly 18. F perceived nomore alteration was madein the height of the Mercury ; but fome mouldinefs appeared, though I am certain that no Air from without, had found any ingrefs. into the Receiver. EXPERIMENT. VIL April 27. 1676. Pput a Tulip:into an empty Receiver, with a Mercurial Gage, but before it was fortified again{t the external Air, fome Air had got in, enough to fuftain 2 digits of Mercury. May 2. The Tulip, which firft feemed ftriped with fundry colours, was now wholly changed into adark red, and was moift, It: produced. very little Aur. EX.PERIM.EN © VIE. April2zs. 1676, Eput halfof aLimon into. an e apty Receiver, with a Mer: curial Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 115 eurial Gage, fo fhort, that the Mercury could not run up the {pace of 3 digits. April 24. In 2 days {pace the Mercury came to the height ofone digit and an half: 25. The Mercury wasnow 2 digits high. 27. Yefterday the Mercury made 4 lines,but this day onely one. 29. The2 laft days, the Mercury mounted higher by one line. May 3. In 4 days fpace the Mercury afcended one Jineand a little more. May 3. 1677. The Mercury came to the top of its Gage, yet no Air got out; but-the Limon was little altered. Fant. 1678. As yet no Airefcaped out of the Receiver; but the Limon had contracted a yellow colour, and moifture therewith. EXPERIMENT. IX March 16. 1677. I put 2 Apples, of the fame fort, in 2 empty Receivers, one of the Apples began to putrifie before, the other was onely bruifed witha few blows. May 15. 1677. As yet the Fruitswerein very good cafe; but this day that Apple which was bruifed, appeared wholly rotten, and the Re- ceiver was forced from his Cover; the other Apple remained without any change. Auguft 20. 1677. That Apple which before began to be rotten, fuffered no far- ther alteration ; but this day finding that the Receiver was pulled from his Cover, and fearing left the Apple would be {peedily putrified, I took it out; itstafte was gratefial, but fub- acid, as if it had been fermented; but the pulp inclined to the confiftence of meal. Q2 From r16 The Second Continuation of From this shi 8 it feems tobe sonsiinnd j sae Frnits, EKOP AG ROWE Ee NT oe, May 17. 1676. I‘poured 2 equal quantitics of Milk into 2 Glafs Receivers, of equal bignefs ; the one I left in the Free Air, the other I ins cluded to be kept in an emptied Veflel, with a Mercurial Gage. . May 18: The Cream did fwim-on the top of that Milk, which was left-in the Free Air; but that which was z# vacuo, was onely covered with Bubbles; and the Gage. was not changed at all. May TQ. The Bubbles-fwelled more and more, and the Mercury: in the be coe was a little higher. May-20. The Bubbles zz vacuo fw ‘elled yet more, and that Milk fee cake curdled; but the other iathe Free Air was manifeftly cur. dled. ‘The Mercury z# vacuo camealmoft tothe top of ‘itsGage May 22. The Milk ¢a.vacuo proceeded to generate Air more and more, and, now, it:evidently appeared tobe curdled; whence it ism any- feft, that the coagulationof Milk, when the Air is taken away, is retarded. Now almoft all the Bubbles were broke. Fuue 20. The Milk # vacuo was no olonger covered with Bubbles, and remained. {Lill coat gulated in the fame ftate. But the Milk in the Free Air, {tan ik file! ily, and was full of Worms: whenit was put on the Engine, and the Air extracted, it did emit ma- ny. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 117 ny very great bubbles for a long time; and the Worms did move themfelves very vehemently, but not one of them died-in 4 hours {pace. May 19. - 1677. Three or four Moneths ago, fome Whey é# vacuo was poured out ofa Veflel into a Receiver,and it feemed clear and limpid, like Water; yet there. was Whey enough left in the Veflel, to feparate the Butyrous from the Cafcous part, at a fufficient di- ftance. This day the Milk ftagaant in the Receiver, feemed to have got out of it; fo that*it isclear, thatthe Air in the Receiver, was of greater’force than the external Air, for the Cover allo was forced from the Receiver. Towards night, I took thav Milk out of the Receiver,and found it to beacid, both in fmell and tafte, yet it was not unacceptable to the palate; but alter afhort time, the Whey, whicli-hitherto had remained limpid between rhe Cafeous and Butyrous part, began to difappear, and tobe blended.with the reft. May 24. This. day the Butyrous part was wholly vanifhed though as -et it had fuffered no fenfible mutation ; but the Milk began tofmell amis. Fune I. Our Milk had not yet contra¢ted the worft of {mell, ne# ther had itproduced any Worms, but it grew dry by degrees; and this night the Mice eat it up, as perhaps they had done the Butyrous part beiore. This is the Story of my Preferved Mik,’ in which thefe4 things feem moft obfervable.. Firft, That the Coagulation ot Milk, when Airis extracted therefrom, is fomewhat retarded. Secondly, The weight of Butter, or of Whey, or Cheefe, is not thefamein the Air, as it is é#-vacuos for in the Air they are mixed one with another confufedly: but_¢# vacuo one twits on —/ ‘ee The Second Continuation of on the top of theother. Thirdly, The putrefaction of Milk, when Air is extracted, is hindered, or very much retarded. Fourthly and laftly, Milk by long continuance iz VaCuO , is made unfit to generate Worms, even in Common Air. EXPERIMENT XI. September 5. 1677. T took the fame Receiver, and the fame Veflel,-which J "-ufed before to preferve Milk z#vacuo, and I included Urine therein, after the fame manner, as I had done Milk before. The quantity of Urine was 3 ounces and 3 drachms, orthere- abouts; and the Receiver was onely capable of holding 10 ounces of Water. Sept. 7. The Mercury reached to the height of almoft 2 digits. Sept.d. The Mercury was this day Age a se than yefterday, December 5. The Mercury afcended not above 3 digits in height, and for the whole moneth paft was not changed at all. The Urine {eemed not at all tobe altered. Decemb. 6. Ifet other Urine undera Receiver, not fortified againft the external Air. Decems, 16. The Urine i# vacuo {till kept unaltered, but the other, in ro days time feemed turbid, and to have contracted fome mouldi- nefs in its fuperficies. This Experiment, compared with the former, gives usa pro- bable inference, That Urine, which is an excrementitious hu- mour, contains lefs Air in it,than Milk which is alimental. Moreover, The efficacy of the Air to corrupt Urine , feems - very obfervable. EX- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. rig EXPERIMENT XIL May 19 I took Pafte very much: diluted, and without Leaven, and put it ina Glafs Veffel into an empty Receiver; and though the Veflel, which contained it, were not half full, before all the Air was exhaufted, yet the Pafte had fwollen above the brims of the Veficl. May 20. ThePatte continued to fwell more and more, and was interfperfed with many cavities. May 22. Thisday the Pafte was much more tumid than before,. and much: Air was generated therefrom. May 23. This day in the morning I found the Cover fevered from his Receiver, by the force of the-produced Air, and fome of the Pafte was {pread above the edges of the Receiver, yet its {welling was fomewhat abated: Inthe afternoon, its tumid- - nefs was much more abated, yet it took up twice more room. than it did before it was put into the Receiver. The tafte of it was notacid, and therefore 1 think that Bread,- thus made, is very light. EXPER IMENT > XSI Fuly.20. 1676. I took a quantity of Beef, and put it into an exhaufled Re- ceiver, fortified againft the external Air ; and likewife I put another equal quantity of Beefinto-a Receiver, neither exhau- fled, nor clofely ftopped. Fuly 21° a In 30 hours fpace, the exhaufted Receiver wasall filled with Air,.fo that I fufpected fome Air had-got im; and therefore I in- —— 420 The Second Contindation of included the fame Beefagain, and fo clofed it, that there was no fear of the ingrefs of any external Air: Fuly 22. In 14 hours fpace the Mercury cameto the height of x 5 dig. Fuly 25. For 3 whole days and more, the Beef did not produce fo much Air, as would fill one half ofthe Receiver. Fuly 26. This day the Receiver was fevered from his Cover ; and in onehours {pace, I perceived that-the Beef, being again inclu- ded in vacuo, had produced.Air, which fufficed to fuftain 10 digits of Mercury. Faly 28. I foundthe Receiver again filled with Air,and re exhaufting it, much Air was ina fhort time again produced from the Beet. Fuly 30. The Receiver :being again filled, I included the Beef again in vacuo, and found, that the Air produced from it inone hours fpace, was able to fuftain 10 digits of Mercury. Auguft i. The Receiver being this day filled again, the Beef ftank fo filthily, that we threw it out of doors. Henceit appears, That Fleth, whileit it putrifies, doth pro- duce much more Air, than before it putrifies ; but ‘tis other- wife with Fruits. See ExperIX. of this Artic. E XP EB RelMeE r XIV. July 18. 1676. I put fome Goosberries, which I had kept long in Receivers to produce Air, intoa vacuous Receiver. Within half an hour the Mercury afcended tothe height of one digit. In an hour and halfs time, the Mercury mounted another digit. July Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 121 Fuly 19. In 24 hours time, the Receiver was almoft al! Alled with Air. Fuly 20. The Cover was forced from his Receiver, and much juice had run out of the Receiver. Fuly 29. I left the fame Goosberries in a Receiver, not hitherto forti- fied againft the external Air; but this day I included them againin vacuo, to trie, whether they could produce any more Aw. Faly 30. In16 hours time, the Goosberries drave up the Mercury a digit and + into the Gage. Fuly 30. 1677. The Goosberries could not wholly fill their Receiver; and they alwaysremainedin the fame ftate, but a while fince they had almoft loft their red colour, andinclined to white. Fromthis Experiment it feems to follow, That thefe Fruits, after they have produced all their Air, admit very little altera- tion; as ifthat Air it felfwere the caufe ofcorruption. EXPERIMENT. XV. Auguft 23. I put Pears into a vacuous Receiver with a Mercurial Gage; and before the Receiver could be well fortified againit the in- srefs ofthe Air, the Mercury was come to the height of one digit and an half. In 2 hours {pace the Mercury afcended 4 digits; its height was almofi 6. Auguft 24. The height of the Mercury was 12 digits. 25. The height thereof was 16. R Ang. — Sf 122 Lhe Second Continuation of Aug. 262 The ace Be | Aug. 28 eee 27$> of it was 315 of twas Q 3< J j Sept ’ The height § 44 3 iL of it was 45 3 590 Aw fA ’ pee BER Sept.7. The hei ight of it was the fame, becaufe fome Air had I prevented that for the future. he height of the Mercury was 53 3. The height of it was 54 3. 10, The height of it was 58. Septemb. 12. Yefterlay the Mercury perfifted in the fame] this day: feemed to be deprefled: whence I conj fome Airhad got out. Theheight of it was 53 2. 1S Art iL leight ; but ecture, that Sept. 13, I tran{mitted the Air into another Receiver : the height of ii Was 323. Sept. 16. I percaved that the Air had got out; and opening the Re ceiver, I bundthe Pears very rotten. Thefe Pears produced their Air irregularly enough, fome- times quicker, fometimes more flowly. : EXPERIM-E.NT XVI Septe nber 17: _ put dried Plumsinto an evacuated Receiver. Sept.t9. The Mercury feemed to have afcended a little 22, I perceived not that the height of the Mercury was any more altered. Novemb. 8. Wet te ne ee - See Pe | 7 7 } When f faw that the Plums produced-no more Aur, T opened ke Recever By Phyfice-Mechanical Experiments. 123 By this Experiment, we have a confirmation, That dri’d Fruits are very unfit to produce Air. EXPERIMENT XVI Septemb. 28. put frefh Nut-kernels, cut into pieces, havingthrown away their fhells, into an evacuated Receiver witha Mercurial Gage. 29. The Mercury afcended a little. 30. Theheight of it was 2 digits. Oltob. 5. The Mercury proceeded toafcend by degrees : theheight of it exceeded 6 digits. Ott.15. Theheight thereof was ro digits. 22. The height of it was 15. Nov. 28. The Mercury was come to the height of 20 digits, ora little more; but this day the Receiver was caft down and broken, and the Nut-kernels thrown about; they were kept'very well, both as tocolour and tafte. Hence wemay conjecture, That Air without fenfible putre- ss may be produced from Fruits, even of an hard confi- ence. R 2 ARTI 124 The Second Continuation of Rat en ere APR DideGoly Es X. Concerning the Production of Air above its wonted Preffure. EXPERIMEN T. Tf. Fune 22. Included new Peafe in a Receiver with a Glafs full of Rai- fins of the Sun bruifed, and mixed with Water, I did not exhauft the Air. Towards wigisiee the Mercury had mounted to 12 digits, but a great part of that Air was produced from the RaiGas, not from the Peafe. Fune 23: The height of the Mercury was. 10. une 24% The height §7° | Fune 26 The height re) + g tm > 9 a of it was 2 roc 25$. of it was 290 The Peafe did as it were fweat, and grow yellow. 30. The height of the Mest y Was EIO. Fuly x. The Mercury afcended not, yet no Air efcaped out + The hei ight c of ‘the aie y was 124. The height of it was rz Fuly x0. The height remained the fame, but the liquor which diftil- led, or fweat out from the Peale, got out. Fuly 2. New liquor w as produced from the Peate, but the Merc ury continued in the fame height. The liquor got out of the Receiver, and fome Air befides; where Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 125 whereupon I fet the Screw, and new liquor being in a fhort time collected, did fortifie the Cover within. fuly 15. This day the Receiver was broken in pieces ; but the Peafe being fofter than ordinary, were eafily ftript of their husks, as if they had begun to be boiled : they kept their ordinary tafte. EXPERIMENT I. Sept. 15. 1676. I putunripe Plums into a vacuated Receiver ; but beforethe Receiver couldbe guarded againft the external Air, the Mer- cury had already afcended to the height of one digit. Sept. 16. In 24 hours time the Mercury ran up 5 digits, .its height was 6 digits. Sept.17- Theheight of the Mercury was 8. Sept. 18 10 | Sept. 23 19, The height )12 24Q The height 20 of it was )14 26( of it was 22 18 28 Oétob: 1. The height of the Mercury was 30, 4. The height of it was 34. ‘twas fomewhat cold. Ottob. 5 'The en 32 | Odtob. g{ The height was 33 > 7§ of it was wv Mom be Aw oO co cury afcended more fpeedily ; its height was 37. tf ~ Q ft 7 recs Ottob. 17 38 | Ottob.29) 4 5 19( The height )392.} Nov. ..2 The height )46 22( of it was )41) | s( of it was 47 26 he Bt 20 3, ‘Ta this Experiment, the Air {eems to be produced fometimes regularly enough, and at other, times Anomaloufly, EX- $26 The Second Continuation of ARE ROT MCE ONT TE Fuly 6. 1676. IT put Goosberries into an emptied Receiver, but before jt - could be guarded againit the external Air, it had entered in, and impelled up the Mercury to the height of halfa digit; and afterwards in half an hour, the Air produced from the Goos- berries, had impelled it up to another femi digit. In7 hours time the Mercury afcended 4 digits higher: it ftaid in 5. July 7. In r4 hours fpace the afcenfion of the Mercury was ' 2, digits and 2. In ro hours fpace, the afcenfion of it was 2 4 . Fuly 8. In. 14 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury wasr 3. In 10 hours the afcenfion of it was digits, Fuly 9. In 14 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 2 3 In 10 hours its afcenfion was 1. Fuly 10. In x4 hours the afcenfionofit was 12. ~ In xo hours the afcenfionof it was es - Fuly 1x. In 24 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 4. Fuly 12. In 24 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 4. Now the Mercury a brought to its wonted preflure. uly 13. This day in the morning, Toutid the Cover to be broken, and becaufe it was faftned by a Screw, that it mightnot be fe- vered from the Receiver, I fufpeted that it was broken by the force of the internal Air ; I fubftituted another Cover in its place, faly 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. I'perceived no change in the height of the Mercury, becaufe the Cover was not exactly fhut; and therefore I took out the Fruits, and put fome part of them into another evacuated Re. ceiver, and the reft T ftoppedupclofely withcommon Air, that nothing might get out. In Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 127 In 4 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 4 digits. fuly 19. In 14 hourstheafcenfion of the Mercury was 13. but, fufpecting the Air to have efcaped , I fet the Screw. In 9 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury x1 digits. The Cover was broke, and the Air madean efcape. This Experiment feems to prove, That Goosberries contain much Air in them, which, as foon as itis freed from the won- ted preffion of the Air, doth more readily break forth, than when it is reftrained by fome ambient Air, until the Goosber- ries begin to-be fermented, for then Air is produced in a far lar- ger quantity, even ina great comprefiion. EXPER IM END) By. Fuly 8... 1676. L included Paftein an exhaufted Receiver, and, before it was guarded againft the external Air, the Mercury was come to the height of 3. digits, by reafon of the Air making, an irruption from: without; whence it came to pafs,that the Pafte, which was much fwollen, loft about thethird part of its tumidity. A little while after it {welled again, and within half an hour the Mercury mounted higher by 2 digits. In one hours time the afcenfion of the Mercury was 23. and the Pafle continuedto {well orrife more and more. In another hours fpace the afcenfion of the Mercury was 3 digits and =. Inx hourstime theafcenfion of it was 42 digits:it ftaid in 16. July 9. Jn 14 hours fpace, the afcenfion of it was 21 digits. The height of the Mercury was 37. Moreover I fufpeéted that fome Air had got out; when I fe the fcrew, the Cover brake, and-upon the ingrefs of the external Air, the Pafte, which al- ways did rife, now did abate about 2 digits of its tumidity, though it wasnow found in a lefs compreffion thanbefore. : iy 128 The Second Continuation of In 5 hours fpace the afcenfion of the Mercury was 15 digits, But when Tagain endeavoured to fet the Screw, the Cover brake, fo that the Air efcaped ; the Pafte did prefently fome- what pitch, and was deprefled. In 4 hours fpace the afcenfion of the Mercury was 10 digits, the Pafte did again {well or rife, as before; but being willing to fubftitute abetter Screw in the place of the other, I permitted an egrefsto the Air, yet this time the Pafte did not pitch or fub- fide,as before it had done. Fuly to. This night the Pafte rofe again, yet it feemed to have pro- duced no Air. In 4 hours fpace there was no afcenfion of the Mercury. In 7 hours {pace the afcenfion of it was 4 digits. : Fuly 12 I perceived noafcent of the Mercury. “13. It feemed to have afcended a little. 17. Seeing no more Air was produced, I took out the Pafte and found it to be ofa fubacid fmell, This Experiment feems to prove, That Air may be produced out of Pafte, in compreffed Air, as well as zx vacuo. But the Pafte was twice depreffed, becaufe the comprefled Air fuddenly finding out a way of eruption, was fo much di- lated, as itis wont to happen in all Springs, when they are car- ried beyond their point of reft: but, when that Air was imme- diately repelled by the external Air, the Pafte did pitch and was deprefied. EaAreniaMeEN T Y. Fuly 13. 1676. ‘I included fome Beans, of that fort which are given to Hor- {es for Provender, in vacuo, with fome Water; fome of them which were 4ruifed, feemed to fwell much ; but thofe which were left whole, fuffered no fenfible alteration. In Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 129 In 2 hours {pace I faw no Air produced, though the Beans continued to {well. July 14. In 24 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 7 digits. “Fuly 15. In 16 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 3 di- its and =. ‘ In 8 hours the afcenfion of it was 1 3. the height of it was I[2. Fuly 16. Inx4 hours the afcenfion of it was 3. 17. In 26 hours the afcenfion of it was6. 18. In 24 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was al- mott 9. 19. I ftopped the Receiver firmly with a Screw, becaufe the Air-had got out. In 9 hours fpace the afcenfion was 1 digit. 20. In 24 hours fpace, the afcenfion was 3 =. 21. In24 hours fpace the afcenfion was 5 3. 22. In 14 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 2 digits. 23. in 24 hours the afcenfion of the Mercury was 18 digits. 2.4. fh 14 hours the afcenfton of the Mercury was al- moft 5. Theheight of it was 35 above the wonted preflure. 25. The Receiver could not fuftain a greater preffure. I found the Beans of a feetid fmell, not much unlike the fmell of putrified Fleth. From this Experiment it feems to follow , That Beans con- tain much Air in them, and that, that Air is produc’d in a mo- derate preflure, as well as 2 vacuo, fometimes more fpeedily, fometimes more flowly. Efpecially, that great inequality, which happened Fuly 23. is to be taken notice of S EX- 130 The Second Continuation of EXPERIMENT YL Fuly 2 3. I included Goosberries: ix vacuo, and fortified tl Wellagainft the external Air. In 2 hours {pace the Mercury afcended 1 digit. Fily 24. The height of the Mercury was 7 digits £, Fuly 252 The height ; t2 | July 272 The height 520 ' 26$ of it was 17 285 of itwas jaa Fuly 29. The height of it was almott 30. 30. The height of it was almoft 31. I tranfmitted fome Air out of this Receiver into another evacuated Receiver, and fo the height of the Mercury was 26. 31. The height of the Mercury was 35. Auguft x. The height of the Mercury was 39. But fome Air had efca- ped out; and going about to {top the Receiver clofe, I fuffered fome more Air to get out. The height of the Mercury was 30. Aug. 2. The height of the Mercury was 39. I tranfmitted fome Air into another Receiver. Thesheight of the Mercury was ZI. Avg. 3. The height ofthe Mercury was 39. 4. The height of the Mercury was 41. 5. The height of the Mercury was 43. I tranfmitted the Air into another Receiver. The height of the Mercury was 3odigits, 6. The height of the Mercury was 43. 7. The height thereof was 47. 2 8. The height thereof was 48. tran{mitted into another Receiy Was 36. 9. The height ofthe Mercury was 41. Fourteen hours were paft. Jem very But the Air being er, the height of it Aung. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 131 Aug. 10. The height of the Mercury was 47. the Air being tranf{mitted into another Receiver, the height of it was 35. 24 hours were elapfed. 1x. The height of the Mercury was 38+. Fourteen hours were elapfed. 12. The height of the Mercury was 42. twenty four hours were paffled. I extracted the Air, and the height of the Mercury was 26. 13. The height of the Mercury was 33. twenty four hours were elapfed. 14) The height $3° hours a The height § 44 2 hours ie of it was ae ali: & of it was = 24. I tranfmitted the Air into another Receiver, and the Mer- curial Gage was fpoiled. I took out the Goosberries,and found that they had loft their colour ,. and alfo almoft all their acidity. From this Experiment we may infer, That Goosberries do produce their Air regularly enough, unlefs fomething be ex- tracted out of the Receiver, for then they acquire ftrength to produce new Air more fpeedily. EXPERIMEN T.: VU. September 12. I put crude Grapes into an emptied Receiver, but before they could be fortified againft the-external Air, fome thereof had got in, asmuch as could fuftain 3 digits of Mercury. Sept. 13) The height § 5 | $4:17)The height § 19 14 IO 19 ’ 23 16) fit was (| xo) Ofit was 25 Sept. 22. The height of the Mercury was 30. I ftopped the Receiver with a Screw. 23 The height ofthe Mercury was about 30 2. 24 The height thereof was32: S.2 Sept. 132 The Second Continuation of Sept.26 342 | Ofob.2 39% 27( The he ght )3°# 4( The height )39 = - fit was bp 3C of it w see ag( Ofitwas )r74 7 as ars 30 374 9 423 Ottob.15. Theheight of the Mercury was 46. It afcended chiefly thefe 2 laft days, when the Froft was diffolved. Nov. 2. The height of the Mercury was 54 digits. 5. Theheight was 58. Fan.10. 1677. Now the Mercury was.come to: the height of 70 digits; ‘and yet I perceivec no fenfible mutation in the Mercurial Gage, even when the Cold was moft fierce, though the Grapes and their Juice were concreted into Ice. September 21. Hitherto the Grapes feemed notaltered: but the Mercury had afcendeda little, becaufe the Air had found a paffage out. This day I opened the Receiver, and when the Air brake forth, many of the Grains feemed to be contracted into wrinkles. The Grapes had kept their tafte but much more pungent; but their Juice continued to be tinged with a curious red colour. This Experimentfeems to intorm us, that Grapes produce not all their Air, but in 2 long tra¢t of time. EXPERIMENT VII Auguft 0. 1677. I put Pears.cut.intwo, into a vacuous Receiver. Towards Evening the Mercury was come up to the height of 10 digits, Aug. 11) The heght §2° | 44%-15) The height (55 130 of w 38 16 Fj 60 14 Ok it was 48 17 OF it was 68 The Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 133 The Air being tranfmitted into another Receiver, the height of the Mercury remained at 53 2. Aug. 18 the height 561 | dug. 20 as height $70 19§ of it was 264 212 Ofit was 272 The Air being tranfmitted into another Receiver, the Mer- cury remained in the height of 6r. Aug.22 ioe height § 68 | Aug. 24 §the height § 79 23$ of itwas 174 252 ofit was ¢8r The Air being tranfmitted intoanother Receiver, the height of the Mercury was 61. Aug.26. The height of the Mercury was 56. becaufe fome Air had got out, yet { tranfmitted the Air into another Recei- ver, and the Mercury remained in the height 52. Aug. ioe ee $58 Au. Totaly a3 2§ fit was Qo e | Sepp. x of it was Septemb. 2. The height of it was 100. Sept. 3. The height ofit was 89. becaufe fome Air had efca- ped out, which made me cautious to prevent the like for the future. Sept. 4. The height of the Mercury was 100. 5. The fame height continued. 7. The fame height ftill continued, though no Air at all had any egrefs. 9. Theheight of the Mercury was 107. 10. The height of the Mercury was the fame. The Air being tranfmitted into anotherReceiver, the Mer- eury ftaid in the height 99. Sept. 11. The Mercury moved.not. 13. The height of the Mercury wis 105. Ottober 8. I this day found that the Air had got out. This Experiment feems to inform us, that Pears do produce. their Air, as it were by Paroxyfins, or Fits.. ATTE 93 134 The Second Continuation of AR PSR ee Various Experiments. EXPERIMENT IL March x6. Melted down Lead witha fire in a Brafs Veflel, whofe Dia- meter was an inch and half; but before the Lead was con- creted by cold, I put it into a Receiver, out of which I exhau- fted the Air with great fpeed; whence it came to pafs, that the figure of the concreted Lead, was concave, and the parts of it were fo much the more depreffed, by how much they were the nearer to the Center: whereas, 6n the other fide, Lead , congealed in common Air, doth exhibit a convex figure, except inthe middle, where a little cavity doth appear. I made the fame Experiment with Tin, and had the fame fuccefs : though both Metals being liquid, and very hot, had remained long enough ix vacuo , yet no bubbles feemed to emerge from either otthem; whereas all other hot liquors do fend forth numerous bubbles x vacuo, EXPERIMENF I September 2, I put Water faturated with diffolved Salt, zz vacuo, to trie whether it would be there converted: into Chryftals , and the Salt be carried above theplain, or fuperficies of the Water, as it is wont to happen in the Free Air. Sept.t5. The Water with the diffolved Salt, abiding ‘ the ame Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 135 fame flate , I opened the Receiver; feeing no vapours could efcape out of the evacuated Receiver, ‘tis confentaneous to Rea- fon to judge, that the Salt could not there be converted into Chryftals. EX PE Rel M_EN2F= Kl. Auguft 8. 1676. I put’Air produced from Goosberries, into an evacuated Re- cipient, furnifhed witha Mercurial Gage. March 1. 1673. When I perceived that no change wasmate in the height of the Mercury, I opened the Receiver. PRE ERIM EN T ON: Auguft 8. : I took a Phial which was able to hold 7 ounces, 5 drams,and 3 grains of Water, and exhaufted the Air out of it; and when in a ballance it was fufpended in an equilibrium with another weight, I piercedthe bladder which covered the orifice, with a Needle, and then, the phial being filled with Air, appeared hea- vier by 4 grains and }, which latter weight tothe former, is in the fame proportion as 1 to 814; whence it follows,thatWater is about 800 times more ponderous than that Air of an equal bulk. Yea,’tis probable, that the proportion is with the leaft, becaufe this day the Air was hot and clear, and befides fome Air was always left in the Receivers after the exhauftion. Pea Ye fF. sek Ww ENT OW Fan. 16. 167%, I put Aqua Fortis with fixed Nitre into a Receiver; and, sha- ving exhaufted the Air as much as I could, I poured in one of them on the other, and found much Air produced. I marked the height of the Mercury in the Gage. March 136 The Second Continuation of March 5. Finding that the produced Air was not deftroyed, and that the Mercury perfifted in the fame height, I opened the Receiver, and found Nitre produced z# vacuo from the mixture. EXPERIMENT VI May 12. 1677. : I filled aPhial, of along and very narrowsneck with Oil up to the middle of the neck; and thus filled, I put it into a Receiver firmly ftopped by the help of a Screw ; in- to which afterwards I intruded Air till it could fuftain 120 digitsof Mercury above its wonted he ght. And the Oil in the neck of the phial, appeared deprefled toward the phial a- bout one quarter of an inch; the caufe whereof I judge attri- butable to the compreffion of the Air; and yet having eafed the Screw, and thereby fuffered the Air to breakin and be di- lated, the.Oil did not afcend at all; fo that I judge it was con- denfed onely by cold. Auguft 5. 1 made the fame Experiment after the fame man- ner, onely ufing Water inftead of Oil; and yet I could per- ceive no change of the height of the Water inthe neck of the Glafs, though the heat being moderate, might have produced a fenfible effect. Fan.14. 1678. Becaufe I foundby fome Experiments, that comprefled Air did enter into.the pores of the Water, and did pierce even to thebottom,a fufpicion might arife,that theWater was not condenfed by the compreffed Air,forthis reafon,becaufe the Air entering into the pores, did make the preffion within equal to the preffion from without. And tobe fure of this, I filled the Glafs abovefaid with Spirit of Wine, leaving onely the length of 3 digitsinthetop of theneck thereof} which was fil- led with Air onely. Then my hands being applied tothe Glafs, the Spirit of Wine, being heated, ina fhort time, filled the whole neck even to the top. Then the Glafs being inverted into a Vefiel Phyfico-Mechanical Experintents. 137 Veffel full of Mercury, I removed my hands, which being done, the Spirit of Wine being foon cooled ; afforded fpace to the Aercury to fill 3 digits in height. I put the Veflel and the Glafs in that pofture, into a Receiver, into which I aiterwards com prefled the Air, till the Mercury exceeded its wonted hei 90 digits, and yet there was no fenfible condenfation of the Spirit of Wine, nor any afcenfion of the Mercury; however it is certain, that no Air had crept in, becaufe the Mercury hin- dered it ; and the Receiver being opened, when the Air, that comprefled from without, was dilated, no bubbles appeared in the Spirit of Wine. In this Experiment, it feems worthy our Enquiry, how it comes to pafs that Spirit of Wine was fo fenfibly condenfed by amoderate cold, andaot at all by a great compreffion of the Ar. BE XP. BE RAbMeE: Nelo vit May 12. 1676. I poured Spirit of Wine into aGlafs Veflel, and fuperadde fome drops of Oil of Turpentine thereto, which fwimming up- on the Spirit of Wine, began to be whirld about by motion, hither and thither, as it is wont to come to pafs. I put the Glafs Veflel on the Pneumatick Engine, and covered it with a Receiver, and yet the bubbles did not at all ceafe to be moved up and down. Then I pump'dout the Air, till the Spirit of Wine did onely not bubble; and it came to pafs, that the bub- bles emerging fromthe Spirit of Wine, did adhere to the drops of Oil, and carried them with themfelves to the fides of the Veflel, and there retained them; yet 2 drops, free from fuch bubbles, proceeded to have further motion: Afterwards I wholly exhaufted the Receiver, and fome drops were emitted to the top thereof, by theforce of the bullient Spirit of Wine; but the remaining drops proceeded on to be moved a ind T an 138 Lhe Second Continuation of and ina little time after theyrefted. The Air being immit- ted, the drops began again to renew their motion, but itwas a flow one,and it quickly ceafed. I iterated the fame Experiment, with Spirit of Wine and Oil of Turpentine, cleanfed from Air; and no ebullition was then made, yea no bubble appeared at all, but the drops of the Oil of Turpentine were moved i# vacuo, as inthe open Air. Hence it feemsto follow,that the caufe ofthe motion of the drops is not to be afcribed to the diflolution, for all the diffolu- tions 7# vacuo, have hitherto feemed. to meto produce bubbles. EXPERIMENT VII Mayi9. 1676. I left yefterday 2 Radithes vacuo, one of them I hanged up, theroot being upfide down, the other in a contrary po- fture; both ofthem cut tranfverfly did hang overa fubjacent Vefiel, which contained red Wine. All thefe being left a whole night 7# vacuo feemed well purged from their Air. Opening the Receiver, ladded 2 other Radifhes to the former included ones, cut after the fame manner and from which I had further detracted their thick skin. Then exhaufting the Receiver, I immerged the cut part ofall the Radithes at once, into the fub- jacent. Wine: andthen many bubbles feemed to arife out from them, as it came to pafs in thofe little Glafs-Tubes of Experi. ment 1X. yea more bubbles were emitted from thofe Radithes, which were purged from Air the whole night, than from thofe which had not remained above half an hour zw vacuo; and from whom I had taken away their skin, This Experiment feems to afford us a confirmation , that Bubbles are formed of particles of Air, fwimming in Water; nd becaufe in the skin there are fome Canales, fit. to retain arts of Air, it came to pafs that the Radifhes, from which I tad detracted their skin, afforded no opportunity for the for- mang of fo many Bubbles. The lee) fot prent beget Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 139 The liquor afcended no lefs into thofe Radifhes which hanged with their roots upwards, than into thofe of a contrary pofture. EXPERIMEN T_IX. May 4.. 1676. I immerged one end of a4mall Glafs-tube, open. at both ends, into Water ftagnant iw vacuo,and prefently the Water afcended upinto it, as it is wont todo in common Air, and even to the fame height; buta little while after, many Bubbles being for- med there, lifted the Water higher, and kept it {ufpended in 3 different places, difterminated by many Bubbles; and many other Bubbles feemed to pafs out from thatend, which was im merfed in Water. Then I fealed the other end of thetube Hermetically 5 and fothe Experimentbeing, madein common Air, the Water could not afcend upinto the tube by theopenend. But é# vacuo the matter “fucceeded far otherwife; for the Water afcended up into the tube, no-otherwife, than ifithad been open at both ends ; and many Bubbles formed in afhort time, did diftin- suifh the Water, contained in the tube, by great intervals, as before, whileft the mean time, many other Bubbles feemed.in- ceflantly to pafs out from theend of thetube, immerfed in Wa- ter, yet in progrefs of time, they appeared lefs frequent. But this circumftance I much admired, that the Water be- ing fufpended higher in the tube, feemed to be filled with no Bubbles, whereasthe end onely did emit fo many. Then I took out that end from the Water, and no Bubbles did any more appear, though that end was wholly filled with a Cylinder of Water. May 5. \repeated the fame Experiment’; but before I had immerged the end ofthe tube in Water, adrop of Water which ran over from the fuperiour aperture of the Receiver, flowed T2 down P40 The Second Continuation of dow tothe open end of the tube, and pierced up into it the height of 2 lines, neither Was.any Bubble formed there ina fulJ halt hours time: that being pafled, I immitted the end of the ts tube intothe Water of the Veflel, and not long alter, Bubbles began to be formed, as before, of wh.ch foine tollowed others within halfa minute; yet afterwards they came forth lefs fre- quent. Furthermore, iterating this Experiment many times, perceived, that whenthe Water wasextracted from the tube, no Bubbles appeared : but if it were immergedin Water, Bub. bles would: cleave to the end of it, either fooner or later. May 6. } tried the fame Experiment, with the infufion of Nephritick.wocd., and: the fuecefs was wholly alike, but that the Bubbles could:emerge and pierce the liquor, before they hadacquired.any bignefs, for being yet very finall, they pervaded the liquor , contained in the tube, and were carried tothe upper part thereof: whence we may conjecture, that that liquor isvery thin, and hath no vifcofity to refift the per: vading Body. May 10. Titerated the fame Experiment with Spirit of Wine, mixed with a certain Oil, made per deliquium: yet I found no new event, but that the afcenfion of the liquor. into the tube; was not fo high. From thefe Experiments it feemstofollow, that the Bubbles are formed , in the extremity of the tube of aerial particles, {wimming inthe Water, which finding fome impediment a that end, cannot pa{s by, and fo, new ones coming upon them, they-{wellinto-aBubble. ; E.XoPERDMENT X. Fuly 18. 1676. Two days ago! took fome Beans, fuch as are given to Horfes for Provender, and included them in an iron tube clofely ftop- ped; yet I firft afflufed Water.on.the compreffed Beans, till the Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 141 the tube feemed wholly full; to try whether the force of the fwelling Beans would Le enough to break thetube. ‘This day the tube feemed not'to be altered at all, but the ftopple being plucked back, fome quantity of Air brake out; and much Wa- ter fell upon the ground, which was not fucked up by the beans; then a certain noife, as it were, of bubling Water, was heard for a whole hour and more. Fuly 25. Left the iron tube in the fame pofture, but this day one of the ends of it being unftopped, and fome Beans ta- ken out, the murmur of the bullient Water was heard, as before. From this Experiment it feems to follow, that Beans do con- tain Airin them, which ina great compreffion cannot efcape out; but if it be freed from the force comprefling it, then it makes an-eruption. EXPERIMENT XI. March 4. 1677. I put a Glafs half full of Spirit of Sal-Armoniack and /- matura Cupri, into a Receiver exhaufted as much as I could, and there ftopped itin. And it came to pafs, that in 15 minutes fpace the liquor had contracted a certain blew co- lour, but very much diluted; but, the Air being immitted, in 3 minutes, the blew colour appeared vivid and thick. 1 put the liquor fo tinged again im vacuo, to trie, whether in tract of time that colour would vanifh. April 4. The blew colour was almoft quite vanifhed, but upon the admiffion of the Air, it quickly returned. EXPERIMENT XII. May 8. Tput a certain Oil made per deliquium, with Spirit of Wine into 142 The Second Continuation of . exhaufted Receiver, and the $ Spirit a always fwam onthe now adit the Spirit might be file by bub bling above the des of the Vefiel, L extracted the Air by degrees, and in the eginning great Bubbles came from the Spirit, and | but ver mall ones fromthe Oil; but after one hours time, the Oildid mit great Bubbles, w! hich being {mall at bottom, in their afcent lid fll the whole latitude of their Veflel ; and after anothe nour, fome Bubbles brake out with fo great force, that they lit a poe the top of the Receiver. May 9. 1 iterated the former Ex ‘perimer tinaG ee fome- what long and narrow, that I might the - ter perceive the motion of the Bubbles ; and then I {faw the Bubbles paff fling out Sth ie Oil into rhe Spirit of Wine, without any great increafe of their quantity; but being diftant onely x quarter of an inch from the fuperficies, they were fuddenly expanded, OOO s 2 a4 Poe wn I BN TY ORT May 3 Patel 9 wg «¥ I mixed a certain quantity ‘of Aqua Fortis with a quantity of Spirit of Wine fomewhat greater ; and then I diftributed that mixture equally into 3 Glafs Veflels, and put three equal pieces of Iron into them, to each Veflel one. This being done, I included one of the 3 Veflels ix < vacuo, and there many great ebullitions were made. ‘Then after a quarter of an hour, Itook out the Veflel,and found the liquor black and turbid, whereas the other two Veflels had their liquor not altered in colour, but onely fome black powder did appear inthe bottom of the liquor. Of thefe 2 Veflels, Iput one z# vacuo, and then there arofe ebullitions,great indeed, but much leffer than the former: when one quarter of anhour was elapfed, I took the Veffel é vacuo, and found the rae black indeed, yet fomewhat lefs fo than the former; but the liquor which was left aly Ways in the Air, didin a manner remain unchanged May Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 143 May 4. This day in the morning the liquors in the 2 Vef- fels, put 7 vacuo, appeared cleanfed and green, and had no other operation. _ But the liquor which was not put 7# vacuo did bubble more ftrongly than yefterday, and exhibited a red colour. I put the 3 Veliels together iv vacuo, and perceived no eminent ebulli- tion, onely fome Bubbles appeared larger in the red liquor, than in the other two. wa From this Experiment it feems to follow, that Spirit of Wine in vacuo dothaccelerate ebulition. EXPERIMEN T. XIV. Fan.21. 1678. I kept a Glafs half full of Sal Armoniack , and ji/ings of Cop- per, the hole thereof being fo exactly ftopped, that the blew colour, which wasinduced into that liquor, from the contact of the external Air, (See Philofophical Tranfattions, Num.120.) did wholly now difappear. The ftopple was made of Leather, prepared after a fpecial way and manner. { put that Glafs iz vacuo with Pafte not yet fermented. I did it to this end, that the Receiver, being full of Air from the Pafte, I might perforate the leather that topped the Glafs, with an Iron Wire prepared for that purpofe; and that might trie, whether the contact of the Air generated from the Patte, would alfo communicate fome colour unto the liquor. Fan.22. There was no need to. perforatethe Leather, for this day Ifound the liquor already tinged; fothat it is probable, that Air produced from Pafte, is endued with fuch minute par- ticles, that it can penetrate Leather which is impervious to. com- mon Air. Yet I will keep the Glafs, not touching its ligature, to trie, whether that colour may vanith again. Fan.25. Now the liquor became almoft colourlefs, ‘whence it 144 The Second Continuation of it appears, that common Air is too thick to penetrate all paff- ges, whichare pervious to Air, produced from Pafte. Feb. 2. Tputthe fame phial 7” vacuo, but did not fortifie the commiffure of the Receiver withthe Cover, with Turpentine, fo that the Air making a gradual ingrefs, in 2.4 hoursfilled the Receiver, even asit was leifurably fiiled,withthe Air preduced from Pafte, yetthe liquor remained {till colourlefs. Feb. 15. Iputthe fame Glafs again zz vacuo with fome quan- tity of Pafte ; butthistime the Air produced fromthence, did not pervade the Leather, as it-had done before, and the liquor was not tinged at all. BMP ER IM EN T. XV; April 2. 1678. I put a Shrew-moufe into the Engine defcribed p-13,14. and when-I perceived he was reduced to extremity, I began to ftir the Pump, that the Air might penetrate, and be, asit were fil: trated through the Water. The Moufe awhile after, feemed to be better, yet he could not be wholly reftored to health. Now becaufe he had been long kept fafting, I am uncertain whe- ther he died for want of Aliment, or of new Air. April 12. Literated the fame Experiment with afmall and weakly Moufe, that had been kept a long time fafting. And finding that this Experiment had the fame fuccefs with the for- mer, | took out the Moufe, before he wasdead; and though he then enjoyed the Free Air, yet he recovered not; fo that we have need of more Experiments, that we may attain toa certain knowledge of the effect of that Filtration. EXPERIMENT XVL May 2. 1678. Six Weeks ago, I included Frog-Spawn in 3 Recipients; the Phyjico-Mechanical Experiments. 148 the firftof which wasvacuous ; the fecond contained common Air; and into the third, I intruded fo much Air, that the Mer- cury ftaid in 60 digits above its wonted height. In 15 days the Mercury in the evacuated Receiver came to the height of x digit. TheSpawn in the common Air feemed corrupted and of a blackifh colour ; but that in the compreffed Air, remained unaltered in colour; but no Frogs were gene- rated. Afteran wholemonth was elapfed, the Sperm 7» vacuo had not changed its colour, excepting the black round {pots , but feemed reduced into Water: the colour of that in the com- mon Air was'very black, but inthe comprefied Air the Spawn began to be reddifh. As yet no change was perceived, neither in that Spawn éa vacuo, nor that in the common Air; but in the comprefled Air, the Spawn waxed more and more red. May 22. The Sperm z# vacuo was not changed ; in the com- prefled Air it remained red ; but in thecommon Air itbecame again colourlefs. Fune 23. The Sperm zm vacuo and in common Air was tinged with no colour, but in the comprefled Air it inclined to greennefs. : Oétob. 15. took out all the Spawns ; that which was kept in vacuo was almoft exhaled out of its Veflel, and was ftagnant in the Receiver, like clear Water: In the common Air, the Sperm ‘remained colourlefs ; but that in the comprefled Air kept ftil! its red colour. EXP ERM EN. T -. XVI. May 9. 1678. Six days ago, I included two pieces ofthe fame Orange in 2 Receivers, not quite of equal bignefs, but inthe greater Recei- ver, there was lett fome quantity of “es , fothatno lefs {pace was tA6 The Second Continuation of t for the Air in that, than in the lefler. The iue was, that the Orange included with Water, though it were not tou. ied by it, yet was 4 times more mouldy than that which was ” This Experiment feems to inform us, that bruifed Fruits do produce air, flower than who/e or entire ones. EXPERIMENT Ii Brurseno FRreaTs Avg. 25. 1677. I put unripe Grapes bruifed, into a vacua- ted Recipient... Aug - 160 The Second Continuation of Aug. 26. The height of the Mercury was 1 digit. 27. The height of it was 2 digits. 28. The height of it was 2 digits and an half 29. The height of the Mercury was the fame. Sept. 15. The Mercury did not afcend at all, but its height remained at 2 WHOLE Fe uttTis. Auguft ~5. 1677. J put unripe Grapes, not bruifed, into a vacuated Receiver. Aug. 26. The height of the Mercury was 3 digits. 27.° The height of the Mercury was 5 digits. Aug.28) The height f 7| Aug. 30. The height S12 29§ ofit was 110 31§ of it was oe Sept. 1.: The height of the Mercury was 15. 2. The height of itwas 16. 3. The height of it was 18. 4. The height of it was thefame: Sept. 5. The height of the Mercury continued. the fame; but. allthe Grapes had almoft contracted a yellow colour. Sept. 7. TheMercury refted in the fame height; butallthe Grapes were yellow. Sept. 15. The height of the Mercury was 20. This.Experiment gives usa further confirmation, that whole Fruits do produce air, more readily then bruifed ones. EXPERIMENT IV. FrurTtTs WHOLE AND ENTIReg, September 10.. 1677. I put 2 ounces of ripe Grapes, but not bruifed, into a Recei- ver able to hold ro ounces of Water. Sept: Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 161 Sept.t1. The height of the Mercury was 6 digits. Sept. 12) The height § 9 | 5% 15.) The height $2° 3 of it was dre et of it was 035 ie 15 17) ave oS Sept. 18. The height of the Mercury was 30. were not altered at all. Sept? 19. The height of the Mercury was the fame. * , 20e’'The Receiver was not yet forced from his Cover The Grapes were not altered, but appeared onely 2 little riper. : 21. The Receiver-was forced from’his Cover, though as yet nothing had made ‘any eruption out. 22, This'day in’the Morning, I found the Grapes‘be- gin to rot, andtheretore I included them againz» ‘vacua. Sept.23. Theheight of the Mercury was 5 digits. Sept. 24) The height § 9 | °#+27 The height § 7° I 25 } 29 , 27 of it wa d = of it was (5 7 30 S458 Oétob. 10. The Receiver was not torced from: his Cover, till this day: the Grapes by their colour feemed rotten, yet they had kept their firmnefs. = TheG rapes Bru sve DOmur“u IT s. Sept. 10. 1677, I included:two ounces of ripe and. bruifed Grapes in a Receivercapable of holding 10 ounces of Water. Sept. 11 4 Sept. 15 15 12( The height) 7 16( The height )18 13( of itwas’ )1o 17( oof it was )20 14 12 18 2 Sept. 19. 'TheGrapes had fevered the Receiver‘from his Co- ver,and much juice was fpilt. : Sepi..0. | again put the fame Grapes into the fame Recet- ver ; but becaufethey had fpilt their ow by ebullition, — r no 162 The Second Continuation of not exhauft: all the Air;. but the Mercury ftaid in the height of 5 digits. Sept.21. This day in: the Morning, the Receiver, being now full of Air, did no longer ftick to his Cover; fo that [ took out the Grapes, and tranfmitted them into another Re. ceiver, whichI ftopped clofe with a Screw, but extraed no Air from it. Sept. 22. The height of the Mercury was rr digits, though the Receiver was able to hold 26 ounces of Water. Sept. 23. Theheight of the Mercury was rg. 24. Theheight of it was the fame. 30. The height ofit was 20. Ottob. 3: When the Grapes produced no more Air, I took them out, and found them of abitter tafte, becaufe they were not yet come-to their perfec ripeneis. ThisExperiment, if you compare it with rhat, which I re. lated before concerning unripe Grapes, doth feem.to intimate, that unripe Grapesdo produce Jefs Air when they are bruifed, than when unbruifed; but ripe Grapes do the contrary. Bx PER EM ENCE ¥. Nov.t9: 1678, Iput Apples into 3 vacuated Receivers. In the firft was a found: Apple; in the fecond, an Apple bruifed,. and repofited loofly in the oper Veffel: In the third was:alfo a bruifed:-A ple, and repofitedin the Veflel, but the Cover was fo fitted to the Veflel, that it didtraitly comprefs the parts of the Apple. For I was defirous to know, whether the éruifed Apple would produce “Air 7# vacuo, as. well as:the found one, provided: his parts: were narrowly conjoined ; but-the ifluewas, that in the exhaufting of the Receiver, the Air; formed between the parts of the Applesdid expel all the juice. Neovr. In the fir Receiver the height of the Mercury was Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 162 was 5 digits; in the fecond,»3 digits; in the third, none at all. Nov. 23. Inthe firft Receiver the height of the Mercury was 7: inthe two others there was no change. . Decemb. 7. Inthe firft Receiver the height of the Mercury was rrdigits, There was noalteration in the other two. Fan. 23. The firft Receiver was now fevered from his Co ver, by the force of ‘the Air produced'anew. In the two others there was no Air generated. May 20. 1679. This day the third Receiver was found for- ced from his Cover : whereas the fecond had produced no Air. This Experiment informs us, that bruifed Fruits do produce lefs Air 2x vacuo, than foundones; contrary to what happens in common Air. The reafon whereof may perhaps be this, that Fruits bruifed are very much rarefied ## vacuo, and fo the feveral principles, of whichthey confift , cannot act upon one another : but unbruifed Fruits, by reafon of the entirenefs of their ambient skin, undergo lefs rarefaction. ACROT Pe e-B RVs: Air is fometimes found unfit to produce mouldine/s. EXPERIMEN i. ™*. Fuly 12.. 1678. Put Rofes into two Receivers, which were to be ftopped with Screws. One of them contained common Air uncompref- fed; but I intruded fo much Air into the other, as fuftained the Mercury 60 digitsabove its wonted height. ¥2 August 164 The Second Continuation of Avguft 2. The Rofes inthe common Air, 4 days ago, were turned into a yellow colour, as if they had been withered }' but thofe in the compreffed Air kept their colour very well. Febr.10, 1679. The Rofes in the comprefied Air, as yet re- tained their frefh colour. This Experiment, compared with that which was made the Year before with Rofes,dothinform us, that the Air at divers times is diverfly affected; fo. that fometimes it hath'a power to hinder corruption, and fometimes to promote it. See rtic, EV. BxperclV. Be PRM EN TAL May 22. Fifteen days ago Tincluded two equal quantities of Flowers, in'two Receivers: Into. one of them I thruft fo much Air as fuftained the Mercury 6o digits above its wonted height; but in ‘the other,-T lef common Air incomprefied:, The Flowers were Tulips and Larkfpurs. Since that time no mouldinefs appeared, except onely that 10 days ago; onehalf ofa Tulip, being cut in two, in thecom- mon Air, feemed fomewhat mouldy: but thisday, the other half of the fame Tulip in comprefied Air, feemed to be infected with fome mouldinefs. As for the.Flowers, fomeof them feemedas frefh, as when they were firft put in; efpecially thofe in the commion Air ; for in the comprefled Air,they feemedmore, moift. Fune 22. Nomore mouldinefs appeared: whence we have a a confirmation of the Inference drawn. from the former Expe- riment, vz. That the Air is fometimes unfit to produce moul- dine{s; feeing the year before; allthofe-kind.of Flowers had cop- trated agreat deal of mouldinefs.,. AREY A Ret bC Pre ogv i. Experiments concerning the change of weight, made by the Beams of the Sun, even in Vefels fealed Hermetically. EXPERIMENT I Sept. 4. 1678. Beams concentrated in a Burning glafs, and I found that it had loft 3 of a grain of its weight, thoughmuch of the Minium had not been touched by the Solar-rays. EXPERIMENT IL | Expofed one drachm of Minium, in anopen Glafs to the Sun September 6. took’ Coral, already. calcined in fire, and endeavoured to calcine it further by the Beams of the Sun, ina fealed Glafs, but I could fearce produce any good effect; yet the whitenefs of the calx of the Coral was fomewhat increafed. Sep.10. YT expofed the fame Coral again to the Sun-Beams in the fame Glafs Hermetically fealed, for two whole hours ; and weighing the Glafs: found that the lofs of its weight, was about +, part ofa grain, fince the time it was firft fealed. EXPERIMENT IU. May 23. Iput Ca/x of Tin in a light glafs phial, fealed ee : cally ~766 The Second Continuation of cally,and weighed it exa@tly : afterwards Texpofed it to the Beams of the Sun for a long time, by the help of a large Burning-glafs ; then the Glafs, being again weighed, feemed to have loft 2, part ofa grain of its weight. May 29. | repeated the fame Experiment, onely ufing Mi- uium in ftead ot Ca/x of Tin, and the lofs of weight came to ge part ofa grain. May 30. Tendeavoured’ to burn the fame Minium again, but fuch plenty of Air was produced; that the Gla broke in- to an hundred pieces, and made a great noife at its diffilition, Fune 6. \ tried the fame Experiment again with Minium, and then 4; part ofa grain was abated of the weight. | When I attempted again to burn ‘the Minium, the Glafs broke a fecond time. Fuly 15. took Coals made of Wood for the fame Experi- ment, but the Sundid not affe% themar all. Fuly 20. I expofed Vive Sulphur to the Beams of the Sun after the manner before defcribed; aind though it was eafily melted, and did emit many fumes, yet I found no change atall in the weight. ug. t. Tkept the fame phial ftill with the Flower of Sul. phur, and expofed it often to the fire of my Burning-glafs without danger of being broken, viz. becaufe Sulphur produ. ceth no Air ; but the Fumes were emitted, as at the firft, and the Sulphur bubbled up; but the weight feemed not to be changed. ARTF \ ae Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 167 ACR VEALG LE AxH. The Prefervation of Bodies in compreffed Liguors. E XP ESRY-ME N'T:. f. Auguft 3. 1678. Included two Apricocks in two Receivers, one of which was ] exactly filled with Raifins of the Sun bruifed, and with Water; but inthe other, there were onely fome Raifins enclo- fed, yet fo that the Apricock was not touched, neither by the Raifins, nor by the Water. Sept. 10. I took out the Apricock, inclofed with the Water; and whileft the Air didbreak forth, the Fruit did bubble very much: the Raifins had loft almoft all their tafte, but the Apri- cock had preferved a pleafant relifh; yea, it feemed more plea- fant than the tafte of fuch Fruits bought at.that time of the Year ufeth to be. Feb. 10. 1678. The Apricock, inclofed without Water, as yet keptits colour and figure, onely feemed'to have loft its firmnefs. This Experiment informs us, that the tafte of fome Fruits may bepreferved in an Infufion of Raifins of the Sun; at leaft in Veflels which are able to contain a great compreffion of the Air. EXP E*RoFaM.E Nips Sept t7.: 3678410 ac : Tincluded Peaches, with an Infufion of Raifins, in 2 Recet- vers, fhut witha Screw. Sept. 168 The Second Continuation of Sept.21.'Too great a quantity of Air produced in one of my Receivers, expelled fome part of the liquor out of it. The other Receiver as yet retained its liquor. Sept.25. TheReceiver, out of which the liquor was expel- led, loft fome more thereof, fo that its fifth or fixth part now feemed empty : but ferting the Screw, the liquor was then pre. ferved. The other Receiver wasnot altered. Sept.26. The fame Receiver began again to leak and run over, fo that Lfez the Screw again. Nov. 27. Our Receiver feemed hitherto to be fhut exactly enough, but this day I opened it, and, whileft the Air was get- ting out, the Peaches bubbled very much ;' one of them, of the fort of thofe, towhich the Stone, or Kernel ufeth to flick, had preferved its firmnefs, and afforded atafte pleafant endugh; but the other, being of that fort, whichare ofa yellow colour, was very foft, yet the tafte thereof feemed to be more pleafant than the tafte of the other.. The liquor was very pleafant and grateful. Decemb 28. Asyet the other Receiver feemed unaltered: but when I opened it,an innumerablecompany of Bubbles did immerge from the Liquor, and from the Peach. The Peach on one fide had preferved its firmnefs, on the other it had loft it; but the whole Peach was acceptable to the Palate, yet fome- what fharp. This Experiment feems to teach us,that Liquors may grow fowre, though no Spirits have evaporated from them. EXPERIMEN -T IH. September 20. I included Peaches, with unripe Grapes, in two Receivers, and weighed them exactly. In the one were Apples bruifed to the confiftency ofa Pultis : Inthe other, an Infufion of Rai- fins of the Sun. Sept. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 169 Sept.25. The Receiver filled with pulp of Appies, hitherto feemed unaltered; butinthe other, the Air which was genera ted, had extruded the half of the contained Liquor, and impel- led the Mercury into the Gage, to the height of roo digits; wherefore 1 opened the Receiver, and the Peach, whileft the Air was getting out, was almoft reduced tothe confifiency ofa Pultis; thetafte of it was pleafant enough. | put another Peach into the fame Receiver, and fubitituted a new Infufion of Raifins of the Sun, inflead of that which was loft. : Sept.26. The Mercury was now come to 30 digits above its wonted height. Sept.27. The height ofthe Mercury was 72. 28. The height of it wasgo. The Liquor did work out. 30. The fame height remained, but the Liquor was all gone out. Oétober x. Inow perceived that all the Air had alfo efcaped; Wherefore opening the Receiver, I found the Peaches very foft, yet of a pleafant tafte. Ottob.3. The Receiver filled with the pulp of Apples, had as yet loft nothing; but this day I perceived that almoft all the juiceof the Apples had run out, T opened the Receiver, and found all therein very much fermented. The Peach was very foft, but in taftenot unpleafant. This Experiment informs us, that Fruits cannot be long kept in pulp of Apples, by reafon of the great production of Air ; though that happens a little. later in the Infufion of Raifins. EXPERIMENT IV. Sept. 23. 1678. I included Peaches with crude Grapes in two Receivers, one of which was exactly filled with pulpof Apples, the other with unripe Grapes bruifed. Zz Octob. 170 Lhe Second Continuation of Ottob. x. The Receiver filled with pulp.of Apples, feemed as yetto have received-no alteration ; but the other was this da found emptied of his Wine: this’ therefore Iopened, and found one of the Peaches to have retained its firmnefs, and its tafte; but the other had loft its firmness, yetretained.a grate iubtafte. Feb. 5. 1679. The Receiver containing the Pulp of Apples. hitherto feemedunaltered; yet I opened it, and the great ebul. lition thereupon, did manifeft, that a mighty compreflion: of the Air wasin it. ‘The pulpof Apples and the Peach had kept a.grateful tafte, but fomewhat more pungent. than ordinary. This Experiment fhewsus, that juice of crude Grapes cary not conveniently: be ufed for'tlie prefervation of Fruits, by-rea- fon of the production of too much Air. EX PERILMENT seY. Sépt.25. 1678. F included two Pears, called Butter Pears,in a Receive: exack ly filled with pulp of Apples. Sept. 28. Hitherto I perceived no alteration in the hei the Mereury. Octob. 5. The Mercury was-now.come: to the height digits. Ottob.6. The height of the Mercury. was 36 digits. ard more. Ottob, 12. The Meroury was not changed.. Ottok.2.0. Three daysago the Mercury was deprefled, though nothing had efcaped out. se Ottob.2.6. Thisday my Receiver was found cracked, though [ did not find that the Air was comprefled within, but perhaps the Screw was fet toohigh. The pulp of the Apples was of a very grateiul tafte; fo were the Pears, but they were ver y foft, and one of them fcemed.to incline to -rottennels: é ght of of ry Dor. “xe Phyftco-Mechanical Experiments. 171 -* Perhaps the crack in the Receiver was the caufe why fo little Air was produced in this Experiment. EX PERI MENS VE Ottob. 1. 1678. linclofed Peaches in two Receivers, one of which was fi. led with pulp of Apples, and the other with unripe Grapes bruifed. Ottob.5. Much Air was produced in the fecond Receiver, yet fome of the Wine ran out. The heght.of the Mercury was 64 digits. Oétob. 6. The Wine proceeds to run out: the height of the Mercury was 70. Oétob.8. Now the Wine wasall run out ofthe Receiver, and the height of the Mercury was 86. Ottol, 12. The height of the Mercury abode at 86. Oétob.18:That Receiver, out of which all the Wine was run, yet held the Air very well; and the height of the Mercury in it, ftaidat86. The other Receiver, filled with pulp of Ap- ples, had for thefe five laft days fuffered fome juice to flow out. Decemb. 4. 1 opened the Receiver filled with pulp of Apples, and thoughall the juice was got out, yet it ftill contained the Air, very much compreffed; and many Bubbles brake forth, not without fome noife, after the Receiver was quite opened. The Peach was very foft, and of a pungent tafte, like to that of inebriating Wine. Fan.28. 1679. After the effufion of the Wine in the other Receiver , the Mercury ftaid in the fame height. I opened the Receiver; the Peaches did emit many Bubbles, and were wrinkled, but their colour was little changed : theirfapor was moft pungent, and inclining to acid. This Experiment doth confirm the Conclufions of the for- mer. Zr EX- r72 Fhe § ‘econd Contin “aAtION of EX PERIMENT VIL Ottob, 4. 1678. I fut Peaches into sr te Receivers; The firft-of which was filledwith Ale, or |] sti ye hout Hops; the fecond with Beer Hopfed ; thethird wi ne: Otis. 5, The oie of fo ilbsoae inthe firft Receiver was 15 dizits ; in the fecond, 10 oF in the third ¢ 9 digits. Ouob.6. The height of it in the firft Receiver was 25 digits; in the fecond, #7; in the third, 20. Olwb. 8. The hei ght of the Mercury:in the firft Receiver, Was 35 digits; in the fecond, x 55 inthe third, 26. Ottb.12. The height in the firft Receiver was 63 digits; in the fecond, 15; inthethird,28. rs. The height of the Mercury in the firfl Receiver was 81 digits; inthe fecond, 1 5; inthe third, 30 30. 16. "There was nomore change pet ceived in any yot the three Receivers. r8. The Mercury rather defcended than afcended, in all thethreé Receivers. 22. Inthe Wine onely, the Mercury afcended or de: fcended ‘according to the heat andthe cold. 24: The height ‘of the Mercury in the firft Receive: was 96 digits; in the fecond; 155 inthe third,30. 30. The height in the fix ee rig digits; in the fecond, 20; inthethird, 3 Nov.3. The height in the firft Receiver was 1 17 digits; in the fecond, 20;- inthe third, 30. 6. The height in the firft Receiver was 120 digits ; in the fecond, 343 in thethird, 31. rt. The height of the Mercury in the firft Rectiver was 105 digits: in the fecond 31 ; in-thethird, 28: tw hééold y weather. Now. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 173 Nov. 16.:'The height of the. Mercury was the fame. . The Peach; which hitherto was.demerfed, now mounted up to the upper part of the Liquor in the fecond Receiver ; all the reft ftaid in the bottom. Nov..25..The height in the firft Receiver,was1qodigits; in the fecond, 47.; inthe third, 32, Nov.28., The height in the firtt Receiver, was 96 digits; in the fecend, 36; in the third, 28. It wasvery cold weather. Decemb. 13. ‘The height in the firft Receiver was 96 digits; inthe fecond,47 ; inthe third,33. I opened the third Receiver and found the.Peach firm, andof a laudable colour, but it had contracted much of tafte from the Wine, which yet was.ca- pable of being amended by Sugar, fo that avery pleafant and edibledifh might be made thereof’ ‘The Wine alfo was grate- ful to the palate. Decemb. 30. Theheight ofthe Mercury in the firft Recei- ver was 94digits ;.inthe fecond, 47. I opened the firft. Recei- ver, and the Peaches, which had lain till then at the bottom of the liquor, did prefently emerge to the upper partthereof ; they emitted many Bubbles : thetafte of the Ale, of which they had contracted much, was madepleafant with Sugar. This Experiment informs us, that fermented Liquors may. - be ufeful for the prefervationof Fruits, as being unfit topro- + duce Air. EXPERIMENT VUL. Sept. 5. . 1678. T included’one Peach not cut, with another, cut into: pieces; - in a Receiver; into which I after poured-old Wine, tullit was exactly filled, and then fhut it with aScrew. T hoped the if- {ue would have been, that.ifthe Wine did extract any tincture fromthe Peach, that the cut Peach would: eafily fupply it; and fo,the whole Peach would.keep its full tafte. 5 (OV. E74 The Second Continuation of Nov.20. As yetnothing feemed tobe altered; but this day I perceived, that fome of the Winedidrun out. Nov. 30. The third part of the Wine was lofk Decemb. 8. Seeing the Wine begin again to runout, and that there was little of it left, I opened the Receiver, and found the Peaches very much fermented, yet endued with a grateful, but moft pungent tafte. The Winealfo was pleafant. By this Experiment, if it be compared withthe third Recej- ver in the former Experiment, we may conjecture, that Wine doth hinder the fermentation of Peaches, if it be in a fufficient quantity ; but here thé Wine was not fufficient, becaufe the pieces of that Peach which was cut, did fill the whole Recei- ver, fo that noroom-was left for the Wine, but in the inter- . {tices. ‘EXPERIMENT Ix. Odtob. 11. 1678. -T put two Peaches, one whole, the other cut in pieces, into a Receiver filled with hopped and fermented Beer. Octob.12.. In one nights {pace the Mercury afcended 3 digits. ilobsx 5. The height ofthe Mercury was 15 digits. 16. The height of it was x5. 18. The height ofit was 12. It was very cold. 20. The height of it remained at 12. 22. Now the Mercury afcended again. The Cold abated. ‘Nov.2. The height of the Mercury was 20. 3. ee Mercury defcendeda little. It was cold wea- ther. ‘6. The height of the Mercury was 28. The weather grew hotter. 8. The height of it was 33. Nov Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. I Nov. 11. The:height of the Mercury was go. 12. The height remained at 40. Some of the Beer wrought out. 16. The height of it was 46. 19. The height of it was.43. But much of the Beer was loft. 21: The Mercury afcended not, but the Beer pro- ceeded to work out. 23.. When the Beer was almoft all wrought out, I o- pened the Receiver, and found the Peaches very foft, yet of a grateful tafte, thoughthey had been kept 9 hours in-the free Aur, after the Receiver was opened. Nu. Thefe Fruits werenever quite ripe. rem this Experimenty if it te compared with the fecond Receiver in Exper. VII. it may be interred; that Beer doth hinder the Fermentation of.Peaches, and the production of Air, if it be in a fufficient quantity: but here there was but a little Beer contained in the interftices, which was not able to hinder the fermentation of the Peaches. ry / od D} EXP. ERM E Nee Ofober 19.) 1678 [included raw Beef in 3 Receivers ; the firft of which was exactly filled with ftale Beer, forcibly intruded, fo that:the Mercury exceeded its wonted height by 6odigits. The fe-_ cond was alfo,exactly filled with ftale Beer, but herethere was no, compreffion made. The third was filled partly with the Beef, and. partly with Common Air: . Otteb. 20. In the firft Receiver the Mercury was deprefled to the twentieth digit beyond its ufual height, though nothing atall had efcaped out. In the fecond alfo, it defcended a little ; butin the third, it afcended fomewhat. : Ottob.26. In the firft Receiver the Mercury did — . afcend, 176 The Second Continuation of -afcend , and then defcend very irregularly ; inthe fecond jt began to afcend flowly two days ago; inthe third it was not moved atall. Octob. 27. One piece of the fame Beef, which was left in the Air, began to have an ill {mell; and alfo the Mereury in the third Receiver began to afcend. In the fecond it proceeded to afcend by little and little; but in the firft it feemed rather to defcend. Nov.3. The Mercury in the firft’ Receiver afcended not; in the fecond, the height of it was 20 digits; in the third it was ro digits. Nov. 5. Topened all the Receivers, and the two firft did not ftink at all, yet they had contracted a Smell! from the Beer. The Flefh boiled in the fame Beer, was found very tender, but its tafte was bitter, perhaps by reafon of thetoo great quantity ofthe Beer. That Beef. which was included with common Air, whenthe Receiver was opened, did prefently affe& the no- ftrils witha ftinking fmell; yet when it was taken out, and accurately {melt too, it fearce feemedto ftink. I included the fame Fleth:inthe fame Receiver, to trie whether new Air being admitted, would promote corruption. Nov. 6. The height of the Mercury was 3 digits. ‘ti. The height ofit was 9. 25. Theheight of it was 20 digits. T opened the Receiver, I found the Fleth fo ftinking, that I was forced to throw itaway. From this Experiment it feems to follow , that Beer may be convenient for the prefervation of Flefh, efpecially if it be intru- ded by force into the Receiver; but this compreffion is ‘foon abated, becaufe the Air compreffed in the fame Receiver, is apt to enter into and pervade the pores of the Beer by degrees. EX- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 179 é EXPERIMENT XI. November 12.» I included Beef, as hardly as I was.able to do it, in 3 Recei- vers: Into the firft of them I poured Water, mixed with one fortieth part of Salt, which filled up all the interftices which were left betwixt the parts-of the Flefh: In the fecond, fome falt Water was in like fort contained butit was intruded by force, fo that the Mercury in the Gage afcended to 15 digits above its wonted height : Into the third Receiver,I poured no Water, and therefore thofe few interf{tices which could notbe poflefied by the Fleth, were left for the Air. Nov. 13. The Mercury defcended in allthe Receivers, efpe- cially in the fecond, which had admitted the comprefled Li- uor. 3 Nov. 18. The two Receivers, which were not comprefled, did not repel the deprefled Mercury upward: But as for that whofe Mercury :had been impelledto 15 digits, and afterwards had defcended moft of all, it now returned almoft to its former height. .A piece of the fame Beef, being left in the Air, began tohave abad {mell. Nov.23. In the three Receivers Air was produced anew; but this day in the fecond the Mercury defcended 3 digits, the height of it was 20: in the other two ‘twas about 16. I opened the firft Receiver, and the Flefh was not corrupted at. all. Nov. 30. I took the Fleth out of the Receiver which was put in. without Salt, it did not ftink at all; but being boiled, was very tender and of a pleafant tafte. Decemb. 6. I opened the Receiver into which I had forcibly introduced falt Water. The Mercury exceeded its wonted height 25 digits. The fmell ofthe Flefh did ftrongly affec& the noftrils, yerit did not ftink. TheFleth put im vacue fent . Ai forth 178 The Second Continuation of forth many Bubbles, which ceafed not, but a pretty while after, the Receiver in which it was included, was taken out of the Pneumatick Engine; yet the Mercury in one hours {pace, came to the height of 3° 0r*4 digits. Afterwards I immerfed the fame Receiver fo exhaufted, in hot Water, and the Liquor contained therein, did bubble very much, though the Water from. which it borrowed all its heat, did not boil at all; but & great a quantity of Air was produced, or elfe had entered from vithout, that the Receiver was quickly full. Afterwards the Liquor ‘contained therein, did not bubble or boil, though it Were immerged.in boiling Water. I took out the Flefh, and found it pleafant andtender, yet lefs fo than I expected , per- haps becaufe it was not yet boiled enough. This: Experiment teacheth us, that Water , as well as Beer, may condice to the prefervation of Fleth. EXPERIMENT XIE Qo Nov.r9. 1678. I inclofed Oifters in 4 Receivers ; In the firft the Oifters were without their fhells, and filled the whole {pace as exaétly as wecould ; in the fecond; the Oifters, not taken out of their thells, were included with common Air: in the third,the Oifters alfo were included in their fhells,and the remaining {pace of the Receiver was exactly filled with falr Water. All thefe 3 Veflels were firmly clofed with Screws. The fourth Receiver was exhaufted of Air, andit contained 3 Oifters in their fhells, and eight takeh.out of their fhells. When the Air was pumped out of this Receiver, the Oifters which were taken out of their fhells, didemit many Bubbles, and thofe very great ones; but the 3 others underwent no fenfible mutation, fave that one of them did gape. - : Nov. 3.0. Shr the 3 Recipients which» were flopped with : Screws, Phyfieo-Mechanical Experiments. 179 Screws, the Air feemed to be confumed, rather than produced; but the Mercury 7” vacuo afcended a little. Decemb. 4. Whileft the Weather was cold, the Mercury a fcended not ; but now when the Cold began to abate,the height of the Mercury in the firft Receiver was 7 digits; in the fe. cond, none; inthe third, 3; in the fourth, 3. Decemb. 5. The height of the Mercury in the firft. Receiver was 20 digits ;“in the fecond, 1 digit; inthe ‘third, 33 im the fourth 5. Decemb.7. Theheight of the Mercury in the firft Receiver was 30 digits; in the fecond, x digit; in the third, 33 in the fourth, 8: Other Oifters , leftat the fame:time inthe Air, had a.bad fmell. Decemb, 9. In the firft Receiver the height was 30; ‘in the fourth, 11. The reft were not changed. Decemb. 13. There wasno change in the 3 firft Receivers, but in the fourth ‘the height was r4 digits. Decemb.r0. Inthe firlt Receiver the height was 46 digits ; in the fourth 24; thereft were not changed. Decemb. 2x. Inthe firft Receiver the height was 52 digits. in the fourth, 25: in the reft no change. Decemb.22. The height of the Mercury in the firft Recei- ver was 60; inthe fourth,27: no change inthe reft. Decemb.27. In the fourth Receiver the height was 29. the reft were not changed. Fan.1. 1679 The Oiftersin the third Receiver had tinged the Water witha black colour. fan. 25. The Mercury in vacuo feemed till toremain almoft in the fameheight. But this day fome Bubbles were formed in the Turpentine, by the internal Air, about the Commiflure of the Cover with the Receiver. Therefore I opened the Recei- ver, and found the Oifters very ftinking ; I likewife opened the other Receivers, and found the Oifters of a ftinking fmell, and turned to a kind of vifcous Gelly. j Aa 2 This 180. Lhe Second Continuation of This Experiment feems to-inform us, that Fifhes do produce: Jefs Air than Flefh; and: yet, that they will be corrupted ,. though they are fortified againft the Air. BX PERM # NSF, SH Nov. 29:. 1678. I exactly filled a Glafs. Veffel with frefh Butter, not atall. falted , and then {topped it with a Screw. A mercurial Gage was:included inthe fame Veflel. Nov.39. In the night, the. cold being very fharp, the But. ter was condenfed,. for the Mercury came nearer to the aper- ture of its Gage. Decemh.2. The Mercury came nearer and nearer to the a- perture of its Gage, perhaps becaufe the Cold: did daily ine creafe. Decemb. 5. 'The Cold being abated, the Mercury returned, almoft toits former height ; part of the fame Butter, being left inthe Air, began to have avery bad fmell. Decemb.7. The Cold again returning, the Mercury did alfo again come to the top of itsGage. The Butter left in the Air, fmelt. worfe, than before,. notwithftanding, as yet it was edible. . Decemb. 24: The Butter had produced no Air ; being taken out of the Receiver, it was of a grateful tafte, except onelya little of the fuperficies, which was.contiguous to the Leather that was {pread over the Cover. From this. Experiment it follows, that Butter may be kept a great while, if it be. defended from, the. contact of the exter: nal. Air. EX P.E-R:IM ENF XIy. Nov. 30. 1678. I filled two Receivers with Whitings;, and that Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 181. that no Air might be left in the vacant fpaces, into the one I poured-Wine ; into the other, Oifters, with their juice, with: out their fhells ; fo that both the Receiverswere exactly filled. When I had aiterwards clofed their Covers with Screws, \ the Air in the mercurial Gages was comprefled; but in 3 hours fpace the Mercury again returned to its former mark. Decemb.2.-The Gold increafing, the Mercury came nearer to the aperture ofits Gagein both Receivers. Decemb.4. The Cold ceafing, the Mercury afcended very much inthat Receiver whereinthe Oifters were, but in the: other Receiver it wasnot moved. Decemb.5.. Inthe Receiver containing the Oifters, the height: of the Mercury was 20 digits; but in theother, it was not yet returned to its wonted height. Decemb.7. In the Receiver with Oifters, the height of the - Mercury was 40 digits ; in the. other, it continued {till below - its wonted height. Decemb. 9. The Mercury in both Receivers was changed little or nothing. - Decemb.20. When the Mercury was changed no more, [ opened the Receivers, and both.of themwere found tobe very ftinking.. And this feemed new to.me inthis: Experiment, that the Receiver in which the Wine-was, had admitted of corruption without production of Air ; for hitherto all Bodies, whileft they were corrupting,.had produced Air. ; E-X P E.R:} M-E Nei oXVe Decemb. 3.5. 1678. I put raw Beef into two large Receivers, with Pepper and Cloves ; andthat ne-Air might be left in the interftices , I pou- red in Beer upon~them, and no Jong time after, I found the preflure of the Air in the Receivers to be abated, the Mercury: in the Gages coming .to the open ends. . Decemé, 182 The Second Continuation of Decemb. 8. The Mercury did not afcend in either of the Receivers. I opened the one, that i might boil the Fleth, it was endued with afweet {mell, contraéted from the Cloves ; and the Liquor contained in the fame Receiver, before it was boiled, did {mell like Hippocras. Jan.2. 1679. 1 opened the other Receiver, and found-no Air produced therein; the Flefhwas not at all corrupted; and when I boiled it zz vacuo, Tobferved; that ifa more inten fe fire were Iindled, the Air, or fome Spirits, did make an eruption throughthe ftop-cock, which was faftned to the top of the Re- ceiver. ‘The Receiver, being cooled, all the night, the day af- ter was found almoft quite empty of Air. The Flesh was Very tender, and well tafted, onely it was a little over-boiled, for it had been kept on the fire 6 full hours. We havea confirmation by this Experiment, that Beer ma be ufeful for the prefervation of Fleth, efpecially if the bittér taftethereof be corrected by fome Aromaticks. EXPERIMENT: XVL Decemb. 4. 1678. I included 2 Larks, with fome Beet, in a Receiver, all whofe {paces unpoflefled by the Fleth, I filled with Ale; and at the fametime I filled another Receiver with the fame fort of Beef, adding Beer alfo , but no Larks were put in with it. Decemb. 9. Some pieces cut off from the Larks, and expofed to the Air, began to fmell ill; but thofe included in the Recej- ver, as yet had produced but little Air; for the Mercury was not yetcometo ¢ digits above its wonted height. In the other Receiver it was not moved. Decemb. 19. Inthe Receiver, which contained the Larks, the Mercury afcended no higher ; forthe Cover being broken, fuffered the Liquorto runout. Wherefore I opened the Receiver, and boiled both the Beef andthe Larks, which were not at al] corrupted, Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 183 corrupted, but they feemed very acceptable to the palate ; yea the Beefhad contracted a pleafant tafte, partly fom the Larks, and partly from the Beer: Decemb. 23. I opened the other Receiver, and the boiled Fleth feemed pleafant, yet not fo pleafant, as that which was endued witha Venifonelike tafte from the Larks. This Experiment fhews us, that even tender Birds may be preferved long by the help of Beer or Ale. EXPERIMENT XVI December 14, I included Apples in 4 Receivers ; in the firftwas an whole Apple, and all the {paces were filled with powdered Sugar: inthe fecond, an Apple was cut in pieces, and the {paces filled with Sugar, as before : in the third an Apple was alfo cut, but the reft of the Receiver was filled with Water, wherewith, part of Sugar was mixed: in the fourth, the Apple was alfo cut, andthe fpaces were likewife filled with a {olution of one part Sugar, and ¢ parts of Water. Decemb. 21, This day in the firft Receiver the Mercury be. gan a little to afcend, yet the Sugar did not melt: in the fecond Receiver allthe Sugar was melted, and the pieces of Apple were thrievelled, alfo they produced much Air when they, were firft put into the Receiver: In the 2 other Receivers the Mercury -beganalfo toafcend ; but in the third, the piecesof Apple were very much corrupted, for their skzv orriné was teken off Decemb. 22. Air was produced in all the Receivers, but thie quantities of the Air produced, did not bear the fame propor- tion amongft themfelves, as the quantities of the Sugar ; for in the fecond Receiver much Air was produced, but inthe fourth the Mercury afcended lefs than inthe third; and befides, in the firft fome, Air was generated, Decemb. 27. Inthe three firft Receivers the height of the Mer- a = ine ———— ae a TT ; 184 The Second Continuation of Mercury was 10 digits; but in the fourth ‘twas onely 6 digits. Decemé. 31. In the firftand fecond Receivers the height of the Mercury was 13 ; in the third the height was 15; in the fourth it was onely 9 digits. Fan. 2. 1679. In the firitand fecond Receivers the height of the Mercury was almoft 14; in-the third, 17; in the fourth, 11. Fan.7. In the fecond Receiver the height of the Mercury was 16 digits; in thethird, 36; -in the fourth the height of it was 15: but in the firft the Mercury had not afcended, and fomething hadefcaped out of the Receiver, and therefore I eafed the Screw, that I might difpofe of it the better ; and then the Air made anefcape. Fan.-9. Inthe firftReceiver the height was 6 digits; in the fecond, 16; in thethird,39 ; inthe fourth, 15. -Fan.17.In the firft Receiver the height was 13 ; in the fe cond, r9 ; “inthe third, 6; inthefourth, 17. ‘Fan. 30. Inthe third Receiver the height of the Mercury » was 76 digits, and the Liquor brake out, and therefore I o- pened it,and found the Fruit to have loft much of itstafte, but the Water had contracted it, and was pleafant enough to the palate. Inthe fecond Receiverthe Mercury afcended no more. I opened this Receiver alfo, and found the Fruit much more pleafant in this thanthe other; yet much of its tafte was impar- ted to theambient Sugar, fo that it was found changed into ave- ry good Syrup. : Feb. 16. The height of the Mercury in the firft Receiver Was 22 digits; but in the fourth, 33. I opened it, and found the Fruit to have loft much of its tafte, and that the ambient Water had got it, and was thereby turned into a pleafant drink. Feb. 27. In the firft Receiver the height ofthe Mercury was 30 digits. March Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. I y P 5 March 15. Inthe firft Receiver the height of the Mercury was not changed, but this day I found fomething to efcape out of the Receiver, and therefore I opened it, and found the Ap- ple of alaudable colour , but the Pulp was fpongy, and had loft much of its tafte. This Experiment feems, to teach us, that Sugar is aot fo fit for the prefervation of Fruits, asFermented Liquors. See E.x- per. VII. EXPERIMENT XVIII. December 23. I filled a Glafs Veffel with Milk, and then {topped it with a Screw ; and into another Receiver | put a Lark with Milk, and ftopped it clofe. Decemb. 24. This Evening | perceived that the cafeous part was fevered from the butyrous, in the clofed Receivers as well asin the Milk, which at the fame time I had left expofed to the Air. Decemb.27. 1 found no Air produced inthe Receiver which held the Lark; but in the other, the mercurial Gage was {poiled. Decemb. 31. The Mercury afcended in that Receiver which. contained the Lark ; butthe Milk that was left in the Air at the fame time that I ftopped the Receivers, did ftink 3 days ago. Fan. 1. 1679. In the Receiver, wherein the Lark was in cluded, the height of the Mercury was rodigits. Fan.2. The height of the Mercury was 14 4. The Milk ftagnant below the butyrous part, appeared of a red colour. Fan.4. The height of the Mercury was 19. Some white fe- was concreted in the bottom of the Milk. Fan. 9. The height of the Mercury was 29 digits. Fan.25. I opened both Receivers and found the Lark to af- Bb fect a 86 The Second Continuation of fect the Noftrils with a ftrong, though no-feetid {mell , yet it had been kept 32 days; when it was boiled it was ofa pleas ifte. In theother Receiver,the cafeous part of the Milk was fubacid and grateful, but the butyrous part was not fowre at all. This Experiment informsus, that fometimes Milk may. be ufed with good fuccefs.forthe prefervation of Fleth. ALLY MP Bk Dl BN TEX: Decemb. 24. 1678. F puta Lark into a {mall Receiver ,. and poured Butter upon it, melted with a flow-fire, till all the fpaces: were exaHly filled, then I clofed the Cover with a Screw. Decemb.27. The Mercury approached nearer. to the aper: ture of its Gage; but the Butter feemed to bealtered; for the loweft part of it was more yellow, and the middle more ‘white than it feemed before the inclufion thereof; the upper part was fluid. fan.5. 1679. The Mercury returned by little andJittle; to its. wonted height. Fan. 9. The Mercury was fomewhat higher. Fan. 28. The Mercury was little changed : I opened: the Receiver, and found that part of the:Butter which was.conti- guous tothe Leather fpread over the Cover, to be white, and ofa very unacceptable tafte. The Butter which was more re- mote from the Leather, was yellow and fomething graveolent, yet it was edible... But the Lark being roafted. was grateful to the palate, though ithad been kept 34 days. This Experiment feems to inform us, that Butter melted and hot, snot fo fuccefstully ufed for the prefervation of Flefh. EX- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 187 E‘X P E.Rel Moke Not: XX. Fan. 4. 1679. I included boiled Flefh z# vacuo in a Receiver flopped with a Screw, and filled the interftices exactly with Broth of the fame Flefh; which feemed a little too falt. -Whileft I fet the Screw, all things in the Receiver fuflered a compreffion, and the Mer- cury afcended to the height of 6 digits into the Gage; but fhortly after it returned to its wonted height. Fan.28. The Air was more and more confumed, fo that the Mercury now defcended to 8 digits below its wonted height. I opened ‘the Receiver, and found the Flefh very {weet and tender.. The Broth alfo had a /abactd, but avery grateful tafte. This Experiment informs us, that Flefh, after it isboiled, may be kept long without prejudice, which is a great conveniency in long Voyages at Sea, fothat perhaps there will be no need of falted Flefh. “ For after the raw Fleth hath been kept fo long in Veflels {topped with Screws, till Experience thews that there is no danger of its corruption; then it is to betaken out, and being perfectly boiled, is again to be included in the fame Receivers: And fo without doubt it may be kept for a long time without Salt. See Exper. XII. EXPERIMENT XA Fan.30. 1679. I put raw Flefh into 2 Receivers; to the firft I added Pep. perand Cloves; in the fecond I mixed nothing, for I was wil- ling to know, whether thefe {pices would promote the produ- tion of Air, or retard it. - Feb. 11. The height of the Mercury in the firft Receiver was 3 digits; in the fecond the height of it was below r3. Bbz Feb, i ii | 1} | 4 \ Hite i i 1h it : ne Ht f EP aes Wifi fens Hh Hii Hi; Hi \} iit | eit : ii} HIT j i Pe itd ae fi s Mii ip Hh} iiip ii ii! Lil _1 ul |i oa halt . == it 188 The Second Continuation of Feb.12. The height of the Mercury in the firft Receiver was 42; in the fecond not above ri. Feb.13. Inthe fir Receiver the height of the Mercury was 6 digits and more ; in the-feeond, it. Was 3 digits. Tboiledthe Fleth of the firft Receiver; after the have rer before ‘defcribed, and it was very pleafant and tender Feb.t4. The height/of the sr elehi in the. fecond Receiver Was 5. dig gits. Fed +19) The heightiof the Mereury,.in the fecond Receiver, was 8 di ig sits. Feb. oa The: height of the Mercury in- the fecond. Recei- ver Was tidigits. I boiled the Flefh and found it very. tender;. though it had ftaid-over the Fire ix, Balneo maria »onely; for 3 quarters of an hour. . \I.pvit:fome part of this Fleth, before it was boiled, into a Receiver, and filled all the {paces as exa@h as I could w vith the fameFleth, to try how long the Flefh righ t be preferved when the Air was.fo excluded. Feb. 28. TheMerct cary dfcended. very little. March 20.. The height-of the Mercury was about 16digits, f opened the Receiver, andthe Fleth feemed of 2 pleafant tafte, yet inclining to corruption. 5! Ee xXxiP ER PMiE N T,. XXIL February 10. [ put raw Beef into 3 Receivers: In the firft, the Beef was feat ee with Pepper and Cloves; in the fecond, it was encom- paffed with’ fale Water; inthe. third, I put neither Salt nor Spice; Feb.19. Four days ago the Mercury afcended in the third Receiver ; in the firft alfo i it began to afcend; but in the fe- cond it was not moved at all. feb2x, Inthe firft Receiver the height. of the Mercury was 4 di, Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 189 4 digits and {; in the third, 10 digits;. but in the fecond, there was no afcent-at all. Feb. 456 The heightoof\the Mereury inthe firft Receiver was 6 digits; in the third, 19 digits; im the fecond; half-a digit. Feb. 26. This night there was no afcenfion of the Mercury in all the Receivers. I opened the third Receiver,and the Fleih after boiling, was found very good. The former Experiment feems to teach us, that Spices do hinder the-production-of Air; but the prefent Experiment proves the contrary. Whence this contrariety fhould proceed, I know not; unlefs it bé, becaufe; perhaps, I had Jeft a fpace large enough forthe Air in thefe Receivers; but in. the for- mer Experiment I filled all as exactly as Icould with Flet! March 9. The height of the Mercury in the firft Rece was 8 digits; in the fecond, none. March .12.,'The height of the Mercury in the firft Receiver was 12 digits; in the fecond; 1 digit. | April 3. The height of the Mercury im the firft Receiver was 11 digits; but in the fecond, it exceeded not one digit. T opened the Receiver, and boiling the Fleth,. after my accu- ftomed manner, I found it very tender, and of an excellent tafte. The Corollary from this.Experiment feems to be, that. the faltnefs of Water, included with Flefh, doth hinder the. pro: duétion of Air; but becaufe there was fo fmall a quantity of Water, compared with the quantity of Fleth. 1 do rather in- cline-to think that lefs Air was. produced in the fecond Recei- ver, becaufe it was more exactly filled: And indeed if freth Water had been ufed inftead of falt , the matter fuceeeds after the fame fort; butthe chief Art to Preferve Flefh without Sat confifts herein, That all Air be excluded from it, and that there bea great compreffion in the Receiver. — aes Allthefe Experiments about the prefervation of ee what B 4, +t 1 ver 190 The Second Continuation of what great ufe they may be of for the tranfporting of Fruits, Venifon, or other Flefh from places far remote to great Cities, and for the affording better nourifhment to Mariners, I leave to the Reader to judge. ooeeeine ART LOL e ova Experiments concerning Elixation and Diftillation in. Vacuo. EXPERIMENT IL Decemb, 12. 1678. Put 2 ounces and 6 drachms of Beef into an empty Recei- ver, which was able to-hold 22 ounces of Water. Then If put it into boiling Water for 3 hours ; which being done, I ex- pofed it tothe Air to be cooled for a whole night ; afterwards, ufing my Pneumatick Engine, I perceived, that the Air for- med in the Receiver, could{carce fuftain 3 digits of Mercury ; and fo deducting fromthe Calculation, a man may eafily find, that Fleth, whileftit isboiled, cannot form Air enough to make an entire preflure in-a’Receiver capable of holding a double Weight of’ Water:: that is, If you include one pound of Fleth inan emptied Receiver, ableto hold 2 ounces of Water > it will not generate Air that can remove the Cover from the Recej- ver, unlefs heat do confer much to produce the effe&; but I confefs that our Flefh was not boiled enough. ‘See the Deéfcription of a Veffel to Boil and Diftzl in Vacuo, pag. 19. E X- Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 191 EXPERIMENT IL December 23. I inclofed 3 ounces.of raw Beef in a Receiver able to hold 32 Ounces of Water ; and when it boiled, having been long on the Fire, the Cover was forced from its Receiver, and fo fut: fered the vapours to pafs gut: but becaufe it was prefently fhnt again, the fire being removed, the Receiver foon loft its internal preflure, fo that being fet again to the fire, it was a long time before it could force away the Cover the fecond time. I tried thisagain and again; yea, unlefs the Receiver had been expofed to a very ftrong fire-,. the Cover, would never have been removed ; but if the fire be kindled enough, fweet exhala- tions continually pafs out. Decemb.24. The Receiver having been cooled during. the whole night, was this day, by the ufe of the Pneumatick En- gine, almoft wholly evacuated. Whence we feem-to have a confirmation, that the divulfion. of the Cover, is hot made by that Air, which can keep the form of Air, but from the Steams exhaling from theFlefh, and fubfiding again therein, if they be hindred trom egrefs, which may eafily be performed, if we ufe not too fierce a fire in the empty Receiver, and fo the lofs of -. thofefweet {melling vapours may be eafily avoided. EX. PERT M EN Tae Fan.21. 1679. (put Pafte without Leaven into anexhaufted Receiver: and alfoFincluded another part of the fame Pafte in another Re- ceiver, full of Common Air. I enclofed thefe 2 Receivers 7z balneo marie, {topped with a Screw; and when they had ftaid there for 3 hours, having been expofed to a moderate fires} opened the Receivers: The Pafte é#aacuo I foundreddith, as fay ; i ————— ee i : 3 | 192 The Second Continuation of far as thefuperficies; but the other had admitted Water; and the Pafte was not boiled enough, and therefore! pat both Re- ceivers again i# baleco marie, where they ftaid an whole night. Fan.22. This day in the morning, I found the balzeum ma- ri@ quitecold; and the Pafte, when it was taken out, was boiled enough, but it was covered withnocruft. That which was included i# vacuo, was interfperfed with many cavities, but it feemed too infipid; the other contained no cavities, but afforded a more pleafant tafte. . Boththe Receivers were found almoft wholly emptied of Air. _E.X P E’R-T M E’N ‘TT. fy. February 3. 1679. * Tenclofed Pafte kneaded with Leaven i# vacuo, and as foon as it had filled its Receiver with faCtitious Air, I tranfmitted it into that Receiver, which Iam accuftomed to ufe to boil Flefh za Lalneo maria ; but when the Pafte was thus removed out of one: Receiver into another; it pitched or fank very much;:yet when it had remained for 3 hours in a fervid dalneo mariz, the Bread made of it was interfperfed with many ca- Vities, but itwas covered with no crutft. Feb..5. iterated the fame Experiment, but this time the Pafte was included im vacuo, in the fame Receiver , which was afterwards put zz balxeo marie, and therefor: there was no need to remove the Pafte, and to expofe it to theAir. Hence it came topafs, that the Bread made thereof, was much lighter than the former. EX- i Hi tts — eh nS Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 192 EXPERIMENT VV. February: 12. Tincluded Rofemary with Water in the Veftel defcribed p. 19. and when the Air was pumped out, I put the Veflel ix balneo arene, and there camefortha Water endued with a very {weet fmell; yea and fome drops of effential Oil, fmelling ve ry {weet alfo, and affected with no Empyreuma. But when I opened’ the Stop-cock for to let in the Air, the noife did fo foon ceafe, that I judged much Air was produced from the Rofemary. Feb.13. 1 put the fame Rofemary into the fame evacuated Veffel, and adminiftred a more intenfe fire thereunto , yet I could extra& no Oil, neither {weet nor ftinking; and befides the Water was lefs fragrant than theformer. EXPERIMENT VI. February 10. 1679. I boiled 1 pound of Flefh 2» vacuo,in the Veflel defcribed p.-t9. which could contain almoft 4 pound of Water: the upper part thereof, which was made of Glafs, did hold the mercurial Gage, by the help whereof, I perceived that the Mercury had not afcended to the height of 3 digits, though the Flefh had boiled for 3 hours and more. It was not boiled enough, and itstafte was ungrateful ; and moreover, the Liquor which was formed of thecondenfed Vapours, afforded alfo an unpleafant tafte. Feb.11. T iterated the former Experiment , but this time fprinkled the Flefh with Pepper and Cloves; the iffue was, that the Mercury afcended to the height of 6 digits, though the Flefh was boiled no longer than the other ; it feemed very gratefulto the palate, and the Liquor formed from the Va- Ce pours, 194. Lhe Second Continuation of pours, afforded a moft pungent tafte of Pepper ; but it had contracted nothing ungratetul from the Fleth, as was done in the former Experiment. From thefe Experiments made about Elixation and Diftilla- tion iz vacuo, the Corollary feems.to be, that fach Veffels may be very ufeful for the Ditlilling, and boiling, of fuch bodies, which do contain thin, and very volatile Spirits : forall things will be preferved by their; hel p, and nothing will avolate or flie away. FO EA Be" OA ET PONS 9g Concerning Elixation in Velfels flopped with Strews, by the help whereof, even Harts-horn, and the bones of ; Fifkes, and Kour-footed Creatures may be foftned. E\ XP E.R LM ENT 5. ' January 29% ZT, Ight days ago I filled a Veflel, {topped witha Screw, with _s Beef and Water together, and when it had continued, ex- pofed to a moderate Fire for eight or nine hours iz bale neo maria, {topped alfo with a Screw; IT took the Fleth out of it, but it was boiled a great deal too much, and the Tafte of it was very unpleafant. Afterwards, I boi- Jed new Beef in the fame Veflel, and_ after the fame manner, ave that this was feafoned with Pepper and Cloves, and re- mained expofed to theFire, onely forthree hours, The iflue was, that £ his Fieth preferved a moit pleafant tafte; wherefore, thae Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments. 195 that I might know whether the excellency of this Flefh above the other, did proceed from the Spices , or from a fhorter time ofboiling, [boiled other Flefh without Spices for 3 hours, in the fame Veilel, and after the fame manner: when the Flefh was taken out , it was of a good tafte. Whence I conjectured, that the caufe of fpoiling the firft Flefh, was to be chiefly afcribed tothe over-boiling: Yet I think that the Spices may be convenient to correct fome part of the ungrateful raite; for J left a placeforthe condenfing of the Vapours, in the top of the Vefiel, and found that the Liquor there formed, was of an unpleafant tafte; but when the Flefh was feafoned with Pep- per and Cloves, no fuch thing was found. EX PEREPMEN TOL. Fan. 29. I boiled Apples, after thefame manner as I did the Flefh be- foredefcribed ; but{ mixed no Water withthem. They were fet upon a moderate fire almoft for 2 hours. They were very foft, and of a very good tafte, but fome pieces which were laid in the upper part ofthe Receiver, where the Vapours afcending from the inferiour part, were condenfed, were found of an un- pleafant tafte; and alfo the drops, formed from the fame Vapours, did affectthe Noftrils with an ungrateful odour. EX PLE R: EiMaienck aii February 4. Tenclofed Flefh with Pepper and Cloves in a Receiver, ftop- ped with a Screw, but poured no Water in to fill the interftices, onely I compreffed the Flefh,as muchas! could, and then I put the Receiver zn balneo maria, already hot, and ftoppedit with a Screw; and when it had remained there, over a moderate fire, for a whole hour, the Flefh was rather over-boiled than Coe. under- 196 The Second Continuation of under-boiled: But when I opened the balneum maria, all the Water brake out of it with a great force, viz. the Liquor being hot; and hitherto incarcerated, now having freedom given, at length did thew its ftrength. Feb. §. I enclofed fome part of this Flefh in a Receiver {top- ped with a Screw. March 12. The Fleth, which was included 5 weeks ago, was this day found very good. Ido not doubt, but that per- fect Elixation, wasable to contribute fomething to its prefer- vation; véz. becaufe the fundry principles, of which Fleth con- fifteth, had, whileft the heat continued, exerted their {trength upon one another, far better than if the Fleth, being Jefs boiled, -by reafon of the great avolation of parts, had been-to be re- moved from the Fire, as it happens in ordinary coftions. And indeed, by Experiments made about other Bodies, I have found that Elixation, the perfecter it. is,doth fo much the more hinder fermentation. See Artic XVIL Exper XI, XX, EXPERIMEN ’T -IV: February 10. I boiledan Ox-foot or Cow-hee/, after the fame man ner, as] had done the Flefh above mentioned , but. I. left the 'Cow-heel for 4 hours or more, wpon amoderate fire. That’ time being elapfed, and the Veffels unftopped, the Flefh was excellently well boiled, and the bones were {o folt, that they might be cut with a Knife, and eaten like-Cheefe. Feb. 12. I repeated the fame Experiment, but the Veflals re- mained expofed tothe fire for 12 hours {pace ; and though the Water of the 4a/neum maria did every where fecure the Veflel demerfed in it, yet the Flefh had-contratted a tafte and a f{mell very Empyreumatical; but the juice, which inthe former Ex: perimenc did concrete into.a very firm Gelly., in this latter, could:not be congealed at all. By. Phyfico-Mechanical Experiments, 197 By thefe Experiments it appears, That many bones and hard tendons, which we daily caft away as unprofitable, by the help of dalnewm maria, topped with a Screw, may be conver- ted intogood nourifhment. Ee Pk & TE MoBaNeT Vv. February 10. I boiled a Fifth, after the fame manner as wasdefcribed above, in balneo marie {topped with aScrew, but I mixed no Water therewith. The Fith ftaid upon the firetwo hours, onely ; then the Veflel being cooled and opened, the Fith was found ofa ve- ry good tafte, and hisbones were fo foft that they yielded to the preflure of ones finger, andthe head of it could beeaten like its flefh. The juice of it in a fhort time did concrete into a Gelly of an hard confiftence. This Experimentis very ufeful for the boiling of Fifth which are full of bones. EXPERIMEN TYE February 15. I putHarts-horn into a Receiver which was tobe ftopped with a Screw, and filled the intervals with Water, I included the Receiver thus ftopped , in balneo maria, {topped alfo with a Screw, and fo expofed it for 4 hours toa moderate fire; when that time was pafled and the Veflels opened, the Harts-horn was as foftas Cheefe ; and the. juice did foon concrete intoa very firm Gelly. Feb.17. 1 repeated the fame Experiment, but no Water was included with the Harts-horn, and the fire lafted 6 hours under the Zalneum mari@ ; whenthis was done, the Harts-horn was found very foft, but a little juice had excreted out of it, and that did adhere to the external parts of the Harts-horn in the form of drops of Gelly. The 198 The Secmd Continuation of The Excellency of this Balseum maria is confirmed by this Experiment: For feeing Harts-horn it {elf can be boiled by the help thereof, without the mixture of Water, there is no doubt but all frefh Water, which is wont to be {pent in Ships to boil Fleth, may be preferved for other ufes of \the Mariners. Furthermore, If we add what.we have tried about the prefervation of raw Fleth, and after of that which is boiled. (See Exper, IIL.) Doubtlefs we may conceive great hope, that many inconveniences which are wont to prejudice Mariners, both by reafon of the faltnefs of their meat, andthe putrefaction. of their Water, will be almoft wholly remedied and prevented. Neither let any man object. that fo many Veilels, and fo exactly ftopped, are very difficult to be’ procu- red ; for daily experience. doth evince, that very many mecha- nical inftruments, far more difficult, may ina little time be- come very eafie for ufe, and as eafily procurable. FINTIS. penieeecesinnsnemmmnenene TUEPE IN SE Boe nt Fle Defcription of-an Engine, with a double T; ube, for the exhaufting of the Air, pag.t. 2. Lhe Defcription of the Mercariat Gare. ped: ze he Defcription of rhe Engine fo the compreffing of the Air. p.8. 4. Flow mixtures may be made in comreffed Air. p.1o. 5. Low factitious Air may be tran{mitted out of one Receiver into another. p-11. 6. A vellelby which Air may be filtrand. thorough Water. .1 3 7. Lfow the fame Numerical Air may be fometimes compreffed, and fometimes rarefied. PIs. 9. The Defcription of a Wind gun. p.16. 9. AFeffel to Diftil in vacuo. p-19- 10. Several ways ufed to help the prodsttion of Air. p-21. 11. Several ways to hinder the prodution of Air, p28. 12. Zhe Effects of Factitious or Artijcial Air, are different from the Effects of Common Air, p-47. 13. The Effects of Compreffed Air, w differ from the Effects of Common Air. p69, 14. Lhe Effects of Artificial Air upon Animals, p85, 15. Animals in vacuo. P-96, 16. Fire in compreffed Air, p-fOr, 17. fire ufed to preduce Air. p-106, 18. Concerning the production of Air ir vacuo. p-LO9, 19. Con. EM DE X. 19. Concerning the production of Air above its wonted preffure. p.124. 20. Various Experiments, P34. ax. Artifieial Air deftroyed. p.r50, 22, Experiments concerning the different celeraty of Air produ. ced in vacuo, or in common Air. p52, 23. Lhe difference between whole or. entire Fruits, and Fruits bruifed. p.158. 24. The Air is fometimes found unfit to produce mouldine/s, P.163. 25. Experiments concerning the change of weights made by the Sun-beams, even in Veffels fealed Hermetically. p-165. 26. The Prefervation of Bodies in compreffed Liquors. p.t67. 27. Experiments concerning Elixation, and Diftillation in va- cuo. P-T90. 28. Concerning Elixation in Peffels Stopped with a Screw, p-194. SOME SOME OBSERVATIONS J.QOme Bodies may be exhaufted of Air. P.63,121,127,129. Il, Some Bodies included in Receivers, do produce Air more copioully in the beginning, than towards the end p-112, 114,131,153. III. Other included Bodies do produce Air lefs copioufly in the beginning, than towards the end, P-23:2-4,49,53,119, 120,126,127, IV. Some Bodies produce Air almoft regularly, P-109,110, < 120,127,129,13 1, V. Some Bodies produce Air by iterated turns, P-32,33, 39,129, 30,138, VI. Other Bodies produce no Air at all, P-106,108,109, I22,1272, VII. Comprefion doth in part hinder the produttion of al 29,33. VIII. Some Factitious Airs do in part hinder the gredhuttag Air. ' P-36,37,38. IX. Other Factitious Airs do promote the produttion thereof. P.65. X. The production of Air in: Pafte is haftened by Ferment, but it is not increafed thereby. P- 41,42,44. XI. No Air is extricated in vacuo, from melted Metal p-134, . 135. XII. Living Animals confume Air, but dead oues produce it. d p.-80,8 ks D XIII. Some: OBSERVATIONS. MI. Some. Fruits. are fooner mollified in Factitious Air, than in Common. P-39,557,59,63,61,65. XIV. Some Fruits are better preferved in Fatlitious Air, than zn Common. p-52. XV. Sometimes changes-are fooner made in Fattitious Air, than in Common. p-62. XVI. At other. times changes do happen. flower in Factitious Air, than in Common. P-35536,37. XVII. Artificial Air doth prefently extinguifh Fire. p87. XVIII. Factitious Air, produced from Fruits, islefs hurtful ¢ Animals, than other Artificial Air. p-91,92. XIX. Animals do fooner die in Artificial Air, than in vacuo, a XX. Animals live longer in compreffed Air, than in common. P75.77. XX. Corraption'is. increafed by compreffed Air. p:72,73. XML Animals are killed in compreffed Air. p-83,84. XXIIf. Some Bodies conrratt not mouldine{s, but in compreffed Air, P-79,80. XXIV. Fire is more eafily kindled in compreffed Air, and con. James more there. LOI,102,103 104,105, XXV. The quantity of moildine[s doth depend on the quantity of the Air. P:74,78,79. AXVL Yhe rarefattion of the Air doth hinder vegetation, 156. XXVIII. Some Bodies may be preferved long uncorrupted. a 39) Ils5,116, XXVIN. Fermented Liquors are good 10 preferve Fruits. -p. 174 XXIX. Some Liquors, if they be compreffed, do contribute fe wards the prefervation of Bodies. P:175,176, XXX. Sugar isnot fo good for the Prefervation of Fruits. p.r8¢, XXX]. Some Fifhes are corrupted without the Production of Arp. p-r80: XXXL Raw OBSERVATIONS, AXXIL. Raw Flefh may be long preferved without Salt. p.4s, wird pack XXXII. The fame Flefb boiled may be likewife pralerued a long time. p.187. XXXIV. Birds, evenvery tender ones may be long preferved. 182,182. XXXV. Diftilation is very well perfected in viene p.1 oS 191,192. XXXVI. Bones foftued. p-197. XXXVI. Flefh contratts an Empyreumatick tafte in balneo mariz. p.196. AXXVUL. ‘Gelly extracted out of Harts-horn, without the ad- dition of Water. p-197. FINTS. ERRATA. P Ag.16.1.3. add in margine, F 4.p. 20.115. for EE .AA.p.36.l.26.for 5 hours r.-s minutes. p.40.1.3.dele almoft. p.4118. for Fune 1.r.Fune 2. p.6o.l10. for 10 r.11 digits. p.§ 1.1.26. for Sept.1. r.Sept.1§- p.68.1.penult. for no mouldine{s r.much mouldinefs. p.75l.18.for Fuly 14.1. Fune 14. p.82.1.13. for 62.1.6 4+ p.96..11. dele XT p.torl2t, for May 11. t.May 19. p.151.1.23. for Fuly r.Fune. p.¥ 54.113. for 28 1.29. Pero9.Lult. dele any, p.168.1. antepenult. for weighed, r. filled. p.129.1.28. after Jarer, infert then p-18s.l.antep. for fe- r.fediment. p.190.1.20. for 2 ounces te 2 pounds. See ! f } Gy 7 | BOYLE (Robert) A ConTINUATION OF NEw EXPERIEMNTs, Physico-Mechanical, touching the Spring and Weight of the Air, Parts I. and ILI., Oxford, 1669-82, numerous engraved plates, 2 vols in 1, sm. 4to, old calf gilt 15/- fs # ey HK OC 161 i Me) a~T ¢ ed “8 J 1 @& ez al CAL edge cu yey oor ~asqoyy eA pirenwenom ys ,