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 LYMAN COLLECTION 
 
 MACDONALD COLLEGE 
 LIBRARY 
 
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 BOOK of NATURE; 
 
 G- RP = oT ae 
 
 HISTORY or INS ECS: 
 
 Reduced to diftin® Crasses, confirmed by particular Instances, 
 Difplayed in the Anatomical Analyfis of many SPECIE’, 
 
 AN D 
 ILLUSTRATED with GOPPER-PLAT ES. 
 INCLUDING 
 
 The Generation of the Froc, the Hiftory of the EPHEMERUs, the Changes of Frins; 
 BuTrTeRFLies, and BEETLES}; 
 
 WistH THE 
 
 Original Difcovery of the Mitx-VessEts of the Currie-Fisu, and many other curious Particulars, 
 
 By JOHN SWAMMERDAM, MD. 
 
 WITH 
 The LIFE of the AUTHOR, by HERMAN BOERHAAYVE, M. D. 
 Tranflated from the Durcu and Latin Original Edition, 
 Oe Eo BOM AES oe tS eo - Oe ee 
 Revifed and improved by NOTES from Reaumur and others, 
 
 1} GO TN BEL OL, ae 
 
 Law) N-D.O =N:; 
 
 Printed for C. G. SEYFFERT, Bookfeller, in Dean-STReert;, Sono, 
 MDCCLYVIIL 
 
S 
 
 MEIN OIE RE TS 
 
To tue RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 GEORGE 
 
 EaRL oF MACCLESFIELD, 
 
 PRESIDENT 
 
 Or THE ROYAL SO CY) ee 
 
 This WOR K 
 
 Is moft Humbly Infcribed, 
 
 By His Lorpsurr’s 
 
 Moft Devoted Humble Servant, 
 
 The EDITOR. 
 
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L ] |g im 
 
 JOHN SWAMMERDAM. 
 
 fituated upon the Rhine, between Leyden and Woerden; and removing 
 
 afterwards to Amfterdam, where he carried on the timber trade, obtained 
 the furname of Swammerdam from the place of his nativity. In this laft 
 place heaven bleffed him on the laft day of January in the year mpcv1, with 
 a fon, who was called John James Swammerdam, who followed in that 
 famous city the bufinefs of an apothecary. As this John was very ftudious 
 of natural hiftory, and very well fkilled in feveral branches of it, fo he 
 diligently improved every opportunity of cultivating it, which his refidence 
 and way of life afforded ; and for fifty years together {pared neither pains 
 or expence in procuring proper materials for that purpofe. And indeed his 
 collection was very magnificent, his houfe being full of animals, infeéts 
 efpecially, vegetables, and foffils, though without the leaft confufion, every 
 thing being difpofed in its proper place and order. But the chief ornaments 
 of his mufeum were curiofities from _both—the~Indies, and particularly the 
 porcelain of China and Japan. ‘Both citizens and ftrangers viewed this 
 collection with admiration; and the greateft princes, that pafled through 
 Amfterdam, vifited it, as one of the things beft worth their attention in 
 that famous city. Many of thefe, delighted with the fight of fo beautiful a 
 {fpectacle, offered to purchafe it, but were furprifed at the price, the poffeffor 
 valuing it at fixty thoufand Dutch florins ; though after his death, when his 
 curiofities were fold publickly in fingle lots, they {carce fetched one fixth of 
 that price. 
 
 This great naturalift, and Barentje Corver, daughter of John Janfz Corver, 
 were the parents of John Swammerdam, who was born at Amfterdam the 
 twelfth of February mpcxxxvi1, and lived to be the celebrated author of 
 this valuable work. 
 
 His father intended him for the church, and with this view took care to 
 procure him early inftructions in Latin and Greek; but our author, after a 
 ferious examination of his own difpofition and talents, thought himfelf une- 
 qual to fo important a tafk, and brought his father to change his former 
 intention, who thereupon confented to his fon’s applying himfelf to phyfic ; 
 but as he kept him at home till he fhould be properly qualified to engage in 
 that ftudy, he frequently employed him in cleaning his curiofities, and put- 
 ting every thing in its proper place. This occupation infpired our author in 
 
 a a manner 
 
 [ices Theodorus was born in Swammerdamme, a village of Holland 
 
fi 
 ll 
 
 sSWAMMERDAM. 
 ural hiftory, fo that not 
 
 aes -. f chafed, he 
 content with the furvey of thofe,curiolities that mee: ce ae saying a 
 {oon began to make a collection ot his own by catching Ges and compared 
 SC erterne for others, all which he difpofed in certain Cc “ ; : a 
 
 ee ott he beft writers. However, when g 
 with the accounts a en of a es t sided el aeheae dies, but all 
 up, he very ferioul ¥ atten ed to nis a ceft Senpbedeaice. Ses 
 
 he while with a mind bent on attempts of the greateft 1 ) a 
 oBaingly he fpent both day and ar saga Se Phay ate 
 ins ; fivine infe&ts proper to thoie two auiterent — ) 
 she Pad, be in that of Gueldres, and in the the pio = 
 Utrecht. He ranfacked with this view the air, the land, and eer 
 = re crounds, downs, waftes, fand hills; rivers, — 
 fields, meadows, paftures, corn grounds, ) oe ae 
 ponds, wells, lakes, feas, and their fhores and banks >. ee te an. er : 
 caves, uninhabited places, and even bog-houfes, in fearch 0 eo - peers 
 Nymphs, and Butterflies ; in order to make himfelf acquainted with the n 
 
 of infects, their food, manner of living, diforders, changes Sen ai 
 and their feveral ways or methods of,.propagation. 5 and, nee f he f e yet 
 a very young man, he had madé more difcoveries In regar . a a = a 
 ticulars, and obtained’ more “certainty, than the known authors “Or ail gic 
 preceding ages put together. ‘This, however incredible it ae fe es. 
 fome, is notwithftanding matter of fad. Perfons properly qualified to’ judge 
 of his fuccefs, have honoured’ it with the fame teftimony. 
 
 Our author, thus initiated in natural hiftory, came to Leyden in the year 
 mpext, to purfue his ftudies in the Dutch univerfity, of which he was 
 admitted a member the eleventh of O@ober, and attended affiduoufly for two 
 years together the leétures in furgery of the celebrated John Van Horne, and 
 thofe in phyfic of Francis Sylvius de la Boe; and his progrefs in thofe 
 noble ftudies was fo anfwerable’ to his diligence, that on the eleventh of 
 O@ober mpcixut, he was admitted a candidate of phyfic in that famous uni- 
 verfity, after undergoing the examinations prefcribed on that occafion. Our 
 author, on his arrival at Leyden, contracted a friend{hip with that great 
 anatomift Nicholas Steno, and ever after lived with him in the» greateft 
 intimacy. “Hé™tikewife commenced a’ friendfhip with Rynier de Graaf, 
 another eminent anatomift; but emulation, or rather envy, afterwards 
 changed it to an inveterate hatred. The curiofities of anatomy now began to 
 make a confiderable impreffion on our author, formed it feems by nature 
 herfelf for the cultivation and improvement of that noble {cience ; fo that 
 having gone through his courfes with the moft fudden and unexpected fuccefs, 
 he immediately began to confider how the parts of the body prepared by 
 diffeGtion, could be preferved and kept in conftant order and readinefs for 
 anatomical demonftrations; as fuch a difcovery would free him not onl 
 from the trouble of repeated diffe@tions, but likewife from the difficulty of 
 obtaining frefh fubjects, and the difagreeable neceflity of infpecting fuch as 
 were already putrefied. And herein he fucceeded, as he had done before, in 
 is nice contrivances to difleét and otherwife manage the minuteft infeds. 
 Sylvius, the moft diligent anatomift of his time, made good ufe of this our 
 author's great art and indefatigable induftry; but was chiefly delighted at his 
 extraordinary fkill in difle@ing Frogs; for Swammerdam had demonftrated to 
 him by actual experiment, fo early as the fifteenth of January of this year, 
 that in this animal the air at the time of infpiration could be derived to the 
 
 artery and pulmonary vein, and thence to both regions of the heart. See 
 Sylv. Difp. Med? VII. §. uxxrx. — Lxxxvult. 
 
 il The LIFE of JOHN 
 
 il 
 
 is chi rj for nat 
 a manner from his childhood, ith a tafte 
 
 After 
 
The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. ill 
 
 After this our author made a journey into France, where he fpent fome 
 time at Saumur, in the houfe of T'anaquil Faber, and made a variety of obfer- 
 vations upon infeéts. It was there, that on the nineteenth of June mpc xv, he 
 difcovered, by means of very flender tubes, the valves of the lymphatic vefiels, 
 which he immediately fent, on the twenty-eighth, delineated with his own hand, 
 to-his friend: Steno, who he then thought refided at Copenhagen. See his 
 treatife on Refpiration, page 90, gt. He afterwards wrote to Thevenot on 
 the twenty-fourth of September in the year following, that perhaps the 
 famous Frederick Ruyth might have feen thofe paintings before he publifhed 
 his own on the fame fubjeé&t: this he mentioned*to Thevenot, on occafion of 
 his fending him from Paris to Amfterdam, the little treatife' on thofe valves 
 which Ruyth publifhed the fame year at the Hague. But Swammerdam 
 barely hinted this, without direétly charging Ruytfh with plagiarifm, which 
 he owns it is impoflible for him to prove; on the contrary, he exprefies a 
 great deal of affection for his rival in this difcovery, and fays, he is fincerely 
 rejoiced at his having the honour of it. And no doubt Swammerdam did 
 no.moré than “juftice to Ruyfh’s: merit on this occafion, as this laft, long 
 before the edition of his book, had fhewedthefe valves to others, and even 
 to Bils.. But the’ letters direéted to Steno at Copenhagen, could not reach 
 his hands in Holland, where he then refided, but very late; and if Ruyfh had 
 feen them, how could’ he have had the affurance to publifh the drawings taken 
 notice of, without mentioning Swammerdam, who was then living, and even 
 on the fpot. . Among‘other things, our author, during his ftay in the neigh- 
 bourhood of the Loire, obferved and defcribed the flying infect called Libella 
 or Dragon Fly, and likewife fome Hemerobia or Day Flies.’ From Saumur 
 he went to Paris, where he lived in the fame houfe, and inthe greateft 
 friendfhip with Steno. He likewife contraéted an intimacy with Melchifedec 
 Thevenot, a very worthy gentleman, and formerly the French king’s minifter 
 at Genoa, who moft hofpitably received and entertained him and Steno at 
 his pleafant country feat of Yfli, at a few miles diftance from Paris, and 
 thereby afforded our author an opportunity of making further obfervations 
 upon the infe& creation. Not fatisfied. with-this~piece*of politenefs, he in 
 confideration. of Swammerdam’s fingular abilities, and the great pains he 
 had taken to cultivate them, made him a- moft liberal offer of every thing 
 he thought requifite to promote his ftudies. Our author ever retained a 
 grateful memory of thofe favours, and others which he afterwards from time 
 to time conftantly received from this great refpecter of merit; and a little 
 before his death owns in one of his letters, that he had never found in any 
 other perfon, fo true, faithful, and fure a friend. Thevenot introduced his 
 gueft to a great many other gentlemen, who met frequently at his houfe with 
 a view of cultivating the arts and {ciences ; but in all their affemblies our 
 author continued for a long time, notwithftanding all the company’s entreaties, 
 a filent auditor only, till his modefty being at laft overcome by repeated 
 importunities, he found himfelf obliged to give one and then another 
 fpecimen of his manner of diffe@ting infe@s, and of fhewing their inward 
 parts; by which he gained great applaufe, as by his tacit {kill he effectually 
 filenced the talkative ignorance of others. Thevenot, moreover, ftrenuoufly 
 recommended our author’s fkill to that great man Conrad Van Beuningen, 
 a fenator and burgomafter of Amfterdam, and at that time that republick’s 
 minifter at the court of France; who obtained leave for Swammerdam 
 at his return home, to diffe& the bodies of fuch patients as fhould 
 
 happen to die in the hofpital of that city: and our author improved 
 himfelf 
 
eR 
 
 » he LIFE of JOHN: SWAMMERD AM. 
 
 himfelf greatly in anatomy, by making the proper ufe of fo favourable an 
 opportunity. 
 
 But this was not the only opportunity which providence threw in our 
 author’s way at this time, as the principal phyficians of Amfterdam had 
 formed a college, and had agreed «to mect together every other week in 
 order to confer on medical, but chiefly anatomical fubjeéts, and to make 
 experiments relative thereto. The obfervations of this fociety of learned 
 men were afterwards publifhed by Cafper Commelin, in the year MDCLXVI and 
 Lxvit, before Swammerdam had been created doétor of phyfic ; notwith- 
 ftanding which, he was the firft to furnifh materials for it. It was he, and 
 he alone, that made in the faid college, with his own hand, a drawing of 
 the {pinal marrow, publifhed by Blafius at the fame place; and on this 
 occafion he wrote to Thevenot the following particulars. I. That the 
 fpinal marrow confifts entirely of fibres, Il. T hat thofe diftina fibres meet 
 and terminate in fome part of the brain. _ III. That there iffue fibrous nerves 
 from the fibres of the fpinal marrow. IV. That the pia mater is altogether 
 extended into hollow fheaths. V. That all thefe things may be eafily feen 
 by fuddenly placing the yet warm {pinal marrow along with the vetiehes 
 containing it, in cold water, and breaking the vertebre with great caution 
 from the marrow, after having fuffered both to remain in that fituation during 
 the fpace of a day anda night. This letter was written the firft of April 
 tight ape inde cnranr mgr” tbe pe 
 
 ‘ efp. page 103 and 107, 
 He even made fome chemical experiments on the cold fermentation roduced 
 by mixing together the falt of urine, and the fpirit of glauber falts ibid Ii 
 He then too compofed that laborious eflay on re{piration which as i : 
 maintain on his declaiming for his degrees in phyfic. We aid be convinced by 
 reading this performance, that he only purfued fuch ere he thought fr 
 in his own way, and of whofe truth he had fatisfied himfelf, and pate pie 
 vince others by experiments, without borrowing any ee fro fe 
 writers. Having finifhed this differtati eee 
 g ertation, he came back to Leyden to take 
 out his degrees; and took occafion of his ftay there to cultivate ft 
 intimate friendfhip,with the famous Van Horne, who. had been fo rly hi 
 preceptor in the ftudy of anatomy. With this ‘gentleman he th tie d 
 ee cunt ree prepared a great many things in many aaeua = 
 while both publickly owned a community of fentiment ds difc =. 
 The profeffor moft liberally fupplied all kinds of i Is ee os aoe 
 as oe aie acute fone tne of materials, the other direé&ted 
 drawings of each difcovery, Oa ke ec he ane oe ipl matter! 
 obfervations to Matthew Slade. Nothing here ee call Schiadagie 2 
 laudable an undertaking. Van Horne’s liberality soot he fabice ye 
 inftruments, and every other expence; and Swammerdam’ sate re in Ss 
 day and night employed in making proper ufe of th sae eae ell 
 and on the twenty-fecond of January Mm pcixvi, that AV : Bi “~ awe 
 Swammerdam firft injected the uterine vefi Is Pa Se ey ane hou 
 ceraceous matter, which moft ufeful vee - a — fubjeé with a 
 perfected. The twenty-fecond of February of the fa pe airorta and 
 to his degrees as dodtor of phyfic, after havi HE betes ut oe admitted 
 diatriba or thefis « = age Pe Pe: CAN publickly maintained his 
 s on refpiration ; which was then i , : 
 contracted arguments, but appeared the Marcl conceived but in fhort and 
 Giiins in a-vcldtne Aca the printing a 2 following with confiderable 
 to the illuftrious Thevenot, and iota with heme with a dedication 
 ith a irontifpiece of a moft elegant 
 
 figure 
 
The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. v 
 
 figure of the reciprocal copulation of the hermaphrodite houfe Snail, John 
 Baptift Van Lam{weerde publifhed in oppofition to this of Swammerdam 
 another moft vehement differtation, which he entitled, “ An Exfpiration of 
 Swammerdam’s Syftem of Refpiration;” but this attempt fell fhort of its author’s 
 expectation: for though Swammerdam’s book may contain fome things out of 
 the way, they will be readily excufed by equitable judges, in confideration of 
 the many curious and juft obfervations that are to be met with in every part of 
 that work. Another occupation of Swammerdam’s at this time was to blow 
 up with air the parts of the body farft properly evacuated and cleanfed, that by 
 drying in this fituation they might afterwards retain it, and fo at all times 
 afford an opportunity of obferving and defcribing them. This certainly muft 
 be allowed one of the moft ufeful inventions in anatomy, as by it we can erect 
 and ftiffen parts, which would putrefy on lying one upon another, and which 
 if inje&ted with wax would be rendered obfcure and confufed. It was thus 
 our author cultivated anatomy with the greateft art and labour, in conjunction 
 with the celebrated Van Horne ; but a quartan ague, which attacked him this 
 year, brought him fo very low, that he found himfelf under a neceflity of | 
 difcontinuing his anatomical ftudies, which on his recovery he entirely neglected, 
 in order to give himfelf up to the ftudy of infects.” In the year mpexxviti the 
 great duke of Tufcany being then in Holland with Mr. Thevenot, in order 
 to fee the curiofities of the country, came to view thofe of our author and his 
 father, and furveyed them with the greateft delight, and his ufual tafte and atten- 
 tion for natural hiftory. On this occafion Swammerdam made fome anatomical 
 diffections of infeéts in the prefence of that great prince, who was both a lover 
 and a moft fkilful judge of fuch things, and who was ftruck with admiration 
 at our author’s great fkill in managing them, efpecially at his proving that 
 the future Butterfly lay with all its parts neatly folded up, in a Caterpillar, by 
 actually removing the integuments that covered the former, and extricating 
 and diftinctly exhibiting all its parts, however minute, with incredible ingenuity, 
 and by means of inftruments of an unconceivable finenefs. On_ this occafion 
 his ferene highnefs offered our author twelve thoufand florins for his fhare of 
 the colle@ion, on condition of his removing them himfelf into Tufcany, and 
 coming to live at the court of Florence: In this certainly the prince acted 
 very wifely, as thofe curiofities would be in the greateft danger of being loft 
 or becoming ufelefs, if not preferved and fhewn by the great genius that had 
 colle@ted them, and who was alone capable of fhewing every article, and 
 exhibiting them to the greateft advantage; but Swammerdam, who hated a 
 court life above all things, reje&ed his highnefs’s propofal. Befides, he 
 could not put up with the leaft reftraint in religious. matters, either in point 
 of fpeech or practice. In the mean time, he had the happineds of difcovering 
 in the difle@tion of an overgrown Acipenfer, a very large pancreas, which, by 
 difcharging its fluid contents into the firft inteftine through a great many 
 fpacious and open-mouthed channels, gave a moft fatisfactory opportunity of 
 examining this, at that time, fo famous and much-talked-of fluid, in which, 
 on the ftri@teft examination, he could difcover no acid tafte, but rather a 
 bitterifh ranknefs, refembling that of gaurus, or pickle made of fith. 
 
 This our author affirmed publickly, contrary to what had been before 
 advanced by de Graaf and Sylvius. He alfo made fome obfervations in the 
 hofpital, but merely as fupplementary additions to his other inquiries ; for -he 
 now made the nature and properties of infects his chief ftudy, and purfued it 
 with infinite diligence, and without the leaft relaxation; fo that in the year 
 mpcix1x, he publifhed a general hiftory of them, a work equally remarkable ie 
 
 tne 
 
v1 The LIFE of jours sSWAMMERDAM. 
 
 : {s in the execution. 
 y at boldnefs in the attempt and happy fucce 
 tee ie 4 Ct he burgomafters of Am- 
 
 i rmance he dedicated to the honourable t é 1 
 | laa as he was entirely bent on perfecting this y Si aii Sia 
 of infeéts from every quarter of the world, and then difpofing t ee in aes 
 boxes in order to form a compleat catalogue, which was attended wit a 
 and conftant expences, without the leaft return. Our author’s father, who 
 had always kept him at home, and fupplied all his expences, began + take 
 offence at his proceedings ; for though he was now above thirty years old, a 
 confequently had fpent the beft years of his life, he had not as yet engage 
 in any bufinefs that could ferve to render him ealy and independant. His 
 father on this account omitted no opportunity of reproving his fon for this his 
 thoughtlefs way of acting, which he would have Ahad him change for the 
 practice of phyfic ; but inftead of prevailing on him by his remonftrances, 
 they only ferved to make him redouble his endeavours according to his 
 difpofition, that he might the fooner finifh the great tafk in which he had 
 fo couragioufly, though perhaps unadvifedly, engaged; all the while ftriving 
 to divert his father’s anger, by promifing him, that as foon as he had com- 
 pleted his undertaking, he would in good earneft apply himfelf to the 
 practice of phyfic. But his father feeing no probability of his fon $ accom- 
 plifhing his purpofe, nor yet of being able to divert him from it by fair 
 means, threatened him feverely that if he did not immediately exert his 
 talents as a phyfician, but obftinately perfifted im his anatomical ftudies, his 
 expenfive refearches after infects, and his experiments of that kind, he would 
 neither fupply him with money or cloaths; and to fhew he was in earneft, 
 he immediately deprived him of the means of purfuing what he had begun. 
 Our author therefore, though exhaufted with continual labours, and moreover 
 afli@ed with a continual bad ftate of health, at laft confented to take his 
 father’s advice, the juftnefs of which he now began to perceive ; but his bad 
 health rendered him quite unfit to bear the fatigues ufually attending the 
 practice of phyfic, fo that he thought it was proper that he fhould retire 
 into the country for fome time, in order to recover his ftrength, and with a 
 view of returning to his bufinefs with new force and fpirits. But he was 
 {carce fettled in his country retirement, when in the month of June MDCLxx, 
 he relapfed into his former occupation, the torrent of his genius that way 
 being fo much favoured by the folitarinefs of the place, and the favourable 
 opportunity of examining infects in their very haunts and fcenes of propaga- 
 tion. Thevenot, in the mean time, informed by his correfpondents in Holland 
 of the difagreement between our author and his father, and the bad con- 
 fequences that might probably attend it, did all that lay in his power to 
 engage the former to retire into France, where he moft generoufly offered to 
 provide him with every thing requifite for the purfuit of his favourite ftudies. 
 But whatever impreffion this propofal might have made on the fon, the father 
 forbid him to accept of it, as appears by ‘a letter of his to Mr. Thevenot, 
 dated the thirtieth of OGober of the fame year. The for upon this, to oblige 
 and appeafe his incenfed father, made an accurate furvey of every curiofity 
 in the latter’s grand and numerous colleGtion, put all things in their proper 
 places, and compofed a moft exact catalogue of them with infinite pains and 
 labour, and a confiderable lofs of time, which he ever after feverely regretted. 
 The year following, mpcxrxxt1, having gone through this tedious and dif 
 agreeable talk, he was about publifhing his treatife on the Chameleon and 
 Hemorobion, or Day-Fly ; but afterwards thought proper to defer the 
 publication of thofe pieces, fo that they did not appear till the year txxv, 
 
 thou gh 
 
The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. vil 
 
 though he had formerly printed fome part of them in Ruylenburgh, and 
 even in France, fo early as the year MDCLXVII. 
 
 On the firft of May uxxu he fent to the Royal Society of London three 
 plates and fix figures, in which he had reprefented the womb of a human 
 fubject, dedicating them at the fame time to that learned body. To them 
 he added fome moft curious drawings of the {permatic veffels, the tube of the 
 womb, and the ovary. All thefe curious pieces had been fketched out in 
 profeflor Van Horne’s houfe by the twenty-firft of January, MDCLXxvII, 
 though not finifhed or illuftrated with proper explanations till the feventh of 
 May mpcixx1. Thus for the firft time was publifhed a fpecimen of a 
 method, by which both arteries and veins, and their fineft ramifications, can 
 be filled with a ceraceous matter, which not only renders thofe parts perfectly 
 vifible, but even incorruptible : and our author, to procure due credit to his 
 drawing, fent with them the’ uterus itfelf prepared according to this his new 
 method. -His motive in all this proceeding, was to have the opinion of 
 learned and equitable judges of fuch kind of performances. Another thing 
 he had in view, was to convince the world that it was indebted to him as the 
 firft inventor, for the difcoveries relating to the fpermatic veffels, which the 
 - celebrated Van Horne had before publifhed in his'Prodromus. But above all 
 things, he by this means endeavoured to refute what Regnier de’ Graaf had 
 written againft him, -with the ereateft bitternefs, concerning fome difcoveries 
 in regard to the organs of generation; and for this purpofe he appealed to 
 the judgment of the members of the Royal Society, to whom, as far as it 
 concerned him, he gave full power and authority to decide the con- 
 troverfy. 
 
 About this time he made a great many other very ufeful anatomical dif- 
 coveries: in particular he diffected a great number of fifhes, with a view chiefly 
 of difcovering their liver, pancreas and melt ; and in the courfe of his inquiries 
 very often found in fome a very large pancreas, with a great number of {pacious 
 and wide-mouthed duéts opening into the inteftines: but above all. things 
 he applied himfelf with the greateft diligence to find out by every trial that 
 promifed: any fuccefs, the true nature and properties of the pancreatic fluid, 
 of which. he fent many-bottles full-to the celebrated Charles Drelincourt, then 
 profefior of anatomy and phyfic in the univerfity of Leyden. . All .thefe 
 particulars: may be feen in the fecond part of the Private College of 
 Amfterdam,. publifhed by C. Commelin in the year mpcxxxitt ; for there is 
 fearce any: thing in all that performance, for which the world is not indebted 
 to our author; who there very mildly and modeftly refutes de Graaf and 
 Sylvius’s accounts of the pancreatic fluid, though he formerly ufed. to treat 
 with «great: harfhnefs thofe who contradicted his fentiments, as appears in the 
 literary controverfies »he before this-had maintained with de Graaf, Gafper, 
 Bartholin, and others. But religion and. piety had by this time got the 
 better of our author’s warm and ftubborn temper. Happening to read fome 
 books which the then famous Antonia Bourignon had a little before publifhed, 
 they made fo great an impreflion upon him, that a ftri€& compliance with 
 all the duties of a good chriftian was now become his principal concern. 
 He began to hate and {hun all thofe things: which men moft covet and run 
 after,, but bent his endeavours more particularly to fupprefs the unruly 
 
 aflions of the mind, and above all that infatiable ambition which makes us 
 fo defirous of a fuperiority over others, and which therefore, as the root of 
 all evil, he was defirous utterly to extirpate and deftroy. All this time 
 
 Antonia Bourignon happened to be in Holftein, accompanied by John Ticlens, 
 a native 
 
| 
 
 vill The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. 
 
 a native of Amfterdam, with whom Swammerdam had been long acquainted. 
 He therefore writ to his friend the eighteenth of March DC LXXIII, to beg 
 he might procure him Antonia’s good will, and leave to write to her on his 
 {piritual concerns 5 and having obtained this favour, he accordingly writ to 
 her the twenty-ninth of April following, and received an anfwer to his letter 
 dated the feventeenth of Auguft. Her advice wrought fo great a change in 
 him, that at that time he thought of nothing but of obtaining from God a holy 
 eace of mind, fincerely grieving that he had loft fo much time in the fervice 
 of the world. After this he writ many more letters to Antonia, who very 
 acioufly anfwered them. About this time he was, if I am not miftaken, 
 the farft that difcovered a thing of very great importance, for he found that 
 the hernia in both men and women never proceeds from a rupture of the 
 peritoneum, but that the peritoneum alone is extended over the part where 
 the feminal veflels, enclofed in one cafe or (heath, but which before this lay clofe 
 under the peritoneum, fall from it towards the fcrotum. Now, if in this 
 cafe the peritoneum happens to infinuate itfelf into that wide paflage, by 
 which the fpermatic cord falls down towards the teftes, it there, whatever 
 caufe may prefs it, forms a facculus ceceus, or, blind bag, on account of its 
 wonderful extenfibility, andthe fmoothnefs of the cavity made for it by the 
 defcent of the fpermatie cord. “T he ecphyfis once formed, grows larger and 
 larger, as the caufe which firft produced it increafes; and continuing to 
 keep clofe to the fpermatic cord, follows it towards the fcrotum, above the 
 os pubis, and along the outfide of the mufcles. If this eephyfis ftops at 
 the groin, it forms what is called a bubonoceles; but if it defcends to the 
 {crotum, an ofcheoceles ; befides which, it obtains a variety of other names, 
 from the different fubftances that may happen to fall into it, fuch as the 
 omentum, the inteftine, air or water. The fame is the cafe in women, 
 except that the defcent is made along the femoral veflels, (See Schraderi, 
 Obferv. Decad. II. Obferv. rv. v.) where there is a very exaé& drawing to 
 reprefent the nature of this diforder.. Many eminent perfons have fince made 
 pretenfions to the honour of this difcovery, but the account I have given of 
 it appears the moft probable. In this book too there is another obfervation 
 of our author equally important ; for he there mentions his having feen two 
 cicatrices in the ovary of a woman, that had been brought to bed of twins; 
 which it is duely to be remarked happened at the fame time. In the fame 
 collection there is our author’s contrivance for preferving the parts, or anato- 
 mical preparations-in balfam. For all thefe reafons, the editor thought 
 proper to dedicate this work, publifhed in mpcixxiv, to Swammerdam, who 
 was the chief contributor to it. Our author, moreover, in the year MDCLXXIII, 
 had exhibited to the illuftrious Arnold Syen, profeffor of botany in the 
 univerfity of Leyden, the feminal little bags of Fern,. and the delineations he 
 had made of them. I intreat the reader to view and confider attentively the 
 defcriptions and figures contained in this book, and compare them with 
 thofe given a long time after by fome of the greateft botanifts. There 
 cannot be a greater refemblance between two eggs, than there is between 
 our author’s performance this way, and thofe that followed. “The fame things 
 might have been feen in France, nor is it impoffible that they might have 
 been defcribed there too. The laft day of September of this year ale 
 a finifhed his treatife on Bees, which proved fo fatiguing a pethormiaaize 
 =a ae ec ae even the appearance of his former health dic 
 ae = ne It = an undertaking too great for the ftrongeft 
 j continually--employed by day in making obfervations, and 
 
 almoft 
 
The. Lif E..of ; }.O0,N SWAMMERDAM. ix 
 
 almoft as conftantly engaged by night in recording them by drawings, and 
 fuitable explanations. ‘This being fummer work, his daily labour began at 
 fix in the morning, when the fun afforded him light enough to furvey fuch 
 minute objects; and from that hour till twelve he continued without inter- 
 ruption, all the while expofed in the open air to the fcorching heat of the 
 fan, bearheaded, for fear of interrupting the fight, and his head in a manner 
 diffolving into fweat under the irrefiftable ardors of that powerful luminary. 
 And if he defifted at noon, it was only becaufe the ftrength of his eyes was 
 too much weakened, by the extraordinary atiux of light and the ufe of 
 microfcopes, to continue any longer upon fuch fmall objeéts, though as dif- 
 cernible in the poftmeridian, as they had before been in the antemeridian 
 hours. 
 
 This fatigue our author fubmitted to for a whole month together, without 
 any interruption, merely to examine, defcribe, and reprefent the inteftines 
 of Bees, befides many months more beftowed upon the other parts; during 
 which time he {pent whole days in making obfervations, as long as there 
 was fufficient light to make any; and whole nights in regiftering his obfer- 
 vations, till at at laft he brought his treatife of Bees to the wifhed-for 
 perfection: a work which all the ages from the commencement of natural 
 hiftory to our own times, have produced nothing to equal, nothing to com- 
 pare with it. Read and confider it, and then judge for yourfelf. ~ Our 
 author, the better to accomplifh his vaft unlimited views, often wifhed for 
 a year of perpetual heat and light to perfect his inquiries, with a polar night 
 to reap all the advantages of them by proper drawings and defcriptions. 
 In his eflay on the Hemorobion, or Day Fly, he ingenuoufly owns that this 
 his treatife of Bees was formed amidft a thoufand torments and agonies of 
 heart and mind, and felf-reproaches, natural to a mind full of devotion and 
 piety. On one hand his genius urged him to examine the miracles, of the 
 ereat Creator in his natural productions, whilft on the other, the love of that 
 fame all-perfeé&t Being deeply rooted in his heart, ftruggled hard to perfuade 
 him, that God alone, and not his creatures, was worthy of his refearches, 
 love and attention. The diftrefs of mind our author felt upon this o¢cafion, 
 was fo fevere thateas foon as he had finifhed-his book upon Bees, he put it 
 into the hands of another, without knowing or giving himfelf the leaft con- 
 cern about what might become of it. It appears however, that he at the 
 fame time wrote two letters to Paul Boccone, on the conftruection of falt 
 water or fea ftones and corals, which are to be found in the nineteenth and 
 twentieth letters of the faid Boccone’s natural obfervations. After this 
 Swammerdam grew almoft altogether carelefs of the arts he had been hitherto 
 fondeft of. He had conceived this diftafte for wordly affairs above two years 
 before, though he had ftruggled againft it in favour of his book on Bees ; 
 but now he could no longer allow his mind any other occupation befides that 
 of loving and adoring the Sovereign Good, to whofe honour alone he openly 
 declared, he began and direéted his many and great labours in the cultivation 
 of natural hiftory, from which he now entirely defifted merely to devote all 
 the little uncertain portion of life that remained, to the fincere practice of 
 every chriftian virtue. His temperament was of the melancholy kind, which 
 phyficians have obferved to be very firm in its purpofes, and our author's 
 natural difpofition was encreafed by a quartan ague, fo that he prefevered in 
 his refolution, in which the authority and advice of Antonia Bourignon fixed 
 him beyond a poflibility of relapfing into his former worldly way of thinking. 
 He therefore refolved to withdraw himfelf entirely from all converfation with 
 
 c the 
 
4 
 i 
 
 x The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. 
 
 the world, but had firft the prudence ferioufly to examine, what would ~ 
 neceflary to maintain him in his retirement. ‘This he found to pia yearly 
 to four hundred Dutch florins or gilders,’ without having any tang but his 
 curiofities to raife fuch an income by. Thefe therefore he immediately 
 refolved to fell, in hopes the produce of them put out to intereit, would be 
 fufficient to anfwer his demands. The firft he applied to on this occafion, 
 and the only perfon perhaps who knew any thing ot our author’s private 
 intentions, was Thevenot, whom he requfted to publifh and forward the fale 
 of thofe things, which he had fpent fo much time and labour in collecting, 
 and formerly fo much loved. Thevenot did all that lay in his power to ferve 
 his friend, but to no purpofe ; for however valuable the treafure, no one was 
 to be found in France willing to purchafe it, though our author was often 
 flattered with the hopes of its felling to advantage. This difappointment 
 made Swammerdam apply to another friend. This was Nicholas Steno, who 
 having renounced the religion of his country, was become a member of the 
 church of Rome; had obtained a bifhopric as a reward for his change, 
 and to induce him to continue in it, and now lived at the court of Florence. 
 Swammerdam wrote to him to know if the grand duke was. now as willing, 
 as he had formerly been, to purchafe his euriohities. In anfwer to this 
 letter, the new convert’s zeal made him ufe every argument he could think 
 of to make our author, after his own example, conform to the church of 
 Rome, and remove with his colle@tion into Tufcany, promifing him for 
 certain, that the great duke would let him have for his curiofities the price 
 of twelve thoufand florins, which his highnefs had formerly offered, and 
 let him want for nothing, that could make life eafy and agreeable. But 
 our author looked upon thefe conditional offers as the greateft indignity that 
 could be offered him, and accordingly bitterly reproached his friend Steno 
 for endeavouring to prevail upon him in a manner he utterly detefted, telling 
 him withal that his foul was not venal; and Bourignon being confulted on 
 the occafion, advifed him by all means to reject Steno’s propofals. Our 
 author agitated by fuch a feries of hopes and difappointments, made ufe of 
 the little leifure that remained on his hands, in arranging and adorning his 
 curiofities ; rendering them as durable as poflible, and compolingya complete 
 catalogue of them, fo that in his mufeum thus-fettled, the materials and the 
 contrivance, the dignity of the fubjects, and the vaft pains taken in procur- 
 ing, preparing, and exhibiting them, vied together for the preference. 
 Thefe treafures confifted chiefly of infe€ts and anatomical preparations from 
 human fubjeéts. The former our author fet the higheft value upon, and: no 
 wonder, as he had fpent fixteen years in collecting and preparing them, 
 with infinite pains and expence. ‘The fight of his mufeum was alone 
 fufficient to prove, that what all former authors had publifhed on this branch 
 of natural hiftory, amounted to nothing more than a dry catalogue of names, 
 and fome external figures, without affording any certain and ufeful know- 
 ledge. Whereas our author alone had colle&ed near three thoufand fpecies 
 of infe@ts, that had no relation one to the other, and had examined every one 
 of them, and difpofed them all in claffes according to their real and natural 
 characters ; he had even diffected many of them with that {kill and dexterity 
 peculiar to himfelf, and having with unwearied diligence traced them through 
 every the leaft period of their changes from the egg to the Butterfly, faith- 
 fully recording all his obfervations, ‘taking care at the fame to prepare 
 and keep by him the minute originals as inconteftable vouchers of his inde- 
 
 fatigable induftry in examining them, and his fcrupulous veracity, relating 
 
 what 
 
The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM, Xi 
 
 what he had difcovered. Nay, that nothing fhould be wanting to perfect 
 his difcoveries, he ufed himfelf to hatch, in a manner found out by, and 
 only known to himfelf, the little eggs of infects, in order to difcover the 
 obfcure manner of the exiftence of their firft rudiments, the progrefs of theie 
 rudiments to life, the firft motions of the infant animalcula, and by what 
 endeavours they at laft. broke their eggs, and opened themfelves a paflage 
 into the world. While thus employed, he at length publifhed at Amfterdam 
 the twelfth day of July mpcuxxv, his hiftory of the Ephemerus, or Day- 
 Fly ; which he began in France in the year tx1v, continued in Guelderland 
 in the year txvi1, but did not perfect till this time, that he made it public. 
 However even this, he did not attempt without Bourignon’s approbation. 
 This was the laft offspring of our author’s great genius and application, after 
 which he entirely renounced all thoughts of human affairs, to think of nothing 
 but his fpiritual concerns, which he imagined he could not fo well promote 
 in any other manner, as by going to confer perfonally with Bourignon. 
 Accordingly, having firft obtained her leave for that purpofe, he fet out the 
 autumn following from Amfterdam for Slefwick in Holftein, where fhe then 
 refided, arrived there the thirtieth of September, and {pent fome time in her 
 houfe. Mean while the Lutheran divines of that country, utterly ayerfe to 
 Bourignon’s undertakings, were for making her quit Holftein, which made 
 her think of afking the king of Denmark’s leave to take fhelter in his regal 
 dominions, Swammerdam having taken upon him to execute this commiffion, 
 fet out for Copenhagen, in company with another of her difciples, the twenty- 
 fifth of March, mpcuxxvi. Here he faw Steno’s mother, now far 
 advanced in years, but reaped no other benefit by his journey, his Danith 
 majefty not thinking proper to grant Bourignon’s requeft. After this our 
 author made but a fhort ftay at Slefwick, from whence he fet out for 
 Amfterdam the fixteenth of June following. On his coming home, he had 
 the mortification of finding that his father’s difpleafure at his paft conduct, 
 inftead of being appeafed, was grown more violent on account of his late 
 undertakings. Another and greater fubject of affliction was, the marriage 
 of his fifter Joanna, who had hitherto kept houfe for her father fiance he had 
 buried his wife ;-for the father on this-occafion had refolved to break up 
 houfe-keeping, and to live for the future with his fon-in-law, Our author 
 therefore now found himfelf under the fad necefflity of fhifting for himfelf 
 by the month of May following. How great, alas! muft have been_ his 
 diftrefs! He had neither money nor any thing of value except his mufeum, 
 which he had already fo often endeavoured in vain to difpofe of ; and his 
 father did not propofe to allow him more than two hundred florins a year. 
 On this occafion he formed a defign of retiring into the country, and flattered 
 himfelf with the hopes of being able to provide for himfelf that way. The 
 moft noble John Ort of Nieuwenrode Breukele, &c. had contraéted a friend- 
 fhip of a very long ftanding with our author, and had often entertained 
 him at his pleafant country feat with the greateft hofpitality and _politenefs, 
 and even invited him to remain there for good and all, and purfue his ftudies 
 without interruption. But Swammerdam_ never till now found himfelf 
 under a neceflity of putting his friend’s fincerity to the teft ; however he 
 little expeéted the refufal he now met with, and which, as it convinced hun 
 of the little dependance to be had on the promifes of men, greatly con- 
 tributed to increafe his former anxiety. But his father dying this year put 
 an end to his troubles, by leaving him a fufhciency to live, in a manner 
 fuitable to his own inclinations, for now he faw himfelf freed from all 
 
 bufinefs, 
 
xii Thé LIFE of JOHN sWAMMERDAM. 
 
 ig God, which alone he delighted in. But his 
 en the father’s fortune came to be divided, and 
 the fifter claiming more of the inheritance than 
 hief dire@tion of the fale, while Swammerdam 
 for the fake of peace and uietnefs, and in order to get the fooner into 2% 
 ‘long wifhed for retirement, ubmitted to her unjuft pretentions. ems e- 
 lefs, the vexation attending this family ftrife, joined to the uninterrupted 
 fervour of his devotion, brought a tedious diforder upon him. This was a 
 double tertian ague, which afterwards continued without intermiflion, and 
 then changed in different manners. Whilft this fit of ficknefs continued, 
 he got up but feldom in the day time, and for three months together that the 
 flow fever continued, he never went out of his houfe ; he was even a whole 
 twelve month without making a fingle experiment. At laft his diforder, again 
 changing to a tertian ague, feemed to abate, and then entirely left him for 
 fomie days. His friends neverthelefs, and among them doétor Matthew Slade, 
 a moft learned phyfician, and one whofe advice had the greateft weight with 
 our atithor, could never prevail upon him to ftir from his bed-chamber. 
 He would often excufe himfelf by faying that {olitude and retirement could 
 alone extirpate the relicks of his diforder; when Slade, Ruyfh, Schrader, 
 Hotton and Guenellon, who all of them frequently vifited him in the 
 quality both of friends and phyficians, attempted to perfuade him to the ufe 
 Of medicines and frefh air for the recovery of his former ftrength and vigour. 
 But he at laft put a ftop to their importunities by an obftinate filence. How- 
 ever as the things he formerly took moft delight in, were now become 
 odious to him, and he had no further hopes of being able to difpofe of 
 them in France, he wrote to his friend Thevenot, who had again invited 
 him to his houfe, that he would accept of his kind offer, provided he would 
 immiediately difpofe of his curiofities for him, and permit him to live quite 
 unkriown and retired. But here too our author was again difappointed, 
 fo that at laft he advertifed a fixed day in the month of May following, 
 mpcixxx, for the fale of his curiofities, article by article, to the beft bidder 
 fo great a defire he had of getting rid of them, notwithftanding that he had 
 feen that his father’s mufeum, when fold in fingle lots, had not»produced. 
 above a fixth part of what his executors expeéted it ‘would have fold for. 
 But whilft our author was taken up in this manner, his old diforder broke 
 out anew with worfe fymptoms than had hitherto appeared, an emaciated 
 countenance, hollow eyes, a flow continued fever which eating always 
 increaféd, and a fwelling in his feet, legs, thighs and belly, attended with 
 conftant and uninterrupted pains. All this time his friends durft not make 
 
 bufinefs, but that of fervir 
 joy was {oon interrupted, wh 
 his mufeum to be difpofed of, 
 came to her fhare, and the c 
 
 the leaft mention before him of his former ftudies, nor did he himfelf ever 
 
 fpeak a word of them; for he now utterly detefted as vain and. infignificant 
 the things he formerly moft delighted in. Thevenot, informed of the 
 languifhing condition he was in, offered him the jefuit’s bark, then greatly 
 talked of for its efficacy in curing fevers, and Swammerdam defired he 
 might fend him fome of it, and fome fpecific againft the dropfy, if he knew 
 of any. But at laft finding himfelf grow worfe and worfe, he made his will 
 the twenty-fifth of January mpcixxx, and left Melchifedeck Thevenot, for- 
 merly the French king’s minifter at Genoa, all his original manufcripts belong- 
 ing to the natural and anatomical hiftory of Bees and Butterflies, with fifty-two 
 plates belonging to them, and ordered all thofe valuable papers then laid up in 
 the houfe of Herman Wingendorp at Leyden, to be delivered to the legatee 
 within a year after his death ; but earneftly recommended that his treatife on 
 
 Bees 
 
The (Lal Boe tof JOHN SWAMMERDAM. 
 
 —y 
 Ps 
 pe 
 » 
 — 
 
 Bees fhould be publithed in Dutch as well as Latin, as difplaying the wifdom 
 and power of God in fo particular a manner. The little portion of life, that 
 he enjoyed after this difpofal-of his worldly concerns, he gave entirely to his 
 {piritual ones, fpending his whole time in a@s of love and adoration of the 
 Supreme Being, and thus ended his courfe the feventeenth of February follow-~ 
 ing. He conftituted Magaret Volckers, wife of Daniel de Hoeft, doGor of 
 phyfic, his heirefs, and her and Chriftopher Van Wyland his executors, but 
 Van Wyland dying foon after, the truft devolved wholly into the hands of 
 Madam. Volckers. 
 
 As ‘foon as our author’s executors had performed the laft rites due to 
 their deceafed friend, Mr. Ort at their requeft gave Mr. Thevenot notice of 
 the legacy Jeft him in Wingendorp’s hands; for Swammerdam being little 
 verfed in the Latin, in which notwithftanding he was defirous of feeing 
 all his works publifhed, had given them to Wingendorp to tranflate into 
 that language, as he had before done our author’s writings on the uterus, 
 Thevenot on this wrote feveral times to dodtor de Hoeft, to defire he 
 fhould immediately caufe his legacy to be delivered him; but Wingendorp, 
 who was poor, and lived “by his tranflations into various languages, after 
 endeavouring by a thoufand frivolous pretexts to°"make a property of what 
 he had only been entrufted with, at laft openly declared he Would return 
 nothing till compelled to it by due courfe of law. Upon this therefore 
 a tedious and troublefome lawfuit enfued, in which however Thevenot 
 at laft obtained a decree in his favour in May mpcixxxt1, when Swam- 
 merdam’s papers in the hands of Wingendorp were delivered to Bureher 
 de Volder, a celebrated profeffor of anatomy and mathematics, whom 
 Thevenot had engaged as a friend to take his intereft in hand, and without 
 whofe diligence and prudent management, it is poflible that Thevenot 
 would have loft his legacy. As foon as Thevenot heard of his friend’s 
 fuccefs, he gave orders to have the writings in queftion publifhed in Dutch, 
 
 but foon altered his opinion, and fent for them. He then attempted fome 
 
 alterations in them, as I could difcover by the erafements made here and 
 there with his own hand; but in this he fell short: of an{wering Swam- 
 
 merdam’s intentions; though probably"only for want of abilities fuitable 
 to fuch a tafk. Be that as it will, this valuable tréefure, after Thevenot’s 
 death, was purchafed by Joubert the king’s painter, whofe heirs afterwards 
 fold it at the inconfiderable price of fifty French crowns to the illuftrious 
 Jofeph du Verney, with whom they lay hid and diftegarded for a long 
 time. At laft a report prevailing that the anatomy of infects was coming 
 into great vogue, and that a hiftory of this part of the creation, compofed 
 by the great anatomift juft now fpoken of, was upon the point of ap- 
 pearing at Paris, I requefted William Sherard my gueft at that time, and 
 mof{t intimate friend, to obtain fome certainty for me in regard to this 
 feport, as he was then about making a journey into.France. Accor- 
 dingly on his arrival at Paris, he wrote that Swammerdam’s works were 
 in the hands of Monfieur du Verney, and even fent me fome copper- 
 plates after the drawings of our author, which when I examined, ferved 
 only to excite my ambition of afferting the right of my country to the 
 honour of having produced the originals, and making without lofs of time 
 all the inquiries I judged neceffary for that important end. At laft, by 
 the affiftance of the reverend Mark Guitton, and the eminent William 
 Roell, profefior of anatomy at. Amfterdam, both then refiding in Paris, 
 I fo far fucceeded, that they were purchafed for me the twenty-fixth of 
 
 d ; March, 
 
ie p of JOHN SWAMMERDAY 
 
 : rins 
 March, mpccxxvil, at the price of one thoufand five peso ert ee ee 
 qe s foon as 1a , 
 
 i ste the fame fummer. g 
 
 and I received them complete mM inteie2 el 
 i > examined them mor Jan 
 ane A ar ae ied ‘tie fatisfa@ion of feeing that 
 
 i and h g 
 once, I. carefully digeited them, a é 
 
 dothing was wanting except a few pages of the text in the treatife of 
 
 xiv 
 
 ‘Bees, which a note in the margin obferved was not to be repaired ; how- 
 
 ever, on looking narrowly for them, I had sie ae eee. 
 them elfewhere. Upon this, I fhould have publ 
 
 for the infatiable avarice, and unbounded audacioufnefs of the sort 
 who make nothing of reprinting things as foon as they ie menace 
 great lofs of the firft publifhers. However, I have at se zat - in 
 guarding againft fuch foul treatment, and return my ag than ; to 
 all thofe who fo gencroufly contributed their affiftance on this occation. 
 And now I muft own, that it is with the ereateft pleafure I find myfelf 
 enabled by this valuable work to challenge all thofe nations, who fo 
 liberally reproach us Dutchmen with a dullnefs that requires the inventions 
 of others to fharpen it, to produce before able judges, any thing equal 
 to this performance of one of our countrymen... This. inftance will, I 
 believe, be fufficient to convimee mankind that we have among us uncom- 
 mon geniufes, who have made the moft important difcoveries, and {pider- 
 like, have furnifhed themfelves alone both the workmanfhip and mate- 
 tials. However I muft in juftice own, there is now in France fuch 
 another bright fun, who by his light not only fhews, but adds grace 
 and dignity to every object he is pleafed to fhine upon. — I mean that 
 prodigy of our age, and glory of his -country, the illuftrious Reaumur. 
 God grant this great man life to go through, and many years to furvive, 
 his great undertaking. 
 
 I examined with the greateft care and attention all the letters, and 
 other writings of Swammerdam, that I could lay my hands on, in order 
 to find out the methods taken by him to perfeé thofe beautiful difcove- 
 ries, by which he has fo far exceeded all authors in the fame way; and 
 I fhall here candidly relate the fruits of my perquifition. For difle@= 
 ing of very minute fubjects, he had a brafs table made on purpofe by 
 that ingenious artift Samuel Mufichenbroek. To» this table were faftened 
 two brafs arms, moveable at pleafure to any part of it, and the upper 
 portions of thefe arms were likewife fo contrived as to be fufceptible of a 
 very flow vertical motion, by which means the operator could readily 
 alter their heigth as he faw moft convenient to his purpofe. The office 
 of one of thefe arms was to hold the little corpufcle, and that of the 
 other to apply the microfcope. His microfcopes were of various fizes 
 and curvatures; his microfcopical glafles being of various diameters and 
 focufes, and from the leaft to the greateft, the beft that could be pro- 
 cured, in regard to the exaétnefs of the workmanfhip, and the tranf- 
 parency of the fubftance. His way was to begin his furveys with the 
 {malleft magnifiers, and from thence proceed by degrees to the greateft; 
 and by nature and ufe was fo incomparably dexterous in the manage- 
 ment of thefe ufeful inftruments, that he made every obfervation fubfer- 
 vient to the next, and all tend to confirm each other, and complete 
 the defcription. Thefe no doubt were talents very uncommon, though 
 no lefs requifite in an obferver of fuch things. But the conftructing of 
 very fine {ciffors, and giving them an extreme fharpnefs, feems to have 
 been his chief fecret. Thefe he made ufe of to cut very minute objects, 
 
 becaufe 
 
The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. XV 
 
 becaufe they diffeted them equably ; whereas knives and lancets, let them 
 be ever fo fine and fharp, are apt to diforder delicate fubftances, as in 
 going through them they generally draw after them, and difplace, fome 
 of the filaments: his knives, lancets, and ftyles were fo very fine, that 
 he could not fee to fharpen them without the afliftance of the micro- 
 fcope ; but with them he could diffecét the inteftines of Bees with the 
 fame accuracy and diftin@nefs, that others do thofe of large animals. He 
 was particularly dextrous in the management of {mall tubes of glafs no 
 thicker than a briftle, drawn to a very fine points at one end, but 
 thicker at the other. Thefe he made ufe of whenever he had a mind 
 to fhew, and blow up the fmalleft veffels difcovered by the microfcope ; 
 to trace, diftinguifh, and feparate their courfes and communications, or 
 to injeét them with very fubtil coloured liquors. As to the infects them- 
 felves, he ufed to fuffocate them in alcohol or fpirit of wine, in water, 
 or fpirit of turpentine, and likewife preferved them for fome time in 
 thefe liquids, by which means he kept the parts from putrefying, and 
 confequently collapfing and mixing together; and added to them, befides, 
 fuch ftrength and firmnefs, as could not fail of making the diffe@tions 
 far more eafy and agreeable. When he had=divided tranfverfely with 
 his fine {ciffors the little creature he intended to examine) and had care- 
 fully noted every thing that appeared without further diffeétion, he pro- 
 ceeded to extraét the vifcera in a very cautious leifurely manner, with 
 other inftruments of equal fubtility; but firft took care to wath away 
 and feparate with very fine pencils the fat with which infeés are moft 
 plentifully fupplied, and which always occafions fome damage to the 
 internal parts, before they can be extracted. This laft operation is beft 
 performed upon infeds whilft in the Nymph ftate. Sometimes he put 
 into water the delicate vifcera of the infe€@ts he had fuffocated, and then 
 fhaking them gently, procured himfelf an opportunity of examining them, 
 efpecially the air veflels, which by this means he could feparate from all 
 the other parts whole and entire, to the great admiration of all thofe who 
 beheld them; as thefe veffels are not to be diftincly feen in any other 
 manner, or indeed-feen at all without damaging them. He often made 
 ufe of water injeéted by a fyringe, to cleanfe thoroughly the internal 
 parts of his infeéts, then blew them up with air and dried them; by which 
 means he rendered them durable, and fit for examination, at a proper 
 opportunity. Sometimes he has examined with the greateft fuccefs, and 
 made the moft important difcoveries in infects that he had preferved in 
 balfam, and kept for years together in that condition. Again, he has fre- 
 quently made punctures with a fine needle in other infeéts, and after 
 f{queezing out all their moifture through the holes made in this manner, 
 filled them with air by means of very flender glafs tubes, then dried them 
 in the fhade, and laft of all anointed them with oil of fpike, in which 
 a little refin had been: diffolved, by which means they retain their proper 
 forms for a very long time. He had fo fingular a fecret for preferving the 
 very nerves of infects, that they ufed to continue as limber and as per- 
 {picuous as ever they had been. As to Worms in particular, his way was 
 to make a {mall punéture or incifion in them towards the tail, and after 
 having very gently, and with great patience {queezed. out all their humours, 
 and great part of their vifcera, inje@ them with wax, fo as to give and 
 continue to them all the appearances of living, healthy, and vigorous 
 creatures. He difcovered that the fat of all infects was perfectly diflolvible 
 
 in 
 
Pies UF E) of. F-0H N SWAM ME RDAM. 
 
 in oil of turpentine, and that they could not Se ES se 
 and this difcovery he always made the greateft fecret of, sas ee 7 
 of infe@’s when melted, and then dried, looks like lime {cattere “dis ie 
 parts, fo as to obfeure the vifcera, and make it utterly impoffible es meer 
 them; but then, however confufed and immerfed they ray Pre ine 
 before, they fhew themfelves after this procefs very plainly 2 get 
 on being long and thoroughly wafhed with fair water. Very o _ e pie 
 whole days in cleanfing of its fat in this manner, the body of a ingle 
 Caterpillar, in order to difcover the true conftruction of that infeét’s heart. 
 His fingular fagacity in ftripping off the {kin of Caterpillars that were upon 
 the point of {pinning their nefts, deferves particular notice. This he eee 
 by letting them drop by their threads into fcalding water, and fuddenly with- 
 drawing them, fot by this means the epidermis peeled off very eafily ; and 
 when this was done, he put them into diftilled vinegar and fpirit of wine 
 mixed together in equal portions, which, by giving firmnefs to the parts, 
 gave an opportunity of feparating them with very little trouble from the 
 exivie or {kins, without any damage to the vifcera, fo that by this con- 
 trivance the Nymph could be fhewn wrapped up im the Caterpillar, and 
 the Butterfly in the Nymph. All thefe wonders he performed by. the 
 light of the brighteftsmid-day fun, and had brought his arts to fuch per- 
 fection, that-he¢ould exhibit whenever he thought proper, the manner in 
 which infe@ts were enclofed in infects, and were to be extricated from their 
 enclofures. He could at laft change the Caterpillar to a Chryfalis at his 
 pleafure, and alfo could as he pleafed forward, ftop, and regulate its motions. 
 He affirmed nothing but what he faw, and was able to demonftrate every 
 thing he affirmed. He in good earneft followed Lord Bacon’s_advice; for 
 his opinions were the fruit of his experience, and he could effect the very 
 things, whofe exiftence he maintained. Obfervatioris alone, made with the 
 moft wonderful patience by experienced fenfes, affifted with the fitteft 
 inftruments, led him into the method followed by nature in all her opera- 
 tions; and he fo ferupuloufly adhered to that great guide, that whenever 
 he formed a rule from particular obfervations, he did it with fo much 
 caution, as to let it include thofe particulars only, from which hewhad 
 deduced. ity..andsextraéted his canon. In explaining the works of nature, he 
 ufed to reafon by comparing his obfervations with one another, and never 
 admitted the ufe of a general application of them upon any other occafion. 
 Thus he began, carried forward, and perfected without any affiftance, in a 
 private and middling ftation: of life, more difcoveries than all the writers of 
 all the preceding ages. By thefe means he found there were little creatures 
 that breathe at the tail, and others that govern themfelves in the water by 
 the help of a little bubble of air, which they expand at pleafure to afcend 
 to the furface, and comprefs in like manner, when defirous to fink to the 
 bottom ; and can regulate it in fuch a certain manner, that they can fufpend 
 themfelves in any part of the water they choofe. Some again he difcovered, 
 who have their legs fixed to their jaws; and others in which the penis of the 
 male receives in copulation the vulva of the female, and a few which are 
 of both fexes at once, and aét reciprocally upon each other as fuch at one 
 and the fame time. In fine, from fuch an infinite number of new and un- 
 common obfervations, he formed a fyftem fuperior by many degrees to any 
 thing of the kind that had as yet appeared. He even colleéted the materials 
 upon which this fyftem was founded, rendered them durable, and dicefted 
 them, in order to have always at hand undeniable vouchers for the truth of 
 
 xvi 
 
 every 
 
The LIFE of JOHN SWAMMERDAM. wii 
 
 every thing he advanced. Such a fabrick had never been raifed before, yet 
 it was raifed by him in fo mafterly a manner, that it might have ftood a ages. 
 But, O hard fate of induftry! after having been driven himfelf to offer his 
 curiofities to fale more like a beggar that had nothing to give than like a 
 man who offered infinitely more than he afked, and this too without fuccefs ; 
 his heirs, after his deceafe, made propofals of felling them all, his anatomical 
 preparations, his infects, and his inftruments, for the trifling ae of five thou- 
 fand florins, without finding any one intelligent enough to buy them for his 
 own ule, or generous enough to purchafe them for that of the public. Alas, 
 what a fate was this, never to be repaired! Thefe wonders of art and nature, by 
 being feparated and {cattered into different hands, loft all their value, to the 
 ireetricnalite difhonour of an age, the moft remarkable of any that had as yet 
 ever been for ftudies of this nature. As for you, my rea iders, 1 muft inform 
 you of the obligations you owe, on the prefent occafion, to the great Gaubius, 
 who from his fincere love to the republic of letters, tranflated all the works I 
 now prefent you, from the original Dutch into Latin, that the curious of all 
 nations‘might have-the better chance.of reading them ; and perhaps it would 
 have been a hard matter, if not impoffible, te eo. another tranflator equal 
 to the tafk. The facts I have here related are colle&ed from the hiftory 
 of the times, from a repeated perufal of Swammerdam’s works, and from 
 the letters written or received by him. An accurate and well- renee {ted col- 
 lection of all thefe papers fupplied me with materials for writing es lis ife, and 
 I intend to depofit them all, as well as the original drawit ngs ma ide by his own 
 hand in the moft elegant and mafterly manner, in the public libr ary a the 
 univerfity, there to remain as an eternal monument of our author’s merit, 
 and of my exaétnefs and integrity in writing his life, and publifhing his 
 labours; and, in fine, that fuch as take delight ; in things “ this kind, may 
 dy this means have an eafy opportunity of fatisfying their uriofity. It was 
 thus I acted in regard to the pofthumous works of celebrated. Vail- 
 ant. Farewel reader. 
 
 LEYDEN, 17%5*35. 
 
 HERMAN BOERHAAVE. 
 
* Dee eeeuamensurasmeasiaremnerT ital dit 
 
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 m. aan sak rs : pea \ ee eT re a STR 
 wr Ss See SS Pe MEAs Lk SEN bel «5a ee ean te : : ean pgs! - - = . sas jovial 
 aE ee ee ee ap TINTS te ares eels wage ie z - 
 pe Sg eet. : CR Nigger ns atheroma a eae tide i 22 aera a ST 
 
AUTHOR'’s PREFACE. 
 
 URIOUS reader, before I proceed to lay my obfervations before you, 
 
 I muft moft humbly requeft, that you will not be difpleafed, if in all 
 this work I have only made ufe of my own obfervations, as a folid and 
 immoveable foundation to build upon, and that from them I have deduced 
 certain conclufions, folid theorems, and claffes digefted in due order. For 
 as long as neither nature herfelf exhibits any thing in oppofition to thefe 
 theorems, nor other writers produce experiments to contradi@ them; we 
 may reft affured of the truth of what I have delivered; but then we muft 
 not wander beyorid the limits of fuch obfervations, nor by ftraining them 
 too much, make them extend to things not as yet fufficiently difcovered. 
 Otherwife, as nature is utterly inexhauftible, we fhould be in danger of fall- 
 ing into errors; and indeed it is generally our own fault that things of them=. 
 felves fufficiently clear and evident, become obfcure; and even impenetrable 
 to us. Thus a perfon would be guilty of a great miftake; who, after 
 running over all the animals he knew, never to be at once male and fe- 
 male, fhould from thence conclude, that both fexes are never found in one 
 and the fame fubjeét ; whereas the conttary appears in Snails; which are all 
 a of impregnating as males, and éoriceiving as females, but with this 
 reftriétion, that the fame Snail cannot aét tipon itfelf; fo that a mutual inter- 
 courfe of two is requifite to carry on the bufinefs of propagation, as I many 
 years ago demonftrated before a numerous company. As therefore all the 
 experiments I have hitherto made, agree perfeally together, and mutually 
 fupport each other, there is the lefs reafon, till fomething appears in the 
 nature of things to break the thread of my fyftem, to be ftartled at the 
 objections of others; who never made the fame obfervations, and are not 
 perhaps properly qualified to make the fame experiments. But if hereafter 
 any thing fhould occur, that I may have reafon to think deferves to be added 
 to what I have already advanced, or exceeds the bounds to which I have 
 confined myfelf, or appears repugnant to my former obfervations; I promife 
 faithfully to publifh them, though they fhould abfolutely deftroy the prin- 
 ciples I have laid down, provided that they ferve to confirm and illuitrate 
 the truth. And I moreover earneftly requeft all thofe who love truth as I 
 do, and are equally anxious to find it out, to affift me on this occafion with 
 their favour and advice. 
 
 But as the moft eminent amongft the ancient writers on this branch of 
 natural hiftory, have propofed two different manners in which infects un- 
 dergo their mutations; one known by the name of Nymph, and the other 
 by that of Chryfalis, calling Nymph that change of the Worm, under 
 which it-exhibits the form of the infeé that is to iffue from it; and Chry- 
 falis, that other change which fhews no figns of the future infect; I muft 
 
 forewarn 
 
The AU THO R's PREFACE. 
 
 o means admit two. different fpecies of 
 n the Chryfalis, as well as in 
 
 = 
 forewarn my readers that I fhall by n 
 changes, as I can plainly and diftinétly difcover 1 
 the Nymph, all the parts of the future infect, and can even give ocular proof 
 of their exiftence. And as to the parts not appearing externally in the Chry- 
 falis as clearly as they do in the Nymph, and the former having a gold co- 
 lour, which I never obferved in the latter, it 1s not a thing of confequence 
 
 enough to make me alter my opinion. — 
 But perhaps the reader, as yet a novice in the hiftory of infectsy may_not 
 
 rightly underftand what I mean by the words Nymph and Chry‘falis, I muft 
 refer him to the figures of this work, where he will find the Nymph of the 
 Ant reprefented under number v. Tab. XVI. and the Chryfalis of the noc- 
 turnal Butterfly, under the fame number’ v. “Fab. XXXL. For-the fake of 
 greater perfpicuity, I obferve the fame otder in Tab. I. XT: and XXXVIM. 
 where I place before my readers other fpecies of Nymphs that fhall be de- 
 {eribed in their proper places, and afterwards fummed up under one view, in 
 the general éompatifon of mutations, with which I intend_to. coticlude this 
 
 work. Farewell. 
 
 pei Tone ren. °F 
 ' - ‘ - 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 ' 
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 “pai og RE Te 
 
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SE an = 
 PON Bao Oc RE OM 
 D. JOANN LS SWAMMERDAM IT, M.D. 
 Naturz Infectorum Indagatoris indefefli, incomparabilis. 
 Allocutio ad: Harveum * “aay. 
 
 LOS & honos Anglie: gentis, quo, judice Pheebo, 
 Nil quicquam, eximius terra Britanna tulit ; 
 
 Artis delicium noftra, quo. fofpite quondam. 
 Sidera tangebat. vertice celfa fuo ; 
 
 Define jam gemitus, tua jam fufpiria ceffent, 
 Quod multa, abftulerit ter fcelerata manus, 
 
 Quéis miranda tibi levium fpeétacula rerum 
 Scripta, atque in varios corpora verfa modos: 
 
 Queis tibi Nympharum & fulve Chryfallidos ortus 
 Depicti, & Gryllus papiliogue fuit ; 
 
 Ecce alium, data damna tibi qui farciet olim 
 Inventifque addet non tibi vila tuis, 
 
 Non hunc parva latet magni Formica. laboris, 
 Angufto quamyis tramite carpat iter, 
 
 Hic quis amor, quis Hymen illis, queque ofcula novit, 
 Qua foveant natos fedulitate fuos : 
 
 Non fugit hunc mifera & male nata Diaria, quamvis 
 Vix detur medium vivere pofle diem ; 
 
 Quz poftquam teneris volitavit in ere pennis, 
 Seevis preda avibus, pifcibues efca cadit. 
 
 Nec Scarabeus aque, feu pervolat ille paludem, 
 Seu celer, ad fundum, mox rediturus, abit ; 
 
 Sed bulla, mirum vifu! rediturus inani, 
 Quam villofa intus caudula clufa tecit. 
 
 Nec tu, dire Culex, mediis feu degis in undis, 
 Aera feu pinna liberiore petis. 
 
 Novit Apum fexus, ortus, connubia, novit 
 Quam telam in cera fedula fingat Apis. 
 
 Et negat ulla novas Infe@ta affumere formas, 
 At vermi inclufas delituiffe docet. 
 
 Quam ftupui, quando narrantis ab ore pependi, 
 Cum mihi monftraret plurima quam ftupui ! 
 
 Gaude, Vegta, tuis illum quod vexeris undis, 
 Et quod capta tuo flumine preda fuit. 
 
 Non Aldrovandos jam clara Bononia jactet, 
 Nec mihi Moufetos Anglus ad ferat : 
 
 Gefneros etiam fileat Germania tellus, 
 Nefcio quid majus Terra Batava dabit. 
 
 Cecini amico amicus 
 
 MATTHAUS SLADUS, M.D. 
 £ 
 
 > 
 
cseiey tile LLEIC CELE LPL OLD AG 
 
 7 ee é 2 af 5 
 Eig SQAMMEPAAMON are Egnnées eres 
 Bieri éxd 10 eee 
 TIpts dvayasny. 
 f f. i} 
 Tiy 0° Grav yrons x avayrvenc, Pie, BibAo, 
 Sova pmecdapecg viv Téxev Lupendéws, 
 "Eyljcou i o¢ Quay cAAcMoEIS TE didaoxes 
 *"Huap t@ ogelégn Debeey Ereoyupslny- 
 i 3 ~ 3 . 
 My xalayivers ys advov dul. @AAZ eeaylov 
 
 Trai, % guts wy poavev Zonprteios. 
 
 Idem utcungue Latine redditum. 
 
 Ad Lettorem. 
 Videris ut, Lettor, librum&Seperlegeris, ingens 
 Quem Swammerdamm cura laborque dedit 5 
 Quo tibi natura Infeéte more/que patefcunt, 
 Unica cui nomen donat habere dies. 
 Weglhigere illius curam fuge. Nofcere at ipfum 
 Te cupe, quamgue fugax ipfe brevifque fies. 
 
 M. Stapus, M. D. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 ares ate 
 
 Ln 
 
SU BS X I iV, nt e IN ii iVE Fy Ov 
 
 His Royal HighnefSs GEORGE, Prince oF Wa es. 
 His Royal Highnefs The DUKE. 
 His Royal Highnefs Prince EDWARD. 
 
 B. Boop Ellifon, Efg; 
 | Mr. Ertcourt. 
 
 HE Right Honourable the | my. Shs 
 Countefs _ tae Bleffington. 
 
 The Right Honourable the Earl of H. 
 Bute. = 
 Mr. Brandenburg, Apothecary. Baronet de Bae 
 Mr. Barber. Mr. Charles Ha f Paddington, 
 Mr. Benjamin Booth, Fleet-Street, Timothy Hollis, BY; 
 
 Charles Hinuber, Efq; 
 Dr. i de Hillmer. 
 Dr. E la In 
 
 ar 
 
 Mr. Harfcher. 
 
 Mr. Britland. 
 Mr. Baker. 
 Mr. Banks. 
 Mr. Bates. 
 
 Mr, Brown John Hannam of the Middle Teni- 
 ple, Efq; 
 Cc. Williar m Harris, Kig 
 
 ss Mr. Hilfon. 
 The Right Honourablé the Earl of | Mr. ‘T. Harris 
 Carlifle. | Mr. Piauiemn 
 The Right Honourable Lord Charles 
 Cavendith. 
 Henry Coddington, Efq; 
 Mr. Carpenter, 
 Mr. Carter, “ 
 Mr Cape Mr. W. King. 
 Mr. Clay ton. | 
 Mr. Collins, i 
 Mr. Cooper. | 
 Mr. Cooke. | 
 Mr. Cutler, 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 The Reverend Mr. William Lang- 
 horn, of Cumberland. 
 Lloyd, Efq3 
 Mr. Lloyd. 
 M. Long. 
 Mr. Laws: 
 Mr. Levet: 
 Mr. Leeweni 
 
 D. 
 
 Mr. David{fon. 
 
 Mr. Charles Davidfon, 
 
 Mr. Davids. 
 
 Mr. L. Day. M. 
 —— Mafon, E{q; 
 
 Mr. Earle. Mr. GC. O. Mencke, at Drefden. 
 
 ——Ellis, Efq; * N: 
 
SU BSCR 
 N. 
 
 ~—— Norton, Efqs 
 
 P: 
 Mr. Payne, Mews-gate. 
 Ar. John Piggot of Iflington. 
 Mr. John Poyner, Apothecary at 
 Iflington. 
 Mr. J. T. Pierce. 
 =~. Porter, Eiq; 
 William Porter, Efq; 
 George Porter, E{q; 
 
 R. 
 
 John Richards, E{q; 
 Mr. Richards. 
 
 —— Richardfon, Efq; 
 William Rivers. 
 
 Mr. Read. 
 5. 
 
 The Right Honourable Lord South- 
 well. 
 The Honourable Mr. Tho. George 
 Southwell. 
 — Sands, Ef{q; 
 Dr. Smellie. 
 Mr. Sweighaufer. 
 Scot, Efq; 
 Mr. Scot. 
 Mr. J. C. Seyffert, at Drefden. 
 Mr. Strange. 
 Mr. Saunderfon. 
 
 3 
 
 Taylor, Efg; 
 
 {BERS NAMES. 
 
 Mr. Taylor. 
 Mr. ‘Turner. 
 Mr. Townfend. 
 Mr. Tomkin. 
 
 Mr 
 Mr 
 
 Wright, Efq; 
 
 John Wright, E{q; 
 
 -, William Wright. 
 
 . Winfton. 
 
 . Williams. 
 
 +, White. 
 
 . Wills. 
 
 . Wilkifon. 
 
 . Wilton. 
 
 . Wilfon. 
 Mr. Williamfon. 
 — Wats, Elq; 
 Mr. Wats. 
 Mr. Wilkey. 
 Mr. Watfon. 
 Mr. Watkins. 
 
 Walker, Efg; 
 
 John Walker, Efq; 
 Mr. Ward. 
 Mr. Warton. 
 
 x 
 
 John Younge, Efq; 
 Mr. Young. 
 
 Mr. Yeates. 
 
 Mr. Younger. 
 
f E \HE defign and diftribution of the work. 
 
 page I 
 
 GsH A Pest 
 
 G-H A P.Ih 
 
 The fingle foundation of the changes obferv- 
 able in known infects, fhewn to be the 
 Nymph ; with an explanation of the man- 
 ner in which Worms and Caterpillars be- 
 come Nymphs 
 
 GH A Pedi 
 
 The manner in which the true knowledge of 
 the Nymph, the real foundation of all the 
 natural changes obfervable in infects, has 
 been obfcured and corrupted ; with an illu- 
 {tration of the fubject, and an entire reftitu- 
 tion of its original truth ‘ 10 
 
 © H. AP ay: 
 
 Of the four orders of natural changes, to 
 which we refer, nearly, all the fpecies of 
 infeéts, as having the fame fole principle of 
 change 17 
 
 THE FIRST ORDER. 
 
 Of the natural changes, or flow accretions, of 
 the limbs 18 
 
 A catalogue of the infects which are referred 
 to in the firft order of natural changes, called 
 the Nymph-Animal 20 
 
 The natural changes of the firft order of in- 
 feéts, exemplified in the Loufe ; with an 
 explanation of what relates in general to the 
 other three.orders 29 
 
 A letter to Mr. Thevenot, containing the 
 diflection of the Human Loufe 30 
 
 The external parts ; ib. 
 
 The internal parts 31 
 
 The conclufion of the letter to Mr. Thevenot 
 
 Si 
 
 An explanation of the changes of the firft order, 
 which are exhibited to view, by the aflift- 
 ance of figures, for which the Loufe is pro- 
 duced as an example 3 
 
 Of the arborefcent Water-Flea 39 
 
 A particular treatife on the Scorpion, which 
 likewife belongs to the firft order of natural 
 changes 
 
 a 
 ) 
 
 Q 
 20 
 
 Al 
 The natural hiftory of the covered Snail, illu- 
 {trated by accurate drawings 43 
 
 Of the thell and foft part of the Snail in 
 general, and particularly of the four horns 
 which {pring from the upper part of its head, 
 and of the eyes that appear in them ; with 
 a defcription of the conftruction and motion 
 of thefe parts 44. 
 
 GH A-P...: I. 
 
 Of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, palate, 
 cefophagus or gullet, and certain mufcles of 
 the Snail 48 
 
 C H AcBeealil, 
 
 Of the tafte, fmell, and certain actions of the 
 
 Snail at) 
 
 G H AP, IV. 
 
 Of the ftruéture and ufe of the verge or. lip 
 of the Snail, and of its refpiration and found, 
 with other experiments : ds 
 veffels, and. what it has 
 feet 
 
 alfo of its f 
 
 J 
 olands, 
 
 in the piace or 
 , 50 
 C.H A P,_V. 
 
 Of the aétions, ftrength and life of the 
 Snail. . How it is to be killed for diffec- 
 tion, with further experiments ; and an ac- 
 count of the effect that Salt has upon this 
 creature Le; 
 
 CH. AP. Vit 
 
 Of the internal parts of Snails; and firit of the 
 And alfo of the blood, 
 circulation. Of the difference of the flimy 
 humour from the blood of the cavities of 
 the verge, andealfo of the facculus calcarius, 
 or bag ‘of alkaline 
 
 eemathalewd 
 and its 
 
 To which is.ad- 
 ded, a curious experiment, taining to the 
 motion of the muicl 5a 
 Cc HeAsP. .. Vil. 
 Of the: bile, ftomach, intefti 
 veflels of the Snail 
 GUE, t VLA 
 Of the:genitals, penis, uterus, tefticles, ovary 
 and other parts fubfervient 
 C H-A-=P. 3 
 Of the manner in which Snails mutually per- 
 forming the bufinefs of coition 58 
 OF: Se a 
 Of the brain and nerves, and in what-manner 
 thofe parts have their mufcles, whereby they 
 are moved backward and forward, in -the 
 body.;.a wonderful particular not hitherto 
 known in any animal 60 
 
 a a ) 7 T 
 Xu ii Se rae o 
 
 Of the mufcles of the body and fhell, 
 
 matter 
 
 S. 
 which 
 is the bone of the Snails» in what a won 
 
 il - 
 derful manner this fhell is formed on ‘the 
 infide, and how it is increafed and: noursfh- 
 ed. Laftly, how the Snail moves im its 
 eee : Of 
 
 C BA I. 
 
 Of the Hermit-fith, and Pinna, Marina. Of 
 the inward turnings or conyolutions of, the 
 turbinated fhells.- Of the Voluta or Cylincer, 
 the Concha Veneris, and Pencil, and fome 
 other fhells of the Snail kind 66 
 
 The little Turbo Oe) 
 
 The {mall flatted Snail 69 
 
 The.oval Snail ib. 
 
 — 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 Of the garden Snail, the es 
 of fields or path-ways 
 
 Of the garden Snail Wf 
 Of the common houfe Snail 71 
 Of the field or path-way Snail 72 
 C.F A> Perry. 
 1 
 
 Of the common water 
 common and viviparous king of 
 
 a a 
 
 g and 
 
 ro es itp c eee 
 Ona, avo Of an un- 
 
 uzater Snail - 
 Water onal 
 
ia 
 is 
 | 
 i 
 i3f 
 - 
 / 
 
 i 
 i 
 | 
 f 
 
 = ipa 
 
 tt 
 
 S 6397 oN 1 
 snd -of the flatted water Snail, and the 
 mutcles of the river Vecht. Alfo a remark- 
 able obfervation on the common Snail 73 
 
 The common water Snail ib. 
 
 The wonderful viviparous cryftalline Snail 75 
 
 Of that fpecies of the Sea Snail, called by the 
 Hollanders Aliekruyk 8 
 
 Of the fmall water Turbo 
 
 Of the umbilicated marble Snail 
 
 The flatted Snail 
 
 The {mall flatted Snail 
 
 Of the frefh water Mufcles, found in the rivers 
 in Holland ib. 
 
 The method of cutting various images in fhells 
 
 86 
 
 A Letter from the author‘ to the moft 
 illuftrious Mr. Thevenot, on the anatomy 
 of the Cancellus or Bernard L’Hermite 86 
 The external parts of the Cancellus or Hermit 
 7 
 
 The internal parts 89 
 
 THE SECOND ORDER, 
 OF the natural changes, or flow aceretions in 
 the limbs and parts of infects 92 
 A Catalogue of the infects, which are referred 
 to the fecond order of natural changes ; called 
 the Nymph-Vermicle 93 
 
 An example of the fecond order of natural 
 changes, which I call the Nymph-Vermicle, 
 in the Dragon-Fly 97 
 
 Of the Nymph-Vermicles of the Dragon- 
 Fly 99 
 
 Of the flying water Scorpions, which belong 
 to our fecond order 1O1 
 
 The external parts ib. 
 
 ‘The internal parts 102 
 
 The natural hiftory of the infeé& called the 
 Hemerobios, Ephemerus, Diaria, or Day- 
 Fly, extracted from J. Swammerdam’s ac- 
 count of it, formerly printedin Dutch, under 
 the title of the life of the Ephemerus 103 
 
 en AP. k 
 The Ephemerus is produced from an egg ib. 
 Ona PS a. 
 
 | The egg of the Ephemerus produces a little 
 Worm with fix legs, called the bank-bait by 
 fifhermen 104 
 
 C41 A-P,- Til. 
 
 OF the life of the Vermicle or Worm of the 
 Ephemerus, when out of the egg, and of its 
 food 105 
 
 ioe AP AV: 
 
 “ How long the Vermicle or Worm of the 
 Ephemerus is winged, why it is called the 
 efca or bait; and how long it lives 106 
 
 CH ASP 
 
 ) Defcribes the external parts of the efca oxebait, 
 its colour, and the difference in its mafiners 
 and difpofition 107 
 
 @ CHAP. VI. 
 
 "The anatomy of the internal parts of the Ephe- 
 merus 108 
 
 CH A Po Vi. 
 ‘\ The figns by which to difcover, whether the 
 Ephemierus is to fly in a fhort time ;- as alfo 
 
 E 
 
 what may prevent it, and to what order of 
 
 natural changes it belongs 113 
 
 @ HA P.. VII. 
 
 How and in what a wonderful manner the 
 
 Worm is tranformed into an Ephemerus ib. 
 C'H-A P. IX. 
 
 How long the Ephemerus lives, and what — 
 
 haftens its death 117 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 That the Ephemerus kind flies three days, and 
 fometimes four: certain other fpecies are 
 alfo defcribed r18 
 
 THE THIRD ORDER. 
 
 Of the natural changes or flow accretions of 
 the parts of infects 119 
 A catalogue of the infects which belong to the 
 third order of natural, changes, called the 
 Nymph - i21 
 
 ‘The third order or clafs of natural changes, 
 
 according to the firft {pecies or method, 
 which we have called fimply the Nymph, 
 exemplified in the Ant 126 
 
 Of certain other kinds of Ants, fome of which 
 {pin like Silkworms i30 
 
 A very curious hiftory of the Rhinoceros or 
 horned Beetle, illuftrated with accurate 
 figures 131 
 
 C YAR 1. 
 
 Of the places wherein thefe Beetles live, of 
 their generation, eggs, Worms, and food ; 
 how long they are feeding; with various 
 other uncommon incidents. 132 
 
 CH # Pas. 
 
 The name of the Worm out of which the 
 Rhinoceros Beetle is produced, alfo its external 
 parts, difpofition, and motions ; that it loves 
 heat, and that it caftsa fkin, with other inci- 
 dents tending to illuftrate this fubject 134 
 
 CHAP. Ill. 
 
 The anatomy of the Coffus. The manner in 
 which it is to be killed, sits blood, heart, 
 
 ~ fat, pulmonary tubes, throat, ftomach, {pinal 
 marrow, and the nervus recurrens. Whether 
 the Coffs is eatable. How it may be {ea- 
 foned or preferved, with fome uncommon 
 obfervations 136 
 
 Cay aor, IV. 
 
 The manner wherein the Worm is changed: 
 how its inward parts are transformed in their 
 increafe and growth, and the wonderful 
 metamorphofis of the Worm into a Nymph. 
 Alfo the method whereby the points of ref{- 
 piration, or breathing holes, are tranfpofed ; 
 to which are added, many uncommon obfer- 
 
 vations 139 
 CHAP YN, 
 
 In what manner the Nymph is filled with a 
 fuperfluous moifture, which afterwards eva 
 porates. The anatomy of the Nymph. How, 
 on cafting off its fkin, it becomes a Beetle; 
 with fome wonderful difcoveries in natural 
 hiftory 
 
 144 
 a 
 
 CH A- PSR 
 The difference between the male and female 
 . > aa ae 
 Rhinoceros Beetle, after the Nymph cafts its 
 
 qs 
 fizin 
 1K1N, 
 
O:- 9: (Nee 
 {kin, and is changed into either of them. 
 Of the points of refpiration, the eyes, the 
 brain, the optic nerves, the pulmonary tubes 
 and pneumatick bladders. Of the heart, 
 and of the’ genital organs of the male: and 
 female ; with a moral conclufion 146 
 VA particular treatife on the Culex or Gnat, 
 which likewife belongs to the firft method of 
 the third order of natural changes called the 
 
 Nymph 153 
 
 Po AK 
 
 Catalogue of infects, which are teferred to 
 the fecond method of the.third order or 
 
 clafof natural changes, called the Chryfalis 1 
 fin example of the fecond fpecies or method 
 of the third order of natural changes, called 
 the Nymph-Chryfalis, or Aurelia, exhibiting 
 that fpecies of the nocturnal Butterfly, or 
 Moth, whereof the male is winged 5 
 The anatomy of the common diurnal and varie- 
 gated Butterfly 10 
 
 o8 So a 
 A defcription of the external parts of the Cater- 
 pillar, anda diffection of the internal, fo as 
 to give a fatisfactory account of the blood, 
 mufcles, kidney-fhaped parts, ftomach, gul- 
 let, clofed guts, filk-bags, fat pulmonary 
 tubes, heart, brain, and nerves II 
 C Ti, AP :tb 
 
 The manner in which the Caterpillar is changed 
 into a Chryfalis or Aurelia, with the true 
 explanation of what the Chryfalis is. This 
 chapter contains alfo fome anatomical obfer- 
 vations, and fome other curious remarks con- 
 cerning the Chryfalis and Butterfly 13 
 The anatomy of the:Chryfalis two days after it 
 
 has caft its fkin 16 
 The fame at fix or eight days old 17 
 At twelve or thirteen ib. 
 At fixteen or feventeen ib. 
 
 In what manner the Aurelia affumes the form 
 
 of a Butterfly 18 
 CHAP. Ul. 
 
 Containing a defcription of the internal parts 
 of the male and female Butterfly, defcribed 
 in the preceding chapters 21 
 
 An animal in an animal, or the Butterfly hidden 
 in the Caterpillar ; which is a third particu- 
 lar example, ferving as an additional illuftra- 
 tion to the fecond method of the third order 
 or clafs of natural changes 24. 
 
 THE FOURTH ORDER. 
 
 Of natural changes, or flow accretions of the 
 limbs 30 
 
 A catalogue of infeéts referred to the fourth 
 order or clafs of natural changes, called the 
 Vermiform-Nymph 34 
 
 A fingular example of the fourth order of mu- 
 tations, exhibited ina Fly; whofe metamor- 
 phofis,. or natural accretion into the firft 
 
 form of its limbs, and other parts, is called 
 a Vermiform-Nymph 38 
 
 Baa ORS te, 
 
 A treatife on the hiftory of Bees, or an acct 
 rate defcription of their origin, generation 
 fex, oeconotny, labours, and ufe 
 
 A delineation of the trunk or fnout of the 
 Wafp, as feen from underneath 
 
 The firft, fecond, and third obfervation on 
 female Bee 
 
 The fourth 
 
 The fifth 
 
 Some peculiar obfervations relating to the hi- 
 
 ftory of Bees 
 
 T If, 
 
 The furprifing hiftory of the infect called 
 Mufca Tabanus, or more properly, the Afi- 
 lus or Gad-Fly. 43 
 
 oS a ay oa 
 
 The external figure of the Worm, from which 
 the Gad-Fly is produced, reprefented in its 
 natural fize, alfo as it appears when mag- 
 nified by the microfcope ; with the manner 
 of its carrying its legs, by a moft wonder- 
 ful contrivance, in its mouth, and of its 
 breathing by the tail 4.4 
 
 CAP. 1. a 
 
 Of the actions or motions of this Worm, the 
 places where it is found, its food; and the 
 manner of killing the Worm for diffection 
 
 ot AP Se 
 The anatomy of this Worm, giving an account 
 of its teeth, ftomach, inteftines, falival 
 veffels, pulmonary tubes, fat, heart, brain, 
 and muj{cles 48 
 
 ott 7. eS ae 
 The wonderful-manner wherein this Worm 
 paffes into a Nymph, and of the parts that 
 are feen in the Worm, when it is ftript of 
 its skin; and the fame parts afterwards 
 I 
 
 clearly fhewn in the I 5 
 
 The anatomy of the Nymph, the fat, the pul- 
 monary tubes, the ftomach, and inteftines : 
 the wonderful changes obferyable in the 
 ovary, mufcles, {pinal marrow, and other 
 internal parts which infenfibly come in 
 
 fight 
 
 £ 
 
 53 
 C A Pc Va 
 Of the true manner in which the Nymph 
 breaks out of its outer and inner coats, fo 
 that, by a kind of vifible refurrection, the 
 creature afterwards aflumes the form of a Fly. 
 Alfo of the pulmonary tubes and inteftines, 
 the coats of which are drawn off, and left 
 in the exuviz 57 
 CHAP. VII. 
 Treating very particularly of the Gad-Fly, and 
 its external and internal parts, as well male 
 as female 60 
 A letter written by the author to Mr. Theve- 
 not, on the nature and anatomy of the 
 Worm bred in rotten cheefe, or the Acarus, 
 and called by us the Mite; and of the Fly 
 produced from it 63 
 
 Lu 
 
saline: eae aero he est 
 
 Be aie, 0 aie al 
 
 CLT IROL: 
 
 6 Gs hs 
 
 7 
 
 Of the difpofition of the Mite 
 An anatomical defcription of the 
 parts Sig boom apes if 
 An account of the mannet by which Mites get 
 into cheefe, and caufe it to rot, inftead of 
 being caufed by or formed themfelves out of 
 rottennefs; with many other uncommon 
 obfervations 68 
 The manner in which Mites are changed into 
 Nymphs ‘a 
 The manner in which the Nymph of the Mite 
 breaks from its membranes; and affumes the 
 form of a Fly S74 
 Of the genital parts of the male and female 
 Mite-Fly, and the manner of their coupling 
 73 
 The manner in which thefe Flies lay their eggs, 
 with an account of the membranes they 
 throw off, on leaving the Nymph flate 75 
 The hiftory of the Worms found in the tuber- 
 cles and {wellings of the leaves of the Wil- 
 low ib. 
 In what manner the eggs of. thefe little creatures 
 come into the leaves of the Willow tree 79 
 OF other infeéts found in the tubercles of Wil- 
 lows, and how they come there 82 
 A particular defcription of certain infeéts, which 
 live between the firft and fecond coat of. the 
 Willow leaves, and which are changed into 
 Beetles 83 
 An account of fome fmall Worms that are bred 
 within the new and tender leaves of Wil- 
 lows, and afterwards change to Flies — 85 
 Of Worms which are found enclofed in tuber- 
 cles like rofes, which appear on the tops of 
 Willow branches, and likewife in many of 
 the dwarf Willows that grow upon heaths 
 and commons 86 
 Of certain Worms without fect found in the 
 Hazel-nut 87 
 Of Worms found between the two coats or 
 {kins of the Alder leaf ib. 
 The fame fubjeét continued, hiftories of infects 
 that are found in fruits, tubercles, or warts, 
 and leaves of plants. An obfervation on the 
 common Thiftle growing in the fields of 
 Holland 89 
 Of Worms found within the tubercle or fwell- 
 ings of the ftinging Nettle go 
 Of the Worms which are found in the downy 
 excrefcences of Oak trees gI 
 Of fome little infeéts which are found con- 
 cealed in the tubercles or fwellings of Oak 
 leaves, in fo artful and wonderful a man- 
 
 " ; are 
 The external parts of the Mute 3 
 t 
 
 net, that the foregoing relations muft yield 
 the preference to their. hiftory 92 
 OF certain Worms that feed within the fpongy 
 excrefcence of the Dog-rofe 95 
 An. obfervation made on the black’ Poplar, 
 1674 ib. 
 OF the footlefs Worms of Cabbage leaves, which 
 properly belongs to the fourth order of na- 
 
 tural changes 98 
 Of the Worms called Moths 99 
 
 OF certain Worms that, like Moths, live in 
 cells, feeding on the leaves of Pear trees, 
 Apple-trees, Plumb-tree:, and Cherry-trees 
 
 100 
 
 Of certain Vermicles or Worms, whofe eggs 
 
 are lodged in the bags wherein mufk is 
 
 brought to us Lol 
 OF certain Worms which lie in little tubes or 
 cells 102 
 
 A particular treatife on the Frog and its young, 
 exhibiting its hiftory,, and comparing it 
 with infects ; 103 
 
 Mari himfelf compared with infe@ts, and with 
 Frogs 104. 
 
 A particular treatife on the generation of Frogs 
 
 105 
 
 Of the manner in which young Frogs or Tad- 
 poles grow in their parents eggs, and are in 
 due time hatched or delivered from them 
 
 112 
 OF the circulation of the blood in a full grown 
 Frog 120 
 
 Experiments on the particular motion of the 
 mufcles in Frogs, which may be alfo in ge- 
 neral applied to all the motions of the 
 mufcles in men and brutes 122 
 
 A comparifon of the changes in the Clove 
 July-flower, with thofe in Infects during 
 their Nymph ftate 122 
 
 A general analogy or comparifon of the mu- 
 tations and accretions, as to. parts and limbs, 
 
 as well in Eggs, Worms, and Nymphs, as 
 
 in Infeéts themfelves: and alfo in thofe mu- 
 
 tations, andaccretions, which we obferve in 
 
 an animal of the red blood fpecies, and of a 
 
 vegetable clearly exhibited at one view 138 
 At Pe ND IX: 
 
 The anatomy of the Sea-Sepia, or Cuttle-Fith, 
 infcribed to the moft excellent Francis Redi, 
 phyfician to the Great Duke of ‘Tufcany ; a 
 moft indefatigable fearcher into the miracles 
 of nature 39 
 
 A treatife on the Phyfalus I 50 
 
 An epiftolary differtation on the Felix Mas, or 
 Male Fern of Dodoneus 160 
 
 I 
 
BOOK of 
 
 O R,; 
 
 tS: T Ok & 
 
 NATURE: 
 
 Fakii.8 
 
 of INSECTS. 
 
 Gre ce 
 
 Poasgzdp 
 
 The defign and diftribution of the work: 
 
 F TER an attentive examination of 
 the nature and fabrick of the leaft 
 and largeft animals, I cannot but al- 
 low the lefs an equal, or perhaps 
 
 fupetior degree in dignity. Whoever duly con- 
 fiders the conduét and inftinét of the one, with 
 the manners and actions of the other, muft ac- 
 knowledge all are under the direction and 
 ‘controul of a fupreme and fingular intelligence ; 
 which, as in the largeft, it extends beyond the 
 limits of our comprehenfion, efcapés our re- 
 fearches inthefmalleft. If, while we diffect with 
 care the larger animals, we are filled with won- 
 der at the elegant difpofition of their limbs, 
 the inimitable order of their mufcles, and the 
 regular direGtion of their veins, arteries, and 
 nerves ; to what an height is our aftonifhment 
 raifed, when we difcover all thefe parts arranged 
 in the leaft, in the fame regular manner. How is 
 " it pofflible but we mutt ftand amazed when we 
 refleét that thofe animalcules, * whofe little bo- 
 dies are fmaller than the fineft point of our 
 diffeéting knife, have mufcles, veins, arteries, 
 and every other part common to the larger ani- 
 mals? Creatures fo very diminutive, that our 
 hands are not delicate enough to manage, or 
 our eyes fufficiently acute to fee, them; info- 
 much that we are almoft excluded from ana- 
 tomizing their parts, in order to come at the 
 knowledge of their interior conftruction. ‘Thus, 
 what we know of the fabrick of thofe 
 creatures reaches no farther than to a fimple 
 enumeration of the parts which we have be- 
 fore obferved in larger creatures. We are not 
 only thus in the dark, in attempting a difco- 
 very of the conftruétion of the leaft animalcules, 
 but we even gain very little knowledge of the 
 wonderful texture of the vifcera of the largeft 
 
 animals: for as the point of our diflecting 
 knife is not minute enough to feparate the 
 tender parts of the {mall animals, it is not 
 lefs unfit to be ufed in difcovering the extrem 
 ties of the nerves and veins in the larger. 
 
 As our knowledge of both fpecies of ani- 
 mals is fo far limited by our ignorance, and 
 as we have not hitherto had fuch a fufficient 
 number of experiments as are neceflary to 
 form a proper judgment of their elegant ftruc- 
 ture, and the admirable difpofition of their 
 parts, we may eafily fee how rath and precipi- 
 tate their opinion is, who-efteem the larger 
 creatures only as perfect, and the lefs as fcarce 
 worthy to be clafled with animals; but, as 
 they fay, produced by chance, or generated 
 from putrefaction ; rendering, by. fuch rea- 
 foning, the conftant order of nature fubject 
 to chance. But as it happens to the {malleft 
 of animals, for inftance, to thofe produced 
 from the egg of the Acarus which is fo minute, 
 as {carcely.to be vifible, fo alfo it is with the 
 largeft animals ; their origin is not more obvi- 
 ous or more vifible, perhaps it is rather more 
 obfcure,. and they derive their being from a 
 lefs vifible beginning. Nor let any man ima- 
 gine that I fay this withoat conviction, fince I 
 have found by diligent inquiry that the largeft 
 animal is not in its firft formation bigger than 
 the rudiment of an Ant; and therefore, unlefs 
 the Great Creator had fet certain bounds to the 
 erowth of every kind, which it cannot ex- 
 ceed, I fee no reafon why the Ant might not 
 furpafs in bulk the largeft. Perhaps, their fizes 
 proceed in proportion to the greater or lefs 
 ftrength of the heart, by which the parts mult 
 be exténded, again{ft the preflure of the at- 
 mofphere. Notwithftanding the fmallnefs of 
 
 % We are accuftomed to ufe the word animalcule, to exprefs thofe minute’creatures in particular, which are only 
 
 feen by the affiftance of microfcopes ; this author applies it to fimall animals in general, 
 
 and is its more proper, meaning. 
 
 which was its original, 
 
 B Ants, 
 
8 
 Ants, nothing hinder’ Gur preferring them to the 
 largeft animals, if we confider either their 
 unwearied diligence, their wonderful ftrength, 
 or their inimitable propenfity to labour 5 or; 
 to fay all in one word, their amazing and in- 
 comprehenfible love to their young; whom they 
 not only carry daily to fuch places az may afford 
 them food, but, if by accident they are killed, 
 and even cut into pieces, they, with the utmoft 
 tendernefs, will carry them away piecemeal 
 in their arms. Who can fhew fuch an €x- 
 ample among the largeft animals, which are 
 dignified with the title of perfect? Who can 
 find an inftance in any other creature, that 
 may come in competition with this? But in 
 the entrance of this work it is not my inten- 
 tion to explain the form and wonderful pro 
 pagation of animalcules, which feem to be 
 exanguious or to have no blood: I fhall treat 
 in general of the mannet of their furprifing 
 metamorphofes ; and at the fame time thew, 
 that they not only refemble other animals in 
 the increafe of their parts, but that they ex- 
 ceed them by infinite degrees. This being 
 done, the particular obfervations concerning 
 thofe animalcules hall be fully explained in 
 their proper order and place. But before I 
 proceed to them, it will be neceflary to prefix 
 a general differtation on their nature. 
 
 That I may make good the promife which, 
 twelve years ago, I made to the public in the 
 preface to my book of Refpiration, (and which I 
 have been unhappily hitherto hindered from ful- 
 filling by ficknefs, and other impediments, ) Iam 
 now to thew the particular change of the Ca- 
 terpillar into a Chryfalis; as alfo, the nature 
 and various forms of thofe animalcules, which 
 are faid to be exanguious, before and after their 
 change anto Nymphs: but I judge it ex- 
 tremely neceflary to eftablith firft fome certain 
 propofitions, and to explain the order of their 
 changes. This, fully underftood, will contribute 
 to aclear and diftin& perception of the irre- 
 gular and various appearances of infects; fup- 
 plying the place of a pencil, and reprefenting, 
 as it were, in their true colours, the variations 
 of them; fetting each in a juft light, and in 
 their native drefs. Thus fome certain and fixed 
 principles will be fupplied to the ingenious, 
 who are curious in thefe things; and the 
 obfervations, of which I fhall give a confi- 
 derable number, will remain as a firm foun- 
 dation and fure fupport for all thofe experi- 
 ments that fhall be made concerning them, or 
 all that poffibly can be made. Nor does it 
 appear to mea matter of {mall moment to have 
 difcovered rules and theorems in the nature of 
 
 things, by the affiftance of which all thofe 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE} of; 
 
 metamorphofes of infeéts, which have the aps 
 searance of fiction and fancy, and differ in form 
 and ftructure infinitely from each other, are 
 reduced to one foundation and kind only ; in- 
 cluding in three or four orders of changes all 
 the various fpecies. - This may be perceived in 
 the firtt rudiments of thofe creattires which 
 appear to us under the form of eggs. 
 
 ‘"The true nature of the metamorphofes of 
 thefe animalcules feems to have been fubject 
 to the fate of fome valuable picture, which, by 
 length of time, being foiled and clouded with 
 dirt, no longer fhews the true form of its 
 figures, but has an appearance altogether diffe- 
 rent; fo that it muft be cleaned, and its origi- 
 nal luftre reftored, if we would difcover its 
 true appearance. In the fame manner here, be- 
 fore we can explain the pofitions and the feries of 
 the changes, and illuftrate them by particular 
 examples, it is neceflary we fhould reftore this 
 excellent appearance, or, if I may fo fpeak, 
 that curious picture, exhibiting the natural 
 forms of infects: which, by the learned as well 
 as others, through length of time, has been 
 fo foiled and obfcured, that the beautiful and 
 genuine changes of thofe animalcules do not 
 appear properly what they are, but rather fome- 
 what elfe, or at leaft, are feen in a confufed 
 manner. ‘Thefe muft therefore be cleared from 
 the falfe traditions of philofophers, by our theo- 
 rems, as by the genuine tinct of nature, and 
 reftored to their native beauty. 
 
 We {hall now proceed to the four diftin® 
 things which are to be treated of in this work. 
 In the firft place, we fhall confider the Nymph 
 as the original ground of all the transformations 
 of infeéts, or exanguious animals ; . but, left any 
 one fhould miftake the ufe of the word trans- 
 formation, I here add, that both in this, and 
 in every other part of the enfuing work, I in- 
 tend no more by that term, than the gradual 
 and natural growth of thofe creatures. Se- 
 condly, we {hall fhew by what means it has 
 happened, that the knowledge of the Nymph, 
 or original ground of thofe natural changes, 
 has been fo obfcured and darkened. This we 
 fhall take care to clear up and reftore to its for- 
 mer ftate. Thirdly, we fhall eftablifh four 
 feries or orders of thofe changes, taken from 
 nature, to which all the metamorphofes of the 
 exanguious animalcule may be referred, as_de- 
 pending only upon one foundation. Laftly, the 
 order of the natural changes of their parts will 
 be confirmed by particular examples in the 
 infects themfelves, together with the. figures 
 of them, and the whole clearly and diftinctly 
 explained. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
The. H1I8 TORY. of PNS‘EC- T'S. 
 
 C° HAP: 
 
 ws 
 
 II. 
 
 The jingle foundation of the changes obfervable in the hnowht infelts foewn to be 
 
 the Nymph; with an explanation of the manner in which worms and 
 ey 
 
 Caterpillars become Nymphs. 
 
 HOUGH; amoneft all the mutations 
 
 of nature which deferve our attention, 
 none appears more furprizing to the generality 
 of mankind, than that by which a Caterpillar 
 affumes the form of a winged animal, it in 
 reality deferves no more admiration, than any 
 other change in the forms of Bees, or the tran{- 
 formation obfervable in plants. This will evi- 
 dently appear to any one, who, having. exa- 
 mined the real nature of fuch metamorphofes, 
 will obferve how exattly they agree, not only 
 with the growth of animals which undergo no 
 fuch change; but alfo with the hooting or bud- 
 ding out of plants and flowers. Whatever dif- 
 ficulty we find in this, is merely an effect of 
 our dwn miftaken notions ; and our admiration 
 arifes from our ignorance of the nature of the 
 Nymph or Chryfalis. In this the little animal 
 lies, like the flower in its bud. Before I pro- 
 ceed farther on this head, it may be proper to 
 obferve, that thefe words, Nymph and Chryfalis, 
 fignify the fame thing, and that there is no dif- 
 ference in the nature of the fubjects to which 
 they are applied. 
 
 To advance toward my purpofe, I muft re+ 
 peat, that the reader is to take particular notice, 
 that to acquire a fatisfaétory knowledge of the 
 mutations which happen in the eggs of infects in 
 general, as well as in the worms or Caterpillars in 
 particular hatched from them, hemuft firft clearly 
 and diftinély comprehend the nature of the 
 Nymph, Necydalis, Chryfalis, or Aurelia. 
 Though we muft allow that there appears, as it is 
 generally called, fome accidental difference be- 
 tween the plain unadorned Nymph, and that form 
 of it, which, from its bright gold colour, isicalledan 
 Aurelia, or Chryfalis ; upon muture confiderati- 
 on, this will be found merely accidental, without 
 any difference in the internal conftitution of 
 their parts, fufficient to alter in them what is 
 commonly called the effence of things. This 
 great truth being once underftood of infects 
 in general, may be afterwards applied to every 
 particular fpecies of them: for inftance, to 
 the Silk-worm, whofe Nymph or Necydalis is 
 never called Nymph by naturalifts; but only 
 Necydalis and Chryfalis, though it is in fact a 
 Nymph, and is called Chryfalis merely on ac- 
 count of the external difference in colour. 
 
 That we may fucceed the better in examin- 
 ing the nature of this Nymph, or Chryfalis, upon 
 which, as upon an immoveable bafis, the doc- 
 trine of all the changes obfervable in infects 
 is fo evidently founded, that the jarring opinions 
 of all the naturalifts who have hitherto wrote 
 upon the fubject, muft appear utterly vain; 
 it is neceflary to obferve, that the Nymph, or 
 Chryfalis, is nothing more than a change of the 
 
 Caterpillar or worth; or; to fpeak more pro- 
 perly, an accretion, growth; or budding of the 
 limbs and parts of the Caterpillar or worm, con- 
 taining the embryo of the winged animal that 
 is to proceed from it. The Nymph, or Chry- 
 falis; may even be confidered as the winged 
 animal itfelf hid under this particular form. 
 From whence it follows, that in reality the Ca- 
 terpillar, or worm, is not changed intoa Nymph 
 or Chryfalis; nor; to go a ftep further, the 
 Nymph or Chryfalis into a winged animal ; but 
 that the fame worm or Caterpillar, which, on 
 cafting its fkin, affumes the form of a Nymph or 
 Chryfalis, becomes afterwards a winged animal: 
 Nor, indeed, can it be faid that there happens 
 any other change on this occafion; than what 
 is obferved in chickens, from eggs which are 
 not transformed into cock or hens, but grow 
 to be fich by thé expanfion of parts already 
 formed. In the fame manner the Tad-pole is 
 not changed intoa Frog, but becomes a Frog, by 
 an unfolding and increafing of fome of its 
 parts. 
 
 Hence it follows, that in the Aurelia, and 
 more particularly in the Nymph, fo called by 
 Ariftotle* with the greateft propriety, there are 
 not onlyall the partsand limbs of thelittle winged 
 animalitfelf; but; what is more furprifiing, though 
 till now unnoticed by any author I have met 
 with, all thefe parts, or limbs, are to be dif- 
 covered, and may be fhewn in the worm itfelf, 
 on ftripping off its {kin in a careful manner. If 
 therefore we retain the name of Nymph, ufed 
 by Ariftotle, the worm at this period may be 
 confidered as marriagable, and; if we may make 
 ufe of thefe expreflions, entering into the con- 
 nubial ftate. We may further fhew this, by 
 confidering that the worms, after the manner 
 of the brides in Holland, fhut themfelves up 
 for a time, as it were to prepare, and render 
 themfelves more amiable, when they are to meet 
 the other fex in the field of Hymen. Since 
 therefore the word Nymph exprefies the nature 
 of the thing better than any other, as will more 
 clearly appear hereafter, we fhall adopt it on 
 this occafion to avoid confufion, and to be the 
 better underftood : for though the words Chry- 
 falis and Aurelia are employed to exprefs the 
 fame thing, they properly imply fome external 
 differences, which we have already named, and 
 fhall hereafter treat of more at large. 
 
 That elegant difpofition, and diftinét fram- 
 ing of parts, which I have mentioned, is parti- 
 cularly obfervable in the Nymphs of Ants, Tab. 
 XVI. No. v. Flies, Tab. XLI. fig. 11, and Bees, 
 Tab. XXV. fig. vi. as will appear upon in- 
 fpecting their figures in Tab. XVI. XLI. 
 and XXV. For fome accidents, as they are | 
 
 * Hitt, Anim. Lib. V. cap. 19. 
 
 called, 
 
4 
 called, fuch as colour, firmnefs of the parts, and 
 the like excepted, thefe Nymphs reprefent €x- 
 actly, and ina furprifing manner, the little wing- 
 ed animals they are to produce 5 and even in 
 the {pace of two or three days after they have 
 caft a very thin fkin, all thofe parts appear 10 
 moft of them. i 
 
 This accurate agreement, or rather this fame- 
 nefs of the Nymph with the little animal it co- 
 vers in the prefent form, has given room to 
 fome who have written on this fubject, to call 
 the Nymphs of Ants, Flies, and Bees, by the 
 names of Ant-fhaped, Fly-thaped, and Bee- 
 fhaped Nymphs. This we fee in Ariftotle, in 
 the place above cited: He fays, “ When they 
 «have received the out lines of the fhape which 
 “ they are afterwards to wear, at this period 
 «© they are called Nymphs.” Even the learned 
 Mouffet, though in his book of Infects he be- 
 {tows a particular chapter upon the Chryfalis, 
 there denies that any diftinét parts are to be 
 obferved in it, yet is not to be underftood 
 as including the Nymph in that affertion ; he 
 does not even make the leaft mention of it: 
 and, indeed, thofe diftinct parts are fo evident in 
 the Nymphs of infects, as fcarce to leave the 
 leaft room in any to doubt, ‘but that they are 
 the very animal which they fo evidently re- 
 prefent. This certainly mutt be the reafon why 
 the Nymphsare often call’d Chryfallides and Au- 
 reliz by the fame author, in the courfe of his 
 work ; though no defcription is given of them 
 in the chapter we have here named. ~ 
 
 As errors never are confined to thofe who firft 
 fall into them, the incomparable Harvey *, by 
 committing the fame miftake with Mouffet in 
 his notions concerning the nature of the Chry- 
 falis, has ranked the Nymphs of the Bees in the 
 number of them. With the fame Mouffet, 
 Ariftotleand Aldrovandus have explained the dif- 
 ficulties which occur in following, by a nice exa- 
 mination, the tranfmutations of this clafs of 
 infeéts, by a fyftem more ingenious and fubtil, 
 than agreeable to truth and the nature of things; 
 ince both he and Ariftotle +, Aldrovandus, and 
 numbers of other authors, have imagined, that 
 the Nymphs of Bees are fo far from containing 
 the parts of the future infects ; that they can 
 only be looked upon as the eggs which are to 
 produce them. : 
 
 Tho’ there are fome flight external differences 
 between the Nymph and Chryfalis, which we 
 have already obferved, the Chryfalis notwith- 
 ftandingought tobeconfideredasa Nymph ; there 
 are alfo fome external differences amongft the 
 Nymphs themfelves, which it is likewife proper 
 to take notice of in this place. Thus, there is 
 by far a greater agreement between the Nymph 
 of the common Antand the Ant itfelf, than there 
 is between the Nymphs of Bees, or of Flies, and 
 thefe winged infects refpectively ; fo that there 
 appears the fame difagreement between Nymphs 
 of one kind and another, as between thefe and 
 Chryfallides. Butasall thefedifferences are merely 
 accidental, as will hereafter more plainly appear, 
 little regard is to be paid to them; notwith- 
 ftanding Ariftotle, who at the fame time that 
 he afferts a fimilitude, in point of fhape, between 
 
 In Lib. Gener. Anim. Exerc. 1 
 
 The BOOK a MATURE 
 
 ' fallides have not this bright outfide 5 
 
 t In Lib, ii. Cap. §0de Chryfallide, 
 
 of; 
 
 the Nymphs and the little animals to be ex- 
 
 e&ted from them, fo far denies fuch a pro- 
 perty in the Chryfallides, that he reprefents 
 them merely as the eggs of thofe infects to 
 which they belong 7. 
 
 That we may treat more accurately of the 
 Chryfalis, or Aurelia, which is indeed nothing 
 more than a gold-coloured or gilded Nymph, 
 and neither is nor ought to be called fpecifically 
 or diftinétly by this name, nor can at all times, 
 feeing all the Nymphs which are called Chry- 
 this Chry- 
 fallis, I fay, in the fame manner as has been 
 (hewn of the nymph, ‘ not only contains all 
 ‘* the parts of the future animal, but is indeed 
 that animal itfelf”’. This truth, however, is con- 
 tradi@ted among the antients by Ariftotle, and 
 among the moderns by Harvey, and number- 
 lef other writers. As we have obferved that the 
 Nymph of the Ant differs from that of the Bee; 
 and this laft from the Nymph of the Bly ; we 
 remarked alfo, that the Nymph generally known 
 by the name of a Chryfalis, differs from all 
 thofe beforementioned. That this may appear 
 the plainer, for example, in the cafe of the But- 
 terfly’s Chryfalis, Tab. XXXYV. fig. vi. and vil. 
 it will be proper regularly to demonftrate, not 
 only the differences by which the Nymphs of 
 the Ant, Bee and Fly may be diftinguifhed 
 from one “another’s, but thofe variations like- 
 wife by which the Butterfly’s Chryfalis is dif- 
 tinguifhed from thefe Nymphs; and the dif- 
 ferences alfo, by. which all thefe Nymphs 
 and Chryfallides vary from the infects they are 
 to produce. By this means we fhall be enabled 
 to attain a perfect idea of that moft remarkable 
 property, by which they perfectly agree with 
 each other. This property we affirm to confift 
 in an exact reprefentation of the future animal, 
 and of all its parts. 
 
 The firft property then, by which the Nymph 
 of the Ant, Tab. XVI. No. v. agrees better with 
 the Ant, thanthe Nymphs of Flies, Bees, or Butter- 
 flies, do with thofe infects refpectively, and by 
 which property, of courfe, the Nymph ofthe Ant 
 differs from the Nymphs of the three other infects 
 before-mentioned, confifts in this ; that the com- 
 mon Ant, which has no wings, but only anten- 
 nz, or horns, and legs, affords as clear and diftin& 
 a reprefentation of thofe parts, when hid un- 
 der the form of a Nymph, as when it after- 
 
 wards appears in its own proper and perfect 
 vfhape ; excepting only, that the legs and horns, 
 
 which in the Nymph are folded up ina delicate 
 manner, fhew themfelves at large, and in ano- 
 ther fituation, in the Ant itfelf. So that the dif- 
 ferent difpofition of thefe parts, in the ant and 
 its Nymph, which every one muft allow to be 
 an article of little confequence, conftitutes ali 
 the difference that there is between them. 
 Neverthelefs, the overlooking of this truth, the 
 moft important of all in the theory of infects, in 
 the cafe of their Chryfallides, has been the great 
 reafon why the true knowledge of the nature 
 of this {pecies of Nymph has been buried to this 
 time in obfcurity, to give way to a fancied me- 
 tamorphofis, 
 
 t Hitt. An. Lib, vy. Cap. ro. 
 The 
 
Phe * ff £S~T* ORY 
 
 The other difference, or that which is re- 
 markable in fhape between the Fly, Tab. XLI. 
 fig. 11. and its Nymph, and between the other 
 infects already mentioned, and theirs, confifts 
 chiefly in this, that the wings which in the 
 common, or more fcarce Fly, appear {tretched 
 out and expanded over the body, are folded 
 up in the Nymph, and lie clofe along its fides, 
 and between its legs. This is alfo the cafe in 
 the common Ant; whereas both in the Fly and 
 its Nymph, the horns, and probofcis or trunk, 
 are almoft the fame in every refpec. 
 
 The third difference, or that which is ob- 
 ferved between the Bee and its Nymph, Tab. 
 XXV. fig. vi. and the infects already named, 
 and their Nymphs, is this, that the legs and 
 Nymph of the Bee, which, befides horns, has 
 four wings, and a little trunk turned up towards 
 its body, carries thofe parts in a different po- 
 fition, from that wherein they are feen in the 
 Bee itfelf, and in a manner which makes it dif- 
 ficult to difcern them. The wings, like thofe 
 of the common Fly, Tab. XXXVIII. fig. iv. 
 are folded up, and lie clofe along ‘its fides, and 
 between its legs; but the little trunk, fo dif- 
 ficult to be obferved in the common Fly and its 
 Nymph, is very confpicuous in that of the 
 Bee, where it lies delicately difpofed between 
 the contra¢ted legs of the embryo. 
 
 As therefore all the parts of thefe Nymphs 
 may be eafily diftinguifhed in them, though 
 -occafionally with fome accidental differences ; 
 fo one thing is equally common to all of them, 
 namely, that each of them clearly expreffes the 
 infect which is to be expected from it, or is ra- 
 ther already that very infect; which in the 
 manner of the Caterpillar, the better to explain 
 the difference between the Nymph and the 
 future infect, is now preparing to caft off a fkin, 
 to become from a Nymph, a winged animal ; in 
 the fame manner as it had caft one off before, 
 from a Worm, to become a Nymph. Thefe 
 operations of nature Libavius* has fufficiently 
 explained in the Silk Worm, and faithfully re- 
 prefented in his elegant drawings. 
 
 It is, moreover, worthy to be obferved, that 
 the legs, wings, trunk, horns, and every other 
 part of the animal, are covered with a mem- 
 brane of equal thicknefs, in every place where 
 they do not lie upon each other. This is the 
 reafon why, in the Nymphs of infects, almoft 
 all the members appear free, flexible, and ca- 
 pable of motion; for there is a {pace between 
 all thefe parts acceffible to the air; and they 
 neither touch, nor can adhere to one another. 
 This alfo is the reafon, why the free fpace 
 produces a flight fhade between fome of the 
 parts, affording the curious eye an opportunity 
 of determining exactly the figure of the infect’s 
 little body, and all its limbs; to this caufe 
 alfo, we areto attribute, that the Nymphs become 
 of a particular colour, as foon as they have gone 
 through their neceflary change, and appear of 
 a perfect milky whitenefs. 
 
 * Obf. Hift. Bomb L. I.-C, 21. 
 
 + Inf. Th, L. TI. C.-36, de Aurel. 
 Cc 
 
 of INSECTS, ¢ 
 
 In the Chryfallides, fome of which, like the 
 other Nymphs, affume this milky hue at the 
 time of their change, but afterwards become 
 {potted with gold, or entirely cloathed in that 
 rich colour, it is a more difficult matter, on a 
 bare furvey of their outfides, to diftinguith the 
 parts of the infect one from another. Their 
 legs, wings, and the reft are folded up, and 
 as it were packed together in a moft intricate 
 manner; and this difficulty has been the caufe, 
 as will be hereafter fhewn, of the principal 
 miftakes of writers on this fubject. 
 
 It is likewife worthy to be obferved, that the 
 Nymphs of all the three infects we have here 
 taken notice of, the Ant, the Fly, and the Bee, 
 immediately after their change become tender 
 and flexible, and indeed fluid, in a manner like 
 water itfelf; fo that they lofe all their former 
 ftrength and vigour: this made Gaza, with 
 great reafon, call them invalids, as the learned 
 Aldrovandus has obferved, fince they remain in 
 this condition almoft to the end of this period 
 of their life. Mouffet feems to have taken 
 notice of this foftnefs in fome Chryfallides, 
 the caufe of which we fhall explain in its due 
 place, with the neceffity there is for it. That 
 author’s words are, -- ‘* When Pliny fays that 
 ** the body of the Chryfalis is hard, I imagine he 
 ‘*’ means the Caterpillar.” The {kins which are 
 thrown off by the Nymphs here mentioned, 
 are fo twifted and folded together, that, without 
 a delicate hand, and a great deal of experience, 
 it is a hard tafk to difplay them properly ; this 
 will appear when we come to relate our ob- 
 fervations upon Bees, the curiofity of which 
 has a right to command the admiration of 
 mankind. 
 
 We now proceed to the fourth difference, 
 or that which belongs peculiarly to the Chry- 
 falis, and, like the reft, is only accidental, though 
 a great deal more remarkable. That the reader 
 may know what Chryfalis we are about to 
 compare with its Butterfly, and afterwards with 
 the Nymphs of the Ant, and the Fly and 
 the Bee, and, laftly, with thefe infe@s them- 
 felves; we are to inform him, that we ‘hall 
 take for our prefent example that Chryfalis, of 
 which Mouffet ¢ gives a drawing in number XII 
 of his diurnal Butterflies, which is the fame 
 with that defcribed by Goedaert, in the twenty- 
 firft experiment of his firft part, and which I 
 have reprefented feveral ways in Tab, XXXV 
 of this work. 
 
 The difference between this Butterfly and 
 its Chryfalis, as well as between the other 
 Nymphs heretofore mentioned, and their ani- 
 macules, is as follows. The wings, which 
 in the Butterfly arife from the fhoulders, are 
 very large, and hang over the back of its body, 
 in the Chryfalis, Tab. XXV. fig. vir. are gather- 
 ed up and folded into the fhape and fize of half 
 the nail of a man’s little finger, and are turned 
 in towards the belly, againtt which they lie of 
 an equal thicknefs, m m. 
 
 {dnt Phe dae. 
 The 
 
6 The BOOK of 
 
 The trunk, which in the Butterfly is con- 
 tracted and curled up ‘nto the fize and fhape 
 of the head of a {mall pin, and lies between 
 its wings, appears in the Chryfalis beautifully 
 expanded along its belly, between the two 
 wings dd. In the Chryfalis alfo, the legs, j Js 
 gg, by a moft inimitable contrivance, the 
 caule of which, with the reatons for it, we 
 (hall hereafter deliver in our {elect experiments, 
 
 which are placed on both fides clofe to the s 
 
 trunk, quite otherwife than in the Butterfly ; and 
 finally, to compleat this {cene of wonders, the 
 horns, 77, which in the Butterfly are ftretched 
 out at full length over the eyes, lie over the 
 legs in the Chryfalis ; fo that upon the whole, 
 all the parts of the infect, the body, wings, 
 horns, legs, and trunk, are to be found as well 
 in the Chryfalis, as in the Nymph, in the 
 former, indeed, the feet are lefs difcernable than 
 in the latter; but the fame difference is equally 
 obfervable in the refpective infects. 
 
 The {kin which contains the Chryfalis, 1s 
 much thicker in thofe parts which cover the 
 limbs on the outfide, than in thofe which 
 ferve only to keep them afunder ; befides, all 
 thefe parts are fo evenly and elegantly fattened 
 as it were to and upon one another, that they 
 exhibit ap uniform and equable contiguity of 
 parts. For this reafon they are, with the 
 greateft difficulty, to be diftinguifhed from one 
 another, and that only by a fingular_ method, 
 which I fhall explain to the reader in its 
 proper place. This difficulty not only pre- 
 vented Mouffet from giving us an accurate 
 reprefentation of the Chryfalis in the place juft 
 cited *, but induced him to deny, with Arif- 
 totle, that there are any parts in the Chryfalis 
 difcernable by our fenfes. He fays, “ the Chry- 
 « falis has neither mouth, nor any other part of 
 « the fucceeding infect, that can be perceived.” 
 
 Libavius, is under as great a miftake on 
 this fubject +; for, though in treating of the 
 Necydalis, he allows it fome traces of wings, 
 and alfo of horns, he denies that any diftinct 
 limbs are obfervable in it; his words are 
 thefe, “ On the fore part there are marks 
 © of legs and horns; and on. the back part, 
 “< towards the fides, fome faint reprefentations 
 “ of wings.” , But a little afterwards he fays, 
 « You cannot perceive any diftinct limbs.” 
 
 Goedaert is as much at a lofs as thefe authors, 
 about the true nature of the Chryfalis. He is 
 at great pains to make out in it fome refem- 
 blance of the human face; and he gives a 
 drawing of it, under this idea, in his figures 
 of chryfallides. He fhould rather have given 
 us that elegant form, which really appears in the 
 Chryfalis, than have endeavoured to amufe his 
 reader with idle {peculations, the more pro- 
 ductions of his own fancy. Nor is this all 
 his error ; he gives us an unnatural reprefentation 
 of the caterpillar itfelf, in the place already 
 
 * Inf. Th. L. II. Cap. 36. de Aurel. 
 
 NuGAGT TER Bis got 
 
 cited ; for that Caterpillar jis not covered with 
 hair, but with little prickles, and is very nearly of 
 the figure reprefented_ in his 26th experiment. 
 
 As. the limbs of the Chryfalis, faftened 
 together in the manner already mentioned, harden 
 by degrees, oF its skin, which at firtt was foft 
 and tender, gradually dries up, and becomes, 
 as it were, of a horny fubftance, it gradually 
 alfo changes the greenith hue which it had 
 before, for a gold colour, and all the parts lofe 
 their motion ; till at laft this Chryfalis, or pro- 
 perly the Butterfly, which has lain its time 
 under the form of this Chryfalis, cafting off 
 ‘#3 hardened skin, breaks forth in the very fhape 
 in which it lay hid under it, without having 
 faffered any change during its confinement, 
 unlefs. this, that its tender parts, which were 
 fluid like water, and immoveable, through an 
 excefs of humidity, have with time acquired 
 frmnefs and ftrength; juft as it happens in 
 the Nymphs already defcribed. 
 
 When the Chryfalis has caft off its skin, the 
 wings vifibly expand to their true dimenfions 
 in a moft furprifing manner; and the legs and 
 other. limbs unfold themfelves, and affume 
 the dire@tion and form we fee in the But- 
 terfly f. 
 
 This expanfion of the wings being very 
 fadden, and therefore difficult to be jufily ob- 
 ferved, or underftood as it deferves, unlefs by 
 perfons accuftomed to experiments of this kind ; 
 it is no wonder that the moft happy geniufes, 
 the immortal Harvey, for example, and num- 
 berlefs others, fhould have fallen into an error 
 on the octafion, affirming that this metamor- 
 phofis is not external, or occafioned by any 
 growth in the wings of the Chryfalis ; but that 
 itis altogether internal, not only in regard to 
 the wings, but to all the other limbs; in- 
 fomuch that Harvey takes upon him to fay, 
 that the Chryfalis affumes a new form in every 
 refpect, and therefore calls it a perfect egg. 
 The truth is, this fuppofed transformation does 
 not take place either internally or externally in 
 the Chryfalis; this is proved by the moft care- 
 ful experiments, with which his doétrine totally 
 difagrees. Nor does he fucceed better in ex- 
 plaining, than he had, in imagining this me- 
 tamorphofis, which by his denying any growth 
 of the parts, and fubflituting an imagination 
 of his own, becomes utterly incomprehenfible. 
 Thefe remarks are to be confidered here as 
 occafionally introduced; for as we intend to 
 defcribe in our felect experiments, the manner 
 in which thefe wings and the other limbs 
 grow, and to demonttrate alfo what changes 
 happen from day to day in the egg and Chry- 
 falis of the infeét, both of which we have 
 found to be of the fame nature, till the Cater- 
 pillar iffues from the former, and the Butterfly 
 from the latter, we fhall at prefent enter no 
 further on this fubject. 
 
 + Obf. Hift. Bomb. L. I. Cap. 21. 
 
 { The time in which a Butterfly remains in the Chryfalis flate, is not limited by nature to any particular period, but d d 
 > epends on 
 
 external accidents. 
 
 Reaumur fancied that he could kéep the Chryfalis entire many months beyond the ufual time of the difclo 
 1 - 
 
 fare of the infeét, and thus add to thelength of the creature’s life, though in a condition wherein it had little enjoyment 
 e ent, 
 
 Let 
 
The 
 
 Let any one attentively confider thefe ac- 
 cidental differences, by which the Nymphs of 
 infects differ amongft themfelves; the Chry- 
 falis from its Butterfly, and the other Nymphs 
 from their refpective infects heretofore men- 
 tioned; as alfo, thofe qualities by which the 
 Nymphs agree both with their animalcules, 
 and amongtft themfelves ; and he will plainly per- 
 ceive, that the Nymph and Chryfalis do not 
 differ in the Jeaft in this nature, or as to the 
 interior conftitution of their parts, fince both 
 diftinétly and exactly reprefent the form of 
 the infeé&t, which is to be expected from them. 
 We allow this reprefentation to be more dif- 
 tint and obfervable in the Nymph, than in the 
 Chryfalis; but even this depends in a great 
 meafure upon the good fight and dexterity of 
 the obferver. An indefatigable examiner muft 
 at laft reach the deepeft myfteries of this {cience ; 
 and thus an afliduous application has rendered 
 it familiar to me to exhibit, in every fpecies of 
 “Chryfalis, all the parts of the fucceeding infect, 
 But, left any oppofer fhould take it into his 
 thoughts to object with the great Harvey, 
 that there is in this cafe a perfect egg, which 
 time may transform, and to which it may give 
 limbs, we can an{wer, that we can perform 
 this operation equally at different times, in the 
 very inftant of the’change, or in the beginning, 
 as eafily as in the middle and end of it; and 
 even.on the very Worm, before it becomes a 
 Chryfalis. There is no kind of Chryfalis, 
 (however ftrange, unnatural and ludicrous the 
 the figures may be, which Goedaert and others 
 have found out for them, in the wild fallies of 
 their imaginations) in which we are not able 
 to demonftrate all the parts of the future 
 infe&t ; and this as evidently, as in the true 
 Nymph. It appears therefore to be beyond 
 all doubt, that the Chryfalis differs from the 
 Nymph only in colour, and the difpofition of 
 its parts, or, as the philofophers term it, per 
 accidens. 
 
 But it will be asked, perhaps, how it happens 
 that limbs fhould be more confpicuous in 
 the Nymph, which is evidently the very infect 
 itfelf, than in the Chryfalis, though equally 
 worthy of that name? and why, in the latter, 
 the parts are not fo faftened, as it were, to each 
 other, as in the former. It may be demanded 
 alfo, for what reafon the skins caft by the 
 Nymph fhould be much thinner, than thofe 
 thrown off by the Chryfallides, which part with 
 theirs in the fame manner that the chicken 
 leaves the fhell of its egg. To all this I can 
 only anfwer, that thefe things are hardly, ifat all 
 explicable ; the nature of them depending en- 
 tirely on the pleafure of their Creator 5 and the 
 reafons of this variation being hidden in his im- 
 penetrable wifdom, whofe providence has be- 
 ftowed on his animal produttions as great a 
 variety of cloathing, as it has pleafed him to 
 form diftinét fpecies of fuch beings. It appears 
 therefore that in thefe and other as true re- 
 
 HA3& TORY 
 
 f FNS ECTS. - 
 
 fearches,. we fhould endeavour, by all means, 
 to explain difficulties by reafons drawn from 
 the nature of things themfelves, not from the 
 fcanty ftorehoufe of our imaginations. Ocher- 
 wife, by deviating though ever fo little from 
 that rule and order, which is firmly eftablifhed 
 throughout the whole creation by the all- wife, 
 and powerful author of it, it is impoffible we 
 fhould not go aftray at every ftep, and lofe 
 ourfelves at laft in the wrong paths, directed by 
 our own feeble and imperfect reafon. 
 
 As the foregoing queftions deferve great at- 
 tention, I fhall propofe that folution of them, 
 which nature herfelf feems to authorize and 
 fupport. We may obferve, that the Nymph of 
 Ants, Flies, and Bees have a much {flenderer 
 body than the Chryfalis before fpoken of; and 
 from this it appears reafonable to fuppofe, they 
 fhould havea much tenderer skin. The Nymphs, 
 befides this, are always confined to moift places, 
 where their exterior covering cannot readily 
 harden: do not the Nymphs of Ants lie hid 
 under the earth? and thote of Flies in putrid 
 flefh, the excrements of animals, and other 
 moift places. As for the Nymphs of Bees, 
 they are always found furrounded with mot- 
 ture, inclofed in wax, and covered befides, 
 like Silkworms, with a thin membrane: be- 
 fides this the Nymphs of Bees, at the time 
 when they enter upon their period of change, 
 have all their. parts fo exceflively moift, that 
 fometimes they weigh twice as much as the 
 Bees that are produced from them. 
 
 It is obfervable, indeed furprifin; the 
 humours conftituting this moifture muft be 
 diffipated by infenfible perfpiration, before the 
 milky limbs of the infect can move them- 
 felves in the leaft; .and all this while the crea- 
 ture difcharges no excrement. This Ariftotle 
 has remarked in exprefs words *. 
 
 On the other hand, the Chryfallides of diur- 
 nal Butterflies (I {peak here in general, and 
 do not confine myfelf to one kind of Chryfalis) 
 go through their changes in the open air, with 
 
 > 
 
 the greateft part of their bodies deftitute of any 
 webb to protect them again{t the inclemencies 
 of the weather; for this reafon their outer fkin 
 will naturally grow hard, and therefore may 
 be caft off, as has been already taken notice 
 of, without being liable to fhrink up, C 
 any thing of its original form. Befides, the 
 fkin of the Horned Beetle, Tab. XXVIII. fig. 
 VI, VII, vilt,-which is likewife found un- 
 der the earth, is fo very fine, that in point 
 of thicknefs it is greatly exceeded by the coat 
 of the common Chryfalis. 
 
 If any one fhould afk, if it is for the fame 
 reafon that the Chryfalis itfelf grows hard, and 
 the Nymph continues in its former ftate of 
 of foftnefs? and why, on the one hand; the 
 Nymph is covered with a thin fkin, and its 
 limbs adhere but little to each other; where- 
 as, on the other hand, the Chryfalis is fur- 
 
 rounded by a kind of 
 
 hard fhell, and all its 
 
 * Hitt, Anim. Lib, V. Cap. 19. 
 
8 Th BOOK of NATURE; o; 
 
 parts are in @ manner faftened together, fo as 
 to form one fubftance? I muft acknowledge, 
 that I cannot fatisfy his curiofity. For as the 
 Nymphs of Bees, when expofed to the open 
 air, die as foon as it begins to harden their fkin ; 
 and on the contrary, the Chryfallides fare no 
 better when confined to a moift fituation I 
 cannot be brought to think, that things, which 
 are produced by nature every year, 1 a moft 
 wife, regular, and conftant manner, fhould 
 be left fo dependant upon chance, and the 
 (tate of the air and weather: I willingly grant, 
 however, that it is moifture alone which hin- 
 ders the Nymphs from growing hard, and 
 that the Chryfallides cannot but harden in an 
 open, airy, and dry fituation. But if, after all, 
 we confider, that the fkin in which the Chry- 
 falis is wrapped up, is not throughout of the 
 fame ftrength, but thicker in thofe parts which 
 are expofed to the air, than in thofe which are 
 out of the reach of its influence, as ferving 
 only to cover the inner furfaces of its mem- 
 bers ; whereas it is the reverfe in the Nymphs, 
 whofe covering is throughout nearly of the 
 fame thicknefs, and therefore lefs able to pro- 
 teét the enclofed infect from the drying qua- 
 
 lity of the air; thefe things, I fay, being duly 
 confidered, I cannot by any means allow, that 
 the prefervation of moifture, of the hardening 
 of the Nymphs and Chryfallides, juft taken no- 
 tice of, depend at all upon chance ; unlefs [ 
 fhould be fatisfied to give up my reafon fo far 
 as to imagine, that the very being of thefe 
 
 little animals depends upon chance likewife 5 _ 
 
 and that they {pring {pontaneoufly from corrup- 
 tion; and in this blind manner wilfully doubt 
 of nature’s great attention and wifdom, fo con- 
 fpicuous in her manner of preferving and 
 cloathing this part of the creation. I conclude, 
 from all this, that there is no effential diffe- 
 rence between the Nymph and the Chryfalis ; 
 and that the variation w ich appears, confifts 
 only in this, that the fkin of the former is 
 more thin and tender, and that of the latter 
 thicker and harder; to which I may add, that 
 in the Nymph all the parts of the future in- 
 feé& may be eafily feen, whereas in the Chry- 
 falis they are lefs diftin@. That thefe are the 
 principal differences, will appear evidently 
 hereafter, when I treat thofe fubjects feparately, 
 and in a more ample manner. 
 
 The manner in which Worms and Caterpillars become Nymphs. 
 
 EF AVING laid down the fole founda- 
 
 tion of all thofe changes which are ob- 
 fervable in infeéts, and fhewn that this con- 
 fifts in nothing but the Nymph, into which, 
 at their proper feafons, all the Worms of 
 flying infects and Caterpillars are changed, or, 
 to fpeak more properly, from which they fhoot 
 out or bud; a change which appears in all, ex- 
 cept fuch infects as remain in their eggs, till, 
 without pafling through any intermediate ftate, 
 they have acquired their full vigour, and at- 
 tained their proper degree of perfection ; to 
 which may be added, thofe infects alfo, which, 
 hiding the real fhape of the Nymph under the 
 refemblance of an egg, iffue from it complete 
 animals, as fhall be hereafter explained. Thefe 
 things being proved, it appears neceffary that, 
 before we pafs to the other propofitions, we 
 fhould enter upon and explain the manner in 
 which this change is produced, illuftrating it 
 with the figures of thofe infects that are the 
 fubjects of it. 
 
 But as in the forms of thofe infects which 
 fhoot out or bud into Nymphs, there is not 
 only an amazing, but in a manner an infinite 
 variety ; and confequently it would be imprac- 
 ticable here to defcribe them all; I fhall par- 
 ticularize only thofe, which differ moft remar- 
 kably from each other, and confider them as 
 they have, ‘or have not legs. 
 
 We obferve, that of thofe infects which be- 
 come Nymphs or Chryfallides, fome have no 
 legs, Tab. XVI. fig. 11. fome have fix, Tab. 
 XXVII. fig. v. and others a greater number, 
 Tab. XXXIV. fig. 11. and Tab. XLIV. fig. 111. 
 And as this difference between the various 
 
 {pecies of infeéts is particularly remarkable, if 
 we compare them together; fo there occurs 
 a no lefs obvious difference on account of the 
 various number of legs in thofe we have ranked 
 under the third fpecies, viz. that of infeéts 
 which have more than fix: but in thefe many 
 feeted infects, the fix foremoft deferve our 
 chief attention, as does in the infects that have 
 no legs, that part of their body, which in other 
 animals is called the cheft. 
 
 That it may appear upon what grounds we 
 have adopted this method of claffing infects, 
 according to their having or not having legs, 
 and according to their having fix or more, it 
 will be very proper to obferve, that in thofe 
 Worms which have no legs, that part of them, 
 which we have called their cheft, never un- 
 dergoes any change, or alters its fituation ; 
 and that in the Worms and Caterpillars which 
 have legs, be the number more or lefs, the fix 
 foremoft never come off, or change their places 
 in any fenfible manner ; Goedaert, in direct op- 
 pofition to truth, would have us believe they 
 do, but experiments fhew the contrary. In 
 moft Worms and Caterpillars, not to fay in all, 
 the fix foremoft legs are conftantly preferved by 
 the infect, and that without the leaft change 
 in their pofition : and what is yet more fur- 
 prifing, in feveral Worms which have fix legs, 
 the alteration in their legs is fo {mall at the 
 time that they fhoot out into Nymphs, Tab. 
 XX. fig. v. that it cannot by any means be dif- 
 tinguifhed or obferved, whatever metamorpho- 
 fes the former naturalifts, without any excep- 
 tion that I know of, have idly and extrava- 
 gantly imagined on this occafion, 
 
 As 
 
The 
 
 As therefore the experiments we have made, 
 have, like the rifing fun, diffipated this thick 
 and dark cloud of imaginary metamorphofes, 
 the whole truth thereby appearing in the cleareft 
 and mott evident light; in the fame manner, 
 by purfuing the fame caufe, with that readi- 
 nefs and confidence which fuch guidances de- 
 ferve, we fhall readily underftand the moft 
 obfcure and difficult changes which happen in 
 thofe inféts that have no legs. As we have 
 tefolved in this work not to depend upon in- 
 duétions of one thing from another to prove 
 the affertions, we fhall abide firmly to the 
 chain of our experiments, and, in confequence 
 of this method, advance, that the wings, horns, 
 and other parts which Worms without legs 
 feem to acquire about their chefts, at the time 
 of their mutation, are not truly produced, during 
 the period of mutation, or, to {peak more 
 agreeably to truth, during the time of the 
 limbs fhooting or budding out; but. that 
 they have grown there by degrees under the 
 fkin, and as the Worm itfelf has grown by a 
 Kind of accretion of parts, and will make their 
 appearance in it upon breaking the skin on its 
 head or its back, and thereby give it the figure 
 of a Nymph, which it would afterwards of 
 itfelf aflume, Tab. XXV. fig. v. 
 
 Hence it is, that we can with little trouble 
 produce the legs, wings, horns, and. other 
 
 arts of an infect, which lie hid under its skin 
 while in the fhape of a naked worm, which 
 has neither legs nor any other limbs, This 
 we have {hewn in the prefence of the celebrated 
 Mr. Thevenot, a gentleman whofe unufual fa- 
 gacity, in every branch of polite learning, is 
 above praife. We had the good fortune of 
 changing before him the Worm of a Bee into 
 a Nymph, by breaking the skin upon its head, 
 upon which all the parts hid under it made 
 their appearance ; and we fince have had equal 
 fuccefs in demonftrating to the fame gentle- 
 man, and the illuftrious Lawrence Magellotti, 
 a curious fearcher into the fecrets of nature, all 
 the parts of the Butterfly clearly and diftinétly 
 in the original Caterpillar. We have fince dif- 
 covered alfo a method of changing, at pleafure, 
 the Caterpillar into a Chryfalis. 
 
 To comprehend in a few words the reafons, 
 foundation,and manner of thefe natural changes; 
 and at the fame time to illuftrate them by a 
 palpable fimilitude, I need only briefly remark, 
 that «« the Nymph or Chryfalis” (I here fpeak 
 only of infects without legs, the change that 
 happens in the reft, being, as will hereafter 
 appear, fo eafily underftood as to require no 
 explication) ‘‘ is nothing more than a little 
 «© Worm, which, the growth of legs, wings, 
 ¢ and other limbs hid under its skin being 
 ‘ perfected by time, at laft burfts that skin, 
 « and cafting it off, gives us a clear and dif- 
 “© ting view of all thofe parts.” This change, 
 which has been prepofteroufly called a tranf- 
 formation, or metamorphofis, and by fome a 
 death and refurreétion, is no more myfterious 
 or furprifing, than what happens, when “ one 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 Mi Sh. GQkyy 
 
 of INSECTS. 9 
 
 « of the meaneft plants, defpifed and trodden 
 under foot, gradually fwells on every fide ; 
 «© and after producing a bud, by burfting the 
 *€ little cafe containing it, prefents an elegant 
 “© and beautiful flower.” P 
 
 We might likewife compare, in this place, 
 the fanguiferous animals with infeéts; as in 
 refpeé&t to the accretion of their limbs there 
 is not the leaft difference to be found between 
 thefe large creatures, and the little worm we 
 have compared with vegetable fubftances: but 
 amonegft all the animals of that tribe, none 
 agree fo exactly or obvioufly in thefe changes 
 with the infect tribe, as Frogs. Thefe crea- 
 tures are changed into a true Nymph, known 
 by the name of a Tadpole ; as will more fully 
 appear hereafter, in the explanation of our 
 plates, and in comparing together the Tadpole, 
 the Nymphs of Worms, and the little cafe in 
 which flowers are produced, Tab. XLVI. 
 
 The fame changes therefore, which we ob- 
 ferve in vegetative animals, are equally obfer- 
 vable in fenfitive ones, fo as to afford us in all 
 God’s works the moft manifeft proofs of his 
 infinite wifdom and power, which man can 
 neither imitate nor comprehend: for as the 
 foundations of all created beings are few and 
 fimple, fo the agreement between them is moft 
 furprifingly regular and harmonious, every 
 thing confpiring equally to fill us with fenti- 
 ments of admiration and reverence for the 
 great Author of nature. 
 
 The ferious confideration of the preceding 
 truths, will fet in a juft light the great error 
 of thofe; who, from thefe natural and intel- 
 ligible changes in bodies, have endeavoured to 
 explain the refurrection of the dead; whereas 
 that great operation not only far furpaffes the 
 powers which we fee in nature, but has not 
 any thing in common with the natural changes 
 of which we have been {peaking: the refur- 
 rection is a fubject of faith only, which gives 
 a certain and undoubted knowledge of things 
 beyond the reach of our fenfes. Thefe ani- 
 malcules do not die, as man does, in order to 
 rife again; all that happens to them is, that 
 their limbs become improveable at the time 
 of their tranfmutation, which, however, hap- 
 pens in fo furprifing a manner, that it is no 
 wonder obfervers, at firft fight, fhould take 
 the production to be a real refurrection from a 
 dead animal. ‘This is all that can be offered 
 from what we know of infects, in proof of 
 the refurreétion of the dead ; which is altoge- 
 ther another thing, than that idle and imaginary 
 death of thofe animalcules, or the transfor- 
 mation, as it is called, of their limbs, Nor 
 are thofe authors lefs miftaken, who, from 
 thefe natural changes, which they idly call 
 metamorphofes, have endeavoured to afcertain 
 the transformation of metals; as amongft others, 
 the moft learned Sir Theodore Mayerne has 
 not feared to advance this abfurd notion in the 
 dedicatory epiftle prefixed to Mouffet’s treatife 
 on infeéts. His words are: ‘* Moreover, if 
 
 D « animals 
 
sa st a a RR nad te See - = ete me anion 
 
 10 
 
 © animals are tranfmuted, why may not me- 
 « tals be tranfmutable ?” 
 
 To finith this inquiry, as it is much more 
 eafy tocom prehend the change of the fix-le gged 
 Worms, than that of the Worms without legs, 
 of which we have hitherto been fpeaking ; 
 feeing the former only acquire wings, Tab. 
 XLV. fig. XXIV, XXV- and its limbs are feen 
 to fhoot or bud out, in the fame clear, diftinct, 
 and gradual manner with the correfponding 
 parts of plants and flowers, fo as to agree more 
 perfectly with fuch vegetation, and with the 
 change fpoken of in Frogs; than what hap- 
 pens in the Worm without legs; fo it cannot 
 but appear furprifing, that men of the greateft 
 fenfe, learning and experience, who have at 
 all times been indefatigable in obferving thefe 
 changes, fhould have fo long continued under 
 a miftake, in regard to the true manner in 
 
 C H A 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; OF, 
 
 which they are performed ; fubftituting all 
 along, to a fimple but elegant {cene of wonders, 
 the wild flights of their unnatural fancies. 
 Hence it is, that the doGtrine of infects remains 
 to this day buried in the profoundeft obfcurity; 
 fo as that not only thofe look upon it as a 
 myftery, who have few opportunities of being 
 acquainted with fuch fubjects, but even thofe 
 alfo who have made this ftudy their regular 
 employment, and were the beft qualified to 
 purfue it with fuccefs, fuch as Aldrovandus, 
 Mouffet,Libavius, andGoedaert; indeed, Imight 
 fay all who have hitherto applied themfelves 
 this way, have been (o far deceived as not only 
 to doubt and waver in their opinions ; but in- 
 fluenced by prejudices obftinately to remain in- 
 fenfible to the ftrongeft conviction, that the moft 
 obvious and convincing experiments could 
 afford. 
 
 sf IIT. 
 
 Lhe manner in which the true knowledge of the Nymph, the real foundation of all 
 the natural changes obfervable in infeéts, has been obfcured and corrupted , with 
 an illufiration of the fubjeét, and an entire reftitution of tts original truth, 
 
 [ AVING manifeftly proved in the prece- 
 ding pages, that the Nymph, or Chryfa- 
 lis, is nothing but the very infect which may 
 one. day be expected from it; and having 
 proved beyond contradiction, that the former 
 lies hid within the worm, or its skin, in the 
 fame manner as the tender and growing flower 
 is wrapped up in its bud ; fo that as the flower 
 breaks from the furrounding cup, the limbs 
 of the enclofed infe@, by the power which 
 fwells and fhoots them forth, muft, in the 
 fame manner, at laft burft their prifon, and 
 make their appearance, which appearance alone 
 conftitutes the nature of the Nymph, or the 
 knowledge of the foundation upon which all 
 thofe natural mutations depend. All thefe 
 things, I fay, having been abundantly demon- 
 ftrated, I can have no pleafure in giving a long 
 and pompous catalogue. of thofe authors, who 
 have entertained different opinions of the mat- 
 ter, nor in refuting thofe ftrange fancies with 
 which they have obfcured and perplexed this 
 moft valuable branch of natural hiftory. Be- 
 fides, what purpofe could fuch a difcuffion 
 ferve, but to lead us ftill further from the 
 conclufion of this our fecond propofition, fince 
 the fimple explanation of truth, is the beft me- 
 thod of oppofing and overturning falfhocd ? 
 However, as Mouffet’s elaborate performance 
 on this fubject, is in a manner univerfally read 
 by thofe who fludy the nature and the changes 
 of infects, and is not only founded on the ex- 
 poner of the author himfelf, and of his 
 ee 
 forty authors of whi i So Ae a 
 thors, ch the learned Aldrovan- 
 
 * Tof. The, Lib. Il, C.-1. 
 
 dus is one; and as the author follows fo feru- 
 puloufly the rules laid down by Ariftotle, that 
 he fcarce ever deviates from them, it is incum- 
 bent upon us to mention what he propofes in 
 his elaborate treatife, where he lays down the 
 changes that occur in the Silkworm, as an ex- 
 ample of thofe which happen in all other in- 
 feéts; and gives fuch an account of thofe 
 changes, as neither reafon nor experiment can 
 warrant, His words are thefe: *“ It is very 
 « remarkable that in this metamorphofis which 
 sr $5 performed by means of an Aurelia, the 
 « Silkworm’s head becomes the Butterfly’s 
 e tail; and the head of this laft the tail of 
 « the former ; and the fame thing happens in 
 « all the other Caterpillars that become Au- 
 « selie.” In another part of the fame + per- 
 formance, where he treats purpofely of the 
 Chryfalis, he fays as follows: < It has nei- 
 « ther a mouth, nor any diftinc limb.” Now 
 as all thefe notions are directly oppofite 
 to the clear and diftinét obfervations we have 
 made, and already delivered, it would be 
 {pending time to little purpofe to dwell any 
 longer upon them; they have been already 
 fufficiently refuted. We need not be now fur- 
 prifed that this learned Englifhman, who 
 could be guilty of fo great an error (which 
 fome eminent countrymen of his own have be- 
 fore taken notice of in a performance called, 
 e A catalogue of the plants that grow in the 
 neighbourhood of Cambridge,”) fhould not 
 have taken the leaft notice of the manner in 
 which fuch fanciful changes are performed, 
 though in the fame chapter he with great rea- 
 fon affirms, contrary to Ariftotle’s opinion, that 
 + Inf. The. Lib. I. C. 36. 
 the 
 
 ne ee 
 
Th HIS TORY of DNS £9C-T's. 
 
 the Chryfalis is not the ege of the Caterpillar: 
 His words are: “* To conclude, what is there 
 *« here in common between an ego and an 
 
 Aurelia? The former has neither life nor 
 motion, and. is difcharged from another 
 animal ; the latter is not difcharoed | 
 
 cc 
 €¢ 
 * oy any 
 animal, but is only changed from one thing 
 into another.” However, though Mouffet 
 denies that the Aurelia is an ege, he has not 
 courage enough ‘to call it an animal; he ‘con- 
 fiders it only as a kind of medium, or mean 
 condition, between two animals; or as a 
 third being between the Caterpillar and the 
 Butterfly ; faying; “ It appears neverthelefs by 
 ** what I have already faid, that the Aurelia is 
 not an egg; the truth.is, that it is to be 
 called a kind of tranfmutation, and -not'a ge- 
 neration of the Caterpillar into an Aurelia; 
 and of the aurelia into a Butterfly.” But 
 as this difficulty, contrived by his own ima- 
 gination, has rendered utterly inexplicable what 
 otherwile might, be ery eafily explained, he 
 has recourfe, as is ufual.infuch cafes, to the 
 immenfe power of the Creator, and after this 
 concludes the fubject in the following words : 
 << J well know how the Ariftotlians perplex 
 * themfelves in this cafe with’ a wonderful 
 transformation, and. at-laft are obliged’ to 
 refer us to God’s indeterminate power.” 
 But we leave to the wildnefs of their own 
 genius; thofe learned men, who rathly affirm 
 that the true notions of every thing that appear 
 in, infects, as well as in other bodies, are to be 
 found in the eminent writers of antiquity. Na- 
 ture, that indulgent ‘parent, exhibits, all that 
 relates to them, to us, every fummer, if the 
 plaineft and fimpleft manner; nay, the gives us 
 an opportunity of demonttrating thofe her pro- 
 ceedings, and that in the moft fatisfactory 
 manner, in the very depth of winter, by the 
 help of the artificial heat of a ftove, or any like 
 continuance. Let us rather take a fpecimen 
 ot two of the unworthy manner, by which the 
 genuine reprefentations of thefe changes, which 
 are no more than the natural fhootings of the 
 limbs, that at laft thereby come to make their 
 appearance, have been confounded and ob- 
 foured, even by men who have fpent their 
 whole lives in refearches into the nature of 
 animal generation in general; and have ap- 
 plied themfelves more particularly to find outthe 
 nature of thofe changes obfervable in infets. 
 The firft I fhall mention, is that fecond De- 
 mocritus, the celebrated Harvey, who, againit 
 the current of the moft convincing experi- 
 ments, boldly affirms with Ariftotle, that the 
 Chryfalis (though it be indeed the very in- 
 fect) is a perfect ezg, from which of courfe 
 the infect may, by the help of transformation, 
 be afterwards expected to {pring. Take his 
 own words: * ** Such are likewife the feeds of 
 “« many infects, (called worms by Ariftotle) 
 *« which being at firft produced in an imperfect 
 ** ftate, fearch out their food ; by which being 
 
 * Lib. de Gen. Anim. Exerc, II. 
 § Exerc. LXXII. de Hum. Primig. 
 
 tc 
 
 cc 
 
 <c 
 
 ec 
 
 «cc 
 
 cc 
 
 ras 
 
 6¢ 
 
 + Lib. de Gen. Anim. Exerc. LVI. 
 *® Lib. II. de Gen. Anim. C. 4. 
 
 It 
 ‘* nourifhed and increafed, from a Caterpillar 
 ‘** they become an Aurelia, and a perfect egr 
 c¢ s 
 
 and feed from.an imperfect one.” By this; 
 he not only with Ariftotle calls the Chryfalis a 
 perfect egg, which; according to the fame au- 
 thor, is neither a Caterpillar nor a Butterfly, 
 but feems to give into Mouffet’s falfe and abfurd 
 opinion, who affirms, that thie Chryfalis is a 
 kind of medium, or middle being between the 
 Caterpillar and the Butterfly... This paflage of 
 Harvey's fhews.us, that he was not acquainted 
 with thofe infeéts\ which proceed immediately 
 from an e¢g in a ftate of perfection, without 
 ever appearing in the form of worms, Cater- 
 pillars, or Nymphs ; or at leaft that he ima- 
 gined the mutation they undergo is perform- 
 ed within the egg; and that therefore their 
 generation is the fame in all refpe&ts with 
 that which he has defcribed as proper to 
 Chickens within the egg of the Hen; or with 
 that other generation which he attributes to 
 the worms of infects , Which fpring from 
 eggs,"and which he reprefents as perfectly 
 agrecing with the generation of Chickens. 
 
 But although this great philofopher calls the 
 Chryfalis a perfect egg, he neverthelef§ does 
 not affert that the infect proceeds from the 
 chryfalis, as from an internal and hidden prin- 
 ciple; in the fame manner that he affirms the 
 chicken {prings from the Hen’s egg, or that 
 the infect is formed by one part of egg, while it 
 only receives the matter of its increafe from 
 the other part; which he fays is the cafe in 
 the generation of Chickens, Nay, his opinion 
 on this occafion is far more rational and folid, 
 for he admits it, with Ariftotle, as an axiom: + 
 “ That the animal is not made out of the 
 ** worm, as out of an egs, from a part of it; 
 *« but that the whole worm grows, and be- 
 *¢ comes af articulated animal,” without con- 
 fidering that Ariftotle calls the Aurelia an egg. 
 Now if we compare the paffage which Harvey 
 has adopted from him, with the {cene which 
 nature every year prefents to us, we {hall find 
 the words contain a true definition of the 
 Nymph : but as both Harvey § and Ariftotle ** 
 have here befides fancied a metamorphofis, 
 which they call “a diftribution of one thing 
 « that is to be altered into many ;” and which 
 in another place --4 Harvey has expreffed by 
 the following periphrafis: ‘* In the generation 
 «< that is performed by a metamorphofis, things 
 
 are produced as it were by the imprefiion 
 of a feal, upon the matter of them, or by 
 this matter’s being caft into a mould, the 
 whole of it entirely transformed.” ‘This 
 account is not only falfe, but altogether de- 
 grades and darkens the true fyftem of thofe na- 
 tural mutations: no fatisfactory explication can 
 be drawn from it, of any manner in which 
 thefe fancied metamorphofes, and imaginary 
 transformations, can be faid to happen. 
 
 But the better to underftand Harvey’s doc- 
 trine of infects, which, however, does not 
 
 «ec 
 ec 
 «ec 
 
 « 
 
 { Lib. de Gen. Anim, Exerc. XVIII. 
 tt Exerc. XIV. de Gen. Anim. 
 
 reach 
 
The 
 
 reach the outer limits of this branch of natu- 
 and at the fame time, to fhew 
 
 ral hiftory ; : ee 
 i ‘Aokes we are apt to commit, 
 what egregious miftakes p 
 
 the moment we abandon the folid arguments 
 farnifhed by experiments, to follow the falfe 
 lights ftruck out by our weak and imperfect 
 reafon, I (hall here give his imaginary account 
 of this matter, as I find it in his book upon 
 this fabject *, in his own terms, 
 
 « There are two ways,” {ays he, ‘in which 
 « we obferve one thing to be made out of 
 
 12 
 
 ‘« another (as out of matter) both in art and 
 ‘in nature, efpecially in the generation of 
 
 “ animals; one is, when a thing is made 
 “ out of another, already in being, asa bed 
 «out of wood, and a ftatue out of ftone; 
 « when, for example, all the fubject-matter 
 « of the workmanthip exifts, before the work- 
 «man begins the work, or attempts to give 
 ** give it any form. The other way 1s, when 
 «the ftuff receives both being and form 
 «“ at the fame time. As therefore the works 
 ‘cof art are performed two ways; the one 
 « by the workman’s dividing, cutting and par- 
 << ing away the matter prepared for thofe ope- 
 «rations, fo as to leave behind, like a ftatuary, 
 “the figure of the thing he intends to make: 
 «the other, by the workman’s adding and 
 <¢ moulding, as well as paring away, the mate- 
 . € rials, and at the fame time tempering the 
 « matter itfelf, fo as to produce. like a potter, 
 
 “the figure; which, for this reafon, may be 
 
 « {aid to be made, rather than formed. In the 
 
 «fame manner it happens in the generation 
 
 «¢ of animals; fome of which are formed and 
 
 “and transfigured out of matter already di- 
 
 «« gefted and encreafed for this purpofe, all the 
 
 “¢ parts fpringing out together diftinétly, by a 
 
 « kind of metamorphofis; and thus forming a 
 “© perfect animal, while other animals are made 
 « piece by piece, at firft deficient both as to 
 « fize and fhape, afterwards receive both by 
 << degrees, from the fame matter out of which 
 «they were originally formed. In thefe laft 
 «¢ animals, one part is made firft, and the other 
 <¢ parts, by means of this firft, as the princi- 
 « ple of the animal’s exiftence. ‘This procefs 
 «of nature, we call an epigenefis, or accretion 
 « of parts, on account of her forming the parts 
 «« gradually one after another ; and this is more 
 
 « properly called generation than the other. 
 
 “The generation of infects is performed 
 
 < after the firft manner :” when the worm, by 
 
 a metamorphofis, proceeds from the egg; or 
 the rudiments are formed out of matter in a 
 ftate of putrefaction (by growing too dry or 
 
 too moift) “ and thefe rudiments produce, as 
 
 « by a metamorphofis, a Caterpillar grown to 
 
 < its full fize, or an Aurelia, a Butterfly or 
 
 << a common Fly of its full fize, fo as never to 
 
 « grow bigger. But the more perfect fangui- 
 
 <* ferous animals are formed by an epigenefis, 
 
 “ or a fuperaddition of parts ; and after their 
 
 “birth, grow to a ftate of adolefcence, and 
 « arrive at their perfection. Chance or for- 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; Oo, 
 
 « tune feems chiefly to pride in the production 
 «of thofe animals, which owe their form to 
 “the power of a pre-exiftent matter ; which 
 «matter is the firft caufe of their generation, 
 «¢ yather than any external efficient; for which 
 « yeafon thofe animals are more imperfect, 
 “and perpetuate themfelves lefs, both as to 
 number and likenefs, than fanguiferous land” 
 or water animals; which, by deriving their 
 being from an univocal principle, (that is, 
 from other animals of the fame kind) keep 
 up an eternal facceffion ; and the caufe of 
 of this we attribute to nature, and a vegi- 
 tative power. 
 «© Some animals, therefore, are produced of 
 themfelves from matter digefted fpontane- 
 oufly, or by mere chance, as Ariftotle feems 
 to advance in the vrith book of his metaphy- 
 ficks, chap. 9. Thofe animals, to wit, 
 whofe original matter can give itfelf motion, 
 fuch a motion, by accident, as the feed gives 
 itfelf in the generation of other animals. And 
 the fame thing happens in the generation of 
 animals, that is obfervable in the works of 
 art; for fome things which are produced 
 by art, are likewife brought about by accl- 
 dent, as health ; other things that are made by 
 art, are never made otherwife, as a houfe. 
 ‘* Bees, Wafps, Hornets, or Butterflies, and 
 whatever other animals are generated by 
 metamorphofis from a creeping infect, are 
 faid to be the offspring of chance, and there- 
 fore never to keep up their fpecies. But the 
 Lion or Cock are never produced fpontane- 
 oufly or by chance, but are the work of 
 nature; wherefore they do not require 2 
 faitable matter, or fome other divine power, 
 fo much as a fimilar form. 
 “In the generation by metamorphofis, ani- 
 mals are fathioned as it were by the im- 
 preffion of a feal, or framed in a curious 
 mould, all the matter of which they confit 
 being transformed ; whereas the animal which 
 is produced by way of epigenefis, or accre- 
 tion, at once attra¢ts, prepares, digefts, and 
 makes ufe of the ready matter; it at once 
 grows and acquires its form. In the former, 
 the plaftic power divides the fame fimilar 
 matter, arranges it when divided, and re- 
 duces it into limbs; from fimilar making it 
 diffimilar, or forming diffimilar organs with 
 a fimilar fubftance. Butin the latter, whilft 
 it produces in order different parts, and thofe 
 parts differently difpofed, it requires and 
 makes different fubftances ; and fubftances are 
 varioufly difpofed, the better to fuit the dif-+ 
 ee ferent parts that are to be generated.” 
 _This is the doctrine of Harvey; and this 
 his differtation contains almoft as many errors 
 as words. This may appear furprifing in one 
 fo well verfed in enquiries of this kind, where 
 truth can only be afcertained by experiment : 
 notwithftanding all his errors, we muft do his 
 great merit in other refpects juftice; his dili- 
 gence in ftudying nature was very great, and 
 
 * Lib. de Gen, An, Exerc, XLY. 
 
 he 
 
The HIS 
 
 he therefore deferves not only our praifes, but 
 thofe of all mankind; andthe candid manner 
 in which he ufually offers his opinions, is yet 
 more praife-worthy ; for he thus moft ingenu- 
 oufly fpeaks, in the preface to that perfor- 
 mance I have been juft now mentioning: 
 “© Therefore, (generous reader) I do not ex- 
 * pect you fhould take my word as to the man- 
 “ner in which the generation of animals is 
 performed: I appeal to your own eyes (as 
 witnefles and judges of what I advance. For 
 as all perfect {cience is built upon fuch prin- 
 ciples, as are derived from the obfervations 
 “of fenfe; you ought ftrenuoufly to endea- 
 “ vour, if you have a mind to become tho- 
 roughly acquainted with what relates to ani- 
 mals, to attain this knowledge, by frequent 
 «¢ diflections of them. If you proceed other- 
 “* wife, you can only acquire a {pecious and 
 “ wavering opinion, but no certain and folid 
 &¢ fosence,:. 
 
 To conclude, it is not our intention to re- 
 fute one by one, in this place, all this ingeni- 
 ous but miftaken author’s propofitions; feeing 
 this is abundantly done already, by the evident 
 truths we have produced ; neither will the dig- 
 nity of fo greata name, eafily admit of fuch 
 a cenf{ure, (in abftaining from which, we only 
 follow the example himfelf has given us in 
 the cafe of that famous anatomift Fabricius ab 
 Aquapendento, whom he {pares in the fame 
 manner, and on the fame account.) Never- 
 thelefs, I cannot avoid again inculcating at 
 leaft one principle; that whereas the Nymph 
 is indeed the animal itfelf, and by no means 
 the egg, the whole and only mutation which 
 happens here, is nothing more than a flow 
 evaporation of the fuperfluous moifture; for 
 by this all Nymphs are neceflarily changed. 
 
 Thus it happens, that during this evapora- 
 tion, before explained in the Nymph of the 
 Bee, the limbs which were before tender, weak, 
 and fluid like water, are freed from the fuper- 
 fluous moifture which deprived them of mo- 
 tion; whereby the latent infect is enabled to 
 force its exterior covering, and, having caft it 
 off as the Bee does, or forfaken it as is done 
 by the Butterfly, to make ufe of the moifture 
 which remains, to expand its wings and other 
 parts. 
 
 The Nymph therefore, during the firft days 
 of its Rat refembles a man who has loft 
 the ufe of his limbs, by a collection of faline 
 or other humours about his joints, and does 
 not recover them, till fuch hurtful moifture is 
 diffipated by nature, or by art. Nature and art 
 have the fame effet upon tumified members, 
 and upon what we call Nymphs; fo that on 
 evaporating the fuperfiuous humidity of thefe 
 laft, by the means of nature, or by an artificial 
 heat, they may be: brought ‘forth’ in the form 
 of infects, even in the depth of winter. 
 
 In fine, as it is utterly erroneous to fuppofe, 
 thatthe whole mafs of the Worm is transformed 
 into the Nymph, and after this the Nymph 
 into a winged land or wateranimal; fo, onthe 
 
 TUR: Y 
 
 of INS EC TS: i4 
 other hand, nothing is more certain, than that 
 all the limbs of the Butterfly, t the ‘cottimnéh 
 Fly, and fuch other infects, do actually grow in 
 
 the Worth, in the fame manner asthe limbs of 
 
 other aniinals: fo ‘that HOt can be more 
 repugnant to truth, or be fo little fupportable 
 by any folid arguinents, as this notion of a 
 metamorphofis : “for it is not in the Nymph 
 alone, but in the very Worm, or Caterpillar: 
 Tab, XXXVII. fig. 11. rm. and iv. we can lay 
 before the eye all the parts of the future in- 
 fect. Thofe parts are by no means generated 
 fuddenly and all at once, as has been fuppofed, 
 but grow leifurely one after another, till all of 
 them having arrived at a ftate of perfection, 
 the Worm gives itfelf motion, and breaks its 
 fkin; theincloféd limbs having generated by 
 degrees, from the motion of the moifture, and 
 their own contraction, fwell and eafily cafts 
 
 its {kin, and fuddenly difclofes all its limbs to- 
 
 our view. In this inflation, (fhooting out, 
 budding, or vegetation; and, as it were, 
 changing of the nutriment of the new limbs, 
 which have gradually grown, or have been pro- 
 duced by an epigenefis, or accretion of the 
 parts, and not at all by a metamorphofis) con- 
 fifts the fole felandation of all the changes which 
 we remark in infeéts. We call the creature in 
 the ftate of this natural mutation a Nymph, 
 becaufe this kind of infect, on cafting its skin, 
 may be faid to refemble a bride or Nymph, 
 who, in many countries, leifurely prepares and 
 adorns her perfon for her intended fpoufe.. But 
 we utterly deny what Goedaert has in feveral 
 places advanced, that there is any refemblance 
 between the Nymph and an infant in its 
 fwathing clothes; as alfo its likenefs to any 
 other figure than that of the future infect ; for 
 the Nymph not only reprefents clearly ahd di- 
 ftinc cily all the parts of the future infect, but 
 is, in reality, the infect itfelf; and this, not 
 dead or buried, but, as Libavids fa al- 
 ready obferved of the fee ydalis, actually living 
 and feeling, though unable to give any "indica: 
 tions of life, except m the motion of its tail 
 ot belly ; for in many we find thefe parts are 
 not affected with any moifture, nor undergo 
 any change, but what arifes from the cafting off 
 a very thin skin, fo that they cannot lofe their 
 former power to move. 
 
 Allowing therefore as a certain truth, as it 
 really is, what has beén already advanced in 
 this Work concerning infects, not only all that 
 Harvey fays upon t the ré fame ‘fubjeet, in the ex- 
 tratts we have given, and all the errors that 
 flow from thencé, fill to the ground; but 
 likewife that common opinion of philofophers, 
 
 that the generation of infects is fortuitous, and 
 
 which Goedaert’s editors fe€m to have fathered, 
 or rather to have forced upon him, appears 
 utterly groundlefs ; feeing it has no othet foun- 
 dation, ‘han that idle and imaginary metamor- 
 phofis, which neither exifts in nature, nor can 
 fairly be deduced from Harvey’s (in many 
 places) contradictory arguments. This great 
 man mutt have eafily 4 fecn the weaknefs of his 
 
 E own 
 
4 
 
 own repugnant notions, had he. not been too 
 much prejudiced in favour of the opinions 
 which they were calculated to fupport or ¢x- 
 plain, if the refpect we owe him will, after 
 all, permit us to think he really gave into this 
 abfurd notion. Perhaps we may with more 
 juftice aflure ourfelves, that he proceeded on 
 this occafion, in the manner that people gene- 
 rally proceed in confidering things that are dif- 
 ficult to be underftood and accounted for; 
 that is, by fancying fomething, which feems, 
 on mature deliberation, beft to agree with the 
 nature of things, as Ariftotle had long fince di- 
 rected, in his treating of the generation of 
 Bees * ; his words are, “‘ That the generation 
 “of Bees is performed in this manner, feems 
 “ not only agreeable to. reafon, but to what 
 * appears to happen in the generation of other in- 
 «© feéts of this kind; however, the obfervations 
 «¢ hitherto made are not fufficient to give us a cer- 
 “ tain knowledge of what it isthat really happens. 
 <¢ When we have acquired that certain know- 
 ledge, we mutt truft our fenfes, rather than 
 “< our reafon, by which we are to be guided, 
 ‘© as far only as what it demonftrates, agrees 
 «* with what our fenfes afcertain.” Daily ex- 
 perience fhews us, how many and how great 
 etrors this method of philofophifing hath pro- 
 duced; fo that an author would do much better 
 to own his ignorance ingenuoufly, than to lead 
 aftray, by unnatural phantoms, thofe multitudes 
 of credulous readers, who, idly thinking that 
 all true learning is to be found in books, never 
 give themfelves the trouble of immediately con- 
 fulting nature herfelf: perhaps we ought rather 
 to pronounce fuch idle followers of knowledge 
 well worthy of this punifhment, for negle¢t- 
 ing the opportunities of finding it in the things 
 themfelves with which they are defirous to be 
 acquainted. 
 
 Having fhewn in fome meafure on how 
 uncertain a foundation Harvey’s account of the 
 natural mutations of infects is ereéted, it re- 
 mains to confider with what grofs errors, and 
 palpable falfhoods, Goedaert has defiled them: 
 but at the fame time we own with fatisfaétion, 
 that this author alone obferved and difcovered, 
 in the {pace of a very few years, more fingu- 
 larities in the Caterpillar kind, than had been 
 done by all the learned men who treated the 
 fame iubje&t before him. Notwithftanding 
 this, we cannot help faying, that not only he 
 was not free from miftakes, but that he has 
 made fome fuch important ones, as can {carce- 
 ly, if at all, be excufed: not to mention his 
 not having had the leaft notion of the true nature 
 of the Nymph. But as we have refolved to exa- 
 mine ona fucceeding occafion, feparately, all 
 the errors of this author, we fhall produce at 
 prefent only two of the moft glaring; upon 
 which, as upon a frail and flippery foundation 
 of ice, all his experiments are built. Nor thall 
 we do this with any other view than that of 
 making truth appear the more ftrong and plain 
 by being compared with falfhood ; for the more 
 
 Th BOOK of NATURE; of 
 
 naked truth is propofed, the more powerful it 
 is to {ubdue errors. 
 
 In the firft place Goedaert is under a very 
 great miftake, when he advances, that the Ca- 
 terpillar can be changed, before it has reached 
 the full term of its growth; adding alfo, 
 what is ftill more apt to lead people aftray, 
 that the mutation effected in this manner is very 
 incomplete and unnatural, But let us attend 
 to his own words, in the firft volume of his 
 fingular obfervations on the wonderful mutati- 
 ons that happen in the Caterpillars, page 12 of the 
 Dutch edition. ‘“ I have befides obferved,” 
 fays he, ‘‘ that, whenever the Caterpillars effect 
 ‘<4 mutation, before they have been fufficiently 
 “ fed for that purpofe, and have reached the 
 « full term of their growth, they never receive 
 “a perfect form in confequence of fuch pre- 
 “‘ mature change, but are mifhapen and mife- 
 “‘ rable, with {hort and fhrivelled wings, like a 
 
 “ piece of fcorched parchment; whereas other- 
 
 “ wife, in lefs than half an hour, thefe ufeful 
 ‘parts expand themfelves, and acquire their 
 ‘* proper beauty, with a variety of elegant co- 
 ‘‘lours. Hence it happens, that the unhappy 
 “ infect, not being able to make any ufe of 
 “ thofe imperfect wings, is much more mi- 
 “* ferable than it was before its change, being 
 ** obliged to creep upon the ground, where it 
 ** at laft perifhes for want of proper nourifh- 
 ment.” Afterwards, in his twenty-eighth ex 
 periment, it appears, that on the ftrength of the 
 foregoing hypothefis, having for feveral days 
 fupplied a Caterpillar with food, though all the 
 time preparing forits mutation, be breaks out into 
 the following words: ‘“‘ If I omitted giving it 
 “food, but for one day, it immediately {et 
 ‘about changing; for which reafon I took 
 ‘care not to make it faft any longer, as fo 
 «© premature a change was likely to produce but 
 “an imperfect Butterfly ; for it is remarkable 
 ‘< of all Caterpillars in general, that as foon as 
 «they find their food fail, they prepare for a 
 *< mutation; but if it fails of its food before 
 *< the term appointed by nature, the infect pro- 
 “* duced is both imperfect and tender; fo that 
 “to have a fucceffion of complete Butterflies, 
 “« the Caterpillars muft be provided with food, 
 *‘ till they refufe it of their own accord, in 
 “order to enter upon the bufinefS of muta- 
 € tion.” At length, after having given in the 
 eighth experiment on the ftrength of a mere 
 conjecture, the example of a noGturnal Butter- 
 fly, which was, in his judgment, the weaker, 
 becaufe its Caterpillar had been deprived 
 fooner than it ought of its ordinary food; in 
 the fifty-ninth experiment of the firft volume 
 and afterwards in the thirtieth of the eewma: 
 he in a manner opens the fource from week 
 he derived all thofe his miftakes; for: after de- 
 {cribing a very miferable animal, that was nei- 
 ther a Caterpillar nor a Butterfly, according to’ 
 the idea he had idly formed of it in his own 
 fancy, he adds, “ The reafon of all this is, that 
 the Caterpillar had entered upon the bufinefs 
 
 * Gen. Anim. Lib. III, C, 10, 
 
 of 
 
 . hp ehitee A Cheek eh Cie ole 
 
 Li 
 i Se eee 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 ** of mutation, before it had taken its proper 
 ** quantity of nourifhment.” As this argu- 
 ment appeared to him moft inconteftible and 
 evident, he afterwards, in the twenty-ninth 
 and thirtieth experiments of his fecond volume, 
 where he defcribes fuch another imperfect 
 animal, and one with wings, does not men- 
 tion one word of this falfe propofition, but 
 pafles it over in filence, as if fufficiently proved, 
 and not liable to contradiction. 
 
 Since in the places here cited two animals 
 are exhibited, one of which, namely, the fe- 
 male, is always, by an invariable law of na- 
 ture, tranf{muted without wings, Tab. XX XIII. 
 fig, vt. whilft the other, which is the male, 
 never appears without them. No. vr. not only 
 the genuine foundation of all natural mutations 
 is overturned, and rendered obnoxious to chance, 
 by the idle comments which we have extracted 
 from Goedaert, but the road to truth is alfo 
 rendered impraéticable, at leaft to the unfkilful. 
 
 Goedaert himfelf could not avoid the confe- 
 quences of fuch rafh and idle fictions ; he has 
 thence fallen into two other miftakes. The 
 firft is feen in the pains he muft have been at 
 to fupply his Caterpillars with food as long as 
 they required it. The fecond, his omitting, on 
 this account, fome very curious experiments ; 
 for, infatuated with his own prejudices, he 
 neglected the true knowledge he might have 
 acquired by his experiments, to adopt a falfe 
 reafoning; fo that he could never afterwards 
 by his experiments come to know, that the 
 fpecies of Caterpillars he defcribes, are never 
 changed after any other manner; the male 
 Caterpillar becoming conftantly a tender infect, 
 furnifhed with wings, and the female a coarfe 
 and big-bellied one without any. 
 
 The obfervation made in the place here cited 
 appears to be of the utmoft importance, viz. 
 «« That the male of the nocturnal Butterfly is 
 ** is always provided with wings, whereas the 
 « female never has any ;” fo that the male can 
 enjoy the fweet refrefhments which the free 
 air affords, and ramble at pleafure over the 
 fmiling fields and fragrant flowers, when, on 
 the other hand, the care at home, and ma- 
 nagement of the fruits of wedlock, are com- 
 mitted to the female only ; for which reafon, 
 fhe is always found with the hinder part of 
 her body thruft out, in order, as it were, to 
 induce the male to do his duty; nor does the 
 male feem indifpofed to perpetuate his {pecies. 
 Nature, therefore, intended to afford us in thefe 
 infes the moft ftriking examples of an af- 
 fe&tionate mother, and a careful father; and 
 perhaps, as the flothful were formerly refered 
 to the ant, as a pattern of induftry, married 
 people, that neglect the duties of their ftate, 
 may, with equal propriety, be defired to con- 
 fider this other little infect as a model of con- 
 jugal folicitude. 
 
 As it fufficiently appears from our experi- 
 ments, which contradict thofe of Goedaert, 
 (though that very obfervant author has taken 
 the right method in making them, and hath 
 
 of INSECTS. rT 
 given tolerably accurate figures) what falfe 
 confequences he has deduced from thencé; 
 and, by that means, rendered the ftrongeft 
 bafis of the origin of infedts wholly fubject to 
 chance ; we fhall now reftore this foundation; 
 whereon,; as on a rock, depends the whole 
 fabrick of the tranfmutations of infeéts, and 
 fhall lay down the following as undoubted 
 axioms. Firft, that the Caterpillar cannot be 
 changed before the time appointed by nature; 
 that is, the laft mothent of its growth. Se- 
 condly, that although Caterpillars may be 
 transformed before they leave off feeding, yet 
 this has no effect to caufe any change in their 
 form. We muft however acknowledge that 
 fome difference in fize may arife from 
 hence, which we mutt obferve hath not 
 been noticed by Goedaert, nor, hitherto, by 
 any other perfon, Wherefore, thirdly, we by 
 no iheans think it neceffary that the Caterpil- 
 lar fhould be fed until it ceafes to eat of its 
 own accord; for at the time when it is to un- 
 dergo a change, the bufinefs of feeding is not 
 only unneceffary and difficult, but entirely ufe- 
 lefs. Confequently, the conclufions of Goe- 
 daert befote mentioned, have not been drawn 
 from the hature of things, but from his own 
 falfe and chimerical notions. For he, not 
 having examined his experiments with deli- 
 beration and diligence, deceived himfelf and 
 others. 
 
 We may take it for granted, that as foon as 
 the Caterpillars have arrived at their utmoft 
 growth, that is, when all the limbs under the 
 {kin have grown to a proper fize, they have 
 not only power and ability, but alfo, if I may 
 be allowed the expreffion, a free and abfolute 
 will to begin their mutation, with this reftric- 
 tion only, that they cannot omit or avoid it ; 
 fince the budding limbs, which demand, as 
 it were, to be changed into the Nymph, in 
 procefs of time, burfts the fkin, though they 
 can feed for a confiderable time afterwards: 
 but then, as I have before obferved, this fur- 
 ther feeding is of no other ufe but to make the 
 creature larger or frnaller, for from that time 
 not even the leaft of their limbs is increafed in 
 length. This Harvey hath alfo remarked, in 
 his treatife of the generation of animals. From 
 hence it alfo follows, that thefe animalcules, 
 now grown to perfection, attaining the age of 
 maturity, and fit for the copulative ftate, apply 
 themfelves folely to propagating their fpecies, 
 in the execution whereof fome particulars are 
 fo aftonifhing, that they deferve everlafting 
 admiration. 
 
 Nature performs the whole procefs of gene- 
 ration in thefe infects in fo clear and open a 
 manner, that by the affiftance thereof it fhould 
 feem as if we could penetrate into the true 
 foundations (though hitherto buried in dark- 
 nefs) of the generation of other animals, 
 which we fhall evidently demonftrate, when 
 we have time and opportunity for further ex- 
 periments. 
 
 That 
 
4 The BOOK of 
 
 That we may give our opinion on this head 
 in a few words, it feems very probable, that 
 :n the whole nature of things there is no ge- 
 neration that can be properly fo called, nor 
 can any thing elfe be obferved in this procefs, 
 than the continuation, as it were, of the ge- 
 neration already performed, or an increafe of, 
 or addition to, the limbs, which totally ex- 
 cludes the doétrine of fortuitous propagation. 
 Having eftablifhed this principle, it is ealy to 
 explain the reafon that a man, deprived o 
 hands and feet, may have a found and perfect 
 offspring. Hence, alfo, we may determine 
 that famous queftion, whether, in order, to 
 produce a complete iffue, a feminal particle 
 drawn from every member of the body be 
 abfolutely neceflary. Moreover, the reafon 
 is evident, how Levi, being yet in his father’s 
 loins, paid tythes long before he was born: 
 for he was in his father’s loins, when Mel- 
 chifedeck met Abraham. Laftly, even ori- 
 ginal fin (in the opinion of a very learned 
 man, to whom we have occafionally commu- 
 nicated the myfteries of our experiments) may 
 ftand on this principle as on a firm foundation, 
 fince all mankind have been laid up originally 
 in the loins of their firft parents. But, fince 
 others claim the right of explaining fuch myf- 
 teries, we fhall enter no further into this mat- 
 ter,. but come to another error of Goedaert, 
 intending to difcufs the reft, when we have 
 occafion to examine any more of his experi- 
 ments ; for it is not our intention to build on 
 another’s foundation. 
 
 A further error of Goedaert appears in the 
 “7th experiment of the firft part, in the words 
 following: ‘ What is more particularly wor- 
 « thy of our notice in thefe infects is, that 
 ‘© wherever the legs are fituated in the Cater- 
 “ pillar, there is placed the back of the ani- 
 «* malcule that is to arife by tranfmutation : 
 “< and on the contrary, where the back of the 
 «< Caterpillar was, there, are the legs in the 
 “ animalcule to be produced from thence. 
 ‘«¢ This metamorphofis, adds he, (which ren- 
 “ ders him the more blameable) is_per- 
 *< formed. in a fhort {pace of time, fo that it 
 “may be diftindily feen; becaufe immediately 
 ‘< after thedding its fkin, this change appears 
 “* to the eye.” From hence may arife a pro- 
 per opportunity of explaining accurately and 
 carefully the true tranfmutation of the Cater- 
 pillar into the Chryfalis; but as this matter is 
 (as far as hitherto is neceflary to be explained) 
 very evident, from, what we have on, feveral 
 preceeding occafions faid thereon, we fhall 
 here. pafs it over in, filence ; and, the rather, 
 becaufe we have determined to treat this mat- 
 ter profeffedly in the following fheets; for we 
 fhall.fhew from reafon, and illuftrate by figures, 
 after what, manner, andiin. what place, every 
 limb of the Nymph and Butterfly are dif- 
 pofed. and. arranged, which we have. before 
 actually laid before the. eye, in the, prefence of 
 Magalloti and Thevenot, by fhewing: all; the 
 
 limbs of the Butterfly in the Caterpillar, There-' 
 
 fore, to prove'the falfity of what we have cited 
 out of Goedaert, it 1s {ufficient only to repeat, 
 that the fix fore legs of the Caterpillar are never 
 changed or tranfpofed in any remarkable man- 
 ner. And though Goedaert thought Aimételf 
 fuperior, with refpect to the fharpnels of his 
 ficht, to Monffet, Harvey, and others (waole 
 thoughts on this fubject were conjectural) and 
 has alerted the contrary to their dectrine, yet 
 nothing is more certain than that not only he, 
 but thofe who boaft to have feen it, were 
 grofsly deceived. This deception may poflibly 
 crife from two caufes: the firft 1s the {wift 
 fhedding of the fkin ; whence it happerts, that 
 the limbs, hitherto hidden, fuddenly appear; 
 and are difpofed in a form quite different from 
 what they were in the Worm: the fecond may 
 be owing to fome protuberances and fwellingss 
 which are on the back of the Caterpillar, and, 
 as foon as the {kin is fhed, have the refem- 
 blance of legs. Indeed, a perfon more quick- 
 fighted than Goedaert, may be deceived by 
 this, fince the change of the fkin happens 
 fuddenly, and, as it were in the twinkling of 
 an eye: wherefore, even the more modern au- 
 thors, who wrote moft accurately on this fub-" 
 je@t, have difcovered nothing elfe, than that the 
 (kin is firft broken on the head and back, This 
 is plain from that very elaborate treatife of the 
 generation of thefe infeéts, publifhed by Fran- 
 cis Redus, principal phyfician to the grand duke 
 of Tufcany, in his own language, in the year 
 1668; wherein he has proved, by the ftrongeft 
 arguments, that no infects are generated by 
 putrefaction. This doctrine we fhall not only 
 willingly grant this eminent phyfician, but fur- 
 ther we fcruple not to affert, that putrefaction 
 is, in a great meafure, produced by thofe very 
 infe@ts which are fuppofed to arife from it: 
 but of this matter more at large hereafter. 
 
 In order to fhew the origin of thofe fwel- 
 lings on the back of the Caterpillar which 
 impofed on Goedaert, as fo many fignals of 
 changing their legs, it mutt be obferved, that 
 many of the Caterpillars, whilft they are chang- 
 ing, caft off from thofe hairs wherewith their 
 bodies were before roughened and briftly, a 
 very tender, and, as it were, membranous 
 fheath ; after which, the finer part of thofe 
 hairs appear like fo many linen threads in 
 the Chryfalis. But fince this Caterpillar of 
 Goedaert’s is covered with hairs which are 
 more like briftles than linen thread; it fol- 
 lows, thofe hairs and the reft of the body hav- 
 ing fhed their fkin, form in the Chryfalis the 
 figure before mentioned, and appeared as if the 
 legs were tranfpofed. This is what led Goe+ 
 daert into.another error: for if he had known 
 thefe feveral particulars, he might have eafily 
 inveftigated the origin of thofe filken yellow’ 
 threads, which he tells us he faw in the Chry- 
 falis, and which are defcribed in the 2oth ex-. 
 periment of the firft part. 
 
 It is not only very certain that the change of 
 the Caterpillar into a Chryfalis may be ‘per= 
 ceived'by the eye, butour experiments proceed: 
 
 fo 
 
The HI 
 fo far, that, by following nature, we are able 
 to produce the Chryfalis from the Caterpillar 
 ftate. Nay, it is in our power to keep back 
 this tranfmutation, or to retard the fame to any 
 degree we think proper, though it happens fo 
 fwiftly and fuddenly, and therefore, undoubted 
 credit ought to be given to the feveral matters 
 we publifh here concerning this change. Hence 
 it is, that we can now exhibit to public view 
 many Chryfallides, reduced to almoft one half; 
 this, among feveral other myfteries of nature, 
 we have thewn before his ferene highnefs Cof- 
 mus the third, grand duke of Tufcany, when 
 he, by a fpecial mark of diftinction, was gra- 
 cioufly pleafed to vifit us, and to approve of 
 our experiments. 
 
 But to have done with the errors of Goe= 
 daert, which we have hitherto been fetting 
 right, we fhall lay down the following as un- 
 doubted truths. Firft, that the legs of the 
 Caterpillar, or Worm, are never tran{pofed to 
 the back. Secondly, that the Caterpillar is not 
 chan ge d into another animal, though, in procefs 
 of time, the legs themfe ives grow in the fame 
 
 ieee eae. Bees 
 
 tf OR ¥ 
 
 f INSECT 17 
 manner, asthe wings of ayoung bird, or feet of a 
 Tadpole. Thirdly, t that no natural transformation 
 happens in thefe infects; but that this whole 
 change, (in finding out the nature whereof, 
 authors have committed fo many errors, and 
 proceeded, as it were; blind-fold, like the com- 
 batants of old) confifts ory in this, that the 
 limbs of the Caterpillar, or WwW orm, by an ac- 
 cretion of the parts, grow infenfibly under its 
 skin; and when the latter is fhed, the former 
 appear plainly and dift inctly to the fight, but 
 they cannot be moved at firft by the little ani- 
 mal; the reafon of which is, becaufe they are 
 fluid like water, and cannot acquire fufficient 
 {trength, unlefs they evaporate it for fome days 
 before. 
 
 But this does not hold in all Worms, fince 
 there are many which lofe no part of their 
 motion. ‘To render this matter the more clear, 
 we fhall now proceed to the third propofition, 
 defiring the reader to confider it attentively, as 
 it isa matter of the greateft importance, and of 
 very great extent. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Of the four orders us natural changes, to which we refer nearly all the /pecies 
 of infects, as having the fame fale principle of change. 
 
 AVING hitherto, from the nature of 
 things, examined and drawn, as it were, 
 a juft and “elegant picture of the true origin 
 of thefe appearances, or, as they may be called, 
 fudden buddings and fhootings into limbs in 
 infects, and by that means, {hewn how this 
 fubject hath been difgraced and obfcured by 
 chimerical notions, and the idle traditions con- 
 cerning thefe changes; having likewife cleared 
 the fubject from the impurities wherein it was 
 involved, by eftablifhing it on a ftrong and 
 firm foundation, which cannot. be fhaken by 
 force; and in our opinion, can no more e be 
 fet afide in favour of fortuitous chance, than a 
 Lamb can be generated by a Wolf, or an Eagle 
 by a Dove, we fhall now proceed to the po- 
 fitions themfelves, or to the feveral orders of 
 thefe changes ; whereby, as with the genuine 
 tinct of nature, we fhall endeavour to illuftrate 
 the picture before us, and reftore the amazing 
 and wonderful appearances of infeéts to their 
 true fplendor and native beauty. Thus fhall 
 we more clearly be fenfible of, and, with greater 
 devotion and more humble reverence, meditate 
 on the omnipotent wifdom and {uperlative 
 goodnefs of God in the accretion, fuftenance, 
 and change of the minuteft animalcules, which 
 form a celeftial hoft as the angels. 
 
 If we diligently attend to this true bafis of 
 all the changes of infeéts, that is the Nymph, 
 it will be eafy to comprehend the reafon why 
 all the fpecies, tho’ fo many in number, toge- 
 ther with their changes, agree and terminate in 
 this one particular ; ‘wherefore it feems fuper- 
 
 fluous to dwell longer on the explanation of 
 them. If again we more ferioufly confider 
 after what various ways this Nymph hides 
 itfelf under the manifold forms of thofe in- 
 feéts, fo asto elude the fharpeft eye; it will 
 become neceffary to view this Nymph in every 
 light, under all its accidental appearances. And 
 heskia we fhall not follow asa guide the de- 
 lufive traces of our own ingenuity, or admit 
 
 the inventions of fancy, but purfue only the 
 various and natural phenomena of the Nymph. 
 There are four orders which comprehend the 
 
 whole clafs of infects, fo that we cannot fee 
 one, which may not be referred to one or other 
 of thet: efpecially if if we can fee its change. 
 
 The firft order will comprehend thofe in- 
 feéts, which, with all their limbs and_ parts, 
 proceed inftantly out of the egg, and grow in- 
 fenfibly, until they attain a proper fize after 
 which ‘they are. ch anged into the Nymph, 
 which undergoes no other change but that of 
 its skin. 
 
 Of the fecond order are thofe hatched with 
 fix legs, and which, when the wings are 
 dually perfected, are alfo changed into Nymphs. 
 
 The third order is, when the Worm or Ca- 
 terpillar comes forth from the egg either with- 
 out any legs, or with fix or more, and its limbs 
 afterwards grow under the skin, in a manner 
 imperceptible to our fight, until at length it cafts 
 that skin and refembles the Nymph, or Chry- 
 falis. 
 
 The fourth order is, when the Worm like- 
 wife proceed from the egg, either without 
 
 F any, 
 
 gra~ 
 
| 
 | 
 
 18 ec no0k NATURES ™ 
 
 any, or with fix, or more legs, and in an 
 ‘nvifible manner grows in Its limbs and 
 parts under the skin, and does not fhed this 
 skin, but acquires the form of a Nymph un- 
 
 der it. 
 Having laid down thefe general propofitions, 
 ® 
 
 I thall hereafter diftinaly and at large, defcribe 
 the Nymph under thefe four different orders ; 
 and at the fame time fhall Jay it before the 
 eye by particular examples, illuftrating every 
 defcription ; but in the firft place, I fhall enu- 
 merate the infects which belong to each order. 
 
 The FIRST ORDER. 
 
 Of the natural changes, or flow accretion, of the limbs. 
 
 A* on the one hand it appears, _ from 
 the niceft experiments, that all infects 
 ‘proceed from an egg, that is laid by an 
 infect of the fame fpecies, with whatever 
 warmth fome philofophers have maintained the 
 contrary; fo on the other it muft be obferved, 
 that fome infects iffue therefrom inftantaneoutly, 
 and, as it is faid, perfect in all their parts, as 
 almott all the kinds of Spiders, and many more. 
 Others, on the contrary, undergo fome changes 
 before their parts are finifhed, which is the 
 property of a great number of Worms and 
 Caterpillars ; for when thefe infects aflume the 
 form of a Nymph or Chryfalis, under this 
 fhape they fuffer another change, or rather, 
 the fame evaporation of the fuperfluous moi- 
 ture which the animalcule fuffers in the egg 
 when it iffues from thence, or which they 
 themfelves have alfo fuffered in their egg, be- 
 fore they underwent this change, 
 
 Hence it is, that as fome infects come from 
 the egg perfect in all their parts, Tab. I. fig. 11.. 
 fo, on the contrary, others are forced from 
 
 thence imperfect as it were in their feveral 
 
 limbs. But as the former often change their 
 skin, though they be not afterwards trans- 
 formed into Nymphs, which are difcoverable 
 by certain new limbs, before they grow ma- 
 ture, andare rendered fit for generation, fo the 
 latter fometimes caft.their skins, and when they 
 throw of the laft, under which they acquire 
 the form of a Nymph, and are furnifhed with 
 new limbs, Tab. XVI. they likewife attain to 
 maturity ; after which neither the former nor 
 the latter infeéts caft their skin or grow, but 
 apply themfelves, with all their ftrength, to the 
 bufinefS. of generation ; and then, pleafed as it 
 were with their paft employment, they die in 
 peace, unlefs it be fo ordered by nature, that 
 they are obliged to feed their young, and for 
 that purpofe muft neceffarily live fomewhat 
 longer. Indeed, moft infects are found of fuch 
 a nature, as fcarcely to live more than four 
 hours after the time of their laft change, and 
 the bufinefs of generation is over: fo that na- 
 ture feems to exert her utmoft ftrength upon 
 this occafion, and the beginning of life in one 
 little animal is the end of it in another, as we 
 fee every day in the motion of the weights 
 affixed to clocks, one of which defcends whilft 
 the other afcends. But we fhall treat more 
 fully of thefe matters in their proper place. 
 To explain our obfervations on the egg 
 fomewhat more amply, and as far as may be 
 
 proper in this place, we muft add, that we 
 have remarked, that the infects which proceed 
 inftantaneoufly, or perfect, from the egg, as 
 well as thofe which iffue from thence in the 
 form of Worms, are difpofed and placed in 
 the fame egg as clofe as can be, and without 
 any food in their power, in the fame manner 
 as the Worm and Caterpillar lie ftill and com- 
 pofed, without the leaft food, when they have 
 put on the form of a Nymph, as we have ob- 
 ferved. This will be clearer when we come to 
 the fourth order of tranfmutation. 
 
 Further, asthe Worms and Caterpillars be- 
 forementioned, when changed into Nymphs,” 
 are fluid like water, and fwoln on account of 
 their limbs being extended by a fuperfluous 
 moifture; and as they cannot move, although 
 they live and breathe; fo we have found, that 
 our animalcules lying in their egg, and being 
 alfo fluid like water, are incapable of the leaft 
 motion. Wherefore, as the infect formed from 
 the Nymph, or rather the infe&ts themfelves, 
 hidden under the form of Nymphs, do not 
 appear, \till thefe redundant humours have been 
 diffipated, and their limbs have acquired fuf- 
 ficient ftrength to burft the outward skin ; fo 
 likewife thefe animalcules, which are protruded 
 from the egg, either perfect or imperfect, do 
 not part with thefe their eggs or coverings, 
 before the fuperfluous moifture 1s expelled, 
 and their feeble limbs have ‘acquired fufficient 
 ftrength, fo as to be able to break through the 
 outmoft skin, wherein they are involved as in 
 a fhell, and to quit it, as foon as it is burft or 
 perforated. 
 
 If we attentively confider what has been 
 hitherto advanced, which is indeed of great 
 moment, and produétive of many ufeful con- 
 clufions, we fhall be inclined-to determine, 
 that thofe eggs, wherein the animalcules lie 
 ftill without food, in the figure of Nymphs, 
 and which, for that reafon, often have the 
 form of the animalcules that are to proceed from 
 them, ought not, properly fpeaking, to be 
 called eggs, but Nymphs in the form of eggs, 
 or oviform Nymphs. ‘The former infect, for 
 this reafon, though yet in the egg, may not 
 be improperly called a Nymph-animal oviform, 
 or in the appearance of an egg; as the latter 
 may be denominated an oviform Nymph-ver- 
 micle, ot Worm-Nymph. Nay, the egy, as 
 it is called, or rather, the coat wherein they 
 are wrapped up, ought to have the appellation 
 of their skin, rather than that of the thell or 
 
 i) 
 
Cine 
 ege wherein they are to be generated or 
 formed: but we have already touched upon 
 thefe obfervations concerning the skin in the 
 foregoing pages, when we treated of the 
 Nymphs and Chryfallides cafting their skin. 
 
 As our intention is to offer fome rules and 
 orders of tranfmutation, which comprehend 
 all the changes that happen in the infects known 
 to us; we fhall fix our eyes firft on the changes 
 of thofe infects, which iffue inftantaneoufly, as 
 it is faid, out of the egg, and which have 
 already gone through the whole procefs of 
 their change, or accretion of their limbs in their 
 mother’s womb ; that is, when by the conti- 
 nual increafe of their invifible yet effential 
 parts, as they are called, they have become 
 perfect animals in the egg, they have under- 
 gone no other change out of it, except only 
 the evaporation before mentioned ; nor are they 
 to be afterwards fubject to any other change or 
 accretion into a Nymph, which is alfo per- 
 formed only by evaporation. 
 
 This we fhall offer as the firft, fimpleft, and 
 plaineft method of change in infeéts, and from 
 this we fhall proceed by degrees to fuch as are 
 more ob{fcure, complete, and difficult of com- 
 prehenfion, mentioning fome fo intricate, that, 
 it feems to many, they cannot be explained at 
 all. This notion hath been fo eftablifthed by 
 cuftom, that for want of a more proper term, 
 the bodies have been called eggs; fince to a 
 perfon, who views them flightly and fuperfici- 
 ally, not even the leaft veftige of any diftint 
 limb appears in them. 
 
 The firft order of change then, according to 
 our fyftem, is, when the infeét, lying in the 
 ege or {kin without food, after fome days eva- 
 poration and diffipation of the fuperfluous 
 moifture, creeps out of it, perfect in all its 
 parts, fo that afterwards it is not changed into 
 a Nymph, nor undergoes any other remarkable 
 mutation. But fince this infect, before it hath 
 arrived to its full bignefs and proper growth, by 
 means of the food that is given it, is fometimes 
 obliged to caft its skin, like the Worms or Ca- 
 terpillars that are changed into Nymphs; and 
 fince, under the laft change of the skin, its 
 limbs alfo undergo fome tranfmutation ;, it is 
 therefore the infect ought to be confidered asa 
 real Nymph, at the time it is in its laft skin ; 
 for when this is caft, it is obferved to be fit for 
 generation, and to have come to its maturity and 
 full vigour, and not before. | 
 
 Since therefore fome infects are changed 
 after they have caft the laft skin, which may 
 be exemplified in the long-legg’d Spider de- 
 fcribed by Goedaert; we fhall, for this reafon, 
 confider this infeét asa kind of Nymph, and 
 for diftin@tion fake call it a Nymph-animal. 
 Not that we would have any perfon tied down 
 to make ufe of the terms we have offered, 
 being {atisfied, ifthe orders of thefe changes be 
 as diligently, accurately and diftin@lly obferved 
 as they are ‘in nature, for in this lies the prin- 
 cipal and only knowledge. 
 
 If we further ferioufly attend to this change, 
 we fhall plainly fee, that it not only agrees 
 
 H FS T :O:R)Y. of 
 
 INSECTS, 19 
 with the accretion of the limbs in fancuiferous 
 animals, but alfo with that epigenefis, or fuper- 
 addition, obfervable in plants or vegetables ; this 
 therefore we would have underftood of the 
 orders of changes, and fhall accordingly make 
 the like application. 
 
 To give fome inftances of what happens in 
 fanguiferous animals, none feems more proper 
 for that purpofe, than the accretion of the 
 limbs in a Frog, Tab. XLVI. a. for as the young 
 Frog is very vifible, by means of the black 
 {pot which we fee in the egg, fo we find that 
 this is nothing but the very animal, in the fame 
 manner as we have fhewn in infects. But as 
 the infects are not produced with their food, fo 
 no other difference can be difcovered in this 
 cafe, than that the young Frog iffues forth 
 with its proper aliment ; and it is alfo found to 
 be wrapt up in a certain membrane like the 
 infect, though it ftill feeds for five days with- 
 in it. ; 
 
 Further, as the Frog, immediately after the 
 burfting of this membrane, finds matter to 
 feed upon, for it lies in the midft of it, fo 
 likewife are the infeéts readily fupplied with 
 nourifhment, when their eggs are broken; fince 
 fome of them are placed within, and the reft 
 without, and upon the fubftance on which they 
 are to feed. 
 
 To purfue the analogy, as the Frog pro- 
 ceeds from its egg without legs; fo we fee a 
 great many infects creep out of their skins 
 without them. And as the legs and the reft 
 of the Frogs limbs increafe in procefs of tin 
 fome within, and others without the ski 
 that at length it refembles a Nymph of the 
 fecond order, in the fame manner we fee, that 
 all the limbs of infects, as well thofe that are 
 in, as thofe that are out of the-skin, grow 
 by degrees, until they are changed into real 
 
 o 
 
 in procefs of time, 
 and expofes to open view its hidden limbs, 
 which we faw through the skin before, and by 
 degrees attains its full maturity and ability for 
 generation :' fo, after the fame mnnner, we ob- 
 ferve, that the Nymphs of infects after fome 
 time caft their skins, and thew their covered 
 limbs, and, like the frogs, are rendered capa- 
 ble of propagating their fpecies. 
 
 But we fhall treat this matter more at large 
 in the following fheets, when we lay before the 
 reader our own moft remarkable experiments 
 on Frogs ; the principal part whereof has been 
 performed before the grand duke of Tufcany, 
 the fublimity of whofe noble and accomplifhed 
 mind, is infpired with a generous and benevo- 
 lent affection for the liberal arts and {ciences. 
 
 Let us now confider the vegetable kinds, 
 Tab. XLVI. a. for as we fee thefe grow from-a 
 feed, which infolds fome leaves, or a very ten- 
 der fprout ; in like manner, we find that in- 
 fects ripen into a fuller and ftronger habit from 
 their feed, which contains all their limbs, or 
 rather the animal itfelf wrapt up in the skin. 
 
 For 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 For the fame reafon_ that plants come in 
 time to maturity, and {well under the cover 
 wherein the flower lies, as the infect does in 
 the Nymph: fo likewife we obferve, aoe in- 
 {eé&s infenfibly approach toa more perfect matu- 
 rity, and by flow degrees {pring in their cover- 
 ing, or the Nymph, in which are all their 
 limbs, as the flower is placed in its proper 
 covering : this we fhall hereafter demonftrate in 
 
 o 
 the Clove Julyflower, Tab. XLVI. 4. 
 
 Laftly, as fowers at length break out from 
 their husks, and become capable of producing 
 new ones by generation and running up into 
 feed; in like manner infects proceed from their 
 Nymph, as the flower from the husk, and are 
 alfo rendered fit for generation and repofiting 
 
 20 
 
 NA a US ES: es 
 
 their fperm. Andas propagation is performed 
 y the union of their feed with 
 the moifture of the earth’s womb, infects per- 
 form the act of generation, by the conjunction 
 of the fruitful, and, as it were invifible parti- 
 cles of the male’s {perm, with the confpicuous, 
 vivifick, and fenfitive {eed in the female. This 
 feed of the female continues and perfects the 
 life, motion and fenfe which it enjoys, when 
 the {permatic virtue of the male is thrown into 
 it; and it is in this continuance of motion that 
 the fruitful conception of the feed is properly 
 faid to confit : but we {hall hereafter explain 
 this matter more at large, by particular exam- 
 
 ples. 
 
 in plants, b 
 
 A catalogue of the infects which are referred to im the frft order of natural 
 changes, called the N lymph-animal. 
 
 e- 
 AVING explained our firft and moftt 
 fimple order of changes, in which we 
 
 have confidered the animalcule, which comes 
 perfect from the egg, as 2 real Nymph when 
 it is about to caft its laft fkin; it now remains, 
 that we fhould give a catalogue of infects which 
 belong to this order: and upon this occafion 
 we {hall briefly enumerate fuch of them as we 
 have in our cuftody, as we fhall do alfo with 
 regard to the Nymphs, Chryfallides, and di- 
 ftinét {pecimens of the four orders, together 
 with feveral other things not unworthy the 
 fpeculation of the curious, which we preferve 
 in our cabinet, and by the afliftance of which 
 we are able to demonftrate to the eye every 
 thing hitherto, and that fhall hereafter be, ad- 
 vanced. 
 
 To the firft order of tranfmutations belongs 
 the Spider *, which proceeds immediately from 
 its egg, and has no vermicular ftate; this has 
 been alfo obferved by the moft accurate Martin 
 Lifter, who in his elaborate treatife on Spi- 
 ders fays, ‘* Thefe are hatched from the eggs, 
 “ perfect and complete in all their parts.” 
 Chap. Il. Of the generation of Spiders. 
 
 I keep, for this purpofe, the largeft of all 
 Spiders, that is, the venemous, Brafilian kind, 
 which has crooked, black, very fharp and big 
 claws, or rather darts, and alfo has two arms, 
 which are in all refpeéts like fhanks or legs. 
 
 I alfo have the great downy Phalangium, or 
 Tarantula, ; 
 
 Alfo a very remarkable Spider which Dr. 
 Padbrugge fent me from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. It is of the colour of fcarlet velvet, 
 and covered thick with a fine down, in which 
 is the colour. It is as big as a grain of a {mall 
 French bean, with an oblong body, and broad 
 
 breaft ; it has hort legs, except the two fore- 
 
 moft pair, which are very long ; the fecond pair 
 
 are fomewhat fhorter; the third is very fhort ; 
 but the fourth or laft is fomewhat longer, and 
 all of them are covered thick with red hair. © 
 The breaft is fo clofely united to the belly, that 
 they cannot be feparated from one another ; 
 therefore this Spider is in that refpe& like a 
 Lobfter; it has two fhort arms, and two ruddy 
 tranfparent flings or darts, but its: eyes can’t 
 be feen on account of the thicknefs of the 
 hair. 
 
 I have alfo the American fpecies of Spiders, 
 which has rough, thick, and very long legs in 
 comparifon of the body; the belly is fomewhat 
 (welled and briftly, its darts are very much bent 
 and crooked like claws, but the arms are fhort 
 in comparifon of the legs, being not above a 
 third part of the length of the fore pair. It 
 has cight eyes, which are neatly ranged in 
 two rows; its breaft is like «an oval fhield ; it 
 turns the eyes to the extreme parts, and bends 
 itfelf a little on the infide, behind the joint of 
 each leg or fhank, in the fame manner as the 
 {kin finks between the ribs in lean and thin 
 people ; but this is common to a great many 
 Spiders big and little. 
 
 I have alfo one of the Holland {pinning 
 Spiders, which, in colour and figure, refembles 
 Mouffet’s largeft fpinner, but it is not half fo 
 large. I have obferved in this fpecies, that 
 each of its eight legs confifts of feven joints ; 
 thus the firft joint at the breaft is very fhoft ; 
 the fecond is much fhorter and formed like a 
 ball ; the-third is the longeft of all; and it is 
 for the fake. of this only, that the other joint 
 feems to have been made, that this third joint 
 may be moved with the greater eafe and expe- 
 dition; the fourth is fomewhat bent, and by 
 degrees grows thicker; the fifth is the longeft 
 except the third; the fixth and feventh decreafe 
 in proportion, whereof the latter is provided 
 
 * The generical charaéters of the Spider kind ftabli i 
 f , as eftablifhed by Linnzus, are, that they have ei 
 pa of eyes, ee onthe back part of the thorax. ‘I'he common houfe Spider, the ae ‘pide poe san - a 
 : 3 genus ; an thefe diftinctive marks exclude fome infeéts, called by others by the fame nam } laci ie "stale oa 
 eads, The long-legged Spider having but two eyes, is properly an Acarus. Ain Eee Ns 
 
 with 
 
The 
 
 with two large, crooked, black claws, accom- 
 panied by others of afmaller fize*, The ani- 
 mal makes ufe of all thefe to run down the 
 web, and to guide and govern it. 
 
 I cannot determine, whether the Englifh 
 Spiders have the fame properties, as Lifter 
 fays pofitively, ‘‘ All Spiders have three joints 
 “in their legs.” But fince this gentleman 
 thinks that all Spiders have two antenne, or 
 horns, which are inferted in the head next to, 
 and above the darts, I fhould not agree with him 
 in this affertion; for though I have never feen 
 the Englifh Spider, yet I ‘can eafily fee from 
 other foreign kinds, and their limbs, that this 
 is repugnant to the nature of Spiders. In order 
 to folve this difficulty, I fhall briefly relate 
 what I have obferved, concerning this matter, 
 in my Spinner. By examining the Spider be- 
 fore defcribed, I found that thofe two joints, 
 and all the other legs, are fixed to the breatt ; 
 but with this difference, that the place of their 
 connection with the breaft is higher, on account 
 of the thicknefs of the hair; and this I judged 
 to have been done, left they fhould impede the 
 action of the limbs, wherewith the {picula or 
 darts are united, and that thefe joints may 
 move with more eafe. I have alfo obferved, 
 that they confift of fix, or perhaps of feven 
 joints, which I fhall not pofitively affirm; 
 wherefore they are, for this reafon, like legs, 
 as Dr. Lifter has alfo obferved, where he fays, 
 “« Thefe, like feet, confift of certain joints.” 
 
 But what deferves the greateft attention, is, 
 that every one of thefe has a claw fixed to 
 the end of it, that is fomewhat crooked and 
 blackifh: wherefore, thefe may very properly 
 be called the fifth pair of legs; and the rather, 
 becaufe they have their mufcles on the infide, 
 as the other legs have, and are rough with hair 
 and prickly briftles. However, many reafons 
 induce me to think, that they ought not to 
 be reckoned among the legs, fince in the whole 
 tribe of Spiders they are not fhaped in this 
 manner, but ina great many they refemble the 
 claws of Lobfters and Scorpions. This is vi- 
 fible in the Flea-Spider, in which thefe limbs 
 very nearly refemble a pair of tongs or pincers, 
 only that they want the great toe, as appears 
 by one now in my cuftody ; I am obliged to 
 refer to this, as nothing remarkable or ufeful 
 can be obferved at this time, for I am writing 
 this in the month of December; but I can 
 demonftrate this fo clearly, in another {pinning 
 Spider I have, that there can be no room for 
 doubting: for firft, we may fee two darts or 
 arrows in this; then, thefe arms are formed 
 with fuch wonderful art, as not to be inferior 
 to the inimitable workmanfhip which we ad- 
 mire in our own hands. 
 
 Thefe arms are divided into different joints, 
 at the end of which we fee a fmall concave 
 and convex part, covered with hair: this re- 
 
 HES T ORY 
 
 eo 4a NS -#:.%<T S, 
 
 2i 
 fembles, in afpeét, a piece of the white of an 
 egg divided into four parts, At the end ot 
 this {mall part, there is in every arm a little 
 rifing fomewhat like a finger. ‘There are alfo 
 on thefe {mall hairy parts, others worthy our 
 obfervation, each of which is joined on the 
 inward concave fide, to the bafis of thefe hairy 
 parts, fo as that the latter may protect, and, 
 for the greater fafety, hide the former, The 
 firft of thefe parts is divided into two joints 
 placed one upon the other, to the lower of 
 which is joined a real but obtufe forceps, of 
 a mixed light rea and blackifh colour, whereby 
 the arms are connected together. To the other 
 joint, which is fomewhat higher, is joincd an 
 obtufe or blunt little claw, of a colour inclin- 
 ing to a bright red. We furthef find, that 
 another fmall, and, as it were, blunted part, 
 is articulated at the root of the firft part, where- 
 on lies the forceps; on the end of this are 
 three {mall toes or crooked claws, which are 
 not placed, nor formed, in the fame manner, 
 and whofe moving mufcles are hidden in the 
 {mall blunted part.. ‘Thus it is plain, that thefe 
 arms are differently framed, according to the 
 different kind of the Spider. 
 
 From thefe inftances, therefore, it is clear ‘as 
 the light at noon day, that thefe limbs or mem-< 
 bers ought not to be called antennz, feelers or 
 horns, but real arms, and that neither Spiders 
 nor Scorpions have any horns, But as the 
 brachia, or arms, before defcribed, are formed 
 with amazing art, I have therefore thought 
 proper to preferve them dried ; in order to have 
 them ready to fhew on any occafion. 
 
 I likewife obferve,that the long-footed Spi- 
 
 ‘der has no feelers or horns, but its arms are 
 
 provided with, at leaft, one crooked black claw, 
 that reaches beyond the end of the arm. The 
 legs, with refpect to the joints, are like the legs 
 of the fpinner before defcribed ; and what is 
 properly called the foot, feems to be divided 
 into two feveral joints, that have two claws at 
 the end of them. But I cannot further invef- 
 tigate thefe matters at this time, being now in 
 the midft of winter, and having no Spiders, but 
 fuch as are dried and preferved ; in which, but 
 efpecially in the large venomous ones, that 
 Ikeep, it is very evident that Spiders have no 
 horns or feelers. 
 
 ITalfo have Lifter’s fmall crimfon Spider, 
 but as this is alfo dried, we cannot difcover 
 the proportion of the ends of the arms, but 
 we may fee that they are fomewhat thicker 
 than the legs. 
 
 I obferve in the green, fmall, and long-bel- 
 lied Spider, of that illuftrious Englifhman, that 
 thefe arms have likewife a plain claw at the 
 end of them. The fame is obfervable in other 
 Spiders which I have, nor is there any that has 
 not the fore joint armed in the manner before- 
 mentioned, 
 
 * There is a remarkable property in the Crab, in breaking off a wounded limb at a particular joint. This has been exemplified 
 
 at large in the Philofophical Tranfaétions. 
 
 the limb at a peculiar place above, and a new one grows in its place. 
 
 If the laft joint of a leg be wounded, the Crab, by a peculiar motion, breaks off 
 
 The fame happens in fome fpecies of the Spider. 
 
 G I think, 
 
wi 
 
 2m 
 
 I think, I obferve a very remarkable texture 
 
 «1 the arms of the Wolf Spider, which I can- 
 ot now thoroughly inveftigate. 
 
 P As to the Srider’s teeth, I do not find that 
 they have been hitherto defcribed by any au- 
 thor, fince the parts fuppofed to be teeth, are, 
 in reality, the creatures weapons of darts, by 
 which it takes and kills little animals, after- 
 wards fucking their blood. But to fpeak firft 
 of the darts, it is to be obferved, that they are 
 two crooked, kind of horny, and fharp parts, 
 like the claws of birds of prey, and are fitu- 
 ated in Spiders immediately under the eyes : 
 but they are articulated with two ftrong, firm, 
 kind of horny and mufcular fubftances, which 
 are obferved to be fixed under the bottom of 
 the breaft,. in which the eyes are placed. I 
 have feen clearly in my Spinning Spider, which 
 is like that of Mouffet, as I before obferved, 
 that thefe firm little bones grew on the infide, 
 like certain blackifh eminences or juttings like 
 
 teeth, between which the fpicula, or darts, were 
 
 fecurely and fafely inclofed, as the moveable 
 blade of a knife is in the groove of its 
 handle. 
 
 I have not, on the narroweft infpection, 
 been able to find the leaft opening in thefe 
 darts, by which the infect might eject any 
 venomous liquid; fuch an opening as we fee 
 in the teeth or ftings of the Worm called the 
 Sica, or Sicarius, or Affaffin, or fuch as it is faid 
 are to be feen in the teeth of Vipers. I have 
 not even been able to find any apertures in the 
 ftings of the biggeft venomous Spider called 
 Phalangium, though as long as half a joint of 
 the firft finger. 
 
 Neither could I ever perceive that Spiders, 
 however irritated, difcharged any virulent mat- 
 ter, though I have {pared no pains or attention 
 to obferve them. Doétor Lifter alfo feems to 
 have made the fame remark, and I fhall wil- 
 lingly fub{cribe to his opinion ; till experience 
 may inform me otherwife, 
 
 It is very furprifing, that fuch ftrong and 
 folid mufcles fhould be contained in the horny 
 fubftance of thofe parts, to which the 
 ftings are faftened. I have a method of ex- 
 tracting thefe mufcles entire, in anatomizing 
 the infeét; and the fame may be obferved of 
 the mufcles ferving to move the claws of Crabs. 
 No doubt, thefe parts agree much with the 
 internal claws or pinchers of Scorpions, who 
 likewife carry them under their eyes; and 
 was it true that Spiders, on wounding any 
 animal with their darts, difcharged a poifonous 
 liquor along them into the wound fo made, we 
 might then fay, that the darts of this infect 
 and that of the Scorpion were perfeétly alike ; 
 
 excepting this, that the Spider’s weapons are 
 placed on the fore part of its body about the 
 mouth and breaft, whereas that of the Scor- 
 pion is fixed to its tail; befides, the Spider has 
 two darts, and the Scorpion only one. But it 
 is above all things worthy obfervation, that in 
 the Spider with two eyes, thefe darts are joined 
 and formed into real forceps, as the indefati- 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; O; 
 
 able Lifter has obferved, and I have myfelf 
 
 “(covered this to be the cafe in fome long 
 footed ones which I dried: fo far therefore 
 thefe parts agree in make with the internal 
 forceps of Scorpions. 
 
 Asto the true and proper teeth, I have found 
 them fituated forward on the lower part of the 
 thorax, immediately under the points of the 
 darts, where they fhut one clofe to another; in 
 the fame manner that I have obferved in the 
 little crabs, and as may be feen in the Cray-Fith. 
 They are alfo fafhioned in the fame manner, 
 but of a fubftance not fo horny. On pulling 
 out thefe teeth, it appears that they are united 
 with certain other little pieces ; which may not 
 improperly be called articulated briftles. We 
 have here therefore a fatisfactory folution of 
 the phenomenon, fo judicioufly obferved by doc- 
 tor Lifter, viz. that there may be found in the 
 excrements of Spiders, fome particles of the 
 Flies they have devoured. His words are, 
 « You would imagine they only livéd by fuck- 
 « ing the juices of the Flies they catch, if you 
 « were to view nothing but the dead carcafles 
 “ of thofe Flies; but if you attentively exa~ 
 “mine the excrements of the Spiders, you 
 « will find in them particles of their fkin or 
 “ coat.” Spiders, therefore, actually devour 
 fome parts of their prey, and fuck the juices 
 from other parts of it, which they can eafily and 
 conveniently do, when they fqueeze it between 
 the denticular procefs of thofe parts, where 
 their darts are inferted, and draw in its blood 
 and juices. ‘They are able to do this the more 
 eafily, as their darts terminate oppofite to their 
 teeth ; for under the teeth there may be ob- 
 ferved a little piece like a lip, and this procefs 
 covers fome part of them. 
 
 As to what regards the eyes of thefe crea- 
 tures, I cannot at prefent examine them to 
 my fatisfaGtion, the days being fhort, and the 
 weather very cold and cloudy ; befides which, 
 I have but one of thefe Spiders in my cabinet, 
 placed there for the fake of obferving, whether 
 the fevereft froft would not entirely ftiffen it, 
 as is the cafe with Butterflies, and common. 
 Flies. But as I had doctor Lifter’s work, it 
 induced me to undertake the diffecting of this 
 fingle Spider, though I had at firft intended 
 to fay nothing of Spiders in particular at this 
 time. I difcovered that its two uppermoft 
 eyes were fomewhat bigger than the others, 
 This difference is very ftriking in the Flea-Spi- 
 der, as it was evident from a drawing I for- 
 merly took of this laft infe&; in which I have 
 reprefented its ten eyes. But neither can I now 
 examine that kind of Spider fo accurately as I 
 could with. Which way foever the fact may 
 lie, I find the two eyes that are placed above 
 the eight others, are reprefented very {mall in 
 my drawing. 
 
 I have carefully examined alfo, whether in 
 the afperee arterie of the Spider, there were any 
 openings ; but I could find none in the thorax, 
 nor any which ran into the belly: Lonly dit. 
 covered in this kind of web Spider an oblong 
 
 member, 
 
—— Ss SO OE ee Oo ae a 
 
 The 2% S*T: OY ‘of 2M SECT ¢ 
 
 member, like the penis of many animals, 
 fituated in the middle of its belly, on the out- 
 fide of its body, on a very prominent place 
 near the thorax; and near this member there 
 were two yellowith fpots in the form of moons, 
 covered with a fofter fkin than the other parts 
 of the belly. 
 
 But not to dwell too long upon thefe parts, 
 the following are the principal of the others, 
 which occurred to me on examining this Spi- 
 der; befides eight eyes fituated in Y the head 
 and thorax, and on the fore part under the 
 eyes, the darts with their joints; behind and 
 under thofe darts in the thorax, appeared its 
 mouth and teeth; then beyond thefe were 
 two arms with heir claws, and after thefe 
 eight legs, each with feven joints and two 
 claws at their extremities; add to thefe the 
 belly, with its peniform member, and the 
 down, and (harp briftly hairs, with which the 
 {kin both of the body and legs are all over 
 covered. 
 
 I cannot yet fay much of the internal parts, 
 but I may affirm, that I faw very diftin@ly the 
 mutcles of the legs, elaws and darts; I could 
 likewife perceive that the thorax was quite full 
 of mufcles, fo as hardly to contain any thing 
 befides the mouth, heart, and fpinal marrow ; 
 but I have not obferved thefe mufcles of the 
 thorax diftinétly enough, to be able to affirm 
 any thing certain concerning them. 
 
 The mufcular integument of the belly was 
 very eafily feparated from the inteftines which 
 it contained; and under this there appeared 
 an elegant piece of net-work, like an omentum 
 or cawl, confifting of globules delicately fixed 
 to one another, and of a whitifh purple colour. 
 
 On opening this omentum, I thought I 
 could perceive the abdomen, which was fhap- 
 ed like the tendril of the vine ; then firft ap- 
 peared pretty diftinétly the inteftines, through 
 which there ran here and there wehitith véflels, 
 which I took for produétions of the afpera ar- 
 teria. Next there came in fight a tranfparent 
 
 ellowifh mafs of a globular figure, which 
 might be taken for a ftring of eggs, if the 
 peniform particle or member already obferv- 
 ed had not indicated the creature to be male ; 
 and confequently this fomething elfe. 
 
 The little bag, in which the Spider carried 
 the ftuff for its web, like foft glue, was twifted 
 into many coils of an agate colour; and upon 
 breaking it, the contents were eafily drawn 
 out into threads: but as I made all thefe ob- 
 fervations in hafte, and in the firft diffection 
 of a Spider that I ever fet myfelf about with 
 attention, I neither can, or dare vouch, for the 
 perfect certainty of them all. I refer to fome 
 other opportunity a more careful furvey of 
 this moft curious fubject. 
 
 In the mean time, we have great reafon to 
 be concerned that doctor Lifter did not think 
 proper to finifh his excellent work with the 
 anatomy of all thefe parts; which would cer- 
 tainly have been a moft valuable addition to 
 fcience. He has laboured ftrenuoufly in the 
 
 a 
 
 Cant 
 
 other oid every where giving proofs that he 
 wrote his hiftory in an accurate and regular 
 manner from his own obfervations. This is 
 the reverfe of what the generality of modern 
 writers practife, who do nothing but plunder 
 each other, and then, like A®fop’s crow, 
 adorned with the feathers of other birds, and 
 weakly glorying in their borrowed finery, a 
 fuade themfelves that what they have pi illagec 
 from others, is the offspring of their owa 
 brain, though they do not fo much as under- 
 ftand it. We may the more readily excufe 
 fuch high notions in them, when we know 
 they are no more than the monftrous produc- 
 tions of a heated imagination. 
 
 Of the Flea Spider I preferve two kinds. 
 Thefe feize their prey by 4 fudden leap, and 
 therefore nature has provided them, as well 
 as other Spiders, with eight eyes, and a moft 
 acute fight: it is more ‘difficult to judge of 
 this fight i in the Spiders that make webs ; for 
 fo far from taking notice of a finger put clofe 
 to their eyes, they neither exprefs any con- 
 cern at it, nor attempt to run away; W hereas, 
 let the moft minute animal fall into their 
 nets, they immediately perceive, and lay hold 
 of it. This apparent infenfibility on the one 
 hand, and readinefs of perception on the other, 
 has made fome philofophers think the web 
 Spiders had no eyes, but received information 
 only concerning their prey, by the tremulous 
 motion of their web. When thefe gentlemen 
 further confider, that what look like eyes in 
 Spiders, never appear when viewed with the 
 microfcope of a reticular form, as is the cafe 
 in the Scorpion: they more roundly deny that 
 they have any eyes. But it by no means fol- 
 lows from the web Spider’ $ never leaping upon 
 its prey, or from its never running to it, un- 
 lefs when taken in its net, that it has no eyes; 
 and this conclufion eee appear yet weaker, 
 on confidering that eyes are as diftinétly per- 
 ceivable in this kind, as in the Flea Spider, 
 and withal are difpofed in the fame manner. 
 As to the argument drawn from the parts 
 which look like eyes in web Spiders, not be- 
 ing formed in the Ae manner, asin other 
 infects, it is equally unfatisfactory : for what 
 differences is there between its eyes being placed 
 fingly in different parts on the furface of the 
 body, as in the Flea Spider, ‘and their being 
 gathered into one net as in other infects? be- 
 fides, the eyes of Spiders thus fcattered, are 
 much larger than thofe which form the netted 
 eyes in other infects ; fo that, every thing duly 
 confidered,: there is reafon to affirm, that Spi- 
 ders have a more pérfect fight,than the gene- 
 rality of other infects, except the Libella or 
 Dragon Fly, which appears to have very large, 
 or very numerous complex eyes, fo as to af- 
 ford an opportunity of trying upon it many 
 curious experiments. Thus, has nature dif- 
 played her wonders, even in thofe little animals, 
 which, at firft fight, appear to many beneath 
 their notice ; at the fame time’that fhe ordains 
 
 the largeft animals to proceed originally from 
 
 pr inciples 
 
24 
 principles, of eggs, as little confpicuous as thofe 
 from which thefe minute infects derive their 
 
 beings : this we have already obferved . 
 But let us return to the Flea Spider, in 
 
 which the providence of nature is very con- 
 fpicuous, having fupplied it with a thread by 
 which it may fwing, and be fecured from any 
 fudden fall; if at any time it (hould fail in the 
 {prings it makes: however, this thread becomes 
 an obftacle to its catching any, except very 
 little, animals, when it has remained any time 
 in the fame place. Though this infect makes 
 ufe of no net to catch its prey, it fpins itfelf, like 
 many other Spiders, a web to fly to, and to hide 
 in, on being purfued. Another thing worthy 
 our notice in the Flea Spider, is, that on point- 
 ing. your finger to it at a diftance, it wheels 
 arid turns itfelf about every way you move and 
 turn about the finger; and runs off, on your 
 putting the finger nearer. Laftly, as I have 
 already obferved, there are amongft the Flea 
 Spiders which I keep in my cabinet, fome, 
 the extremities of whofe claws are found like 
 the forceps of Scorpions, except that they are 
 not jointed, but fhut in a manner like the 
 forceps of the Cray-Fith. 
 
 I have befides thefe a Hedge Spider, which, 
 to hatch its eggs the better, carries them about, 
 ~ as it were, in a cafe, with wonderful folici- 
 ~ tude and affection ; infomuch, that when the 
 fkin forming this cafe, which hangs to the 
 hinder part of its body, is by any accident 
 ‘ broke off, the little infect feeks after it with 
 as much earneftnefgand induftry, as a Hen for 
 her loft Chickens ; and when found, faftens 
 it again to its place with the greateft marks of 
 joy. A defcription of this Spider may be 
 feen in Harvey’s Treatife on the Generation of 
 animals, and more perfectly in doctor Lifter, 
 who with great. propriety calls it the Wolf 
 Spider *. 
 
 I preferve alfo in my collection, fome bags 
 in the fhape of eggs or pearls, in which Spi- 
 ders put up their eggs, and hang them, as in 
 a bafket, to the beams and floors of houfes. 
 T have fometimes obferved fmall Flies to come 
 from thefe nets, and have by me fome of the 
 Flies thus produced. It would demand too 
 much compafs, for this place, to enlarge at pre- 
 fent on this fubjeét as much as it deferves. 
 
 To conclude, I preferve likewife that {pe- 
 cies of long-legged Spiders, which Goedaert, 
 to whom the learned world are obliged for 
 the drawing of about four hundred infects, has 
 exactly defcribed, in the forty-ninth experi- 
 ment of hisfecond volume. He there, in the 
 drawing of this infect, moft evidently demon- 
 ftrates, that it is a true Nymph at the time 
 when it is about to throw off its fkin for the 
 laft time ; for its legs at this period are length- 
 ened in a very remarkable and furprifing man- 
 ner, . The accurate Lifter has alfo remarked, 
 that Spiders fometimes are not fit to enter upon 
 the bufinefs of generation, till they are almoft 
 
 * The Wolf Spider makes no web, but lives at 1 é 
 Sites cimikfe end very bold. y ives at large upon dry banks and heaths, 
 
 The BOOK off NATURE; oO, 
 
 two years old; which, no doubt, proceeds from 
 this, that nature intends they {hould fo long 
 
 continue growing, before they part with 
 
 their lat skin, and with it, the form of a 
 
 Nymph. Before this time they are not fit for 
 
 generation, and after they are, they never change 
 
 their {kin. 
 
 We are likewife greatly obliged to the late 
 accurate James Hoefnagel, painter to the en:- 
 peror Rudolphus, who has left us the drawings 
 of thirty-five Spiders, and of about three hun- 
 dred other infects of different kinds ; which 
 drawings, taken after the life, have been fince 
 publifhed from copper-plates, with the privi- 
 lege of his imperial majefty, and are in no 
 refpeét inferior to thofe of Goedaert. 
 
 Wenceflaus Hollaar has alfo applied himfelf 
 to this ftudy, and deferved well of the pub- 
 lick, by his moft exact drawings of the infeéts 
 preferved in the Arundel Mufeum. It were 
 greatly to be withed, that all thofe who would 
 be thought to have any extraordinary know- 
 ledge of infects, did the fame, that by their 
 joint labours this branch of natural philofophy, 
 which is by no means of the leaft account, 
 may be brought to perfection. A thorough 
 acquaintance with the difpofitions and actions 
 of thefe little animals, would enable us to form 
 the better judgment of the difpofitions and 
 manners of innumerable others. 
 
 _ Before I quit the confideration of Spiders, I 
 think it will be agreeable to fhew in what 
 manner thofe kinds which {pin webs, or live 
 upon Flies, get from one tree to another, 
 which they will do; even when feparated by a 
 running water, It will be firft proper to men- 
 tion, that the Spider’s thread is by no means 
 fingle, but almoft always double, and fome- 
 times even ten or twelve fold. This may be 
 eafily feen by throwing down a Spider, and 
 immediately examining the thread to which it 
 hangs. Orit may be obferved, with ftill greater 
 eafe and certainty, by feparating the hinder part 
 of a Spider from its fore part, and then draw- 
 ing out the thread, and afterwards examining 
 it. As therefore the Spider’s thread is gene- 
 rally made up of two or more parts, after 
 defcending by fuch thread, it afcends by one 
 only, and is thus enabled to waft itfelf from 
 one height or tree to another, even acrofs run- 
 ning waters; the thread it leaves loofe behind 
 it, being driven about by the wind, and fo 
 fixed to fome other body. This opinion of 
 Spiders.making ufe of a double thread, has al- 
 ready been advanced by Henricus Regius, pro- 
 feflor of medicine at Utrecht, and that emi- 
 aes miveee Francifcus Redus. 
 ut the accurate doctor Lifter pro 
 fome diffierent obfervations on this ie 
 fays, that Spiders, in this cafe, fhoot out their 
 threads. His words are as follow: « Some 
 ** Spiders {hoot out their threads in the fame 
 se manner that Porcupines do their quills, with 
 “ this difference only, that whereas the quills 
 
 perfuing his prey or feizing them by furprife ; 
 
 ¢ of 
 
 © Aan ie ae bh seh ey Voss et ae 
 
They Hea 
 
 *< of the latter are entirely feparated from their 
 *¢ bodies when thus fhot out, the threads of the 
 ** former remain fixed to their anus ; as the fun’s 
 
 ‘rays to its body.” And in another place, 
 6 area that are middle-aged, or of a mode- 
 *« rate bignefs, truft themfelves to gentle winds 
 “by means of a thread, and thus endeavour, 
 ‘as it were, to afcend into the clouds, and 
 “the upper regions of the atmofphere.” As 
 to the firft of doétor Lifter’s affertions, I 
 cannot at prefent take upon me either to 
 countenance or contradict it; I only wifh he 
 had explained himfelf more clearly ; for how 
 is it poflible that the thread of a Spider, which 
 is fo fine and flender, fhould be {hot out with 
 force enough to divide and pafs through the 
 air? Is it not rather probable that the air 
 would ftop its progrefs, and fo entangle it, and 
 fit it rather to perplex and obftruct the Spi- 
 der’s operations? I know very well, that a 
 man may drive out his urine to a confiderable 
 diftance, in the form of a flender thread; but 
 this urine is a liquid, which is not the cafe 
 with the epeten 8 thread; befides, it does not 
 appear that the Spider carries all the matter of 
 which it compofes its threads, in a fingle ca- 
 vity, fo as to be able to throw it fo far, if it 
 could do it, even in a folid form. Moreover, 
 there feems requifite for this purpofe a great 
 {trength of mufcles, and a confiderable exertion 
 of fuch ftrength; whereas that part of the Spi- 
 der from which its thread iffues, does not 
 appear to have any mufcles: thefe are conjec- 
 tures only, which time will overthrow or con- 
 firm. 
 
 As to do&tor Lifter’s laft affertion, there is 
 no great difficulty 1 in ae ‘ehending it. I have 
 myfelf often obferved {mall S; iders coe 
 and driven about in the air, ‘by means of a 
 thread, in the fame manner with that little 
 paper machine called a kite, with which chil- 
 dren divert themfelves. If therefore doétor 
 Lifter, in faying that Spiders when come to 
 their full growth fhoot. their thread, means 
 only, that they let it fall loofe from their bo- 
 dies, to be taken h oid of by the wind, and 
 lengthen it by a continual fending out of the 
 matter that compofes it, there can “be no objec- 
 tion to his doctrine. For my part, nothing 
 more as_ yet sane: to me on this accafion, 
 than that all Spider’s threads are drawn from 
 the infect’s body, by its own weight or effort, 
 without any conpreficn while it defcends or 
 moves forward, as the threads of the Silk- 
 Worm are drawn, and by no means ejected, 
 from the bags in which the matter forming 
 themis lodged. Ican yet more eafily compr chend 
 how, Spiders without giving themfelves any 
 
 Tt) O Ee 
 
 o EN BBG TS ac 
 motion, may, by only compreffing their anus, 
 {pin out a Tsiead which being driven by the 
 wind, may ferve to waft them from one place 
 to ahcibiet: 
 
 The dart of the Tarantula is faid to occafion 
 a peculiar frenzy *, which the fame authors fa} y 
 is cured by mufick, but this feems an impofi- 
 tion. Avery curious gentleman lately ari bed 
 here from Italy, has “affbred me, that it is 
 looked upon as a mere fable, even in ,the 
 country where the creature is moft common ; 
 and that none but the lower fort of people, 
 beggars and vagabonds, pretend, on being hurt 
 by thofe venomous creatures, to find any relief 
 from mufick. , They pretend this, that by i im- 
 pofing on the credulous, they may live with- 
 out betaking themfelves to honeft labour. And 
 thus we fees amongft ourfelves, the people called 
 Gypfies, by fetting x up for prophets, prey upon 
 the ignorant and illite rate. 
 
 To finith what I have. to fay in this place 
 concerning Spiders: I am to obferve, that 
 doctor Lifter very accurately divides them into 
 what he calls fowlers, viz. fuch as take their 
 game in nets, or by ftinging it, and” into hunt- 
 ers with eight eyes, which he diftinguifhes 
 from thofe with two eyes and long legs. Dac- 
 tor Hooke has favoured us with ve y curious 
 drawings of the beft kind, and I intend to pub- 
 lifh diffeétions of them on fome fucceeding 
 occafion ; that fo the hiftory of thefe infeéts 
 may; by our joint labour, be brought to the 
 perfection it deferves, and fupply us with’new 
 motives to love and reverence God, the author 
 of all the miracles we obfetve in ‘them : this 
 fhould be the fole end of all our endeavours and 
 ftudies. : 
 
 I fhall next refer the Acarus + to the firft 
 order of mutations, as it iffues from its egg, 
 perfect in every thing but fize, which it after- 
 wards acquires by degrees. 
 
 In the fame order too I fhall place the com- 
 mon Loufe t, which has a Nit for its egg; 
 but as this iflues very fuddenly from its egg, 
 or rather, as what we call the egg is in rea- 
 lity the Loufe itfelf; which only waits to be 
 freed from the fuperfluous moifture ‘that fur- 
 rounds it, to efcape from its cover; it is an 
 eafy matter to conceive, how this little infect 
 can multiply fo faft, se pres fay in fport, but 
 it is no more than a jeft, thata Loufe may fe¢ 
 its fourth generation in the {pace of twenty- 
 four hours §. Thefe Nits muft be laid in a 
 place that is warm, and moderately moift, to 
 produce any thing. This is the reafon that 
 many Nits laid on athe hairs in the night-time, 
 are deftroyed by the cold of the “fucceed- 
 ing day, and fo flick for feveral months, 
 
 3onone mentions a large Spider in Sardinia, whofe bite proves mortal in a few hours. 
 + The generical charaéters of the Acarus, are, that it has sight legs, and in each leg eight joints, and has only two eyes. 
 
 According to this diftin@tion, eftablifhed by Linnzus, and now 
 of the creatures infefting birds and beafts, and commonly called Li ice and Fleas, are truly Acari. 
 
 { The generical chi aradters of the L ate; according to the Linnzan fyftem are thefe : it has fix legs 
 not for le aping as in the Flea; the eyes are two, and they are of a fimple ftructure ; and the body is divided by 
 
 feveral lobes. 
 § Lewenhoeck, who put a ma 
 
 dopted by all naturalifts, the long-legged Spider, and many 
 
 ;, contrived for walking, 
 indentings into , 
 
 and female Loufe under a ftocking which he wore night and day to favour their breeding, 
 found that the female lays from fy to a hundred eggs; and computing the natural inc: 
 in eight weeks, one Loufe may fee five thoufand of its defcendants 
 
 H till 
 
 eafe trom what he had feen, {ays, that 
 
The BOOK of NATURE; oO, 
 
 found in the excrefcences of the black poplar, 
 which belong to the fecond order. , 
 
 Neither can I affirm, that the Tick, or Ri- 
 cinus of Aldrovandus, though placed by me 
 as likewife a moft wonderful motion in its in- in this clafs, does bint ynage be . Sees 
 teftines, on account of the so a - the oe my collection a g peci 
 i ‘ts of this infect. en the Loute nfect. 1 
 ee eee is feen to ruth like a torrent I jikewife refer the Bug ee a ie 
 “nto the ftomach, and its greedinefs is fo great, fteads and furniture to ; 3 clafs; as alfo 
 that the excrements contained in the inteftines, the Crab-Loufe, though = not as yet 
 are ejected at the fame time, to make room made experiments amas to pis per- 
 for this new fupply. But I thall treat of fectly the nature of this laft intect. 
 
 26 
 
 till they at laft come to lofe%tven their exter- 
 
 nal form. ye eae 
 In examining a Loufe by the microfcope, 1ts 
 
 white veins and other internal parts appear, 
 
 Sefe infeéts in particular, as foon as I fhall I have alfo in my collection the Lonfe of 
 Ae fnithed cath I propofe faying in general the Whale, which is almoft an inch long, and 
 of thefe that belong to the firft order. half an inch broad, of a very fingular form, 
 
 What I have already. mentioned is but by and all over covered with a fhell +. 
 way of parenthefis, that my countrymen might After thefe, I rank the Flea ¢ in the firft 
 
 know fomething of the ftupendous actions and clafs. This infect alfo {prings from a Nit, in the 
 conftructions of fo {mall an animal, and be which it elegantly changes to a red colour, 
 thereby incited to praife the author of nature, like other infects in the Nymph ftate ; the 
 who has here placed in one point of view fo changes it undergoes, while as yet in the 
 many and fo great wonders. The great ufeful-  ftate of the Nit, and the manner in which 
 nefs of the microfcope will alfo appear from it from white becomes black, are eafily difcern- 
 the preceding ‘obfervations, fince, by difcover- able by the help of the microfcope : nor are 
 ing tous the mufcles, vefiels, and internal parts _thefe obfervations of little ufe or importance, 
 of fo {mall an infeét, it aequaints us with the as I fhall hereafter prove at a proper feafon. 
 incomprehenfible perfections of that great I have been told that Doétor Lewenhoeck 
 being, who could not, only create, but im- obferved a Flea at Delft, which, about the end 
 part life and motion to fo minute organs. There of fummer, iffued from an egg in form of a 
 is another advantage alfo in microfcopes, viz. Worm, and then fhut itfelf up in a cafe till 
 that in tranfparent animals, they give usamuch the enfuing month of March; but I fhall not 
 more perfeét knowledge of the motion of their as _yet affirm the certainty of this obfervation ; 
 inteftines, than any we can obtain in other neither fhall I determine whether the Flea wore 
 creatures by diffeGting them. This benefit of in its cafe the figure of a Chryfalis, or a 
 the microfcope has been already taken notice Nymph; if it did, the infect muft belong to 
 of by the illuftrious Hooke, in his Microgra- the third, and by no means to the firft order. 
 phia, or colle€tion of obfervations made with I fhall ufe the firft opportunity of exactly ob- 
 microfcopes, a work lately publifhed in Eng-  ferving this infect, fo as to know the certainty 
 lith, and dedicated to his Britannick majefty. | of what has been advanced concerning it, as 
 I have reafon to believe, but for want of fuch enquiry cannot be attended with any great 
 {ufficient experiments I dare not as yet affirm, trouble §. 
 that the Lice of other fanguiferous animals, and I likewife place in this firft clafs an infect 
 the Lice of infeéts, with thofe that live upon which is generally found in cifterns where 
 plants, or ramble about the fields, belong to rain water is kept, and which Goedaert has 
 the laft mentioned order or clafs*. Mean defcribed by the name of the Water-Loufe, as 
 time it will appear evident, in treating of the may be feen in the third volume, letter X. But 
 fourth clafs, that there are fome tree Lice, def- as the ftructure and difpofitions of this little 
 cribed by me under the title of animalcules, animal differ greatly from thofe of the com- 
 
 * Redi, who very accurately examined this fubje&t, found Lice upon the Lion and the Tiger. He calls all thofe on quadru- 
 pedes by this name; and thofe on birds, Fleas ; but heis in this miftaken, the diftinétive chara¢ters are to be found in the ftruc- 
 ture of the parts, not on the creatures whereon they feed. The fame author obferves, that the Lice bear no proportion to the 
 bignefs of the creature on which they live, the Starling having a Loufe as large as that of the Swan, 
 = t The common Fly is fabject to a particular infect which lives upon his head ; this is fo minute that few have obferved it; 
 its fize is calculated by La Hire of the French academy, to be not more than a four thoufandth part of that of the head of 
 the Fly. This is of the Acarus kind, waving eight legs. 
 
 The Crab-Loufe upon tht human body is of the fame genus with the common one of the head, but a diffe i 
 is eeaayed by mixtures with water, in which crude mercury is boiled. ge gia 
 
 _ Even the Snail is fubje&t to be infefted with a kind of Loufe, but in a very fingular manner ; for this creatur i 
 eight legs, and is of the Acarus kind, lives equally on the furface of the body, and within the euanes, Fetiiing —_ = 
 at r peste It eet feen alive in the inteftines, when they are examined by the microfcope 
 
 € common Flea is an extremely fingular infect, there being no other {pecies properly of its kind : i 
 
 . a : : the = 
 cig are thefe; it has fix legs formed for leaping, the eyes are only two, the organ Wwhich eiveh bo a nous Sa 
 as a = —e is roundith and comprefied. Only the Flea of the human body has thefe charaéters ; what is called the 
 
 £ an . . . oy . . ss : 
 er owes carus, and the reft of the infects which have received this name from inaccurate obfervations, belong to. 
 § Though the Flea is peculiar in the human kind, it is not fo with the Loufe. Multi i 
 : : : r ind, t ; ultitudes of Is, bi in- 
 fefted with Lice, and though of different fpecies upon moft kinds, they all have the shatatiese kas —— siber. Ss phage je 
 perly of the Pediculus or Loufe kind.  Infeéts hav + infets livi really Gage er eae 
 . Loule kind. Infeéts have alfo leffer infects living upon them, particul 
 are calle Lice, from their living on other animals, they are not of that kind. The 
 called, has eight legs, whereas the proper Loufe-has but fix : 
 
 arly the Beetle ; but though thef@ ~ 
 ne : Loufe of the Beetle, as it is commonly 
 this Creature is properly an Acarus, and fo of the other. 
 
 mon . 
 
whe -H' HST OAR Y 
 
 mon Loufe, though it be at the fame time 
 equally fingular and remarkable, I have given 
 drawings of it, both of its natural fize, and 
 as the microfcope reprefents it, in the {pecial 
 treatifes on infects of this firft clafsy under the 
 name of the water arborefcent Flea *. Thefe 
 drawings are exhibited in Tab. XXXI, and 
 a complete defcription of the infect immedi- 
 ately follows that of the Loufe. 
 
 I now pafs .to the Afellus, or wood Loufe, 
 which is found of all fizes+-, and may, partly 
 for-that reafon, and partly for others, be ranked 
 in this firft clafs. I have in my colle¢tion three 
 kinds of this infect; the firft is the common 
 ground Afellus; the fecond has great, black, 
 prominent eyes, a diftinct head, and a thorax 
 like a hood; the third kind is very remark- 
 able for folding itfelf into a ball when handled, 
 and remaining for fome time in that pofture, 
 
 I likewife preferve feveral skins thrown off 
 by Afelli, floughs or dead skins, which ftill exhi- 
 bit the exact figure of the infect. Thefe floughs 
 produce a great fermentation, when mixed 
 with acids; whence we may juftly infer, that 
 they contain a great deal of alcaline falt, and 
 therefore may be of great fervice in curing the 
 dropfy, ftone, and gravel in the kidneys. 
 
 I likewife have in my collection fome fea 
 Afelli. I give them this name, becaufe they 
 are found in falt-waters. The largeft of thefe 
 is one that meafures two inches and a quarter 
 in length, and one inch and a quarter in breadth; 
 it confifts of eight rings, of a firm and bon 
 fubftance. I have likewife a very {mall Afel- 
 lus of the fame kind, which I caught in the 
 North fea near Petten. Doctor Padbrugge 
 fent me from the ifland of Ternate, another 
 {pecies of Afellus, under the name of the fea 
 Loufe. It is almoft half an inch long, con- 
 fifts likewife of eight rings fomewhat coloured, 
 and, like the Sea Hedge-hog, or Echinus, hasa 
 border of fimall prickles; but thefe infects have 
 no legs. 
 
 I preferve alfo fome other kinds of fea 
 Afelli, more curious than thefe already menti- 
 oned, amongft which there are four, whofe 
 fhape is like that of the Shrimp. The firft of 
 thefe, which is the biggeft, is an inch long, 
 has a flender body, feven legs on each fide, 
 like the ground Affellus, and large horns which 
 meet in a fharp point; the laft ring of the 
 body in this fpecies is much longer than the 
 reft, and running out into a three-pointed ex- 
 tremity. The fecond and third kinds are much 
 fmaller, but almoft of the fame ftructure. 
 The fourth differs from the three kinds already 
 mentioned in this, that its fore legs are much 
 longer than its whole body, and thefe are di- 
 vided into four very diftinét joints. It is like- 
 wife the finalleft of the four kinds, not ex- 
 
 * Latter diftinétions do not permit us to give this fingular creature the name Pudex or Flea, 
 
 of “EN SH. C:T'S, 27 
 
 ceeding half an inch in length, even when 
 its claws are ftretched out to their create(t 
 extent. 
 
 I preferve alfo a broad fea Afellus; fent to 
 me from Iceland ; it is an inch long, half an 
 inch broad, and compofed: of feven rings, in- 
 cluding the head and tail. Its antennz or horns 
 are fharp and fhort, its eyes are brown, its fix 
 foremott legs are armed with harp and crooked 
 claws, and near its tail, on both fides, are two 
 flat fins. Olaus Borrichius obferves, that the 
 whole body of this infect appears to be fups 
 
 o 
 
 ported by a fimple bone, not unlike in fhape. 
 
 to a {mall date, but of a horny or cartilaginous 
 fubftance. I have fome of the fame, kind but 
 very fmall, which I took in the falt-water 
 river that runs by Amfterdam. I can alf6 thew 
 avery uncommon kind of fea Afellus, which I 
 caught near Petten ; it is {carcean halfinch long, 
 of a globular but fomewhat oblong form, re- 
 fembling a peat, with a pretty long tail, and 
 fome fins. I preferve with thefe fome Scro- 
 phule, which belong to the genus of Afelli. 
 The firft of thefe I catight on the coaft of the 
 North fea ;° it is very {mall, always runs, and 
 fometimes {wims' flantingly, and when afhore 
 leaps as the Flea does. — 
 
 Amongft the Scrophile which I have taken 
 in the frefh waters and ‘rivers of Holland, is 
 to be mentioned, that kind which is called 
 Snel. . This has a pretty way of running flant= 
 ingly, and if we may believe the tales of fither- 
 men, it readily kills the Perch, by running it- 
 felf fuddenly into the gills of that fifth, We 
 have no experience to confirm this tradition. I 
 know, indeed, that this little animal is furnithed 
 with arms fufficient for the purpofe: being 
 held in the hand, it excites a kind of tingling : 
 now the gills of Perches, and indeed of all fith, 
 are fo tender and delicate, that it is almoft im- 
 poffible they fhould not die on receiving wounds 
 in'that part, through which all the blood of 
 fith is circulated, in the fame manner that the 
 blood of other animals is all circulated through 
 their lungs. This kind of Scrophula is found 
 equally in frefh and falt waters. 
 
 After thefe follows properly the Worms, 
 which fome have called the inteftines of the 
 earth. Thefe proceed immediately from the 
 egg, and do not afterwards undergo any change, 
 coming forth at their full perfection. The 
 females, from their firft hatching, have their 
 little eggs, which are very diftinctand percep- 
 tible. I obferve, that this genus may be 
 divided into many fpecies. 
 
 Though it is no hard tafk to diftinguifh in 
 feveral kinds of Worms and Caterpillars the 
 males from the females, by carefully examin- 
 ing them, but chiefly by diffection, to fee if 
 they have any eggs within them, yet they fel- 
 
 It is of the monoculous kind, the 
 
 charactersof which, according to Linnzus, are, that the fore feet are branched, and are found equal for {wimming or for leaping ; 
 that the eye is fingle, but compofed of three, and that the head has a cruftaceous covering. 
 + The characters of the Afellus are, that the body approaches to an oval form, and the tail is fimple, and not foliated. The 
 
 number of legs is uncertain, ten, fourteen or fixteen. ‘The genus is now called Onifcus, 
 
 The plain tail diftinguifhes it from 
 
 the Shrimp kind; and fome others which approach to it in many refpeéts; but by their leafy or foliated tails are referred, though 
 
 fmall, to the Crab kind, 
 
 5 
 Ny 
 com 
 
28 The BOOK of 
 dom copvlate while ‘1 the Worm ftate; fo 
 that Goedaert feems to advance a paradox, 
 when, in the feventy-fourth experiment of 
 his firft part, he reprefents as a male Worm, 
 an infect which he afterwards, on its having 
 undergone the ufual change, calls a female, 
 in the feventy-fifth experiment. This is the 
 fame as if an infant, who we called a boy, 
 we fhould afterwards, on his arriving at the 
 ftate of maturity, denominate a woman. But 
 I hall fpeak more of this hereafter. In the 
 mean time I muft remark, that my reafon for 
 animadverting thus freely on the miftakes of 
 ethers, is, that fucceeding writers may take 
 the fame liberty with me, by which means 
 truth will at length univerfally triumph ; for 
 [ am well aware how much we are apt to 
 be pleafed with our own conceits, and how 
 often deceived by that fondnefs, fo as to take 
 them for the true reprefentations of nature. 
 However, I have no great reafon, I think, to 
 dread the fevereft inquiry into my obfervations, 
 {o that I with pleafure give them up to the 
 examination of thofe who fhall think it worth 
 their while to compare them with the things 
 themfelves, which is the only method of com- 
 ing to a certainty, in inveftigating what belongs 
 to the animals of which I have been treating. 
 Neverthelefs I muft candidly own, that many 
 of the particulars I have mentioned as yet, ap- 
 pear fo obfcure to me, that I can at moft but 
 confider myfelf as a novice in this bufinefs ; 
 befides, that words are wanting often to exprefs 
 the wonders which occur in the ftudy of 
 infects. 
 
 Scorpions * belong to this clafs of the infect 
 kind; they are produced from an egg like the 
 Loufe, as will appear in the account I thall 
 give of them in particular, after the hiftory of 
 the water arborefcent Flea. 
 
 I am of opinion alfo, that the Leech + is 
 to. be arranged in this clafs, though I have no 
 particular experiments to confirm that opinion, 
 except its being found of almoft all fizes. It 
 is very remarkable how firmly this infeé. will 
 faften itfelf to the fides of the glafs veffels in 
 which it is kept, fo as not to be feparated from 
 them without the greateft difficulty. This, I 
 apprehend, it effects by prefling its body clofe 
 to the glafs, and then {welling it in the middle, 
 fo as to repel the water in which it {wims. 
 Thus, if we apply to a ftone a round piece of 
 leather, with a {tring fixed to the center of it, 
 and then pull this ftring, the ftone and leather 
 unite very firmly together +. 
 
 I refer alfo the Scolopendra, or Centipes, to 
 this clafs, as I have met with this infect of all 
 fizes, and could never yet difcover that it chang- 
 
 NATIU-R E; 
 
 I have got one of the largeft kind, 
 which is even a fpan long, and was fent me 
 from the Eaft Indies. J preferve alfo other 
 kinds of this infect, as the Lybian Scolopendra 
 of Moufict, and the water Scolopendra, and 
 in fine, fome Juli, or Gally Worms, which 
 we ought to rank with this kind. é 
 
 ‘After thefe infeéts follows the Snail, as pro- 
 ceeding directly from an egg, and not being 
 liable afterwards to any change. I preferve a 
 fort of Snail, in which, on cutting off the 
 head, is found a ftone, called the {nail ftone, 
 {aid to be ferviceable in the gravel and ftran= 
 
 Under this ftone we always find the 
 heart, which retains a pulfation, and is, with 
 the veflels that {pring from it, of a very white 
 colour. As on cutting off the Snail’s head, 
 this {tone is always to be met with, it feems 
 probable, that it ferves for the fame ufe as the 
 Os Sterni does in other animals: it is further 
 obfervable, that nature has formed Snails in 
 fach a manner, that they void their excre- 
 ments at their neck, breathe at their neck, and 
 have there alfo all the parts fubfervient to 
 generation. I have obferved alfo, that every 
 Snail is both male and female; in a word, a 
 perfect hermaphrodite ; the penis is formed 
 like that of the Whale, and is of a furprifing 
 length. But I (hall hereafter treat of all thefe 
 particulars more at large. -T he Englifh au- 
 thors, who publifhed a catalogue of the plants 
 that grow in the neighbourhood of Cambridge, 
 have already obferved, that Snails are herma- 
 phrodites. 
 
 To come to a conclufion, F preferve alfo in 
 my cabinet the teeth of Snails, which are 
 flexible, and of a horny fubftance ; as likewile 
 the heart of a Snail with its auricles, preferved 
 in a balfam, and properly infected. 
 
 All the infe@ts hitherto mentioned iffue di- 
 rely perfect into light, and are never changed 
 into motionlefs Nymphs; for their eggs, with- 
 out any intermediate ftate, afford young in- 
 feéts exactly like the old ones, which grow to 
 their due bignefs in time, whilft their limbs 
 acquire firmnefs and ftrength. Nor do they 
 in this refpect differ from thofe other animals, 
 which Harvey tells us proceed from a perfect 
 egg, though before they attain their full growth, 
 they may be obliged to change their fkins, and 
 fome of them in their laft change of their {kin 
 undergo fome further changes :° for this reafon 
 I have confidered them 2s Nymph animals. 
 Befides, fome of them, like mankind and 
 quadrupedes, hatch their eggs within their 
 bodies, and are therefore viviparous. This is 
 the cafe with Scorpions, and fome fpecies of 
 Snails. 
 
 ed its form. 
 
 gury. 
 
 * ‘The generical charagters of i i i 
 i" é the Scorpion, as now eftablifhed by Linnaus, are, that i i ‘ 
 head : pion, y Linnaus, are, that it has eight legs, w ; 6 
 re 5 ee Hee the upper part of the thorax, and fix at the fides, with a tail armed with it fling. vib 
 og Tees ee pr Eee Worm, conftitutes a particular genus of infects ; the charatters are few and plain; the body is fimpl 
 xp readth at each end: we have two kinds common in fhallow waters, the Leech ufed for leading and das 
 
 cylindrick kind. 
 
 of nag nee eos tee academy of fciences at Paris, has accurately defcribed the mouth of the Leech ; it confift 
 and an Biechagns for fwallowin the Heat ee an inftrament to pierce the fkin, which is compofed of direc finns Solidi 
 
 te allowing the blood. ‘The Leech will live in oil, which is d aftr ai ore ae er 
 upon their fkins. ‘The Leech, when taken out of oi] and put again into water, cafts a Ses nd vente Pony ae 
 
 The 
 
The: BVkS.T. Ga Y ofc s sec "7 ’s: 
 
 29 
 
 The natural changes of the firft clafs or order of infetts, exemplified in the Loufe ; 
 
 with an explanation of what relates in general to the other three claffes. 
 
 i HAT I may give a fingular and fatis- 
 
 factory fpecimen of the firft claf$ of in- 
 fects, I fhall here infert a letter, formerly wrote 
 with great care to Mr. Thevenot, as it con- 
 tains a complete and exaét account of the limbs 
 and parts of a Loufe, both internal and exter- 
 nal. This example, by which I propofe to 
 illuftrate the firft clafs of infects, and the ex- 
 amples I fhall give, in their due places, for the 
 other three claffes, will enable the reader to 
 form a competent judgment of the changes, 
 which all other infeéts undergo, according to 
 the different clafles to which they belong. It 
 muft be allowed, however, that whatfoever 
 pains we may take to arrange them, there will 
 {till remain, even amongft thofe of the fame 
 clafs, very remarkable differences; and fome 
 of thofe differences will be in the mutations 
 they undergo. This will moft clearly appear 
 from our experiments relating to the fourth 
 clafs, in the cafe of the worm-like Nymph of 
 of the Afilus Fly, and in the egg-like Nymph 
 of the common Fly; between which there is 
 no fimall difference, though they belong to the 
 fame clafs, and are liable afterwards to the 
 fame changes. This accidental difference may 
 alfo be feen on looking over the figures of ani- 
 
 malcules, which I have given under each kind - 
 
 in the fpecial hiftories of the three other claffes. 
 It appears very ftrikingly in the Cryfallides of 
 Caterpillars, as they are exhibited in the de- 
 figns of the indefatigable Goedaert; for though 
 they all belong to the fecond mode of our third 
 clafs, yet one Chryfalis differs in many parti- 
 culars from another: this difference is, how- 
 ever, far from being what is called effential, 
 it only confifts in fome part of the external 
 forms. 
 
 From the firft clafs of our changes, we fhall 
 now felect the Loufe as an example, and re- 
 prefent by figures, the changes which happen 
 in its parts, till it comes to its full growth. 
 The Libella, or Dragon Fly, will ferve us for 
 the fecond clafs; and the Ant for the firft 
 mode of the third; the noéturnal Butterfly for 
 the fecond. Laftly, we fhall give the com- 
 mon Fly as a {pecimen of the fourth clafs; 
 and I {hall afterwards illuftrate thefe feveral 
 changes by the accretion of the limbs in a 
 Frog, and the budding out, or fhooting, of 
 the parts of a flower. 
 
 Though the foregoing natural changes, and 
 the comparifons of others which will be made 
 in treating of them, may be thought fufh- 
 cient for giving a clear idea of the practices of 
 the infects contained under the four claffes, 
 into which I have arranged them, and of the 
 differences between each clafs; neverthelefs, 
 I fhall add to the firft clafs, a feparate and fa- 
 tisfactory account of the manner wherein the 
 parts of Snails grow and are changed, I fhall 
 
 do the fame by the Ephemeron, or Fly of 
 one day, in the fecond clafs. In the third 
 clafs I fhall exhibit, according to the firft 
 mode, all the changes of the Bee, with a com- 
 plete diffe€tion of that infeé&t and the horned 
 Beetle ; and the fame both in defcriptions and 
 by figures of the common day Butterfly, ac- 
 cording to the fecond mode of the third clafs. 
 Laftly, I fhall give in the fourth clafs an ac- 
 count of all the changes which the Afilus, or 
 Gad Fly is fubjeét to, and illuftrate them with 
 plates. I fhall, befides thefe, infert various 
 other hiftories, all which will not only throw 
 a light upon each other, and reprefent clearly 
 and diftinétly the changes of the four claffes in 
 the exact manner wherein they happen, but, 
 what is much more advantageous in this kind 
 of ftudy, they will difplay fuch miracles of 
 wifdom, power, and goodnefs in the great 
 Creator, as cannot fail powerfully to incite us 
 to love and adore him. This, indeed, is the 
 great purpofe I propofe to myfelf in my inqui- 
 ries concerning thefe natural mutations. 
 
 To fet forth clearly and diftinctly the orders 
 of the tranfmutations in the Loufe and Dragon 
 Fly, the nocturnal Butterfly, and common Fly, 
 and to exhibit more plainly the changes of each 
 of them ; as alfo that I may be able to demon- 
 ftrate thofe, wherein the orders of the changes 
 agree or difagree among themfelves: I fhall 
 ufe the fame number, and obferve the fame 
 rule in explaining the five refpective figures. 
 For though there be not the fame neceffity to 
 proceed in the fame manner in fetting forth all 
 the figures of the changes and accretions ob- 
 ferveable in thofe infects; as for example in 
 the change of the Loufe, which is only a fim- 
 ple augmentation ; yet, fince we fee five dif- 
 tinct changes in the Libella, or Dragon Fly, 
 and other infects, whofe figures we exhibit 
 before they attain their fullage, and are ren- 
 dered fit for generation, we have been, as it 
 were, obliged to treat the Loufe in the fame 
 regular manner, in order to render the whole 
 more exact and uniform, as we have before 
 done in comparing the Frog with the flower 
 or vegetable increafe. 
 
 We have not obferved that method alfo in 
 the particular hiftories of Bees and the reft, as 
 well becaufe their anatomy are fubjoined to 
 thofe accounts, as that the clafies we have ad- 
 vanced, feemed calculated to exhibit a certain 
 general rule, whereby all the changes of infects 
 produced by nature may be tried and ex- 
 amined. 
 
 Finally, every thing marked in numbers 
 in the explanations of the figures, is delineated 
 in its natural bignefs; but the Animalcules, to 
 whofe figures the numbers 1, 2, 3, &c. are 
 affixed, are reprefented as they are magnified 
 by the microfcope ; while fome others that are 
 
 charac 
 
30 
 
 characterized by 1, 2, 3, are reprefented to the 
 life. This has appeared to me ‘the proper 
 method of proceeding in this affair, for two 
 reafons; firit, left the order of the number 
 {hould be broke by increafing or diminifhing 
 the figure; _fecondly, becaufe fome of thete 
 infedts are fo large of themfelves, that there 1s 
 no need of a microfcope to delineate them. 
 
 To follow nature as near as we could, we 
 have put the white animalcules, or little ani- 
 mals of our four claffes on a black ground, 
 which we have not done with refpect to the 
 other coloured ones. This appeared the more 
 neceflary, as Goedaert reprefented a briftly Ca- 
 terpillar, the figure whereof we have in one 
 
 TO THE MOST 
 
 Mr. 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; OF, 
 
 of our tables, without any hair at all, which 
 error was probably owing to his not laying it 
 on a black ground, whence its white hairs were 
 not difcernible. ‘ 
 To make the rule of our four clafles the 
 ftronger, we have alfo been careful to felec& 
 animalcules that are fo well known, that there 
 is no neceflity to illuminate them with colours, 
 And we are confident, that our figures are fo 
 accurately executed, that it would be unpar- 
 donable to daub them with paint. We come 
 now to treat of the Loufe, which I now in- 
 tend to do, comprehending the whole do¢trine 
 concerning it in the form of a letter. 
 
 ILLUSTRIOUS 
 
 T H®eE VEN O@ 
 
 Formerly embaflador from the king of F RANCE to the 
 republick of GENOA. . 
 
 Mosr 1LLusrrious SIR, 
 
 HE omnipotent finger of God is pre- 
 
 fented to you in the following fheets, in 
 the anatomy of a vulgar and loathed infect, the 
 Loufe; wherein you will indeed find miracles 
 heaped on miracles, and will be amazed at the 
 wifdom of God, moft clearly manifefted in a 
 minute point. Let the world admire the maf- 
 terly ftrokes of Apelles: here you will find the 
 complete fabrick of the vifcera of all the ani- 
 mals in the world, formed with the moft ex- 
 quifite workmanfhip, and abridged, as it were, 
 in a particle of a line in meafure. What mor- 
 tal, illuftrious fir, can attain to this by reafon? 
 what other hand, but thatof God, can inveftigate 
 and frame fuch things? The fpirit and grace of 
 God, which he beftowed on mankind, has ren- 
 dered fome capable of fearching into fuch fub- 
 
 The 
 
 ) EFORE I exhibit the internal parts 
 
 vifible in this fmall and defpifed animal, 
 
 I fhall defcribe its external parts, and fhall fhew 
 
 every thing remarkable in the head, thorax and 
 abdomen. 
 
 Thefhape of the fore part of the head is fome- 
 what oblong, that of the hind part fomewhat 
 round; the {kin is hard, and being ftretched, is 
 tranfparent like parchment, and hashereand there 
 briftly hairs. At the extremity of the fore 
 part is the probofcis, or fucker, ‘Tab. I. fig. 1v.a. 
 feldom vifible, fince it is always drawn to the 
 infide; I fhall therefore defcribe it when I 
 come to the throat and ftomach. On each fide 
 of the head are the antenne or horns 44, which 
 are alfo covered with a fkin like parchment. 
 
 EX ¥' E RON 
 
 lime miracles and fecrets, and to lay them open 
 to the view of others. Though the A‘gyptian 
 Magi could imitate the other miracles which 
 God performed by Mofes, they were not able 
 to produce thefe animalcules by their magick 
 art, as the facred writings teftify. * ‘ Aaron 
 “* ftretched out his hand with his rod, and 
 “ {mote the duft of the earth, and it became 
 « lice in man and in beaft ; the magicians did 
 “* {9 with their inchantments to bring forth 
 «© lice, but they could not; then the magicians 
 “¢ {aid to Pharoah, this is the finger of God.” 
 I cannot fo properly, illuftrious fir, offer thefe 
 obfervations to any other as to you, fince [know 
 no other that fets a due value on fuch things, 
 according to their dignity. ; 
 
 ASE PARTS. 
 
 Each of thefe is divided into five joints, ele- 
 gantly covered with briftly hair, and feveral 
 white veffels are feen through thefe horns. Be- 
 hind thefe are the eyes cc, which feem to want 
 thofe hexagonal divifions obfervable in other 
 infects, and they appear to be incompafled with 
 fome few hairs, 
 
 The neck is very fhort, the breaft is divided, 
 as it were, into three parts; in the middle of 
 which, on the back fide, appears, as it were, a 
 {mall fhield. On each fide are placed fix legsdd 
 each of which confifts of fix joints, fome larger 
 than others: they are very delicately adorned 
 with briftly hairs, and many whitifh veffels are 
 feen through them. The ends of their legs 
 are armed with a fmaller and larger ruddy and 
 
 * Exod. viii. 17, 18. 
 
 pellucid 
 
 SS a een ee 
 
 Ee 
 
 f- 4 
 ae 
 sae 
 
The #H INST 7OeRSY of 
 
 pellucid claws ee, ferving thefe infects in place 
 of a finger and thumb; for by the former they 
 take hold of a perfon’s hair, and by the latter, 
 they are able to afcend and run nimbly. 
 Under, at, and upon the breaft, where it is 
 joined to the legs, and, as it were in the very 
 center of it, there appears a fhort whitifh 
 groove or channel, which is confpicuous through 
 the middle of the abdomen, appears of a 
 brownifh colour, fig. v. v1. and has very ftrong 
 motions. On either fide of this groove or 
 channel are two bright little parts, like the 
 larger before defcribed, whofe appendages they 
 are, and which rife confiderably on the infide 
 of the breaft, and are there alfo tran{parent. 
 The abdomen is divided into fix parts, and 
 at the end of it, on the under part, the body 
 terminates as it were in a cloven tail. Befides 
 
 INSECTS. 
 
 thefe in the middle of the lower part of the 
 belly, there is to be obferved a whitith {pot 
 like a point, which is alfo tranfparent, and 
 moves diftinétly up and down. On the fides 
 and extremities of the belly, which is all over 
 hairy, are obferved fome pellucid, tuddy, little 
 bodies ; and over the whole belly, a great num- 
 ber of white veffels are vifible, fig. 1v. gg, The 
 like are difcernable in the back and breaft. 
 The skin of the abdomen is made like the ends 
 of our fingers, confifting of {mall grooves, but 
 this {truéture does not hold through the whole, 
 and not at all at the extremities of the abdo- 
 men; for there, as well as in the whole body, 
 it is fomewhat firm, like clear parchment, and 
 
 when roughly preffed, it makes a noife and 
 breaks, 
 
 3f 
 
 The anatomy of the INTERNAL PARTS, 
 
 SS O obtain a perfect knowledge of all thofe 
 parts, which I have hitherto mentioned 
 in general, there is no other way but to diffect 
 the creature. I fhall therefore now give an 
 exact defcription of all the minutie relating to 
 the internal parts ; for by this means we {hall 
 have a complete idea of the external alfo. 
 
 If we begin the diffection in the upper part 
 of the abdomen, and cautioufly open the skin 
 there, blood immediately iffues from the 
 wound, and this being received into a fmall 
 glafs tube, Tab. II. fig. 1. a2, and viewed with 
 a powerful microfcope, is feen to confift of 
 tranfparent globules, as cows milk: the fame 
 has been likewife difcovered in the human 
 blood for feveral years; it is found to confift 
 of ruddy globules {wimming in a clear liquor. 
 
 It is, however, a matter of doubt, whether 
 the blood in its veffels has any globules, for 
 when drawn from them it may eafily acquire 
 that figure; this may at leaft be afferted of the 
 ruddy part of the blood. I have therefore 
 often refolved to put a {mall glafs tube into the 
 artery of a dog, and with a microfcope to view 
 the flowing blood. For thus, by analogy, it 
 may be poflible to determine with fome cer- 
 tainty, whether the human blood, before it is 
 taken out of its veffels, contain any globules. 
 I am the more in doubt concerning this mat- 
 ter, becaufe there are veffels difcovered in the 
 body, which appear much finer than the glo- 
 bules themfelves vifible in the blood. By this 
 means alfo may be known the true difference 
 between the arterial and venal blood ; for in 
 the latter only, I have hitherto obferved thefe 
 globules, having never examined the former : 
 Nor fhall I pofitively affert, that there are ori- 
 ginally globules in the Loufe’s blood, for they 
 may be eafily formed by the intermixture of 
 the blood with the fat, and fome wounded par- 
 ticles of the vifcera or bowels, which confift of 
 a congeries or heap as it were, of globular 
 parts; as I fhall fhew in its proper place. 
 Wherefore, more time ought to be {pent in 
 
 this anatomy; than I can devote to it at prefent; 
 being engaged in many other ftudies. 
 
 Tab. II. fig. 11, Immediately under the skin 
 are certain mufcular fibres, which move the 
 annular divifions of the abdomen. I have ob- 
 ferved three diftinct kinds of thefe mufcles, 
 fome a little broader a, others narrower 4, and a 
 third fort with two bodies ¢. One may fee 
 that thefe mufcles extend themfelves from one 
 annular divifion to another, and that fome are 
 much -fhorter than others, This little animal 
 is very full of mufcles, particularly at the ex- 
 tremities of the abdomen ; fince the motion is 
 ftrongeft in that place, and the tefpiratory 
 points or orifices for refpiration are placed 
 there, by the afliftance of which the Loufe 
 takes in the air, and by a manifeft act of in- 
 {piration and expiration, draws it into the body, 
 and again difcharges it. When thefe mufcles 
 are drawn from the body, they feem as if they 
 confifted of but one fibre, but if they are dried 
 upon a thin and clear glafs, and wafhed with 
 {pirit of wine, which takes off the impure fat 
 that adheres to them, their fibres and joints 
 appear diftinétly to be made up of globules. 
 
 Under thefe mufcles the fat and the tra- 
 chee, or air veffels, come in view; norcould I 
 ever hitherto difcover any veftige of a heart 
 in this upper part of the abdomen, as is ufual 
 in other infects, wherein the heart is always 
 placed in the upper part of the abdomen and 
 back; but I found clearly by this diffection, 
 that the Loufe otherwife agrees in all its parts 
 with other infects, as will hereafter plainly ap- 
 pear; therefore I have more diligently fought 
 for the heart, but in vain: this may probably 
 be owing to its extreme fmallnefs, fince it is 
 very difficult to find it in the larger infects, as in 
 the Horfe-Fly. There is alfo another impedi- 
 ment, which is, the ftrong and continual agita- 
 tion of the ftomach in this infect, being hardly 
 a moment at reft, from which there arifes an 
 unavoidable inconvenience in inveftigating the 
 heart, 
 
 The 
 
The BOOK of NATURE; O, 
 
 32 
 
 The particles which I take to be the fat 
 of the Loufe, are for the moft part very fmall, 
 but extremely numerous, though we may dif- 
 cover it in a larger fpecies or kind of fat par- 
 ticles ; the figure of the {malleft kind of par- 
 ticles is ufually globular, but that of the greater 
 is more irregular. They are of a clear trani- 
 parent colour, like gelly, but all the other parts 
 of this animal are not of that colour. 
 
 The ramifications of the trachea, afpera 
 arteria, or windpipe, conftitute the prin- 
 cipal part of this infect; a very confiderable 
 number of them are found in the head, breaft, 
 belly, legs; nay, and in the antenn® or horns. 
 We may likewife obferve, that they are con- 
 nected and fupported by the fat, as I have found 
 in other infects: and thefe are the white veffels 
 which are feen through the tranfparent body, 
 as I have obferved in the hiftory of the exter- 
 nal parts. The reafon that thefe pulmonary 
 pipes are feen through the skin, is, that they 
 are of a filver colour, or light bright mother 
 of pearl, and therefore afford a very agreeable 
 fight, whilft the animal lives. They conftantly 
 keep this colour, nor will they ever fade, for 
 their firu€ture is fuch, that they remain always 
 open. 
 
 ti to their compofition, it confifts of a dou- 
 ble matter; a part is compofed of rings, which 
 refemble the cartilages of the trachea, or wind- 
 pipe, in man, It appears very diftinétly by the 
 microfcope, that thefe rings often bend them- 
 {elves round, in order to form a cavity and 
 open pipe, Tab. I. fig. vir.@; but this does 
 not happen fo often as in other infects, becaufe 
 the rings of the Loufe are fhorter : they are 
 alfo more curled and twined 4, in likenefs of a 
 Serpent, and feem every where interrupted c, It 
 may alfo be obferved, that where the afpera 
 arteria, or wind-pipe, is divided into branches, 
 there thefe rings are largeft d, but they are af- 
 terwards infenfibly divided into fmallere. The 
 other part of thefe vefiels is membranaceous, 
 and is fituated in the interftices of thofe rings; 
 and by its affiftance the rings may conveniently 
 bend and turn themfelves, as is known to 
 happen, particularly in thofe wonderful motions 
 of the ftomach, which is furrounded by a 
 great number of air-pipes. 
 
 I have hitherto omitted examining whether 
 thefe pulmonary, pipes within the body, likewife 
 fhed a little {kin at the time the Loufe cafts 
 its coat, as I have obferved to have happened 
 in the Bombyx, or Silkworm, and in almoft all 
 other infects. However, the {fmaller thefe pul- 
 monary pipes are, the fewer rings they have, 
 until at length they appear like more mem-~- 
 branaceous threads. 
 
 I may venture to affirm, that the pulmonary 
 pipes cannot be more conveniently viewed in 
 any fpecies of animals that I have hitherto 
 known, without diffection; fo that we cannot 
 contemplate their fituation and courfe, with 
 greater admiration, in any animal than in the 
 Loufe. But I have by me a very curious and fa- 
 miliar apparatus, by the affiftance of which, I 
 
 can at any time demonftrate it with the greateft 
 
 tainty. 
 a ot L fig. wv. The orifices of the XIV 
 pulmonary pipes, are feen in the outward 
 {kin of the Loufe; one (1) of which is on 
 either fide of the breatt; and on each fide, on 
 the extremities of the abdomen are placed fix, 2, 
 43955 049s which I exhibit in the figure in one 
 fide only. Ihave alfo thought I fometimes faw 
 one pair of air orifices between the fecond and 
 third pair of legss however, I will not be po- 
 fitive. in this matter. 
 
 Tab. I. fig. vill. Thefe orifices are the 
 refpiratory points, one of which is fituated on 
 one fide, between the firft and fecond pair of 
 legs, and fix on the extremity of the belly, £, 
 2, 3, &c. thefe points fwell a little there, like 
 
 a {mall nipple aa, and in their circumference, ~ 
 
 feem to have a flight rim or border, which 
 appears fomewhat ruddy and tranfparent as the 
 place itfelf wherein they are fixed is alfo of 
 a light red and bright colour ; they are a little 
 bent towards the infide, and immediately after 
 the tegument of the extremity of the abdomen 
 {wells out. All the points are like that which 
 I have obferved to be placed in the breait. 3. 
 Tab. I. fig. 1v. From every refpiratory 
 point there iflues a branch of the trachea bhd, 
 which foon after forms a vifible anaftomafis or 
 inofculation with fome branch of the trachea, 
 that proceeds from another point, and both 
 clofe into one canal: the fame holds alfo in all 
 
 the XIV apertures of the lungs; fo that the air, 
 
 which is drawn into the body by one refpira- 
 tory point, may be {pread through the whole. 
 Nor is it there only that the pulmonary pipes 
 unite, but this holds equally in thofe which are 
 in the back, belly, and breaft ; which laft is 
 diftinguifhed by three manifeft ramifications 
 that are joined together underneath. This mat- 
 ter hath been already elegantly delineated by 
 doétor Hooke, in his incomparable Microgra- 
 phy ; however, he could have no knowledge 
 
 of thefe ramifications by any other means, but 
 
 that they appear vifible through the body. 
 
 I am further inftruéted by the diffection, 
 that the pulmonary pipes may be difcovered 
 not only in the head, breaft and abdomen, but 
 they reach alfo to the inteftines, the ovary, {pi- 
 nal marrow, brain, and, in fine, to all the in- 
 ternal parts of the body of this animal; all 
 which, asI have diftinétly feen, fo I can de- 
 monftrate them to others, with the afliftance 
 
 of certain experiments which God enabled me — 
 
 to invent in the ftudy of anatomy, that the mi- 
 racles of his works might be known: for we 
 have not even the leaft thing from ourfelves, 
 for it is God that giveth us ingenuity. 
 
 Thefe things being well underftood, I might 
 proceed to defcribe the other parts; as firft, 
 the ovary, which appears next after the for- 
 mer, being a part placed upon the ftomach it- 
 felf: but fince method requires us to treat, be- 
 
 fore thefe, of thofe parts which affift digeftion, 
 
 and tend to the nourifhment and prefervation of 
 the body, and afterwards of thofe which ferve for 
 generation. 
 
 ts - ' 
 nat eae Ad aie) 
 
The, “Te de: I OgR:-Y 
 
 generation. I fhall now defcribe the probofcis, 
 or fucker, the throat, ftomach, inteftines, and 
 other adjacent parts. I hall after thefe treat of 
 the ovary, brain and nerves, and then add 
 fomething concerning the outward fkin, with 
 which I fhall conclude this anatomical deftrip- 
 tion. 
 
 The Loufe has neither beak, teeth, nor any 
 kind of mouth, as doétor Hooke defcribed it, 
 for the entrance into the gullet is abfolutely 
 
 ‘ clofed: inthe place of all thefe, it hasa probof- 
 
 cis or trunk, or, as it may be otherwife called, 
 a pointed and hollow aculeus or fucker, with 
 which it pierces the skin, and fucks the human 
 blood, taking it for its food into the body. 
 But this probofcis cannot be fhewn, on account 
 of its extreme fmallnefs ; nor can it be diftin- 
 guifhed, unlefs a perfon happens to fee it by 
 chance. 
 
 At the extreme point of the head, when 
 preffed out artificially, and with a particular 
 attention, there appears an obtufe prominence, 
 Tab. II. fig. 111. 2. which being hollow in the 
 middle of the infide, bends back into itfelf, 
 and goes into the body, but has no aperture 
 or opening. From this the probofcis 4, or 
 fucker, is obferved fometimes to proceed, and 
 wherefore this part is, as it were, the fheath or 
 cafe of it, wherein it is laid up. 
 
 I cannot illuftrate this ftru€ture or machinery 
 by a more proper example, than by that of 
 the horn of a {nail, which is likewife turned 
 into itfelf on the infide, and is again ftretehed 
 out, but there is no perforation: wherefore, if 
 the probofcis or fucker was placed at the end 
 of it in this infect, inftead of the real eye 
 which we fee in the fnail; one might in fome 
 meafure form an idea how the probofcis, or 
 fucker, is wrought in this infect, and worked 
 up with admirable art by the fupreme architect 
 of the univerfe. 
 
 If the whole little fheath or cafe be after- 
 wards examined, Tab. II. fig. tv. c¢. it is ob- 
 fervable, that the upper end of it is thicker 
 than the lower, and is fwollen like a mufh- 
 room ; fo that it appears from hence, that the 
 little foot on which it ftands is fmaller than its 
 top. When one preffes the probofcis, or fucker, 
 and its fheath on the outfide, we fhall find that 
 the end of the latter is abfolutely blunt and re- 
 fembles the head of a pollard willow tree, ha- 
 ing all its branches cut off; we fee alfo that 
 there are here and there certain pointed parts 
 or claws d in it, which, as well as the fheath, 
 and the probofcis or fucker, are of a light brown 
 colour, and are tranfparent. I fhall prefently 
 fhew the ufe of thefe claws; there is alfoa 
 crooked probofcis or fucker e in the middle of 
 them. ‘The outward skin of the fheath which 
 is annexed to the probofcis, and from which 
 its head is prominent, is of the fame texture 
 with the reft of the skin that covers the Loufe ; 
 for it confifts of grooves and pellucid globules, 
 as I fhall explain hereafter, when I treat of the 
 skin. 
 
 orn Woatsk.C TS. 33 
 
 If we examine that part of a Loufe’s head 
 at the time when it is feeking out fome pore 
 of {weat in the hand, wherein to fix its pro- 
 bofcis or fucker, a {mall line of a pale brown 
 colour is then prefented to us, which appears 
 vifible through the head, and has its fore part 
 more deeply coloured. This little line is no- 
 thing elfe but the theath itfelf, with the probof- 
 cis hidden in the infide. 
 
 But before I explain the ufe of this probof- 
 cis or fucker, and its manner of rifing, it feems 
 neceflary to defcribe the figure, fituation, co- 
 lour, texture and motion of the gullet, fto- 
 mach, and inteftines: for thus the method 
 whereby the probofcis performs its fuction, will 
 be more eafily underftood. The cefophagus or 
 throat isa very {mall canal, fig. 111. f, which 
 one cannot fee at any other time, but when 
 the blood afcends through the probofcis or 
 fucker into the mouth, and paffes through this 
 into the ftomach, It is fituated a little behind 
 the eyes, and feems to be carried up above the 
 brain : the reafon that I think fo is, becaufe it 
 appears there very clearly at the time of fuc- 
 tion; fo that probably it runs immediately under 
 the skin of the head. In the neck it is fome- 
 what enlarged g, and afterwards it grows fmall 
 again in the back J, untill it terminates in the 
 ftomach, near which I have obferved it, like a 
 very {mall, clear, and tranfparent thread, where- 
 In a perfon that diffects it fometimes obferves 
 blood, and fome other fubftance, Dt 
 like the contents of the ftomach. I difcovered 
 the whole gullet, in the action of fucking, as 
 before defcribed ; for it is a very difficult mat- 
 ter to difcover it in any other manner, becaufe 
 in the upper part of the back, and alfo in the 
 head and neck, it is very ftrongly connected 
 with the adjacent parts. 
 
 The ftomach, fig. 111. 22, is lodged partly in 
 the breaft and back; but the greateft portion of 
 it is in the abdomen. When {wollen with 
 blood it appears of a dark brown colour, which 
 is vifible through the skin, and is either a faint 
 red, or a full or bright brown, as the con- 
 tents of the ftomach are more or lefS changed. 
 Where the ftomach joins the breaft above, its 
 figure refembles a fork with two teeth; thefe 
 are two hidden appendages of && the ftomach, 
 which go deep into the breaft, and on either 
 fide near the gullet and fpinal marrow, and 
 reach to the firft pair of legs. Thefe are thofe 
 two blackifh, tranfparent and coloured parts, 
 which I have mentioned in general in the hif- 
 tory of the external parts. 
 
 The part of the ftomach connected with the 
 abdomen deferves particular confideration ; it 
 is formed like an oblong bag, which is here 
 and there continually contracted and again ex- 
 tended. When it is empty, it is colourlefs, 
 and the ftomach and its appendages are tran{pa- 
 rent. But as the ftomach fills, the colour is 
 feen plainly through the outward skin. It 
 manifeftly confifts of two coats, the outward 
 is thicker, the inner very thin, as it is in all 
 
 K infects, 
 
 Si 
 which appears 
 
34 
 infects. Nay, it is probable that it has three 
 coats, and that the third is mufcular, 
 
 The outward coat of the ftomach is fur- 
 nifhed with fo great a number of pulmonary Hill 
 pipes as can hardly be expreffed in words. an 
 larger branches are very con ff picuousin it, but the 
 {malleft cannot be difcovered, except by the af- 
 fiftance of the beft microfcopes. On the contrary, 
 the inward coat is very thin; the third, which, 
 I fuppofe to be fituated between the two for- 
 mer, comprehends without doubt, the mufcular 
 fibres of the ftomach, by the help of which 
 it performs its wonderful motions. ‘The coats 
 of the ftomach, efpecially the outmott, appear 
 to confift of very many globular little grains, 
 which are very irregular in form; but whether 
 thefe little grains properly belong to the texture 
 of the ftomach, or whether they are rather 
 particles of fat, which cover the ftomach, 
 whereby the pulmonary pipes are gently moved, 
 I could not well difcern ; only this I know, that 
 the greateft part of them, when often touched, 
 retire from the ftomach. 
 
 Underneath, in the abdomen, ona little rifing 
 or prominence, nearly in the middle of the fto- 
 mach, there is feen a certain little part m, which 
 doctor Hooke apprehends may be the liver ; 
 but I thould rather take it to be the pancreas, 
 or fweet-bread, though, there want fufficient 
 arguments to prove.it. Its colour is not pro- 
 perly whitith, but fomewhat inclining to yel- 
 low; and it is fo ftrongly connected with the 
 ftomach, that it cannot be eafily feparated from 
 it. If this be laid before the microfcope, it 
 may eafily be divided into many little grains 
 like glands, but thefe are not very tranfparent. 
 When it is accurately viewed by the microf- 
 cope, the pulmonary pipes alfo appear in it. 
 The fubftance of this little part is more firm 
 than that of the reft, for when it is extracted 
 from the body and dried, it is but little dimi- 
 nifhed. It is of a very irregular figure, and_is 
 formed divers ways in almoft every Loufe, be- 
 ing fometimes greater and fometimes lefs ; but 
 it is always finifhed in the fame general manner, 
 by reafon of its bendings and fituation over the 
 ftomach, as is evident from the five different 
 figures of thefe little parts, which I have deli- 
 neated to the life from the microfcope, in fig. v. 
 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 0f Tab. Tl. 
 
 ~ At the lower region of the ftomach is feen 
 the pylorus, fig, 111. 7. and immediately from 
 this, the inteftinum tenue or {mall gut 00, which 
 is extended on each fide, and formed like the 
 ftomach: this is alfo provided with a great 
 many pulmonary pipes. At the end of this 
 {mall gut, which is for the greateft part bent 
 in a ferpentine manner, or like the letter S, are 
 difcovered four {mall vefiels pppp, which the 
 fagacious and excellent anatomift Marcellus 
 Malpighius, has called the {wollen veffels in 
 Silk-Worms ; but thefe are ftraighter and lefs 
 inflected in the Loufe; they are confiderably 
 long, and of the fame texture with the inte- 
 ftines. Thefe four little veffels are properly 
 four inteftina caca, or blind guts, which I have 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; O, 
 
 found in all infects ; wherefore, by inference} 
 I call them here by this name, though I never 
 have had the fortune to fee their extremities. 
 They open into the inteftine, from whence 
 they arife at the place juft mentioned. After 
 thefe appears the little inteftine colon g, and at 
 the end of that, there is a manifeft dilatation 
 or extenfion 77, which is the cloaca, or place 
 where the excrements acquire their figure ; for 
 they are very irregular, and not like thofe of 
 other infeéts, which are ufually formed in a fin- 
 gular and regular manner. Within this. dila- 
 tation appears the inteftinum rectum $s, which 
 fhews its aperture, as the anus fituated upon 
 the belly between the divifion of the tail¢; 
 and juft under this the skin is very briftly. 
 
 As to the motion of the ftomach, it is truly 
 admirable; infomuch that one might fuppofe it 
 an animal within an animal, by reafon of the 
 ftrong agitations, contractions, dilatations, corru- 
 gations and expanfions, all which belong to it, 
 and ftrike one with amazement, the whole being 
 plainly {een through the body. ‘Thefe appear 
 plainly at the time when the ftomach is full of 
 food, but they are beft of all feen, when the blood 
 pafles into it at the time of fucking ; for then 
 it is fometimes obferved, that the remainder of 
 the old aliment is mixed with the new, and 
 is fhaken and agitated up and down, and on 
 every fide, in the ftomach. This may be feen 
 the more diftindtly, as the colour of the contents 
 is more dark, 
 
 Hence one may eafily conceive what ftrange 
 changes and emotions the pulmonary pipes on 
 the ftomach undergo at that time, and after 
 what various ways the air contained in them 
 is prefled, moved, propelled, and fo purified ; 
 changed from its firft nature, and rarifed within 
 the creature, But who can difcover, by the 
 moft diligent refearches, the ufe of the air in 
 that place? furely no one. Yet very wonder- 
 ful motions are obferved on this occafion, par- 
 ticularly in that little part which TI called the 
 pancreas or fweet-bread ; for this being con- 
 nected with the ftomach, muft obey all its 
 motions. That any perfon may form to him- 
 felf an idea of the motion of the ftomach, I 
 have drawn three figures of it. 
 tracted, it is feen as at number 3, fig. vi. 
 Number 2 fhews how its contractions are 
 changed, and after what manner it dilates, is 
 apparent from number 1. Thefe motions are 
 
 continually repeated by turns, and undergo an 
 
 infinite number of variations. 
 
 As to the method whereby the Loufe fucks 
 the blood, and conveys that nourifhment into 
 the ftomach, it is performed thus, by the af- 
 fiftance of the probofcis, and its aculeus or 
 point.  Firft, if the Loufe has abftained from 
 
 -food two or three days, it becomes very hun= 
 
 ety, which is difcoverable from the empty fto- 
 mach, and becaufe the creature is then wholly 
 tran{parent ; in this cafe, immediately as foon 
 as he is placed on the hand, he feeks for food 
 which he will the fooner and more readily find, 
 if the hand be firft rubbed until it grows red. 
 
 _ Then 
 
 When con- 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS, n 
 
 Then the Loufe turns his head; which lies be- 
 tween the two fore legs, to the fkin, and dili- 
 gently fearches for fome pore of fweat: when 
 he finds it, he fixes his aculeus, or fucker, there- 
 in; a little after this, the blood is obferved, 
 through the microfcope, to afcend to the head, 
 in a very rapid, and, as it were, frightful 
 {tream, 
 
 The Loufe has at that time matter enough 
 to feed on in any pofture, for if it finds any 
 hairs on the hand, by which it does not defire 
 to defcend, it flays in that pofture, and fucks 
 with its head down, and its tail elevated. I 
 have likewife obferved that it fometimes fucked 
 with its belly upward, that is, when the hair 
 it took hold of was bent down; and then the 
 motion of the ftomach, and pancreas, or {weet 
 bread, might be feen moft beautifully by the 
 help of a microfcope. 
 
 But I fhould think the principal ufe of the 
 claws, which I havedefcribed to be fituated at the 
 end of the fheath or cafe of the aculeusor fucker, 
 is to affift the creature in fucking, and that the 
 aculeus ferves for this purpofe ; for whilft thefe 
 are ftrongly fixed in the fuperficies of the inner 
 fkin, and in the extremities of the pores, they 
 enable the Loufe to ufe its aculeus the more 
 freely, and to move it at difcretion, when the 
 end of its fheath is placed firm and immov- 
 able. 
 
 Sometimes, whilft the Loufe was fucking, 
 { have ftrongly pulled the skin of my hand 
 afide, that by this means the fheath, or rather 
 its claws, together with the aculeus or fucker, 
 might be bound faft in the skin, andthe Loufe 
 could not difengage itfelf. This affords indeed 
 a very agreeable fight. This I did witha de- 
 fign, that if I could thruft the Loufe ‘out of 
 its place, I might the more plainly fee the 
 aculeus: but I could never accomplifh my de- 
 fire in this particular, though I had then almoft 
 wifhed to have three hands, that I might the 
 better find what I wanted. There are fome 
 fpeculations and refearches in anatomy that will 
 not bear writing, fince they almoft diftraét the 
 mind, 
 
 When the Loufe is employed in fucking, a 
 very {mall rivulet, Fig. 111, « of blood im- 
 mediately appears behind the aculeus or fucker, 
 which is feen through the tranfparent head. 
 Between and before its eyes, on the middle of 
 the head, there is obferved alfo a confiderable 
 dilatation x, for the jaws are there remarkably 
 expanded, by the blood continually afcending. 
 ‘Thefe parts are fo fwiftly contracted again, that 
 there fearce remains the leaft fign of blood after 
 amoment, and both are performed with fuch 
 velocity, that the dilatation can hardly be di- 
 ftinguifhed from the contraction ; wherefore I 
 do not know how to explain this matter more 
 properly, than by the fudden ofcillation of the 
 pendulum of a clock. Behind the eyes, a fmall 
 rivulet of blood is likewife obferved to run down 
 within the head : this paflage may be properly 
 called the cefophagus or gullet, fig. 111. f, which 
 lies behind the jaws, and grows wide again in 
 
 the Loufe’s neck as has been fhewn before ¢, 
 I have chofen to exhibit all thefe as one conti- 
 nued canal, that my defcription may be the 
 more clear. 
 
 After the blood has afcended to the jaws, and 
 comes to the gullet, we obferve that it is im- 
 mediately conveyed to the ftomach, and that 
 the bifurcated appendages, as well as the {to- 
 mach itfelf, are at once filled: with it. The 
 motions of the ftomach are then remarkably 
 
 for as thefe mufcular parts are then ftretc} 
 
 av 
 
 felves again. Wherefore it is immediately ob- 
 
 mach, is agitated about in a wonderfa 
 
 her; itis moved up and down, and by cor 
 tractions and dilatations, which are not to be 
 defcribed, then performed by the ftomach, is 
 as it were fifted. After this, it is fێn, that 
 the contents firft begin to divide into parts in 
 the back or hinder portion of the ftom 
 they then appear like raifins pre 
 and are thus diftributed through the body. 
 However, this is a falfe appearance ; it arifes 
 from hence, that the skin bein; 
 
 Yo 
 "*& 
 
 divided into 
 many grooves, is not equally tranfparent every 
 where, and that fome difference is in this ref 
 pect feen through it, becaufe the grooves are 
 not equally tranfparent with the intermediate 
 parts. Nay, the particles of the internal fat 
 not being uniformly vifible D 
 and obfcuring the brightnefs of the skin, con- 
 duce likewife to deceive the fight, as if the 
 retreating blood entered into many peculiar 
 veffels. To this may be added, that the blood 
 has not at that time a homogeneous or equal 
 colour, for its parts feparate from éach other. 
 From thefe appearances, before I 
 
 rately examined things, I thought that the 
 blood was diftributed out of the ftomach, 
 through various veffels, into the other parts of 
 the body; but I afterwards obferved that this 
 phenomenon arofe, as well from the blood 
 itfelf, as from the different colours of the parts 
 through which it was feen, and which I then 
 took to be veffels. Perhaps others, efpecially 
 doctor Hooke, who firft prejudiced me in fa- 
 vour of this opinion, have fplit on the fame 
 rock. Ihave not as yet made this experiment 
 
 through the skin, 
 
 had accu- 
 
 ‘in the fmalleft Lice, in which more peculia- 
 
 rities may probably be feen, than in the larger 
 kind. 
 
 I have likewife refolved to receive the blood, 
 when changed in the ftomach, into a glafs tube, 
 and then to view it in the open air, or in fome 
 dark place by candle light ; but this I have not 
 hitherto done, being hindered from making 
 this, as well as many other experiments which I 
 had a mind to try. In fome hours after feeding, 
 the contents of the ftomach are obferved to be- 
 come infenfibly more brown or blackifh, and 
 
 tc 
 
 2 
 
36 Th BOOK of 
 
 to diminith flowly : wherefore the inteftines 
 are afterwards {een to be more and more 
 diftended with excrements, which fometimes 
 lie in them regularly divided, as it were, into 
 globules. The reafon of this 1s, that the in- 
 teftines do not, at one and the fame time, COn- 
 tract themfelves about the feces, and therefore 
 they caft or extrude them out of the body at 
 different times. I have already treated of the 
 mufeles of the abdomen in this infect, I thall 
 now proceed to the parts of the breatt. 
 
 In this part, and in the back, are feen feveral 
 mufcles, which move the legs and head ; and 
 herein are alfo vifible the appendages of the 
 ftomach, and a great number of pulmonary 
 pipes and particles of fat. In the fame view 
 ’ Gs alfo feen the gullet and fpinal marrow, to- 
 gether with the nerves arifing from thence, of 
 which I thall now {peak diftinély. 
 
 In the middle of the back is feen a certain 
 tendenous point, under the {mall fhield there 
 fituated, where the skin does not appear to be 
 fo tranfparent as in the reft of the body. ‘This 
 fhield feems there to be hollow, being thruft 
 down into a little pit. At this point almoft all 
 the mufcular fibres are feen to concur, and their 
 motion and contraction are here very vifible. 
 As to the appendages of the ftomach, and other 
 parts of the breaft and back, we have before 
 treated of them at large. 
 
 The fpinal marrow is properly fituated in the 
 breaft, and therein reaches to the infertion of 
 the laft pair of legs. When this is difcovered, 
 it is eafy to judge what that fhort whitith 
 groove is, which appears through the breaft, 
 between the appendages of the ftomach ; for 
 thefe appendages are placed on both fides of 
 the fpinal marrow. 
 
 The ftructure of the fpinal marrow ittelf, 
 does not differ much from that found in the 
 Worm, from which the Scarabeus Naficornis, 
 or Horned Beetle, by the ancients confecrated 
 to Mercury, is produced, as is manifeft from 
 the hiftory and figures of the latter. It confifts 
 of three remarkable fwellings, expanfions or 
 dilatations, fig. v11. gaa, from which, on either 
 fide, we obferve three nerves bbb to arife, 
 which reach to the mufcles of the fix legs; 
 but underneath, or in the hinder part of it, I 
 diftinguithed fix nerves ¢¢ iffuing, which doubt- 
 lefS are diftributed through the reft of the vif- 
 cera, to give them life, fenfe and motion. The 
 loweft of thofe little knots, whereof the {pinal 
 marrow is compofed, is formed in a different 
 manner from the upper ones, which are alike. 
 
 The membrane which covers the marrow is 
 interwoven with a great many pulmonary pipes, 
 and feems to be compofed of irregular and glo- 
 bular little parts dd, in the fame manner as we 
 have fhewn in refpect of the coat of the ftomach : 
 and this texture, together with the great number 
 of pulmonary pipes belonging to the part, afford 
 a very agreeable fight in the living infect. 
 
 I could difcover no fibres in the nerves, 
 which arife from the pofterior part of the mar- 
 row, though I viewed them frefh with the 
 
 N ACT URS; of, 
 
 microfcope; they {eemed indeed to be made up 
 of a homogeneous, bright and tranfparent mat- 
 ter, and at their fides were hung a great many 
 pulmonary pipes; with particles of fat. 
 
 The origin of the marrow, where it Is con- 
 nected with the brain, is feen like a fine 
 thread ¢. But in all other infects this beginning 
 of the marrow is perforated, and through its 
 aperture or cavity the gullet pafles. 
 
 The brain of the Loufe is fhaped like a 
 pear ff, and is divided into a right and left part. 
 
 The dura mater, furrounding it, is formed like _ 
 
 the membrane that covers the marrow, and is 
 provided with pulmonary pipes and particles of 
 fat gg. I can very eafily at any time thew the 
 
 marrow, but the demonttration of the brain — 
 
 muft be obtained rather by chance, than with 
 any premeditated defign or art; it is clearly 
 feen when by any accident it happens to be 
 ftript of the parts wherewith it is covered. 
 
 The optic nerves b) are fhort, and the eyes 77, - 
 which ate connected to them, are fo {mall, that — ; 
 
 I could not diffeét them to my fatisfaction ; as 
 well becaufe this operation is but aukwardly 
 performed under mifcrofcopes, which magnify 
 objects fo much, that all inftruments are too 
 coarfe for this purpofe. Thus much, however, 
 I diftinétly faw, that this black part in the eyes 
 might be feparated or lifted up from them ; 
 which part in other infects I call the tunica 
 uvea, not being fituated on the bottom, but on 
 the fuperficies of the eye; after this appears 
 the tunica cornea; this feemed divided as it 
 were into hexagons, as it is in other infects, 
 though the other was not: but that I would 
 not affirm for certain, for we are not to fuppofe 
 or imagine, but to purfue by our fenfes, and 
 difcover the ations and productions of nature. 
 This opinion, however, does not pleafe fome 
 anatomifts, who therefore efteem all comments 
 on the brain merely as ingenious fancies. The 
 younger Bartholinus, who, {peaking of the 
 fiGtion that filkworms had no brain, exprefies 
 him(elf thus: “ Behold, how many are pleafed 
 « with their own blindnefs! who, although 
 « they are blind, and fhall for ever remain {o, 
 ‘© yet cry aloud they can fee, fince thefe their 
 « contemptible works, which ought to be re- 
 “© moved from their eyes, and buried in obli- 
 « yjon, are lafting monuments of their cloudy 
 <* arrogance ; for by this means they might 
 “ afterwards feek for the light of truth.” 
 
 Whether Lice are diftinguifhed by the parts — 
 
 of generation, into males and females, as other 
 infects are, I could not difcover. Heretofore, 
 indeed, I had fometime remarked that Lice get 
 upon each other; but this I could not obferve 
 while employed in this diffection. I found an 
 ovary in every one of forty, which I diffected ; 
 this almoft inclined me to think that’ thefe little 
 animals are Hermaphrodites ; and perhaps they 
 really have in each animal a penis and an ovary 
 together, in the fame body, as I have found in 
 ng years indeed it be fo, is ftill a fecret 
 o me, for though I faw the ovary ver 
 diftinétly, I could difcover no penis, ee hs 
 ftanding 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS. "27 
 
 fianding the great hopes I had of finding it, 
 from having obferved that all kinds of infeéts 
 have very large organs of generation. 
 
 The ovary is extended through the whole 
 cavity of the abdomen, fo that with its ap- 
 pendages it reaches even to the breaft. It 
 has an opening diftinét from the end of the 
 inteftines, for as the upper part of the funda- 
 ment is placed in the divifion of the tail, in 
 which the abdomen ends ; fo on the contrary 
 the vagina or mouth of the ovary opens into 
 the lower part of the abdomen, where the 
 body is divided as it were into two parts, Tab. 
 Il. fig. viir, as may be feen in doctor Hooke’s 
 figure. ‘The ends or extreme appendages of 
 the oviduét or egg-paflage are like two tubes 
 bbbb, naturally joined in one point; this I 
 have fhewn in the figure by one fide. In the 
 ovidué ¢ are feen at once perfect eggs d, and 
 their rudiments ¢ or principles ; fo that in one 
 ovary I have counted ten larger and forty 
 four fmaller eggs, together making fifty-four. 
 In the uterus I faw one perfect egg, which 
 was fallen down ready for birth ; at that time 
 thefe little eggs are called Nits. In my figure 
 of the ovary there are fifty-one eggs. — 
 
 The ovary is double #f in all Lice, and 
 every part of it is fubdivided into five ovi- 
 duéts gg, which on each fide end in one 
 common canal; next comes in fight the ute- 
 rus 4,.in which the egg 7 acquires its full 
 perfection. Where the uterus ends, is feen 
 a facculus or bag full of a glutinous matter ££, 
 opening in that part into the uterus; this is 
 defigned for faftening the eggs, whilft they 
 are laying; the fame may be likewife obferved 
 in many other infeéts, and particularly in Bees. 
 i mutt acknowledge that I have not feen 
 the glutinous matter contained in this bag ; 
 but I infer, from the fituation and ftructure 
 of the part, that the bag was defigned for 
 keeping fuch a fubftance. After this appears 
 the neck of the uterus /, and therein is a {mall 
 dilatation of expanfion ; by means of which, 
 the ovary immediately opens itfelf into the 
 outward womb, as may be feen at the letters 
 aa. 
 The oviduéts embrace the eggs fo clofely, 
 that fcarce any difference is obferved between 
 them m, nor can we {feparate the oviducts 
 from the eggs, without great labour; when 
 we do this, a great many bags of fat iffue from 
 thence, which obftruct the fight. It therefore 
 has appeared to me, that the ftructure of the 
 oviduét is the fame with that of the ftomach 
 and inteftines ; though the texture of this part 
 is neverthelefs more delicate, and that the glo- 
 
 bular particles proceed from thence with 
 greater eafe, than in the other vifcera. The 
 oviducts are provided with many pulmonary 
 pipes ”, of which, as we have already ob- 
 ferved, this little animal has a very large num- 
 ber, though no bigger than a point; its 
 ftructure and vifcera, which excel all human 
 art, the greateft peniufes ought to be amazed 
 at, as I have here, though briefly, yet clearly, 
 explained and demofiftrated, I am’ perfuaded 
 that I might make many mote difcoveries in it, 
 if I had more time for. that purpofe, fince { 
 have completed this diffection, and difcovered 
 thefe remarkable miracles in this microcofm 
 or little world, in the fpace of fix days: If the 
 learned Daniel Heinfius had fearched for 
 thefe things in nature herfelf, and not in his 
 own fancy, and in books, he would not have 
 written fo poor an encomium on this infec. 
 
 As to the ftructure of the external skin of 
 the Loufe; it affords many particulars worthy 
 of obfervation, nor is there any thing that 
 bears a greater likenefs to it, than {tiff and 
 tran{parent parchment: it is in feveral places 
 marked with fmall grooves or channels, in 
 the fame manner as the ends of our fingers; 
 which; when viewed with the beft micro- 
 {fcopes, really feem to be fo many divifions of 
 pulmonary pipes. But the lens of the mi- 
 crofcope muft, for this purpofe, be carefully 
 managed, for as it is turned one way or ano- 
 ther, different things are feen: one cannot 
 bring the lens nearer, or remove it further, by 
 the leaft diftance, but fomething is imme- 
 diately perceived by the fight, which was not 
 obferved before. Globular particles, fig. 1x. 
 a, fometimes appear in the place of chan- 
 nels, or oblong pipes 44, though the eye is 
 always fixed on the fame part; then between 
 the grooves themfelves, where the skin is 
 fimply membranaceous, globular particles ¢ 
 are likewife obferved. In other places, as in 
 the extremities of the abdomen, the ftructure 
 of the skin is different, for there it feems to 
 be compofed as it were of irregular fquares, 
 Tab. II. fig. x. d, wherein circular grooves e 
 may be feen in one part; in another globules /; 
 in a third, both globules and grooves g, nay 
 fometimes the plain tranfparent skin only is 
 feen full of points £4; all which, as we have 
 before obferved of the oblong grooves, are 
 reprefented according to the tranfparency of 
 the parts, which have not been yet totally 
 feparated from the inner furface of the skin ; 
 or juft as the microfcope is moved, fomewhat 
 nearer to, or further from the skin. 
 
 Conclufion to Mr. TH EVENOT. 
 
 All thefe things, moft illuftrious fir, while I 
 viewed them. I have carefully delineated with 
 my own hand, as you may fee by the figures 
 annexed. I {hall now leave you to judge, 
 whether chance, by any right, canclaim even 
 
 the leaft part in the moft artful ftructure of 
 the fmall point of the univerfe, which is here 
 exhibited; fince fo many and fuch different 
 miracles jointly proclaim in it the divine om- 
 nipotence. Wherefore though this animal is 
 
 of 
 
38 The BOOK of NATURE; 
 
 of no advantage to the body, yet it 1s able ha 
 raife our thoughts to God ; fo that by ferioully 
 contemplating the divine Majetty, and the 
 olittering rays of his miracles, 1n this little 
 animal, we may, with the moft fubmufiive 
 humility, change and contract our vain pride 
 ‘to as {mall a point. 
 Then we nil obferve the finger of Godin 
 thefe things, and fhall obtain an effect, which 
 none of the forcerers can-imitate, of reduce 
 into adt: for the moft fmall and humble 
 may drive away the devil, and rob him of 
 his ftrength. 
 The miracles of God are magnificent in 
 every thing he has created ; and even the 
 fmalleft of them are the hoft of the Lord of 
 
 Ifrael ; wherewith he does fervice to his peo- 
 ple by chattifing them, when their fins are 
 crown to an height ; that they may repent 
 and acknowledge the fupreme hand, which 
 punifhes our offences, 
 large in the facred writings. 
 this difcourfe with obferving, and. fhall always 
 firmly maintain, that the miracles of nature 
 are open books, whereby we are all reduced to 
 our eternal origin, nor are we ever elevated 
 above nature and created beings, until we 
 conftantly love God, and renounce all that is 
 not God. 
 
 The end of the wonderful anatomy of the 
 Loufe. . 
 
 Pot: Bae Te 
 
 Explains the changes of the firft order or clafs, 
 
 which are laid before the eye, by the afifiance of 
 
 figures ; for which purpofe the Loufe ts produced for an example. 
 
 N. B. The numeral letters diftin@ly thew, 
 
 after what manner the tranfmutations fucceed 
 
 each other: fome of the figures are exhibited as they are magnified with the microfcope; 
 and let the reader obferve in general, that we have likewife followed the fame rule in 
 the examples of the fecond, third, and fourth orders or clafles of our changes of infects. 
 
 No. I. Is the Nit or little egg of the Loufe 
 delineated in its natural fize, wherein the 
 Loufe is contained, being yet cloathed in its 
 Gift coat or skin. ‘The fame may be feen in 
 fig. 1. as magnified with the microfcope. 
 
 II. The empty fhell of the egg, or the 
 Nit’s coat, caft off by the Loufe, after it has 
 crept out of it, It is reprefented magnified 
 in fig. 11. 
 
 lll. The Loufe itfelf juft excluded from its 
 ége, of coat, where it is evident, how this 
 animal has crept out of the ‘membrane where- 
 with it was covered, in aftate of perfection ; 
 fo that it is not obliged to undergo any other 
 change, ‘but afterwards grows to a larger fize, 
 and muft often change its skin. Wherefore 
 we have called the Loufe in this form, an 
 oviform Nymph animal; becaufe it comes 
 from its coat perfect in all its members. 
 
 IV. We reprefent the fame Loufe fome- 
 what larger, and cloathed as it were in its 
 third or fourth skin, which is likewife to be 
 catt off foon after. 
 
 V. The Loufe, having attained the full 
 term of its increafe ; in which period we have 
 confidered it as a Nymph animal ; becaufe it 
 is then in the laft skin that it will caft, and 
 indeed we find fome infeéts in this firft order, 
 which are {till fomewhat changed about the 
 time of cafting their laft skin ; which is fufh- 
 ciently evident, among other examples, in the 
 longipede or Jong-legged Spider ; the legs of 
 which grow much longer, at the time it is 
 cafting its laftskin. After this is caft, the in- 
 fects of this firft order.grow no more, nor 
 are they any ways changed ; as may be more 
 
 eafily underftood from the figures of the fub- 
 fequent examples of the four orders, under the 
 fame numbers v and VI. . 
 
 VI. The Loufe, having attained its perfect 
 maturity and full growth, fo that is now fit 
 for generation, and is arrived to the ftate of 
 puberty. Fig. 111. reprefents it magnified by 
 the microfcope. 
 
 HicG. 1. 
 
 The Nit or egg of the Loufe delineated with 
 a microfcope. 
 
 a. An oviform border or extremity, which 
 furrounds the Nit’s head ; within which are 
 feen certain fmall cups, likeuvule, of no exact 
 or determinate figure. . Thefe little cups are 
 fomewhat bent, and they again {well in the 
 middle, as it were into a whitifh top. It is 
 obferved alfo that thefe little cups do not in- 
 tirely fill the inward parts of the border or 
 circle that furrounds the head. . 
 
 bb. Two tender little fwellings or pimples, 
 wherein the Loufe’s eyes, whilft its limbs are 
 yet moift and foft, are fituated. Thefe eyes 
 grow infenfibly browner, and become vilible 
 through the {kin, and at length grow entirely 
 black. 
 
 c. A certain white pellucid little part, fitu- 
 ated in the middle of the Nit, which we have 
 often obferved to beat regularly like the heart ; 
 and this is the little part reprefented by the 
 letter 4. in figure vi. and called by us the 
 
 pancreas, as it moves up and down with the 
 ftomach. 
 
 Fre 
 
 as we are taught at — 
 
 I fhall conclude | 
 
 | 
 : 
 . 
 3 
 ; 
 F 
 
The, Hels T O RW of DNDOSchsC wis 
 
 Fic. II. 
 Theegg-/hell, or empty Nit, and the Jirft skin 
 caft by the Loufe. “*« 
 
 a. The border or extremity of the head burft 
 afunder with its little cups, and driven back 
 by the Loufe creeping out at the upper end. 
 
 6. The other part of the caft and empty 
 {kin of the Nit, from which the border of the 
 head was feparated; fo that it refembles an 
 empty tankard, having its aperculum or cover 
 taken off. 
 
 Fie. III. 
 The Loufe lying on its belly, and magnified with 
 the microfcope. 
 
 On its head is feen a fhining fkin, together 
 with fome little holes and divifions. On the 
 
 oa 
 We 
 
 breaft or back is an elegant delineation of a 
 fhield, which is painted in the middle; and 
 the glittering {kin is alfo obferved to be. here 
 variegated with little holes. The legs, which 
 are fixed to the breaft, are full of little fwellings 
 or pimples, like fhagreen {kin, but they are 
 loft by degrees towards the end of the legs. 
 There are many hairs betweeen the claws of 
 the legs. It hath been difcovered by the mi- 
 crofcope, that at the extremity of the abdomen, 
 the skin likewife appears painted and rugged, 
 with little grains like fhagreen as before men- 
 tioned; but I have at length difcovered with 
 the beft microfcope, that the skin really conti{ts 
 of irregular {quares, globules, &c. 
 
 Of the Arborefcent Water Flea *, 
 
 fter the Loufe I have likewife in this firft 
 order, placed the Arborefcent Flea, whereof 
 I now intend to treat particularly. This infeé, 
 which I here delineate larger than the life, 
 Tab. XXXI. fig. 1. a. is the fame that in fig. 
 11. I have reprefented alfo larger, yet in a fide 
 view. In this, befides the outward form of 
 the body, which is fquare as it were, I fhew 
 an eye in one fide of the head,fig. 11. a. and un- 
 der ita fharp beakc. On the breaft are feen 
 arms, divided into branches 4 like the boughs 
 of trees; and in the abdomen there is a 
 tranfparent fubftance, with the legs and tail ; 
 and in the hinder part of the body, its legs 
 appear placed as it were on the middle of the 
 back. 
 
 But if this animal be reprefented in the 
 form wherein it fhews itfelf to the naked 
 fight, you would fay it had only one eye; for 
 the eyes, by reafon of the fmallnefs of the 
 head, feem to be joined to each other. They 
 are fituated in the beak of this infect, and this 
 beak is likewife very fmall and fharp-pointed. 
 The ftructure of the eye is feen by the micro- 
 {cope, to be reticulated, or made like a net, fuch 
 as we fee in the eyes of other infects, and the 
 beak is not only fmall and fharp, but alfo 
 tranfparent: and it feems probable, that this 
 little animal fucks in its food, by the help of 
 this little part, as is ufual with other aquatic 
 infects, which feed themfelves with’ their 
 hollow beak, or tubular aculeus or fucker. 
 
 Of all the parts of this animal, its branching 
 arms, and the motion it makes with them in 
 the water, deferve out greateft attention. They 
 arife undivided from two, as it were, fimple 
 trunks, which, like the fhoulder bones, {pring 
 from the fhoulder blades, and are each divided 
 into two branches; each of thefe is again fub- 
 divided into three different joints. At the firft 
 and fecond joint, reckoning from the fingle 
 trunk, there arife on each fide a little branch, 
 almoft like a hair ; and at the third or extreme 
 joint, three fuch buds or fhootings are placed, 
 
 which alfo feem to be again divided into other 
 joints. 
 
 But though thefe arms are very remarkabl 
 and worthy of confideration, the motion pro- 
 duced with them by this infect deferve yet 
 greater notice. For this is threefold; firft, the 
 little creature can, with their affiftance, move 
 in a ftraight line ; whilft it conftantly waves its 
 ramified arms, as a bird its wings in the air, 
 fometimes upward, fometimes downward, and 
 fometimes on one fide, and all the while moves 
 forward in a ftraight line. 
 
 A fecond motion is like that of the fparrow, 
 for as thefe, by expanding and again contracting 
 their wings, pafs with an uneven 
 
 motion 
 through the air, and fometimes defcend, and 
 immediately after are carried aloft again; fo 
 this little animal, by ftriking the water now and 
 then with its branching arms, obtains a like 
 unequal motion, and fometimes dives as it 
 were to the bottom, and again rifes up to the 
 furface. Thefe arife from the alternate ceafing 
 and repetition of the motion; the animal by 
 
 aid 
 
 thismeans moving ina differentmanner. Sinee, 
 therefore, the motion of this little creature is 
 not at that time very irregular, it happens that 
 
 it is continually feen to jump in the water, its 
 head always tending towards the furface, and 
 its tail ftretched downward. 
 
 I cannot find a more proper example of the 
 third kind of motion in this animal, than the 
 whirling or turning about of that kind of 
 
 pidgeons, which, from this whirling or gyration 
 
 o 
 
 of the body, are called tumblers. For as thefe 
 tumblers, when whirled about in the air like 
 a ball, feem for a time to be deprived of their 
 motion, and fall as it were downward towards 
 the earth; fo this little creature, inclining its 
 head down into the water, and at the fame 
 time raifing the hinder part of its body upwards, 
 moves itfelf as it were in a circle, without any 
 interruption in the motion of its arms, which 
 it ufes upon this occafion as oars, Hence it 
 happens, that the parts of its body, though in 
 perpetual motion, and naturally always funk 
 into the water, are fometimes feen under and 
 fometimes above it; which is a very pleafant 
 
 * This infet is frequent with us in fhallow and ftanding waters, as in the ditches at Tothill fields. 
 
 ficht, 
 e 
 
40 
 
 ficht, and may be compared to the turning of 
 a wheel about the axle-tree of a chariot. 
 
 In regard, therefore, of the motions before 
 explained, by which this little animal feems to 
 approach rather to the nature of Fleas than 
 Lice ; and on account of its wonderful arms, 
 which are made like the boughs of a tree, 
 think it may be properly called, as I have 
 named it, the Arborefcent Flea. aS 
 
 The ftructure of this infect’s belly likewife 
 deferves as much confideration as its breaft and 
 arms : if we view it on the outfide, it will 
 feem to be of a rhomboidal form ; but in reality, 
 the part which refembles the belly, is nothing 
 more than a tranfparent skin full of {cales or 
 thells, fig. 11, 4, which is joined together in the 
 back or pofterior part of the body, but in the fore 
 part is divided into two fegments which open 
 from each other ; and thus itforms, as it were, a 
 little open cafement, through which the animal 
 can move his real belly and tail in and out. 
 Therefore this rhomboidal skin which covers 
 the infeG, is only its fhell, through which its real 
 body is feen, as this fhell is tranfparent. ‘This 
 fo far agrees with the teftaceous animals; but 
 it differs from them widely with refpect to its 
 diftin@ly vifible motions, which it has with 
 the abdomen and tail. I have often obferved 
 that it ftretched out its tail through the open- 
 ing in its. skin or fhell beforementioned, and 
 
 ulled it in again, This fubftance, or the 
 Cody and tail, are waved and turned round 
 like the letter S; in the middle is feen a {mall 
 tran{parent inteftine, and in the fore part are 
 feen feet which aretranfparent, formed almoft 
 in the fame manner as the articulated briftles 
 in Shrimps, and having the like, as it were, 
 tremulous or jumping motion, wherewith this 
 animal, as well as the Shrimp, can change its 
 place; though this office is performed in gene- 
 ral by its arms, to which, however, the legs 
 feem to be fomewhat affiftant. The extremity 
 of the tail is divided into two fharp and ftiff 
 briftly hairs f, on which, at a little diftance, 
 grow two other fimilar ones. The eggs 4 
 are placed on the back of the body, which I 
 affirm as certain for this reafon, becaufe, foon 
 after this infect hath caft them out, yery {mall 
 whitith infeéts are feen fwimming in the wa- 
 ter, which are of the fame nature with the 
 full grown ones, nor do they undergo any other 
 change, except that they grow bigger; as I 
 have fhewn to happen to Lice, in the example 
 of the changes of the firft order. 
 
 In figure 111 I thew all the parts hitherto 
 defcribed, except only the eggs which are 
 caft out, with this difference, that a little of 
 the fore part of the body, which was before 
 reprefented laterally, is here delineated; fo 
 that the motion of the inward body and tail 
 through the rhomboidal fhell, or skin, may 
 be feen the more exaétly. The feet alfo may, 
 by this means, be feen more plainly, being 
 here ftretched out beyond one fide of the skin ; 
 which I fhall make more clear, and explain 
 more particularly hereafter by letters. 
 
 Th BOOK of NATURE; oO, 
 
 The colour of this infect inclines fomewhat 
 to red in the full grown ; and is like that of 
 beef, which has been fome time fteeped in 
 water. The outward ftructure of the skin 
 that covers it agrees, in fome meafure, with 
 the reticulated and checquered fhell skin of 
 the fcaly fifh; though I could hitherto fee no 
 fcales in it, having never viewed it through 
 microfcopes, which, in the moft powerful 
 manner, magnify the bulk of objects : but it 
 is tranfparent like the skin of the Shrimp, or 
 as the fhells of very {mall Mufcles and young 
 Cockles. ‘The extreme part of the branching 
 arms is like Hen’s feet, but their divifions are 
 not fo diftinct. 
 
 I have frequently the infect I have been 
 hitherto defcribing, in cifterns of rain water, 
 when no rain hath fallen for a long time; but 
 when thefe infeéts have plenty of rain, they 
 can fcarcely be feen, becaufe they divide 
 themfelves here and there to every quarter. 
 
 I have found them likewife in running water, 
 
 and in moorifh or fenny ditches, wherever any 
 of the clear water has ftagnated on the fedi- 
 ment at the bottom. They fometimes remain 
 feveral days on the furface of the water, and 
 fometimes are feen at the bottom only; but 
 we feldom or never fee them at reft. They 
 change their skin like Lice, and the caft skin 
 refembles the infect itfelf fo exactly, that you 
 would fay, you faw it alive. I keep by me 
 fome skins of this fort, which are very 
 curious. ; 
 
 I remember when TI was in France, in the 
 foreft of Vincennes, that I faw fo great a num- 
 ber of thefe infects in a watering-place for 
 horfes, that the water appeared as if changed 
 into blood; which, indeed, terrified me at firft, 
 but it afterwards gave me an opportunity of 
 inveftigating the nature of thefe infects more 
 accurately, and made me cautious not fo pafs 
 too rath a judgment on things that are obvious 
 and familiar to us; for this leads us into in- 
 numerable errors and prejudices. It is not 
 impoffible that thofe who affirm that bloody 
 rain has fallen, have been deceived in the fame 
 manner. Is it not poflible, that fuch red 
 drops might iffue from infects, at the time they 
 come frefh from the Nymphs, which diftil 
 a bloody fluid? This feems to happen, efpe- 
 cially when fuch infects are more than ordi- 
 narily multiplied in any particular year, as we 
 often experience in the Butterflies, Flies, 
 Gnats, and others. 
 
 The celebrated Florence Schuyl, who was 
 profeffor of phyfic in the univerfity of Leyden, 
 long after this incident communicated to me 
 the like obfervation concerning bloody rains. 
 He informed me, thag being once intent on 
 his ftudy, he heard a noife, of which, as it 
 increafed by degrees, he was defirous to know 
 the caufe; and that he was foon fatisfied in 
 this particular, for that one of the maid-fer- 
 vants ran up to him, and told him, in an in- 
 terrupted fobbing tone of voice, that the waters 
 of Leyden were turned into blood. Upon 
 
 this, 
 
Ti 
 no 
 bi Swe 
 
 this, he went direCtly in 2 {mall bark to the 
 places he had mentioned, put fome of the 
 bloody water into a glafs, and, upon vie wing 
 it carefull] Ys obferved that it was common 
 
 rater hounde; ritl ittle + imals 
 water, and abounded with little red animals. 
 
 a9 hus | His 
 
 fudden fright was cl anges into a 
 ae 4 
 
 lafting admiration. Before I treat of other 
 Saad 5 : 58 ees 
 matters, I fhall difclofe a method, to the dili- 
 
 gent fearchers into nature, by Sick I have 
 difcovered thefe and fuch like aquatic infects 
 in water, which, when found, may be ex- 
 amined more accurately 
 
 Be ‘e infect 
 
 monly called ; mpty tally 
 
 its 
 be fomew malleftan al {fwim- 
 ming = it L n by us, fince: the 
 water itfelf contained in it fupplies the place 
 of a microfcope. As the glafs, therefore, is 
 purer or narrower, fo we {ee the little animal 
 reprefented lefs or greater. But it mutt be 
 obferved, that this auem tion Is not vifible, 
 except only when the an {wims on the 
 oppofite fide of the glafs. When the infects 
 L 
 
 ay; » th 
 conyex 
 3 
 ufed to ac a 
 have likewife other 
 magnify thefe little creatures : 
 very fmall round bowls to be made of glafs 
 
 € micro- 
 
 glafs, 
 
 antage. 
 
 1€ Ips to 
 . 1 
 
 we have caufed 
 
 feen 
 feats 
 may 
 
 Hetites thefe, 
 
 one 
 
 Bed this occafion be 
 ca 
 
 we 
 
 V¥& 
 with divifions, in which we 
 
 1ave, by the help 
 » bY f 
 
 A pariicular treatife on the Scorpion, 
 
 or order of natur 
 
 E XT in order under this head, come 
 the Scorpions, which are eee ac=- 
 cording to the of Dr. Francis 
 Redi ; “his words are thefe: «* The Ae ie 
 *c of the creat Arit t juft, who is of 
 © opinion that S$ ouesicns are generated by the 
 
 evaAtior 
 vation 
 
 ‘¢ conjunction ie the male and female ; the 
 «© Scorpion not laying eggs, like other infects, 
 *« but bringing forth little Scorpions alive and 
 << perfect in thelr {pecies : and of this opinion 
 «are alfo Pliny, Lib. II. Cap. xxv. and Ali lan, 
 «Lib. VI: Cap. x; and the fame thing has 
 *¢ been aceurabety obferved by Thomas Fure- 
 ce 
 
 nius, and by the v very le -arned John Rhodius, 
 = iy their medical obfervations. 
 
 * As, therefore, I had nothing to follow or 
 
 “< avoid, I began at once my experiments ; 
 «and having brough ala ge quantity of Scor- 
 val tage: from the mountains of Piftoiz, in 
 * ‘Tufcany, I feleéted fome of the females, 
 * which, by their fize and roughnefs, are 
 “¢ eafily diftinguifhed from the males, and on 
 “the 2oth of July put them in feparate elafs 
 ‘* veffels, and kept them without food ; fome 
 cc 
 
 of them died before they brought forth their 
 ** young. But one of thofe on the sth of 
 “« Auguft brought forth, not eleven, as Pliny 
 
 C i 5 A3 
 i 
 of a microfcope, viewed the infed 
 only a little water, to the utmof advant 
 and gained a very diftin@ knowledge of 
 
 1*? 
 
 see It may likewi oi 
 examined by the micr 
 
 be baer: conven! 
 
 , ’ 
 ope, If it be placed 
 i 
 
 in afmall drop of water, dropped upon white 
 3 ¥ ra i 5 a 
 | ber 3 prov ided oe takes care to avoid the 
 bri shtnefs p produced by the water. If the 
 fect fhould happen not to be diftinah 
 upon a white abpee we may change the 
 o 1 =) : 
 white into yellow, green, blue, or any other 
 colour: we Siac Sink this purpofe, put our 
 
 little glafs bowls before mention 
 cake or compofition of ftarch and 
 foot, vermillion, and other paints ; and 
 means our endeavours have been crowned with 
 a fortunate even re, 
 
 thod been hitherto. ex plaining, has 
 been very ufeful to ourfelves in difcoverin; 
 great many water infects, and viewing 
 parts with the help of a microfcope 
 i defire to conceal it, but cc 
 
 (for the fervice of the pabii lic. 
 
 thall add, that am 
 
 1 ae 
 Cd, into a 
 
 Gc: 1 
 it. Since, therefor 
 
 ve have : 
 
 - a 
 
 jmmMun ic at 
 To this we 
 1ong all the kinds of micro- 
 
 {copes which have been invented, none is 
 better than that which has only one lens. But 
 1 
 
 fince we owe the benefit of this inftrument or 
 contrivance to that very great and incompara- 
 ble mathematici M 
 
 John Hud 
 
 , fenator 
 
 of the city cf Amfterdam, we efteem it our 
 duty to do this renowned honour ; 
 
 and to give him public tha favour 
 
 he has done us in this refp 
 
 which likewife bel ngs to 
 -7f 
 
 liv 
 
 changes. 
 
 *« and Ariftotle have imagined, but thirty-eigh 
 “Scorpions, well fhap apt: of a milk-white 
 
 ** colour, which every day changed more and 
 ce re into a dark rufty hue. Another fe- 
 ‘‘ male in a different veffel brought forth 
 ** twenty-feven of the fame colour, on the 6th 
 « ofthe fame month ; and the latter, as well 
 ‘* as the former, feemed fixed, as it were, to 
 ** the back and belly of the Come On the 
 ** roth all thefe young ones were living, but 
 “ afterwards fome of them died daily, fo 
 «* that I loft all foon after, except two which 
 
 “¢ furvived until the and 
 
 24th of Augutt, 
 
 “* then they died alfo. 
 
 “ In the mean time, I had a mind to fee 
 “ how thefe infects were placed in the pa- 
 *« rent’s womb before their hie Having, 
 ** therefore, opened fome of them, I found 
 *¢ different numbers, yet lefs than 
 rs twenty-fix, nor more than forty; all which 
 “« hung onan oplony } 5 thre: d, and were covered 
 
 “ with av i delicate membrane, 
 yn ead ni was eee 
 
 in whicl on: was very Clearly 
 *¢ diftinguif other, by a certain par- 
 “ tition ref 1 fine film.” Thus far 
 Dr. Redi, in Ex irca Gener, Infect. But 
 the defcri ption given by him does not at ail 
 
 M fatisfy 
 
42 
 
 fatisfy me, fince his defcription of the uterus 
 and its oviducts is not fufliciently exact ; nor 
 does he take any notice of the place where the 
 oviduets are connected with the uterus, and 
 form one common excretory du&. I fhould 
 likewife be glad that the extremities of the 
 ovidudts had been examined by him, ana that 
 he had defcribed the rudiments of the eggs 
 contained in them. He fhould have told us, 
 what that oblong thread is of which he makes 
 mention, and which was doubtlefs one of the 
 ovidu@s. The membrane, likewife, which 
 feparated the Scorpions from one another in 
 the oviduét, could be no other than the mem- 
 brane which covers the foetus of this infect, 
 and ought indeed to be called the proper egg 
 of the Scorpions. It is probable that he found 
 this egg in the extremities of two oviducts ; 
 though his words import, that there was only 
 one oviduét, which he calls an oblong thread ; 
 which feems to me fcarce probable, fince we 
 are taught the contrary from the analogy there 
 is between the uterus and oviducts in all in- 
 {eé&ts. And when he makes mention of a par- 
 tition, which, like a very fine film, feparated 
 the young Scorpions, he feems in that place 
 to divide an oviduct: but the author, inge- 
 nious as he is, {peaks here fo perplexedly and 
 obfcurely, that it feems as if he intended to 
 propofe an enigma for fome future Aidipus. 
 Iam perfectly fatisfied that Scorpions, which 
 I have never known to be refered to any order, 
 ought to be inferted in the firft of my plan, 
 with this difference only, that they are brought 
 forth alive ; whereas the Loufe only lays eggs 
 or nits, from which its young afterwards pro- 
 ceed. The Scorpion is, therefore, like the 
 viviparous Snail, which excludes its eggs in 
 its own body, and afterwards brings forth its 
 young alive, but at different times and in- 
 tervals ; whereas the Scorpion has thirty-eight 
 young ones together at one birth, which after- 
 wards, by degrees, increafe and grow bigger. 
 As the true figure of the Scorpion has not 
 yet been given by any perfon, that I know of, 
 I fhall here reprefent their natural fhape. And 
 that I may the more accurately execute this, 
 I fhall divide the Scorpion into the head, 
 breaft, and belly. The Scorpion’s head feems 
 jointed, as it ‘were, to the breaft, as I have 
 found in all the dried Scorpions that I have 
 feen hitherto. In the middle of the breaft, or 
 in the head conneéted to it, are two eyes ; and 
 a little further towards the fore. parts, there is 
 likewife another pair of eyes, placed as it were 
 in the forepart of the head. Under thefe are 
 obferved two fhort arms, forceps or pinchers, 
 Tab. II. fig. 1. a4, which the Scorpion, doubt- 
 lefs, makes the fame ufe of as others animals 
 do of their teeth, and with which it breaks its 
 food, and thruftsit into its mouth. Thefe four 
 fhort forceps, and the four eyes above them, 
 have never, to the beft of my knowledge, been 
 obferved or defcribed by any perfor, but 
 hitherto entirely neglected. The Scorpion can 
 at pleafure put back thefe forceps or teeth 
 
 The BOOK wOoN mw teu KR ES Of; 
 
 into its mouth, fo that none of them may be 
 feen. g 
 
 Under the breaft are eight articulated legs 
 bb, each divided into fix joints, the two hind- 
 moft of which are each provided with two 
 crooked claws, and the legs have here and 
 there fome hairs. At the foremoft extremity 
 of the head are two flagella or whips, or crooked 
 arms like pincers ¢c, compofed of four joints, 
 the outmoft whereof is fortified, as it were, 
 with a thumb, by the contraction of which 
 the forceps is formed. ‘This joint is thick and 
 ftrong, and contains ftout mufcles, as we 
 likewife obferve in the claws of Lobfters. The 
 belly is divided into feven little rings d, from 
 the loweft of which arifes a tail compofed of 
 fix joints, which are briftly and formed like 
 little globes e; the laft of thefe joints is armed 
 with an aculeus /; or fling. 
 
 Dr. Redi fays, he faw that the Scorpion 
 difcharged a very fmall drop of water through 
 the fting in its tail; which I fhould eafily be- 
 lieve, fince the poifon infufed by Bees through 
 their fting into a wound, likewife confifts of 
 a very clear liquor. And this makes me fui 
 pect that the external fting of the Scorpion, 
 in like manner as in Bees, is no more than 
 the fheath, wherein the true aculeus or fting 
 is concealed. I once undertook to examine 
 this matter in a dried Scorpion, but fince the 
 loweft ring of the tail, from which the fting 
 hangs, became hard as a horn by drying ; I 
 could not accomplifh my defign according to 
 my wifhes. I obferved therein, however, two 
 {mall tubes, which feemed to end in a facculus 
 or little bag, that carried, I fuppofe, the poi- 
 fon, and had on the fore part two aculei or 
 {tings ; but all thefe things were fo confufed, 
 that I would not prefume to affirm any thing 
 certain concerning them. If I had had the 
 Scorpion alive at that time, and ready at my 
 hand, it would have been very ealy to have 
 clearly difcovered this matter. 
 
 In another kind of Scorpion, fig. 11. I faw 
 that the two foremoft crooked arms aa differed 
 very much from thofe which I have before 
 defcribed ; for the forceps were, in compa- 
 rifon to the former, very {mall, and ended in 
 a fharp point. On the fore part of the head 
 were, like thefe, two forceps or teeth before- 
 mentioned ; and above thefe on either. fide 
 were three eyes, fo that there were fix in all. 
 In all other particulars it was like the former 
 Scorpion; unlefs that in the reft of its limbs 
 there was here and there fome very flight dif- 
 ference, as is feen in the figure. This little 
 Scorpion was very delicate, and it may be 
 eafily known, from the fmallnefs of the for- 
 ceps, that this kind have lefs ftrength than 
 thofe of the former; but then the longer they 
 are, the more conveniently they can take hold 
 of their food. 
 
 As the larger the animals are, we can attain 
 to the more accurate knowledge of them; I 
 fhall now reprefent again, in a very large Scor- 
 pion, all the parts which I have defcribed in 
 
 the 
 
 ; 
 
rr 
 
 The 
 
 the two former ; particularly thofe two briftly 
 teeth, or foremoft forceps, fig. HI. a, are in 
 this feen very clearly ; as alfo its two foremoft 
 eyes 6, of which there are fix on each fide of 
 the head, fome gradually lefs than others. In 
 the middle of the head, where it is connected 
 with the breaft, are two eyes, which may be 
 diftinguifhed: eafieft of all, and which have 
 therefore been alfo obferved by all authors ; 
 who, notwithftanding, feem to take no notice 
 of the twelve other eyes. The head, breatt, 
 belly, tail and fting, together with the legs, 
 forceps, hair and claws, are likewife much 
 more confpicuous in this than in the two for- 
 mer. The fix joints of the legs are exa¢tly in 
 this the fame as they are in the {maller Scor- 
 pions. The crooked arms of this alfo confift 
 of four joints, and carry forceps of an horrible 
 bignefs ; but there is a peculiar difference in 
 the tail, fince it is divided into fix joints in 
 fmall Scorpions, and in this had only three: 
 I doubt, however, whether this be fo by na- 
 ture, fince I think I could perceive that the 
 tail had been broken, and glued on again before 
 it came to me; but all the articulations were 
 not joined together. The colour of this Scor- 
 pion is very black, like pitch. 
 
 I have another Scorpion almoft the fame fize 
 with the laft, having a tail compofed of five 
 joints, whereof I have the fame fufpicion that 
 I had of the former, that is, that it is not 
 natural to it; for I am thoroughly perfuaded, 
 that in all kinds of Serpents the tail confifts 
 of fix joints. The latter was brought me from 
 America, but the former very large one, the 
 figure whereof I have given before, from the 
 Eaft-Indies. The figure of the American Scor- 
 pion is like that from the Eaft-Indies. Doctor 
 Padbrugge, governor of the Molucca iflands, 
 has this year fent me a drawing of a peculiar 
 Scorpion, which was of a light red, but is now 
 grown of a blue or sky-colour; its tail is com- 
 
 Bed orl iO ee 
 
 of HAN G4 € 22.:S. 44 
 
 re 
 pofed of fix joints, and in other particulars it 
 differs not from the very large one which I 
 have reprefented, only that it is not half fo 
 large. 
 
 In Holland there is found a certain {pecies 
 of Scorpions, which are very fmall, and no 
 bigger than a Bug; they likewife refemble it 
 in the hinder part of the body, which is divided 
 into eleven {mall rings, and wantsa tail. They 
 have fix legs, each of which confifts of four 
 joints. The breaft, which is connected with 
 the legs, is diftinct from the head; the fore- 
 part of which has a pointed beak covered with 
 hair. They have likewife many eyes, which 
 are diftributed over the fides of the head: the 
 crooked arms are placed before the eyes, and 
 {pring from the head like the antennz or horns 
 in Butterflies, being compofed of four joints, 
 including the forceps, the ftructure whereof 
 is the fame with that of the Scorpion’s before 
 reprefented in fig. 11. All thefe parts have on 
 them fmall, briftly hairs, and are of the fame 
 colour with the common Scorpions of Germany 
 and Italy. The arms before-mentionedg are 
 very long and large, in comparifon of the fize 
 of this animal ; nor can there be a more agree- 
 able fight than the remarkable motions. it 
 makes with their affiftance, when it changes 
 place, and moves itfelf like a land Crab. This 
 infect is often found in benches, chefts and cof- 
 fers, that have not been cleaned for a long 
 time, where, in my opinion, it maintains itfelf 
 on thofe little animals which there multiply in 
 the duft, and of which there are many kinds ; 
 feizing them, I fuppofe, with its forceps, and 
 fwallowing them for food. I have likewite 
 found this infect in fcarlet cloth, which had 
 been kept long in a cheft. I have nothing far- 
 ther to fay of this animal ; I have defcribed it 
 according to the parts that I have found in it, 
 when fixed on a needle and dried. 
 
 The natural biffory of the covered Snail, illuftrated by accurate drawings. 
 8: ) dy é 
 
 The 
 
 HOUGH the Snail was reckoned by 
 
 the Jews among unclean animals, which 
 they were forbid to ufe as food, they did not 
 {cruple the application of it to other purpofes. 
 The royal pfalmift borrows a moral fimile 
 from it, and prays, that the wicked may “‘ con- 
 “© fume away like a Snail;” and, however im- 
 pure and flimy, it muft notwithftanding claim 
 the confideration of thofe, who are defirous of 
 being acquinted with the wonderful works of 
 the creation. 
 
 There are many chriftian nations who place 
 Snails amongft the dainties of the fecond courfe, 
 but they are only thofe of a particular kind. 
 In Holland no Snail is ufed for this purpofe, 
 but the valved kind found in the fea or other 
 waters, the mufcles being of a pretty tena- 
 cious fubftance. The way of eating them, 
 
 ENT 30: Di UC Tot eae 
 
 is boiled and well feafoned with falt; and no 
 part of them taftes ftrong except the liver. 
 
 Other nations, as the Italians, Germans and 
 French, eat the garden Snail, efpecially at the 
 feafon, that, after a faft of feveral months, it 
 has cleanfed itfelf of all impurities; for during 
 this period, there grows upon the mouth of 
 the fhell a covering, compofed of a fubftance 
 not unlike plafter, which hinders the earth or 
 any kind of dirt from getting into it. In this 
 manner this kind of Snail paffes more than 
 feven months, from autumn to fpring, with- 
 out any motion or food. 
 
 The fhells, blood, and opercula of the Snail 
 kind have likewife their ufes in medicine. 
 Amongft the opercula of Snails, that called 
 Blatta chiefly deferves our attention; it belongs 
 to the Murex or purple Snail, and as it comes 
 
 to 
 
BOOK of 
 to us from Byzantium, a town in Africa, where 
 the art of dying purple formerly flourithed, it 
 has obtained the name of the byzantine Blatta. 
 However, this word Blatta is now made ule 
 of, to fignify the opercula of all kinds of hell 
 fith without diftinction, though there are 10 
 many and fo great differences in this fingle part, 
 that an entire treatife might be wrote on 1t 
 alone; and certainly fuch a treatife might be 
 very ufeful,as well as entertaining. 
 My intention, at prefent, is to treat of the 
 Snail, known by the name of the vine or Cco- 
 vered Snail, and defcribe its manner of living 
 and propagating its fpecics, which I have made 
 myfelf acquainted with by a very exact dif- 
 {eétion: by means of this, I fhall, among other 
 things, prove, that in this creature both the 
 brain and fpinal marrow have their proper 
 mufcles; and {hall likewife fhew in what 
 manner this, in appearance, fo contemptible 
 a creature is provided, by the greateft of all 
 wonders, with eyes, that may not only be di- 
 ftingly known for fuch, but even felt; and 
 howgit is at once both male and female in the 
 fame body ; as alfo how it proceeds by genera- 
 tion, from an egg, like other animals. Hence 
 will appear the folly of that common opinion, 
 which makes them proceed from flime or mud, 
 a fancy which could only find place in the 
 empty heads of thofe, who, inftead of ftudy- 
 ing God’s wifdom, power, and goodnefs in his 
 works, fpend their lives in reading books which 
 mifreprefent them, or at beft, only reprefent 
 them at fecond hand, ftealing from one another. 
 
 Ad The 
 
 NA TURE; 5 
 
 Hence alfo it will appear, that this animal 
 *5 to be ranked in the firft {pecies of my four 
 natural orders of mutations, in which infects 
 proceed immediately from an egg, without pat 
 fing through any intermediate {ftate, as I fuffi- 
 ciently have defcribed in the general hiftory of 
 infects. 
 
 I thall here defcribe that kind of Snail, to 
 which the inhabitants of Brabant and Flanders 
 have given the Spanifh name of Caracol. It 
 would be an endlefs task to treat particularly 
 of every fpecies of Snail, Cockle, Periwinkle, 
 and other creatures of this kind, that are found 
 with or without fhells, though all belong to 
 the fubject we have in hand; fince for this 
 purpofe, it would be requifite to call all nature 
 together, and fearch the feas and rivers, and 
 every part of the earth. 
 
 Neverthelefs, I fhall take notice, in the pro- 
 per place, of what I have occafionally feen 
 and obferved in other kinds of Snails; fuch as 
 the houfe Snail, which has a. little ftone for its 
 fternum ; likewife the common Snail, which 
 we meet with in path-ways, without any fhell 
 like the firft. I fhall alfo fay fomething of the 
 garden Snail, the frefh-water Snail, the Crab, 
 or falt-water Snail, the mother of pearl, and 
 fome other kinds of Snails, which I have had 
 opportunities of feeing and examining. Some 
 of thefe live upon trees, and there are others, 
 but very fcarce, which have the fpiral line 
 defcribed by thin fhells turned the contrary 
 way. 
 
 C HA {Pas 
 
 Of the fhell and foft part of the Snail in general, and particularly of the four 
 horns which fpring fromthe upper part of its head, and of the eyes that 
 appear in them, with a defcription of the confiruétion and motion of thofe 
 
 paris. 
 
 EF ORE I begin to fpeak of the body, 
 
 or foft part of this creature, I fhall fay 
 fomething of the fhell or hard part : this is pre- 
 pofteroufly called its houfe, if we take that 
 word in its proper and common fignification, 
 feeing it is the very skin of the Snail, without 
 which it would be as impoflible for it to live, 
 as for a Lobfter, or a man who had been 
 flayed, or a tortoife drawn out of its covering. 
 This cruft therefore ought to be confidered as 
 the bone of the Snail, in which all its mufcles are 
 inferted, as the mufcles of quadrupedes are 
 fixed in theirs. This is very obfervable in fez 
 Mufcles, as 1 fhall in its proper place accurately 
 demonftrate. : 
 
 To pafs now to the foft part of the Snail’s 
 body; it is to be obferved, that what appears 
 of this part, when it moves forward with its 
 fhell, is about three inches and a half long, and 
 almoft two inches broad. In the fore part of 
 its head appear four horns, two greater, 
 
 Tab. IV. fig. 1. aa, and two leffer 64, without 
 any {pots at their extremities. Under thefe horns 
 we may perceive its external lips, and its 
 mouth ¢, and between the firft and the fecond 
 horn is the perforation d, from which iffue 
 the organs of generation, when they fwell up 
 for that purpofe; at other times this hole is fo 
 nicely clofed as not to be difcernible. Behind 
 towards the edge of the fhell, is a thick order 
 or lip, which on every fide, both within and 
 without, adheres firmly to the external edge, 
 and internal furface of the fhell; but this part 
 is like the skin, which in naked Snails hangs 
 under the fore part of the body; and under 
 which, as under a veil, they hide their head 
 and horns when they are touched. In this lip 
 or border there are on the right fide two 
 openings, one of which f ferves for the crea 
 ture to difcharge its excrements, and the otherg 
 to breathe, In the body there evidently ‘appear 
 thofe flat and broad fringes bb, by the help 
 of 
 
 # 
 a 
 
The His TO RW of BNES EHC URS 
 
 of which, chiefly, the creature moves: they con- 
 fift of very ftrong mufcles, for which reafon I 
 call them the Snail’s feet, as refembling in fome 
 meafure the feet of Bats and Ducks; whofe 
 claws are connected to each other by a mem- 
 brane. This fort is covered underneath with 
 a thin skin, and the upper part is bent, with 
 a number of glandulous fpots or warts of dif- 
 ferent forms, amongft which there run a great 
 many veffels: but I thall hereafter fpeak more 
 at large of thefe particulars. 
 
 Fig. 11. If after having taken the foregoing 
 furvey, we entirely ftrip off its thell, or rather 
 tony bone c, from the tender part of its body, 
 we fhall find the flefhy part which heretofore lay 
 hid, is exactly of the fame fpiral form and 
 fhape, fig. 1. & with the fthell that covered 
 it, but then it is perfectly tender, without the 
 leaft fenfible hardnefs. 
 
 Here all the inteftines, in a manner, appear 
 through the extremely thin and tranfparent 
 membranes of the body, which are all over 
 fpread thick with veffels: for the hard furface 
 being once removed, the leaft puncture made 
 in the skin that remains, is followed by the 
 effufion of the Snail’s blood, like a mucous hu- 
 mour, of a pale purple colour. This can only 
 happen from the body’s being all over pervaded 
 by a great number of veins and arteries, fo that 
 on dexteroufly clipping the fmalleft portion of 
 its foot or border, you may perceive little 
 ftreams of blood iffuing from the wound. 
 
 To remove the fhell or bone of the Snail, 
 it is beft to ufe a pair of flat pincers, by means 
 of which the fhell or bone may be gradually 
 broken and torn away, till we come to the part 
 where the mufcles of the body are inferted 
 into it. Tab. VI. fig. 11, a. The tendons of 
 thefe mufcles mutt afterwards be feparated by 
 a flat fpatula; we muft then proceed as we 
 begun, by gradually breaking and tearing away 
 the remains of the fhell, till there are but one 
 or two twifts left; out of which the little tail 
 in which the body terminates may be then 
 drawn without any difficulty. 
 
 All the four horns, Tab. IV. fig, 1. aa, bd, 
 agree with the upper part of the skin of the 
 body, in being adorned with little glandulous un- 
 equal grains, fig. v. eee, like fo ma y warts ; 
 but thofe on the horns appear the fimalleft and 
 moft exquifitely divided. The horns them- 
 felves, when viewed through a_ microfcope, 
 look as if they confifted of a greenifh tranf- 
 parent fubftance, like veal gelly, through which 
 appear fome whitifh {pots ; thefe I take to be 
 the glands made ufe of by the creature for the fe- 
 cretion of its flimy or mucous humour. This 
 flimy matter ferves to moiften conftantly not 
 only the whole body, but the horns; and in 
 my opinion, the conftant moiftening of the 
 latter is extremely neceffary, confidering how 
 often and how fwiftly the Snail is obliged to 
 firetch them out and pull them back again; an 
 
 * Perrault, after many obfery 
 laced his opinion of the 
 P P 
 
 having any among vulgar errors : 
 
 Edinburgh eflays. 
 
 “* 
 
 ‘tion like a little globe, 
 
 A Os Ag 
 
 45 
 TO 
 
 exercife which, without fuch a contrivance 
 to keep them flippery, could never be per 
 formed, 
 
 Though all four horns are very remarkable, 
 the two uppermoft and longeft deferve our par- 
 ticular confideration, both on account of the 
 power of motion given them by the fupreme 
 architect, which is very fingular, and exceeds all 
 human art ; but more efpecially becaufe they 
 have evident eyes, appearing like two blackith 
 points, in their extreme ends: they at times 
 ftretch thefe eyes in a manner not to be de- 
 {cribed, yet bya regular motion, out of the 
 body; and fometimes they hide them by a very 
 {wift contraction in the cavity of the abdomen. 
 
 I know, indeed, that many who have laboured 
 to inveftigate the nature of thefe little creatures 
 from fpeculation only, have given the name 
 of eyes to thefe blackith {pots vifible in the 
 tips of the horns; but their own fancy has 
 afterwards made thofe very perfons change their 
 opinion, when they faw that the Snail ftruck 
 thofe horns almoft againft every object, and 
 that they fhewed no figns of quicknefs of fight. 
 But the knowledge of nature cannot be ac- 
 quired by reafoning only, 
 experience go hand in hand w 
 fhall err all our lives*. I fhall therefore lay 
 afide all conjecture, and defcribe thefe eyes and 
 their membranes, humours, mu{cles and nerves, 
 as I have feen them, that the hidden, and for 
 ever to be celebrated miracles of God may be 
 made manifeft to all lovers of his works, who 
 have not opportunity to fearch themfelves into 
 thefe matters. 
 
 Thofe who thirft moft after true knowledge, 
 are with reafon afraid, left the poifon of falfi- 
 ties fhould be offered to them, inftead of the 
 food they feek of true knowledge. : 
 
 To methodize and {et all thefe things in a 
 clearer light, I have fubjoined the figures of all 
 thefe parts immediately after 
 The firft thing that deferves notice in the ex- 
 amination of the upper horns, is their extre- 
 mity, in which three particular little parts are 
 obfervable. The firft of thefe little parts is 
 placed in the middle, and isa very black {pot, 
 Tab. IV. fig. 1. aa. This is the real eye of 
 the Snail, fig. v. a. The fecond is the optic 
 nerve of this eye 4, which, by a certain produc- 
 
 g {wells and appears 
 through the skin. The third, conftitutes the 
 extreme end of the mufcle of the eyec, where- 
 by the external skin, which is equally extended 
 thereon, is firft bent in or drawn back, when 
 the Snail endeavours to draw its eyes into its 
 body. . This motion always begins about that 
 part or divifion of the eye ¢, which lies in the 
 middle between the mufcle and itsnerve. But 
 as the apex or end of this mufcle is fomewhat 
 more prominent than the eye or its mufcle, it 
 therefore firft receives all injuries, whenever 
 the creature happens to ftrike its little horn 
 
 for unlefs we make 
 i with reafoning, we 
 
 their defcription. 
 
 ervations, expreffed his doubts, whether Snails had really any eyes or not; and Dr. Brown has 
 
 but this author’s obfervations are confirmed by many fubfequent exa- 
 minations ; and very lately, Dr. Peterfield has fhewn, they are to be feen very diftinGly, 
 
 His account is publifhed in the 
 
 N againft 
 
46 
 
 againft any thing. Thus the eye is defended 
 and kept fafe. Moreover, thefe extreme ends 
 of the horns are ftretched fmooth, and have a 
 bright furface, fomewhat red, and full of pro- 
 minences or little warts ; but the glands eee ap- 
 pear to be fituated a little lower, between tne 
 globular production of the horn, and they are 
 Lkewife divided on the infide by very {mall 
 whitifh points. The furrows or ridges vifible 
 at the bottom between thefe glands, are the 
 veftels which carry the glutinous humour to all 
 thefe parts, and again bring it back from them. 
 And that thefe mufcles and nerves may lie con- 
 venient, the whole horn is hollow f on the 
 infide; fo that if it be diffected tranfverfely, the 
 extremities of thefe parts prefent themfelves on 
 the infide. 
 
 To have a more clear idea of this matter, it is 
 neceffary to open the Snail, for which purpofe 
 you muft have a {mall and fharp-pointed pair 
 of {ciflors; one of the points of thefe fhould 
 have a little ball made of fealing wax fixed on 
 it, to prevent the inward parts from being 
 wounded. Then, after opening the middle of 
 the back, the body mutt be cut to the verge of 
 the Snail, Tab. IV. fig. 1. ¢; after this direct 
 the {ciffors forward, and diffect the skin as far 
 as the fore part of the head, between the two 
 upper horns. The difleCtion being thus made, 
 the firft thing to be met with, immediately 
 under the skin, isa certain mufcular delicate 
 membrane, which is very thin and fine; it 
 covers all the inward parts, and is provided, 
 here and there, with mufcular fibres, which 
 run acrofs from one fide of the body to the 
 other, and are inferted into the fides of the 
 fhell; you may alfo then fee the ftomach, or- 
 gans of generation, and the like. Afterwards 
 the brain, which lies on the upper part of the 
 ftomach and over the gullet, prefents itfelf; 
 and immediately afterwards, the horns them- 
 felves drawn back, with their mufcles in the 
 abdomen. 
 
 Having thus briefly touched upon thefe mat- 
 ters, I fhall proceed to explain and defcribe by 
 figures, how thefe four horns, Tab. IV. fig. v1. 
 I, 2, 3> 4, are citcumftanced, when they are 
 drawn into the body, and their inward fides are 
 turned out; for which purpofe, each of the horns 
 has its proper mufcle. The two upper and largeft 
 horns have their particular mufcles aa, each of 
 which is connected by its proper tendon to the 
 two mutfcles which move the middle of the body, 
 and thefe are afterwards with them inferted by 
 their tendons into the fpiral part or folding of 
 the thell, Tab. VI. fig. 11. bh, mn, a. 
 
 The two lower horns, not being of fuch im- 
 portance as the upper ones, are provided with 
 two fmaller mufcles 44, which arife from the 
 larger cc, and draw in the lips of the {nail. 
 This is likewife reprefented in ‘Tab. VI. fic, II. 
 Il, mm, * 
 
 The manner in which the horns are twined 
 and ftretched out of the body, isa much more 
 difficult thing to be defcribed ; though I think, 
 indeed, that the inward coat, or mufcular part 
 
 The BOOK of SN AU REY Oo, 
 
 of the horn, performs that office, with the 
 afliftance of fome other fmaller and adjacent 
 mutcles, as well as fome {tronger ones, whereby 
 the fore part of the head, and the skin of the 
 {nail is moved towards the outfide. The true 
 action, which I think the inward annular 
 mutcles have, feems to confift in this, that 
 fome of them are fucceflively contracted and 
 (tiffened after others, by which means the horn 
 is continually rolling out, and one {mall portion 
 of it is pufhed after the other ; to this action, 
 the periftaltick motion of the inteftines, as far 
 as the latter is performed by the contraction of 
 the annular mufcles, bears fome, though per- 
 haps a diftant, refemblance. 
 
 But the optic nerves deferve more confidera- 
 tion, both on account of their texture and their 
 motion. Before I defcribe thefe, I fhall take 
 occafion to fay fomething of the brain, from 
 which they arife. The brain d confifts of two 
 globular little parts, and, by this property, is 
 divided into two portions, as it is in man. 
 The firft is placed in the head ; but becaufe 
 this, as well as all the other parts of the {nail, 
 is, in a wonderful manner, moved fometimes 
 backward and fometimes forward, no’ fixed 
 or certain place can be affigned to it. I there- 
 fore fhew both the brain and optic nerves in 
 the fituation wherein I have delineated them. 
 The hinder part of the brain, is drawn in 
 Tab. IV. fig. vi. e, to theskin of the {nail’s head, 
 and is fituated a little above its fhining tooth /; 
 for the brain, together with all the parts of the 
 gullet and mouth g, and alfo the ftomach and 
 falival veflels 77 are driven to this depth into the 
 body, by the ftrength of a mufcle appointed 
 for that purpofe; but when all the parts are 
 again rolled or turned out, we may then fay, 
 the brain is placed at the fore part of the head. 
 Hence it is evident, that the motion of the 
 brain in this creature ought to be obferved as a 
 thing worthy of the higheft admiration ; 
 wherein both the wifdom and infinite power 
 of the almighty are manifeft: fince he has 
 been pieafed to render this part,. which in 
 man and other animals he made immoveable, 
 by enclofing it in a hard bone, capable of mo- 
 tion inthe {nail, by the power of its mufcles. 
 
 The optic nerves of the firft pair of horns 
 having fpiral originations 44, arife on both fides 
 from the brain, which has been fo contrived 
 by the omnipotent wifdom of God, that they 
 might conveniently obey, and evolve or turn 
 themfelves out, when the horn is, in fo ftupen- 
 dous a manner, protruded forth out of the body; 
 and to prevent the leaft diforder from this 
 egrefs and regrefs, the omnifcient creator of the 
 univerfe | hath involved and fortified thefe 
 nerves with ductile membranes // and ligaments, 
 with fo much art, that no fuch diforder ts ever 
 to be feared. Nay, left this nerve fhould be in 
 any danger, when it is turned up and down 
 inwardly in the cavity of the moveable horn, 
 the wifeft of all architects has conftructed 
 that part of the mufcle which is fixed to the 
 extremity of the horn in fuch a manner, that 
 
 at 
 
The 
 
 at the fame time it performs the office of 4 
 fheath or cafe, wherein m the nerve lies in 
 yerfect fafety, fo that it appears to be faintly 
 vifible through it; it may, however, be 
 difengaged from this covering, and then its 
 {piral windings appear fo admirably conftruct- 
 ed », that any perfon who contemplates this 
 prodigy of nature, muft be aftonifhed and 
 {truck with amazement. 
 
 That mufcular, and at the fame time mem- 
 branous, little part which covers the nerves, 
 is fo tender in this place, that it may be very 
 eafily feparated, and divided into parts, with 
 the point of a needle, or with an ivory bod- 
 kin ; after which the mufcle refembles as it 
 were a grey delicate membrane, Tab. IV. fig. 
 vi.o. The nerve itfelf fwells by degrees into 
 a globular form /, at the end of which is 
 placed an eye 7; of which I hall prefently 
 {peak particularly. 
 
 The little nerves 7 of the two lower horns, 
 do not arife directly from the brain, but have 
 fome parts intervening ; but as to the twifted 
 nerves s, which are conveyed towards the 
 fore part of the skin, to the root or bafis of 
 the horns, they have there the fame texture 
 with that of the nerves that belong to the 
 upper horns, though they have no eyes in the 
 ends of them. The fame order, in every 
 refpect, the fame wifdom and providence, are 
 manifefted in the conftruétion of thefe lower, 
 as we have before mentioned in relation to 
 the upper, pair of horns. 
 
 The two fmaller: of thefe little nerves 
 {pring immediately from the bafis of the brain, 
 and are difpatched in the fame manner as to 
 the larger horns ?. In fine, all the mufcular 
 parts of the palate; mouth, and jaws, which 
 1 thall hereafter defcribe particularly, are 
 furnifhed with two {mall nerves v, which ad- 
 minifter to their motion ; thefe I have repre- 
 fented in Tab. VI. fig. 1. at the letters bh, 
 where may be {een the method in which 
 they are bent, when the brain is moved for- 
 ward. 
 
 Fig. vi. a. The eye itfelf is very confpi- 
 cuous, and in fome degree of the form of a 
 round onion; but is a little flatt or f{mooth on 
 the verge, and {wells fomewhat into a point 
 where the fight is exerted. But I could not 
 obferve that the eye has more than one coat, 
 which covers it on the infide, and which | 
 call the uvea; if this uvea be in the leatt, 
 ever fo lightly, touched, it makes the place it 
 lies on very black, like ink: this I fhall thew 
 more clearly hereafter, for I now only deferibe 
 the eye, as it appeared to me through a mi- 
 crofcope. I here likewife fhew the grey 
 mufcular membrane 444, which covers the 
 eye; andl alfo exhibit the manner, wherein 
 the circumference of the eye 1s connected 
 with it : the optic nerve ¢ is here reprefented 
 likewife larger than natural, and its texture 
 and form are fhewn; and after what manner 
 the eyes are placed thereon. Here is likewife 
 {hewn how the inverted horn d is connected 
 
 FEES) T-Oc RY 
 
 of EN: G:40.6.T S. 47 
 to all thefe parts, and the cavity ¢ it 
 through ; as alfo after what manner, and in 
 what place, it is protuberant /, on account of 
 the mufcle which draws it back into 
 body of the creature; and which is there fixed 
 in the end of it. 
 
 I have obferved five diftinct and vifible 
 parts in the eye of the Snail, as clear as the 
 {un at noon ; firft, the external coat, which I 
 call the uvea ; afterwards on the infide, the 
 aqueous, the chryftalline, and the vitreous, 
 humours, with the arachnoide tunic. But 
 who can credit this? for it feems indeed im- 
 probable that on a point not bigger than the 
 nib of a writing pen, fuch exquifite art, and 
 fo many miracles, fhould be difplayed. But 
 what is there that equals the power of God, 
 who is the contriver and creator of all thefe 
 things? nor can there be any room for chance 
 here, unlefs in the opinion of thofe, who 
 deftroy and reject the fteps of natural know- 
 ledge, left they fhould afcend in her paths, 
 and be led to the wifeft of architects ; and, by 
 contemplating even the moft minute of his 
 works, be incited to proftrate themifelves with 
 a facred reverence, and moft profound humi- 
 lity before him, bidding adieu to their own 
 opinions and former life, which, without 
 the love of God, has been hitherto addicted 
 only to the world. 
 
 If the uvea be viewed with a microfcope, 
 it has the appearance of a turnip roafted in the 
 fire, until it is very black, and burft in fome 
 places ; and has fome vifible {mall fibres, which 
 conneét it with the adjacent parts. But when 
 this eye and its coat are put, with a very fine 
 pencil, into the fourth part of a drop of water, 
 for more water would overflow it, and, after 
 ftirring them a little, they are cautioufly and 
 flowly touched; the water at length becomes 
 black likewife, and fhews the remains of the 
 particles fwimming in the fame thing will 
 happen alfo if an experiment be made on the 
 uvea of the human eye. But when all the 
 moifture is wiped off clean, and a little wound 
 is made inthe eye with two fine and very fharp 
 needles, Tab. IV. fig. vir. @, the aqueous 6 hu- 
 
 pafles 
 
 el 
 tie 
 
 it - 
 its 
 
 -mour will be obferved to burft out from thence. 
 
 If this eye be afterwards pre{s’d more roughly, 
 you will fee a more clammy humour iffuing 
 from thence ¢; which is properly the vitreous 
 humour. And laftly, after that, the chryftalline 
 humour, which is of a harder confiftence, and 
 of a plane round figure @; it is limpid, tranfpa- 
 rent and fhining ; but it does not run out, until 
 you break the arachnoide coat, which covers 
 it, and which is the fifth part of this eye. From 
 thefe obfervations we learn clearly, how “ the 
 «¢ invifible things of God, from the creation of 
 «¢ the world, are clearly feen, being underftood 
 from the things that are made, even his eter- 
 «nal power and godhead, fo that they are 
 without excufe, becaufe that when they 
 knew-God, they glorified him not as God.” 
 c Rom. i. 20, 21, 
 
 «et 
 
 The 
 
48 The BOOK of 
 
 The ufe of the eye in the Snail, and the 
 manner wherein it exercifes its vifual faculty, 
 is a matter of great difficulty to inveftigate. 
 The grey coat, Tab. IV. fig. vit. bd, which 
 is the expanfion of the muicle of the eye, and 
 may be very much dilated and contracted, 
 feems to me to move various ways 5 Nay, that 
 st ferves as a cover like our eye-lids: but the 
 bignefs or fmallnefs of the pupil or foramen, 
 or aperture of the uvea, and in what manner 
 it ig contracted or dilated, as light and objects 
 vary, I have not hitherto been able to ob- 
 ferve, nay, I never yet faw the pupil of the 
 eye in a Snail; nor fhould any wonder at this, 
 if in the human eye, though fo big, the foramen 
 or aperture of the pupil is no larger than a Pidge- 
 on’s quill; what a {mall and fine aperture then 
 mutt the pupil have in this little point, and how 
 few rays can pafs into it? however, I don’t doubt 
 but the pupil is contraétable and dilatable ; for 
 I have obferved the ciliary duct there, by 
 which, when the pupil is dilated, the eyes of 
 the Snail can receive the humors, and collect 
 external vifible objeéts, which, after pafling the 
 humors, are afterwards received in the retina, 
 placed underneath at the bottom of the uvea, 
 by the optic nerve ; which is the caufe of vi- 
 fion. Hence it may, perhaps, be juftly in- 
 ferred, that the fight of the Snail mutt of ne- 
 
 NATURE; or, - 
 
 ceflity be very dim ; for we ourfelves do not 
 fee clearly in the day-time, if we go into a 
 houfe out of the open air; the pupil of our 
 eve is by that contracted in {uch a manner, that 
 fewer rays of light are collected in our eye. 
 Nay, perhaps the Snail does not receive the 
 rays of light and objects but at a diftance, 
 and only fees them through a cloud as it were, 
 and cannot diftinétly know them near at hand ; 
 as the man born blind is faid in the gofpel to 
 have feen men like walking trees: I could not 
 at lea(t hitherto obferve, that the Snail fees well 
 the things which are near it, notwithftanding 
 all the attempts I made for this purpofe. In 
 the eye of the Mole I have likewife feen, even 
 without a microfcope, the three humors before- 
 mentioned, but they are there larger, and eafier 
 to be diftinguifhed, though it is probable even 
 this creature cannot fee diftinétly under the 
 earth. 
 
 I thall conclude this chapter with admiring 
 the ftrange and remarkable things which I have 
 fhewn in it, from the cleareft experiments, 
 and which feem to me the more admirable, 
 the more diligently I meditate upon them : 
 God truly every where fhews that he is worthy 
 of the moft humble adoration in all his works, 
 which we may and ought diligently to fearch 
 into, but can never fully comprehend. 
 
 OC Hew * Peas 
 
 Of the lips, mouth, teeth, tongue, palate, efophagus or gullet, and certain 
 mufcles. of the Snail. 
 
 ET WEEN the two lower horns of 
 
 this creature are feen its lips on the out- 
 fide, Tab. IV. fig. 1. c, and whilft the Snail 
 draws them afunder, the intermediate skin is 
 obferved to be fet like the edge of a faw, as 
 it were with prominent little teeth. ‘This can 
 never be feen better than while the Snail is eating, 
 or when the mouth, palate, and jaws, together 
 with the outward skin, are taken offand diffected. 
 In this cafe, Tab. V. fig. 1. the teeth  imme- 
 diately appear behind that skin a; and in a 
 boiled Snail they are rendered very vifible, 
 Tab-lV. fig. 1v. 7, becaufe the skin and lips be- 
 come thus contracted. ‘Thefe teeth are con- 
 nected by a certain horny concretion, Tab. V. 
 fig. 11. a, the teeth themfelves being all made 
 of a horny fubftance ; and they are of a light 
 red colour. Since therefore all thefe teeth are 
 connected one with the other, they ought to be 
 efteemed, in fome meafure, as one tooth. They 
 are eight din number, and fome are larger and 
 more prominent than others, as appears by the 
 microfcope. This little part is made in the 
 form of a circle c, its convex fide lying on the 
 infide upwards, towards the fkin, to which 
 it is ftrongly connected; but its toothed 
 concave fide, with which it bites, is di- 
 rected on the outfide. In the middle of the 
 
 convex furface of this tooth, there is a {mall 
 furrow, in which fome of the mufcles that 
 move the whole are fixed. ‘The tooth after- 
 wards becoming infenfibly membranaceous, ex- 
 pands itfelf like a pretty large pyramid or bod- 
 kin, fig. 1.¢, and in that form conftitutes a 
 great part of the palate, which, on each fide 
 of this expanfion, is beautifully variegated with 
 {mall ruddy points: thefe here and there fhew 
 little parts that are fomewhat hard, and of a 
 horny fubftance, and ferve to prevent the in- 
 ward part of the body from being wounded 
 or hurt, in cafe the Snail fhould at any time 
 {wallow any thing too hard or rough. But this 
 cannot be feen, unlefs the inward parts of the 
 mouth be firft diffeted, and taken out fepa- 
 rately. Then two fmall, narrow holes or aper- 
 tures d are feen on the upper and under part in 
 
 the palate, which convey the faliva out of its 
 
 duéts into the mouth. 
 
 In the lower part of the mouth, or where 
 our lower jaw is placed, are, in the Snail on the 
 fore part, two {mall flefhy fubftances ¢, which 
 may be called the inward lips, for they con- 
 tribute greatly to direct the paflage of the food; 
 that is, to carry it towards the gullet, and thruft 
 it down. Behind thefe, a certain very delicate 
 and tender membranous crooked cartilage pre- 
 
 jent 
 
 _ 
 x 
 p 
 7 
 vz 
 
The 
 
 fents itfelf to view; at the loweft and inward 
 part of which the tongue, Tab. V. fig. 111. 2, 
 and its mufcles take root, The tongue itfelf 
 lies under the concave fold or winding of this 
 cartilage, fig. 1. f; and is covered therewith 
 when the Snail {wallows its food, juft as the 
 epiglottis in us covers the top of the afpera 
 arteria or wind-pipe, when we are eating, left 
 any thing fhould flip into the wind-pipe. This 
 texture of the tongue in the Snail approaches 
 yet nearer to that of the tongue of the Serpent 
 kind, which in the fame manner {huts itfelf 
 up in fuch a cavity. The tongue of the Snail 
 is thus placed in a remarkable cavity, and its 
 bafis or root lies in the cavity of the neck to- 
 wards the belly, where it is obferved to {well 
 like a fpheroid or oblong globe, fig. 111. 4; 
 but a little on the infide of that part where 
 the tongue appears, there is feen a very delicate 
 mufcle, which draws the tongue together with 
 the whole mouth, palate, jaws, and even the 
 brain itfelf, inwardly into the belly, or at leaft 
 into the neck. See Tab. IV. fig. vi. and 
 Tab. VI. fig. 11, ¢, /5 g: 
 
 On the tip of the tongue of the Snailc, 
 there is a little horny bone, cut, as it were, 
 into two or three very tender little teeth; with 
 
 Gare A 
 
 Hi 1aS TO ay: cof Se Ny SoksCeT Ss. 
 
 49 
 
 which, as with a hook, the Snail, when it is 
 about to eat, firft lays hold of the {mall herb, 
 and immediately after fuddenly fnatches and 
 pulls the piece into its mouth; afterwards it 
 nips them pretty faft with its teeth, fo that the 
 noife it makes in biting and eating may be 
 fometimes heard very diftin@ly. The Snail 
 will fometimes fwallow a piece as big as an 
 hemp-feed. Thefe parts of the mouth have 
 three mufcles remarkably delicate, by the af- 
 fiftance of which they are, at the creature’s 
 pleafure, moved out of the cavity of the body. 
 Thefe mufcles are fixed in the lower fide of 
 thefe parts d, which are reprefented invertedly 
 in this figure. As thefe creatures are moft 
 immoderate devourers of vegetables, the keep- 
 ers of vine-yards in the wine countries anxi- 
 oufly gather them, when the vine puts forth its 
 tender buds and firft leaves, and tread them 
 under foot. ‘This I have feen tranfacted asa 
 work of great confequence in France. We 
 thay therefore reckon Snails as a part of the 
 hoft of God, wherewith he can chaftife bad 
 people in the fame manner as he did the 
 
 /Egyptians, with voracious infects of the fame 
 nature. 
 
 Es If. 
 
 Of the tafte, /mell, and certain attions of the Snail. 
 
 For a confiderable time kept in my cham- 
 ber, and provided with neceffary food, {e- 
 veral Snails: thefe were inclofed in a box, 
 laced in a wooden bowl, and covered with 
 a mat full of holes, through which they could 
 ftretch their necks, that I might be able to find 
 out their manner of acting, and fometimes 
 view them with a microfcope. I fed them 
 with radifhes, lettuces, forrel, mallows, and 
 other fucculent and dried vegetables, which, 
 after keeping them a little in water, I gave 
 them freth every evening; for they naturally 
 eat in the morning and evening, and they love 
 juicy and frefh herbs much better than old 
 and withered ones. From this I obferved, that 
 they had a nice appetite and tafte, as well as 
 other creatures, for which purpofe they have 
 alfo guftatory nerves. 
 They have likewife a very quick {mell : this 
 I obferved, when I moved a little frefh food 
 towards them, for they immediately perceived 
 it by the fcent, and crept out of their little 
 fhells and came to it. Thus they were kept 
 alive; but as they were in a dry place in my 
 chamber, I at length obferved they did not 
 thrive there for want of dew and rain; nay, 
 that fometimes they loft their appetite, fince 
 they would lie contraéted within their fhells, 
 and were hidden entirely in their horny fkin. 
 But I at length found out a method of giving 
 them rain, as it were; whichI did, that they 
 might come into the light again, and feck 
 
 fuch food asI laid before them. From this 
 I obferved how little we are able to do by our 
 own boafted powers ; who, from our very mi- 
 ferable infirmities, cannot, I will not fay, make, 
 or even accurately examine, but {carce can with 
 our beft diligence give thefe animals due food 
 or nourifhment. 
 
 In order to give them water in the manner 
 before mentioned, I made ufe of a brafs tube, 
 to which was annexed, by a worm, a {mall 
 globe of the fame fubftance, which was pierced 
 with fine {mall holes, and had been originally 
 made for the purpofe of watering fome plants, 
 for feeding other infects. This machine forms 
 a very beautiful kind of rain, that falls in little 
 drops. As foon as the Snails feel this little 
 rain, they immediately begin to creep: in the 
 mean time, it is pleafant to fee with what ve- 
 locity they can turn in their little horns, and 
 hide them in the infide of their body, as foon 
 as the little drops fall upon them; fo exquifite 
 a fenfe have they in thefe tender parts, and in- 
 deed the whole body. This creature is very 
 timorous, and retires into its fhell, when it finds 
 itfelf difturbed by the leaft thing that it is not 
 ufed to. If it be ftruck or handled, it not 
 only retires very haftily into its fhell, but it 
 immediately covers its whole body witha glu- 
 tinous moifture. 
 
 Whether Snails have the fenfe of hearing, I 
 could not difcover by experiment; indeed, I 
 have not obferved any fign of it in them, 
 
 O though 
 
50 The BOOK 
 though I have made a very loud and harfh 
 noife about them. 1 find, however, that many 
 
 authors have denied this 
 creatures, to whom author 
 
 faculty, enjoy it perfectly ; for example, the 
 
 CHa & 
 
 of NATURE; Oo; 
 
 Camelion. I have likewife obferved that 
 Frogs and Fifhes have this fenfe; nay, Fifh have 
 a wonderful labyrinth of the ear for that 
 
 purpofe. 
 
 ues 6 
 
 of the firuture and ufe of the verge or lip of the Snail, and of its re[piration 
 
 and voice, with other experiments : alfo of its glands, veffels, and what it has 
 
 in the place of feet. 
 
 AVING defcribed the eyes, mouth, 
 and teeth, and treated of the fmell and 
 tafte of the Snail; it is proper I fhould now 
 treat of the aperture, through which the parts 
 of generation occafionally difclofe themfelves. 
 This I fhall confider, when I come to {peak of 
 thofe parts themfelves, but previoufly to that, 
 I fhall fay fomething of its lip, or the flefhy 
 verge at the head, and of the apertures in it, 
 as alfo of the fringed margin of the body, and 
 the little excrefcences vifible on thofe parts, 
 and of the veffels that run between them. 
 
 Tab. IV. fig. 1. The verge that furrounds 
 the whole body of the Snail is not fo broad 
 within as on the outfide, and is conneCted very 
 clofely to the extremity of the fhell both in- 
 wardly and outwardly. As this is provided 
 with a great number of mufcles, it accordingly 
 a&s with various motions, fuitable to the dif- 
 ferent intentions of the Snail. Henceit is, that 
 its true figure cannot be determined, for it is 
 continually contracting, expanding, and chang- 
 ing its form. Where it 1s annexed to the 
 upper part of the Snail’s body, it exhibits two 
 fingular. incifions like two little tongues; and 
 underneath the right fide of the belly, it has a 
 remarkable aperture, Tab. IV. fig. 1. g, which 
 ferves to take in air; befides which, it has 
 another f, whereby the feeces or excrements are’ 
 voided, as if by a fmall, oblong and curled in- 
 teftine. The colour of this verge is white, 
 with certain yellow fpots, grounded, as-it were, 
 on a pale tranfparent green. On the infide, 
 where it is joined to the fhell, it is of a black- 
 ith colour, fomewhat approaching to blue. It 
 has different ufes, as appears both from what 
 has been: hitherto faid, and from what-I {hall 
 hereafter obferve, when I come to treat at large 
 of the Snail’s bone. 
 
 On the infide, this verge is arched, as it were, 
 and reaches with its cavities upwards, towards 
 the pointed extremity of the body, to the 
 windings of which, thefe cavities are adopted. 
 Above, in the inward furface of the border, there 
 are feveral veins, Tab. V. fig. 1v. a, which 
 run there naked or uncovered. But below in 
 its cavity, almoft underneath, on the left fide, 
 and in the declivity of the body, is placed the 
 heart c, which may be feen to beat, even through 
 the external {kin, before that part is taken off : 
 Thave therefore marked its figure from the 
 origin with points, Tab. V. fig. iv. 4 This 
 
 heart and its veins are continually refrethed 
 with the air, which the Snail impels into it 
 through. the aperture of its verge, Tab. V. 
 fig. 1v. b: for as the Snail rolls its body out of 
 the thell, fo in proportion it drives the air into 
 the cavity of its verge; and again, according 
 as it draws back its body into the fhell, fo it 
 likewife expels the air from thence. This may 
 be efteemed fomething analogous to refpiration, 
 as I have fhewn in the year 1667, in my 
 treatife on that fubjeét, and exemplified parti- 
 cularly in the cafe of the garden Snail. 
 
 When the Snail has crept out of its fhell, and 
 is put into water, the air contained in the cavity 
 of this verge makes it fwim on the furface ; 
 but when the Snail is within its ftony fkin, 
 
 and the cavity of its verge is clofed and com- 
 
 preffed, it finks to the bottom, if it be thrown 
 into the water. But if the Snail, as it lies in 
 the water, creeps again out of its fhell, the 
 cavity of the verge is immediately filled with 
 the water rufhing into it, which then does the 
 bufinefs of air, which would have been im- 
 pelled thither; hence it happens, that by a new 
 kind of refpiration, this water is fometimes 
 moved within and fometimes without the fhell, 
 according as the Snail rolls its body out, or 
 draws it into it. 
 
 The Snail has no voice, nor makes any noife, 
 except that it produces a kind of hifling when 
 touched with a ftick, or any thing elfe, and 
 faddenly draws in its body; for then, as the 
 aperture through which the air is conveyed, is 
 in a manner ftopt up, it cannot readily get 
 out ; and this caufes the hifling found. 
 
 Sometimes it happens that, do what we will, 
 we cannot get the Snail out of its fhell, in 
 
 order to make this experiment, by which we . 
 
 might fee that the air is forced into and out 
 of the body, through the aperture of the verge. 
 But if you have a mind to make the experi- 
 ment, and obferve in what a wonderful man- 
 ner this aperture then fhuts and opens itfelf, you 
 mutt ftrike the fhell a little on the hinder part 
 with the back of a knife; then immediately 
 the Snail, compelled to it by the pain that it 
 feels, will creep forward, and will plainly thew 
 the opening through which the air paffes, toge- 
 ther with the manner of its refpiration. 
 
 The extreme fringed margins of the body 
 are planted as it were with numerous glandu- 
 lar tubercles or excrefences, Tab. IV. fig. 1. bbb, 
 
 from 
 
The Was TORY FoR SRST s 
 
 from which the mucus or flimy moifture iffues. 
 Thefe tubercles are covered with a great num- 
 ber of veffels, which run between and furnith 
 them with matter for the flimy humour. 
 Thefe glands projet beyond the furface of the 
 skin, and are covered as it were with white 
 tran{fparent points, between which, as between 
 ridges, or in furrows, the veffels are feen to 
 creep. This order is contrary to that which 
 the all-wife Creator of the world hath chofen 
 in the leaves of trees; for in the latter, the 
 veins and nerves are ufually fomewhat promi- 
 nent, and the fucculent part is deprefled and 
 placed between them. 
 
 The greateft part of the fubftance of thefe 
 fringed margins confifts of three membranes. 
 The firft and uppermoft of thefe isa glandular 
 skin; the middle one is a glandular, but thin, 
 membrane; and the loweft is a fomewhat 
 thicker membrane fmooth and flippery. Under 
 thefe the body of the Snail is interwoven with 
 ftrong mufcles, by the help of which, and 
 with a fingular kind of motion, refembling, 
 as it were, the waves and billows of the fea, 
 it moves at pleafure its fhell and whole body. 
 Thefe fringes therefore perform the office of 
 feet in this little animal, and they may be pro- 
 perly called the general foot of the body. This 
 ‘whole part is tender and fpungy ; yet, when it 
 is pricked wijh a needle, it can contract its 
 mufcles with fo much force, that it draws upp 
 and joins itfelf together, fo as to become as hard 
 as leather. 
 
 5i 
 
 The part of the body which lies under thefe 
 is very white, and is covered with an even 
 skin, which feems to me more tender than the 
 former; but it is glandular like that, and is 
 fitter for motion, by reafon of its finenefs. If 
 the Snail be fuffered to creep, this motion may 
 be obferved very beautifully; for if the glafs 
 be inverted, as the Snail is creeping on it, this 
 admirable motion will be perfectly confpicuous: 
 it refembles {mall waves, which, when agitated 
 with a gentle wind, flowly follow each other ; 
 nor can I explain this motion by a more proper 
 example, 
 
 As to the motion of the animal fpirits being 
 obferved, like {mall globules moving from the 
 head to the tail, and again from the tail to the 
 head, in a naked Snail thrown into the water ; 
 it is indeed a mere chimerical notion, invented 
 by thofe philofophers who make no experi- 
 ments to guide them, but grow pale over their 
 books only. The reafon of the appearance 
 which gave birth to the opinion, is this, that 
 when the Snail is thrown into the water, fome 
 air always remains fixed in the mucus of the 
 body, which never fhews any regular or deter- 
 minate motion, although it really has a very 
 ftrong one; for the little bubbles always retain 
 their order and fituation among theméfelves, 
 though they are contracted and expanded with 
 the body ; that is, they are heaped one upon 
 another, and again feparated from each other 
 from time to time, 
 
 he SA web 
 
 Of the aétions, and of the firength and life of the Snail. 
 
 How it is to be 
 
 killed for diffeétion, with further experiments ; and an account of the effect falt 
 
 has on this creature. 
 
 HEN Snails are difpofed to reft, fo 
 
 as to remain quiet without any motion 
 of their verge or foot, they difcharge a great 
 quantity of flimy matter from their bodies, 
 which, when dried, anfwers the purpofe of a 
 couch or hammock, in which they reft. This 
 they do in the day-time, and they will lie in 
 this manner as long as it rains, or the atmof- 
 phere continues cool ; for nothing diftreffes 
 them more than drought. 
 
 From this we learn alfo, that their flimy 
 humour, which, at other times is clear and 
 white, is more coloured, or has greater variety 
 of tinéts, the lefs of it they have in their veffels 
 and glands, 
 
 Thefe creatures are very fond of company 
 at the time they are increafing their thell, for 
 then hundreds of them gather together in fhady 
 places, that they may be at leifure for that bu- 
 finefS, lying quiet and clofe to each other, efpe- 
 cially for fome days before they begin to copu- 
 late; as I hall fhew in its proper place. 
 
 Life is very ftrong in them, infomuch that 
 they will live fix or feven days under water. 
 
 Nay, if they are wounded, and even dragged 
 from their skin or fhell, they will ftill live four 
 days, provided they are put into water. They 
 are fo ftrong, that they can very eafily creep 
 forward, and move themfelves to all quarters, 
 with another Snail fticking to their fhell; nay, 
 one will fometimes draw two others. The 
 period of their natural lives cannot be certainly 
 determined, but I am inclined to think they 
 live toa very great age, which may be pro- 
 bably conjectured from the flow increafe of 
 their fhell: onthe furface of their fhells are 
 feen a very great number of the fame kind of 
 marks, Tab. IV. fig. 11. s, obfervable in a 
 cow’s horn, from which the country people 
 compute the age of that creature. 
 
 The diffecting Snails has coft me great la- 
 bour ; for this operation is very difficult, and 
 muft be performed whilft they are living. If 
 we fprinkle the Snail with falt, it is not con- 
 fumed, as is generally thought, but only killed, 
 and then the ftrong contraction of the muf- 
 cles draws up all the internal parts to fuch a 
 degree, that nothing can be feen diftinctly. All 
 
 the 
 
§2 
 the fimy humour is then difcharged out of the 
 body ; fo that I obferved, that the fpermatic 
 parts themfelves were rendered three times 
 {maller in this fpecies of Snails, which 3s Jn- 
 deed very worthy of obfervation. Salt therefore 
 feems to me to be a matter proper tor cleaning 
 the Snail, for by this means all its humours are 
 difcharged. The infect might otherwiie be 
 rubbed over with fome purgative medicines, 
 in order to try what effect they would produce; 
 and, indced, the fuccefs of fuch an experiment 
 would be of fome ufe in the medicinal art. 
 I have often refolved but have not had oppor- 
 tunities to try it. I think that the act of 
 purging in our inteftines is performed in the 
 {ame manner, that this effect is produced on 
 the outfide of the Snail; for the acrid, pungent, 
 and provocative {timulus, irritates all the glan- 
 dular parts of our inteftines ; and thefe parts 
 are fituated on the skin of the Snail, whereby 
 they throw off and difcharge the humours 
 contained in them ; and at the fame time wath 
 away, as it were, every thing they find offen- 
 five. This is manifeét in the faliva, which is 
 copioufly difcharged from our falival dudts, 
 when any acrid and ftimulating remedies are 
 held in the mouth. This any perfon may 
 experience very clearly, if he chews the roots 
 of pellitory of Spain. 
 
 I cannot therefore agree that purging is pe- 
 culiar only to a few particular medicines, which 
 the practice has felected for that purpofe ; or 
 that particular humours are expelled from the 
 body, by fuch as are commonly called {pecific 
 purgatives ; as if thefe knew, from reafon and 
 judgment, how to diftinguifh water from 
 phlegm, and the latter from all other fuper- 
 fluous humours ; and to fecrete this only, and 
 throw it out of the body. Whereas, it is more 
 agreeable to experience, that, that matter only 
 is difcharged, wherewith the body abounds moft, 
 and which is more than any other copious in its 
 veflels at that time. If this be fo, it will be fuffi- 
 cient to obferve, in regardto purgatives, whether 
 they be hot, dry, cold, or moift; nor will there be 
 any further neceffity to load the memory with 
 new-invented names and fictitious diftinétions, 
 
 GHA 
 
 The BOOK of NA-T.U R E>: OF; 
 
 It is improper to put Snails into {pirit of 
 wine, oil of :turpentine, or any other fuch 
 liquors, in order to kill them ; and though I 
 have fometimes killed other infects with the 
 vapour of lighted fulphur, that they might re- 
 main whole for the diffection ; yet I have fancied 
 the fitteft and beft contrivance for this purpofe, 
 is to kill the Snail flowly, or by cegrees, by 
 keeping it under the water. This method is 
 attended with this great advantage, that the 
 Snail never contra¢ts its mufcular parts; which, 
 on the contrary, are beautifully expanded: 
 for the water penetrating into the orifice, of its 
 glands, mixes with the flimy humour there, 
 and, at the fame time, by dilating, furprifingly ex- 
 pands the whole body. Hence I have found that 
 many parts, which otherwife are hidden, or can- 
 not be inveftigated, but by great labour, become 
 vifible with great familiarity, as the aperture 
 of the genital organs with the penis and uterus, 
 the teeth alfo, and the form of the verge or 
 extremity of the body, the glands and other 
 parts are all rendered confpicuous on account of 
 the water contained in them; the Snails are, 
 therefore, by this means, rendered fit for 
 diffection. 
 
 Some curious perfons feed this kind of Snait 
 in their gardens, and at their country feats, as 
 I remember to have feen at the Hague and 
 Culenburgh, in the kitchen gardens of the 
 illuftrious counts Maurice and Waldeck; and 
 in many other places, particular in grotto’s, 
 which are adorned with fea productions. The 
 propereft time for removing thefe Snails is in 
 the winter, for then they lie clofe in their fhells 
 without motion, and are defended therein by a 
 particular kind of operculum, or cover, formed 
 by a hardened quantity of the flimy movfture 
 vented for that purpofe, which very exactly 
 clofes up the entrance into the fhell. If they 
 are to be fent from place to place in fummer, 
 the beft way is to fend them wrapped up in a 
 quantity of freth herbage; when they are de- 
 
 figned to be eat, they fhould be put into a— 
 
 bag, and chopped ftraw fcattered between 
 them, by the pricking of which they are pre- 
 vented from creeping out of their fhells. 
 
 Bie NA 
 
 Of the internal parts of Snails; and firft of the heart, its auricle, the vena cava, 
 
 and aorta. 
 
 And alfo of the blood, and its perpetual circulation. 
 
 Of the 
 
 difference of the flimy humour from the blood. Of the cavities of the verge, 
 and alfo of the Jacculus calcarius, or bag of alkaline matter. To which is added, 
 @ curious experiment, pertaining to the motion of the mufcles. 
 
 AN I have hitherto been taking a furvey 
 of many of the external, and of fome 
 of the internal, parts of the Snail, I propofe to 
 go on now to a defcription of its fhell: but 
 then it will be moft proper to difcourfe of that 
 after I fhall have defcribed thofe parts from 
 whence the fhell itfelf derives its nutriment 
 
 and growth. As J have already gone through 
 
 the examination of the principal internal parts, 
 I fhall not confine myfelf rigidly here “4 the 
 order ufually obferved by anatomifts, who 
 
 commence their inquiries with the belly or - 
 
 head; they do this to i 
 
 a 5 get rid of thofe parts, 
 which would firft taint ; but no noxious fabject 
 is to be feared in this cafe, and the animal itfelf 
 being fmall, I have chofen rather to treat firft 
 
 thoroughly 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS. 
 
 thoroughly of thofe parts, which were firft ob- 
 vious to me, Neither need I be uneafy, if I 
 have delineated one part fomewhat larger, and 
 the other fomewhat lefs; the microfcope not 
 admitting of greater accuracy: and indeed this 
 avails nothing in our attempts to inculcate a 
 knowledge of the fubject, unlefs fome particular 
 points may be more diftinétly underftood, if on 
 that occafion, the parts are exhibited a little 
 larger than the life: 
 
 The beft manner of diffeting the Snail is, 
 the fhell Tab. IV. fig. 11. 2, being pulled off, 
 to begin at the verge of the body, fig. 1, ¢; 
 which alfo fhould be cut off from the left fide, 
 with a fine pair of {ciflors ; in the doing this, 
 taking care not to pierce the apertures g, fituated 
 on its right f, thefe ftill remaining unhurt, . ‘the 
 verge is to be feparated from the body, which 
 vifibly adheres to it below ; for otherwife, unlefs 
 thefe apertures be carefully avoided, the outlet 
 of the inteftines, and the paflage of the alkaline 
 bag, will be equally injured. 
 
 In this management, what firft meets the 
 eye, isthe skin of the fubjacent body, which is 
 concealed by the upper and under part of the 
 verge, or a membranaceous fubftance, as with 
 a covering, being much more delicate about 
 that place, and of a whitifh or palifh colour, 
 and compofed of oblong mutfcular fibres. If 
 you have nicely feparated this part of the inter- 
 nal skin, you will fee the tranfverfe mufcles 
 lying under it; which, though not altogether 
 colourlefs, are in fome degree tranfparent ; and 
 on both fides, in the foft or bending part of the 
 belly, there will be obferved certain mufcles 
 refembling a faw, which ftretch their tendons 
 above the peritoneum ; but the fmall mutcle, 
 running tranfverly, is fituated above the perito- 
 neum, under which it lies. All thefe mufcles 
 ferve to prefs the body inwards, and to move 
 forwards the contents of the inteftines, and of 
 the fpermatic veffels. 
 
 But if after this the verge, together with 
 its membranaceous parts, be drawn backwards 
 over the bending of the body, and then cut off 
 from the place where it adheres, then imme- 
 diately appear the veins, Tab. V. fig, Iv. a, 
 which run beneath toward the verge 4, and the 
 heart c, with its auricle ¢, and the vena cava juft 
 dawning out of it ; together with the various 
 cavities, in which the air is moved, and fome 
 other fmall parts befide, fuch as the alkaline 
 bag ¢, and its duct lying next to the inteftine, 
 the inteftinum rectum / itfelf, the liver, and 
 certain parts belonging to the fpermatic veflels. 
 Some of thefe I fhall now defcribe in their 
 order, and of the others afterwards in their 
 place. Firft, of the heart. 
 
 The heart is fituate in the middle of the 
 Snail’s body, near the extremity of the arch 
 of the verge, which furrounds the whole bo- 
 dy ; and at that place, a little to the left, in 
 the bending of the body, by reafon of the 
 thinnefs of the inteftine membranes, which 
 are perfectly tranfparent, Tab. IV. fig. 1. /, it 
 is difcerned moving. It is included in an ex- 
 
 53 
 tremely thin bag or pericardium, in whofe 
 cavity there is ample abundance of watery 
 moifture, as clear as the pureft chryftal. The 
 pericardium being diffected, immediately ap- 
 pears the beating heart, Tab. V. fig. Iv. ¢, 
 with its auricle d; which, being of a mem- 
 branaceous and exceeding delicate texture, 
 is feen to be interwove within, with divers 
 as well flefhy as membranaceous fibres, in the 
 fame manner as is feen in the auricles of the 
 heart of a man, and other animals. The 
 heart itfelf is of a flethy fubftance, and of a 
 pale reddith colour, exhibiting a mufcle, which 
 for the fpace of a day will continue wafting 
 away into water, and yet not be cleared from 
 all its blood. The external fuperficies of the 
 heart is fmooth, and it is fhaped like a pear; 
 but the internal parts are uneven, with feveral 
 flefhy columns, hairs, and fibres, much the 
 fame as we obferve in the hearts of men and 
 brutes: hence it is that the heart may be 
 éafily diftinguifhed by the many finufes and 
 angles in it, and it isvery fibrous. At its 
 entrance, near the auricle, there adhere two 
 little femi-lunar valves.c, which ferve to hinder 
 the blood from returning into the auricle. 
 But as. there is only one auricle to the heart, 
 fo is it only found in one cavity ; and agreea- 
 bly to this, there are alfo found two kinds of 
 veflels there, namely, the veins and arteries. 
 The veins, above the auricle d of the heart, 
 are confpicuous without much pains, and in 
 particular the vena cava may be obvioufly feen; 
 out of which others, juft {pringing forth, are 
 interwoven among{t one another after a fur- 
 prifing manner, and form an elegant kind of 
 net-work. The arteries are not difcovered 
 without greater difficulty, nor can they ever 
 be feen, but at the firft opening of the body. 
 The beginning of the aorta, or great artery, 
 is about that place without the belly, where 
 the heart is united to the calcarious bag e; and 
 the great artery derives its origin from the 
 cone, or more acute extremity of the heart, 
 and is a little dilated, at its very beginning, as 
 is common in fifhes; immediately from this 
 part it difperfes its ramifications every way, 
 both through the internal parts of the body, 
 and outwardly among the membranes, equally 
 backward to the fpire, and forward; firft, in- 
 deed, refpecting thofe parts it borders upon, 
 namely, the calcarious bag e, the inteftines, the 
 liver, the ftomach, and the {permatick veffels ; 
 then immediately proceeding to the coat in- 
 vefting the liver, and then to the mutcles, 
 nerves, and little glands of the skin. I have 
 delineated 4 fome of the more remarkable ra- 
 mifications, only with their divifions, and have 
 marked the reft of its body, and its fpiral 
 fhape, with points 777, that the fituation of 
 thefe parts might thence be underftood. 
 
 The blood contained in the heart, and its 
 arteries, appears of a whitifh colour, inclining 
 fomething to blue; and hence it differs very 
 much from that of men and brutes; for the 
 
 P blood 
 
54 
 
 blood of all thofe is of adeep red ; but, as the 
 blood in fmall animals} excepting thofe only 
 which live in the bowels of the earth, as 
 many as I have known of them, want that 
 
 purple colour; for this reafon then authors, 
 who are only wife in their own fpeculation, 
 have called them animalcula exfanguta, or 
 animalcules without blood, though even in 
 fome human bodies, there has been obferved 
 fometimes white blood in the arteries. ‘The 
 blood of the Snail is of .a glutinous confift- 
 ence, clammy, and pituitous or phlegmatic ; if 
 poured into water, it fhews itfelf like a sky-co- 
 loured cloud, which gradually expands, and 
 grows more and more tenuous, and at length 
 quite vanifhes ; and is indeed a very pleafant 
 fight. 
 
 “The blood which remains from the nu- 
 trition of the membranes, returns through 
 many extremely {mall veins toward the heart, 
 there to undergo a new concoction. Thefe 
 veins are chiefly fcattered about the exter- 
 nal parts of the body, and are there very 
 con{fpicuous ; for thofe vefiels which we fee 
 there, are almoft all confpicuous, as they may 
 be feen among the pointed little glands of the 
 verge. All thefe veins converge in one large 
 trunk called the vena cava; which, as we 
 have juft faid, may very plainly be feen on the 
 internal fuperficies of that arched membra- 
 naceous part of the rim or fringe of the Snail, 
 ‘Tab. V. fig. rv. 4; for the veins run off, under 
 and through this verge or fringe, and after- 
 wards difcharge their contents into the auri- 
 cle d of the heart ; which then, by its con- 
 traction and fyftole, again protrudes this 
 blood into the hearte; and the heart, with 
 a manifeft circulation, again ejects it into the 
 arteries, and thofe again into the veins; that 
 the motion may never be interrupted, but the 
 blood maintain its courfe through the body. 
 Hence the pulfation of the heart is firft 
 difcerned in its auricle ; but afterwards in the 
 heart itfelf; thofe veins which {pring from 
 the vena cava, are formed and difperfed with 
 fuch wonderful artifice, in the aforementioned 
 membrane, thatI have determined to fet forth 
 an accurate drawing of them; to the end, 
 that the works of God may be fo much the 
 more clearly underftood, and more firmly 
 impreffed on the memory, 
 
 The heart, with its auricle, is never more 
 diftin@ly feen, than when it is cut open 
 through the vena cava, diftended with a blaft, 
 and then half dried ; but if it be dried too 
 much, it is lefs forcibly contracted ; and its in- 
 ternal fabric and ‘fmall valves cannot be fo 
 conveniently viewed. But feeing thefe vefiels 
 all contain a whitifh or lightly-coloured blood, 
 from which they may be eafily taken for 
 nerves ; it is therefore expedient that they be 
 firft filled with an injection of fome coloured 
 matter ; which operation, by reafon of the 
 exceeding {mallnefs and finenefs of thofe 
 
 pate is indeed a very curious and difficult 
 fas . 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; @, 
 
 For thofe who delight to engage in fuch¢ 
 procefs, there are colours of that fort one 
 fubfide; and thofe ought to be rhixed with fo 
 fine a liquor, that it may pafs through the 
 pores of the vefiels, and fly off Into the air, 
 But ifany one ufe a liquor of a fimple colour, 
 then they will be all of one tinge, nor can any 
 thing be diftinétly exhibited to the eye, 
 might explain many of the operations and 
 artifices requifite to the perfecting this matter ; 
 but this part of the work, beyond my ex-: 
 peétation and defign, has grown redundant 
 enough under my hands already. 
 
 The difference between the blood and the 
 flimy humour in the Snail is very remark. 
 able, and may be obvioufly known only by the 
 colour and confiftence ; for though the blood 
 is thin and fluid in the veins, it becomes 
 tenacious after it is taken out of thofe veffels. 
 Nay, although it be immediately thrown into 
 water, it does not mix therewith, unlefs it be 
 fhook a little. On the other hand, the flimy 
 humour fecreted by the glands, takes a long 
 time before it is diffolved in water, becaule 
 it is tenacious and thick; and this is of a 
 white colour, and may, therefore, by thofe 
 qualities, be cafily diftinguifhed from the 
 blood ; whenever the wounded Snail is 
 thrown into the water, in order to mix the 
 blood and this flimy humour with it. 
 
 The blood, being laid upon white paper, 
 leaves no glofs; whereas the flimy humour 
 covers it, as it were, with a bright varnith, 
 like filver ; it may therefore be mixed with 
 colours, to give them a glofs. Thofe, who eat 
 Snails, efteem their blood very highly, and 
 call it their liquor, taking particular care that 
 it fhould not be loft; and I think they, as 
 well as thofe who eat oyfters, have fome 
 reafon for fo doing. 
 
 After what manner the flimy humour 
 diftils from the glands of the skin, may be 
 feen in this manner ; the skin muft be wiped 
 with {pungy blotting paper, until none of the 
 flimy humour is feen, or till the whole is 
 cleared off; then the skin muft be taken be- 
 tween the fingers and preffed gently ; and if 
 this be done under the microfcope, the flimy 
 humour will be feen to come out infenfibly, 
 from the glandular pores of the skin, like 
 clear and minute points ; thefe, by continuing 
 the preffure, will become finall drops 3 and 
 thefe, in fome time gathering together, will 
 form a confiderable collection of this matter ; 
 fo that the whole skin will be moiftened, and 
 become glutinous. 
 
 The cavity of the arched verge, in which 
 the air moves, forms a round bow or arch, 
 occafioned by the membrane’s expanding 
 itfelf againft the fhell; but this happens only 
 when the Snail lies in its thell; for when it is 
 taken from thence, the membrane of the 
 verge immediately flips into the parts under- 
 neath ; fince it isno longer fuftained by this 
 fupport againft the fhell, being connected to 
 the latter only by the toughnets of the mucus, 
 
 of, 
 
 a 
 
 oe 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS. és 
 
 or flimy humour. If this membrane be again 
 {welled up frorn its aperture for air, it will be 
 obferved to expand itfelf very beautifully againft 
 the fhell. This cavity in the right fide of the 
 body reaches to the turn of the inteftines ; but 
 in the left fide, where the heart is fituated, it 
 goes according to the windings of the liver, 
 and follows the turnings of the latter, unto the 
 third and fecond convolutions of the inteftines 
 in the body. 
 
 In this arch of the Snail’s verge, near to the 
 heart and its auricle, there is feen, Tab. V. 
 fig. iv. é, a certain oblong, triangular little 
 part, to which the heart ¢ is fixed and united, 
 there being nothing between them but the 
 pericardium. But oh the outfide it fwells, 
 Tab. IV. fig. 1. 2, through the fkin; and is 
 very vifible in a boiled Snail, when taken out 
 of its fhell, fig. rv. 0. This latter likewife fhews 
 the figure of the body at that time, that is, 
 the convolutions p of the liver, and after what 
 manner the verge contra¢ts itfelfg. The colour 
 of this little part is like that of grey afhes mixed 
 with water. On the hinder part it is connected, 
 Tab. V. fig. v. /, very ftrongly with a certain 
 part of the inteftines and liver; but that part 
 of it which is feen through the outmoft mem- 
 
 C HA 
 
 brane which covers the’ body, is obfervéd to 
 be interwoven with many veffels. On the 
 other fide, its colour is more waterith m thati 
 where it is of an afhy-gtey, and connected to 
 the pericardium &. 
 
 I firft thought that little part was the fpleeni, 
 but when I viewed it more accurately, I ob- 
 ferved that it difcharged itfelf into a pretty 
 large duét, which runs near the inteftinum 
 rectum, or ftraight gut, fig. iv. f, and in my 
 opinion opens into it. I therefore now believe 
 this part to be a glandular little body, or a 
 facculus or bag, whereby the calcarious mat- 
 ter of the blood is drained from the body, and 
 
 depofited in the inteftinum rectum, or ftraight 
 
 gut; and accordingly we find that fuch a 
 matter is there fometimes mixed with the ex- 
 ctements. If this little part be diffected, and 
 put into water, it exhibits a glandular fub- 
 {tance ; but as it abounds with a grey calca- 
 rious humour, it makes the water muddy. 
 On the fide oppofite to the inteftine it appears 
 fomewhat bright, and feems to confift of a 
 glafly fubftance; it has the fame afpect in feve- 
 ral places; alfo in the middle, where it feems 
 divided into little grains, which are vifible un- 
 derneath : it taftes like afhes. 
 
 P, VII. 
 
 Of the liver, bile, fromath, inteftines; and falival veffels of the Snail. 
 
 WHE liver, which for the moft part lies 
 in the hinder portion of the fhell, 
 forms a fpiral convolution there with the in- 
 teftines, Tab. V. fig. vi. a; as may be feen 
 on the outfide, Tab IV. fig. i. & It is fur- 
 ther divided into divets lobes, Tab. V. fig. vi. 
 666, according to the different courfe of the 
 inteftines, which make as many divifion$ in 
 it, as they have turnings and windings. Be- 
 fides thefe, the liver is very full of greater and 
 {maller veflels, which are difperfed through 
 every part of it, fig. tx.¢. It has likewife 
 its particular thoracic or chyliferous duéts, fig. 
 vit. a, which difcharge themfelves into the 
 inteftines, without any intermediate gall-blad- 
 det; in the fame manner as in Horfes; Pigeons, 
 and other animals, which are faid, though 
 without any foundation, to have no bile. I 
 could perceive no remarkable bitternefs in the 
 bile of the Snail. 
 
 The liver itfelf feems to confift of fmall 
 equi-diftant little grains, called glands by the 
 great anatomift Malpighius; to whofe judg- 
 ment we ought to give great credit, fince one 
 can fcarce find his equal in anatomical know- 
 ledge. The liver is of a dark brown colour, 
 a little approaching to green: the hardnefs 
 and fubftance of it, are like thofe of the {pleen 
 inaman. It abounds with a juice or humour 
 of a yellowifh green colour. In the uppér 
 part, where the liver turns round, its outward 
 coat, which is covered with little whitith 
 
 points, grows greener. It has very few lobes 
 on the infide. Nothing is more favoury in a 
 boiled Snail than the liver, which, I think, 
 is alfo very eafy of degeftion: whereas, on the 
 contrary, all its mufcles are hard and tough, 
 except the fpermatic veffels, which are like- 
 wife very pleafant eating. . 
 
 The Snail’s {tomach, fig. vi. ¢, is placed 
 in the cavity of the neck and belly, and con- 
 fifts, as in man, of three coats, notwithftanding 
 its being very tender and thin: it is alfo pro- 
 vided ‘vith veins and arteries. It is of a white 
 tranfparent colour like parchment ; but when 
 diftended with food or air, it has the colour of 
 the moft tranfparent membrane: when empty, 
 it dppears full of oblong grooves, Tab. V. fig. 
 Iv. 2, which exhibit an agreable fight ; for they 
 are fo many contrdéted mufcles, which cor- 
 rugate the coat in this manner. The ftomach 
 grows narrow by degrees, fig. VI. d, and 
 forms by that contraction its lower orifice, 
 called the Pylorus. After this follows the 
 fmall gut 444, between which the liver is prin- 
 cipally fituated. After thefe inteftines have 
 turned themfelves two or threé times, then 
 they fotm the inteftinum rectum, or ftraight 
 gut 2, which opens, with its foramen, into the 
 Snail’s verge f. About the fpiral convolution 
 of the body is obferved ¢ a place, where the 
 bile difcharges itfelf into the beginning of the 
 inteftines; which appears more evidently, if 
 thofe biliary ducts are fomewhat {€pidrated, 
 
 fig. 
 
56 
 fig. VIII. @3 fo that 
 ftomach 5, {mall c and great guts d, be parted 
 
 the whole region of the 
 
 from the liver. If the inteftines and the liver 
 be inverted, fome of the parts before-men- 
 tioned may be feen more diftinaly ; that 1s, 
 the liver itfelf, fig. vil. 4, and the fmall guts 
 in their natural fituation }; then the inteftinum 
 rectum, or ftraight gut ¢, and the ftomach 4. 
 
 And here we mutt obferve, that two very 
 beautiful veffels run, fig. 1v. 9%, along the 
 ftomach and the gullet, or cefophagus, which 
 difcharge themfelves into the upper part of 
 the palate of the mouth, fig. 1. d. Thefe 
 veftels are of the fame ftructure with that part 
 of the epididymis in man, which lies upon 
 the tefticles, and they are of the colour of an 
 agate, On the infide they are hollow and con- 
 tain a clear liquor, which they difcharge by 
 two {mall apertures which open into the mouth. 
 They are, therefore, plainly the falival ducts 
 of the Snail, fuch as are likewife obferved in 
 man and brutes, and are fituated either near 
 the fame place, or a little lower. 
 
 Ge HA 
 
 The BOOK of @NATURE; OF, 
 
 Thefe two little veflels arife from, two {inail, 
 clear, and fnowy ,patts,, fig. IV. PP» joined to- 
 
 gether in the middle, and:divided into various 
 little lobes : you would eafily believe that they 
 
 were nothing moretthan fat, A beautiful little 
 
 veffel g runs through ithe whole furface, which 
 
 brings them nourifhment .and..moilture, and, 
 
 arifing out of a very high place under the 
 verge, where the body begins to bend, comes 
 to this part, and gives a great many branches 
 to each of thefe {mall parts; Thefe little parts 
 are likewife, by the Jhelp of different vedfiels, 
 which feem.to be fo many {mall and tender 
 filaments, laterally connected with the ftomach. 
 The falival duéts themfelves.are, by certain fin- 
 gular vefiels or Jigaments, alfo conneéted with 
 the ftomach. I firftindeed.thought that this 
 {mall part was the pancreas, but experience 
 has taught me the contrary, and dikewife that 
 it is not fat; for it cannot be melted by fire, 
 
 nor is it inflammable, if put on a bit of glafs 
 
 and applied to a lighted candle, 
 
 r. Vill. 
 
 Of the genitals, penis, uterus, tefticles, ovary, and other parts Jubjervient 
 to generation. 
 
 T HE fpermatic veffels are placed not 
 only in the fore part of the neck, belly, 
 and back of the Snail, but being twifted like 
 vine tendrils, follow the convolutions or wind- 
 ings of the body itfelf, and extend themfelves 
 to the extreme end of the liver; fo that they 
 may be juftly reckoned amongft the moft re- 
 markable parts of the body. Before they can 
 be feen, the fkin muft be difleéted, and fome of 
 the membranes and mufcles removed; and 
 among the latter there isa very elegant mut{cle, 
 which, with many fibres, reaches obliquely from 
 one fide of the body to the other, and fhews 
 itfelf beautifully upon the ftomach, and thofe 
 parts that ferve for generation. 
 
 The maleand female organs of generation are 
 both in the fame Snail, and the penis and uterus, 
 being naturally united, grow firmly together ; 
 fo that many of the parts are common to both. 
 
 The fmall parts, from the ftructure of which 
 it is known that they belong to the male or- 
 gans, are the penis, Tab. V. fig. x. a, with 
 its fharp, twifted, oblong appendage, which, 
 at the extreme end, is round, in the form of a 
 pear 46. To the female parts belong the 
 uterus cee and its ovary dd, which opens into 
 the cavity of the uterus; that the little eggs 
 may be increafed and covered with moifture 
 therein, as may be feen very beautifully in the 
 Ray-Fifh; nay, and in fome degree, in the 
 uterus of Hens. But in other animals, as in 
 Tortoifes, Lizards, and Camelions, there is 
 found a greater agreement in this refpect, with 
 the Snail, than I could obferve in fowls, 
 
 As to the parts which have a mutual com- 
 munication among theméfelves, to thefe may be 
 referred the tefticles: thefe are, as it were;a 
 congeries or heap of oblong filaments e. Then 
 the hidden appendages of the uterus /, and.a 
 certain common duct between the penis and 
 the uterus, Tab. V. fig. x. g: Afterwards 
 there is an oblong vas deferens, which opens 
 at the end by a {mall tube into the uterus ¢, 
 and has a little ball in the form of a pear at 
 its extremity &.  Laftly, there is a very beau- 
 tiful curled veffel 7, of the fame ftructure with 
 the epididymis in man and quadrupedes, 
 which being twifted in, like a little chain, dif- 
 
 charges itfelf by a {mall tube m, into the be- — F: 
 
 ginning of the uterus and end of the ovary. 
 Having enumerated thefe things in general, 
 I thall now treat of each part in particular, 
 and affign the reafon why 1 have called fome 
 of them common to both organs, and others 
 proper to one or the other. As to the penisa, 
 it is nervous and of a mufcular texture, con- 
 fifting, as it were, of three parts; the firft is 
 
 a mufcular membrane, then the inward con-. 
 
 ftruétion, wherein, as in a prepuce, the penis 
 may move up and down; and laftly, the in- 
 ternal porous membranes, which trufs up the 
 penis on the infide, Hence it is, that if the 
 
 penis be cut off in the act of coition, no more — 
 
 than the outward membrane which covered it, 
 and out of which it ftretched itfelf, remains 
 inthe body. It is all white, and is firm, and, 
 as it moves up and down very eafily on the 
 infide, {o it as eafily moves through the apet- 
 ture 
 
 a 
 | a 
 
z 
 
 The HISTORY of 
 
 ture of the genitals out of the body, and can 
 enlarge and ftiffen itfelf for that end. For this 
 purpofe it has not only a mufcular texture, but 
 it is likewife provided with a peculiar mufcle 0, 
 by the ftrength of which it is thruft out. 
 
 The act of coition is performed in this man- 
 ner ; fir{t, the outward aperture of the geni- 
 tals opens itfelf in the right fide of the neck, 
 fig. xvit.a@; which, when it has more and 
 more infenfibly dilated and expanded its ori- 
 fice, then the two inward orifices, as well of 
 the penis as uterus, fig. xvi1r. 6, creep out 
 of the body. Then the penis erecting itfelf, 
 fig. x1x.¢, and pufhing foftly out of one of 
 thefe orifices, comes in fight; but the other 
 aperture, that of the uterus, lies open d, to re- 
 ceive the penis of the other Snail at the time of 
 coition. So that the penis e of the one Snail 
 
 ut into the aperture of the neck of the 
 
 uterus f of the other; and again, the penis of 
 the latter 6 is likewife received by the aper- 
 ture of the uterus g of the former. Each of 
 thefe Snails being therefore excited by a reci- 
 procal ftimulating impetus to venery, each 
 impregnates and conceives, fertilizes and is 
 fertilized, and ejects and receives the femen. 
 
 After coition all thefe parts are drawn into 
 the body; for which purpofe the penis has 
 a fomewhat long and even mufcle, Tab. V. 
 fig. x. p, which is inferted under the tranf- 
 verfal or oblique mufcle of the abdomen, 
 where the verge of the Snail’s body is: and 
 that this part fhould not want fenfe, it has 
 likewife a nerve g. 
 
 The parts of the uterus have alfo their 
 nerves and mufcles, fome of which may be 
 feen in the neck, near the root of the four 
 horns. The matrix itfelf isa tender, oblong, 
 white and curled cee little tube, which ap- 
 pears moft remarkable when it is diftended, 
 fig. xvi.7, with air or wind ; for then it turns 
 itfelf into very admirable convolutions, being 
 jointed to a ligament, fig. x. 2nn, which con- 
 neéts all its fol ds, and is af a ftronger ftructure 
 than the membranous and hollow parts of the 
 tube of the uterus. ‘This feems defigned for 
 fome particular ufe; for it appears full of 
 glands, fo that I firft took it for the ovary 
 itfelf: for indeed all the veins of the uterus, 
 of which there are many, are faftened in this 
 ligament, and pafs through it towards the 
 Gierus. But, in other refpects, neither the 
 uterus nor ovary, fig. x x. dd, have any thing 
 remarkable in them, as long as the former has 
 no eggs init. The ovary is not vifible, unlefs 
 it appears like an oblong, white, tender, foft 
 and triangular little part, and contains a fub- 
 fiance like the melt of Perch. So fmall and 
 invifible are the little eggs of the Snail before 
 coition ! 
 
 Again, the uterus is faftened near the verge 
 of the Snail, and is there connected with the 
 upper part of the abdomen. ‘There are like- 
 wife fome mufcles which ferve to contract the 
 uterus, a larger one s, and a fmaller ¢, which 
 is inferted behind the long mufcle p of the 
 
 INSECTS, 57 
 
 penis. The uterus has alfo its nerve v there, 
 as will appear more clearly in the defc cription 
 of the brain ; where it will likewife be they 
 that thefe mufcles alfo give fome ibace | to 
 move the brain on the inner part. 
 
 That the penis and uterus in the Snail have 
 many parts in common between them, I am 
 inclined toaffert, for this reafon ; becaufe thefe 
 parts are forced to move their contents through 
 common pafiages, as is feen in the fperm from 
 the tefticles, and on other occafions. Thefe 
 tefticles e, as we have before obferved, con- 
 fift of a clufter or heap of oblong filaments ; 
 and the fame holds in almoft all {pecies of 
 this genus of infects: it is even fo univerfal, 
 that it takes place in man and quadrupeds ; 
 for their tefticles are formed of fuch filaments. 
 There are fixty-fix of thefe threads in the 
 Snail: they are of a whitith colour, and, in 
 their inward ftructure, refemble hollow tubes, 
 each being clofed up at its extremity. They 
 arife from two trunks, and are divided ina 
 wonderful manner, as it were, into twigs, Tab. 
 V. fig. x1.x. The femen is of a fnowy colour, 
 and of the fame thicknefs and clamminefs as 
 in the males of Bees. I know nothing that 
 bears a greater refemblance to this part, than 
 the pancreas of fith ; a defcription of which I 
 have inferted in a work of Cot nmelinus, which 
 I publifhed ; and I have delineated the figures 
 with my own pangs. 
 
 Thi 
 
 mufcular part, of a firmer + fabftan ad eaves 
 If it be diflected, it muft be done very cautioufly 
 and with an even hand : it is then ‘difcovered, 
 that at the root or bafis in the hinder part, 
 it has, fig. x11. y, a globular and round little 
 part in the form of a pear; from which arifes 
 a fharp, hard and crooked ftyle, not unlike a 
 fharp awl. ‘This little bone being taken out 
 and viewed with a microfcope, refembles a 
 tran{parent, glitter: ing, very {mall, fcale of a fith 
 deprived of its fkin. At the root, fig. XIII. @, 
 on the hinder part, where this little bone is 
 connected to the globular little part, it exhi- 
 bits fome incifions or fiflures covered with 
 coats, which penetrate inwardly from the ex- 
 ternal parts into its cavity. I have counted 
 fourteen of thefe incifions : it appears, in gene- 
 ral, equal and sound 6, and ends lonietehat 
 fharp like a needle: then it forms, in its cir- 
 cumference, four margents or prominent bor- 
 ders ¢, between which are feen fome remark- 
 able ridges and furrows. This appears = 
 plain when this minute part is dif flected, fi fig 
 
 xiv.e; for then it is manifeft that it is hollow 
 on the infide ; fo that a hair put into it, al- 
 moft entirely paffes through it. Within the 
 cavity of this little bone, there is contained a 
 limpid or clear humour ; but where its root is 
 connected with the globular part, fig. x11. 4, 
 it is all hollow sie very tender, fo that it is 
 eafily broke in that part, if it-be handled in 
 the leaft roughly or “Gaacleisie It ferments 
 
 {trongly 
 Q 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 58 
 ftrongly with aqua fortis : 
 alcaline little bone. Pa 
 
 I could not find out the ufe of this little 
 part. I thought indeed at firft that it was the 
 but experience convinced me of the 
 It is however certain, that it 1s 0 
 for after coition, fuch 
 
 hence I call it an 
 
 penis, 
 contrary. 
 fome ufe in generation ; 
 little parts are commonly found where the 
 
 Snails have been together. I have obferved 
 alfo the fame thing in other kinds of Snails, 
 till at length I made ufe of it asa fign to dif- 
 cover whether the bufinefs of generation had 
 been over. In fome Snails which were not 
 given to venery, I found this little part fo {mall, 
 that it was hardly one fourth fo big as that 
 already deferibed : it was like a point, flender, 
 fhort, and tender. In fome it was larger, in 
 others fmaller, that is, as far as I could judge, 
 the nearer they approached to the time of ge- 
 neration, or the further they were from it. It 
 is fometimes partly yellow, but for the moft 
 part it is tranfparent and very white; it feems, 
 however, to be fubject to accretion, like corals, 
 as I fhall demonftrate more clearly in the Snail- 
 fone. I remember to have fometimes feen in 
 a Cuttle-fith, an entire little bag full of fuch 
 white fmall parts, which lay there free and 
 difengaged among a glutinous humor, but they 
 confilted of a very {oft fubftance, and were much 
 larger. This fifh has gills likewife, and other 
 fuch wonderful parts ; fo that this animal de- 
 ferves very particular confideration, though 
 much could not be hitherto known or faid 
 concerning it. 
 
 The common little tube that lies between the 
 penis and uterus, Tab. V. fig. x. g, is not very 
 remarkable ; I only obferved that it was hollow. 
 But that other, vas deferens bb, feems to fup- 
 ply more ample matter for fpeculation, both 
 becaufe it opens into the uterus 7, and that it 
 has little ball or globe 4 in the form of a 
 pear, which contains a fluid of a pale purple 
 colour, fomewhat glutinous, and not thin. This 
 little ball lies next to the heart in the body; fo 
 that the great artery is carried round that pipe 
 
 Gait A 
 
 NIAGT SU R Es 25; 
 
 with which the ball is connected ; but what 
 
 ufe this little part is 
 difcover. 
 ‘before-mentioned, penetrated into this veffel, 
 almoft as far as its aperture into the uterus ; 
 but, to the beft of my remembrance, I had 
 then irritated the Snail at the. time of coition, 
 fo that it drew in thefe parts of generation ; for 
 which reafon I afterwards ufed to diftinguifh, 
 in’ a particular manner, thofe Snails which 
 Of what ufe this little — 
 globe or ball is, Tam ignorant; I fhould, how- 
 ever, be inclined to believe; that this is the part 
 wherein the Purple-fifh carries that precious dye, 
 wherewith the garments of monarchs, and other 
 great perfons, were coloured purple in the 
 times of the Romans. 
 writings allude, when they fay, ‘* that the rich 
 man was cloathed in purple.” 
 
 had exercifed coition. 
 
 the curled little veffel / is. 
 ever, that it is diftributed into various little 
 branches 2, which, like fo many tubes, arife 
 from the oblong, round, and acute little patty: = 
 placed near the extremity of the fpiral liver, 
 and there joined to the liver itfelf. But if this. 
 little part be divided, and opened or unfolded, 
 with the top of an ivory bodkin filed fharp, 
 and fomewhat foftened by fteeping it in ,water, 
 by which means it does not offer fo much vio- 
 lence to the parts as anecedle, it appears like _ 
 a little tree or fhrub: adorned with leaves, 
 
 of, I could never hitherto 
 I once obferved, that the little bone 
 
 To this the facred 
 
 Lam likewife at a lofs to know of what ufe 
 I obferved, how- 
 
 Tab. V. fig. xv. 2; with this difference only, 
 
 that its extreme parts are ftudded, or emboffed 
 and fwollen, hollow on the infide, and full of 
 moifture, which is probably conveyed by de- 
 grees into that curled {mall veffel_refembling a 
 chain; but then the matter contained in this 
 little part is more white and compact, and better 
 digefted. 
 
 Laftly, we mutt obferve that moft of the 
 parts hitherto enumerated, are placed behind 
 in the fpire of the fhell, and are there feem 
 through it in feveral places. _ 
 
 PeecAik. 
 
 Of the manner in which Snails mutually perform the bufinefs of coition. 
 
 AVING hitherto, in part, fhewn the 
 
 method whereby Snails generate, I fhall 
 now give you a full defcription thereof; fince 
 it isa matter very worthy of notice that, an 
 hermaphrodite little creature fhould have need 
 = a companion for the purpofe of genera- 
 ion. 
 
 The Snails gather together for fome days 
 before their coition, and lye quiet near each 
 other, eating very little in the mean time ; but 
 they fettle their bodies in fuch a pofture, that 
 the neck and head are placed upright. Thus 
 whilft the fhell of each refts upon the earth, 
 with its double head, the Snails are raifed up- 
 
 wards, and they fupport themfelves erect, by 
 the extreme ends of the fringes and verge of 
 their bodies, in the fame manner as it is faid 
 Serpents engender, that is, in an erect fituation, 
 and twifted about each other. 
 
 At that time the verge, or its aperture, is 
 
 continually open to take in the air; but the © 
 
 opening of the genitals in the neck is fome- 
 times obferved to be alternately open and con- 
 tracted. This action is performed in the fame 
 manner as the agitation of the outer parts of 
 the vulva in Dogs and Hens, when they defire 
 coition. The Snails being thus animated, foftly 
 approach each other, and apply their bodies 
 one 
 
 Hg 
 
 “i 
 
The.» He £°8: Ts Oe 
 
 one to the other, as fmoothly as the palms and 
 fingers of both hands can be grafped together : 
 and by this means, not only their bodies, but 
 their necks and heads, are raifed up and prefled 
 clofe to each other. ‘Then are feen the moft 
 wonderful motions of their heads and eight 
 horns, which furpafs all imagination; like 
 Turtles, they are continually obferved to kifs 
 each other, and to join lip to lip. The horns 
 are affected with fuch various motions, that 
 one can fcarce think, how they can poffibly 
 have fo many and fuch different mufcles.. An- 
 other circumftance that deferves notice is, that 
 when they touch each other in the leaft’ with 
 their horns, they immediately draw them 
 in, or move them up or down again, or fide- 
 ways; and thefe motions are often repeated. 
 
 Thefe motions fometimes continue for three 
 days, during which time the Snails turn in and 
 out, and join together their genitals, fo that 
 the penis and uterus, of each, are fometimes 
 feen to hang entirely out of the body. But 
 fince I cannot obferve that Snails have organs 
 proper for feeing and difcovering things near 
 and at hand, but only for remote objects; 
 hence it is, that for want of this knowledge, 
 I cannot obferve their coition but by chance. 
 For though they very often fhoot their genitals, 
 like an arrow out of a bow, yet the coition 
 is f{carce performed once in three times. This 
 miftake feems to happen the oftener, becaufe 
 every Snail carries its penis in the right fide of 
 its neck: it muft therefore happen before they 
 have turned their refpective heads crofs-wife 
 towards each other, that they often attempt a 
 coition unfuccefsfully. But they have leifure 
 enough to repeat this bufinefs, fince they feel 
 for a long time the incentives of their venery, 
 though they have already gone through the 
 bufinefs of coition ten or twelve times before. 
 Nay, I have known fome of them indulge 
 their venereal defires three weeks afterwards, 
 and that they repeated them again in fix weeks 
 after that. 
 
 But when they affociate in coition, as they 
 fhould do, each of them ftretches its penis, 
 together with the orifice of the uterus, en- 
 tirely out of the body, which is not done by 
 erection only, as it isin quadrupedes, but prin- 
 cipally by turning the inward parts out, as 
 happens in the penis of Drakes. The firft 
 thing that opens in the Snail is the aperture, 
 that lies in the neck between the upper and 
 lower horns, Tab. V. fig. xvi1. a; then the 
 inward parts of generation are obferved to 
 come out like two apertures, fig. xvi1I. 6; fo 
 that by this means the lower horn is pufhed 
 out of its place, Tab. V. fig. xvir1.&: after- 
 wards thefe parts are very fuddenly thrown out 
 of the body; yet fo as that the aperture of the 
 uterus appears firft, fig. x1x. d, and immedi+ 
 ately after the penis, the thicker part of which 
 turns out firft, and afterwards the fharp part c. 
 After this begins the coition, and the two 
 lower horns are then fo far thruft out of their 
 places, that they touch and prefs each other /. 
 
 of “EF NS B°GeT Ss. 59 
 
 Thefe parts are afterwards remarkably fwelled 
 
 “by the humours that flow towards them, fo 
 that they refemble the clammy white of the 
 boiled egg of a Lapwing, which, being mixed 
 as it were witha tranfparent whitenefs, makes 
 a very agreeable fight, refembling an agat. For 
 the appendage of the penis, fig: x. 43, is ob- 
 ferved to run fo far, and by the clearnef$ of 
 thofe parts, is fo evidently feen, that its motion 
 is alfo obvious to the eye. 
 
 After coition the parts before-mentioned may 
 be ftill perceived for a quarter of an hour 
 hanging out of the body, that is until their 
 {welling has fallen, and then it is furprifing to 
 fee what wonderful motions the penis has: 
 But if any one fhould in the mean time handle 
 thefe parts, the Snail endeavours to draw them 
 in by force, but however much it ftretches all 
 its nerves, yet it cannot by any force bring 
 them in, unlefs they firft become flaccid. A 
 certain lympid moifture then diftils from thefé 
 parts, which foon coagulates, and becomes te- 
 nacious and firm in the air. The upper horns 
 being always bent like a circle in the venereal 
 act, are obferved not to move much, unlefs 
 that they are fometimes drawn in, and again 
 {tretched out. After all is finithed, the little 
 creature; having wantonly confumed the ftrength 
 of life, becomes dull and heavy; and thence 
 calmly retiring into its fhell, refts quietly with- 
 out much creeping, until the furious luft of 
 generation gathers new {trength, and effaces the 
 memory of the uneafinefs fuffered after the for- 
 mer coition. 
 
 In a Snail, diffected a little time after the a&t 
 of generation, I obferved that the penis was 
 {maller, but the uterus a little more expanded 
 and glutinous in its cavity. The ovary was 
 manifeftly {welled, and was longer, thicker, and 
 larger, fo that it now feemed full of {perm like 
 milk. Afterwards, however, I faw it much 
 larger, and filled with more glutinous moifture. 
 But in five weeks after coition, the ovary be- 
 came yellow, and like real glue; yet the eggs 
 were very foft like flime, and were {carce vi- 
 fible. When I afterwards viewed the ovary in 
 fuch a boiled Snail, every thing was callous, 
 and as far as I could difcern, an infinite num- 
 ber of little eggs prefented themfelves in both 
 the Snails, which had copulated with each 
 other. The uterus itfelf was likewife at that 
 time much more expanded, and became, as it 
 were, glandulous ; fo that when thrown into 
 the water, it fwelled very much. When the 
 eggs were held a little while in the hand, the 
 fingers ftuck together. Therefore the ovary, 
 the longer it paffed after the time of coition, 
 became more tenacious, compact and yellow ; 
 for all the eggs of the Snails are covered with 
 very clammy membranes, and are, at length, 
 perfected in the uterus. They cannot remain 
 in the ovary, fince this is placed between the 
 {piral part of the fhell, and throws its eggs into 
 the cavity of the uterus, Some Snails lay their 
 eggs up and down on the ground, others tie 
 them all together like a chain. I have feena 
 
 little 
 
The 
 
 little chain of eggs of this kind, which the vul- 
 gar thought dropped down from heaven, and 
 
 60 
 
 therefore immediately framed a great many 
 
 fuperftitious fables concerning it: fo far 18 18° 
 norance the mother of error. ‘The tefticles, 
 after coition, are found deprived of their {perm. 
 The blind appendage of the uterus likewile, 
 in the beginning, though not very much, be- 
 came afterwards contracted, and had thrown 
 off its bone. The common tube between the 
 ‘penis and uterus fuffered no change. The vas 
 deferens was more dilated, and in it, as I have 
 faid, I found the little bone. Hence it is pro- 
 bable, that this little bone, at the time of coi- 
 tion, carries fome of the {permatic humour 
 
 « 
 BOOK of NATURE; o, 
 
 through the upper tube of the vas deferens into . 
 * the uterus; whilft the penis, ntime, 
 throws its {perm from the inward part into it. 
 
 in the mean time, 
 
 To conclude, the little part in the form of a 
 chain had undergone no change, unlefs that on 
 the fide near the fpiral convolution of the liver, 
 
 the veflels that it diftributed there, were here — 
 
 and there very unequally dilated and filled with 
 a calcarious humour; except that fome little 
 round whitifh membranes, which appear per- 
 forated in the middle, and marked with a black 
 fpot, were here and there obferved fluctuating 
 in its hollow canals, which refemble the leaves 
 of trees. . SB 
 
 Gatton Pe ox. 
 
 Of 
 
 whereby 
 
 ‘ 
 
 the brain and nerves, and in what manner thofe parts have their mufcles, 
 they are moved backward and forward in the body; a wonderful = 
 
 particular not hitherto known in any animal. 
 
 T is with very great difficulty that any cer- 
 | tain and fixed place can be affigned to the 
 brain of the Snail, as I have obferved in the 
 beginning of this account; fince, like other 
 parts, it has its mufcles, whereby it is fometimes 
 drawn forward, and fometimes backward in the 
 body. This motion of the brain is fo wonder- 
 ful in this little creature, that it deferves the 
 mott ferious confideration. Since I have never 
 hitherto, nor do I know, that any other has, 
 obferved any thing like it in any kind of ani- 
 _ nimal; I fhall, for that reafon, minutely de- 
 {cribe the brain, and reprefent it by a figure, as 
 I have feen it in a Snail, which I killed flowly 
 under water. The brain is placed upon the 
 ftomach itfelf, which, together with its gullet, 
 always pafles through the aperture which the 
 brain forms there. And this is not peculiar to 
 Snails only, it holds likewife in Silkworms, and 
 in all other infects that I have hitherto exa- 
 mined. Hence it is, that when the ftomach, 
 with the gullet, and all parts of the mouth, are 
 drawn up on the outfide, or down on the in- 
 fide ; the brain being always placed upon the 
 ftomach, is transferred hither and thither with 
 it. Since therefore all parts of the mouth 
 may be, according to the diffection of the brain 
 before-mentioned, drawn forward and pufhed 
 out; I fhall, in the firft place, expofe to view 
 all the parts of the jaws, mouth, and palate, 
 Tab. VI. fig. 1. a. Left the ftomach and its 
 oefophagus fhould interfere in. my giving a full 
 and exaét reprefentation of the brain and 
 
 nerves, as they really are, I cut the ftomach 
 
 about the gullet, by which: means the brain 
 is fcen, immediately, It confifts of two parts 
 like little globes, and is therefore divided into 
 -two parts: from each of thefe globes arife a 
 certain part of the fpinal marrow, refembling 
 on each fide a large nerve dd, both which parts 
 are fituated in fuch a manner as to leave a gap 
 or aperture for the paflage of the ftomach. 
 
 Thefe parts, {pringing from the brain, confti- 
 tute the true principle or rudiments of the fpi- 
 nal marrow, and they meet again a little lower, — 
 and form a confiderable knot, Tab. VI. fig. 1.e5 
 from which, afterwards, arife all the reft of the 
 nerves that are diftributed in the lower partof 
 
 the body. There we are to obferve, that the 
 fpinal marrow is double, not only in this crea- 
 
 ture, but alfo in man himfelf, and in quadru- 
 
 pedes ; with this difference only, that in the 
 
 latter it is prefently joined together by a certain _ 
 
 intervening band, and immediately after inclofed 
 in a common membrane. Nay, all the nerves 
 in the latter, that arife from the marrow, form, 
 
 each in its courfe, certain little knots or fwel- 
 which are therefore at leaft more nu- 
 The fame is feenin Silkworms, 
 
 lings, 
 merous there. 
 in which the two originations of the {pinal 
 marrow are many times tied. 
 
 This {welling of the fpinal marrow in the 
 Snail has its mufcles likewife, by the help of 
 
 which it is moved up and down in the body. 
 Its firft mufcle is very {mall f, arifing froma 
 coat which covers the {welling or produ€tion : 
 from thence, pafling under the ftomach and 
 brain, is at length inferted by itstendon, inthe 
 
 lower region of the parts of the mouth, a little 
 above the root of the tongue; therefore it can — 
 
 move this little knot and the brain towards the 
 fore parts. The reft of its mufcles, which 
 draw it back again to the hinder parts, are 
 
 common to the inward lips; for the mufcles of — 
 
 the latter run on each fide over this fwelling, 
 
 and fix fome of their tendons therein, though — 
 they are otherwife inferted in the horny fub-— 
 
 ftance of the Snail. After thefe mufcles have 
 paffed over the {welling or produGtion of the 
 {pinal marrow, they acquire a little nerve from 
 that part which gives them the power of con- 
 traction. To avoid confufion, I have here exhi- 
 bited only a fmall part g of thefe mufcles, with 
 their little nerve, which is afterwards extended 
 further 
 
 rt 5 
 
 a 
 
The HealS T O'R Y 
 
 further from thence towards the fpiral turnings 
 of the Snail’s body, being there probably of ufe 
 to provide for feveral other parts. 
 
 We further obferve two nerves bb arifing 
 from the brain, which are diftributed into the 
 feveral parts of the jaws, mouth and palate, 
 and probably ferve for divers ufes. But the 
 optic nerves 77 which have the eyes placed in 
 their extremities, {welled out in form of little 
 globes, are extremely beautiful. Behind thefe 
 are difcovered two other nerves £4, which reach, 
 each with three ramifications, to the fore parts 
 of the skin, and to the bafes or roots of the 
 upper horns ; and afterwards alfo give two little 
 nerves // to the lower horns, which are of the 
 fame {ftructure with the nerves of the upper, 
 and are alike terminated with globular ends. 
 Beyond thefe a pair of very tender nerves, 
 Tab. VI. fig. 1. mm, {pring from the brain, each 
 of which being divided into two branches, 
 runs to the mufcles of the fkin of the head, 
 and is inferted in each fide of the Snail’s lower 
 horns. Laftly, two larger nerves mm, are dif- 
 covered, which run under the parts of the 
 mouth, jaws and palate, and diftribute them- 
 felves over thofe parts, and are defigned pro- 
 bably for motion or tafting, or for both. 
 
 Again, fome of the nerves which {pring 
 from the {welling or production of the {fpinal 
 marrow, are inferted in mufcles, fituated in 
 each fide of the neck 00, to which they give 
 motion. Others, on the contrary, are fent 
 away to the {permatic veflels p, and to the coat 
 and mufcles g, which cover and move them, 
 Some nerves alfo iffue rr from thofe {wellings, 
 which are diftributed in the mufcular parts that 
 move the fides of the body. Above, on the 
 right fide of this little knot, there arifes an ob- 
 Jong little nerve, which is defended by a like 
 mufcle, and reaches to the uteruss. This 
 mufcle may probably alfo ferve to move the 
 fpinal nerves on the infide. Behind the for- 
 
 CHA 
 Of the mufcles of the body and fhell, 
 
 what a wonder ful manner this fell 
 
 of SANUSCE SC ais. 61 
 
 mer are two other oblong nerves, one of which 
 bends back under the little nerve of the uterus; 
 but the other, being again divided into two 
 branches, is inferted'in the verge of the body ¢; 
 at the upper part of which are ftill feen fome 
 mufcular fibres, which iffue from the tranfver- 
 fal mufcle of the abdomen, which is fituated 
 within, under the arch of the membrane of the 
 verge. On the other, or left fide, a like nerve 
 is obferved alfov, which has the fame infer- 
 tion, and ferves for the fame ufe, that is, to 
 to give fenfe and motion to thofe parts. In 
 the left fide we are likewife to obferve, what 
 manifold and ftrong nerves are tranfmitted to 
 all the middle and lower parts of the body. 
 We will firft examine thofe in the middle. 
 Some nerves are there inferted, Tab. VI. fig. 1. x, 
 between the tendons fig. 11. 2m of that ftrong 
 mufcle, which moves the middle of the body, 
 and thofe are fent away to the feveral mufcles 
 that run near it. A confiderable number 
 of little nerves befides yyy are obferved, fome 
 of which are long, others fhorter, and fome 
 are divided into two, others into three lateral 
 branches: thefe defcend to the lower verge or 
 foot of the body, in order to give it the power 
 of feeling and moving. I have exhibited none 
 of thefe nerves in the right fide, to prevent 
 confufion 2. 
 
 Here we fhall conclude the prefent chapter. 
 Now, reader, judge whether God has not fhewn 
 himfelf as magnificent and aftonifhing in the 
 the texture of the brain and nerves of the Snail, 
 as in the formation of the fimilar parts of 
 man; excepting only the mind and principle 
 or feat of the underftunding. As thofe do not 
 appear to the diflecting knife, fo they are lefs 
 proper to come into our analogy or comparifon ; 
 for thofe only obferve and inveftigate corpo- 
 real and fpiritual things, and thence defcend to 
 
 the deepeft abyfs of the wifdom and {ecrets of 
 God. 
 
 pee 8 
 
 which is the bones of the Snails: in 
 
 as formed on the infide, and how it is 
 
 increafed and nourifbed. Laftly, how the Snail moves in its egg. 
 
 HOSE who have feen diffections, or 
 have any knowledge of anatomy, know, 
 that the hiftory of the mufcles cannot be ac- 
 curately underftood, before the bones in which 
 they are inferted are firft known. For the 
 Jatter are fixed points, towards which every 
 thing in the body, that has a ftrong motion, is 
 drawn and moved. And though the naked 
 Snails have properly no bones, yetthey have a 
 certain extremity, wherein mufcles are inferted ; 
 as I fhall fhew in its proper place. 
 That wife architect, who alone framed and 
 reduced all things into order, has likewife efta- 
 blifhed different rules in the compofition of 
 
 animals, by the affiftance of which he has pur- 
 {ued the fame ends and purpofes, how greatly 
 foever the ways and’ means to arrive at thofe 
 ends differ in various inftances. In fome ani- 
 mals the bones are found placed in the body, 
 with flefh {pread about and affixed to them, as 
 in a man, quadrupedes, and in fome birds. In 
 others, we can only find cartilages, wherein 
 mufcles are inferted, as in the Ray-fith and 
 fome. others. The Cuttle-fifh has only one 
 bone in its body, except the nofe or fnout. In 
 fome, which are fo {mall that they have no 
 confiderable bones, the mufcles are inferted in 
 the skin itfelf, or they meet together in certain 
 
 R callous 
 
62 
 
 callous or firm points, which are formed for 
 that purpofe, and which, in particular places, 
 are as hard as the fofter part of a Cow's horn. 
 Though the methods hitherto mentioned, tend- 
 ing to one and the fame end, differ greatly 
 among themfelves, the wife Creator of the 
 univerfe has, befides, invented many others 
 much more wonderful: in fome animals he 
 has formed bones manifeftly on the furface, and 
 put flefh between them with the moft exqui- 
 fite art, as in the Cray-fith, Crab, and many 
 others; and he has likewife followed the 
 fame rule in moft kinds of Infeéts, and likewife 
 in this kind of Snails, to which the fhell is as 
 a real bone. ‘The immenfe power and wifdom 
 of God thew themfelves greateft and moft pro- 
 found in thofe little animals, to which he has 
 given both an horny fhell, and the harder coat 
 of a Crab; fo that the mufcles of the fofter 
 part are inferted in the fhelly fubftance of their 
 bodies, whilft that very judicious architect 
 has inferted the reft of them in a hard bone, 
 which covers their body, and is continued there- 
 with out of the fhell, as may be obferved in 
 the Hermit-fith. Though the Tortoife lives 
 in a little houfe as it were, and-carries its bones, 
 like the thell-fith, on the outfide, yet God has 
 again eftablifhed a different order in that crea- 
 ture, fince he has given it two forts of bones, 
 fome which grow contiguous with the bone 
 that covers it, and others which are fixed to 
 it by the help of joints; fo that by this means 
 the mufcles are in this creature ftrengthened with 
 a double infertion. And as this exhibits a very 
 uncommon object in a living Tortoife, fo the 
 futures of the bones, which conftitute the out- 
 ward fhellgare worthy of particular obfervation ; 
 for, in my opinion, they differ from the futures 
 of the bones of all other creatures whatfoever, as 
 Ican demonftrate by a fhell that I keep in my 
 collection. But fince this animal alfo lays eggs, 
 that are covered with fthells, which I have feen 
 in great numbers in the body; and fince thofe 
 eggs muft be emitted through a very {mall aper- 
 ture in the bone, on one fide of the tail, through 
 which they can by no means naturally pafs, 
 it is beyond all manner of doubt, that the fu- 
 tures of the bones in this creature, muft, at 
 the time of the exclufion of the eggs, feparate 
 from each other. Anatomifts, with all. their 
 force, oppofe the notion of fuch a thing hap- 
 pening in human fubjects at the time of deli- 
 very. I fhall not pronounce, for certain, how 
 this matter is, but I believe most firmly, that 
 fuch a temporary feparation happens in Tor- 
 toifes, 
 
 To return to the bones and mufcles; we muft 
 obferve, that the mufcles are not fimply in- 
 ferted in the bone, but that a certain part of 
 the bones themfelves conftitutes one of the ex- 
 rene code of A teow oF the mule, 
 
 cles fixed in each fide in the 
 bones have two bony extremities. Ever 
 mufcle therefore confifts of three parts ; ti 
 middle part is flefh, but the two niente 
 are the white, membraneous, firm, and Abrous 
 
 The BOOK of NA TURE; or, 
 
 joints of this flefh, which become bony where 
 they are inferted in the bone; or otherwife re- 
 main hard and compaét, or become fofter and 
 more tough, according'to the different nature 
 of the parts to which they are joined, and 
 which they are conftituted to move, Hence it 
 happens that a mutcle is fometimes inferted in a 
 mu{cle. Nay, which is furprifingly fingular and 
 uncommon, Mr. Stenon has demonftrated to 
 me, and to my very efteemed friend Dr. John 
 Oort, in the eyes of birds, after what manner 
 a mufcle pafles through a mufcle by its tendon, 
 as through a pully, fo that the perforated muf- 
 cle can draw to itfelf, or let loofe the perfo- 
 rator, according as the tendon of the latter, 
 paffing through the former, fhould be brought 
 nearer or removed further; than which ftru@ture 
 fcarce any thing appears more admirable. 
 
 After what manner the mufcles are inferted — 
 
 in the fhell or bone of the Snail, and united 
 therewith, appears moft manifeftly when that 
 houfe of the creature is opened, for it is then 
 obferved, that all the principal tendons of the 
 
 mufcles of its body, run, fome a little lower, 
 
 others fomewhat higher and deeper, towards 
 the fpiral part of the fhell, and are fixed, Tab. 
 VI. fig. 11. @, in the fhell itfelf, or hard or 
 ftony bone of the Snail. This may be feen 
 
 particularly in that winding or finus of the 
 thell, which is the fecond from its lower aper= 
 
 ture; I mean that through which the Snail 
 throws out its body and verge or foot. There 
 may, after this, be further obferved, the infer- 
 tion of the two longeft mufcles 44 of the Snail, 
 which ferve principally to move that great and 
 fmooth verge or border of the body, by the 
 affiftance of which, as with a broad kind of 
 foot, the Snail creeps forward, and moves from 
 place to place; but this muft be done with a 
 
 very flow pace, according to the proverb,’ 
 
 ** Slower than a Snail.” ‘Thofe mufcles in the 
 middle of the body, where they are for the 
 
 4 “ 
 
 moft part inferted, form a ftrong tendon; be- 
 
 tween which, towards the hinder parts, is 
 feen here and there fome moifture, which is 
 yellowith, pretty thick, and contained in peculiar 
 little cells, of the ufe whereof I am hitherto 
 entirely ignorant. Backward, under the extreme 
 part of the fhell, we fee the fibres of thefe muf- 
 cles ¢ run, which are inferted in thetail of ‘the 
 creature, or loweft extremity of the fringe, 
 which is moved by them. Moreover, there is 
 feen the parts, Tab. VI. fig. 11. d, wherein all 
 the tendons of the mufcles of the verge, that fur- 
 rounds the upper part of the Snail’s body, have 
 their origination. And thofe, together with the 
 tendinous skin that covers the whole {piral part 
 of the body, afterwards afcend to the laf or 
 
 extreme point of the fhell, but are no where = 
 
 further inferted ; they are only curled, and 
 there they contract the extreme end of the 
 
 liver, and move it occafionally, together with — 2 
 
 the inteftines. Above, and near the infertion 
 
 of thefe, is feen a {mall mufcle e, which draws - 
 
 in the parts of the jaws and mouth, and the 
 cartilage, with which the tongue is covered, 
 
 together 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS. 63 
 
 together with the palate, and fome other parts 
 annexed. I defcribe and reprefent this in fuch 
 a manner, that the bafis of the tongue zg, and 
 its fore-pointed extremity f, which is armed 
 with a kind of horney teeth, may be clearly 
 diftinguifhed ; although they are all neceffarily 
 put fomewhat out of their natural fituation. 
 Afterwards appear thofe two admirable muf- 
 cles 4b, which, by turning in the two upper 
 horns through their cavity, draw the eyes back 
 into the body; the curled foldings zz of the optic 
 nerves are found to be tranfparent through thofe 
 mufcles, and are feen to run towards the eyes. 
 The eyes themfelves feem like two black 
 points&&, over which a certain part of the horns 
 thus drawn in ftill appears: under the former, 
 are feen two plain, equal, or {mooth mutcles /, 
 which draw the lips and fome other parts of 
 the mouth into the cavity of the body; at the 
 fides of thefe appear a pair of mufcles mm, 
 which are inferted in thofe of the lips before- 
 mentioned, and ferve to draw back the two 
 lower horns into the cavity of the Snail’s 
 neck. Between the mufcles hitherto defcribed, 
 are found two very wonderful and ftrong muf- 
 cles 2m, which are inferted with two firm and 
 tough tendons in the middle of the body ; this 
 is varioufly and ftrongly moved by them, and 
 is raifed or elevated into the orifice of the fhell 
 by their power ; between the tendons of thofe 
 mufcles is the proper place of the {pinal mar- 
 row in the Snail, which from thence diftri- 
 butes its nerves to all the adjacent parts ; the 
 latter fupplying the nervous fluid or moifture, 
 and giving the power of moving and contract- 
 ing ; as may be {een very diftinctly in the body 
 itfelf. But after what manner the bone of the 
 little habitation or thell of the Snail is formed, 
 and what windings, partitions, cells, divifions, 
 and cavities it has; this truly fingular piece of 
 art may be traced very eafily in a natural fhell, 
 as 1 have endeavoured to exprefs its ftructure, 
 according to nature, with all the accuracy of 
 which I was capable. Laftly, the extreme edge 
 of the fringe or foot of the Snail, Tab. IV. 
 fig. 11. 99999, in which I have delineated all the 
 mufcles hitherto mentioned, deferves to be 
 carefully regarded. . The fiefh, and the fibres 
 and tendons are of a fpotlefs white, fo that 
 there is not much difference in this refpect 
 between the flefhy and the tendinous part, 
 unlefs for the fmallnefs and folidity of the 
 fibres. 
 
 Thofe parts being, in the firft place, thus 
 explained and underftood, I fhall proceed to 
 defcribe and to expofe to fight the inward 
 parts of the fhell. ‘The firft part which deferves 
 confideration, is the outward orifice of the 
 fhell, fig. 111.4; which being by little and little 
 contracted and twined round, forms its fecond 
 divifion 4, and thence afterwards afcending 
 further, it forms a third c, and at length a 
 fourth d, and a fifthe, which is the laft, and has 
 the extreme end of the liver placed in its 
 cavity. 
 
 If any one diffects the fhell with a fine faw, 
 made of a {mall piece of a watch fpring, and 
 afterwards breaks open all the inward cells and 
 divifions with a fharp pointed forceps, he will 
 fee very beautifully how this turning about or 
 winding on the infide is effected ; and how the 
 five feparate lodgements in the fhell are com- 
 pofed and twifted in a fpiral form, as I have 
 reprefented from the life, in Tab. VI. fig. rv. 
 numbers 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5. 
 
 The fhell of the Snail makes as beautiful a 
 figure, if it be prepared in the following man- 
 ner; it isto be cut fo that the inward poft, or 
 the columella or pillar, about which all the cells 
 and inward divifions are turned, remains alone ; 
 in this cafe, in the upper end of the pillar, 
 where the fifth and laft lodgement is opened, 
 there is feen a {mall aperture, fig. v. 2, which 
 paffes 4 through the whole pillar, from top to 
 bottom, and is always larger and wider at the 
 entrance of the fhell, than where the decreafing 
 windings are terminated. Thefe apertures are 
 feen yet plainer, if the loweft part of the pillar 
 be taken off, fig. vi. c, and the pillar itfelf con- 
 fidered apart. In many kinds of thefe bony 
 habitations, thefe apertures of the pillar are 
 very plain, from this caufe, that all the wind- 
 ings of the fhell have each their particular and 
 diftinct divifions, which are faftened and joined 
 together in their twiftings: we are to except 
 from this account, fuch fhells as have no wind- 
 ing, and are therefore called tubules or tubular 
 fhells, 
 
 For thefe reafons, therefore, this kind of 
 thelly covering muft be conceived as a certain 
 oblong, hollow, fharp, and flexible tube, which 
 
 “if rolled and turned round a {mall iron line or 
 
 wire, and afterwards this thread or line were 
 drawn away from it, would fhew fuch a per- 
 forated pillar, which would be the more exact, 
 if all thofe foldings, together with their inclo- 
 fures, were applied clofely to each other, and 
 faftened and united together. And after this 
 manner are almoft all kinds of {uch little thelly 
 habitations built, in whatever wonderful manner 
 they appear to be turned or conftruéted. This I 
 myfelf have found, by ftrictly examining many 
 different kinds of them which are in my 
 father’s muf2um. Thisappears however much 
 clearer in fome fpecies than in others, in thofe 
 fhells, particularly, which are called tubules, 
 and which are twifted, Tab. VII. fig. v.4, only 
 at their extremity. This conftruction is fo plain 
 as to be beyond all manner of doubt. I thall 
 therefore hereafter exhibit other kinds of thells 
 in their proper places, that the difference may 
 he known as far as poilible, and by the fewett 
 examples. 
 
 From each of thefe larger habitations may 
 be formed as many fmaller as can be defired, 
 provided we firft break off the pillar and the 
 internal ridges, and afterwards make them 
 eyen and jmooth with a file. This is indeedcon- 
 trary to the order of nature, for fhe always 
 proceeds from the lefs, Tab, VI. fig. viz. d, to 
 
 the 
 
64 
 he oreater e, and fo on to the greatelt f. I 
 pes prepared by artin this manner the dictinct 
 little fhells which I here exhibit as gradually 
 augmented. And that the method whereby 
 this increafe is performed by nature may be 
 conceived, I thall now defcribe and explain how 
 this habitation of the Snail. is increafed and 
 augmented. 5 
 
 In this f{pecies of Snails, I could never dif- 
 cover the rudiment of the fhell in the egg 1t- 
 {elf ; but by obferving other kinds I have found 
 that the little egg laid by them produced always 
 a very {mall but perfect Snail ; and any perfon 
 may know, from reafon, that it muft happen 
 thus, fince the Snail’s mufcles would not be 
 otherwile ftrengthened by any infertion, which 
 no body in his fenfes would even have thought; 
 but I follow experience, as the only guide in 
 this cafe. In other Snails I have often, through 
 the outward fhell, feen the little Snail lying in 
 the egg, and moving very diftinctly, before it 
 came out, which I have been fo happy as to thew 
 to the illuftrious Van Beuningen, our ambafla- 
 dor andconful. One remarkable thing is, that 
 as foon as the Snail is come out of the egg, it is 
 perceived to be fo large, that it feems wonder- 
 ful how it could lie and move, fo prefled and 
 wrapped up, in that elliptic and narrow cavity 
 of the egg-fhell. 
 
 Again, fince the water Snails themfelves 
 likewife move in the egg for fome days be- 
 fore they come out of it, hence one is in- 
 clined to conjecture, that the young Snail does 
 
 not leave the fhell of its egg before it has 
 arrived at a certain degree of growth; at which, 
 having its little thell fufficiently hardened, it is 
 in a condition to creep out of the egg, and to 
 - increafe its flefh and bone, or hard covering, 
 
 with the food it receives. This may likewife 
 be feen in other animals, which bring with 
 them into the world flefh and bones out of 
 the uterus, and only perfect them. infenfibly, 
 by the ufe of their fucceeding food.. By this 
 means, the Snail’s fhell is nourifhed,. as well 
 as its fofter parts; though the former is done 
 in {uch a manner, as to lead one to think that 
 it is differs in {ome meafure from the latter. 
 It is befides this worthy of. notice, that 
 the fhell of the Snail has its particular peri- 
 ofteum, by which it is covered and inclofed. 
 And the fame may be obferved outwardly 
 about the horns of ftags, for thofe are like- 
 wife inclofed in a peculiar coat, which they 
 rub off againft the trees, and in procefs of 
 time wear away, that is, after the horns have 
 acquired their full ftiffnefs, and the skin that 
 furrounds them is no more nourifhed. I have 
 found this membrane fo ftrong and tough in 
 the fthells of fome Snails, that it would not 
 yield to aqua fortis; but the fhell itfelf, rather 
 than the periofteum, was corroded thereby. 
 This membrane is likewife very confiderable 
 in the fhells of fea Mufcles, for to this the 
 Mutcles faften thofe filaments by which they 
 hang together, and fix themfelves fo as 
 to prevent their being carried away with the 
 
 The BOOK of NATURES ‘Or, 
 
 tide. The filament I {peak of iffues from 
 their body, and is very broad in the forepart, 
 almoft like a piece of a leather, wherewith 
 fome perfons draw on their fhoes; and by the 
 affiftance of this, the Mufcles are not only 
 joined to each other, but likewife cling firmly 
 to rocks, wood, ftones, fea-weeds, or any thing 
 that is near them. Thofe filaments in other 
 kinds of Mufcles, as in the Pianna Marina, 
 are called Byflus, and are that matter, of 
 which, as of filk, that kind of very fine 
 linnen ufed to be made, which, according to 
 Rondeletius, was called Byffus, and in which 
 the rich man mentioned in {cripture was 
 clothed. 
 
 In the Snail whereof I here fpeak, the 
 membrane before-mentioned is pretty ftrong, 
 and it is vifible every where in all the notches 
 of the fhell, and their interftices, Tab. IV. fig: 
 u.s. In other fhells of the fame fpecies, I 
 have fometimes found it worn out, by the 
 creatures frequent creeping through ftony pla- 
 ces; but it is always confpicuous near the 
 aperture out of which the Snail creeps. If 
 thofe. who delight in natural curiofities, or 
 have mufeums, find a fhell ftripped of this 
 invefting membrane, they conclude that it 
 was rolled in the fea long after the death of 
 the creature originally contained in it. | 
 
 I have fometimes obferved that the Snail, 
 being about to inlarge its habitation, firft 
 cleared away this periofteum with its little 
 teeth, nay, that it bit off fome {mall pieces 
 therefrom, and fwallowed them; however, I 
 have obferved alfo, at other times, that the 
 Snail cleaned the edge or margin of its fhell 
 with ifs teeth, if it was covered with films, 
 and that the Snail happened to reft for any 
 confiderable time. I have likewife often 
 found that the Snail, when it remains quiet 
 for any time, forms films of that kind, and 
 befprinkles them with a calcarious matter, and 
 then thofe films will ferment with vinegar, as 
 well as the fhell itfelf, when worn or rubbed 
 in the duft. And indeed all thefe experi- 
 ments evidently demonftrate that this habita- 
 tion is the real skin, or rather the hard or 
 ftony bone of the Snail, which covers it on 
 the outfide. 
 
 But if this ftony fhell be accurately exa- 
 
 mined, it appears to confift of numerousfmall, 
 
 tranfparent, and as it were membranaceous 
 coats, which have infenfibly petrified, or 
 aflumed the nature of ftone; as_ may likewife 
 
 be obferved in Craw-fifh immediately after 
 
 they have caft their fhells, and in the bony 
 fkulls of men, which are at firft only thin 
 membranes, but are afterwards turned by de- _ 
 grees into bone. Thefe membranes are at firft i 
 
 like water, and afterwards grow folid and in- 
 
 creafe, when many fibrous and angular parti- 
 
 cles grow by degrees under them, as may be a j 
 
 feen moft evidently in the heads of abortive 
 children. The fame things may be obferved 
 in the Snail’s fhell, if it be lightly calcined, 
 and then put under the microfcope. 
 
 As 
 
ThesvH@s& TORY 
 
 As to the method, whereby fucha fhell is 
 increafed, the following are the chief particu- 
 lars, the Snail’s whole body is furnifhed with 
 glands, from the orifices of which flows up a 
 kind of mucus or thick matter, like {mall and 
 fine rays ; which, like fo many threads of filk 
 or velvet, are joined together in one common 
 cruft or furface, and in procefs of time are 
 condenfed, and acquire the hardnefs which we 
 obferve in the fhell. This mucus or thick 
 humour then, is the firft matter which grows 
 into a membrane, and afterwards into a ftony 
 skin. Its filaments are very confpicuous at the 
 places where the windings of the fhell are ap- 
 plied to each other. 
 
 The outward fcale or enamel of the teeth, 
 in men as well as in beafts, likewife confifts 
 of innumerable very fmall and very fine fila- 
 ments joined together, which I have found in 
 fome teeth hard and polifhed, like real ftone; 
 though the teeth are at firft but a kind of mu- 
 cus or thick humour, and afterwards become 
 membranous, and at length fully hard. I have 
 feen the rudiments of teeth in abortions of five 
 months old, which, together with their fila- 
 ments, I now keep, and can fhew in them this 
 fingular conftruction. - 
 
 My moft refpected friend, Mr. Stenon, has 
 likewife difcovered {uch filaments in oyfter- 
 fhells, and made my father a prefent, for his 
 mufeum, of a fhell which was buried for a long 
 feries of years under ground, in the mountains 
 of Italy, and, by length of time and moifture, 
 infenfibly had feparated, as it were, into many 
 tender and {mall fhells: from this it is evident, 
 that the thell itfelf was formed.of thofe, in its 
 growth, in the manner I have explained. In 
 corals I have found nearly the fame method of 
 accretion ; that is, that they are firft thin mem- 
 branes, which, by an infenfible increafe of the 
 little grains joined together, petrify ; as may be 
 feen in a work publithed by Mr. Boccone, of 
 corals, in which are two letters of mine treat- 
 ing of the fame matter. 
 
 If you likewife view the tendons of the 
 Snail’s mufcles, which are inferted in this part 
 of the fhell, you will find that they have grown 
 hard as a ftone there; which is indeed eafily 
 known, both from*the winding of the fhell’s 
 pillar, which becomes larger by degrees, and 
 from the infertion of thofe mufcles in the fhell. 
 In hens likewife, and in peacocks, the tendons 
 of the mutcles are offified, or become by de- 
 grees hard as bones. Thefe tendons, efpecially 
 fuch as are taken out of the lower parts of the 
 
 foot, are made ufe of, by fome with us, for 
 toothpicks. 
 
 The opercula of the fhells, Tab. IV. fig. rir. 
 m, have almoft the fame origin, though their fub- 
 ftance approaches nearer to chalk or plafter 
 than to a ftone; nor is it fo hard, but is more 
 fpungy than the fhell, and therefore is made 
 thicker ; but I have obferved, that when the 
 operculum or cover is finifhed, and the creature 
 enters deeper into the fhell, itafterwards, under 
 the membrane of the fhell’s operculum, pro- 
 
 ff TN 6 & CT §, 65 
 
 duces, fometimes two, fometimes three mem« 
 branes, of which fome are thicker than others, 
 and are more or lefs calcarious. About the 
 center of this operculum, is likewife feen a 
 membranous filament, which conneéts all thofe 
 membranes with the operculum, as if they 
 were faftened with a needle and thread. When 
 the creature frames its operculum or cover, it 
 retires by degrees more and more into the thell, 
 fo that the verge equally fhuts up its whole 
 cavity, and afterwards preffes out the chalky 
 moifture, with the affiftance probably of the 
 facculus calcarius, or calcarious bag which we 
 have defcribed. 
 
 The principal part of the body that promotes 
 the increafe of the thell, is that verge of the 
 Snail, which the creeping in of the Snail caufes 
 to fwell fo far beyond the extremity of its little 
 habitation, as that creature wants to ftretch and 
 enlarge it, thus it preffes by degrees a eluti- 
 nous humour out of the glands of the body, 
 and thereof immediately forms a membrane 
 confifting of filaments, which it afterwards 
 makes thicker and thicker, until it at leagth 
 attains a due hardnefs and firmnefs, by the 
 preflure of the circumambient air. For this 
 membrane is at firft fo weak and foft, that it 
 breaks through on the flighteft touch; and this 
 is the reafon why the haliCtations of Snails are 
 found fo often uneven with {cars, and {wellings 
 on their furfaces. 
 
 If it fhould happen that the thell be prefied 
 in by a fall, or by any other means, or be 
 wounded or broken, thefe Snails know {fo well 
 how to mend and confolidate it by degrees, by 
 the application of the petrifying humour, that 
 it becomes more firm than it was before in the 
 places which fuffered the injury. The out- 
 ward furface by this becomes very unequal 
 
 and tuberous, but the inward fmooth and 
 
 polifhed. Something like this is alfo obferved 
 
 in the fractured bones of animals, which na- 
 ture can confolidate again with a callous fub- 
 ftance ; but even thofe are then alfo unequal 
 on the furface after fetting. We fometimes 
 meet with ribs of mutton in the fame manner, 
 which it is very certain have been formerly 
 fractured. I have feen the fame thing in dif- 
 ferent bones of men and other animals. I have 
 fometimes broke a Snail’s fhell fo that I could 
 put my little finger in the hole that I made, 
 which, notwithftanding, I have found filled 
 up again in four days : fo that the fame means 
 of accretion and tranfmutation, to all intents 
 and purpofes, are obferved in the Snail’s thell 
 asin the bones of other animals, with this 
 only difference, that the veffels of the former 
 are not con{picuous ; which may probably be 
 owing to their fmallnefs and delicacy, and be- 
 caufe the blood contained in them is white: 
 but this makes no difference. 
 
 Another thing alfo very worthy of greater 
 admiration is, that this thell will, even under 
 water, whether it be frefh or falt, petrify or be- 
 come hard as a ftone, however much it has been 
 like a fluid humour in the beginning. This 
 
 S may 
 
66 
 
 may be feen in river and fea Snails. But what 
 feems to me a greater paradox is, that fome 
 infects frame their fhelly coverings, and weave 
 their little nets under water, like Silk-worms, 
 out of {mall and glutinous filaments ; fo that 
 thefe threads, which are fpun from a fine and 
 fubtle humour, acquire their firmnefs, tena- 
 city and hardnefs even in water, as well as the 
 threads of Silk-worms do in the air. I can fhew 
 fome very rare and uncommon experiments on 
 this head in the water thell-fith which I pre- 
 ferve. Let me add, that I have feen a Snail 
 die the third day after I had taken it out of its 
 fhell ; though in feparating it I had hurted 
 
 Etta: iidiar « € 
 
 The BOOK of MA DU RES: Of; 
 
 none of the blood veffels, and had likewife 
 carefully left untouched that part of the fhell 
 wherein the mufcles were inferted ; but that 
 Snail before its death preffed out a certain 
 membrane round the whole furface of its 
 body. This membrane was the fame in all re- 
 fpects as that on which I have made the pre- 
 ceeding experiments, and was intended by 
 nature to fupply a new fhell. In the beginning 
 the Snail was very fprightly ; but afterwards 
 it infenfibly languifhed more and more, and at 
 length, contracting itfelf under its verge, it 
 died. Here end my obfervations on this fpecies 
 of Snails. 
 
 Pe XI. 
 
 Of the Hermit fie, and Pinna Marina. Of the inward turnings or convolu- 
 
 tions of the turbinated hells. 
 
 Of the Voluta or Cylinder, the Concha Veneris, 
 
 and Pencil, and Jome other fhells of the Snail kind. 
 
 F all the things I have advanced in the pre- 
 ceding chapter be attentively weighed and 
 confidered, it will appear clear as the light at 
 noon, that the Snail’s fhell is its real bone, 
 without which it cannot live. Hence it ap- 
 pears what an idle fable that is which is efta- 
 blifhed even amongft thofe who ftudy fhell- 
 fithes, when they fhew fome of the Crab kind 
 in their mufeums, adding at the fame time 
 that they pafs from one fhell to another, de- 
 vour the animals that lived in thofe fhells, and 
 keep them for their own habitations. They 
 dignify them with founding names and addi- 
 tions, as Soldiers, Hermits, and the like ; and 
 thus, having no experience, they commit 
 grofs errors, and deceive themfelves as well as 
 others with their idle imaginations. 
 Some years fince, when I was at the Hague, 
 I employed fome fifhermen who lived at Sche- 
 veling, to bring me all the ftrange fifhes which 
 they fhould catch. It fo happened that among 
 the reft they brought many {mall Crabs, Tab. 
 XI. fig. 1. @; each of which lived ina kind of 
 twifted, round, fmooth and polifhed fhell ; 
 but when I viewed the animals themfelves 
 more accurately, I obferved that they refem- 
 bled Crabs only in their fore part, that is, they 
 had four feet gg, and two forceps, of which 
 the right e was much ftronger and thicker, 
 than the left f I further faw there two ten- 
 der feelers or horns dd, and two prominent 
 eyes c; and under the latter there were placed 
 fome other {mall parts. The inward part or 
 body of this Crab was fixed to the pillar of 
 the thell, by the tendons of its mufcles, but 
 otherwife it was foft and confolidated, as in 
 Wilks and other Marina or fea Snails. 
 Ariftotle and A€lian tell us, that in fome 
 fhells there are both a Crab and Snail toge- 
 ther; hence the Crab has got the name of 
 Pinnophylax or fhell-keeper.. ‘Thefe anthors 
 likewife harbour another ingenious opinion, 
 
 which is, that the Crab provides food for its 
 companion the Snail; fo that thefe two little 
 animals live it feems, and have all neceffaries, 
 in common, which is an admirable thing, and 
 which has given fome authors occafion to 
 frame feveral parables, and make various mo- 
 ral reflections. It is beyond doubt that this 
 animal they defcribe was likewife a {pecies of 
 the Cancellus or Hermit Crab, one part where- 
 of, that which provides neceffaries, and creeps 
 out of the fhell, is covered with a hard cruft ; 
 but that which remains within the fhell is 
 the foft and tender part of the body ; and as 
 the fhell ferves in this part inftead of a skin 
 or covering, there was therefore no need of 
 a teftaceous cover or cruft, as we have already 
 obferved with refpect to the Cancellus. 
 
 The Pinna is a fpecies of the Oftracoder- 
 mon, and is at this time called Vinne in the 
 Netherlands, by thofe who havea curiofity 
 for things of this nature; becaufe, perhaps, 
 the animal living within feeks its prey by 
 violence, and catches and kills lefs creatures 
 with its forceps. It may poflibly alfo have its 
 name from hence, that its fhell is commonly 
 as thin as the fin of a fith, and when ftript of 
 its skin, is tranfparent like the feales of fithes. 
 This fhell is contracted into a fharp or pointed 
 end on one part. In my father’s mufeum are 
 many {pecimens of thofe fhells, which are 
 called by fome prickly Mutcles. 
 
 I fhall not deny that fmall Crabs are 
 frequently found in the fhells of fea Snails, 
 when their inhabitants have been killed 
 and taken out of them; nay, and fometimes 
 Star-fith are found in the fame manner, for I 
 faw this very thing in the town of Petten, on 
 the fea coaft. But this happens only by 
 chance, and thefe little animals cannot ftay 
 long in thofe habitations ; when hunger begins 
 to incite, they go out for food. Thus, when 
 T was looking for infeéts, I have, in company 
 
 with 
 
th 
 
 ihe. Hd $7 TSO BY of 7] NS) CTS, 67 
 
 with Mr. Thevenot, and Mr. Stenon, found 
 feveral fmall Crabs in the river Seine, in the 
 bones of fome ox’s skulls which had been 
 thrown into that river. 
 
 The fhell in which the Hermit abovemen- 
 tioned lies, is on the infide twifted into the like 
 windings as the operculated Wilk ; I fhall there- 
 fore omit its figure in this place. But that the 
 diverfity of the windings may be known, in 
 forne meafure, in other fhells, I fhall now re- 
 prefent the inward windings of the turbinated 
 kind. The common Turbo is ofa very elegant 
 ftruture; it begins at the bafis with broader 
 windings, Tab. VII. fig. 1. a, and, rifing by 
 degrees obliquely, like a circular ftair-cafe, con- 
 verges into an acute point 4, and thus forms 
 various cells and lodgments. 
 
 But the figure of the Voluta, or that called 
 the Cylinder Snail, is much more beautiful, be- 
 caufe the convolution or winding is more com- 
 plicate and intricate; its entrance, fig. II. 2, grow- 
 ing narrower dé by degrees, forms another round c, 
 which afterwards, being ftill twifted or convo- 
 luted dround its pillar, produces beautiful and 
 regularly {piral tendrils, which grow narrower 
 by degrees, and at length are loft. This ftructure 
 truly merits admiration, for all things are there 
 fo beautifully divided and feparated by inward 
 divifions and cells, that they exhibit a labyrinth 
 of miracles, into the inward cell of which we 
 cannot obtain admittance, unlefs we firft pafs 
 round all thefe windings. Nor can any one 
 difcover its wonderful elegance, unlefs guided 
 by the Ariadnean thread of an unwearied re- 
 fearch into the works of God. The Almighty 
 gives knowledge as the price of labour, which 
 the heathens themfelves have declared. 
 
 No lefs admirable are the finufes of the 
 Concha Veneris, with which the women in 
 Hoiland adorn the ftrings tied to their keys, 
 and polifh their whitened linen after bleaching. 
 This fhell is conftruéted with various conyolu- 
 tions, and unufual and amazing windings, like 
 tendrils; and toall thofe convolutions of the in- 
 ward part of the fhell, the body is fitted and 
 made to agree by its bendings and windings. 
 I have already explained in the Snail before 
 defcribed how this is done. Its entrance, Tab. 
 VII. fig. 111. a, is beautifully fortified and di- 
 vided into little teeth like thofe of a faw; fuch 
 as are likewife obferved to be placed on the 
 infide about each winding, as far as the extre- 
 mity 4 of the fhell, which terminates in a very 
 fharp and {mall point. But all thefe remark- 
 able things cannot be exhibited in a fingle 
 figure. 
 
 In the Penicilli Marini, which the French 
 call pencils or plumes, the moft wife architect 
 has difpofed their windings in a very diffe- 
 rent manner: they begin in the orifice, 
 fig. 1v. a, of the Penicillus, and infenfibly form 
 
 another lodgment or apartment, with their 
 notched or denticulated bendings; then as it 
 were, diminifhing by degrees, and rifing again 
 with broader convolutions, they form a third 
 lodgment ¢ ; afterwards they decreafe more and 
 more, and make a fourth d, fifth e, fixth f, 
 and feventh g compartment. The laft is like 
 a little ftring or tuft of filaments, and is pro- 
 perly the firft rudiment from which the Peni- 
 cillus begins to increafe, and whence, by a ora- 
 dual augmentation, it acquires or raifes all the 
 reft of the compartments. 
 
 In the cabinets of the curious, there is kept 
 acertain {pecies of Snails, which agrees in its in- 
 ternal conftruction, well enough with the Cornu 
 Ammonis. This confifts of a fimple little tube, 
 fig. vit. a, rolled into itfelf, very large before, 
 narrower behind, and ending in a very fmall 
 point. It differs from moft other fhells of 
 Snails, becaufe it is divided on the infide into 
 numerous compartments, by delicate partitions, 
 which are tranfparent even on the outfide, 1, 
 25 SaiiedeenGs accc...In.. the..fore end, _ the 
 partition which is hollow like a faucer, is naked 
 or plain to the eye, and has a {mall hole pierced 
 through it there a*. If this hole be accu- 
 rately viewed, it is found actually to open into 
 the tubular appendage of the partition, which 
 appendage or tube is inferted in the opening of 
 the fecond partition, and the tube of the {e- 
 cond into the aperture of the third, the third 
 into the fourth, and fo afterwards to the end 
 of the fhell. 
 
 All thefe things appear plainer, if the out- 
 ward fhell of the Snail is picked off ; for then 
 the ftories or partitions, Tab. VII. fig. vit. 5, 
 fituate in the Snail’s tube, are feen very plain- 
 ly, as well as the little tube or fiphunculus, that 
 reaches from the firft partition to the aperture 
 and tube of the fecond, and the tube of the 
 fecond to the third, and fo to the extremity of 
 the Snail: all which may be feen about the 
 inward fide of the curvature c of this creature 
 very diftinétly. But fince thefe things cannot 
 be fo diftinétly exhibited or underftood under 
 its natural fize, I have thought it advife- 
 able to reprefent, of thefe, feveral partitions 
 confiderably magnified ; in which figures, the 
 acetabulum or partition appears firft in its com= 
 pats, fig. 1x. ddd, and on the infide its inward 
 fold, hollow like a fpoon. On the upper part 
 of this is feen ¢ a little aperture formed with 
 the moft exquifite art. Behind this aperture 
 is feen the tubular appendage of the acetabu- 
 lum or partition, which, on the upper and 
 lower fide of that partition, is ftretched out, 
 like the crooked handle out of a certain fpoon, 
 and is received very exactly into the aperture 
 and tubular appendages of the partition, fig. x. g, 
 and this again into the aperture and tube of the 
 
 third J. 
 
 * All Nautali are of this ftruéture, as alfo the Arthoceratile, as well as Cornua Ammonis, which are found petrified, being inha- 
 bitants of deep feas ; whence they are never got up living, nor the fhell feen recent. In the large thick Nautilus, thefe parti- 
 tions are forty or more in number, and there runs through them all a pipe; this is called the fiphunculus ; the animal within is 
 of the Sepia or Cuttle-fith kind. In the Arthoceratile they are more numerous. We {ee this fhell-foffil in the red ftones called 
 
 Swedes paving, and ufed in court-yards, and for flat walks, 
 
 What 
 
68 The BOOK of 
 
 What has been hitherto faid, is far from 
 completing the artificial ftruéture of this won- 
 derful Snail: for as this Cornu Ammonis | be- 
 comes fmaller by degrees, fo do its. partitions, 
 and their tubes #/7¢ become lefs, until at length 
 they become invifible. I obferve likewife, that 
 thefe tubes of the partition are not connected 
 together, but are only contiguous, and are put 
 into each other, in the fame manner as the 
 tubes of telefcopes, which receive each other 
 in fuch a manner as to be freely moveable. 
 But on the contrary, the acetabula or partitions 
 themfelves increafe with the Snail’s fhell, and 
 are united to it. I preferve fome of thefe ace- 
 tabula, which thew their very elegant ftructure, 
 if their tubes are joined together ; for which 
 purpofe, and that they fhould not be eafily 
 joft, I keep them together bound with a filver 
 thread. 
 
 This Snail therefore agrees with all others 
 in regard to its ftructure, and its {hell confifts 
 of one crooked tube. It differs, however, 
 from the reft only in that the apartments or 
 cells are placed in a different manner, and have 
 perforated handles : thefe may be faid to form 
 the pillar of this, Snail, fince they exactly re- 
 ceive each other. 
 
 I never faw this fhell with its Snail but 
 empty only in my father’s cabinet. I fhould 
 therefore be very glad to know, by what means 
 the body of this little creature, which inhabits 
 that fhelly houfe, is placed there, and whether 
 it extends through all thofe apertures from cell 
 to cell, and is interfeted, as it were, in fo 
 many places; or whether it lives only in the 
 extreme apartment, and is inferted with its 
 mufcles in the tubes of the fhell. But how- 
 ever much I with to be gratified in this parti- 
 cular, I fhall never, probably, accomplifh my 
 
 defire, It would therefore be proper for thofe 
 who vifit foreign countries, for the fake of 
 commerce, to import fuch things; for though 
 they have never {o little curiofity or tafte for 
 thefe ftudies, they ought to endeavour to make 
 the works of God manifeft to pofterity, and 
 by due care they might profit more than by 
 any other means whatfoever. 
 
 The great Indian Nautilus is nearly of the 
 fame ftru€ture with the Cornu Ammonis, and 
 therefore I had once thought to give its figure 
 in this place: but fince it is found in many of 
 the cabinets of the curious, and of the fame 
 ftru&ture with this, I hall defit from my 
 intended purpofe, and the rather, becaufe the 
 -eelebrated Aldrovandus has left us a pretty neat 
 and exact figure thereof. 
 
 Let it fuffice, that Ihave annexed the figures 
 of the two tubular Snails, or teftaceous tubes 
 already deferibed, which afford an example, 
 from‘which the manner of conftructing all the 
 fhells of Snails may, in fome meafure, be un- 
 derftood. All the difference obferved between 
 them arifes from the variation of their convo- 
 
 NATURE; or, 
 
 Jutions only: to which, if we further add 
 fome outward ornaments of ridges, hollows, 
 windings, plains, tubercles, depreflions, exten- 
 fions, impreffions, and colours ; and laftly, that 
 the cavity of the pillar fometimes grows together 
 entirely, as I have likewife fometimes obferved 
 in the fhell of the garden Snail; it is then eafy 
 to reduce all the geometrical figures, curves, 
 oblique and right angles, in all kinds of Snails, 
 to one fpecies, that is, to an oblong tube, which 
 is curved, curled, or bent in and out, and grows 
 in this ftate. 
 
 The tubular fhell-fith before-mentioned*, 
 exhibits the moft fimple articulation of all the 
 kinds, for in their beginning they are ftretched 
 out, like a plain tube, Tab. VII. fig. v. @, or 
 little inteftine, and are turned or bent round 
 moftly near the end 4. And hence arifes that 
 cavity, fig. vi. ¢, whereof I {fpoke, when I 
 treated of the cavity of the pillar. But thefe 
 tubular creatures grow together, fometimes ten 
 or twenty, in fo perplexed a manner, that no- 
 thing certain can be diftinguifhed concerning 
 them, fince nothing appears to our view but 
 ends or tops, windings and little apertures. 
 
 I thall further add, that almoft all kinds of 
 Snails and fhell-fith are twifted towards one and 
 the fame fide; nor can many be found, at Icaft 
 very feldom, the convolutions whereof go, 
 Tab. VII. fig. x1. @, in a direction contrary to 
 the others. In \fome fpecies of oval Turbo’s, 
 and fome others, this is fometimes found; and 
 fuch ‘fhells, for this reafon, that they are 
 lef$ common and more efteemed, are carefully 
 kept in the cabinet of the curious. ‘Stet 
 
 The little Turbo. 
 
 I found fome years agoa {mall Snail between 
 the bark and wood of an old willow-tree, the 
 thell whereof refembled a fea Turbo, and from 
 a fomewhat broad beginning, terminated Tab. 
 VILL. fig. 1. a, infenfibly in a fharp-pointed 
 top. ‘This Snail is never feen in the day time, 
 except in rainy weather ; it then always hides 
 itfelf under the bark, or in other fhady places, 
 and refting there, it faftens that part of its 
 fhell by which the body creeps forward, to 
 the wood, the other acute extremity being ob- 
 liquely direéted upwards. The fhell of this 
 Snail is likewife curled or convoluted in an in- 
 verfe manner; and what merits great notice is, 
 that its genital organs are placed in the left fide 
 of its neck, in an order contrary to all other 
 Snails. But 1 have fometimes obferved the 
 convolution of the fhell to be inverted in the 
 Purple-fith. It is therefore probable that what- 
 ever Snails have their fhell twifted in an in- 
 verted manner, have likewife their genitals in 
 the fame fituation. 
 
 I have very feldom feen this Snail with its 
 fhell larger than I have expreffed it in the figure; 
 nor have I found that part 4 of its body, which 
 
 2. . ee : 
 *. Thefe are called Tubuli Marini by authors: they.are fimple and plainly hollow. Some are ftraited, and others {mooth on 
 
 the furface ; fome perfectly ftrait, others twifted at the end. The 
 
 The animal within is a true Snail. 
 
 , 
 
 y are found loofe on the fhore, and lodged in folid fubttances- 
 
 creeps 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS, 
 
 creeps therefrom, larger than there thewn: for 
 when this part turns out, it carries its little 
 fhell like a pyramid obliquely on its body. Te 
 has four horns, whereof the two upper ones 
 have their eyes in their extremities. The two 
 lower do not appear. fo diftinetly, being only 
 two obtufe or blunt little {wellings. ‘The two 
 upper horns and the eyes are large, in propor- 
 tion to the bignefs of the creature. The aper- 
 ture of its verge, through which it breathes, is 
 likewife in its left fide. Its thell is twifted into 
 feven fpiral lines, and is adorned on every fide 
 with little ribs or ridges, fo that, by this means, 
 very beautiful wrinkles or folds appear in this 
 fhell, which has likewife its periofteum to 
 cover it. 
 
 The internal parts of this little creature 
 agrees in general with thofe of the common 
 covered Snail, The parts of the jaws, mouth, 
 and palate, and all the falival veffels and the 
 ftomach, are alike in both. The brain lies on 
 the gullet, and may likewife be beautifully di- 
 ftinguifhed, but in its ftruéture it approaches 
 more to the brain of the common water Snail, 
 which I have reprefented in Tab. VIII. fig. IV. 
 Its pointed liver fills the extremity of the thell, 
 and, like the latter, it is likewife twifted, but 
 its ftructure is glandulous. The orifices for the 
 penis and uterus are opened in the left fide, fo 
 that the penis, erecting itfelf, {prings from a 
 place directly oppofite to that in the common 
 Snail. But it appears from this perfection of 
 the genital parts, that the creature, though 
 fo minute, has already attained its full fize. 
 The ovary likewife appeared to me pretty di- 
 ftint. The purple facculus or bag, was like- 
 wife very vifible, as well as the little part in 
 the form of a chain. 
 
 I preferved this Snail alive fome days, by 
 giving it lettuce in a glafs veflel, into which I 
 had poured alfo fome drops of water, during 
 which time it moved the whole day. At other 
 times, when the weather is hotter, this {pecies 
 eat chiefly at night. In the month of June 
 I found it under the bark of willows. 
 
 If its fhell be viewed with a microfcope, the 
 aperture, Tab. VIII. fig. 11. a, of the inverted 
 twift, through which the body paffes, and the 
 opening 4 of the pillar, and the ridges of the 
 furface, or the ribs cec, appear clearly to the 
 eye. 
 
 The fimall flatted Shai 
 
 Under the bark of willows is likewife found 
 another fpecies of {mall Snails, the fhell, fig. 
 111. @, of which is fomewhat of a more fim- 
 ple ftruGture, and fo thin that it is all over 
 tranfparent. The Snail contained in this died 
 for drought before I could diffect it. Its fhell 
 was all tranfparent, by reafon of its exquifite fine- 
 nefs; fo that the dead body of the Snail ap- 
 
 69 
 peared through it, diverfified with fome colours 
 
 and {pots. 
 The oval Snail, 
 
 In the rufhy grafs of ditches, and on the 
 water-lilly, when its leaves reach to the fur- 
 face in rivers, there is found a certain {pecies - 
 of Snails, which refide there on account of the 
 cool air and moifture, where they may at 
 any time feek out for their food: but they go 
 to feed chiefly late in the evening and early in 
 the morning, and in the heat of the day they 
 remain quiet near each other under the thade. 
 Their fhell which they carry on their bodies, 
 is of an oval figure, marked with many hollows 
 or furrows, and adorned, Tab. VIII. fig. Iv. a, 
 with a periofteum of a pale red colour. The 
 hinder part is fo tender, that when roughly 
 handled, it is very eafily broke, and thisis rolled 
 into a double {piral part 4, The body of the 
 creature that creeps c out from thence is mark- 
 ed with points or black fpots, and in the fore 
 part it {tretches out two blunt or obtufe d horns, 
 under which are feen two others fmaller. 
 
 In the mouth of this Snail is a pretty ftrong 
 tooth, which is extended into a horny little 
 bone, and expands itfelf through the whole 
 inward part of the mouth, The aperture of 
 the verge is. on the right fide, and the orifices 
 of the genital parts open at the fame fide in the 
 neck. ‘The ftomach is of a pale colour, and is 
 variegated with black points or {pots ; hence it 
 appears upon the whole gray. ‘The falival vef- 
 fels which run near the gullet under the brain 
 are very remarkable and large, in proportion 
 to the fize-of the animal, and are {peckled*or 
 {potted like the f{tomach. The liver is-the fame 
 as in the common Snail. -The heart is placed 
 in the left fide, and there lies the lime bag alfo, 
 which is very large, and full of round white 
 globules of various fizes. The brain and nerves 
 are like thofe of the common covered Snail. 
 The penis appears fhort, but if the membrane; 
 by which it is erected, be opened, it is found 
 bent on the infide like the tendril of a vine, 
 and is feen to be really very long. The ftruc- 
 ture of the uterus is the fame with that of the 
 common Snail ; but on one fide of it is a {mall 
 part that I never faw in that Snail. After this 
 follows the yellow facculous bag defigned for 
 the glutinous moifture; and at length the fmall 
 part in the form of a chain, which is very 
 black like pitch. The purple pearl-eyed little 
 knot appears half round in this Snail, though 
 it isreally fomewhat oval. I could not difcover 
 more parts in this little creature, though I ob- 
 ferved that it had the fame mufcles as the 
 common Snail; nay, that two of them were 
 defigned to pafs underneath through the brain, 
 
 for the purpofe of drawing in the parts before 
 mentioned. 
 
 T em AP. 
 
e-H o. F. 
 
 The BOOK of NATUR 
 
 XIII. 
 
 Of the garden Suail*, the houfe Snail, and that of the fields or path ways. 
 
 LL the external and internal parts of the 
 garden Snail, which is a handfome little 
 creature, are the fame with thofe of the larger 
 Snail, only that they differ a little here and 
 there in refpect of ftru¢ture and colour. 
 Since therefore the difference is not fo great in 
 regard to the reft, I fhall here briefly explain 
 the only one that is in the genital parts. The 
 aperture of the genital organs, Tab, VIII. 
 fig. v. a, is placed in the neck, fomewhat lower 
 than it is in the larger Snail. ‘The uterus 4d 
 and its ligament c, and the bag which holds the 
 glutinous moifture, are like thofe of the larger 
 Snail d. There is, moreover, no difference in 
 the chain-like little part e. As I began this in- 
 quiry in the month of June, which was indeed 
 far advanced, the little eggs f were feen more 
 diftin@ in the ovary, near the extreme fpiral 
 part g of the liver; thefe eggs were, in my 
 opinion, to be carried from thence through the 
 chain-like little part into the uterus, and to be 
 covered all over with the glutinous moifture. 
 The purple little knot 4 was of a colour almoft 
 approaching to a pale yellow, and contained a 
 ftronger fubftance than in the larger Snail. ‘The 
 other tube or pipe 7, which in the larger Snail 
 opens into the uterus, was in this ftretched out 
 further, and the alcaline little bone was, in a 
 fituation dire@ly contrary, thruft into it. In 
 the larger Snail, likewife, I have found this tube 
 ~ fometimes in the fame fituation. This: little 
 part was moreover formed, where in its be- 
 ginning it is connected with the uterus 4, in the 
 fame manner as it is in the larger Snail. The 
 imperforated appendage 7 of the uterus has 
 likewife the fame ftru@ture, but is of a more 
 gray colour: the tefticles mlikewife, were like 
 thofe of the covered Snail, but confifted of 
 longer filaments, and were divided only into fix 
 veflels. The alcaline little bone 2 was of a ftruc- 
 ture entirely different, and wanted thofe four 
 little ribs, which I have before exhibited in the 
 magnified bone of the larger Snail, but was 
 very beautifully decorated with little holes, and 
 little prominences that’met all together. It 
 was however full as big as the little bone of 
 the other Snail, and may likewife be ftretched 
 further out of the body, for it ftood on a 
 longer little knot, the neck whereof was much 
 longer, and likewife of a gray colour. The 
 penis oo feemed longer and more acute, and I 
 have here delineated its only mufcle, Tab. VIII. 
 fig. v. p, Which draws it in, This was placed 
 in the fame manner as in the large Snail, 
 Moreover, the common duct g between the 
 
 * The fpecies here meant by the author, is the co. 
 larger brown kind the garden Snail, becaufe it is m 
 
 mmon {mall painted Snail, which we find in he 
 ‘ n kind tl ) ore common with us in gardens; but 
 Snail. This lefs being more frequent in the gardens of Hélland, is the ganda Snail of ‘ 
 
 penis and uterus did not differ in refpe& to its 
 ftructure. But this Snail twifted about the 
 fharp end of its penis in the difiection, and 
 curled it into various turns7, which I never 
 faw fo clearly and diftin@ly in the other Snail. 
 There is great difference between the man- 
 ner of coition in the larger Snail and this of the 
 garden ; the penis of this latter is rolled out fur- 
 ther, and is more erected and much longer ; it 
 has at its origination the fame glands the skin 
 is provided with. ‘The coition of the garden 
 Snail continues longer than that of the larger 
 Snail. And the whole penis of one Snail is 
 put as far as its extremity into the body of — 
 another ; hence thefe two penis’s are fometimes 
 feen, fig. vi. 2, twifted together in a very won- 
 derful manner, But this winding is not feen 
 fo beautifully as I have delineated it, unlefs the 
 Snails are drawn a little afunder; for then is 
 perceived the wonderful manner whereby the 
 penis of one Snail 4 rolls itfelf round the penis 
 of the other, and enters into the uterusc, whilft 
 the penis of the latter is, in its turn, twifted 
 round that of the former d, and likewife put 
 into the orifice of that creature’s uterus e. But 
 if thefe Snails are pulled away from each other 
 at the time of coition, the whole penis’s, long 
 as they are, being drawn from the orifice of 
 both Snails appear in fight, and each creature 
 afterwards turns them in ina wonderful manner, 
 and after a ‘fhort time draw them back again 
 into the body. 
 But as each Snail has its genital parts in the 
 right fide of the neck, their heads are applied 
 to each other crofs-ways at the time of coi-’ 
 tion, and confequently the body and horns of 
 
 each Snail have a contrary fituation at that 
 
 time. For in the body of the former Snail f, 
 the opening and divifions of the verge whereby 
 it draws the air, are vifible; but in the latter 
 Snail nothing is feen of them g, for this Snail 
 is placed in a different manner. 
 
 Thefe garden Snails are of the moft common _ 
 kind. Their thell is grounded on yellow, and 
 is divided lightly by {pecial {mall furrows ; it is 
 alfo adorned with tawny or black tings, which 
 furround it nearly_in the courfe of the’ thell’s 
 {piral turns. It is alfo covered with a ve 
 thin membrane or periofteum, which is black 
 or yellow in the fame places where the thell 
 itfelf is painted in that manner, and it likewife 
 preferves its colour when the membrane is taken 
 from it. 
 
 Each of thefe Snails has alfo four horns, of 
 which the two upper ones only have eyes. 
 
 edges. We ufvally call the 
 this the author calls the common 
 hat country. 
 
 It: 
 
The. H.-S TO. Rey 
 
 It was therefore an idle fancy in fome perfons, 
 to think that the Snail ufes its horns, as a blind 
 man does his ftick, that is, to find out the way 
 it isto creep through, orto try and diftinguith, 
 by its touch, whether objets are hard or foft. 
 The head of thefe Snails, in that part of it 
 where the lips are fituated, refembles, in fome 
 meafure, the head of a cat; and when well 
 viewed, it appears like it in feveral refpects more 
 evidently. 
 
 The common houfe Snail. 
 
 The naked houfe Snail, which is found in 
 moift cellars and about the tops of cifterns, is 
 naked and has no fhell, but is covered with its 
 skin only. In this particular it agrees with that 
 part of the covered Snail, which creeps out of 
 the fhell. On the outfide it is provided with 
 four horns on its head; the two uppermoft 
 whereof have eyes at their extremities, Tab. 
 VIII. fig. viz. aa, which are fituated a little 
 within the margin, on that fide which lies to- 
 wards the eminence placed on the back. The 
 two lower horns 4/ are {maller and have no 
 eyes. There is further feen on its body, that 
 eminence or velabrum ce which is fixed to the 
 back, and runs along the reft of the body ; 
 and the body is furnifhed with oblong, acute, 
 and tender glandules, and variegated with black 
 lines and fpots. But the horns, head, neck, 
 and whatever reaches beyond the eminence, are 
 adorned with many fmaller and more delicate 
 glandules. On the right of the declivity of the 
 neck appears an apperture d, through which 
 the genital organs pufh themfelves. 
 
 The eminence on its back itfelf, is of a dif- 
 ferent colour from the reft of the body, for itis 
 adorned with chanelled or crefted little grains, 
 and it is moreover very beautifully variegated 
 with black {pots. This is not common to all 
 houfe Snails, for they differ much in colour. 
 Towards the fore part, at the head, the emi- 
 nence is loofe and free, but for the moft part, 
 it is kept very clofe to the body, unlefs when 
 any one provokes or vexes the Snail in that 
 place ; for then it raifes and ‘moves it different 
 ways; and I have, for that reafon, drawn it 
 as elevated in the figure. On the hinder part, 
 towards the back, the eminence is very ftrongly 
 joined to the body; but in its right fide opens 
 an aperture, Tab. VII. fig. vir. e, whereby 
 the Snail draws air and breathes, and difcharges 
 its foeces; for which ufes the verge is likewife 
 appointed in the covered Snail, and with this 
 verge the eminence agrees very much, fo far 
 as it is placed on the fore part of the body. 
 The hinder part of the body is not very re- 
 markable, only in refpect of the different {truc- 
 ture of its glandules. Moreover, in both fides 
 of the body is obferved a {mall, black, unequal 
 margin. In fine, there is on the hinder part, 
 above the tail, a prominent fubftance f like a 
 Cock’s comb, which is indeed difpofed in a 
 different manner in the field Snail. The Snail 
 fecretes a glutinous humour from this part. 
 
 of INSECTS. 7: 
 
 If any one opens the eminence at the mouth 
 of the air paflage with a little pair of {ciffors, 
 he will fee that the inward skin is made on the 
 infide like a net ; which ftru€ture feems to be 
 produced ‘by the veffels diftributed through it, 
 as I have likewife before fhewn in the verge of 
 the covered Snail. This little net may be feen 
 very beautifully through the aperture of the 
 eminence on a clear day, when the Snail opens 
 it; for the creature can contract it fo clofély, 
 that not even a veftige of an aperture appears, 
 In the cavity of this eminence, on the left fide 
 of the body are feen the heart, which beats, 
 together with its auricle and pericardium, and 
 likewife other cavities through which the air 
 pafles. But when you remove this little net 
 from its place, you will fee a fmall ftone 
 underneath, which is called, by authors, Lapis 
 Limacis, the Snail ftone, and is {aid to ferve for 
 various ufes in medicine. This little ftone may 
 properly be called the os thoracis, or breaft bone 
 of thecreature, for it is placed in the middle of 
 the thorax and back. It is of the figure of a 
 {mall hollow, and fomewhat long fhell, fig. 
 vil. @.and being connected in its circumference 
 with various membranes, and on the upper fide 
 with the little net, it is thus kept in its place. 
 
 ‘It is fometimes obferved to be altogether mem- 
 
 branous, but fometimes it is pretty thick and 
 all ftony, and it ferments with an acid; at 
 other times, again, it becomes ftony only here 
 and there, and is obferved to be interwoven J, 
 as it were, with veffels which are filled with 
 ftony little grains. Hence one may underftand 
 the manner of its production, which is from 
 the coagulation of the ftony particles ; in like 
 manner as is obferved in the membranes which 
 the covered Snail frames, when it lies fome 
 time at reft. Thefe fhelly: ftones are found in 
 younger, as well as full-grown houfe Snails, 
 and I have fometimes found in the largeft, very 
 {mall and membranaceous ones, interwoven 
 with various petrified veffels; and often in 
 fmaller ones; I have found them formed of 
 folid ftone. Hence Iam inclined to think, that 
 the Snails change this their little ftone yearly, in 
 the fame manner as Craw-fifh change thofe two 
 femi-convex and plain ftones, which are like- 
 wife placed in their thorax, and are improperly 
 called Crabs eyes. 
 
 Near the heart is obferved a facculus calca« 
 rious, or lime bag, not much different from 
 that which we have defcribed in the large Snail. 
 Afterwards the ftomach, inteftines, and geni-« 
 tal parts prefent themfelves in the abdomen. 
 The ftomach is indeed pretty large and ftrong, 
 and confifts of three diftinétly vifible coats. 
 The innermoft is wrinkled into plaits, and is 
 of a yellow colour; the middle one is mufcu- 
 lar; the outermoft is fomewhat corrugated or 
 rough, with very beautiful partitions, efpecially 
 when the ftomach is empty. Direétly before 
 are feen the falival veffels, which, as well as 
 thofe out of which they {pring, are fhorter than 
 in the larger Snail, but they are of the fame 
 texture. The inteftines pafs twifting or wind- 
 
 Ing 
 
72 
 
 : ich the liver, which is placed between 
 eee they are much lefs rolled and. turned 
 in this than in the larger Snail, fince they are 
 {tretched according to the length of the body, 
 and are not obliged to follow the conyolutions 
 of a hell. . The liver. is divided into many 
 lobes, and confifts only of minute glandules. 
 
 The genital parts in this Snail are wortny of 
 particular notice, fince they fill the whole belly: 
 but I fhall treat of thefe hereafter, when I fhall 
 briefly deferibe the parts of the head, neck and 
 breaft. ‘The head prefents a tooth, vifible in 
 the mouth like that of the larger Snail, and 
 all the parts of the mouth are alfo formed in 
 the fame manner as we have there related. 
 The brain likewife, the fpiral marrow, and the 
 nerves, which are placed in the neck, do not 
 differ much, and are eafily difcovered. The 
 mufcles which move the upper horns inward, 
 are much more brown or blackifh than in the 
 larger Snail; but the reft, and likewife thofe 
 which pafs through the thorax, have fome 
 flefh, as well as their white tendons, and are 
 both inferted in the fkin, which is very thick, 
 and where the eminence lies: nor are there 
 any bones in the Snail, in which the mufcles 
 fhould be inferted. A mufcle is therefore here 
 inferted. in a mufcle, and one dilates another, 
 which is a very admirable thing to fee in 
 animals. 
 
 The organs of generation in this Snail, open 
 by three diftin& apertures in the neck, Tab. 
 VIII. fig. 1x. 2, which unite in one paflage on 
 the outfide. The firft opening is peculiar to the 
 penis 44, the fecond to the uterus ccec, the 
 third to the purple bag, which is very fhort 
 in this Snail. The penis is ftrong and very 
 nervous, and it lies in a little kind of a_purfe, 
 which may be diftended by the breath, that 
 the penis may roll itfelf out from thence. On 
 the hinder part or fide of the penis iffues a {mall 
 ‘filament e, which is connected with that of 
 the uterus f/f. This ligament of the uterus 
 abounds, with many granules, which are white, 
 and unequally divided ; thofe, at firft fight, I 
 took for the ovary in the larger Snail, thinking 
 that the little eggs were conveyed through cer- 
 tain hidden channels out of it into the uterus: 
 
 but I now obferve, that it has a peculiar kind 
 of tube in this Snail, which opens into the hinder 
 part of the cavity of the. penis, and conveys its 
 
 matter into it, The uterus wraps itfelf round 
 this ligament, and is greatly ftrengthened by 
 its connexion therewith, though this connexion 
 is formed in the beginning only by fmall in- 
 tervening membranes. 
 
 The uterus in the Snail which I diffeéted, 
 was very much diftended and {wollen gg with 
 little eggs; nay, its texture feemed more ftrong 
 and firm, than when nothing is found in it. 
 On the hinder part lay the glue-bag bd, very 
 much dilated and expanded into lobes, which 
 were again ftudded in a peculiar manner. 
 When I viewed them with a microfcope, I 
 obferved, that they were all full of very fmall 
 {pheroidal globules, whereof fome were bigger 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; 
 
 Or; 
 
 than others. ‘The chain-like little part 72 was 
 {tretched ftraight, or upright enough. The ovary 
 was fallendown @, and deprived of its eggs, fothat 
 nothing was left in it but the membranous inclo- 
 fures. All the eggs, in my opinion, had def- 
 cended through the chain-like tube into the ute- 
 rus, and were to be immediately there covered 
 with moifture, by means of the faculus that 
 fecretes that fluid: this I fhall explain more at 
 large, when I {hall {peak of the field Snail. Nor 
 did the eggs, notwithftanding, fluctuate freely 
 in the uterus, but they all lay firmly fixed on 
 one fide, which makes me ftill doubt to ad- 
 vance what I have faid of the ovary and eggs 
 as true and certain. But I hope thefe things 
 will hereafter be made plainer. I fhall there-. 
 fore proceed to the field Snail, the anatomy of 
 which will throw great light on this matter. 
 
 Of the field or path-way Snail. 
 The common Snail of the path ways and 
 
 fields differs from the houfe Snail, chiefly in 
 refpect of the ftructure of its external skin, and 
 
 in a peculiar kind of verge which furrounds ai 
 
 its body ; to which may be added, the fiflure 
 that is in the extremity of its tail, out of 
 which a certain glutinous humour is fecreted: 
 but there is no difference in the internal parts. 
 I have delineated the field Snail, which } here 
 exhibit, in the form it has when contracted, 
 Thus its two largeft horns, Tab. IX. fig. 1. a, 
 may be feen, except a fmall part thereof, which 
 is covered by the eminence or velabrum. On 
 the right of this velabrum is feen an aperture 4, 
 whereby the Snail draws the air and difcharges 
 its excrements: the fame may be obferved like- 
 wife in the houfe Snail. In the cavity of the 
 eminence, the skin is alfo white and reticulated, 
 as it is in the houfe Snail. The external tex- 
 ture of this eminence confifts of fine glandu- 
 lar granules, or little grains, which are far from 
 being orbicular ; they are ftriated as it were, 
 and rendered unequal by fome tubercles, though 
 thefe ftrie or furrows are not as remarkable in 
 this as in the houfe Snail. The reft of the 
 body is furrowed as with pretty confiderable 
 wrinkles ; hence it is that many glandular pro- 
 tuberances appear in it, which are of a trian- 
 gular form, and rife up obliquely, and are di- 
 vided cc by many {mall glands. The body is, 
 moreover, adorned with a full, or glofly, red 
 verge dd, which is beautifully divided and fub-" 
 divided by black furrows, fome of which there- — 
 fore are more confpicuous than others. This 
 Snail can extend itfelf to three times the length 
 that I have here reprefented ; and then the di- 
 vifions of the skin before defcribed acquire as 
 it were another form, by the force of its ex- 
 panfion. The whole body is of a deep brown, 
 mixed with a ruddy colour ; but thefe Snails 
 differ very much with refpe& to their colour. 
 As its internal parts are organized, and cit- 
 cumftanced much in the fame manner as in the 
 houfe Snail, I thall now briefly defcribe only 
 the ftructure of the genital organs, and add the 
 conftruction 
 
The HIS TOR:Y of TNSECTS. 
 
 conftruction of fome of the internal parts, 
 which I have here alfo delineated. The genital 
 organs are thruft out of the neck, in the fame 
 manner as in the houfe Snail, and are found to 
 be likewife placed behind the parts of the pa- 
 Jateand mouth, Tab. IX. fig. 11. ¢@. On each 
 fide the larger horns 64 may be feen when 
 drawn in; they appear under the divided skin 
 of the head. Behind the proper parts of the 
 mouth, and above the gullet ¢, is placed the 
 brain ¢, which is formed of two {mall parts 
 like globes, applied clofe to each other, Im- 
 mediately after appears the origin f of the fto- 
 mach, together with the falival vefiels gg, 
 which are here reprefented as clipt or cut off 
 near the gullet. After thefe are obferved two 
 glandular corpufcles 4, from which the falival 
 veffels arife. Then at length is prefented to 
 our view the ftomach, with its veflels 7, which 
 are of a pure white, like the colour obferved 
 in the inteftines 4&. The windings of the in- 
 teftines furround the liver ///, which confifts of 
 {mall glandules, equally divided and interwoven 
 with very white vefiels. It fends forth the 
 gall-bag m, which is large, and difcharges itfelf 
 into the {mall guts that are next to the fto- 
 mach. 
 
 The beginning or rather end of the genital 
 organs is feen in the skin of the neck, and 
 their mouth or opening appears there in the out- 
 ward skin; which, however, Ihave not exhi- 
 bited in this place, that the other parts might be 
 the more diftinétly vifible. The firft thing that 
 prefents itfelfis the peniso, which, being twifted 
 like a tendril of a vine, opens with a kind of 
 tube p into the cavity of the uterus. Nothing 
 of this kind is obferved in the houfe Snail, but 
 
 73 
 twifts and bends itfelf, and goes into the body 
 of the uterus wuuu, as it does in many oles 
 Snails, But the ligament of the uterus is not 
 feen in this; its place is occupied by feveral 
 whitith veffels, which are conneéted xxx by a 
 {mall kind of membrane, that ties the curled 
 windings of the,uterus. About the end of the 
 uterus, where the bag of glutinous moifture yy 
 is joined to it, is feen a place where the chain- 
 like tube is inferted, or fixed in the uterus: 
 nay, it further appears, how’ this tube runs 
 through and over the liver; and under the {mall 
 guts2, and is connected with the ovary 4 
 which is here empty. This ovary is divided 
 into two parts, as it isin other creatures, ‘The 
 divifion, however; is not foremarkable in thofe 
 Snails, which have not exercifed venery, as it 
 isin the ovary; which I here exhibit alone, 
 fig. 111. a. I therefore reprefent this ovary big 
 and expanded, asI think I faw it fome monthé 
 after coition. For it is then obferved, that this 
 little part confiderably. increafes, Tab. IX. fig. 
 111. a, and that the eggs 4b are made vifible 
 therein: Ihave likewife obferved this increafe 
 in the ovary of the fhelly Snail. But the eggs, it 
 feems, are afterwards difcharged ‘out of the 
 ovary, and defcend through the chain-like lit- 
 tle tube ¢ into the cavity of the uterus, to the 
 hinder part of which the former is joined, fig. 
 11.2. But as the paflage of the eggs is {o 
 near to the bag of glutinous humour, I there- 
 fore think, they are there covered over with a 
 little of it, and that when they grow larger, they 
 get more of it, and, at length, attain their full 
 bignefs in. the uterus. But I could never hi- 
 therto find eggs in the chain-like little part, as I 
 
 have already mentioned in the defcription of 
 
 4 in the covered Snail there is likewife a common the houfe Snail ; nor- could I fee that they are 
 0, = ind i through it. I thall th 
 
 - duét, and the penis is extended longer. Behind conveyed through it. aall therefore defer 
 » the penis is feen a remarkable pear-fhaped bagg: advancing this opinion as an undoubted truth, 
 . this is the purple-bearing bag; it is very large until I fee it myfelf; though I think, at the 
 . in this Snail, and contains a delicate juice. It fame time, the matter may mot probably hap- 
 id opens by a {mall tube r into the cavity of the pen fo. The heart likewife is feen in its na- 
 skin of the penis, by means of which the latter tural fituation y, as alfo the manner in which it 
 kt erects itfelf. is {urrounded by the bag #4 of calcarious or limy 
 ' The origination s of the uterus is pretty thick matter. 
 
 ra and ftrong, and after it grows {maller ¢, it 
 
 pi 
 
 : ee ee XY: 
 
 lol Of the common water Snail, alfo, of an uncommon and viviparous kind of water 
 rh Snail; and of the flatted water Snail, and the mufcles of the river V echt. 
 ee Alfo a remarkable obfervation on the common Snail. 
 
 ett 
 
 te? HE common water Snail, which I find in the internal parts ; all which I fhall now 
 5 Oh every where at the edges of ditches in briefly enumerate. 
 
 om Holland, differs much both from the common The fhell, which is in the form of a fphe- 
 may covered, and from all other Snails. It is di- roid in the large Snail, is in the water Snail 
 ul ftinguifhable, not only in regard to the outward rolled in an oblong form like that of the Tur- 
 
 skin or fhell, but alfo with refpect to its eyes, 
 and the apertures both of the verge and the 
 genital organs, which are all con{picuous on the 
 outfide. There is alfo a ftill greater difference 
 
 bo, Tab, IX. fig. 1v. a. But there is ftill a 
 greater difference in its eyes; for as the latter 
 in the common Snail are at the ends of the 
 horns ; on the contrary, they are found in this 
 
 U aquatic 
 
74 
 aquatic or 
 bottom or 
 
 water Snail, to be fituated at the 
 bafis 6 of them, but they i not 
 
 “Ovi ith any vifible mufcle to move them. 
 ree sie saushelees; which end . mi 
 points c¢, are only weakly drawn in occalionally 
 in order to become fhorter. , 
 
 In fome of thefe Snails, I faw with amaze- 
 ment that there were two Cyes, placed near 
 each other on the right fide of the creature, 
 each of which was provided with its own pro- 
 per chryftalline humour. This, I think, is very 
 remarkable, and ftrongly demonftrates the man- 
 ner wherein the eyes may be multiplied in in- 
 feéts, as I thall hereafter demonttrate, when I 
 {hall treat of Bees. The nerves of the eyes in 
 this water Snail are lefs vifible than in the 
 common kinds; nor do they arife immediately, 
 as is faid, from the brain, but from a little 
 nerve which lies towards the fore parts of the 
 head. In other refpects the eye itfelf does not 
 differ from that of the covered Snail, only that it 
 is bigger, and in a manner pear-fhaped, or like 
 an onion. The chryftalline humour 1s likewife 
 larger in this, however diftinguifhably lefs the 
 little creature may be in itfelf, 
 
 The opening d of the verge is very worthy of 
 confideration, and has divers mufcles, by which 
 st is dilated and contra¢ted. The Snail fome- 
 times gathers this aperture into an oblong tube, 
 and ftretches or protends it above the furface 
 of the water, in order to draw in and expel 
 the air. ‘This may not only be feen but heard 
 alfo, by the noife which the Snail makes in 
 Nay, by the affiftance of 
 this aperture, through which the air is con- 
 veyed into the inmoft furface of the membrane 
 of the verge, and into the -eavity of the body 
 itfelf, the Snail makes a beautiful figure fwim- 
 ming in the water. 
 
 This creature can likewife immerge or dive 
 to the bottom of the water, if it compreffes 
 the internal air. ‘This is effected in the fame 
 manner as when the air is compreffed in-a glafs 
 with water in it; for little perforated glafs glo- 
 bules fwim at firft in the water, by the affift- 
 ance of the air contained in their cavity: all 
 thefe little globules fubfide as foon as the {mall 
 quantity of air contained in them is condenfed ; 
 which happens by the common preflure of the 
 air, that is above the water in the glafs; but 
 they emerge or rife again to the furface, as 
 foon as the finger or any thing that ftopt it, is 
 removed from the mouth or orifice of the glafs. 
 This is a pleafant experiment, and I have found 
 it very true, according as it has been defcribed 
 by Cornelius Confentinus, in his platonic citcum- 
 pulfion. 
 
 _In thefame manner does this Snail fometimes 
 dive under water, and again {wim to the fur- 
 face, by properly managing the quantity of air 
 in its body infuch amanner ; the latter, being 
 as heavy as the water, it can difficultly be fup- 
 ported on the furface, and is again deprefled to 
 the bottom by the leaft compreffion of the in- 
 ternal air. But when the Snail expels all the 
 air out of its body, which it will do if it 
 
 moving the water. 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; ©, 
 
 be pricked with a tharp-pointed little needle, it 
 will not then be able to twim up to the furface 
 of the water, but by creeping flowly. So that 
 from hence it is probable this creature would 
 die, if any thing like it fhould happen in dirty 
 or miry ditches ; fince; in that cafe, it could 
 not reach the furface of the water, until after 
 fome days, and would therefore be {uffocated 
 for want of refpiration. 
 
 There is likewife a great difference, with 
 refpect to the external skins or coats of the ge- 
 nital organs; all the parts of generation in the 
 covered Snail iflue out of one opening only, 
 whereas in this aquatic or water Snail, all thofe 
 parts and the entrances or mouths of each are 
 diftingt. The penis indeed rolls out and eredts 
 itfelf from the neck through a peculiar aper= 
 ture. Tab. IX. fig. rv. e. But the opening of 
 the vulva is difpofed, by the wife Architect, im+ 
 mediately under the tube of the verge/. The 
 verge itfelf likewife differs greatly from that of the 
 common Snail; it is fmaller, more hollow, and 
 capable of greater motion; but then it is fitted 
 on the infide to every part of the extremity of 
 the fhell gg, in the fame manner as it is in the 
 common Snail. The tooth 4, and little tongue 
 which is feen under it, are of the fame tex- 
 ture in this as in the common Snail; unlefs that 
 the tooth it more equal, and not divided into 
 fo many confiderable notches. 
 
 The internal parts likewife differ much both 
 in colour and ftructure: but the greateft diffe- 
 rence is itr the ftomach, which is membranous 
 in the covered and other Snails, as it is in men 
 and in quadrupedes ; but in this water Snail it 
 isof the fame ftructure in all refpects with that 
 of the Hen or Cock kind; fo that one would 
 think the real ftomach of a Hen is here repre- 
 fented, without any difference, but that it is 
 much fmaller. Moreover, the colour of the 
 craw or crop isa dark or obfcure gray. The 
 gullet of this paffes likewife the chink or cre- 
 vice of the brain, which is a very agreeable 
 fight in this admirable creature. For fince the 
 {wellings or productions of the fpinal marrow, 
 are, by the addition of a certain heterogeneous 
 yellow matter, here diftinguifhed, all thefe 
 parts are therefore the more diftinGlly vifible. 
 Hence it is, that one may, with greater eafe 
 and certainty, eftablifh the anatomy of the 
 water Snail, than that of the covered Snail ; for 
 in the former are many coloured parts, by 
 means whereof the mufcles, and many ‘other 
 parts, efpecially thofe of the palate and mouth, 
 may be eafily diftinguithed. 
 
 The falival veffels of this are like thofe of the 
 common Snail. The liver is likewife com- 
 pofed of vifible glandules, and rolled into the 
 like fpirals. ‘The heart alfo, with its pericar- 
 dium, is placed in the fame order. The veffels 
 on the verge, on the contrary, are not fo di- 
 ftinctly vifible. The lime bag is of a pale 
 orange colour. All the mufcles are inferted in 
 the outer part of the fhell and its pillar. 
 
 The organs of generation likewife differ: the 
 penis in this water Snail is very broad; it is 
 
 like 
 
Th HISTORY 
 
 like an oblong tongue, and refembles, in fome 
 meafure the penis of a Drake, The mutcles like- 
 wife are ftronger, and more diftinét and nume- 
 rous than in the common Snail. The uterus 
 is divided into three parts, and opens with two 
 mouths into another, which is under the verge; 
 The firft part is of an afhy gray colour, and 
 like the belly or rough tripe aforefaid in beafts 
 that chew the cud; then the uterus becomes 
 moré glutinous, and receives fome expanfion 
 from the chain-like tube; to which likewife 
 adheres the bag of glutinous moifture, and alfo 
 another little part which may be taken for the 
 ovary. Moreover, the chain-like tube is larger 
 here, but where it is connected with the ovary 
 and liver, it is of the fame ftructure as in the 
 covered Snail, unlefs that thofe white ftuds, 
 which I obferved in the covered Snail, are 
 of a yellow colour in the water one. The 
 purple little knot is alfo here of a full orange 
 colour, and opens into the vulva by a fingular 
 kind of tube, as in the naked Snails. I have 
 not feen the egg, but I faw fome relaxed, round 
 and tranfparent little parts in the body, which 
 I thought to be properly glandules. Under 
 the organs of generation, near the ftomach, I 
 obferved a certain ftrong plait or fold of vefiels, 
 of which a confiderable number were detached 
 towards the liver. 
 
 The ftomach, when opened, very beautifully 
 exhibited its two ftrong mufcles, and in its 
 cavity were found fome hard feeds of water 
 plants ; by the help of thofe the Snail probably 
 grinds its food, as Hens and Pigeons do with 
 little ftones, bits of lime, and other things which 
 they devour. I have been informed that a 
 Duck or Drake has fwallowed a piece of gold, 
 called a piftole, and diminifhed it by attrition 
 to fixteen grains; and hence arofe the ftory that 
 the Oftrich can digeft iron, as Harvey well 
 obferves. 
 
 The food which thefe Snails moft eat is wa- 
 ter plants. I have maintained them for fome 
 days with lettuce, with which they were fo 
 greatly delighted, that they eat all the larger 
 leaves of it when they had been fome days 
 without food. But they were then continually 
 thrufting out their tongues, from which I con- 
 cluded that they were hungry. Ilikewife fed the 
 
 Snails fometimes with ryebread, which they 
 
 would greedily feed on, if it was firft foftened 
 with water. At thefe times may bevery diftinctly 
 feen the manner of their eating, efpecially if 
 the bread be cut into fine thin pieces. The 
 next day, after I had laid this bread before 
 them, they prepared for generation; fo that I 
 fhould conclude from thence, that bread yields 
 them the moft copious and effectual nourifh- 
 ment. The Teredo or Worm which eats thips 
 bottoms, is alfo delighted with bread. 
 
 On the fhell of this kind of Snail, I have 
 fometimes found a great number of eggs, which 
 were laid by another Snail of the fame fpecies. 
 They lay inclofed in an uniform, oblong, and 
 pellucid glutinous fubftance, and they were like- 
 wife tranfparent as chryftal; but after a few 
 
 of MEIN «S £ G-T S. vA 
 days there appeared in the middle of them a 
 very {mall gray Snail, which continually rolled 
 or turned about in the fame manner, as a bit 
 of wax does in a bottle full of water, when 
 the bottle is gently turned up or inverted. Al- 
 moft in the fame manner did this water Snail 
 turn fpontaneoutly in its fhell, and f{wimming 
 ina limpid humour or moifture, feemed to ad- 
 here to no place. .'The third day after thefe 
 eggs were laid, the Snail contained in them be- 
 gan to grow yellow, and afterwards they be- 
 came gray. 
 
 This Snail fwims with the fame body, Tab. 
 IX. fig. 1v. 2, with which it iffues out of its 
 egg. This is done in the manner following: 
 firft, the Snail lies upon its back in the water, 
 and turns the whole length or level of its body 
 againft the furface of the air that prefles on the 
 water, and having afterwards firft bent its whole 
 body, it moves it forward in the fame manner 
 as the common Snail does ; and by this means, 
 {wimming in the water, this creature goes for- 
 ward, though very flow, and affords a very 
 agreeable fight. But left the heat of the fun 
 fhould injure it, the little creature fecretes a 
 quantity of mucus or glutinous humour out of 
 its body, by the help of which it is defended 
 from the injury of the diurnal rays, and is 
 rendered more fit for {wimming ; and it can 
 move and turn itfelf to all parts in the water as 
 occafion requires. 
 
 In order to diffeét thefe Snails, it is necef- 
 fary firft to take them out of their fhells; then 
 they will die in two days, and are fo much 
 {wollen with the water which they imbibe, 
 that their organs of generation fometimes come 
 naturally in fight, and their diffection may eafily 
 be perfected. But if you wound thofe parts 
 which moft abound with the glutinous hu- 
 mour, nothing can be done to any purpofe 
 afterwards. 
 
 I have delineated this Snail in the form it is 
 in when it creeps near the fide of the glafs in 
 the water, and afcends to the furface; and there, 
 having lengthened the aperture of its verge, 
 Tab. IX. fig. 1v. d, asinto an oblong tube, and 
 ftretched it out of the water it breathes, 
 
 The wonderful viviparous chryftalline Snail. 
 
 The miracles which I am now.going to ad- 
 vance of this water Snail feem fo incredible, 
 that I fhould not wonder if they fhould be 
 deemed impoffible, or reckoned among the fa- 
 bulous tales of the poets metamorphofes, For 
 my own part, though I faw them, I was fo 
 aftonifhed on this occafion at the inexhaufted 
 fund of wifdom manifeft in the works of 
 God, and his admirable art and immenfe power, 
 that I cannot fince help thinking on them every 
 moment. I thought I had already fo accu- 
 rately fearched into the whole nature of Snails, 
 that I could at length form many remarkable 
 and certain obfervations, and from thence ftrike 
 out fome general rules. But the further I ad- 
 vance in inveftigating the wonderful works of 
 
 ; God, 
 
The BOOK of 
 God, the more and more I find they all as 
 far exceed the bounds of human ingenuity and 
 underftanding, as mortal man, who in reality 
 
 mh 
 7v 
 
 is nothing, is from being able to difcover fully 
 incomprehenfible perfections 
 
 the infinite and 
 
 of God. oe 
 The water Snail, which I here exhibit, Tab. 
 
 IX. fig. v. @, naked, without a fhelly covering, 
 is found in great quantity in the ditches of 
 Holland, and in large frefh-water fivers ; it 
 lies moft commonly in the fandy fords or 
 {hallows of the latter, or where there are any 
 ftones. It creeps in ditches near and among 
 the water plants, and in mud, which it takes 
 as food; and alfo in white clay, in which I 
 firft found it. Hence it becomes dirty, and is 
 often fo covered with a cruft of filth, that all 
 the beauty of its {kin or covering is almoft loft. 
 I have therefore broke off the fhell from the 
 body of the creature, and only reprefented the 
 Snail without it. But becaufe the fhell has 
 alfo a fingular and remarkable ornament, and 
 exhibits fomething truly worthy of obferva- 
 tion, I {hall afterwards delineate itin the man- 
 ner it was found, whole, and without any im- 
 perfection in the uterus, and appeared under 
 the microfcope. ‘Though I have found in 
 tivers fome of this kind of Snails, which were 
 lefs than thofe which I exhibit in the figure, 
 and had little dirt upon them, yet I never 
 was fo happy as to fee the beauty of their fhell 
 wholly free of filth. 
 
 The things that demand notice on the out- 
 fide of this Snail, are the head, Tab: IX. fig. 
 ¥v. b, its horns cc, the eyes dd, the aperture of 
 the uterus, the branchie or gills f, the verge 
 %, the convolution or winding of the body 4; 
 and laftly, the verge, which ferves as a foot 772, 
 whereon is placed the operculum or cover of 
 the fhell & The head 4 is diftinguifhed from 
 the heads of all other Snails, becaufe it is 
 ftretched more out of the body, and is more 
 vifible ; nor is it at any time drawn back to 
 the infide, but only fhortened a little by the 
 wrinkles of the fkin. In the fore part is feen 
 a {mall aperture, which is the mouth ; the 
 horns cc are fharp at their extremities; and at 
 their root or bafis, where they {pring on each 
 fide of the head out of the body, are fixed 
 the eyes, which are placed fomewhat higher 
 than in other water Snails, and therefore agree 
 in fome degree with the eyes of fhelly or tefta- 
 ceous animals. All thefe parts are very beauti- 
 fully variegated with yellow {pots on a black 
 ground. On the right fide of the uterus or 
 vulva, is feen an extremity or edge, which the 
 Snail fometimes protends out of its fhell under 
 
 € verge. It is of a mufcular texture, and may 
 therefore ‘be expanded and contracted at the 
 difcretion of the Snail. ‘This is the reafon why 
 I firft took it for the aperture of the verge. 
 Above the head are feen five appendages under 
 the eee AS: which, I think, are the branchi« 
 or gills. The verge very nearly approaches to 
 that of other Snails; but it has not fuch a 
 ftrong and remarkable motion, though it is of 
 
 NIAOT OU R #;. of; 
 
 a tougher, more firm, and more tenacious tex 
 ture. The convolution of the body is the fame 
 as in other Snails. : 
 
 The verge, or loweft part of the body, 
 whereby the Snail creeps, is more worthy of 
 notice; for the operculum or Cover 1s annexed 
 to it, This operculum is neither bone nor 
 ftone, but approaches rather to the nature of 
 claws or talons; it is therefore in the purple 
 Fith kind, called the unguis or claw, and the 
 unguis adoratus ; becaufe when burnt it {mells 
 like caftor or beaver, and is ufeful in the fuf- 
 focation of the womb, or fits of the mother, 
 If the operculum or cover of the Snail where- 
 of we here fpeak, be burnt, it has no difagree- 
 able {mell. Its ftruéture is elegant: it con« 
 fifts, as it were, of many rings, fomewhat 
 round, and differing among themfelves princi 
 pally in the brightnefs or obfeurity of their 
 colour. On the infide it is hollow like a thell: 
 the tail of the body, annexed to this cover; 
 is fixed thereto with ftrong mufcles; by the 
 help of which the operculum or cover may be 
 bent, folded, nay, complicated towards the 
 mouth and horns, when the Snail betakes 
 itfelf to its fhell ; and by means of this, as it 
 were, little door or entrance, which it carries 
 about it, it fecurely hides itfelf in its hell, fafe 
 from all common dangers.. This the Snail 
 does as foon as it perceives the leaft unufual 
 motion in the water, for I never knew a more 
 timorous creature than this. It naturally creeps 
 very flowly, and fwims in the water with its 
 body oppofite to the furface of the air, as I 
 have before related of the common water 
 Snail. : 
 
 Thefe are the external parts of this Snail ; 
 but the internal parts that we have obferved in 
 it are indeed fo many miracles, fo many 
 ftrange and unheard of things, as probably 
 never, hitherto, came into the mind of any 
 perfon. I therefore invite and require all 
 atheifts, who do not fcruple to affign the gene- 
 ration of {mall animals to accident or chance, 
 to this fplendid entertainment, that they may 
 learn to give the praife and glory to God alone. 
 
 When one attempts a diffection of this 
 Snail, it immediately draws itfelf fo much back 
 into its fhell, and preffes its operculum or co- 
 ver down fo clofely, that one cannot put the 
 point of a little needle into it. You muft 
 therefore break open the fhell, which is very 
 firm, with a flat forceps, and take the Snail out 
 with your hands. ‘Then it will be obferved 
 that its mufcles are ftrongly inferted in its fhell, 
 and principally in the foremoft or anterior part 
 of it. Whilft this Snail lives, its diffeGtion can 
 {carcely be performed, fince it bends or winds 
 its operculum or cover, Tab. IX. fig. vr. aa, 
 againit the fore parts of the body in {uch a man- 
 ner, that the former is doubly folded; befides, 
 both the mouth and horns 4 are in fome mea- 
 fure drawn in. ; 
 
 The diflection ought to begin next to the 
 vulva e and the verge fhould be opened there 
 with a little pair of foiflors; after which four 
 
 different 
 
The HISTORY of 
 
 different parts come at’oncein fight ; thefe are 
 a {mall margin very beautifully folded d: the 
 end of the inteftinum rectum, or ftraight gut 
 e; then the branchiz or gills f, fome of which 
 appear out of the verge in the former figure : 
 and at length the uterus ¢, which I have here 
 delineated as diffected and opened together 
 with the living foetus contained in it; for the 
 young are brought forth alive by this Snail. 
 The verge has not a fingular or remarkable 
 aperture as in the other land and water Snails, 
 ‘but the whole is almoft open on every fide: 
 the Snail however knows how to move the 
 mufcular parts of the verge, and to fwell them 
 out of the fhell in fuch a manner, that by this 
 means it draws the air into its cavity ; and this 
 air is afterwards expelled from thence again, 
 when the Snail hides itfelf in its thell. ‘Thus 
 may this {mall complicated margin be very 
 eafily feen ; the doublings or winding plaits or 
 wrinkles of it arife, in my opinion, from the 
 bending and contraction of the body. If this 
 little part 7 be diffected, it appears to be only 
 a congeries or heap of tranfparent, chryftalline, 
 and equal globules, which are of a {tony na- 
 ture, and make a crafhing noife under the 
 diffeCting knife. The horns, the upper fur- 
 face of the mouth, and mariy other parts of 
 
 IN Ste GIT Ss. hg] 
 
 particles, linked or joined together, fuch as 
 are found in the inteftines themfelves. 
 
 The parts which I call the branchie or gills, 
 Tab. IX. fig. vi and v1. f, are likewife very won- 
 derful; they are difpofed in a neat order, they 
 are of equal length, and are placed at the fides 
 of the inteftinum rectum or ftraight gut, which 
 they accompany for a great way into the in- 
 flexion of the body. If you view them with 
 the affiftance of glaffes, they refemble a comb 
 with broad teeth, though in foftnefs and de- 
 licacy they are like little membranes. At firft 
 I thought that thefe little parts were mem- 
 branous expanfions of the uterus ; but from 
 their fituation and ftructure I afterwards found 
 that they agreed more with branchiz or gills. 
 
 The uterus, which, as we have faid, is re- 
 prefented, fig. vi. g, open here, is fituated in 
 this Snail where the ftraight gut is feen in the 
 common covered Snail. When I opened it 
 gently, I immediately met under its upper coat, 
 which it has in common with the coat of the 
 verge, a congeries of oblong little parts, fig. 
 vil. @, which were very numerous, and dif- 
 fered fomewhat in their length, figure, and 
 thicknefs ; and when I removed them from 
 their places, I found they were all alive, and 
 were fo many living little Worms, as there 
 
 fy this creature become petrified, and therefore appeared particles of that fort. On the infide 
 A alfo make a noife like fand, when they are of thefe Worms was feen an oblong tran{pa- 
 “ chewed a little in the mouth. I mixed fpirit rent afh-gray coloured furrow or ridge. When 
 t of vitriol with them, and it caufed a very ftrong I began to diffe&t one of thefe Worms, two, 
 i fermentation. nay three, and fometities four inclofed Worms 
 This firft obfervation is, théetefore; very of the fame kind iffued forth * ; having almoft 
 x fingular; and merits particular confideration. the fame figure, that is, a thick head, fig’. 
 i We fee how the omnipotent God could frame viii. a, and finall tail 4, like young Frogs or 
 ‘ a little being, which confifts, as it were, of Tadpoles: "Fhe former Worms indéed moved 
 q fmall ftones, and yet can move, agitate, con+ fomewhat flowly, but the latter being put into 
 a traét, draw in and extend thefe its parts; be- water, {wam very fwiftly, and very ftrongly 
 ty caufe mufeles and their tendons are infertedin twifted about theit little tails. I muft confefs 
 y and rufithrough them. But who candeferibe the fight of thefe aftonifhed me, as I never 
 a how the veins, arteries, and nerves are there expected to have met fuch, and fo many mi- 
 ot interwoven and difpofed ? Nobody truly, but racles im one little creature, or that I fhould 
 ne He alone who made all thefe things; That have been fo well convinced of my own igno 
 nil congeriés of chryftalline globules, in particu-  rance and blindnefs ina fingle fubject. stages 
 oft lar, which is fo copious in the horns, that one All thefe Worms exhibited a roundifh little 
 th can hardly find a place wherein the parts part, tranfparent through the middle of their 
 va aforefaid may not be conceived to be fituated; body; but at the tail appeared fonie foft little 
 fo that even from thence it appears clearer points almoft like hairs. I could not find any 
 i than the light at noon day, what exquifiteé excrements in them. The little creature itfelf, 
 nit arts and unheard-of miracles the moft fagacious viewed in the fun with a microfcope, feemed 
 ie Architect has hidden in the immenfe volumes to confift entirely of fmall grains of fand. , 
 ou! of his works. When I had afterwards taken all thefe parts 
 vel If the inteftinum rectum or ftraight gut ein from their places, a new miracle prefented it- 
 ie this Snail be opened, it is ufually found to be felf to me: I obferved that the whole tube of 
 pu full of an earthy gray fubftance, and divided the uterus likewife confifted of chryftalline 
 oo on the infide by many membranous and ner- _ little ftones, which were as numerous and as 
 inh vous partitions or inclofures like little valves; thick and clofe together, and difpofed in the 
 ih and grows larger and larger continually, until like order as I have before related they were 
 at at length it pafles the liver and fmall guts, and about the fkin, the comiplicated margin ae 
 46 énds in the ftomach, which feems to be like a horns. Hence I really think that this little 
 
 finall tube or pipe. The excrements. which 
 this Snail throws out, are a congeries of oval 
 
 creature may be properly compared to the co- 
 ralline cruft which furrounds hard coral; for 
 
 * The Eels in pafte are in this manner viviparous, arid there does not appear to be any diftinétion of fex in a of the 
 produce, for all are bearers. The late Mr. Sherwood has given an account of this to the Royal Society, the truth of which I 
 
 know, having made the experiments with him. 
 
 x the 
 
48 
 the {kin which covers the branches of corals, 
 is almoft of the fame ftructure, and may like- 
 wile be eafily feparated from the hard coralline 
 fabfance underneath. Nay, the ends or tops of 
 coral are alfo of the fame foftnefs ; and I have 
 found them ftill tender after the coral had been 
 out of the water fome months: this I have be- 
 fore obferved in the letters that I wroteon coral. 
 In the common water Snail I likewife faw here 
 and there fome little round chryftalline parts, 
 which I think were likewife globules of fand 
 of the fame nature. In the ftraight gut of 
 that Worm, out of which iffues the Gad-fiy, 
 I obferved fomething like this, as I fhall de- 
 {cribe and reprefent when I come to its 
 hiftory. 
 
 When I afterwards opened the uterus, I 
 was more aftonifhed: I found a fmall Snail 
 in it *, in every refpect perfect, which had 
 already broke out of its membranes, and fhewed 
 the fame difpofition and the fame manners with 
 the larger one its parent. Thus I learned that 
 this little creature brought forth young Snails 
 alive, as big as common peafe, Tab. 1X. fig. 
 1x. a, which had their fhells and coverings 
 pretty hard ; and that they were likewife com- 
 plete and perfect in all their parts. 
 
 This thell, fig. x. 4, afforded fo beautiful 
 an appearance under the microfcope, that no- 
 thing like it can be imagined, It was twifted 
 into four fpiral parts, whereof the innermoft 
 diminifhed its windings by degrees, until it 
 ended in a pretty blunt point, almoft refem- 
 bling atop. Moreover, the coat was covered 
 with a periofteum, and was very elegantly and 
 neatly adorned with feven rows of | briftly 
 hairs c, &c. Some black fpots were here and 
 there likewife feen, which were produced from 
 the tranfparent body on the infide. It was 
 further divided by many {potted or fpeckled 
 little lines and other furrows ; and alfo by lit- 
 tle ribs that were notched and full of filaments ; 
 
 all which I have not delineated, left the figure. 
 
 fhould have grown too big: nor have J leifure 
 enough at this time to enter upon fo many 
 things. : 
 
 Thefe things convince me moft clearly, that 
 the thell or ftony covering of the body .is the 
 Snail’s real fkin; fince it has, even in the 
 
 uterus, not only its own proper Coat, but its 
 
 air. We are taught from thence alfo, be- 
 yond contradiction, that all thefe hard fub- 
 ftances are nourifhed and fuftained as well as 
 the Snail’s fofter parts. For which reafon the 
 ftony chryftalline little grains before defcribed, 
 are fewer and fmaller in the young and tender 
 Snail than in the more grown one. 
 | I find this fhell, together with its animalcule, 
 free and difengaged on every fide in the uterus, 
 and not involved or rolled in fuch coats as form 
 the fecundines. . Hence one might, in fome 
 meafure doubt whether this part, which I 
 call the uterus, were not rather the ozfophagus, 
 
 The BOOK of NA TL U: R35 ts 
 
 and that therefore this animal had been. only 
 devoured by the Snail. But when I diffected 
 another Snail, } found twelve perfect. eggs 
 therein, fticking in the uterus ; each of which 
 had its little navel-ftring; Tab. IX. fig. x1. ca, 
 and fome of them had two 46. The ftrings 
 were fomewhat broader near the egg, but 
 where they were connected with the uterus, 
 they were like a fmall filament. ‘They ad- 
 hered almoft in the middle of the uterus to a 
 {mall feam or future. seal 
 The fix firft eggs, which are placed in the — 
 fore part, each contained a Snail, however 
 {mall, with its fhell and food ; the little body 
 of this Snail lay extended out of the fhell 
 among the alimentary fubftance. The firt 
 egg had a larger Snail, but the fecond, third, 
 fourth and fifth afmaller. In the fixth I only 
 faw a {mall point, the fhell. whereof was not 
 yet confpicuous. feet: 
 In the other fix little eggs, which were 
 fomewhat fmaller than thefe, there was no+ 
 thing to be feen, becaufe their tendernefs 
 made them tranfparent, and they were of one 
 colour, On opening, them I found that there 
 was a more tenacious liquor contained in them 
 than in the former. 
 The fix foremoft eggs were as big as coms 
 mon peafe, and wefe invefted with a very ten- 
 der and fine chorion and amnion, through 
 which one might fee the Snail within ccc lan- 
 guidly moving itfelf. Moreover, the whole 
 amnion was filled with the moifture before- 
 mentioned, which is the creature’s true nourifh- 
 
 ‘ment; and the Snail likewife fwam. in the 
 
 amnion, as the human feetus does in the mo- 
 ther’s womb. _ As the Snail grows bigger, this 
 humour is diminifhed in proportion. 
 
 When [had broken the membrane of an egg 
 which contained one of the fmalleft Snails, I 
 found that the creature taken from thence, 
 Tab. IX. fig. 11. d, was as big as the head of 
 a common pin; but it did not move out of, 
 
 ‘nor go into its fhell : for its mufcles were yet 
 
 too tender, and fome of its parts had been pro- 
 bably broken off. 
 
 If this egg was raifed or lifted up by its ftring, 
 the Snail within remained in its fituation with- 
 out motion; but when the egg, which lay out 
 of the uterus for one, two, or three days, was 
 thus kept fufpended by its ftring, then the 
 Snail within fell to the bottom of the mem- 
 brane e which conftituted the egg. Hence. 
 one may conclude with certainty, that the 
 clufter of veffels was broken on the infide, 
 though it could not be feen, becaufe all things 
 are here limpid, white, and verytender. . The 
 humour or fluid itfelf, that is, the nutritious 
 juice wherein the Snail {wims, is limpid, 
 though it ftill approaches fomewhat to the 
 colour of whey, and when put into the water 
 it becomes more thick or muddy ; but if it has 
 remained in the water fome days, then it ex- 
 
 * ; > hag . * —' . 
 Our countryman Dr. Lifter has diftinguifhed himfelf on the fubje& of this viviparous Snail, His obfervations in general agree 
 
 with thofe of this author, for truth is the fame in whatever language it is written. 
 
 pands 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS. Br 
 
 parids itfelf like glue, and at length it be- 
 comes clearer by the addition of the imbibed 
 water. 
 
 When I placed this little Snail under the mi= . 
 
 crofcope d, I {aw its eyes very black like pitch, 
 fig. x11. aa, but the reft of its body was colour- 
 lefs, or for the moft part white ; the horns 4 
 are fomewhat blunt, the mouth c is open, all 
 the reft of the body d is ftretched out of the 
 fhell; I found the operculum or cover ¢ an~ 
 nexed to the hinder part of its tail, but the 
 thell f was adorned with the like elegant ap- 
 paratus and hair asI have reprefented in the 
 tenth figure. 
 
 From hence, therefore, it is very evident 
 in what manner this Snail, together with its 
 fhell or ftony cover, is likewife by degrees in= 
 creafed, augmented, and become larger in the 
 uterus, This obfervation is indeed of fuch im- 
 portance, that no body can defire any more 
 worthy of notice. Whoever reads thefe things 
 mutt be obliged to confefs, that the power of 
 the Almighty cannot be known, by clearer and 
 more convincing proofs, in any part of his 
 works, than in thofe minute animalcules, 
 wherein that great Architeé& has inclofed and 
 hidden fo many wonderful parts, and fhewn 
 fuch exquifite art, that exceeds all human in- 
 duftry ; fo that one may employ his whole life 
 in the diffection of the fmalleft of all animals. 
 For this reafon I look upon the whole of my 
 defcription to be like a delineation of the fun, 
 defaced with coarfe materials ; and therefore 
 it is no wonder that the wife men of the 
 heathens, when they had feen fome miracles 
 concerning the nature of women, cried out, 
 *© O! Being of beings, have mercy on me,” 
 
 I have not accurately inveftigated the re- 
 midining parts of the Snail, becaufe I only 
 diffected two pretty large ones, and a fmaller 
 one of this fpecies, and becaufe it happened 
 only by chance, that I began this wonderful 
 diffection, which deferves more than any other 
 to be completely perfected; great numbers of 
 thefe Snails may be found at any time. I 
 fhall for the prefent briefly relate what more 
 I faw of them. 
 
 T have obferved that this Snail has no teeth, 
 but inftead thereof it has a probofcis, trunk, 
 or little tongue, by the help of which it feems 
 to take its food in as by fuction, as is the cafe 
 in butterflies, and fomeé kind of beetles, This 
 little tongue is fo elégantly formed, that it can 
 fearce be exactly defcribed, and as difficultly 
 be reprefented in a figure ; in the forepart it 
 is of a bright or pellucid red colour, furround- 
 ed on each fide with many {mall parts, like 
 the branchiz or gills of fifh, or like a comb 
 with a double row of teeth. Thefe little parts 
 grow paler towards the hinder fide, and are of 
 a horny fubftance, fuch as the little tongue 
 has in its divifions. 
 
 The gullet is like a fmall filament. I have 
 not diftinctly feen the ftomach, becaufe I had 
 broken fome of the parts, but the part I took 
 
 "Ale 
 for the ftomach was -likea membranous little 
 inteftine. 
 
 The ovary is in every tefpeé like that of 
 hens, only that its eggs are ot fo large: I 
 took thefe eggs in the beginning for a con- 
 geries or heap of chryftalline globules; but 
 when I had dried them upon glafs they con- 
 tracted, which is not a property of the chryf- 
 talline granules of this little animal; I found 
 them alfo foft in handling and biting them. 
 I have nothing to fay with certainty of thé 
 penis, though I faw fomething like otie, 
 
 The liver confitts of difting vifible glandiles, 
 fomewhat like pears, and I confefs thatthe glan- 
 dules of the liver never appeared plainer to mé 
 in any animal. As to the other parts of the ab- 
 domen, I have not yet either feen or examined 
 them. The brain and nerves are conftruéted in 
 a very different manner from thofe of all other 
 Snails that I have hitherto fearched into: 
 neither have I inveftigated the eyes, fince, 
 with refpect to thefe, this little animal agrees 
 in fome meafure with craftaceous animals, as 
 Crabs and Lobfters: henee I thought I fhould 
 have found fomething in it, like the eyes of 
 the Hermit Crab, which I obferved to be like 
 thofe of Bees. The cornea tunica of the eye 
 was in this alfo divided into little {quares. 
 
 I have not been able yet to difcover how 
 this egg comes out of the ovary into the ute+ 
 rus, for the bottom of the latter feems to be 
 fhut up; but whether there be a tube in it 
 there,.'as in Frogs and Tortoifes, I am hitherto 
 ignorant ; I am atas great a lofs to know what 
 time the egg afterwards remains in the uterus, 
 before the little creature is difclofed from thence 
 as a perfect Snail. If we confider the remark- 
 able fize of the fhell, we may reafonably con- 
 clude that the egg lies there a long time. 
 Hence I fhould think that fuch {mall Snails 
 and eggs may be found in the uterus at any 
 time of the year. As to the Snails themfelves, 
 Inow know how to get a great number of 
 them, nor will it be difficult to exhibit their 
 foetus. 
 
 Who can explain after what manner this 
 ege is fecundated? or how life and motion 
 are communicated to all its parts? fo that, 
 like a clock, having been produced with all 
 its wheels or limbs by its parent only, and 
 having life and motion from the male fperm, 
 it continues {trong and vigorous, until its little 
 chain be unwound: fo we may term the death 
 of all thofe who have life and breath. Thefe 
 things are known only to that moft fagacious 
 Being, who has numbered and meafured the 
 chryftalline globules, the hairs of the thell, 
 and all the parts of this little creature’s body, 
 nay of all animals, and who has given life and 
 motion to every thing. 
 
 On the twelfth of March, in the next year 
 after I began thefe obfervations on the vivipa- 
 rous Snail, I collected a great number of this 
 kind, which I put into a‘large bafon full of 
 rain water, and fed for a long time oon 
 
 elp 
 
Bo 
 
 help of fome potters earth diffolved in the 
 water. On the thirteenth of the fame month 
 I opened one of thefe Snails, when I found 
 nine living Snails in its uterus, each inclofed 
 in its proper membrane ; though the humour 
 of the amnion was almoft confumed, which 
 I looked upon as a certain fign, that their birth 
 «vas near at hand. The larger of thefe foetus’s 
 were placed foremoft in the uterus, and the 
 iefs next in order. When I had afterwards cut 
 them out of the uterus, and put them into 
 frefh water, I found they lived to the eight- 
 eenth of March, moving themfelves, and 
 {wimming like Snails more grown; nay, their 
 manner of fwimming was much more beauti- 
 ful; but as I then had other matters to attend, 
 i poured them and the water out together, 
 nor have I fince obferved any thing further in 
 them. The largeft of thefe Snails were fome- 
 what lefs than thofe that are reprefented in 
 Tab. IX. fig. 1x. andthe reft were ftill lefs in 
 proportion, 
 
 On the twenty-firft of March I opened 
 another Snail of that kind, in which I found 
 forty-four larger, and fome very {mall foetus’s, 
 each inclofed in its membranes and placed in 
 a regular order in the uterus: fome days after 
 this I diffeéted three others, in one of which 
 I reckoned fixty-five Snails, in the fecond fix- 
 
 . ty-feven, and in the laft feventy-four, the . 
 
 {malleft of thefe young Snails were not bigger 
 than the point of a little needle. When I 
 afterwards viewed them in a dark place by 
 candle light, I obferved that they fwiftly and 
 very beautifully moved and twifted themfelves 
 round in the humour or liquor of the am- 
 nion. But I.found no eggs in the uterus of 
 thefe laft ; hence I learned that thefe fcetus’s 
 were arrived to their full perfection, and af- 
 terwards only increafed, that they might in 
 fome months after be in a condition to be 
 brought forth by degrees, and by this means 
 give way to new eggs to be again received into 
 the uterus at thattime. = =e 
 
 Wherefore at whatever time of the. year, 
 you open thefe Snails, you will always find 
 them pregnant, either with eggs or living 
 Snails, or with both together. 
 
 On the twenty third of March I obferved 
 
 we: « that Jpecies of the Sea Snail, 
 
 *T Hough many {pecies of fhell-fith, of the 
 ™ Snail kind, are found in Holland, I do 
 not know that any of them are eat, except 
 only this feakind, which is of the genus of the 
 Turbo, and is called Aliekruyk ; nor do we eat 
 them at all times of the year, but only between 
 Eafter and Pentecoft, and afew days after. At 
 this feafon, hogfheads of thefe Snails are carried 
 into cities, and, being firft boiled with water 
 and falt, are fold out by meafure. Seafaring 
 perfons in particular, and thofe who defire to 
 provoke thirft by falt meat, eat thefe Snails, 
 
 The BOOK of NATUR E; &, é 
 
 that fome of thefé Snails, which I kept in4 - 
 larger vefiel filled with water, had brought 
 forth feveral young. Snails of equal fize or 
 bignefs. In fome days afterwards T again 
 faw that other young’ones were brought forth; 
 fo that by this means, and {undry obfervations, 
 I learned by very certain experiments, that 
 thefe Snails continually bring forth through- 
 out the whole year. When in the month of 
 June I opened fome of thofe that had brought 
 forth, I found many rudiments of eggs in 
 them, and fome eggs of the fecond degree, 
 which were already fo perfect, that the feetus 
 might be difcovered in them; nay further, 
 fome eggs were ftill more perfect ; they lay in 
 the uterus, and the young of them were to 
 be produced foon. 
 
 In the month of June almoft all my Snails 
 died, becaufe I neglected to give them frefh 
 water, and therefore in order to preferve them 
 for fome time, I put them into fpirit of wine 
 among others which had perifhed fome weeks 
 before. I afterwards shed above fixty 
 young Snails, in the uterus of one of thefe 
 to Dr. Huygens, who, on his return to Paris, 
 honoured me with a vifit; at which fight he 
 was greatly aftonifhed, and highly admired 
 the ftupendous and impenetrable fecrets of 
 nature. 
 
 On the twenty-fourth of July I weighed 
 one of thefe viviparous living Snaifs that was 
 freth taken, and it weighed five drachms ; in 
 its uterus I found many eggs, in moft of which 
 was to be feen a moyeable whitifh {pot or 
 point, but in’the reft of them Snails of a larger 
 fize were obferved, fo that all the larger Snails 
 were then already hatched. Then I began to 
 clear the fhell of this Snail of its dirty cruft, 
 and I found the periofteum underneath un- 
 hurt. Its colour was then yellow mixed with 
 green, and it was variegated with light red 
 furrows and ridges; when the periofteam was 
 pulled off, the fhell appeared white, and the 
 ribs or ridges appeared of a purplifh red, [. 
 have delineated a fhell of this kind in its na- 
 tural bignefs, in Tab. IX. fig. x11, where 
 the ftructure, windings, fibres, and aperture 
 of the villar may be clearly and diftin@ly feen 
 in it. ; 
 
 called by the Hollanders Aliekruyk. 
 
 taking them out of the fhell witha needle ot 
 little pin, and then they drink a large draught. 
 For my part I do not like the tafteof them ; nay, 
 they feem to me to affect the palate with too 
 much faltnefs, and a kind of rank 
 The liver is the moft favour 
 in the reft they eat hard and tough, and are 
 therefore ufed, as I have faid, rather for whet- 
 ting the. thirft, than as food. Their entrails 
 
 alfo are fo full of dirt and fand, that they crafh 
 between the teeth. 
 
 flavour. 
 y of all their parts; 
 
 Thefe 
 
tei — | 
 
 The. HIS FORY .of INSECTS. 8 
 
 . Thefe thell-fith are found very numerous on 
 the fhelves or fand banks near the fea, where 
 the mutcles are alfo found, and among the latter 
 they are frequently fold ; but they have alfo pe- 
 culiar and proper places, in the fea, where they 
 ftick together in large heaps. I have fometimes 
 taken them from the piles of timber, on which 
 they are often fixed in the fea, and fometimes 
 I have pulled them from large willow ftumps, 
 which were formerly laid on the fhore, to 
 break the violence of the waves ; between thefe 
 ftumps, and among ftones, are fometimes found 
 many other rare water infects, as the Pulmo 
 Marinus, or Sea Lungs, the Urtica Marina, or 
 Sea Nettle, a f{pecies of the Echinus, the Stella, 
 or Star-fith, Tubuli, or Sea Worms, Afelli 
 Marini, Sea Wood-lice, and others. The ma- 
 ritime coaft of Holland is the only place I 
 know wherein one can make thefe ufeful ob- 
 fervations, for all other coafts in general are 
 {mooth and plain, or covered even with fand. 
 
 That this fhell fith may be better known, I 
 fhall firft defcribe its external, and then its in- 
 ternal parts. Among the external parts I reckon 
 the fhell, which is the ftony skin of this Snail, 
 as well as of all other infects that inhabit fhells, 
 it is on the outfide inyefted with a periofteum, 
 which appears very beautiful in young ones, 
 becaufe .no part of the fhell has been in them 
 ‘worn out or rubbed off. Underneath, where 
 this Snail, Tab. IX. fig, x1v. a, creeps out of the 
 mouth, the door or entrance of its fhell, the 
 latter is a little globular 4, but it lofes this figure 
 by degrees, after it is rolled five times, 1} 2,3, 4, 
 §, and is terminated ina fharp point. The 
 external furface of this fhell is rough and une- 
 qual, fince from its mouth or entrance to its 
 acute end, it is folded and curled with thirty- 
 one little ribs or furrows, which appear like fo 
 many threads above the furface c. I have not 
 met with this exact appearance in all of them, 
 as it feems in many to be worn out and oblite- 
 tated with age; for the older ones have po- 
 lithed fhells, and are divided, fig. xv. d, only by 
 fome rings or wreaths of divers forms and co-~ 
 lours ; unlefs thefe fhells may probably belong 
 rather to another particular fpecies, which I 
 think is moft probable: As to the colour of 
 the fhells, it is a light red in the former fpecies, 
 but in the other it is mixed with green and 
 afh-gray. and fometimes red, purple, blue, or 
 whitith. ‘The internal furface of the fhell is 
 all equal and fmooth, it is of a dark brown in 
 both. fpecies, fomewhat inclinable to a bluifh 
 
 urple. 
 
 The fhells of thefe Snails are frequently eaten 
 through, by fome of the largeft Sea Worms *; 
 as may be feen particularly in the upper or 
 pointed extremity, for it is frequently found 
 gnawed there in confiderable holes, in fuch a 
 manner, that the whole figure of the fhell is 
 obliterated in that part; nay, I found from 
 
 experience, that thofe worms fometimes pers 
 forate into the inward texture of the thell, and 
 there form various crooked and oblong hollows, 
 Tab. IX: fig. xv. e, which fometimes penetrate 
 into the cavity itfelf, fo that the Snail is obliged 
 to draw up the hinder parts of its body. 
 
 I have found feven fuch Worms in one fhell, 
 the Snail whereof was ftill living and unhurt. 
 I here exhibit one of thefe Worms, fig. xvi. 4, 
 if this Worm be viewed with a microfcope, it 
 is found to confift of many annular incifions; 
 which are adorned, fig. xviI. ¢¢, with fmall 
 hairs on each fide ; in the middle are feen two 
 veins of a bloody colour, which extend their 
 little branches on either fide towards the inter- 
 {ections of the body. In the fore part of its head 
 a are alfo fome hairs, which are placed there 
 like antenne or horns: the like 4 are feen alfo 
 at the tail. All thefe Worms had a very thin 
 skin ; they were of a tender conftitution, and 
 moved but very little. Whether this might have 
 proceeded from my hurting them, by ftriking 
 them with a hammer, or was natural to them, 
 I cannot fay. In the foulnefs which adheres to 
 Oyfters, I faw a fpecies of larger worms, which 
 were not in figure very unlike this fmaller kind, 
 and, like the Glow-worm, {hined in the dark. 
 
 All thefe thell fith feem to be fubje& to this 
 Worm as a difeafe, fince few of them are 
 met with, whofe fhells are entire and found 
 at the end of their convolutions. or windings ; 
 for the fhells are always invefted there with 
 a dirty or filthy afh coloured fubftance, where- 
 with they are more or lefS infeéted; and in 
 which thefe worms feem by degrees to fix 
 themfelves, fo that at length they feize on the 
 fkin of the fhell fifh, as their proper habitation 
 and food, though the Snail ftill continues to 
 live in it. This fhell has very hard and folid 
 joints; as appears in its fpiral pillar, which is 
 likewife very thick; hence it is that the Snail 
 may be eafily difengaged from it, fince the thell 
 flies in pieces like a flint, if it be ftruck ever fo 
 lightly with a hammer. 
 
 The body of the Snail, which creeps out 
 of this fhell,. but is by its mufcles very ftrongly 
 annexed to the pillar of it; the head and 
 mouth, Tab. IX. fig. xviii. @, are nearly like 
 the Snails, and fo are the horns 44; and eyescc: 
 The colouring of the fkin only differs, for it 
 is variegated with black furrows and {pots on a 
 white ground: in regard however to the colour 
 of the two fpecies, there is fome difference to 
 be obferved. Behind, at the verge of the bo- 
 dy dd, is the Snail’s operculum or caver e; which 
 it fuddenly draws in at pleafure, and by this 
 means {huts up its fhell, when it meets with 
 any thing unufual: the creature provides for its 
 fafety in the fame manner, when any thing 
 is fuddenly prefented to its eyes ; fo that I may 
 venture to affirm from hence, that this is the 
 only {pecies of Snails that I know, wherein any 
 
 * This is a common accident to fhell fith: not only worms gnaw the fhells, but the large fhell fith of fome kinds have a 
 kind of bony engine, with which they pierce the fhells, to get at the creature for their food. When it was doubted, whether 
 fofil fhells were real, or exuviz of animals, or reprefentations of them, from the fportings of nature, fhells taken out of the 
 earth thus pierced by Pholades, were produced, and the objections ceafed. 
 
 manifeftt 
 
‘The BOOK of 
 
 manifeft figns of fight appear ; though in the 
 mean time the eyes of this {nail do not, inref- 
 e& to the parts which are common to the 
 Snails, differ any thing from thofe 
 of others. On the infide, at the edge of the 
 fhell, is feen the verge, which furrounds the 
 whole body, and is pervious to no alr this I 
 have remarked alfo in other {pecies of Snails. 
 On the right fide of it are two other apertures, 
 one of which ferves to evacuate the fceces, 
 through the other the genitals are extended. 
 And thefe are all the outward parts of this little 
 creature. Moreover, this Snail is of a very ftrong 
 ‘ conftitution, for it can live ten or twelve days 
 in the open air out of the water. I have alfo 
 obferved, when I was fometimes in the month 
 of September in the town of Petten, where 
 thefe Shails are found in great plenty, near the 
 fea piles or fea marks ; that they ftuck quietly 
 on the dry land, after the tide was out, and on 
 its flowing, were again buried under the water ; 
 fo that they may, on this account, be confidered 
 as real amphibious creatures. The fhell f 
 wherein I exhibit this Snail, belongs to the 
 fecond fpecies, and fhews its fafcie or wreaths 
 nearly worn out. The operculum or cover 
 confifts of a flexible horny fubftance, fig. x1x. g, 
 which is compofed of filaments applied to each 
 other, and rolled like the {piral convolutions of 
 fome fhells. 
 I fhall give but a brief defcription of the in- 
 ternal parts, both becaufe I employed only half 
 
 eyes of all 
 
 a day in examining them, and becaufe they do 
 
 not differ much from the entrails of other 
 Snails. ‘To begin at the mouth, we muft ob- 
 ferve, that all the parts of the jaws and palate 
 are in this Snail of a bloody or purple colour. 
 In the middle of the mouth is feen the tongue, 
 Tab. IX. fig. xx. b, included in a fingular kind 
 of cavity, the whole of which it feems may 
 be extended together out of the body ; in the 
 refpeéts of colour and ftructure it does not 
 differ much from the tongue, which I have 
 delineated and defcribed in the Sepia or Cuttle- 
 fith ; but it differs very much from the latter 
 in this, that it is almoft two inches long, and 
 at the fame time beautifully convoluted or 
 twifted 7 into fpiral bendings, like a ferpent 
 clofely rolled together, and is thus placed on 
 the infide in the body, fo that it paffes with 
 the gullet under the brain. The brain is fitu- 
 ated behind the feveral parts of the mouth and 
 palate, over the tongue and gullet, and ferves 
 thofe parts before defcribed as a kind of pully, 
 through which they are tranfmitted. ‘The part 
 of the tongue which is in the body is cartila- 
 ginous, and fo artfully and beautifully formed, 
 that I could not delineate it fully in ten days; 
 for which reafon I exhibit it only in ‘its 
 natural fize. In the hinder extremity the 
 tongue is of a fofter texture, and there in- 
 cludes a white matter in its cavity, which, 
 when expofed to the air, dries away and va- 
 nifhes, contrary to what happens in the upper 
 part, The ufe of this tongue will be manifeft 
 
 NATURE; Of 
 
 to any perfon who inveftigates it with moré 
 experiments. ' 
 On either fide, near the tongue, are feen the 
 falival duéts, which arife from whitifh and 
 pbranchy glandules, and reach to the jaws be+ 
 hind, under the proper parts of the mouth 
 and palate ; and immediately under the gullet, 
 two glandulous white little parts likewife come 
 in view, the ufe of which I do not know: 
 under thefe, on each fide, are feen nerves 
 iffuing out of the brain, of which the optic 
 nerves are the moft confiderable. The eyes, 
 for the ufe of which thefe are appropriated, 
 have three fuch humours as I have before 
 defcribed at large in other Snails; the only differ- 
 ence is, that where the eye adheres to the skin, 
 +t is farrounded with a kind of white narrow 
 circle, which I have not indeed obferved in 
 other Snails. : 
 
 The ftomach likewife is provided in the fame 
 manner, as itis in the garden Snail, and when 
 it has decreafed into a {mall inteftine, it after- 
 wards proceeds according to the convolutions 
 of the fhell, and by its fpiral and pyramidal 
 windings, furrounds the liver, which is of a 
 dusky colour, fomewhat approaching to that 
 of musk. ‘The liver confifts of pretty large 
 vifible glandules, which feem to communicate 
 one with another, in form of a fhrub; as foon 
 as this inteftine has pafled through the liver, 
 and the whole circuit of the fhell’s convolu- 
 tions, it forms the inteftinum rectum, or ftraight 
 gut, wherein I have obferved the excrements 
 divided into quadrangular globules. 
 
 The heart with its auricle is fituated toward 
 the left fide. All the blood veffels are of a 
 whitith colour, and refemble a Spider’s threads: 
 this is a very great beauty in the inteftines of 
 this little creature. I could not fee the facculus 
 calcarius, or the calcarious bag, nor the chain- 
 like little part. Nay, feveral of the genital parts 
 could {carcely be diftinguifhed in this fubject, 
 for I began this diffeétion and examination in 
 the firft fpecies of thefe Snails, at the end of 
 the year, that isin September. But the purple- 
 bearing oblong little tube, together with fome 
 of the other entrails, were diftinétly feen to be 
 of a very elegant ftructure ; all which I muft 
 pafs over now, and fhall refume this diffection 
 at fome other convenient time. 
 
 Of the Jmall water Turbo. 
 
 Some fmall Turbines are commonly to be 
 met with, Tab. X. fig. 1.@, in the places where 
 the wonderful Snail, laft defcribed, is found. 
 Thefe feem to agree entirely in ftructure and * 
 conftitution with the viviparous Snail, nor do © 
 they obvioufly differ from it, only that their 
 fhells are fomewhat longer. I have not yet 
 found them of fo large a fize as I could with, 
 and as I have not them now alive, I cannot exhi- 
 bit the figure of this creature, I therefore hope 
 that the benevolent reader will be fatisfied with 
 the figure of its thell only. 
 
 | of 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS 83 
 
 Of the umbilicated marble Snail, 
 
 This little Snail, which is variegated in the 
 manner of marble, inhabits the freth-water 
 rivers of Holland, and therein adheres to {mall 
 ftones: I have found it in the Vecht, beyond 
 Amfterdam, It is frequently found about pieces 
 of brick-bats and tiles, or pot-therds, broken 
 pieces whereof have been thrown into the 
 water. In the fore part, where the fhell ga- 
 thers into a fpiral form, fig. 11. 2, it refembles 
 an umbilicus or navel; then it bends or rolls 
 round in an oval winding, and becomes more 
 expanded 6, It is of a green yellow colour, 
 variegated with a reticulated black ground like 
 marble. The Snail that lives within js very 
 tender, and as it died before I had brought it 
 home and opened it, I cannot fay much con- 
 cerning it, nor exhibit the figure of its body. 
 { faw that it had two oblong and fharp horns, 
 and two black eyes. The ftru@ure of its 
 tongue is almoft the fame with that of the won- 
 derful Snail, It had pretty ftrong little intef- 
 tines. Its body, which was contained within 
 the extreme {piral part of its fhell, was of an 
 obtufe figure; becaufe, probably, this thell was 
 very thick, firm, and folid. To the lower part 
 of the body adhered a calcarious operculum or 
 cover, which had a kind of {welling or pecu- 
 liar production where the mufcles were in- 
 ferted into it, fo that it refembles the thoulder- 
 blade in the human fkeleton: On the outfide 
 it was twifted fpirally like the thell itfelf. On 
 the inner part, where this Snail creeps out of 
 its fhell, the opening or entrance, which is 
 formed like a crefcent, only was open, and 
 over-againft it I obferved a certain greenith fpot, 
 which refembled in fubftance the thell of mo- 
 ther-of-pearl, and was likewife of the figure of 
 a crefcent. To this fpot the operculum or 
 cover applies itfelf, when the Snail creeps out 
 of its thell. 
 
 - The flattened Snail, 
 
 Since many {pecies of Snails are found in the 
 rivers of our part of Holland, I fhall briefly 
 defcribe only one kind of the water race, which 
 is to be found there very common, both in 
 falt and frefh water, as alfo in pafture grounds 
 and near the high-ways. Its body is gray or 
 blackifh. On or at the fore part of the head 
 are obferved two lips, Tab. X. fig. 111. aa, 
 joined together, under which is the Snail’s 
 mouth, formed in the fame manner as it is in 
 the common water Snail. Under the mouth 
 there is to be obferved a part of the body, 
 which I call the verge or foot 44, becaufe it 
 ferves it to creep with, The Snail frequently 
 expands this verge in fuch a manner as to cover 
 the lower part of its lips and mouth there- 
 with. A little higher in the head are two 
 black eyes cc, fituated at the bafis dd of the 
 horns. Thefe horns are very fharp in the fore 
 part, but broader behind, and the Snail can 
 
 contract them in fome degree, but it cannot 
 abfolutely draw them back into the body. 
 
 When its body ¢ is puthed forward’ out of 
 the fhell; it is confiderably long and flender. 
 Near the fhell is obferved a part of the verge, 
 which the creature can raife out of the water 
 when it fwims; fo that by means thereof, it 
 may draw the air into its body; the verge 
 therefore has for this purpofe a fufliciently 
 large aperture; Tab. X. fig. 11. f, in which 
 is feen the openings g defigned for the organs 
 of generation. 
 
 Its fhell or hard skin is twifted or rolled about 
 in a wonderful manner, and on the left fide it 
 is fmooth or flat bb: It is invefted with a di- 
 ftinily vifible periofteum, and is divided by 
 very {mall incifions, ribs and furrows. But if 
 this fhell was fo foft as that it could be rolled 
 out, an oblong tube might be made of it, On 
 the right fide it is concave or diverging as it 
 were from itfelf, but on the infide it is rolled 
 into itfelf, fig. 1v. a, and therefore leaves a {mall 
 aperture in the middle, which I call the cavity 
 of the pillar. 
 
 This Snail is a kind of intermediate fpe- 
 cies between the common water and viviparous 
 Snail, as will appear from its diffe@tion now to 
 be exhibited. It is very difficult to difle@ it; 
 for it cannot be killed without hurting it, and 
 it will not admit of being diffected alive. How- 
 ever, I do not doubt but I may be able to 
 furmount this difficulty, by the invention of 
 {ome proper apparatus for that purpofe, which 
 I the more ardently with for, becaufe as foon 
 as one begins to break open the fhell of this 
 Snail, it immediately difcharges a purple fluid 
 or humour, which diffufes itfelf throughout the 
 infide ; even through the-vifcera. If you kill it 
 in fpirit of wine, it likewife expels’ this pur- 
 ple fluid out of its body; but when it dies na- 
 turally in a little water, it fhews no purple, be- 
 caufe the colour then probably vanifhes by the 
 changing the difpofition of the parts. When 
 this Snail is drowned in milk, in which how- 
 ever it will liye for fome time, it is notwith- 
 ftanding found that the purple humour does not 
 remain in the veffels appropriated to it by na- 
 ture: and though I {aw the heart beating, 
 yet I never found this purple liquid ‘in it or its 
 auricle, - Hence I am inclined to think, that 
 this liquor is contained in a kind of facculus or 
 bag, which I have feen in other Snails, but 
 could not hitherto difcover in this. 
 
 The thell being gradually and carefully broken 
 off from the body, the diffe€tion thould com- 
 mence from the aperture of the verge. It will 
 then appear, that this Snail agrees greatly with 
 the wonderful {pecies ; for the verge is likewife 
 here provided with a fimilar {mall margin beau- 
 tifully folded, and made in the fame manner as 
 in the Snail before-mentioned ; for in its texture 
 is likewfe found a very great number of fuch 
 chryftalline globules, which crath and make a 
 noife under the inftruments. On the other, that is 
 on the right fide of the verge, is alfo obferved 
 a congeries of fuch Worms, as I haye in like 
 
 manner 
 
8 A 3 The 
 
 snanner obferved in the viviparous Snail ; and 
 if thefe Worms be diffected, a great many 
 fmaller ones, with thick. little heads iffue from 
 them, which will likewife fwim with very great 
 velocity, and they alfo are ftronger 1n their life 
 and motion, than thofe which I have defcribed 
 in the account of the viviparous Snail. 
 
 Thefe Worms likewile creep with very great 
 fwiftnefs ; firft ftretching their head forward, 
 and then, with great force, drawing the reft of 
 the body after it. Their greateft ftrength is 
 in their mouth, which may probably have a 
 kind of feet, as I have feen in other little crea- 
 tures, and fhall hereafter defcribe and exhibit 
 in figures. Thefe Worms are much fimaller 
 in this than in the wonderful Snail. When I 
 was certain of this fact of the Worms, from 
 obfervation, I kept fome thoufands of them in 
 the water, wherein I kept thefe Snails enclofed 
 in a large glafs vefiel, and I faw that they 
 moved {wiftly. The little part of this Snail 
 which contains thefe Worms in the upper part 
 of its membrane, is on the infide of a bright 
 yellow colour ; and, in my opinion, may pro- 
 bably be accounted analogous to the purple- 
 bearing bag in other creatures of this kind; but 
 this I fhall not affirm certainly. 
 
 This Snail agrees with the common water 
 Snails with refpect to the external ftructure of 
 the mouth and teeth. It wants an operculum 
 or cover, but as to moft of the vifcera it is 
 Hikewife like them. Its ftomach is formed in 
 the fame manner as that of the Hen. The 
 brain is fituated alike, though there is fome 
 difference in the nerves. The heart is placed 
 in the left fide of the body. But there is one 
 peculiar thing in this, which is, that the liver 
 confifting of glandules, is not protended to the 
 extreme cavity of the fhell: I have found there 
 a {mall part which was filled or crammed as it 
 were with myriads of the thick-headed little 
 Worms before defcribed. The chain-like little 
 part follows next, behind which is placed ano- 
 ther glandulous purple-coloured {mall part, and 
 after this again is feen another yellowith little 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; oF; 
 
 part near the uterus, which is of the like ftrués 
 ture with that in the water Snail, arid opens 
 with three tubes into the hinder part of the 
 neck. The penis is formed in the fame manner 
 as in the common watet Snail, nor has it any 
 thing peculiar in it, only that where it is ex- 
 tended out of the body, three final] folded 
 parts are feen, the middle whereof is very 
 beautiful, and is, in fome meafure like a 
 mufhroom, fapported by a fmall foot, and dis 
 vided on one fide. 
 
 The {mall flattened Snail. 
 
 This Snail is in moft refpects like the fore 
 mer, nor does it differ from it, except that its 
 (hell is on each fide almoft {mooth, and is con- 
 cave, and adorned with a {mall kind of mar- 
 gin, Tab. X. fig. v. a, by the addition of 
 which it happens that the furrows or little 
 ribs in the furface of the fhell are bent ina 
 different manner. It is feldom found larger 
 than it is here reprefented. There is alfo fome 
 flight difference in the external part of the 
 body. The horns are flefh-coloured, though 
 the body itfelf is blackifh. The fhell of this 
 Snail put in the fun is almoft all tranfparent, but 
 particularly in its internal windings, which are 
 on every fide ftained with purple. The punc- 
 tum faliens, or beating heart, is obferved to be 
 deeply tintured with the like colour. But if the 
 body of this Snail, after it has crept out of the 
 {kin or fhell, be pierced with a fmall needle, and 
 the needle afterwards extracted, it draws back 
 its body very deep into the fhell; and then it 
 is obferved, that a juice of a purple colour in- 
 
 fenfibly diftils out of the wound. This I take. ; 
 
 to be a certain fign that this little creature has 
 purple blood. Whether this fame thing holds 
 in the foregoing Snail, is yet to be difcovered 
 as alfo in a {maller one; the ‘fhell of which is 
 likewife probably fo thin as to be tran{parent. 
 This and the former Snail are found in the 
 ditches in Holland, as well as near the high- 
 ways and in pafture grounds. 
 
 Of frefh-water Mufeles, found in the rivers in Holland. 
 
 N ‘the river Vecht above Amfterdam, and 
 
 in other rivers, is frequently found a {pecies 
 of Mufcles, which are indeed buried in the 
 clay and mud next to the banks, but they lie 
 free and difengaged, and ftretch out their fharp- 
 pointed part. When the bottoms of the Vecht 
 or neighbouring ditches are cleaned, thefe muf- 
 cles are found in great numbers. I difcovered 
 three fpecies of them ; a larger fort with thin 
 and broad fhells; a {mallet more oblong, and 
 with thicker fhells; and a very large kind, 
 which is of a fomewhat different texture. 
 
 I only examined the middle {pecies of thefe, 
 that is, thofe which are moft common. Thefe 
 do not open themfelves much, they only make 
 the two wings or lips of their bodies to {well a 
 little out of the fhell, and by this means they can 
 
 fill themfelves with the river water. Befides, 
 they emit out of the thell fome {mall ruddy api- 
 culi, or {mall points, with fharp extremities; and, 
 as thofe are on the hinder part covered with a 
 blackith fubftance, they refemble fo many fharp 
 and black little fpines, made like the papillz that 
 are obferved on the furface of a Cow’s tongue. 
 I had intended to complete the whole ana- 
 tomy of thefe Mufcles; but when I opened 
 two of them, all the parts that I found in them 
 were fo ftrange, and fo much unknown to me, 
 that I defifted from my purpofe for that time. 
 For, as I had never before accurately diffected 
 
 -any fpecies of Mufcles, I faw that it would 
 
 have taken up a very long time to have finithed 
 this bufinefs, and I was then deeply engaged 
 in other matters. I therefore referve this work 
 
 for 
 
The; HA BE GoRsy 
 
 for a more proper opportunity. But I thall 
 now briefly relate what appeared at firft fight to 
 me on the inner and outfide of this Mufcle, and 
 in its fhell, and fhall, in particular, explain 
 fome things concerning the infertion of its muf- 
 cles; whereby the hiftory of what I have be- 
 fore faid of the Mufcles being inferted in the 
 fhells of the Snails, will be confiderably illuf- 
 trated. 
 
 When the fhell of this little Mufcle is care- 
 fully broke in little pieces with a forceps, and 
 feparated in the part where the Mufcles are 
 inferted, then offers itfelf to view in the crea- 
 ture, its lips, and with this the verge; thefe 
 wind about the whole body, and cover it as it 
 were with two wings or lips. One of thefe is 
 obferved to be, Tab. X. fig. vi. aa, bent back 
 to the fide of the body. On the lower fide of 
 it, and likewife on the other fide of the body, 
 are feen papillz as before mentioned 4 4, tinged 
 with a black colour, which may eafily be wiped 
 off with a brufh. The papille feem to me to 
 be the extremities of fo many tubes or trunks, 
 
 ‘ whereby the Mufcle draws into its body, {mall 
 
 particles of mud and flime, for the gullet feems 
 to communicate with them. On each fide of 
 the body are four branchia or gills, each con- 
 fifting of three membranes, the middle where- 
 of is formed like a bull-rufh mat, and is com- 
 pofed of longitudinal and tranfverfe’ filaments, 
 and may be feen through both the external 
 membranes. All thefe filaments feem to me 
 to be tubes, through which the blood moves as 
 it does in fifth. The largeft veffels are fituated 
 in the lower part of the mufcle; and from 
 thence arife, I think, thofe tubes, which, who- 
 ever purfues them fo far, will find pretty ftrongly 
 connected with the papille that draw in the 
 food. On each fide, the Mufcle Tab. X. fig. 
 vi. ccec has four fuch larger branchie or gills, 
 and four other fmaller ones, d ddd, placed to- 
 wards the hinder part 
 
 The body itfelf confifts of two parts, a 
 hard e¢ and foftf ThefeI take to be the thorax 
 and abdomen. The harder part is made up of 
 a congeries of many mufcles, which run from 
 one fide of the body to the other, with ftrata 
 or layers of long fibres, and being then carried 
 over the foft part towards the branchiz or gills, 
 and wings or lips, they afterwards give various 
 mufcles underneath to the belly. The thorax 
 rifes into a point, and is of a colour fomewhat 
 approaching to yellow. When opened it ex- 
 hibits many mufcular fibres running tranfverfely 
 from one fide to the other, from which the 
 thorax obtains its hardnefs and ftrength. Un- 
 der this is placed the brain covered, with a 
 bright-yellow membrane; but the fpinal mar- 
 row and nerves are white, and they are divided 
 into branches which are detached in great num- 
 bers to the mufcles, 
 
 I find four different parts in the abdomen, 
 a liver, fat, an afhy-gray fubftance, and feveral 
 membranous and mufcular expanfions. The 
 part which | take to be the liver, is very large; 
 it confifts of a congeries of {mall oblong glan- 
 
 oF RINSE GT S. 8 5 
 
 dules; which are placed near the hepatic veffels, 
 and refemble fo many uvulz refting on their 
 little fupports. Its colour is a blueith red, and 
 where the veffel is thickeft, a glutinous matter 
 is contained in it. There is a great quantity of 
 what I call fat in the abdomen; it is divided 
 into {mall glandulous little knots, and is of a 
 bright white ‘colour,. fo that one would take 
 them for little eggs, only there is fo great a 
 quantity here, that it reaches even to the {pinal 
 marrow. Many membranous and mutcular 
 expanfions are likewife feen in the belly, but 
 whether they are interwoven with veffels and 
 nerves, or with mufcular fibres, I cannot exactly 
 determine. To conclude, there is likewife a 
 great quantity of afh-coloured matter, diftri- 
 buted among the fat: we find the fame fub- 
 {tance depofited round the larger veffels of the 
 branchiz or gills, and in many other places. 
 
 I could not hitherto difcover either a heart 
 or a ftomach in this creature, but thall referve 
 both for further inquiries. The principal muf= 
 cles that .arife from the back are here very 
 ftrong, and divided into many tendinous fibres, 
 and are firmly inferted in the fkin or ftony thell 
 of the creature, fo that by this means various 
 holes and cavities are obferved to be formed in 
 the fhell, becaufe fome of the tendons are fixed 
 in it deeper than in others. . Out of the back 
 arifes, among others, a very beautiful fmall 
 mufcle, which paffes through the fhelly part 
 that joins the two valves of the fhell together, 
 as through a pully, and is afterwards inferted 
 in the fharp-pointed extremity of the fhell: but 
 the mufcles are not fo ftrong about the acute 
 extremity as elfewhere. - The fame are like- 
 wife very fhort, which is the reafon that this 
 Mutcle can open the valves of its fhell but a 
 little way; fo that if you attempt to ftretch 
 them further, even with the leaft force, they 
 immediately break. 
 
 On the infide of the hell are obferved five 
 particular parts, in which the mufcles of this 
 creature are inferted, that is in the fore part of 
 the acute extremity, where the infertion is in- 
 deed broad and formed into a circle, Tab. X. 
 fig. vil. @, -but not very ftrong. The Mufclé 
 is very {trong at the thick end of the fhell, be- 
 caufe the mufcles are there very firmly united 
 with the ftony bone: but one may there fee 
 four little apertures 4 funk in'the fhell, wherein 
 the tendons of the mufcles are united with the 
 fhell, or rather change into a fhelly fubftance. 
 The mufcles of the lips are inferted; but not 
 ftrongly, almoft in the whole circumference of 
 the {hell next to its extremity ccc. We obferve 
 that the fpiral worm d of this fhell fwells fome- 
 what beyond its arched cavity. There arealfo 
 two eminences ee, by the help of which both 
 valves of the Mufcle are very ftrongly joined 
 together as by ginglymus; which, together 
 with the parts wherein the mufcles are inferted, 
 make a very beautiful appearance in tome other 
 fpecies of Mufcles, and are wonderful in ‘the 
 larger fhell-fith of this kind. This fhell is on 
 the infide like that of mother-of-pearl. On the 
 
 Z outfide 
 
86 The BOOK of 
 outfide it has various convoltions or little ribs, 
 formed like crefcents, and is furrounded on 
 every fide with a ftrong yellow-green membrane 
 or periofteum. 
 
 I have nothing more to fay of this and 
 the other creatures, as I only flightly made 
 thefe particular experiments, that I might, as 
 far as time would permit, illuftrate the hiftory 
 of the covered Snail by the defcription of fome 
 other kinds. _I have examined into thefe things, 
 ‘ that the reader, myfelf, and all mankind may 
 learn to know God by his wonderful works, 
 and adore and love him as the fupreme Deity 
 
 The method of cutting Various 
 
 EFORE Iconclude the hiftory of thell- 
 
 fith, I fhall firft fubjoin a method, where- 
 by fhells may be engraved and adorned with 
 little pictures and figures, which is indeed a bu- 
 finefs of exquifite art. Take yellow wax, and 
 mix a little Venice turpentine with it, tomake 
 it more clammy, then add as much lamp-black 
 with it as will make it very black. “With this 
 wax melted in a fpoon, we may make any 
 figures we think proper, on the furface of the 
 fhell, to be carved ; then we cover thofe parts 
 that are left uncovered with wax, with aqua 
 fortis, which may be conveniently done by the 
 help of a skewer, with a fmall piece of linen 
 wrapt round it. If this be continued for a 
 fhort time, all the.parts of the fhell that are 
 free from the wax will be eaten by the aqua- 
 fortis, and in thofe places covered with wax 
 will be left an higher furface. And by this 
 
 NATURE; oO, 
 
 and the great Creator of nature. Doing this, 
 we fafely purfue the fteps of Chrift, in and by 
 whom every thing we do muft be acceptable 
 to God : but if we do not follow or imitate him, 
 we are like thofe carelefs fervants, who buried 
 in the earth the talents committed to them, 
 which God grant may not be our cafe; and 
 may all perfons, according to their refpective 
 abilities, extol and praife him ; for which end I 
 have communicated thefe obfervations as my 
 mite, and with they may anfwer the intended 
 purpofe. 
 
 images and figures in foells. 
 
 means the fhell may be adorned with various 
 
 figures, and apartments or divifions, which ap- 
 
 pear to be externally made thereon. But if 
 
 after the wax is fcraped or taken off by melt- 
 
 ing it, any corners or uneven parts fhould 
 chance to remain, they muft be planed and 
 
 perfected with the inftruments wherewith f- 
 
 gures are engraved. ‘Thus three, four, or five 
 
 eminent figures may be executed one over ano- 
 
 ther, according to the thicknefs of the fhell, 
 
 and the places which we would haye elevated, 
 
 are firft covered with melted wax. But the 
 
 place which the aqua fortis corrodes with its 
 
 acrimony, ought to be wafhed with common 
 rain water. Other corroding liquors are not fo 
 
 proper for this purpofe as aqua fortis, becaufe 
 they leave after them a fandy fubftance like 
 chalk, which produces a roughnefS that renders 
 
 the appearance lefs agreeable. 
 
 The end of the biftory of SHevi-FIsu. 
 
 A letter from 
 
 ILLtusTRious SiR, 
 
 HEN Ihad the honour of your com- 
 
 pany for fome days in Yffi-ftrect, it 
 often happened that fome miracles of nature 
 excited us to admire the great Creator, who is 
 aftonifhing in all his works. We have alfo 
 debated on the fame fubject often, when you 
 refided in Holland, and I have fhewed you 
 various uncommon experiments on bees and 
 other fpecies of infects. But fince the {fecrets 
 of nature have, by the many inftruments and 
 contrivances which I have invented, become 
 clearer and more known to me; and fince I 
 can in one day inveftigate what I have before 
 {pent a whole week on; I can therefore now 
 add a great deal to the difcoveries I formerly 
 made, This you will be convinced of from 
 the defcription of the internal and external parts 
 of the Hermit Crab, which I firft obferved fome 
 years ago at Scheveling. For, as Dr. John 
 Oort, governor in Nyenrode, fent me a large 
 
 Sohn Swammerdam to the moft illuftrious Mr. Thevenot, on the 
 anatomy of the Cancellus or Bernard L’Hermute. 
 
 veffel of thefe creatures, which, the better to 
 preferve them for fome time, | he had taken 
 care to throw into fpirit of winé immediately 
 after they were caught: I cannot help giving 
 you a full defcription of what I obferved in 
 them, and what obligations I am under both 
 to my old friend, the governor of Nyenrode, 
 who is greatly delighted with the works of 
 God, and to you, illuftrious fir, who keep me 
 continually employed in thefe matters, and en- 
 gage and perfuade me to fearch into them. 
 All mankind will admire the ftupendous ex- 
 amples of the immenfe greatnefs of the won- 
 derful works of God, which that fupreme ar- 
 chiteé exhibits to our contemplation in the va- 
 riety of the things which he has created, that 
 we may acknowledge his wifdom and infinite 
 power in the works of nature, and be induced 
 to love him moft ardently, and above all 
 things, 
 
 The 
 
The TR ES T DAY 
 
 The fithermen who get their living in the 
 fea of Scheveling, take there feveral ftrange 
 creatures, aS well in common nets as in drag 
 nets, which they either throw again into the 
 fea, or leave on the fhore, fince they can get 
 no profit by them. This is the reafon that it 
 is not yet known, how many and what won- 
 derful creatures there are, to which the eter- 
 nal power of God has affligned the falt waters 
 as their habitation. I with many more men 
 had fuch an ardent love for the fciences, as 
 you and the governor of Nyenrode, our friend, 
 for thus the knowledge of natural {cience, and 
 the hidden caufes in phyficks would, by de- 
 grees, become known; and the incitements to 
 
 of 2 M.Skec-T $ 87 
 
 our duty, by which we are ordered to love 
 our Creator with all our heart, would be dou- 
 bled. I am greatly obliged to you, becaufe 
 when you were in Holland, you ordered many 
 {trange creatures to be brought me from Eg- 
 mont-ftreet, which we afterwards examined 
 with our common and dear friend Dr. Stenon. 
 But I fear my long preface makes me trou- 
 blefome to you, by delaying the expofition of 
 what I promifed, and the gratification of your 
 eager curiofity. I fhall therefore now relate to 
 you in order, what I have obferved in the 
 {pace of two days in the Hermits tranfmitted to 
 me, and what ftupendous things I faw in 
 them, 
 
 The external parts of the Cancellus or Hermit. 
 
 ef the open veffel wherein my Cancelli or 
 Hermits were inclofed, I faw fome of them 
 had broken out of their fhells, and thag others 
 fill lay in them. The fhells of the largeft 
 were as bigas a chefnut, but thofe of the {mall- 
 eft were not bigger than a large pea. The 
 creatures themfelves who inhabit the infide 
 were large or {mall, in proportion to the fize of 
 their fhells. But all thefe fhells were of the 
 fame figure, form, and habit, only that there 
 was fome {mall, and, as it is called, acciden- 
 tal difference, in re{pect to the colour and lines. 
 Some of the Hermits which ftill lay in their 
 fhells, were difengaged from the fhell, fo that 
 they were affixed, by the ftrength of their tail 
 only, in the laft {piral windings of it; but in 
 others Ifaw very diftin@ly that in the middle 
 of their body they were joined in the fame 
 manner to the fhell itfelf*, and this isa pro- 
 perty common to Mufcles and Snails. Hence, 
 it appeared to me moft certain, that the fhell 
 was as much the true skin of the Hermit as it 
 is of the Snail. 
 
 Hence it feems matter of wonder that the 
 learned Rondeletius fhould write of the Can- 
 cellus or Hermit in this manner: ‘‘ Bernard 
 “< L’ Hermite fe loge toujours dans les coquilles 
 «© d’autrui, et qui’l n’en a point de propres ;” 
 that is, “ the Hermit always inhabits the fhells 
 “© of other creatures, nor has it any of its 
 << own.’ I obferve in the covered Snail, that 
 by the help of its mufcles it is not only affixed 
 to the fhell, but even the tendons of thofe 
 Mutfcles increafed with the fhell, and are aétu- 
 ally transformed into it, in the fame manner as 
 the tendons of the feet of Cocks and Peacocks 
 are infenfibly offified through age. The fame 
 thing is alfo obferved in the Hermit, for the 
 tendons of its mufcles, firmly adhering to the 
 fpiral pillar of the hell, where the pillar forms 
 its fecond fpiral winding, are obferved to be all 
 joined to that rocky fubftance. But as the ten- 
 dons do not occupy a great fpace with their in- 
 fertions; therefore the body of the dead Her- 
 
 mit quits them: and this -was probably the 
 reafon that the great Rondeletius, following the 
 doftrine of Ariftotle, has not obferved this 
 matter. As all thefe thells have one and the 
 fame figure and ftructure, it is manifeft even 
 from hence that they are proper to thefe crea- 
 tures only, and are increafed and augmented 
 with them, as is the cafe in Snails and all other 
 creatures that inhabit fhells. I am therefore 
 certain, that all Hermits which belong to the 
 fame fpecies have likewife fimilar hells; for 
 I am taught by experience, that there are many 
 {pecies of Hermits that are not only very dif- 
 ferent from one another, but alfo live in diffe- 
 rent kinds of fhells; this I have feen in my 
 father’s collection, and in many other mufeums. 
 
 The fhell of the Hermit is moreover fur- 
 rounded witha very thin perioftgum, and hence 
 arifes a new argument, which confirms, that 
 the fhell is the {kin of this creature, which, 
 with its periofteam, covers it on the outfide. 
 So that therefore the Hermits, as well as Beetles 
 and cruftaceous creatures, have their bones 
 placed on the outfide round their flefh, though 
 there is ftill fome difference. ‘This periofteum 
 is very thin, nor can it be better or more per~ 
 fectly feparated, than by fteeping the fhell fome 
 days in lye, and rubbing it lightly with aqua for- 
 tis, for thus it parts from the fhell. By this me- 
 thod the periofteum may likewife be very eafily 
 feparated in fome other fhells. But it is fo thick 
 and remarkable in fome kinds, that there is no 
 need of this experiment. In other fhells, again, 
 which are rolled over rough ftones, or that have 
 been drawn through rocky and fandy places 
 with their inhabitants, this periofteum is wholly 
 worn off, and cannot therefore be then difco- 
 vered in them. 
 
 Some of thefe fhells were very fmooth and 
 beautifully coloured, Tab. XI. fig. 1. a, and 
 glittered like a looking-glafs. A {pecies of the 
 Fucus Marinus, rifing with {mall points, covered 
 the largeft of them in fuch a manner, that the 
 whole figure of fome were obfcured and hid, 
 
 * The folution of thefe problems remains for future obfervations. This author afferts, that the body of the Hermit grows to 
 the fhell; others affirm, that the creatures will at any time crawl out of the fhell, on fmoaking them. with fulphur : if fo, the 
 
 fhell is no part of the creature. 
 
 co] 
 
 nor 
 
88 
 nor could the fpiral windings of fome of them 
 be feen 6. Moreover forme holes appeared be- 
 hind the points, and alfo fome very fingular lit- 
 tle grains of fand, fome of which were like- 
 wife covered with the Fucus. Other holes 
 were obferved likewife full of fofter purple 
 coloured eminences. In fome of the fhells a 
 foft fea mud was found, in others a very hard 
 one, the figure whereof was likewife {poiled by 
 winding round the creatures. I likewife faw 
 that a {ubftance adhered to the internal furface 
 of one fhell in fuch a manner, that there was 
 no void fpace either in the entrance of mouth 
 in the fore part, or a little higher in the hell ; 
 only where the tendons of the mufcles. were 
 feparated from the fubftance of the fhell. I 
 obferved further, that Worms had pierced the 
 (hells in fome places, and how fome of them 
 had been broken and again joined together. 
 Thefe fhells are ufually moft beautiful when 
 the Hermits are fmalleft in them, for they are 
 not then covered. In fome other young ones 
 of thefe, the periofteum appears of a very re- 
 markable figure and beauty, where the {hells 
 are not yet covered with the accreted matter ; 
 as I have obferved in fome fmaller water Snails, 
 in which the whole periofteum was very deli- 
 cately adorned with briftly hairs. Let what has 
 been hitherto faid of the {kin of thefe creatures 
 fuffice. I fhall now explain the other parts of 
 the Hermit, and that they may be the more 
 eafily underftood, I thall divide the creature 
 into four parts, the head, thorax, abdomen and 
 tail, and fhall afterwards defcribe every thing 
 remarkable in each. 
 
 In the upper part of the head are feen two 
 eyes, Tab. XI. fig. 1. c, and on one fide of 
 the Jatter, two horns or antenne dd, Under- 
 neath appear fome articulated briftly hairs, and 
 alfo a mouth and teeth. ‘The eyes are oblong, 
 fomewhat red, and in their aperture of a dark 
 green colour: they are articulated on both 
 fides with the head, by the affiftance of a cer- 
 tain dentated ring, which confifts of a like fub- 
 ftance with the {hell that furrounds the thorax 
 and feet, and the other part of the eye is again 
 articulated with the head. This upper part of 
 _the eye is likewife very hard underneath and 
 in the middle, but it is foft above, where the 
 cornea tunica is placed. The horns are com- 
 pofed each of three joints, whereof the largeft 
 are thofe which are joined to the head on each 
 fide of the eyes; from thefe the horns infen- 
 fibly grow very fhort, and terminate as it 
 were in {mall briftly hairs. In this thin and 
 tender part of the horns I reckoned above one 
 hundred and twenty very fine and delicate arti- 
 culations, each of which was likewifé adorned on 
 each fide with two pair of fine hairs. In the larger 
 Crabs thefe articulations are very diftin@tly con- 
 {picuous, and when the Crabs are boiled, the 
 horns may be divided into as many plain and 
 {mooth rings as they have articulations of that 
 kind. Between the firft and fecond joint of 
 thefe horns of the Hermit, there is a {maller 
 
 The @ B.O-Or K. of NAP U'R: BS, 
 
 rigid or hard appendage, beautifully adorned 
 with briftly hairs. 
 
 Between the horns, under the eyes, appear a 
 beautiful pair of rough hairs, which confifts of 
 three joints, whereof the upper one is the 
 broadeft. Under thefe are feen the teeth, 
 which are two little, hollow, white, oblong 
 bones, and are furnifhed with ftrong mufcles, 
 wherewith they are moved. Between thefe 
 teeth is placed an external bone, by which the 
 creature takes its meat, for which purpofe it 
 has not only two arms or forcepse, /, but many 
 articulated rough or briftly hairs, of different 
 ftruGtures, which cover the mouth on the lower 
 part. There are two very {mall, {mooth, 
 broad, ruddy, fhaggy briftles, or rough hairs 
 of this fort, each of which has one joint only. 
 There is afterwards another pair of larger brif- 
 tles of the fame conftruction, each of which 
 has two joints. There is alfo a third pair, not 
 {mooth or broad; but with thefe, on either fide, 
 are two pair of fuch little parts likewife articu- 
 lated, and every hair of this third part in the 
 fame manner confifts alfo of two joints. The 
 fourth pair is fomewhat fmooth and broad, and 
 thefe are compofed of three joints; to thefe 
 are alfo joined another pair, each hair of 
 which has two joints. There is in like man- 
 ner a fifth pair, that are likewife double, that 
 is, a larger one, compofed of four joints; and 
 the other, which is joined to the former, con- 
 fitting of three. Laftly, there are underneath, 
 near the thorax, a very large pair of briftly 
 hairs, like two legs, each of which confifts of 
 
 part added to it with two articulations. So 
 that computing the whole, there are here 
 twelve pair of {mall parts beautifully interwo- 
 ven with briftly hairs, which meet together 
 when the Hermit fwallows its meat, as is ma~ 
 nifeft from their ftructure and fituation. 
 
 The thorax underneath is divided in the 
 
 middle as it were by two teftaceous little 
 
 bones, with which the two arms and the four 
 
 fore legs, Tab. XI. fig. 1. gg, are articulated. 
 
 And in order to fee this diftinctly, it is neceflary 
 to take the whole Hermit out of the fhell, and 
 to lay it on its back. Then four articulated 
 briftly hairs are feen between the eyes. fig. 11. aa; 
 
 but the other briftly hairs before defcribed can-— 
 
 not be feen diftinétly, until after thefe are re- 
 
 fix joints, and has alfo on each fide a fmall © 
 
 moved out of their places, becaufe they are 
 
 covered by them. Near the eyes two horns 65 
 come in fight, and afterwards two arms 
 
 are feen very diftinétly, of which the left with 
 its forceps ¢, is always lefs than the right d, 
 
 + 
 
 though both are compofed of five teftaceo 
 joints ; to the uppermoft of which is likewile 
 
 joined by articulation a {mall part, which may 
 
 « 
 
 be called a thumb, and from this the forceps. 
 
 of this creature have their origination. 
 
 + 
 
 The four fubfequent legs e e confit of fix 
 joints, which are alfo like the arms adorned vie 
 
 prominent notches, briftly hairs, ruddy ff 
 and furrows. capa these 
 
 are 
 
 And further, with the thorax 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS. 
 
 ure jdinted two other pair of fmaller parts like 
 legs: and in the middle, between each pair of 
 thefe, are obferved fome peculiar little bones, 
 whereby thefe legs are joined to the thorax. 
 The firft pair of them, Tab. XI. fig. u. ff; 
 has indeed five joints, and, in other refpects, 
 it is of the fame ftructure with the arms or 
 forceps, and has, like them, a very {mall 
 thumb. The other pair likewife confifts of 
 five joints, and is very worthy of notice gg, 
 becaufe the firft pair of thefe joints, that next 
 to the thorax, or the fifth, if you compute 
 from the extremities, is perforated with two 
 {mall tubes, ifluing from the abdomen, through 
 which the femen or eggs are fecreted ; which 
 indeed deferves very great confideration. The 
 upper part of the thorax, or back, is furnithed 
 with a {mall thield; behind which is placed 
 fuch another, but lefs. On the fides of the 
 thorax the cruftaceous covering of the back is 
 thin, and if it be raifed up, which may be 
 done without diffecting it, the branchie or 
 gills are obferved underneath, placed on each 
 fide of the thorax. 
 
 The abdomen is foft, and has no thelly or 
 cruftacious covering ; fince the fhell itfelf is 
 its coat, and does the office of that hard {kin. 
 The body is in this part bent near the du& of 
 the {piral windings of the fhell, with which it 
 is furrounded. But this bending of the body 
 is not fo remarkable as in Snails ; becaufe the 
 body of the Hermit is not extended through 
 all the turnings of the fhell. The abdomen 
 has on the right fide three teftaceous briftles 
 bbb, each of which confifts of two joints. Ron- 
 deletius, in his Hermit, feems to delineate fix 
 fuch little parts, which are interwoven or 
 planted with little eggs or {pawn like beads. 
 
 Among many things worthy notice in the 
 belly, what deferves moft particular confidera- 
 
 tion is a certain eminent or prominent point 7, - 
 
 which is naturally the firft thing obferved in 
 the thorax, and is as the center, wherein all 
 the tendons of the mufcles, and that part of the 
 abdomen meet; and by the help of which, 
 the Hermit is in that part fixed in his fhell or 
 ftony fkin, fo that it can never go entirely out 
 of it. Though its thorax, and the hinder 
 part of the abdomen and the tail adhere to 
 nothing, and that there is fuch large room or 
 fpace in the fhell, as that the Hermit can 
 freely move itfelf therein; yet the thorax is 
 forced to remain fixed in the fhell, like the 
 Tortoife in its houfe or fhell. 
 
 The tail of the Hermit is alfo furrounded 
 with acruft%. That this may appear the more 
 plain, I have delineated it larger than it natu- 
 rally is. ‘This tail confifts of two teftaceous 
 articulations, Tab. XI. fig. 111. 2, to which 
 are added at the end a verge as in Snails J, 
 which forms the third joint, and ferves to hide 
 the fundament: for the inteftinum rectum c 
 terminates there in the fecond joint. On each 
 fide of the tail are three pair of teftaceous little 
 
 89 
 
 bones dd; which, like the arms; are larger 
 on-one fide than on the other, and beautifully 
 decorated with fmall hairs. The Hermit makes 
 ufe of them when it finds an enemy approach- 
 ing, to hide itfelf in the hell, or when it de- 
 fires to reft ; for then by their affiftance it lies 
 fixed in the hinder parts of the thell, or draws 
 itfelf back into it. ~ But if the Hermit draws 
 to it, or contracts thefe little parts, it can then 
 protrude its tail forward into the entrance of 
 the fhell, and thus it evacuates its excrements. 
 For this purpofe, I think, nature has given it 
 fo large a fhell ; the hinder windings whereof 
 are not all filled with it, as we have before ob- 
 ferved. The fame is found in Snails that inhabit 
 fhells; which, for that reafon, difcharge their 
 excrements through their neck, and have not 
 avery moveable tail. Thefe little bones of the 
 tail are formed, fome larger than others, in 
 proportion to the fpace in the fhell, for this is 
 larger on one fide than on the other. In the 
 fame artificial manner are built the wheels of 
 french chariots made for afcending. 
 
 The internal parts. 
 
 Receive, illuftrious fir, this brief defcription 
 of the external parts of the Hermit Fith, and 
 permit me now to pafs to the internal, begin- 
 ning with the abdomen, becaufe I have be- 
 gun the diffection there. When the abdomen 
 is opened, the firft thing that appears is the 
 outer and inner fkins, which are glandulous; 
 and immediately under there is feen a flefhy 
 membrane. After thefe integuments ate dif- 
 fected or taken off, a great number of whitith 
 filaments prefent themfelves; which are deli- 
 cately and orderly placed on very numerous 
 and beautifully digefted parts,in form refemb- 
 ling inteftines, fig. 1v. gg. As I purfued the 
 courfe of thefe white filaments to their origin, 
 I faw they were blood veffels, though of 2 
 white colour like a cob-web. What I firft 
 took to be the inteftines were all appendages *, 
 fometime plain, and fometimes divided; which 
 were of a tubular ftru@ture and whitith colour, 
 and contained a matter feparated into diffimu- 
 lar parts, and condenfed into a ferum and 
 coagulum. Thefe appendages were fo nume- 
 rous as to cover almoft all the abdomen ; but 
 they were all conneéted by the blood veflels, 
 which I was obliged to break open with great 
 attention, in order to difcover their origin and 
 beginning. Thus I at length difcovered that 
 thefe were on each fide united, Tab. XI. fig. 
 v. bb, into two common duéts, which grow 
 near the ftomach where the pylorus is placed, 
 and are terminated in many unopened tubes 77. 
 What ufe thefe appendages are of, and whether 
 they ferve inftead of a pancreas, which is 
 formed in that manner in many Fifh, may be 
 more accurately inveftigated in the larger 
 
 Crabs. 
 
 * This is a conftruction very frequent in the inteftines of Fithes. 
 
 Aa 
 
 Amon g 
 
Th BOOK of 
 
 9° 
 
 Among thefe appendages, at the bottom of 
 the mufcles of the abdomen, appeared an in- 
 teftine; which, without any winding, ran ftrait 
 from the ftomach towards the tail; and where- 
 of I have here delineated, fig. 111. ¢, only a 
 {mall part, fomewhat augmented beyond its 
 natural fize. Ht was full of gray excrements, 
 which, when viewed with a microfcope, Con- 
 fifted almoft entirely of {mall chryftals, which 
 were regular grains of fand. ‘The ftomach 
 alfo contained partly the fame fubftance, and 
 partly fome little fibrous membranes. Its up- 
 per part is placed near the back, its inferior 
 in the thorax. It is in ftructure partly mem- 
 branous, and partly cruftaceous : its bones are 
 very beautiful. Above, below, and on each 
 fide, it has many mufcles, by which its parts 
 are connected and moved. On the infide, in 
 the cavity of the ftomach, I faw three diftinét 
 teeth, of a moderate fize, each of which was 
 divided into feveral fmaller teeth ; the teeth 
 were of a pale lemon colour, but it was changed 
 by degrees into a dark green, in that part where 
 they terminated in little teeth or divifions. 
 Two other teeth-like little parts, which were 
 uneven and notched, adhered alfo to the cavity 
 of the ftomach. This obfervation is certainly 
 very worthy of notice, that the little creature, 
 living like a Snail in the fhell, is furnifhed 
 with a double apparatus of teeth; for it has 
 two teeth forward in the extremity of the 
 mouth, and five others in its ftomach. 
 
 Where the inteftinum rectum or ftraight gut 
 begins, I faw the cecum or blind gut mode- 
 rately long, and beautifully twifted, Tab. XT. 
 fig. ut. f, which I farft took for the extreme 
 appendage ; but as I found it loofe and dif- 
 engaged in all the Hermits I diffeéted, I there- 
 fore believe it is the cecum. I fhould not, 
 however, venture to affirm this for certain, 
 becaufe I have not diftinctly feen its blind or 
 imperforated extremity ; for all its contents were 
 coagulated and feparated by. the fpirit of wine, 
 and the place wherein the inteftine itfelf was 
 feen, appeared fo tranfparent, that I could not 
 obferve that particularity. Befides, it was not 
 like the appendages on account of its contents, 
 nor was it inferted in the middle, but fome- 
 what on one fide of the inteftinum rectum. 
 
 Tn the abdomen, on each fide of the appen- 
 dages, there were two fmall genital vefiels, 
 fig. vi. aa, whereof that in the right fide was 
 the larger : both were, in many places, beau- 
 tifully twifted into fpiral windings 4, and they 
 proceeded thence curled, till they at laft ter- 
 minated in a narrow tube ¢. It appeared like- 
 wife how thefe, in their end, pierce or perforate 
 the laft pair of legs, fig. 11. gg, in the middle of 
 the fifth joint, which refembles a bone or fhell 
 with a confiderable tube, fig.v1. d. This I have 
 delineated larger than it naturally is. This per- 
 a appeared to me very plain, when I 
 
 queezed the contents through it, and feparated 
 and unbound the tube itfelf. In it was a fub- 
 ftance of a whitifh colour, and, when examin- 
 ed with a glafs, it feemed all to confift of very 
 
 NA T UR E; oO; 
 
 {mall regular little parts, like round globules: 
 I could not difcern whether thefe were the 
 rudiments of eggs, OF the globules of a male’s 
 femen ; fince in all the ten that I diffeced, 
 the fame ftruéture was obfervable in the geni- 
 tal veflels. The windings of thefe fpermatic 
 duéts were likewife connected by means of | 
 blood veffels ; and when I opened them, they 
 were ten inches and an half long. ‘Thefe’are 
 all the entrails that I faw in the abdomen; 
 only that in the bottom of the belly were 
 placed feveral mufcles, towards which the 
 nerves iffued from the fpinal matrow. Part of 
 the tendons of thefe mufcles terminated in the 
 point, fig. 11. 7, above defcribed; where the 
 creature is fixed in its skin or fhell, fo that with 
 their affiftance, the Hermit may draw in and 
 hide itfelf in the fhell. Between the appen- 
 dages I faw many little drops of fat floating, 
 which refembled the oil boiled out of the fat 
 of Whales fwimming in water. 
 
 If the thorax be opened above in the back, 
 the firft part that is there feen is the ftomach, 
 with its mufcles, which is of a remarkable 
 fize in this creature, and is really fituated un- 
 der the back, though I have, for method fake, | 
 defcribed it in treating of the abdomen. Be- 
 hind this ftomach, above the place where the 
 inteftine arifes, is fituated the heart, Tab. XI. . 
 fig. VIII. ad, which refembles an irregular little 
 piece of flefh, and becomes fomewhat pointed. 
 It is of a ruddy colour there, but underneath 
 and at the fides it is white. I perceived four 
 veftels 6 iffue from it above, and two ¢ below ; 
 and one of the two lower ones was larger and 
 thinner than the other ; which however con- 
 fifted interchangeably of fomewhat thicker 
 fides, and fent off fome vafcular {prigs d. On — 
 the outfide of the furface of the heart I ob- 
 ferved 6 feveral little holes ; but on the infide 
 the heart was fibrous, and furnifhed with its 
 pillars or columns like the human heart. I 
 difcovered only one venticle in this creature, 
 as is the cafe in the generality of Fifth; but f 
 could not fee its auricle. Moreover, I obferved 
 how the whitith veffels in this heart, were dif- 
 tributed up and down through the body, efpe- 
 cially towards the branchiz or gills, one of 
 which I have reprefented magnified e. 
 
 There are here, as I have obferved, eleven © ' 
 
 branchiz or gills on each fide of the body, fo 
 that they make twenty-two in all. ‘Fhey are 
 fituated at the fides of the thorax, between 
 thefe long cavities, which there form the arti- 
 culations of the legs. They are of a pyrami- 
 dal figure, rifing from a broad bafis 7, and 
 ending ina fmall pointed top ¢. Each of them 
 is, at the upper end, divided into two other 
 parts, each of which confifts of a great num- 
 ber of fmooth or plain lamelle 4 or layers, 
 which are applied clofe to each ‘other like the 
 leaves of a book, and each of ther is divided 
 from the others very deeply, which makes 
 indeed a very agreeable fight. The ftructure 
 of the branchie or gills is partly cartilaginous 
 and partly membranous ; and their blood- 
 
 veffels 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 » Weffels are extended near the cartilages. More- 
 
 over the beginnings of the appendages are feen 
 very beautifully in the thorax, as has been be- 
 fore obferved. 
 
 After thefe little parts, together with the 
 ftomach, heart and inteftines are removed, the 
 {pinal marrow prefents itfelf to view: it is 
 placed entirely at the bottom of the thorax, 
 and is not inclofed in a bone. It extends it- 
 felf through the lower parts of the abdomen 
 to the tail of the creature, and there terminates 
 inthe mufcles of that part. In order to de- 
 {cribe this matter the more exactly, it muft be 
 obferved, that the brain, Tab. XI. fig. 1x. aa; 
 from which this marrow arifes, is fituated 
 immediately under the articulations of the eyes 
 in the head, which is very fhort, and joined to 
 the thorax. This brain is feen to be there 
 divided into a right and left part. Above the 
 brain appear the optic nerves 466, which are 
 found to decuffate over it, and to proceed to 
 wards the eyes, as I fhall now fhew. Under- 
 neath, out of the bafis of the brain, arife two 
 ftrong nerves c, which properly conftitute the 
 origin of the marrow in the thorax: thefe 
 nerves are placed at a confiderable diftance 
 from each other, in order to give a paflage to 
 the gullet, which is very fhort, and reaches 
 from the mouth to the ftomach. The brain is 
 therefore placed over the gullet, and the gullet 
 again, as well as the ftomach and inteftine, 
 are lodged upon the marrow in the thorax and 
 abdomen. ‘Thefe two originations of the 
 marrow are again united a little below, and 
 there form a remarkable {welling or knot d, 
 out of which many nervés iflue, which are 
 diftributed over the mufcular parts of the 
 thorax as well as the brachia and legs. In 
 men and quadrupeds fuch clufters are never 
 feen in the body of the marrow, but always 
 in the nerves after they have iffued out of that 
 part; but this is indeed the fame thing in 
 effect, for as the marrow itfelf is as it were a 
 bundle of nerves, and is double in all fpecies 
 of animals, it is the fame thing whether thefe 
 clufters are found in the marrow, which is a 
 kind of thick and compound nerve, or in the 
 nerves iffuing from thence, which are the {e- 
 parate portions of the marrow. Whoever accu- 
 rately confiders the marrow in man and other 
 animals, will indeed moft clearly obferve this 
 analogy; though Malpighius himfelf does not 
 feem to have obferved it, when he fuppofed 
 there was fo great a quantity of brains in the 
 matrow of filk worms. After the marrow 
 has formed this cluftér in the Hermit, it 
 becomes fimple again, though its two parts 
 may, notwithftanding, be palpably diftinguifh- 
 ed; but thefe are fo nearly applied and conti- 
 guous to each other, that they are as if they 
 were but one. Afterwards is difcovered ano- 
 ther clufter of marrow, and a third, fourth, 
 fifth, nay, a fixth, ¢eee e; the nerves of this laft 
 are detached to the mufcleés of the tail. The 
 nerves which arife out of thefe little clufters, 
 are almoft all beftowed on the mufcles of the 
 
 FAN OR ETS “2 5 
 
 abdomen; whereas on the contrary, thofe 
 that iflue from, the marrow itfelf, Tab. XI. fig. 
 ix. ff, are likewife diftributed to the vifcera. 
 It is likewife worthy of notice after what man- 
 ner the nervesdecuflate one over another,which 
 I demionftrate in thofe nerves which iffue be- 
 fore the laft clufter out of the marrow g, and 
 are detached to the mufcles of the abdomen. 
 
 After the optic nerves have iffued from the 
 brain, they are inclofed in the annular / cruft 
 of the eye, and being again confiderably ex- 
 panded in the latter, they thus proceed to the 
 verge of the cornea tunica, atid there termi- 
 nate like {pheres, orin globular forms. No hu- 
 mours appear any where in the wliole ‘eye, 
 like thofe found in the eyes of men, quadru- 
 pedes, birds, and terreftrial or water Snails ; 
 but it is obferved to be of a texture entirely 
 different, which is very worthy of attention: 
 If the cornea 7 be taken from the eye, there 
 is immediately feen under it a kind of limpid 
 imatter, fig.x. 4, which is the colour of jelly, and 
 is divided in a very elegant and regular manner; 
 What part this is, and whether it has its ori- 
 gin from {fpirit of wine, I cannot exaétly de- 
 termine, as I never faw any thing like it in 
 any infects, whofe eyes are of the fame ftruc- 
 ture. I fhall therefore.at a proper time exa-= 
 mine this little body, in the larger Crabs 
 diffected alive. 
 
 But before I ptoceed further, it is to be 
 known, that the cornea tunica is divided like 
 a net, in the fame manner as in the eyes of 
 infects, but thefe reticulated divifions are here 
 much deeper. I find every divifion to be 
 hexagonal, as well in this Hermit as in infects. 
 Moreover, all thefe divifions wind themfelves 
 above in a {pherical figure, which however is 
 hot here very remarkable, fince the ariole or 
 little beds of the divifions, are very {mall and 
 {mooth,. On the infide, in the hexagonal cavi- 
 ties of the divifions of the cornea, was fixed 
 the glutinous matter before defcribed, which 
 was there divided in the fame manner as the 
 cornea itfelf. Under the latter appeared a 
 great number of little fibres, fig. rx. /, which 
 are placed on the internal furface of the eye, 
 in the fame manner as the feeds of fhe plant 
 turnfol are fixed in their cups. All thefe fibres, 
 which fupport the glutinous matter aforefaid, 
 are connected together by the help of a mem- 
 brane of a black colour on the infide, but 
 above of a tranfparent green on account of the 
 matter; I therefore call it the uvea tunica, 
 
 The ftructure and fituation of thefe formed 
 as it were an inverted pyramid, with its {mall 
 point turned downwards; but when I fepara- 
 ted thefe little fibres from each other, they ap- 
 peared above as black as pitch, Tab. XI. fig. 
 x. m, but below only of an obfcure or dark 
 brown 2, and pellucid in the middle 9: all of 
 them terminated at length in a gray fubftance, 
 and under this the extremity of the optic 
 nerve came in fight. 
 
 When I viewed thefe fibres with a microf- 
 cope, I found each of them confifting of 
 
 ; other 
 
92 
 
 other fibres, fig. x1. pA; all which were com- 
 pofed as it were of regular globules placed 
 near each other. Between thefe little fibres 
 there appeared alfo fome {mall membranes, 
 interwoven likewife in feveral places with 
 globules, between which fome veflels appeared 
 creeping in various direCtions. — 
 
 The cornea tunica, which is entirely pel« 
 lucid, is very beautifully fituated on this eye, 
 and fhews a greenifh tran{parent uvea under- 
 neath: where the eyes face each other, the cor- 
 nea is beautifully divided, fig. 1x. 2, and the 
 cruft is there extended further; fo that the 
 cornea is placed on the eye like a little cap, 
 lying on the head obliquely. 
 
 After what manner fight is performed in 
 the eye of the Hermit, and what effects are 
 produced by the rays of light which pats 
 through the cornea, and the glutinous fub- 
 ftance, and are afterwards ftopt by the uvea, 
 and thence communicate their motion to the 
 pyramidal inverted fibres ; this, illuftrious Sir, 
 I leave to your difcerning and moft correct 
 judgment, not doubing but you will give me 
 the folution of fo peculiar a problem. 
 
 The 
 
 S E°C: Gn 
 
 The BOOK of NATURES or; 
 
 What I have here briefly related, Sir, ig ~ 
 all I have been able, in this fhort time, to 
 difcover in thofe Hermits, which the gover- 
 nor of Nyenrode fent me in f{pirit of wine. 
 I offer you thefe obfervations in token of, and 
 to preferve, our mutual friendfhip, and as an 
 example of the divine miracles, which ought 
 to be adored™in all animals. Indeed; if we 
 diligently fearched-into nature, we fhould for — 
 ever find more remarkable and more’ ftupen- 
 dous miracles, which hitherto lie hiddén and 
 wrapped up in the clouds of our ignorance, 
 I hope to be at fome time able to go through 
 an accurate examination of the Caterpillar 
 kind ; in which, indeed, mifery, death, and 
 the grand and fplendid refurrection of the 
 body may be fo clearly demonftrated, that 
 we fhall fee them as it were painted before 
 our eyes, and muft be obliged to cry out in 
 amazement, that the great God, the parent 
 of all nature, exceeds and furpafles all praife, 
 all eulogies, and all titles of honour, in his 
 miracles, which can never be defcribed ac- 
 cording to their dignity. 
 
 O-Ae DE  R: 
 
 Of the natural changes, or of the flow accretions in the limbs and parts of Infetis. 
 
 AVING explained the firft clafs of na- 
 tural transformations in infeéts, we fhall 
 now pafs to the fecond, which, though fome- 
 what more obfcure, may yet with due atten- 
 tion be clearly and diftinétly underftood. But 
 before we proceed to explain this fecond clafs, 
 to which innumerable infects are to be re- 
 ferred, it is neceffary to obferve, that in this 
 order another fpecies of transformation con- 
 ftantly precedes, which is indeed common to 
 the two following, which are the laft clafles of 
 mutations. 
 
 In order to underftand accurately the pre- 
 ceeding kinds of tranfmutation in this, as 
 well as in the two laft claffes, we mutt call to 
 the attentive reader’s mind what has been 
 faid in the beginning of this work, where 
 we treated of the firft kinds of changes ; 
 that is, that fome infedts iffued perfe& out of 
 the egg, and others imperfeét. As we have 
 referred the infects, which come perfect from 
 the egg, to the firft clafs of tranfmutation, it 
 is very neceflary to know, that this fecond, 
 and afterwatds a third and fourth, or laft 
 clafs of mutations, precedes the completion 
 of the parts in thofe which iffue imperfect 
 in fome of their parts out of the egg. Hence 
 it is, that in the firft order or clafs of changes, 
 is peceived only one Nymph as it were, which 
 we have obferved is the egg or little creature 
 itfelf, In the fubfequent claffes, on the con- 
 trary, we {hall obferve as it were two Nymphs 
 in the courfe of the changes, and ferclore 
 two fpecies of thofe changes alfo fince another 
 
 kind of Nymph precedes the egg, or the ovi- 
 form Worm of the Nymph. eo 
 That all thefe things may be perceived the 
 clearer, we mutt briefly obferve, that a little © 
 Worm always precedes this fecond and all the 
 fucceeding orders of tranfmutations. After 
 this Worm has been in its egg or firft cover in 
 the form of a Nymph, it increafes by degrees 
 in its limbs, and in procefs of time becomes 
 fo perfect, that at length it puts on another 
 habit of a real Nymph, and again becomes 
 fluid like water in all its parts, and weak and 
 feeble, or deftitute of ftrength, as it was be- 
 fore, when it was in the form of an egg. 
 Hence it has happened, a matter not hitherto 
 obferved, that not only the ancient errors 
 concerning thefe metamorphofes remain to 
 this day, but even thofe moft diligent fearchers 
 into nature, the fagacious Francis Redi and 
 others, declare they have feen the caft skin, 
 under which all the limbs and parts of the 
 infect increafed ; but never doubted concern- 
 ing the metamorpofes, at which we greatly 
 wonder, 
 To fpeak now in particular of our fecond 
 clafs of changes, it will be very proper to ob- 
 ferve, that the accretion of the parts under- 
 gone in procefs of time by the Worm, which 
 is commonly found to have fix legs, is infen- 
 fibly and by degrees perfected by the evident 
 external addition of matter ; fo that after fome 
 changes of its skin, we at length obferve wings 
 to {prout infenfibly out of the body, to fwell and 
 become fit to open and bloom, as a tender, 
 fmall 
 
The-HY & T oO 
 
 R 
 {mall, foft, delicate hull of a flower does out of a 
 plant. Again, as in the other two ch: inges, un- 
 der which we fhall fee the Vermicles or Worms 
 transformed into real Nymphs, the infects are 
 deprived of motion, and as it were of nece ffity 
 lie unmoved for fome time; fo on the cx ontrary, 
 the infect, under this chan; ge, advances, ftands, 
 walks, runs, leaps, and eats, nor is it ever de 
 prived of motion, only that it refts a little at the 
 time it is to caft its skin; and then ftupendous 
 changes happen in fome of them, as is fuffi- 
 ciently manifeft in the Relonans or Day- 
 fly. In others, on the contrary, 
 is fo inconfiderable, that it is with great diffi- 
 culty obferved, ing de about the pi fab ebnin 
 wings, as is the cafe in the Earwi ig. 
 
 Since therefore the antec 
 
 the change 
 
 which comeé 
 under our fecond clafs of cl anges, are not at 
 any time deprived of motion, iad yet have 
 fome of their parts well ordered, and com- 
 pounded like other Nymphs : Sr thefe co- 
 gent reafons we are induced to think, that the 
 infect may, at the time it exhibits its liebe 
 and parts in the manner aforefaid, not impro- 
 perly | be cailed a Nymph-vermicle ; for. the 
 little creature, whilft it is and remains a real 
 Vermicle or Worm, has notwithtt nding fome 
 of its parts difpofed, and in an admirable man- 
 ner beautifully compofed, juft as they are in 
 the Nymph ftate. 
 Our fecond order or a sas anges is there- 
 fore thus; the Vermicleor Worm having catt off 
 the habit of a Nymph, w hich it bore, ‘without 
 
 A catalog 
 
 changes, called the 
 
 2 ew — our Perig: _— or 8 of changes 
 ar > Dragon-fly, called the 
 ae or 01 fo bei a, by it by! Mouffet, 
 Libella; and by Aldrovandus, Perla. I preferve 
 feventeen {pecies of this genus, nine very large 
 five of a middle fize, and three very {mall ones, 
 which, becaufe they are tender and delicate, 
 are dignified by fome under the particular name 
 of Virgins. One of the fmalleft fpecies is 
 well defcribed by -_ 1ert, but as this author 
 neither delineates in its hig gure, nor takes any 
 notice in its defcri) ion f thofe fwellings in 
 the back, wherein the wings are inclofed, it is 
 evident he did not know the nature or difpofi- 
 tionof this Nymph. Befide 
 which he gives us of it, nif 
 
 the third higure 
 
 prefe ots nature 
 according to the fancy of an imaginary brain, 
 
 4 
 
 bi sic 
 
 I never could find that it has hitherto been de- 
 {cribed by anyother author. Among the figure 
 
 publifhed by Hoefnagel, who has given us the 
 delineations of ten f{pecies of the Dragon-fly, 
 there is Se none of the N iymphs. before 
 mentioned ; it is certain, however, that they 
 were in ae not unknown to authors. We 
 
 find that Rondeletius knew the Nymph of the 
 * The famous infe&t, the F 
 
 water, and they are common in our ditches. 
 
 ormica Leo, is a Vermicle of one of the Flies of thi 
 ward, There is another fpecies which moves forward ; thefe are found on land. 
 
 Fa tad a oy. - mM ¢ 
 OF 44N \S i. ome S, 63 
 7 ee 
 food in its ego, increafes i infenfibly by the help 
 of food {upplied from without, difclofine many 
 
 and more vifible parts, until it esrasds puts 
 on as it were the form of another Nymph; 
 but this without lofing its mot tion, and it after- 
 as a winged infect ; 
 
 and having now attained as it were the mar- 
 riage- ftate, becomes fit He: genera 
 This is the {peci 
 
 Tort 
 
 wards comes out of ‘that 
 
 tio nN. 
 
 cies of ” Nymphs, to which 
 fecond place among the 
 natural orders of changes, fince the mutation in 
 quettion is not very 11 itricate, nor is it obfcure 
 or difficult to be underftood ; nay, it may with 
 thefe rules be compr réhenided ealily, and as 
 proaches very nearly to the firft order or claf 
 of changes, wherein we faw 
 immediately out of itsege or coat; nor does it 
 indeed differ greatly f om that order 
 
 As this change is fo clear and evident, and 
 as it agrees fo much with the budding and 
 blooming of a flower, we have 
 
 yu 
 
 we have given the 
 
 the creature iffue 
 
 therefore 
 thought | proper to compare this, and the other 
 fubfequent changes, to this budding of plants. 
 
 This is s the more proper, becaufe, as the in- 
 creaie hay ppens on the outfide of the creature, 
 
 fo it is likewife obferved to ha ppen in other 
 
 infe@ts on the infide, and under the skin 5 
 which has been fufficiently fhewn in the pre- 
 ceding 1d fhall | 
 
 ’ 
 
 explained more at 
 
 tion, ‘it c 
 inl? it. 
 
 e of the infelt Ss; which are referred to the 2 Jecond order or clafs of natural 
 
 te 
 AEP r 
 
 7 
 lyinph W CF F711 
 
 CLO . 
 
 Dragon-fy, though he very improperly called 
 
 it the ¢ ia or water Grafshopper. In like 
 manner we believe tl he Mordelia is the 
 water Locuit of Mouffet. This is moft certain, 
 that the Forficula Aqua ica of Jo hofon, or 
 
 ¢ 
 e Pulex Marinus of Monffet, is the 
 true Nympha of the Mordella, The Scorpius 
 Aquaticus she of Redi is nothing elfe but the 
 “Ny mph of the Perla or D 
 
 ing toa {pecies which 
 larger Virgins. 
 
 I keep in my collection, fix kinds of the 
 Nymph Vermicle, om visual Dragon-flies 
 have their origin; there are one very large, 
 three of a middle fize: and two fmall. Ihave 
 likewife a Dragon-fly, which was to have un- 
 dergone a change imi mete ely, and in which 
 one may obferve, in what a wonderful manner 
 the wings are ariaited and folded in the tuber- 
 cles on the back, wherein they are enclofed. 
 I preferve befides the ovary of the Dragon-fly, 
 which is perfectly li ass that of fith, divided into 
 two parts, one whereof js placed in the right, 
 the other in the left i ade of the abdomen. 
 
 bape oe 
 otherwife th 
 
 fal 7 a 7 
 ragon-fly, but belong- 
 
 we vecibcd among the 
 
 3 kind. This creature naturally wz 
 The more frequent kinds are ti 
 
 Bb The 
 
04 
 
 The fecond infect which we reckon in our 
 fecond clafs of changes is the Grafshopper- I 
 preferve one and twenty fpecies of them male 
 and female; thefe are nine larger, fix middling, 
 and as many fmaller ones, whereof fome are 
 confpicuous by their {carlet wings, others are 
 cloathed in purple, others in azure, and others 
 have elegant greenifh wings. I preferve alfo fome 
 Nymphs, fome Vermicles, and fome little eggs, 
 from which proceed the Grafshopper and Lo- 
 cuft kinds. Amongft the largeft fpecies, I have 
 the great deftructive African Locutt, which has 
 a cowled or hooded breaft, and two very long 
 legs, which, as they have hexagonal thighs, are 
 provided alfo witha double row of ferrated and 
 long teeth; the internal wings glitter with a 
 deep purple colour. This belongs to thofe 
 fpecies, which do not fhew their colour except 
 when they are flying. I have alfo the Locuft 
 of the Molucca iflands, which Dr. Padbrugge 
 fent me. It has a very flender body like the 
 Cavallucus of Redi, and the tail is bent down- 
 wards. Its wings are long, and of various beau- 
 tifal colours like the Peacock. The neck is 
 of uncommon length, and fupports a fhort head. 
 That gentleman fent me alfo a figure of the 
 Molucca Brachus, or Grub, the body whereof 
 is as big and as thick as a Hen’s egg, and 1s 
 beautifully interwoven with veins like ribs, but 
 the legs are very fhort in proportion. I pre- 
 ferve with thefe the Spanifh Locuft, which 
 differs from the African only in its fize, except 
 
 that the veins in its wings are difpofed in a- 
 
 different manner, and the colour is reddifh. I 
 have alfo the African Locuft with fhort legs, 
 and fhort thick horns, wherein one may, ina 
 remarkable and diftinct manner, fee the pro- 
 minent eyes. Among the middle fpecies I pre- 
 ferve the Mantis or divining Locuft, which 
 was likewife brought from the Molucca iflands. 
 Of this authors invent many idle ftories ; one 
 is, that when it is afked the way by travellers, 
 it fhews it. ‘* This little creature is reckoned 
 “ of fuch a divining nature, fays Mouffet, that 
 «* when a boy asks for the way, it ftretches its 
 “ foot forward and fhews it, and is feldom or 
 never miftaken.” The other Locufts that I 
 preferve are of the middle fize, and moftly 
 french; they are adorned with a wonderful 
 variety of colours, as with fo many new- 
 fafhioned garments: hence they pleafe the eye 
 greatly with their natural ornaments, but they 
 go not fhew their colour except when they 
 y- 
 _ It is remarkable what {mall difference there 
 is between the Worm or Nymph Vermicle of 
 the Locuft, and the Locuft itfelf: this confifts 
 only in one thing, that the wings, which in 
 the Locufts are expanded and ‘fpread over the 
 body, are on the contrary enclofed in the 
 Nymph, in four little clufters, wherein they 
 are quite folded into each other, in like manner 
 as in the Worm of the Dragon-fly. It was 
 this folding and feparating of the Wings, that, 
 in my opinion, made Ariftotle, Pliny, Hiero- 
 nymus, Aldroyandus, Mouffet, Johnfon, and 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; oF, 
 
 other curious fearchers into thefe fecrets, call thé 
 
 aforefaid Vermicles of Locutts, featherlefs or un- 
 
 fledged Locufts and Bruchi. The fame creatures 
 
 they ‘afterwatds, when their wings began to 
 
 {well, called Attelabi ; and to thefe, when by 
 
 the increafe of the bulk of their bodies, efpe- 
 
 cially thefe of the females, they began to hop 
 
 flowly, but were not yet able to fly, they gave, 
 
 not to mention many other names, the appel- 
 lation of Afelli. ‘The word Attelabus properly 
 fignifies the Nymph of the Locuft when able 
 
 to walk. We fee feven fpecies great and {mall. 
 of thefe Nymphs, out of which the Locufts 
 iffue. In the figures of the induftrious Hoef- 
 nagel, which exhibit fifteen fpecies, we like- 
 wile fee there a delineation of the Nymph Ver- 
 micle of the Locuft. When I confider all 
 thefe experiments, 1 cannot imagine for what 
 reafon Goedaert fhould write, that Locufts had 
 their origin from a Chryfalis; fince Aldrovandus 
 and Mouffet, and all other authors make men- 
 tion of unfledged Locufts, and their opinion is 
 fupported by, and agreeable to, experience. 
 
 I preferve alfo a three-fold ftomach of a Lo- 
 cuft, which is very like the ftomachs of ani- 
 mals that chew the cud, and particularly has 
 that part of the ftomach called Echinus, very 
 diftinétly vifible. I do not therefore doubt 
 but Locufts chew the cud, as well as the ani- 
 mals juft mentioned: indeed, I perfwade my= 
 felf that I have feen this. 
 
 I have likewife in my poffeffion, the oblong 
 eggs of Locufts and their entire ovary, which 
 is interwoven with filver-coloured filaments, ~ 
 which are doubtlefs ramifications of the afpera 
 arteria, and alfo with veins and arteries, But 
 the eggs are all as it were horny, and of a brown 
 colour: many of their firft rudiments alfo being 
 white and yellow, and covered with a thin coat 
 or skin. I preferve thefe in particular cells in 
 my cabinet. 
 
 The female Locufts are furnifhed with fharp 
 tails, which the males have not. According 
 to Aldrovandus, they pietce the ground with 
 thefe tails, and bury their eggs under it. Ican 
 demonftrate this tail to be quadruple, nay, quin- 
 tuple. 
 
 I preferve alfo the teeth of Locufts, and the 
 coat or skin which the Nymph Vermicle cafts, 
 when the wings of the Locufts begin to fwell. 
 No man can form any idea, by what means a 
 very thin skin is then feparated from the long 
 and {mall horns of the Locufts; nay, and from > 
 the eyes and teeth, and the fharp-pointed claws. 
 In this period the Locufts are fo foft and deli- 
 cate, that their legs may be bent like wax, 
 and formed into any figure, and in that condi- 
 tion may be dried and preferved. a 
 
 Ihave alfo wings of Locufts which I ftopped 
 in the act of their exclufion; fo that by this 
 means one of their extremities js difplayed or 
 rolled out, and the other {till folded together 
 and wrinkled. With thefe wings the Grafs- 
 eee oe Locufts, when they have gone 
 
 gh their change, make that crackling noife, 
 as Cafferius has very juftly obferved. We alfo find 
 
 that 
 
The *H:F°6 :T-O' Roa >of 
 
 that the males of Locufts only make this noife, 
 not the females: indeed fome {pecies make this 
 noife with their wings only, and others by 
 ftriking their wings and legs together. 
 
 The Locufta Pulex, or Flea Locuft, follows. 
 This little creature is found hid in that fpumous 
 matter, which we fometimes fee lying indif- 
 criminately on the furface of all kinds of plants*. 
 In this fpume + it acquires in time four 
 tubercles on its back, wherein the wings are 
 enclofed. I have two fpecies of this infect, 
 and it was likewife known by Mr. Ray, who 
 defcribed the plants growing about Cambridge. 
 It has not teeth like the Locufts, but has 
 only a fubtle tharp-pointed probofcis or trunk, 
 like Grafshoppers, on its breaft. 
 
 Werefer alfoto this fecond clafs the Gryllus 
 Sylveftris, or wood Cricket ; in which infect 
 we alfo obferve that the male only fings, or 
 makes a noife. I remember that I once fawa 
 whole field full of thefe finging Crickets, each 
 of which had dug itfelf a hole in the earth, 
 two fingers deep, and then fitting at the en- 
 trance thereof, they made a very difagreeable 
 noife with the crafhing and tremulous motion 
 of their wings; when they heard any noile 
 they immediately retired, trembling, into their 
 little caverns. 
 
 The houfe Cricket is the next to be reckoned 
 in this fecond clafs; fince this, like Locufts, 
 has alfo its wings enclofed in little cafes, as long 
 as it remains in the habit of a Nymph. 
 
 We likewife rank the common Grafshopper 
 in this clafs, For although the larger Grafs- 
 hoppers are not found in our part of the Ne- 
 therlands; we, notwithftanding, by- inference 
 from the lefs to the greater, refer them to this 
 
 Jace ; and the rather, becaufe the very diligent 
 Aldrovandus hath left us a delineation of this 
 Worm, with its tubercles on its back, wherein 
 the wings like a flower in its cup are enclofed ; 
 as this Worm is called Tettigometra by him; 
 it is the real Nymph of the Grafshopper. I 
 preferve a very rare and curious exotic Grafs- 
 hopper, the head of which is formed like a 
 long and deep epifcopal mitre, fo that it ap- 
 peared four fifths of an inch above the eyes, 
 exhibiting us a wonderful work of God in the 
 theatre of nature. We mutt alfo obferve again, 
 that the male Grafshoppers only can fing, and 
 we can thew their tympanum, and alfo the little 
 part that modulates or tunes the voice, or im- 
 pels the air againft the tympanum. 
 
 The Gryllo Talpa or Mole Cricket, or the 
 Talpa Ferrantis Imperati, likewife belongs to 
 this clafs; fince, like the infects hitherto def- 
 cribed, it has four tubercles on its back, where- 
 in the wings are enclofed. We have the Worm 
 of this infect with and without tubercles, as 
 
 * This is a fpecies of the Cicada or Cigale. 
 
 under the breaft, and is bent downwards; the antennz or horns very fhort ; 
 
 cife, the breaft cylindrical, and the legs made for hopping. The Cicada of I b 
 We have alfo one on the rofe, and others on various bufhes. 
 
 ated, as fome fuppofe, from the plant, but from the mouth of the animal; and if it be well 
 more will be immediately feen iffuing out of its mouth, till there is as large a 
 
 their tranflators render Grafshopper, is of this genus. 
 + This fpume is not exfud 
 wiped away, without injuring the creature, 
 quantity of it as before. 
 ${ Obf. aq. et terr. 
 
 iNSEGT S. 64 
 
 alfo the infects themfelves, with their wings 
 difplayed. The induftrious Goedaert has def- 
 cribed the egg of this infect. We can alfo 
 fhew its teeth, and the manner wherein the 
 wings lie complicated in their tubercles: 
 
 In this I alfo reckon a little creature, which 
 is found in the tubercles of the leaves of the 
 black poplar, though I might have defcribed 
 it in the fourth order or clafs, becaufe it has a 
 more fecret method of changing. It is deli- 
 neated in figure xxiv. of Tab. XLV. To 
 this order I likewife refer another infect, which 
 is likewife reprefented in fig. vir. of Tab. 
 XLIV. and is found in the tubercles or {wellings 
 of willow trees. 
 
 The next we exhibit is the Indian infect, fuf= 
 ficiently known by the name of Kakkerlak, 
 which we think likewife belongs to this fecond 
 clafs, As we have obferved the tubercles before- 
 mentioned in its wings, though not having 
 attained their full bignefs their wings did not 
 appear perfect ; for the fame reafons, we think 
 we fhould refer to this order that fpecies of 
 Beetles which are commonly found about 
 bakers ovens, and, according to Fabius Co- 
 lumna f, in kitchen dirt. They agree alto= 
 gether with the infects juft now mentioned, 
 called Kakkerlak, and are the fame that are 
 defcribed by Mouffet under the name of Blattz. 
 We preferve two fpecies of them, together with 
 their Nymphs, wherein the tubercles fcarce 
 began to fwell. 
 
 Next follow the flying or land Bugs, which 
 we find in fields and trees: I preferve twenty- 
 fix fpecies of them in my mufeum, together 
 with a larger Indian one, which are very beau- 
 tifully adorned by nature with variety of co- 
 lours ; and as with their luftre and gaiety they 
 wonderfully pleafe the eyes, fo they are very 
 difagreeable to the fmell. Hoefnagel alfo has 
 figured eleven kinds. Among thefe which are 
 in our cabinet, we reckon the cruciate, the 
 {carlet, the red marked with black lines, the 
 green, the black, the yellow, the globular, and 
 that which has a fharp-pointed breaft. 
 
 To this clafs we likewife refer the flying 
 water Cimices or Bugs, of which we preferve 
 four full-grown ones, and one Nymph. Thefe, 
 like all the reft, carry their weapon in their 
 mouth, and fting vehemently therewith, as I 
 have fometimes experienced my‘elf, though I 
 fuffered no injury thereby. 
 
 We refer alfo to this order or clafs fome in- 
 fects that are very tender and flow-paced, hav- 
 ing fix flender and admirable legs, and long and 
 acute horns, and*a_ confiderable thick body; 
 from the hinder part whereof, about the tail, 
 fpring two briftly and fharp-pointed hairs, and 
 they have likewife a tharp fting, as the Cimices 
 
 The charaéters of that genus are very obvious on it: they are, that the beak is 
 
 the wings four, and placed cro{s-wife, the back con- 
 taly, which the Roman poets mention, and which 
 
66 
 {> that they feem likewife to belong 
 to that genus. I could never hitherto obferve 
 thefe little creatures to change: but they are 
 found on various plants; and there become often 
 immoveable. Laftly, I preferve a very flender 
 kind of Fly, which firft iffues from a Worm 
 which was in the body of that creature, tran{- 
 formed intoa Nymph of the third clafs. But 
 if this Fly creeps out of the body. of this infect, 
 after preparing a paflage for itfelf through a 
 {mall hole which it makes with its teeth, then 
 all the body is hollow, and the dead infect re- 
 mains in the fame fituation as if it were full 
 living *. Thefe little creatures, hitherto not 
 accurately enough examined, are improperly 
 called the Lice of plants. Ihave fome of them, 
 and alfo the flies that come from them. 
 
 We. likewife® place in this order the water 
 Tipula, of which I preferve many {pecies, and 
 one of the Nymph. Thefe infects are worthy 
 of the greateft attention, on account of the 
 wonderful lightnefs wherewith they run on the 
 furface of the water. They have an aculeus 
 or fting, like Bugs, in their mouth. I preferve 
 befides another {pecies of this infect, which is 
 of a wonderful delicacy, and of a very fingular 
 {truGture, and very flow-paced. 
 
 In like manner we infert in this clafS the 
 water Scorpion,. which, has alfo, an aculeus or 
 fting in its mouth. I preferve two {pecics of 
 it, the larger whereof is defcribed by Aldro- 
 yandus under the name of the water Tipula, 
 and the lefs by Mouffet retaining the name 
 of the water Scorpion. I havea Nymph of the 
 {maller fpecies, in which may be feen how 
 the wings bud or difclofe themfelves by de- 
 grees, as is the cafe in the Nymphs of the 
 Dragon-Fly in this fame clafs. 
 
 The common water Flies are likewife of 
 this order. Of thofeI preferve four {pecies, and 
 we have often fpoken of the Nymphs and 
 Worms out of which they iffue when fmall. 
 
 or Bugs, 
 
 Thefe, like other water infects, likewife have 
 
 their fting in their mouth, and they defend 
 themfelves therewith, whenever they are at- 
 tacked or taken. Thefe Flies are called am- 
 phibious Bees by Aldrovandus, and are very 
 accurately deferibed by him. They are alfo 
 called wild Bees by Johnfon: nor do I doubt 
 but thefe are the fame with the Marine or Sea 
 Bee, which has been defcribed by Dr. Pifo, and 
 isnow in the poffeflion of Vander Linden, doctor 
 of phyfic ; but it appears to be nothing elfe but 
 a piece of fponge. . The learned: Mouffet calls 
 thefe Flics Notonecte, becanfe they do not fwim 
 on their belly, but on their back; and he feems 
 to have likewife delineated the water Bug among 
 the Notoneét, faying, that it is probable men 
 learned the art of fwimming on, their backs 
 
 from them. How far this may be admitted, 
 let others determine. 
 
 The BOOK of N ATUR 
 
 #H, : 
 3 
 
 or, 
 
 As all the infeéts hitherto enumerated have 
 
 wings, fome of them flying in the day-time 
 and others at night, it is eafy to conceive that 
 they may be very {peedily generated in all 
 ftanding waters. And therefore in fummer- 
 time a kind of trembling motion is frequently 
 obferved to be excited even in the f{malleft 
 ditches of water by the motions of infects. But _ 
 
 we fhall {peak of thefe matters more at large 6 
 
 in their proper places. 
 
 Laftly, we likewife refer the day Fly, Ephe-_ 
 which cf 
 
 mera, to this order : its eggs and ovary, 
 ‘s like that of fith, we preferve in our cabinet. 
 We alfo have in our poffeifion the Worm and 
 Nymph Vermicle, and alfo the Ephemera it- 
 felf, both male and female. We can from thefe 
 objeéts demonftrate how the wings are rolled 
 and folded in the tubercles of the Nymph Ver- 
 micle, for there is an admirable difference be- 
 tween the folds of thefe wings, and the coms 
 plication of the wings of the Dragon Fly. We 
 alfo obferve the like difference, with refpect to 
 
 the difpofition of the wings in other infects, as _ 
 
 will be thewn from our particular obfervations, 
 
 to the praife and glory of the moft admirable _ 
 
 Creator. After this, we fhall in its place, from 
 the courfe of our experiments, affign a reafon, 
 why the wings in thefe infects are difpofed in 
 fuch a particular manner, the knowledge of 
 
 * 
 
 at 
 
 which will doubtlefs be acceptable to the 
 
 reader. 
 
 I preferve likewife the one day Flies, fixed in 
 fuch a pofition, that it is very eafy to perceive 
 the method whereby they caft a very thin skin 
 
 like a fhirt from their whole body, which is 
 
 wonderful to look upon, and 
 exprefled in words. 
 they roll or turn themfelves out, as the foot 1s 
 taken out of the fhoe, and at the other end they 
 
 off his glove by turning the infide outwards. 
 All. this will become evident, when we de- 
 fcribe. our particular -obfervations on this ftu- 
 
 pendous miracle of the Netherlands, and what 
 we have remarked concerning the uncommon, ~ 
 
 very fwift, and as it were horary changes of 
 this little creature ; that they may afford perpe- 
 tual matter of meditation on the incomprehen- 
 
 # 
 
 dificult to be 
 At one end of this skin 
 
 ~~ 
 
 turn it off in the fame manner as a man takes) 
 
 os) 
 
 a 
 
 fible wifdom of God, and regular order of na- , 
 ture. In the mean time, we think what Dr. 
 
 Augerius Clutius hath not fcrupled to affirm, = 
 
 very improbable; and that is, that the Ephe- 
 mera, or day Fly, is produced from a Chry/alis, 
 and he has likewife exhibited the figure of this 
 
 @ 
 “- 
 
 Chryfalis contrary to all truth. We obferve 
 
 that its figure is fubjoined or added alfo to the 
 track of Goedaert ; but thefe are delineated upon 
 the fuggeftions of a weak fancy. ‘This will be 
 very evident, when the infects themfelves,” 
 which the learned Andrew Colvius fent us, at¢ 
 compated with thofe figures. 
 
 * Since the time of thi ; ; 
 this writer, Reaumur has with great judgment and knowledge written of many of thefe creatures. 
 
 They run about the branches of i 
 a hie-forthe eas en te ae ae ad fmall, and when they have pafied part of their lives thus, they remain 
 
 infeGts, and progal infects, 
 
 4 
 
 y akind of covering fo 
 The Kermes and Cochineal are of the fame kinds, a 
 
 umerous genus. ‘That author calls them gall 
 
 J have © 
 
Hig 
 
 The HISTORY 
 
 1 have in my poffeffion feveral fpecies of the 
 Ephemerus collected in France and other places; 
 among which I can fhew the leaft fpecies of 
 the Hemerobius or Ephemerus, called in 
 Dutch Mut; the wonderful changes whereof I 
 have {hewn as a matter of the higheft {pecula- 
 tion, to the moft noble Thevenot, the illuftri- 
 ous patron of all our ftudies, in the road that 
 leads from Amfterdam to Sloten. 
 
 Before we conclude this order, we fhall refer 
 the Earwig, Forficula, or Auricularia thereto, 
 which creature, with its wings vifibly expanded, 
 and its Nymph-Vermicle are alfo preferved in 
 my collection. 
 
 We clafs or arrange in this order all the 
 infects that we have hitherto defcribed, which 
 are excluded from their eggs under the form 
 of a Worm, and in procefs of time are aug- 
 mented or increafed into Nymph-Vermicles and 
 fo on. Nor can we fufficiently wonder that 
 this order of change has not been hitherto ob- 
 
 of INSECTS, 94 
 
 vd 
 
 ferved or reprefented to our knowledge by any 
 perfon. So that upon confidering how little 
 the naturalifts have taught us concerning thefe 
 creatures, we are obliged, not without {hame; 
 to confefs, that they were wholly ignorant of 
 the nature of moft infects. For, if we may 
 exprefs the matter as it really is in a few 
 words, the names only of the faid infeéts are 
 mentioned in the books of the naturalifts, 
 and if you except thefe, nothing remains but 
 the falfe and imaginary inventions of a dream- 
 ing and chimerical brain, As I am not afraid 
 to declare this generally, I would always ex- 
 cept the induftrious Goedaert, who has faith- 
 fully delineated, and, in fome meafure, accord- 
 ing to truth defcribed the changes of the Ca- 
 terpillar kind ; as alfo the moft accute Redi, 
 who has, by irrefragable arguments, proved, 
 that no creatures are produced by putrefaction ; 
 and laftly, fome accomplifhed Englifhmen, the 
 chief of whom are John Ray and Martin Lifter. 
 
 An example of the Jecond order or clafs of natural changes, which I call the 
 Lymph-V ermicle, in the Dragon-Fly. 
 
 N°. Lf EXHIBIT here, Tab. XII. the 
 
 Vermicle or Worm of the Dragon- 
 Fly, as yet lying in its firft coat, in which, 
 when enclofed, it is called an egg. Many 
 of thefe eggs, placed near each other in the 
 fame manner as they are fituated in the di- 
 vided ovary of the Libella, I here exhibit de- 
 lineated to the life. This ovary perfectly 
 agrees with that of fith, efpecially that of the 
 Herring, and confifts in like manner of nu- 
 merous eggs, which are of an oblong figure, as 
 may appear from thofe difperfed here and there 
 in this figure. The eggs enclofed in this ovary 
 are at length thrown into the water by the pa- 
 rent infect, out of which afterwards iflue many 
 fmall Vermicles with fix legs; and thefe having 
 attained the full period of their growth, caft 
 their skins, and becomes fo many Dragon-Flies, 
 like the parent. 
 
 Ii. To thew the method wherein this hap- 
 pens, I have likewife, for the fake of order, 
 delineated to the life the coat of the egg out 
 of which the Worm of the Fly has made its 
 way. 
 iil. afterwards in the third place, fhew the 
 Vermicle or Worm from which the Dragon- 
 Fly is produced, by the power of accretion 
 alone, but I have not delineated it fo {mall as 
 it is when it comes firft out of its egg, but 
 fornewhat larger, and in the form it has when 
 it has been fed for fome time. I fhew its eyes, 
 together with two prominent horns in its head : 
 in the breaft underneath are obferved fix fhagg 
 legs, each of which is divided into four joints, 
 and the extreme joint of each is furnifhed with 
 two claws. ‘The belly is divided into ten rings, 
 the laft or loweft of which has fome briftly, 
 rigid and prominent little points, It is agreeable 
 to obferve in this Worm how its limbs come 
 
 imperfect out of the egg, which is likewife a 
 property of the Vermicles of the third and fourth 
 order or clafs of tranfmutations; as fhall be 
 afterwards fhewn in its proper place. And 
 it is for this reafon I call the little crea- 
 ture; whilft it remains in this imperfe@ form 
 in the egg, an oviform Nymph-Vermicle, 
 as I have explained more at large above; 
 and this obfervation I would have inculcated 
 and underftood once for all, in the courfe 
 of the fubfequent orders, as 1 fhall repeat it 
 no more: : 
 
 IV. I reprefent this Vermicle fomewhat 
 older, fo that about the end of the thorax, 
 where that part is connected with the belly, 
 four membranous buds or follicles like flower- 
 cups are obferved to fpring, fwell, and as it 
 were branch out of the body: thefe four fol- 
 licles or membranous bags contain the wings, 
 which increafe in the fame manner as the cups 
 of plants and trees do with their flowers and 
 fruit. But if any one fhould at this period 
 diffle& thefe bags, he would find nothing in 
 them but a watry humour or ichor, becaufe 
 the wings, too tender yet for fight, have not 
 acquired their ftrength and perfection, in the 
 fame manner as in the cups of flowers and 
 fruits when they are firft diftinguifhable, no- 
 thing is found but a moifture or clammy 
 liquor. 
 
 V. I afterwards demonftrate this little crea- 
 ture in the ftate wherein it has attained its 
 full bignefS, together with its four bags or fol- 
 licles, which are confpicuous on its back, and 
 are increafed to their due fize; at this time I 
 find the wings perfect in them, but folded in 
 each other; nay, we may likewife obferve all 
 the colours and varieties of painting of this 
 creature now tran{parent through the skin; 
 
 Cc where- 
 
The 
 
 as the infect is and remains yet a 
 has fome of its parts 
 
 93 
 
 wherefore, 
 Vermicle or Worm, and : os 
 enclofed in a skin and deprived of motion, like 
 
 a Nymph of the third order or clafs, I have 
 called it in this period a Nymph-Vermicle. 
 In what manner this Nymph cafts its skin, 18 
 (hewn in the fecond figure, Tab. XU. fig. 11. 
 
 VI. Laftly, I exhibit the fame Vermicle 
 as it is when arrived to its laft degree of per- 
 fection; in which form it is called the Perla, 
 Libella, or Dragon-Fly, and by increafing be- 
 comes a perfect creature, becaufe it has ac- 
 quired its full age and is now fit for generation. 
 As at firft it was a creeping and {wimming 
 Worm, it is now become a flying Worm or 
 inhabitant of the air. Moreover, its change, 
 or properly the accretion and expanfion of its 
 parts, is, with refpect to its eyes, wings and 
 tail, extremely admirable, but the legs undergo 
 no change. 
 
 I firft obferved thefe Worms, out of which 
 the Dragon-Flies are produced in the river 
 Loire at Saumur, behind the houfe of the very 
 learned Dr. Tanaguil Faber, whofe gueft I had 
 then been, and who likewife greatly loved to 
 {earch into {uch natural miracles. I afterwards 
 found them in many other frefh rivers, {mall 
 pools, fenny ditches, and other ftanding waters, 
 and in fome places in fuch great numbers that 
 the whole bottom was as it were planted with 
 them. They can both creep and fwim, but 
 they do not move fwiftly. They have like- 
 
 wife a tharp fight, and they immediately throw 
 
 themfelves to the bottom, if any one comes to 
 the places wherein they live, or when they 
 perceive the leaft uncommon objet. = Their 
 food is foft mud, and a fine earthy fubftance ; 
 wherein they live. ‘They are produced by the 
 Libelle or Dragon-Flies, for thefe are likewife 
 tifually about waters, and in thofe places per- 
 form in a very wonderful manner the bufinefs 
 of generation. Numerous Dragon-Flies are 
 likewife found in the fields and forefts, where 
 there are numerous fmaller Flies; for, like birds 
 of prey, they hunt after and devour the latter 
 in the air. 
 
 If the eggs which the Dragon-Flies throw 
 into the water be examined with a microf- 
 cope, they appear of an oblong figure, Tab. 
 
 Il. fig. 1, and in the fore part terminate in 
 a point: in this part they are alfo adorned 
 with a kind of little cups, with protuberant 
 points, fomewhat refembling the cups which 
 we have delineated in the Nit or Loufe’s, egg, 
 and they are blackifh in the extreme fore end. 
 At the hinder part the egg terminates in an 
 oval form; and has a glittering furface ; befides 
 this it has nothing fingular in it. 
 
 When the Worms which iffue out of thefe 
 eggs have grown to the form of a Nymph- 
 Vermicle, they then remove out of the water 
 to a dry place, as into the grafs, to pieces of 
 wood, or a ftone wall, or any thing elfe they 
 meet with; and therein firmly fixing the acute 
 claws, Tab. XII. fig. 11. @ a, of their legs, they 
 continue immovable a very fhort time. "Tt is 
 
 BOOK of NATURES of; 
 
 then obferved; that the skin firft opens in theif 
 head and back; and out of this opening they 
 exhibit to view their real head and eyes 4, and 
 at length their fix legs ¢ ¢; whilft in the mean 
 time the hollow and empty skin or flough of 
 the legs remains firmly fixed in its place ; after 
 this the enclofed. creature creeps forward by 
 degrees, and by this means draws firft its wings 
 and then its body out of the skin, and proceed. _ 
 ing a little further, fits at reft for fome time 
 longer as if immovable. In this time its wings 
 begin by degrees to expand themfelves; and to 
 mate fmooth and even all their plaits and folds, 
 The body is likewife infenfibly extended, until 
 all the limbs have obtained their juft fize and 
 bignefs. As all thefe things are perfected by 
 the force of blood and circulating humouts, 
 and by, the affiftance of the air impelled by ref-: 
 piration, the creature cannot the firft moment 
 fly, and therefore is forced to ftay in the fame 
 place, until all its limbsare dried by the circum- 
 ambient air and fun. Thus the Dragon-Fly 
 enters upon a more noble life than that it had 
 hitherto led in the water, for in the latter it . 
 was obliged to live in mifery, creeping and 
 {wimming flowly, but now it wings the air. 
 
 It is very feldom that thefe changes of infects 
 are prefented to view by nature, and it hap- 
 pened by mere chance that I obferved them 
 for the firft time : one of thefe Vermicles ad- 
 hered to a ftone wall in the river Loire, and it 
 was fo foftened by the waves dafhing againft it, 
 that it could only half perfeé&t its change, fo 
 that I took it partly free, and partly yet fixed 
 in the skin. I once afterwards faw this change~ 
 in the large kind of Dragon-F'ly, which had 
 crept to land out of a fmall lake, and caft its 
 skin fitting in the grafs. In the {malleft Dra- 
 gon-Flies, which are very numerous in Holland, 
 and of which Goedaert has defcribed the muta- 
 tion, it is not fo difficult to difcover this mat- 
 ter, as Ihave long ago fhewn it to many, and 
 amongft the reft to Dr. Matthew Slade. 
 
 Another thing worthy of obfervation in thefe 
 creatures is, that they muft hunt and feek after 
 their food flying in the air, for which purpofe 
 nature has given them two large eyes, which 
 make almoft the whole head, and are like glit- 
 tering mother-of-pearl. They have moreover 
 four remarkable membranous filver-coloured 
 wings, with which, as with oars, they can turn 
 themfelves like {fwallows with a prodigious 
 velocity to all parts of the air. But to this 
 the very long tail that they have is alfo condu- 
 cive, for with this they fteer and govern them- 
 felves with great art, and_prepare them(felves a 
 certain path through the air. Movffet, who 
 erroneoufly afferted, that thefe creatures were 
 produced from rotten bull-ruthes, fpeaks how- 
 ever very rationally of them, when he fays: 
 “ "They form one of the greateft beauties in all 
 «* nature, being fuperior by far to all art.” 
 
 The eyes of the Dragon-Fly are of a reticu- 
 Jar ftruéture, and are divided by a double 
 feries of interfections, as I have deferibed in 
 another place. Within the mouth are to be 
 
 feen 
 
The .H 1 S-TysOaRry 
 
 feen two teeth, covered with a beautiful lip ; 
 with thefe the creatures bite fiercely when they 
 are taken: and it was probably for this reafon 
 that Junius gave them the name of Mordelle. 
 But whether their bite be venomous; or raifes a 
 blifter in the skin; I have not hitherto obferved. 
 _ Since the Dragon-Flies have very large and 
 long wings; and, on the contrary, very fhort 
 legs im proportion, it is not agreeable to them 
 to walk on the ground, and the more, becaufe 
 when they walk, they do not raife their wings, 
 nor keep them clofe on their back, like the 
 Butterflies. For which reafon they- always 
 choofe dry branches of trees, on which they 
 pitch when they want to reft or have catched 
 their prey; which they feize with their fix legs 
 in the air, convey into their mouth with their 
 two foremoft legs, and then break it in pieces 
 with their teeth. In this they do not fpare the 
 melliferous Bees ; they catch them in the air and 
 deftroy them. Thefe Flies cannot be kept alive 
 long-in a box, unlefs they are fed every day 
 with Flies, which they hke to eat. They are 
 greatly delighted with the rays of the fun, to 
 which they are indebted both for life and mo- 
 tion; for, when the heavens are cloudy, and the 
 air obfcure, they reft and do not eat, having 
 then very little motion. 
 
 The thorax, on the infide, where the wings 
 are fixed to the fhoulder blades, exhibits a large 
 number of mufcular fibres, which ferve to move 
 the legs and wings: Through thefe fibres pafs 
 the heart, gullet; and fpinal marrow, the 
 greateft part of which are placed in the loins and 
 belly. But as I have not hitherto perfected the 
 exact anatomy of thefe creatures, I cannot ad- 
 vance any more particulars concerning them. 
 The ftomach is fhaped like a pear; I have once 
 feen it full of food; and at another time full of 
 air. The pulmonary veffels are likewife nu- 
 merous here. One may likewife diftinctly fee 
 the mufcular fibres, which I never faw agitated 
 with any remarkable motion. 
 
 The male hath its penis placed about the 
 beginning of its belly, the female on the con- 
 trary has the orifice of the viva, in the extre- 
 mity of her tail ; but I have not accurately 
 viewed thefe parts, fince, in order to make the 
 diffections, I fhould have taken out the entrails 
 of thefe infects firft, that I might preferve 
 the whole form of their bodies. This may be 
 eafily done, if one takes out the vifcera, and 
 afterwards fprinkles the parts, which are ftill 
 wettith on the infide, with plaifter of Paris, or 
 unflacked lime, which imbibes the moifture, 
 
 By this means a very elegant fpecimen of the 
 tail, breaft, and eyes, may be preferved; and 
 this contrivance is likewife made ufe of by 
 painters and engravers. ‘There is upon all thele 
 occafions a neceflity for a cautious and circum- 
 {pect dexterity, which cannot be acquired but 
 by frequent exercife, and is not to be taught 
 by words. 
 
 Though the Dragon-fly is, in every refpeét; 
 a wonderful creature, and has its genital organs 
 placed in a very fingular manner in its body } 
 its act of coition in particular exceeds or fur- 
 paties all the powers of our imagination. The 
 male, fluctuating and rifing up and. down in 
 the air, and cutting it with many convolutions, 
 knows how to ftretch or hold eut its tail with 
 wonderful velocity to the female, Tab. XII, 
 fig. 111. a, who places it between the divifion 
 of her jiead and eyes, and guides it into her 
 neck, and then; clofely embracing it with her 
 legs, receives it very pleafingly ; then fhe im- 
 mediately bends and turns her body toward the 
 breaft of the male c, where the mafculine or- 
 gans of generation are placed near the upper 
 part of the belly; and thus continually flying 
 and panting, they perform the bufinefs of coi- 
 tion in the air. By this means the extremity of 
 the female’s tail is bent back, towards the mid- 
 dle of the male’s body, that is toward that part 
 where the penis lies, which is received by the 
 vulva of the female, placed in the top of her 
 tail; but that the female may the more conve- 
 niently reach to that part, the male fhortens 
 himfelf as it were, and bends and contratts his 
 tail confiderably. 
 
 The female being thus impregnated, after 
 fome time dips her tail into the water, and 
 throws her eggs into it. Thefe eggs; as I have 
 already obferved, are oblong, and while they 
 are {mall and imperfect, they are fomewhat 
 tender and whitith, but afterwards they by de- 
 grees grow hard and yellow, having a blackifh 
 point at their end. How long fuch an egg 
 remains in the water before the Worm is pro- 
 duced from it, is as much unknown to me, as 
 how long it is increafing from that time until 
 it changes its skin; but I fhould think two 
 years are neceflary for this purpofe, fince I have. 
 obferved that thefe Worms were at the end of 
 the fummer very far from a ftate of perfection: 
 I have fometimes feen in France fo great a 
 number of them in a clayey ditch that had no 
 water plants in it; that they covered the whole 
 bottom: 
 
 ‘Of the various fpecies of the Nymphv ermicles of the Dragon-Fly: 
 
 A: I have obferved in the general enumera- 
 tion of thefe creatures, that I kept fix of 
 the Nymphs, one of which I have before de- 
 lineated; Tab. XII. N®. v. I thall now repre- 
 fent and briefly defcribe four others, ‘The firft 
 belongs to one of the largeft Dragon-Flies, in 
 the head whereof are obferved two equal, but 
 
 not reticular eyes, fig. iv. aa; before thefe 
 are placed two horns #4, and under the latter 
 may be feen the three divifions of the mouth, 
 whereof the two upper are provided with teethe, 
 which may be moft properly called fo, only I 
 think them too delicate and tender. Underneath 
 at the breaft are fituated fix legs, which have 
 
 two 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 two fharp claws dd at their extremities, and 
 are variegated with grecn, yellow and other 
 coloured {pots. In the upper part of the back, 
 under the (houlder-blades, may be feen very 
 diftin@ly four membranous cups, wherein are 
 enclofed e¢ the wings folded into each other; fo 
 that it is hard to underftand how or by what 
 means fuch ftrong, broad, long and remarka- 
 ble wings as the largeft Dragon-Fly has, could 
 be contained within fo narrow a compafs. 
 But this matter will be eafily underftood by 
 any perfon who attentively confiders what 4 
 large number of leaves lie folded up in the 
 globular cup of the double poppy; for the 
 wings beforementioned agree very well with 
 thofe leaves in the manner of their lying. 
 
 The abdomen is divided at the margin of 
 the belly into various fharp and rough divi- 
 fions ff, the rings whereof are, where they 
 branch out, adorned with many tranfparent 
 colours: The tail is divided as into five parts, 
 which, whilft the little infe@& lives, refemble 
 fo many pyramidal rough prickles or ftings g, 
 each of which cafts it {kin, when the Nymph 
 affumes the form’ of a Dragon+Fly: thefe 
 ferve principally to clofe up the fundament, 
 and are likewife an ornament to the hinder 
 part of the body. But in the males they have 
 another ufe, that is, to keep the creature in 
 coition firmly fixed to the head of the female, 
 and join themfelves with the neck of the lat- 
 ter, as I have exémplified in the third figure 
 of the middle Libella, Tab. XII. fig. im. In 
 my lait obfervations I alfo remarked, that the 
 branches or ramifications of the Afpera Arteria 
 likewife thed a coat or fkin: and in this re- 
 {pect it agrees with all other fpecies of Nymphs, 
 and with the Worms and Caterpillars of But- 
 terflies and other infects. 
 
 The other Nymph Vermicle that I exhibit 
 is likewife of this fpecies, from which the 
 middle Dragon-Flies are produced. It has all 
 thofe parts I have before {hewn in the largeft. 
 The lips only and teeth are placed in a diffe- 
 rent manner, and are obferved to be longer, 
 fig. v. a, though they may be likewife length- 
 ened or drawn out in the largeft Nymph. 
 The legs alfo are fhaggy 6; the follicles or 
 bags are likewife diftinétly feen on the back c, 
 as well as the ringsof the abdomen, and prickles 
 or ftings in the tail d. I found the former 
 largeft Nymph in a ditch upon fome water 
 plants, after it had firft crept into the grafs 
 and caft its fkin. In the Nymph juft now 
 defcribed the wings were fo perfect, that they 
 might be fpread open or difplayed in the 
 hand. 
 
 The third {pecies I exhibit is not found in 
 Holland, except in the diftrict of. Utrecht. 
 I firft found this Nymph on the other fide of 
 Paris in the river Seine, where many ox skulls 
 had been thown into it, and thefe being filled 
 with mud afforded the Nymph habitation and 
 nourifhment. I likewife found there many 
 river Hermits, which probably prey upon thefe 
 and the like infects. ‘This is probably the little 
 
 too 
 
 NATURE; oF, 
 
 creature that Redi calls the Marine Scorpiony 
 and delineates without follicles or bags of 
 wings, becaufe he had not {een it completely 
 perfect. Of the fame nature with this infe@ 
 is alfo that which Rondeletius calls the Mar- 
 teau and river Libella. In the head of this 
 infect are likewife obferved two eyes, without 
 divifions ; before which are two articulated 
 horns or antenne, fig. vi. a. It has fix legs, 
 which are long enough for the bignefs of the 
 body 64. The four bags or follicles annexed 
 to the fhoulder-blades are prefied together 
 clofe and even; and are beautifully marked, 
 Tab. XII. fig. vi. c¢, with intercurrent vefiels, 
 The body is divided into rings, and is all over 
 briftly d. The tail was painted with green 
 and yellow, and divided as into three trians 
 gular appendages¢. This little creature fwims 
 fafter than the former Nymph; but the Fly 
 again iffuing from it, has a flower motion, and 
 prides itfelf in very beautiful wings, which are 
 varioufly painted, according as thefe Nymphs 
 differ among themfelves. Whoever attentively © 
 views the wings of this Dragon-Fly, will fee 
 that their nervous divifions are much clofer — 
 than in the wings of the largeft and middle 
 fpecies; nay, this differs from them in this, 
 that it folds its wings like the diurnal Butters 
 flies, when it lies any where to reft. 
 
 I have a Spanifh Dragon-Fly, which has 
 fharp pointed wings, and therefore differs from 
 all others ; for the wings of ours are for the 
 moft part oval, and terminate in a roundifh 
 extremity. It has likewife very large hairy 
 horns of antenna. I have myfelf delineated 
 to the life another kind of Dragon-Fly fent 
 from Africa, which had fpotted wings. I 
 likewife have feen a third fpecies, which had 
 very long and broad wings, and but a {mall 
 body in proportion: but the wings were con- 
 fpicuous and remarkable for fome paintings on 
 them like dried vine-branches, and exhibited 
 a {pectacle of the moft exquifite art and admi- 
 rable elegance. I have therefore delineated 
 this in its natural fize, and can fhew a prepa- 
 ration of it to this day. 
 
 The fourth fpecies of thefe Nymphs is 
 found every where in the waters in Holland, 
 but efpecially in the narrow ditches; out of 
 which, with the water plants, fuch Nymphs 
 may be taken almoft every year, not except- 
 ing even the winter, ‘They do not differ much 
 from that juft now defcribed, as is manifeft 
 from the figure, fig. vir. This Nymph, — 
 having caft its skin, produces a very fmall Fly, 
 with filver-coloured wings, and a blue and 
 black body. This kind has alfo a flow mo- 
 tion, and almoft perpetually flies about ditches. 
 This fpecies of Dragon-Fly has the fame me- 
 thod of generation with the largeft and mid- 
 dle kind, for both perform the bufinefs of 
 coition in the air’ But I mutt confefs I never 
 faw the manner wherein thefe Flies that iffue 
 out of the Nymphs delineated in fig, v1. pro- 
 pagate their {pecies, 
 
 of 
 
Th HIS:TOR Y¥ 
 
 o§ INSECT S§. toi 
 
 Of the flying Water Scorpion *, which belong to our fecond clafs or order. 
 
 THE EXTERNAE PARTS. 
 
 C)‘ the water Scorpion which I occa- 
 
 fionally mentioned in the general enu- 
 meration of infeéts, I have not feen more than 
 two kinds. Thefe I thall now feparately de- 
 {cribe with figures, to illuftrate the defcription. 
 The firft, which is the fmalleft and moft com- 
 mon of the two, is, like the greateft part of 
 the other more perfeét infects, divided into a 
 head, a thorax, and an abdomen. In the head 
 are placed the eyes, and under thefe is the 
 mouth, which is of a round form, Tab. III. 
 fig.1v. a. The head is of a pale red colour, 
 and of a very hard and firm texture. The 
 eyes are hexagonal and reticular. The fting 
 which lies in the mouth, as ina fheath, is 
 hollow, and of a bright red colour. In the 
 upper part of the thorax, which refembles the 
 head both in colour and texture, we find four 
 wings, and in the lower part as many legs, 
 befides two claws placed forward towards 
 the head. The upper wings 44 are of the 
 fame colour with the thorax; and it is remar 
 kable, that the fore parts of thefe, by which 
 they are joined to the thoulder blades, are of 
 a ftronger and firmer texture than the hinder 
 parts, which are in a manner membranaceous, 
 and full of delicate veflels: Thefe upper wings 
 are inferted fo clofe to the lower pair, and 
 cover them all over fo exattly, that at firft 
 fight no one would imagine the infeé&t had two 
 pair. This difpofition of the wings preferves 
 the under pair from getting any wet, though 
 the creature fhould remain a whole day under 
 water. Thefe under wings are of a pale co- 
 lour cc, and of a membranaceous texture, with 
 little yellow and red veffels or pulmonary tubes 
 moft elegantly diftributed through them. The 
 upper part of the abdomen, which thefe wings 
 cover, is of a deep and clear red colour, like 
 vermilion, and ‘is thick fet with hair, fo as to 
 afford a very agreeable fight. The legs have 
 feveral joints, and each ends in two claws dddd. 
 Thefe are almoft of the fame fhape with thofe 
 of the land Scorpions ee, only they have no 
 forceps or pincers; but the firft point is fo 
 flexible, and the infect has fuch a command 
 of it, that it ferves the fame purpofe. The 
 abdomen, whofe fhape has been already de- 
 {cribed, is underneath of a pale colour, and 
 terminates in a forked tail, which when open- 
 ed, is exaétly like the figure I have here given 
 of it The thorax and abdomen of this in- 
 fe& are fo unufually flat and thin, that one 
 
 would be apt to fuifpect nothing was contained 
 within them-+. 
 
 There is nothing more remarkable in this 
 infeét, than that it conftantly appears covered 
 with a prodigious number of nits of different 
 forts and fizes; though perhaps we may with 
 more reafon confider them as fo many little 
 creatures, which live and grow by fucking the 
 Scorpion’s blood. Thefe are fomewhat of an 
 oblong figure, approaching to round, and have 
 afhining; and as it were bloated furface, with= 
 out any of the rings obfervable in moft infects: 
 The neck is oblong and fhaped like. a pear, 
 with the {mall end {ticking in the Scorpion’s 
 body. ‘The colour of this infeé is a mean be- 
 tween that of vermilion and purple; and when 
 it is pretty well grown, there appears within 
 it an elegant tranfparent {pot or particle, Tab. 
 III. fig. iv. g. 
 
 This {pot or particle induced me to confider 
 with more attention this minute and hitherto 
 unregarded infect, and even to undertake the 
 diffection:of it. But who would imagine that 
 on this examination it fhould prove a perfect 
 and furprifing infect? This is however a cer- 
 tain fact: and thus in that infinite variety of 
 works, by means of which God ié pleafed to 
 make himfelf known to us, we ever meet 
 with new matter of admiration and aftonifh- 
 ment. 
 
 _ This little creature being extracted from the 
 fhell that covered it, looks like a young Spi- 
 der before’ it has left its egg. On the fore 
 part is the head, fig. v. 2, and on its head are 
 the eyes 4: under the eyes are placed its lit- 
 tle legs elegantly coiled and folded ec; but 
 they appear much more diftin@ly on turning 
 the infect on its back dd; and in this fituation 
 alfo it beft appears with what art thefe legs are 
 laid up in the fhell, and all over covered with 
 hair, The colour of this little creature is; as 
 I already obferved, a mean between that of 
 vermilion and purple; and this colour fhews 
 itfelf through the coat or fhelJ, which is tranf- 
 parent. I cannot determine to what {pecies of 
 infects this is to be referred; nor can I fay to 
 what fize it grows, or by what kind of creature 
 it is thus depofited on the water Scorpion in 
 the form of an egg, there to receive life and 
 growth. Neverthelefs, I cannot but look on the 
 difcovery I have made as very interefting, fince 
 it proves that there are in the nature of things 
 eggs which acquire a fenfible growth by an 
 
 * The characters of the water Scorpion according to the latter fyftems are thefe : the trunk is turned in under the body, the 
 antennz or horns form a kind of claws like thofe of cruftaceous animals ; the wings are four, and they are placed crofs-wife ; and 
 
 the legs are four. 
 
 Linneus conne&s the Cime Aquatilis with this, and gives to the genus he thus forms the name Hepa. 
 
 + There is not perhaps in all the animal creation fo outrageous or fierce a creature againft thofe weaker than itfelf as the water 
 
 Scorpion. 
 
 Tt deftoys, like the Wolf among Sheep, twenty times as many as its hunger requires. 
 
 I have feen one of thefe when 
 
 put into a bafon of water, in which were thirty or forty of the Worms of the middle Libella, which are at leaft as large as itfelf, 
 deftroy them allin a few minutes: he gets on their backs, and pierces his trunk through their body. 
 
 Dd 
 
 entra- 
 
Th BOOK of 
 
 (hment, unlefs perhaps fome 
 hoofe to confider this as a 
 her than as an.egg: nor 
 
 I@2 
 
 entraneous noufi 
 naturalift fhould c 
 complete infect, rat 
 
 (hall I ftrenuoufly oppofe this opinion, feeing 
 that in all cafes the egg is 1n reality no other 
 
 THe 
 
 SS the internal parts of the water 
 Scorpion, the organs of generation feem 
 to be thofe which beft deferve our attention, 
 and which I have accordingly moft attentively 
 examined. ‘The contents of the ftomach and 
 imteftines were of a green colour, but thofe 
 vifcera when emptied appear of a tranfparent 
 white, with here and there fome tranfparent 
 glandules of the fame colour. Behind the 
 pylorus are fome varicous or knotty veffels. 
 The abdomen is all over covered alfo with 
 particles of fat of a moft bright white, which 
 look as if they were divided into many appen- 
 dages of the nature of the inteftina ceca. 
 
 The number of pulmonary tubes is here 
 very confiderable, compared with that which 
 is feen in the generality of other infeéts. ‘The 
 larger branches of thefe tubes are of a yellowifh 
 colour, and the fmaller of a filver white. 
 Their openings lie under the wings on each 
 fide of the abdomen. The breaft contains two 
 air bladders. ‘The fpinal marrow confifts of 
 
 _very few joints. : 
 
 The parts of the male fubfervient to gene- 
 ration appear of a moft delicate and exquifite 
 contrivance, fo as to deferve our moft {pecial 
 notice; and the diffection of them took me up 
 fo much time and attention, that in taking 
 drawings of them I at firft overlooked the 
 penis. This is placed backwards near the in- 
 fect’sanus, where there are feveral other parts 
 worth examining. The root or nervous body 
 of the penis, Tab. Ill. fig. vi. a, which is of 
 a white colour, lies a little higher up in the 
 abdomen, I have reprefented it here as it ap- 
 pears when taken out of the body. This root 
 of the penis, after having made many ferpen- 
 tine turns, divides into four tubes, two of 
 which conftitute the vafa deferentia, whilft 
 the other two perform the office of the veficule 
 feminales in other animals, and open into the 
 cavity of the root of the penis, where they dif- 
 charge the matter prepared by them. I have 
 given an exact drawing of the vafa deferentia ; 
 ‘one of them I have reprefented as it appears 
 moft curioufly convoluted in its natural ftate 4 ; 
 the other as it looks when drawn out c:. Thefe 
 vafa deferentia are confiderably wide and {pa- 
 cious, but not equal to the veficule feminales. 
 it is probable thefe veffels are adapted by na- 
 ture to fecrete a feminal matter different from 
 that prepared by the tefticles; for they are 
 largely fupplied with elandules to anfwer that 
 purpofe, and confift of a confiderably thick and 
 ‘fpongy fubftance. As the vafa deferentia ap- 
 proach the tefticles, they grow lefs and lefs by 
 degrees, fo as to form two flender tubes dd, 
 
 ‘break its 
 
 NAIL UR By Bry 
 
 than the infect itfelf, which remains in that 
 frate till it has acquired ftrength fufficient to 
 prifon, and live without fuch a 
 covering. 
 
 INTERNAL PARTS, 
 
 and this portion of them alone feems to claini 
 the name of vafa deferentia, as they do nothing 
 but convey the feed from the tefticles: thefe 
 tefticles confift each of five diftin& bodies, 
 feparated on all fides, oblong, white and glan- 
 dulous ee, with which are united as many 
 feminal veflels twifted and coiled one over ano- 
 ther very elegantly, and in a great variety of 
 directions ff. 1 have reprefented one of them 
 as it appears when feparated from the reft, 
 and extended g. The veficule feminales are 
 fomewhat fhorter 44, but they are a little 
 wider than the vafa deferentia. ‘The former 
 contain an aqueous feminal matter, which in 
 the tefticulary veffels, the glandules of the 
 tefticles, and even the vafa deferentia them- 
 felves appear of a fhining white. From this 
 we may conclude that the mechanifm of thefe 
 genital parts refembles greatly that of the fame 
 organs in the Rhinoceros Beetle, which I fhall 
 hereafter defcribe. Indeed in refpect to the 
 vafa deferentia, the tefticulary veffels, and the 
 veficule feminales, they are not unlike thofe 
 of the human fpecies ; and this refemblance 
 is very worthy our notice, in order to difcover 
 the general analogy between animals by a care 
 ful comparifon of their organs, as exhibited to 
 us in accurate diffections. 
 
 Among the parts of the female fubfervient 
 to generation, the moft confpicuous is a fur- 
 prizing kind of ovary, divided on each fide 
 into five oviduéts, one of which I fhall here 
 reprefent, and in part the reft being fimilar, 
 fig. vi. aa. ‘The eggs contained in thefe ovi- 
 duéts are of fo curious a ftruture, and placed 
 with fo much art, wifdom and judgment, that 
 I muft own I never met with any thing con- 
 trived more nicely, or more elegantly difpofed. 
 That this contrivance and difpofition may ap- 
 pear the more diftinétly, I fhall firft defcribe 
 the egg itfelf, which in fhape greatly re- 
 fembles the feed of the carduus benedictus. 
 This egg is a little oblong, of a yellow colour, 
 with its lower furface fomewhat convex, fig. 
 vill. a: The edges of the upper furface are 
 elegantly adorned with feven flender branches, 
 not unlike ftiff briftles very red at the points 4, 
 and white in the middle e, fo as to afford a 
 very entertaining appearance. That thefe 
 briftles may be in no danger of creating con- 
 
 fufion in the ovary, or of wounding it, or the 
 
 eggs, or receiving themfelves any damage by 
 bending, the briftles of the firft egg, or that 
 which is next to the aperture of the ovary, lie 
 flat againft the edges of the fecond egg, fo as 
 to form a kind of bed for the lower and con- 
 vex furface of it c. The third d and all the 
 
 other 
 
The -H-PS: T;O R ¥ of: 1.N\8 E-CeT S. 103 
 
 ether eggs are orderly placed in the fame man- 
 ner, fo as to afford ample matter for admiring 
 and adoring the all-feeing Archite&t, who fo 
 wifely formed and difpofed them. 
 
 Thefe water Scorpions live in the water 
 all the day, out of which they rife about the 
 dufk of evening into the air, and fo flying from 
 place to place often betake themfelves in queft 
 of food to other waters. This is always their 
 éourfe when the ditches in which they inhabit, 
 come to be dried up. This affords us a fatis- 
 factory reafon for the great number of infects 
 that immediately appear in the fmalleft col- 
 letions of water, fince they may very well 
 get thither when it is dark, fo that the opinion 
 which’ afcribes to putrefaction the power of 
 forming infects, muft by this inftance of the 
 water Scorpion’s no¢turnal tranfmigrations ap- 
 pear more and more frivolous and unnéceflary. 
 I have in faé@ been told by a perfon who took 
 great delight in fithing, that he has found the 
 eges of fome kinds of Fith {ticking to the 
 wings of Ducks, who by this means he with 
 great reafon imagined might ferve to reple- 
 nifh the waters on the top of the higheft moun- 
 tains with the infects proper to that element. 
 
 a 
 
 The Nymph of the water Scorpion remains 
 in the fame place where it was produced, till 
 the wings are full grown, when fhe imme- 
 diately fallies forth in {earch of a companion 
 of the other fex, with whom fhe may carry on 
 the great bufinefs of propagation, and multi- 
 tiply the {pecies. 
 
 The Water Scorpions of the large 
 differ but little from the fmaller, which I have 
 hitherto defcribed. The body of the larger 
 kind, Tab. Ill. fig. 1x. @, is much longer and 
 fharper than that of the other; and its limbs 
 are more diftinét and confpicuous. It is alfo 
 of a paler colour, fomewhat more gray, but 
 inclining to red. As to the claws in. this 
 {pecies there is in them fomething very remar- 
 kable ; the joints from which they {pring are 
 furnifhed each with two fharp procefles 44, 
 in order to receive; and as it were fheath 
 thefe fharp claws when bent againft them. 
 The legs alfo are much longer, and are made 
 like ftiff and flender briftles cc ; but the mem- 
 branous extremities and ornaments d of the 
 wings differ greatly. I have not examined 
 the internal parts of this {pecies. 
 
 ; is 
 r Apecies 
 
 The natural hiftory of the infeEt called the Hemerobios, Ephemerus, or Diaria; 
 extratted from Ff. Swammerdam's account of it, formerly printed in Dutch 
 
 under the title of, The Life of the Ephemerus. 
 
 E. thall leave out in this extract all the 
 AY," pious meditations and religious fen- 
 iments with which the original is fo liberally 
 furnifhed, as they would fwell this work into 
 too large a bulk, and do not properly belong 
 to the defign of if as a natural hiftory. The 
 author publifhed at that time his obfervations 
 on that furprifing infect, to give us wretched 
 mortals a lively image of the fhortnefs of this 
 prefent life, and thereby to induce us by the 
 help of frequent admonitions to afpire to a 
 better : and we hope we cannot in juftice be 
 accufed of defeating his well-meant labours by 
 abridging them in this manner, feeing his book, 
 which he himfelf publithed, is ready to be had 
 by ahy one that chufes to read every thing he 
 has faid on this fubje@t. It contains alfo a 
 
 Ge arent 
 
 great number of Dutch fentencés in verfe, and 
 in profe, of which it would be almoft impoffi- 
 ble to give a proper verfion fit to appear in 
 public ; and to interrupt the work with Dutch 
 quotations, would: be fpoiling the regularity 
 of the wotk. That the illufttious Thevenot, 
 whom Swammerdam himfelf firft charged with 
 the edition of this work, intended to proceed 
 in the fame manner, appears very plainly from 
 a French tranflation of the natural hiftory of 
 the French Ephemerus, which has fallen into 
 our hands amongft other manu{cripts relating 
 to this fubject. We fhall therefore proceed in 
 this defign of giving the reader all that relates 
 to its hiftory, and nothing more, without any 
 further apology. 
 
 P: I. 
 
 The Ephemerus is produced from an egg >, 
 
 “FITS infe&, Tab. XIII. fig. xv. has 
 Ty four wings, two little antenn or horns, 
 fix legs, and a very long and hairy tail ; it lives 
 at the utmoft but five hours. This furprifing 
 creature appears every year for three day fuc- 
 
 * The Ephemerus, for fo it is the eftablifhedcuftom how to w 
 
 The charaéters are, that there are two large prominences for t 
 fome briftly hairs, and the antenna are fhort, There are 
 
 * 
 
 ceflively fluttering on the furface of the water, 
 at the mouths of the Rhine, the Meufe, the 
 Wael, the Leck and the Yfel, about the feaft 
 of St. Olophius and St. John; but this con- 
 tinued appearance is kept up by a fucceffion of 
 
 tite the word, conftitutes a diftin&t genus among the four-winged Flies. 
 he eyes on the upper part of the head; that the tail is furnifhed with 
 feveral f{peties of this genus of different fizes: 
 
 them 
 
TO4 
 
 for thofe which begin to live and flutter 
 ene the noon of the firft day, are dead be- 
 fore night, and the fame happens the fecond 
 and third days ; which being expired, no more 
 of them are to be feen till the returning year 
 again renews this three days wonderful fight. 
 °'At this time the female of the Ephemerus, 
 fig. VIII. after having thrown off her coat 
 or flough, iffues from the water and difcharges 
 into it both her ovaries, Tab. XV. fig. 111. 
 But this is not done till fhe has for fome time 
 futtered upon the furface of the water in a 
 very curious and furprifing manner, beating it 
 with her wings all the time. 
 
 It js at this time the female like a fith dif- 
 charges her eggs, which the male, Tab. XIII. 
 fix. xv. who firft quits the water, and afterwards 
 divefts himfelf on the land of a very thin 
 skin, fig. x11. and xiv. invigorates by eject- 
 ing on them his melt or feminal milky fub- 
 ftance. 
 
 I thall in the fucceeding pages defcribe in a 
 full and accurate manner how this act of ge- 
 neration is performed, how thefe infects rife 
 from the water, and how they free themfelves 
 both in the water and on the land of their old 
 skins. . 
 
 The firft time I obferved this furprifing in- 
 feét, was in the year 1661, on a branch of 
 the Rhine running by Culenburg. But Clutius 
 who has likewife written of thofe infects, fays 
 they are to be found at Aarnhem, Zutphen, 
 on the canal called Vaart near Utrecht, at Rot- 
 terdam, and in many other places. Doctor de 
 Mey, a moft reverend and learned divine, has 
 likewife given us an exprefs treatife on this fub- 
 jet, as appears by the appendix to Goedaert’s 
 hiftorical obfervations. Nor has the obfervation 
 of thefe infeéts been confined to our times, 
 fome of the greateft naturalifts of antiquity have 
 
 G He Axe 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE} or; 
 
 made mention of them, as appears by Pliny, 
 Ariftotle, Aélian, and others who have written 
 on thefe fabjects. We find this little creature 
 defcribed in their works by the name of the 
 Hemerobion, Ephemerus, and Diaria, as ap- 
 pears by many paflages in their works, as like- 
 wife by Augerius Clutius’s work, publifhed in 
 the year 1634, of which I juft now made 
 mention. ‘ae 
 
 The eggs of the female Ephemerus dropt into 
 the water, and there impregnated by an effu- 
 fion of the male’s fperm, in the manner we 
 have defcribed, gradually fink to the bottom. 
 But this is effected in fuch a manner, that the 
 eggs are {cattered over the muddy bottoms of 
 rivers by the motion of the waters. The figure 
 of the eggs themfelves does not a little contri= 
 bute thereto, as they are of a plain convex 
 fhape, Tab. XV. fig. 1. and are thereby the 
 apter to difperfe in their defcent. This appears 
 by placing a few of them on the point of a 
 knife, and then letting them fall gently into — 
 water, for they immediately feparate of them- 
 felves in a very curious manner. 
 
 It is hard to fay, and God only, who gives 
 thefe infeéts life and motion, knows how long 
 their eggs lie at the bottom of the waters where 
 they are depofited, and how long it is before 
 the contained infe€ts break through the fkin 
 that furrounds them, and perform as it may 
 be called their firft moulting. It is not im- 
 probable that thefe things might be experimen- 
 tally afcertained by dredging for them at diffe- 
 rent feafons, or keeping their eggs ina vefiel 
 full of water with a fufficient quantity of mud 
 at the bottom. For the prefent we muft be 
 fatished to obferve that the eggs of the Ephe- 
 merus produce, after an unknown time, a little 
 Worm with fix legs. ‘This is the creature fifher- 
 men call the bank-bait. 
 
 II. 
 
 The egg of the Ephemerus produces a little Worm with fix legs, called the bank- 
 bait by fifbermen. 
 
 N fearching the bottoms of waters fre- 
 _quented by the Ephemerus, fome time 
 after it has laid its eggs, we find a multitude of 
 . little Worms with fix legs, which differ in no- 
 thing but fize from thofe that are more grown. 
 But this is not to be found till a long time after 
 the parent infects have made their appearance, 
 for the growth of this little infect is fo flow, 
 that in the beginning of June in the year fol- 
 lowing, about which time the bait turns to an 
 Ephemerus, they are {carce three quarters of a 
 Dutch inch long, Tab. XIII. fig. 1, which 
 is but about the third part of the length of the 
 
 - —_ — fig. 111. that have com- 
 ings, and are juft i 
 making ufe of them. tele ood 
 
 _Befides two kinds of Worms renfarkably 
 differing in bignefs, a third is obferved to be 
 
 produced at the fame time from the mud, 
 fig. 11. which is bigger than the leffer kind 
 by almoft two thirds, and isa third part lefs 
 than the largeft kind. Nor is this difference 
 between thefe Worms in refpeét to their various 
 age, all we obferve, for thofe of the fame age 
 differ greatly both in length and thicknefs. 
 When the largeft kind of thefe Worms is about 
 three thumbs breadth long, in the beginning of 
 June, when they are about to begin to fly; the 
 middle kind is not completely two long; and 
 the {malleft is {carce a thumb’s breadth in 
 length. 
 
 There is another remarkable difference be- 
 tween thefe Worms of the Ephemerus, which 
 is, that the fmalleft kind, fig. 1. not only is 
 without wings, or thofe prominences which 
 cover the wings, but it does not even fhew the 
 
 ® leaft 
 
 * 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 leaft figns or veftiges of any fuch part : whereas, 
 on the contrary, in the other kinds of thefe 
 Worms, the little theaths of the wings, fig. 11, 
 begin at that time to appear, and in the largeft 
 
 he A 
 
 of ENG EC TFT S. ios 
 kind are as confpicuous as poffible, fig. riz: 
 refembling a little flower, that increafes by des 
 grees, and is ready to break out of its cup. 
 
 Pt ehh, 
 
 Of the hfe of the Vermicle or Worm of the Ephemerus, when out of the egg § 
 
 and of 
 
 T is very worthy of notice, that thefe 
 
 Vermicles or Worms never, or but very 
 rarely, are obferved to {wim at the bottom of 
 the river, or even in the middle of the water: 
 They can indeed fwim very fwiftly, and move 
 and throw themfelves eafily into ferpentine wind- 
 ings in the water, whilft their head is bent 
 fometimes up and fometimes down; the reft 
 of the body advancing with the like twifting 
 convolution and ferpentine motions. But, not- 
 withftanding they have this in their power, 
 they are always found near the banks of rivers, 
 and they live there in the moft quiet parts. 
 The more mud there is in the bottom, out of 
 which they firft rife, the greater number of 
 thefe Worms is ufually found. But you can 
 very rarely catch them lying on the mud 
 or adhering to it, but they live within the 
 mud or clay itfelf in hollows made oblong 
 and {mooth. ‘Thefe are bored, not obliquely 
 or downwards, but always parallel to the ho- 
 rizon: therefore, Vander Kracht fays right in 
 Clatius, that thefe infects live in feparate little 
 cells, 
 
 As the Bees, therefore with wonderful and 
 
 “perhaps inimitable art form their habitations 
 
 with wax; in like manner do the Worms of 
 the Ephemerus make thefe hollow tubes, Tab. 
 XIII. fig. v. 2, or long holes for their refidence, 
 and bore them in the mud, in proportion to 
 the bulk of their bodies. Hence, when thefe 
 Worms are expelled out of their holes, fo that 
 they muft creep on the plain or fmooth bottom, 
 which does not fupport every part of their bo- 
 dies, they immediately lofe their ability to go 
 forward, though they are even furrounded with 
 water, and are able to fuftain or bear themfelves 
 up by fwimming. ‘This I have experienced, 
 when I had drawn a great number of thefe 
 Worms out of their holes, in order to diffect 
 them ; they always fell on their backs, and, as 
 if they were in a fwoon, could not turn them- 
 felves again: whereas, on the contrary, when 
 they are in their little holes or burrows, they 
 can creep yery quickly backwards and forwards, 
 and move themfelves every way as they have 
 occafion. IT obferve that it is common to all 
 kinds of Worms which live in thefe kind of 
 cells or. holes to be able to move very quickly 
 into their retreats, and when they are taken 
 out of them, to faint as it were away. This 
 
 have obferved in the Worms which live in 
 hollow trees, and alfo in thofe which are found 
 
 its food. 
 
 in fruit, in the tubercles of the leaves, and in 
 the galls or warts of plants. It is very worthy 
 of obfervation, that the Coffus or Worm of 
 the great Beetle, whenever it is taken out of 
 its houfe, covers its whole body with a web, 
 by the help of which it forms a new hole for 
 itfelf in the wood; for it could by no means 
 pierce or make a hole, unlefs it were provided 
 with fome kind of ftay or fupport to lean 
 againft by prefling its body in that part, and 
 finding a due refiftance. 
 
 The bait or Worm of the Ephemerus is fo 
 weak when out of its hole or little tube, that 
 if at any time it ceafes to move, when fwim- 
 ming in the water, it immediately finks to the 
 bottom in confufion, and there lies on its back. 
 
 We are to remark further, that as foon as 
 the Worms of the Ephemerus have iffued out 
 of their eggs, théy prepare to build their cells 
 or houfes, which we have obferved are long 
 and horizontal hollow. tubes or caverns made 
 in the clay or mud, But they make thefe tubes 
 by degrees larger and larger, according to the 
 fize of the body, fo that by this means the full 
 grown Worms are always found in larger, Tab. 
 XIII. fig. v. aa, the young ones in {maller 
 tubes, 44. 
 
 The all-wife Creator has given them parts 
 appropriated to this purpofe; their two fore legs 
 are formed, in fome meafure, as they are in 
 the Moles and Mole Crickets. Thefe Worms 
 have jaws likewife, which are provided with 
 two teeth fomewhat like the forceps or claws 
 of crabs, and thefe ferve very well to affift in 
 making thofe holes in the mud. 
 
 Hence you will immediately fee them pierc- 
 ing or boring, when they are thrown into a 
 little mud mixed with water. If you do not 
 give them a fufficient quantity of the mud, 
 they will neverthelefs continue to undermine 
 what they have, at one time hiding their head, 
 and at another their body, and afterwards their 
 tail, attempting to prepare new cells. 
 
 The fifhermen fay, they are certain from 
 experience that thefe Worms, when the water 
 finks from the brink or edge of the river, always 
 bore holes through the mud into a lower and 
 deeper part, and that they likewife go to higher 
 places, when the water rifes. ‘This, I think, 
 they are under a neceflity of doing, fince they 
 have feveral air-pipes in their trachee, by the 
 help of which they frequently draw new air, 
 which is neceffary to their life. This they could 
 
 Ee ~ NOt 
 
The 
 
 not do, if they were confined at too great a 
 depth when the water rofe higher. 
 
 L have often obferved that when they were 
 drawn out of their cells and put on the wet 
 fand, they have chofe rather to creep out 
 the water, than go to the bottom under the 
 {and. This might poflibly be owing to the 
 want of mud, and the warmth of the water, 
 which is probably injurious to them. 
 
 106 
 
 C HA 
 
 How long the 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; o, 
 
 As to the food of thefe creatures, it is very 
 difficultly difcovered, unlefs by the diffeétion 
 of them, which taught me that they live on 
 clay or mud only. Whenever you open them, 
 you will always find mud both in the ftomach 
 and in the {mall and great guts. Thefe Worms 
 are therefore in this refpect like the Moth, 
 which feeds on the fame fubftance of which it 
 makes its habitation, 
 
 ers & B 
 
 Vermicle or Worm of the Ephemerus is winged ; why itis called 
 
 the efca or bait, and how long it lives. 
 
 AVING confidered the egg, the Worm, 
 and the food of the Ephemerus, the next 
 "thing is to fee for what {pace of time this Worm 
 is fed or nourifhed: and though it feems a 
 thing impracticable to determine how long 
 any creature which lives in the earth under 
 water is in feeding, yet this problem may be 
 folved by confidering the different bignels of 
 thofe Worms which I have beforementioned. 
 Since the fmalleft kinds of them, when fed 
 for one year, in which time the largeft kind 
 repares to fly, is three quarters of a thumb’s 
 A coud in length, and the middle fpecies is 
 then only one half; it follows, that every 
 Worm is feeding three years before it becomes 
 fit to undergo its change, becaufe the largeft 
 kind of Worms which begin this change, are 
 two thumbs and a half long. 
 The largeft day Worms when fully nourith- 
 ed or fed, regularly go out of their cells into 
 the water, and thence afterwards rife into the 
 air, as I fhallexplain hereafter. As every crea- 
 ture has its enemy, thefe have many; the fith 
 perfecute them immediatelyafter they go into the 
 water, in order to undergo their change ; and 
 when this is accomplifhed and they ate out of 
 the water into the air, the birds immediately 
 hunt after and prey on them. This has been 
 obferved by the failors, fifhermen, and others, 
 who live near the Rhine, fo that they learned 
 from hence to ufe thofe little creatures as a bait 
 to catch fifh. And hence it is that thefe 
 Worms are called by the name of bait or bank- 
 bait, near the village of Duerftede, Culenburg, 
 and in other places. This has likewife been 
 the reafon that thefe creatures, when they 
 afterwards began to fly, have been called by 
 the name of the flying bait. But this creature 
 ‘4s called Haft at Rotterdam, Schoonhoven, and 
 Dordrecht, the moft ancient city in Holland, 
 as foon as it becomes capable of flying. Hence 
 has arifen the common proverb among the 
 Dutch, ‘ Het iffer zoo dicht als haft,”’ to indi- 
 cate a very numerous multitude, becaufe thefe 
 little creatures at the times of their change, 
 fly fo thick together in fwarms, that thay can 
 
 no more be counted than the falling flakes of 
 fhow. - 
 
 Thefe Worms afford a very good bait for 
 fithing at any time of the year, if the weather 
 be favourable for that purpofe; for fince they 
 live three years in the mud before they are 
 changed in fo wonderful a manner, like Silk- 
 worms, into flying creatures, they may be eafily 
 taken out of the banks at any time of the year 
 for the {portman’s purpofe. But this cannot 
 be conveniently done when the waters have 
 rifen high, for it is then neceflary one fhould 
 go naked into the water, which I have fome- 
 times got done, that I might have an opportu- 
 nity of inveftigating the nature and difpofition of 
 thefe infects, and be able to examine anatomi- 
 cally the internal parts. When the fifhermen 
 ufe this Worm, they fix the hook in the head, 
 which is its hardeft and moft firm part. And 
 as it is very long-lived, by the perpetual mo- 
 tion it makes in the water, it becomes a very 
 proper bait to allure the fith to {wallow the 
 infidious hook. 
 
 How very durable the lives of thefe Worms 
 are I could thus form a judgment: I have 
 fometimes pierced one of them with a little 
 needle, in order to dry and preferve it when 
 dead, but it has been ftill living’ the day after, 
 though it had been a whole night in a little 
 veffel of urine, into which I had thrown it in 
 order to kill it. But however tenacious they 
 are of life, when they are taken out of their 
 cells, and put into water mixed with clay they 
 cannot live more than two days. Therefore, 
 whoever defires to keep thefe Worms alive 
 ought to put them in nothing elfe but moift fand 
 or wet clay. By this means I have known the 
 largeft live four days, and the {maller eight. Bat 
 when they are all covered with water, they can- 
 not by any means continue alive, for they muft 
 have air. 
 
 If any one defires to fend thefe Worms 
 abroad, the beft method is to tie together fome 
 tubes made of the largeft bull-ruthes, and to put 
 the Worms into them ; for otherwife they can 
 fcarce be fent well, becaufe by running up and 
 down at random, they hurt each other. By 
 this method they may be likewife eafily carried * 
 to other rivers, as fi(h are carried from one place 
 to another. 
 
 CH APR 
 
The: H-}.S T @ RY “of -LN.$ B.C T §; 1 
 
 oO 
 ~F 
 
 Guo Sr saaMs 
 
 Deferibes the external parts of the Efca or bait, its colour, and the difference in 
 its manners and difpofition. 
 
 AVING accurately éxamined the 
 
 Worm of the Ephemerus, I obferve that 
 it is divided into fourteen annular divifions; the 
 firft conftitutes the head ; the three fubfequent 
 the thorax ; and the other ten the belly, with 
 the tail annexed. 
 
 In the head, Tab. XIII. fig. tv. a, the eyes 
 are very confpiciious, being invefted with a 
 uniform and f{mooth coat, and covered on either 
 fide with briftly hairs. When the Worm is on 
 the point of chariging its old skin; we obferve 
 this {mooth coat to part or feparate by degrees 
 from its eyes, and the eyes when the little crea- 
 ture begins to fly, appear reticular as they are 
 in Flies. A little lower under the eyes are 
 féen two tender horns 44, terminating in fharp 
 points, and articulated or divided into joints. 
 Under thefe are feen a pair of dentated forceps 
 or jawsc, conftituting the creature’s mouth. 
 About the origin of thefe jaws, underneath, 
 feveral more hairy and membranous little parts 
 appear, which are fomewhat like thefe that we 
 obferve in Crabs and Shrimps. 
 
 To the firft ring of the thorax are fixed the 
 two fore legs d, the ftructure whereof, and the 
 joints of which they confift, merit great notice. 
 The ftructure is in fome meafure like that ob- 
 ferved in creatures that borrow under the earth. 
 
 - Hence the ftrongeft motion which thefe legs 
 
 have is outward, by which they can the more 
 conveniently pierce and remove the earth, like 
 Moles in making their cells. . 
 
 Every leg is compofed of four joints, and ter- 
 minated by a fingle claw. The firft joint 1s 
 affixed to the breaft; the next to this is‘ fome- 
 what crooked, as is likewife the third, which 
 confifts of a matter fomewhat more bony and 
 horny than the others, and is armed with pro- 
 minent brown red little points like teeth, and 
 furrounded laterally with numerous hairs. The 
 fourth joint is very fmall, and is armed with a 
 {mall claw. The mufcles likewife, and their 
 infertions may be {een very diftinCtly here, by 
 the help of which the bony joints are beauti- 
 fully moved. 
 
 To the fecond divifion of the thorax, which 
 is the third ring of the body, and properly con- 
 ftitutes the loins, and is covered both above and 
 below with a fhield of a horny little bone, is 
 annexed a fecond pair of legs, Tab. XIII. fig. 
 ty. d, which confifts of five joints and one claw; 
 and are here and there furnifhed alfo with hairs. 
 Somewhat behind thefe, the follicles or little 
 fheaths ¢, wherein the firft pair of wings are 
 concealed, are feen on each fide. ‘Thefe fheaths 
 are here and there interwoven with air vefiels, 
 which appear on their external furface, like 
 
 common little veins or nerves: When the 
 Worm is juft going to caft its skin, the internal 
 or under wings are folded in a wonderful and 
 elegant manner, and appear through their ex- 
 ternal coats or follicles. 
 
 There apperrs on the third ring of the tho- 
 rax, which is the fourth of the body, the in- 
 fertion of a fecond pair of wings, which are 
 much lefs than the firft pair, and are wholly 
 covered by them. This firft pair likewife partly 
 covers the hindermoft or laft pair of legs, which 
 confift like the others of five joints and one 
 claw, and are adorned with numerous hairs. 
 
 The firft ring of the abdomen, or the fifth 
 annular incifion of the body, is all even and 
 fmooth, nor is it joined to the legs, the wings, 
 or any other part. To the fix following rings 
 are athixed very beautiful branchiz or gills ff, 
 perpetually fluttering, and beating up and down 
 with a tremulous motion. By the help of thefe 
 Clutius erroneoufly thinks the Worm {wims ; 
 but thefe parts are undoubtedly the branchiz or 
 gills of the creature. In Lobfters, Crabs, and 
 Cuttle-fith, which approach in many refpects 
 to the ftructure of infects, we conftantly find 
 thefe little parts framed and fituated in the 
 fame manner, with this difference only, that in 
 Crabs and Lobfters they are enclofed in a hard 
 fhield, wherewith the back is covered, but in 
 thefe as well as in the Cuttle-fifh, they are fitu- 
 ated higher on the body than in the Ephemerus. 
 In the figure of this Worm given by Crachtius, 
 twelve gills are exprefied on each fide. This 
 error feems to have arifen from a wrong view, 
 fince there are only fix on each fide, the whole 
 only make twelve. 
 
 The eighth and ninth divifions of the belly, 
 which conftitute the twelfth and thirteenth rings 
 of the body; are all even and {mooth. Thefe 
 are fucceeded by the tenth or laft, that is, the 
 fourteenth divifion of the body. This is adorned 
 with three hairy and briftly tails, Tab. XIII. 
 fig. 1v. g, to which are alfo added two crooked 
 appendages, whichare not fo remarkable in the 
 females ; but in the males they are likewife 
 accompanied with fome other little appendages 
 underneath. 
 
 As to the colour of thefe Worms, the {mall- 
 eft appear of a pale blue with a tinge of green. 
 This, however, cannot be properly faid to be- 
 long to the creature itfelf, but is rather owing 
 to the vifcera which are feen through, The 
 eyes of all thefe Worms are of a blackifh brown 
 colour, and the back is fpeckled with pale 
 brown {pots, which increafe by degrees with its 
 age. The mouth is palifh, and is furnifhed 
 with redifh brownteeth; of this colour are alfo 
 
 the 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 or jaws which are beneath them, 
 eae ooh and conftituting part of the 
 mouth. ‘The horny parts and the claws of the 
 legs are likewife of a reddifh brown. 
 The exuberant wings infenfibly change their 
 ale colour into a yellowith one, which, in 
 procefs of time becomes a bright blue, and at 
 length a brown black. The whole body of 
 the creature is by little and little ftained with a 
 pale yellow colour, and the blackith {pots in 
 the back, where it conftitutes the upper part of 
 the belly, are changed by degrees into a deeper 
 colour. 
 The difference between thefe creatures with 
 refpect to their fex is another point very wor- 
 thy of notice. For the eyes, Tab. XIII. fig. 
 tv. a, of the male, are twice as large as thofe 
 of the female, fig. 111. but the body of the 
 male is commonly much lefs than that of the 
 female, which is the cafe in infects in general, 
 as far as I have obferved ; and it feems to be 
 ordered very prudently fo by nature, or more 
 properly, by the very wife Creator, in order to 
 give the due room to a large number of eggs. 
 The male in this fpecies has the tail very long, 
 
 408 
 
 C HA 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 and befides he has three or four other appens 
 dages, placed partly on the fides, partly under 
 them, which can fcarce be diftinguithed in the 
 females: The male that I exhibit in fig. ty, 
 of Tab. XIII. is the largeft of all I have feen, 
 though much larger females may be found. 
 
 As to the difpofition and manner of this 
 infe&t, I can fay little from my own obferva- 
 tion: but one thing I may venture to affirm, 
 that among all the {pecies of infects, I never 
 faw any one more mild, gentle, or innocent. 
 For in whatever manner it is treated, it is al- 
 ways calm and peaceful, and when left to itfelf, 
 it immediately goes to work, and begins to dig 
 a cell for its habitation. I have obferved indeed 
 in the fmalleft fpecies, that when rudely 
 handled, it bends its head towards its breaft, 
 and makes itfelf fomewhat ftiffer. OF all the 
 actions of this creature none is more admirable 
 than the agitation of the branchie or gills, 
 Tab. XIII. fig. 1v. which adhere to either 
 fide of its body, for thefe are fo orderly, di- 
 ftinétly, and continually fhook and_ vibrated, 
 that the mind, when intent on thefe incompre- 
 henfible movements, is filled with aftonifhment. 
 
 or, 
 
 P; VI. 
 
 The anatomy of the internal parts of the Ephemerus. 
 
 AVING briefly defcribed the egg, 
 
 Worm, food, age, external parts and 
 difpofition, fo far as I obferved, of our little in- 
 {eét, what fhould naturally come next into con- 
 fideration would be to explain its change. But 
 as this is performed fo haftily, that it confifts 
 almoft only in the cafting of two coats or skins, 
 and the difplaying or unfolding of fome limbs 
 and parts before covered, in order to underftand 
 the difference between the fwimming Worm 
 and this flying infect the more diftinély, I think 
 it better to defcribe its internal parts firft ; and 
 the rather, becaufe all thefe parts under both 
 forms of this creature may be in this account 
 taken notice of. 
 
 Though in defcribing the internal parts of the 
 EfcaorWorm of the Ephemerus,I fhallenter upon 
 them ina method not yet obferved by any perfon 
 that I know of; yet, according to the example 
 of Clutius, I fhall not complain of the fcarcity 
 of books, treating of this fubject, nature herfelf 
 being the beft interpreter of all her works: 
 books are to be admitted no further than as 
 they exprefs the truth of what the reprefents to 
 our fenfes. Iam therefore in pain for thofe, 
 who, relying on the experiments related by 
 others, tame innumerable fictions, and there- 
 with deceive their readers with themfelves. It 
 cannot be poffible that any perfon relying on 
 his own underftanding and judgment, fhould, 
 in fuch a variety of experiments, follow the 
 ftraight path of truth, and with an unprejudiced 
 and candid judgment pafs a juft fentence on the 
 
 obfervations of others, efpecially fince we ob- - 
 
 ferve that the moft certain experiments are ob- 
 ftinately rejected by many, unlefs they corref- 
 
 ond with their own opinions or prejudices: “T_. 
 fhall build only on what I have feen, though I 
 may in this perhaps be blamed ; for that not 
 having had a fufficient number of the Worms, 
 I have not been able to bring their diffection 
 to the utmoft perfection, fo that in this refpect 
 I cannot every where fatisfy my own inquiries. 
 But I have long fince learned,- that the works 
 of God are as inexhauftible and incomprehen- 
 fible as his own perfeét nature; fo that thefe 
 things ought not to be contemplated by us for 
 any other purpofe, than that we fhould be 
 humbled by a due confcioufnefs of our igno- 
 rance, and be obliged to adore their Creator, 
 and love him truly. 
 
 In order to make the obfervations I have to 
 offer as clear as poffible, I fhall at the fame 
 time declare the method, which I made ufe 
 of in the year 1670, to determine the true 
 diffeCtion of the feveral parts; for it is by no 
 means my intention to deceive either myfelf 
 or others. Before I proceed to the defcription 
 of the internal parts, I fhall, in order to affift 
 the memory, briefly enumerate what parts are 
 obfervable outwardly in the Worm of the 
 Ephemerus, as alfo what inward parts I found 
 in the male, and what in the female. 
 
 The external parts of the Worm are the 
 head, fkull, horns, eyes, teeth, mouth and 
 tongue, together with their hairy membranes, 
 which are like thofe in the Crab kind. Thé 
 breaft, legs, claws, wings, belly, and what ap- 
 
 pertains 
 
The A iS TOY 
 
 pertains to it; the twelve upper branchie or 
 gills, the ten lower oars that ferve the creature 
 tor {wimming, the tails with their appendages, 
 and laftly, the apertures of the pulmonary 
 tubes under the breait. 
 
 The inward parts of the male are, befides 
 the blood and membranes, mufcles and fat, the 
 ftomach and -inteftines, the pulmonary tubes, 
 the heart, the {pinal marrow, and the {permatic 
 vefiels. 
 
 In the female I find all the parts juft recited, 
 with only this difference, that inftead of fper- 
 matic veffels an ovary is here feen, furrounded 
 with {mall membranes, which are interwoven 
 with very many pulmonary tubes. 
 
 As I have not yet accurately examined the 
 internal parts of the head and eyes, for want 
 of a fufficient number of Worms and Flies, 
 I fhall not fay much concerning them, nor of 
 the parts of the thorax, the latter being for 
 the moft part filled with the mufcles of the 
 legs and wings. 
 
 If the male Worm of the Ephemerus, which 
 it is eafy to diftinguifh from the bignefs of its 
 eyes, be firft laid on its back ona {mall piece 
 of a fir board, and then faftened with the 
 f{malleft needles that can be had on black paper 
 or a {mall piece of linen, we immediately fee 
 a thin and watry humour diftilling out of the 
 wounds in the skin, which is the real blood of 
 this infect. And yet it is not red, as is the 
 cafe in Earth-worms, the blood of which, as 
 well as that of quadrupedes, is tinged with that 
 colour. I don’t know a more proper inftru- 
 ment to open the fkin than a fine and {mall 
 pair of {ciffors, for little lancets, though never 
 fo fharp, are not fit for this purpofe, becaufe 
 they always pull and tear the parts afunder, 
 and efpecially if the membranes be not equally 
 hard, 
 
 When the skin is after this gently and deli- 
 berately feparated with a fine fharp-pointed 
 pen-knife from the parts underneath, an inte- 
 rior very thin and membranous skin immedi- 
 ately appears. If this be afterwards cautioufly 
 removed, the mutcles of the belly prefent them- 
 felves to view, as well thofe which extend 
 from one divifion to another, with ftraight 
 fibres of the body, as thofe which are pro- 
 tended obliquely and acrofs : other mufcles are 
 alfo feen, which ferve to move the branchie 
 or gills. The coat or other fkin is likewife 
 fibrous, and feems to be joined to the mutfcles 
 before defcribed. 
 
 After the mufcles appears a very fine and 
 delicate membrane affixed to them, which I 
 take to be the peritoneum. About and under 
 this appears a quantity of fat, confifting of 
 fmall, fine, and white veficles, which contain 
 a real fat in the form of fluid oyl. Whoever 
 views thefe veficles without a microfcope, may 
 naturally take them for the fat itfelf, whereas 
 they are only thin and very tender bags con- 
 taining it, as is the cafe in man and other ani- 
 mals. This will be very plain, if thefe pingue- 
 ferous bags, which are of equal bignefs, be 
 
 of INSECTS, 109 
 
 viewed with a microfcope. The younger the 
 creatures are, the more con{picuoutly they ex- 
 hibit this fat, fince it then lies here and there 
 difperfed on the membranes, nor is it heaped 
 together fo thick as in the older ones. 
 
 After obferving thefe, we come to the fto- 
 mach, Tab. XV. fig. v. and to the inteftines 
 which are continued fromit. Here is prefented 
 to view the cefophagus, or otherwife the tube 
 of the upper orifice of the ftomach, which 
 defcends like a fine filament from the mouth 
 or jaws through the back and thorax, and 
 enters and is connected with the upper part of 
 the ftomach. Where this little tube is con- 
 nected with the ftomach, it becomes narrower 
 and cloffer 2, as may be feen about the lower part 
 of the ftomach, or towards its lower orifice 4. 
 
 Though the ftomach ¢ confifts of divers 
 parts, yet it feems throughout to be formed of 
 a thin and tender membrane, corrugated on the 
 infide, and full of reticulated or net-like folds 
 or plaits. On the outfide it exhibits a fmooth 
 furface, and is expanded regularly, efpecially 
 when it is {wollen or filled with food, or if it 
 be artificially diftended with air, by the help of 
 a fimall glafs tube. No veins or arteries are 
 feen in it, for the blood of thefe infects is of a 
 watry colour, and therefore does not diftinguifh 
 the veffels containing it from the other parts ; 
 this is the reafon that thefe creatures were called 
 exanguious or without blood. 
 
 It is however obferved, that the ftomach ¢ 
 is provided with many tubes which refemble 
 blood-veffels. But if they be well examined 
 with a microfcope, it appears they are branches 
 of the pulmonary pipes, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. aa, 
 for they give little air canals, not only to the 
 {tomach but to all the external as well as inter- 
 nal parts of the body. Hence, even the legs 
 and their claws have air tubes. The inteftines, 
 Tab. XV. fig. v. joined to the under part of 
 the ftomach, appear to be threefold in regard 
 to their form and ftru€ture: there appear, rft, 
 the crooked or fmall gut dd; then 2d, the 
 colon ¢; and laft, the rectum f/ Within the 
 {mall gut, fomewhat further towards the hinder 
 parts, are obferved fome lunated wrinkles, not 
 unlike thofe little vales of the {mall guts in the 
 human fpecies, which the anatomifts call annu- 
 lares. A little below where the colon e, rifes out 
 of the former, are feen feveral oblong furrows, 
 which are very fine in the living creature, and 
 refemble fo many long mufcular villi or hairy 
 parts extended in the cavity of the inteftine, 
 correfponding in fome meafure with the echi- 
 nus, which isa natural part of the ftomach 
 of quadrupedes: then the rectum follows 
 this, and is folded very elegantly, until it ter- 
 minates at the external parts of the body with 
 a pretty large orifice, through which the faeces 
 are difcharged. 
 
 The ftomach c is fituated between the fourth 
 and fifth annular divifions of the body, and 
 there, together with the fimall gut, takes uf 
 the whole foremoft region of the belly, that is, 
 the 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11th incifions. But 
 
 F f the 
 
we The BOOK of 
 
 the other three divifions, namely, the 12, 135 
 and 14th, contains the inteftinum rectum et 
 craflam, or the thick and ftraight gut. As the 
 ftomach has a great number of fmall air-tubes, 
 {o the inteftines have alfo the fame, but moft 
 efpecially the rectum, which has vaft numbers 
 of them, where its two mufcles, Tab. XV. 
 fig. I. ?%, which force out the excrements are 
 fituated. 
 
 As the food of this Worm is mud or clay, 
 the ftomach and inteftines are ufually found 
 fled with it. - This mud is found almoft always 
 to thew itfelf both through the ftomach and 
 inteftines, and indeed through the whole body, 
 but more particularly fo in_ the back. And 
 hence, as the body is fo tranfparent, it follows, 
 that the Worm does not appear to have always 
 the fame colour,‘ fince the mud is fometimes 
 naler, fometimes greener, and fometimes more 
 fle(h-coloured, as it is more or lefs digefted or 
 changed in the ftomach and bowels. 
 
 As the time approaches when the Worm is 
 to undergo its final change, and put on the 
 form of a flying infect, no more mud is found 
 «1 its inteftines. ‘The fame likewife happens 
 in the Cofti or Worms of Beetles, and in Bee- 
 Worms and Silk-Worms, as alfo in other in- 
 feéts, for they all at that time become clear as 
 ' chryftal. Some infects are all their life-time 
 tranfparent, fo that their veffels, the vifcera, 
 and their motions may beat all times feen and 
 diftinguifhed in the body. 
 
 Of the inward parts of the Ephemerus, the 
 moft worthy of notice are the pulmonary 
 tube, and the afpera arteria tracheez or wind- 
 pipe, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. aa, as it 1s called in 
 birds and quadrupedes, and in the human {pe- 
 cies, This trachez does not proceed in the 
 prefent infect from a fimple trunk, as in man 
 or other animals, but confifts of two principal 
 trunks, which are placed on each fide of the 
 
 body running in a ferpentine manner, nor are. 
 
 they diftributed in the breaft only as in us, but 
 throughout the head, belly, legs and wings, 
 fo that by their means the ftomach and intef- 
 tines, together with the mufcles and nerves, are 
 all fupplied with air. As this appears to us 
 
 a very wonderful thing, becaufe we do not. 
 
 underftand the reafon of it, it moft evidently 
 teaches us how devoutly and religioufly we 
 ought to adore God in all his prodigious works, 
 which are equally inexhauftible and impene- 
 erable. ~- 5 
 The pulmonary tubes * in this infect, as well 
 as in the others that I have examined, confift 
 of innumerable little rigid and curled parts, 
 which are artificially joined together like twifted 
 or {piraleings, and are fo clofely linked to each 
 other by the help of their tender and delicate 
 invefting membranes, that they can eafily re- 
 
 tain the air, and convey it to all parts of the 
 body. 
 
 ‘as in other creatures. 
 
 NATURE; o, 
 
 When the Worm changes its skin, I fhould 
 imagine that thefe pulmonary pipes likewife 
 caft their covering, though I have never hi- 
 therto been able to fee it; for at the time when 
 I began thefe experiments no fuch thing ap- 
 peared to me. ‘The change or cafting of the 
 skin of thefe pipes is fo remarkable in Silk- 
 Worms, that it amazes the underftanding ; for 
 in the very {hort {pace of time wherein that 
 creature cafts its skin, fome hundreds of thefe 
 pulmonary pipes in the infide of its body, caft 
 alfo their tender little skins, which are all com- 
 pounded of fuch twifted rings. 
 
 The colour of thefe pulmonary tubes or 
 pipes is like that of mother-of-pearl, but fome- 
 what inclining to gray; but the more frequently 
 the skin is changed, it becomes by degrees of 
 a clearer and more tranfparent whitenefs. They 
 ate therefore much whiter in the flying crea- 
 tures than in the Worms which precede them. 
 They are diftributed through the whole body, 
 in order to convey the air, which they carry as 
 well to the internal as external parts of the 
 infe&t. Hence thefe two moft confiderable and 
 remarkable trachee, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. aa, 
 which are placed in the Worm on each fide of 
 the body, diftribute their ramifications and 
 branching air-pipes all over it; that is, in the 
 head towards the nerves and brain 44; in the 
 thorax cc to the mufcles of the legs and wings; 
 in the abdomen dddd to the obliquely afcend- 
 ing and ftraight mufcles, as alfo to the fpinal 
 marrow e¢¢; and to the {mall guts or feminal 
 veficles fff of the male; to the hairy bran- 
 chiz or gills gg; to the ftomach, Tab. XV. fig: 
 v. c, and the inteftines, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. b 
 to the fkin 7727; to the coat of the wings 2 &; 
 to the ovary, Tab. XV. fig. 1. //: in the fe- 
 male alfo to the coat that invefts the ovary mm; 
 to the eggs themfelves. fig. vil. m, as is feen 
 when they are taken out of the body, and even 
 to the heart itfelf. Fig. 1v.00. 2¢. : 
 
 [have found it a difficult matter to difcover 
 the external aperture of thefe pulmonary pipes, 
 fince they do not open into the mouth or throat, 
 For which reafon the 
 nearer they approach the head, the fmaller they 
 become, when it would be natural to fuppofe they 
 would become larger and more capacious. At 
 length, after repeated inveftigations, I perfwade be 
 myfelf that I obferved that the little apertures 
 or entrances of thefe pipes opened underneath 
 in the fide of the breaft ; almoft in the fame 
 manner as I afterwards difcovered them alfo in 
 Locutfts, in which laft mentioned infec thefe aper- 
 tures may be eafily feen. But as the Ephemerus 
 lives in water and mud, therefore its trachez 
 muft be opened by narrower orifices, on which 
 account it is more difficult to difcover them. 
 
 From thefe experiments it appears moft 
 evident, why the Worms of the Ephemerus of 
 Day-Fly, when the water of the river increafes, 
 
 on aise Ore ~ oe has been agro at all fucceeding obfervations: the latter authors only 
 ; and their openings on the furface of the body. T 
 the apertures on the furface of the body, which this author terms puncta eipirapin, choy eit Memes Tike lat a8 
 
 though more modern, is exceptionable ; for fi is ufed i pre: 
 philofophy condemns this equivocal ufe of ceri ee DOR op rcls ve heady gee nye Oe 
 
 rife 
 
The: Ha 8 T Om ¥ 
 
 rife likewife higher, and go to other cells, for 
 they very frequently want frefh air to breathe. 
 And for the fame reafon, when the water is 
 lower, they muft be likewife found to defcend 
 deeper ; for they would then become too dry, 
 and their cells or habitations would be dried and 
 fhut up. 
 
 The pulmonary pipes hitherto defcribed 
 cannot, in any infect, be examined better than 
 in the Worms, when they have been dead fome 
 days, as their vifcera are then growing black ; 
 for then they exhibit a very beautiful appearance 
 to the eyes, becaufe they are of the colour of 
 mother of pearl, or filver when cleaned by 
 boiling; allo, as they confift of a fomewhat hard 
 and firm fubftance, fo that they do not foon 
 putrefy: hence they alfo-retain at that time their 
 form and roundnefs. 
 
 If the breaft and belly of thefe worms be 
 viewed with a microfcope, the whole abdomen 
 is feen to be interwoven with white filver-co- 
 loured vefiels. In order to difcover whether 
 there be really any air in thefe veflels, they muft 
 be put into a little drop of water, and prefied 
 with the point of a needle, for thus the enclofed 
 air will immediately thew itfelf. When thefe 
 infects are difleéted under water, and fome of 
 the pulmonary pipes are cut off with a fine pair 
 of {ciffors, they immediately rife to the furface 
 of the water; the fame thing may be feen about 
 their broken ramifications, the extremities of 
 which are then carried upwards. In a Worm 
 that has been dried, having been divided 
 in the middle, thefe air-pipes are moft eafily 
 difcovered, becaufe they always in that cafe re- 
 main open from the force of their curled rings, 
 though all the other parts. grow perfectly 
 hardened. 
 
 Amongtt the many things which may be 
 obferved concerning thefe. pulmonary tubes, it 
 is particularly worthy of notice that fo great 
 a number of them are diftributed towards the 
 branchie, Tab. XIV. fig. 1, or gills, fo that 
 three principal branches p pp of the air-veflels 
 may be feen in thofe. which I have reprefented 
 as cut off: the middle one of thefe branches 
 is alway blackith 7, except in the centre of 
 it, which is whitifh and tranfparent ; the other 
 two run on either fide of the middle black one, 
 and diftribute a large number of filver-coloured 
 veflels ¢ gg through the branchia or gills. Thefe 
 veflels are not well diftinguifhed by their co- 
 lour, becaufe the fix branchie or gills, ‘Tab. 
 XILL. fig, iv. ff, through which they are con- 
 veyed from each fide of the body, are white 
 and very tranfparent. Under thefe, on each 
 fide, are obferved five rowing fins, Tab. XIV. 
 fig. 1. rrrr, of a yellow colour, by the help 
 of which the Worm {wims. 
 
 I made during my diflections fome further 
 obfervations on thofe branchi and their vefiels, 
 but as 1 do not know where the papers are, the 
 obfervations have alfo entirely flipped out of my 
 memory. Hence 1 am ignorant what ufe that 
 feathered little part ss is of, which is feen un- 
 der the firft as yet entire pair, and whether 
 
 Gf Aan 6a: TS: t1t 
 
 it be likewife found about the other branchie 
 or gills. Neither do I know the proper com- 
 munication between thefe branchie and the air 
 pipes, ‘Tab. XV. fig. iv. 00, between the latter 
 and the heart ¢¢. I cannot therefore fay any 
 thing more with certainty concerning them 
 than what may be gathered from the figure. 
 I omitted, to prevent confufion, delineating 
 in this all the air-pipes which are about the 
 heart, having exhibited fome of them only 
 entire, and others cut off or brokenv v. 
 
 Indeed, in my figures I have not always ob- 
 ferved the proportional magnitude of the parts, 
 fince I looked upon that as a work of great 
 labour and little ufe, and therefore I have not 
 {crupled fometimes to delineate one part larger 
 than another. Befides, I never intended to pub- 
 lith thefe experiments, without being firft re- 
 vifed; and this I have afterwards thought the 
 more neceflary, becaufe from that time I ac- 
 quired a greater knowledge of the parts of thefe 
 infects, and became more capable of afcertain- 
 ing their anatomy. I hope the benevolent 
 reader will kindly pardon the imperfections of 
 this work, which I muft confefs are innumer- 
 able ; for what man is able to defcribey even 
 with the uninterrupted labour of many years, 
 all the miracles that are to be met with in this 
 little infect. 
 
 The heart, Tab. XV. fig. 1v. ¢¢, is found 
 to be placed in the upper part of the body in 
 the back, as it isin Silk Worms, Bee Worms, 
 Coffi, or Worms of Beetles, Caterpillars, and 
 other infects of that nature. It is fomewhat 
 protuberant xxxx in feveral places, and it is fo 
 in Silk Worms alfo, as has been obferved by 
 the diligent Malpighius, But this author does 
 not feem to me, as far as I can learn from my 
 own experiments, to have fairly from this drawn 
 his conclufion that this infect has more hearts 
 than one. I have difcovered the motion of the 
 heart but very inaccurately in the Ephemerus, 
 and only in that part of it which I here repre- 
 fent in the figure; but I have entirely forgot, 
 againft which of the annular fetions it was 
 placed in the back. 
 
 The fpinal matrow, Tab. XIV; fig. 1. yy 
 is wonderful and very worthy of notice in this, 
 as it is in all other infects that I have difiected ; 
 it confifts as of eleven knotty tubercles, fome- 
 what long and oval. The firft of thefe knotty 
 little parts ferves inftead of a brain, out of 
 which * * the optic nerves may be very diftinct- 
 ly feen to arife and fpread themfelves. In 
 the fame manner I have obferved, that the reft 
 of the nerves iflue from the ten fubfequent 
 little knots ; but thefe that arife from the lower 
 knots, are not fo numerous as thofe from the 
 upper. The {pinal marrow is moreover found 
 to be here and there beautifully ftrengthened 
 with ligaments 22, which are compofed partly 
 of a ftrong horny fubftance, and partly of tendi- 
 nous wreaths or fafcie, This is the cafe in the 
 breaft in particular, for there the {pinal marrow 
 fends out a great many nerves to the mutcles, 
 ae, 6% which move the legs and wings = 
 
 ame 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 fame thing happens about the mufcles of the 
 branchie, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. ¢¢; and rowing fins. 
 
 From each little knot, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. @s 
 of the fpinal marrow, there conftantly iflue 
 two ftronger nerves, which unite and become 
 more {wollen when they approach the fubfe- 
 quent nerve 5 for which reafon the {pinal mar- 
 row appeats every where divided and open. 
 But while it is in its ftate of nature contained 
 within the body, that gaping does notappear 5 be- 
 caufe the nervesare there only fimply contiguous 
 to each other, and do not therefore appear to be 
 far diftant from each other ; as I have fhewn 
 in the fixth figure, Tab. XV. in which the 
 foinal marrow, as it is naturally contained in 
 the body, and the fourteen annular incifions 
 of the creature wherein the marrow lies are 
 delineated. 
 
 If any one has a mind to view the fpinal 
 marrow, without hurting or injuring the crea- 
 ture, let him fill the body with air blown in 
 through the hinder part: for thus the marrow 
 will be by the force of the {wollen inteftines 
 fo ftrongly prefled againit the tranfparent skin, 
 that one may conveniently view its natural 
 fituation and form, even with the naked eye, 
 as well as with a microfcope. But this con- 
 trivance can be ufed in the males only. 
 
 The fpinal marrow, as well as the other 
 parts of the creature, has its air-pipes, and in- 
 deed a great number of them; fo that the 
 brain and nerves are continually as it were ven- 
 I do not doubt but 
 
 112 
 
 tilated with injected air. 
 the marrow has veins and arteries, though I 
 never faw them; for in Silk-worms I have 
 clearly feen various fmall veffels fpring from, 
 and approaching to the heart, which I have 
 
 even filled with a coloured liquid. But whe- 
 ther they were veins or arteries, I cannot yet 
 affirm. 
 
 The fpermatic vefiels, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. 
 or genital organs, are as confpicuous in the male 
 of thefe Worms, the day before it changes its 
 skin, as in the male Ephemerus, or the Fly 
 thence produced after changing its coat. Thefe 
 {permatic veflels are found to be placed on each 
 fide of the ftomach and inteftines, and appear 
 like the {mall guts in Fifh. There are, how- 
 ever, fome bendings and windings in them, 
 like the feminal veficles in the human {pecies 
 and they are found in manner of tubes: there- 
 fore, in this refpect, they are alfo analogous 
 to the fpermatic veffels or fome quadrupedes, 
 as “See i Bs and the like. They 
 are in thefe, Worms of an oblong ficure fff} 
 and are extended all over the lig as fit: 
 dent from the annexed figure, wherein I ex- 
 hibit one of them taken out of the body, and 
 the other fomewhat larger than nature in it. 
 They contain in their cavities a very white 
 humour like milk, which is the fperm. The 
 feminal veficls themfelves are likewife perfectly 
 white, and they are of a thin and membranous 
 texture, and have many air-tubes all over them 
 both within and without. 7" 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 or, 
 
 In the lower rings of the abdomen appear 
 two other little parts dd, which likewife in 
 my opinion belong to the {permatic veffels ; 
 for they feem to have a common paflage with 
 them and with the inteftines, Tab. XIV. fig. 
 1. 6; which however I could not at that time 
 fo accurately difcover, being engaged in other 
 parts of this difleG@ion. And indeed we mutt 
 diffecét a great number of thefe infects, if we 
 would endeavour to difcover the whole fabrick, - 
 fearching in another what we could not ex- 
 amine to our wifhes in the former; and even 
 with this caution we cannot always execute 
 our defign perfectly. 
 
 The ovary is double in the females, Tab, 
 XV. fig. 111. and it is placed ia the fame 
 manner asthe ovary in Fifhes. But if the skin 
 of the abdomen be opened a little way with a 
 fine and fharp-pointed pair of {ciffors, that con- 
 geries or heap of eggs, fig. I- //, fituated on 
 each fide of the foft part of the belly, comes 
 in fight. Between thefe, in the middle, the 
 ftomach and. inteftines ff are fomewhat ob- 
 fcurely feen through the other parts, and the 
 latter are themfelves ftrongly connected with 
 the membranes mm of the ovary. The fto- 
 mach and little inteftines appear the more 
 plainly, the more they are filled with mud, 
 which is the food of the Ephemerus ; and for 
 this very reafon the eggs may be feen alfo more 
 beautifully ; for their whitenefs, fhewing itfelf 
 brighter on account of the diverfity of colours, 
 makes them the more difcernable. 
 
 The double ovary of the Ephemerus has in- 
 numerable air-pipes, which are tied to a {mall 
 membrane that furrounds the ovary; and by 
 means of the latter they are conveyed to the 
 little eggs hidden on the infide. But if this 
 membrane be removed with the point of a fine 
 needle, and fome part thereof put together 
 with the eggs into a {poonful of water, the 
 eges immediately feparate from each other, 
 and there remains a fine, delicate and tender 
 bundle of minute veffels, fig. vit. g, which I 
 take to be moftly air-pipes, being like fine fila- 
 ments, and confpicuous by their colour like 
 mother of pearl. 
 
 The eggs are likewife fo extremely fmall, 
 fig. 11, that they can fcarce be feen. It is there- 
 fore neceflary to view them with a good mi- 
 crofcope, and to put them on black or blue 
 paper, which contributes to their being the 
 better diftinguifhed. . 
 
 The eggs are of a plain round and oblong 
 figure, and are furrounded with a tolerable 
 firm membrane, which appears cloudy under 
 the microfcope, and they are of a white colour, 
 like the inner skin of an egg-fhell. Since 
 therefore the eggs of the Ephemerus are fo 
 fmall and delicate, the reafon is evident, why 
 the Worms iffuing from them muft be in- 
 creafing three years before they come to per- 
 fection, and are able to commence ‘their 
 change. 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS. i143 
 
 BEE Saeaiaey 
 
 FP VIL. 
 
 The fiens by which to difcover, whether the Ephemerus is to fly in a foort time ; 
 
 as alfo what may prevent it, and to what clafs or order of natural changes 
 
 it belongs. 
 
 HE general preceding figns of the ap- 
 
 proaching change of the Worms of the 
 Ephemeri into flies, are, in regard to the wea- 
 ther, a warm and dry fpring; a mild winter, 
 without much rain or fnow; and a gently 
 running water. The peculiar figns whereby 
 to know that thefe Worms will change into 
 Flies in a fhort time, confifts in a protuberance 
 of the wings on the back; for about that time 
 the fmooth and depreffed form of the upper 
 part of the body is changed into a more {wollen 
 and rounder fhape; that is, that glutinous 
 fluid which is at other times found in the coats 
 that furround and defend the wings, becomes 
 thicker and more clammy: hence it is, that 
 the wings are at that time in fome degree vifi- 
 ble through. their external skin, Tab. XIII. 
 fig. vil. aa. 
 
 Thefe figns are more certain when the co- 
 lour of the wings within is obferved to change 
 from a yellowifh and palifh to a grayifh hue, 
 There is alfo a full greater certainty, if,’ after 
 the external coat of the wings is taken off from 
 the infect’s body, the wings can be expanded 
 without hurting them: as appears in Tab. 
 XIV. fig. 1. under the letters «<<; where I 
 exhibit the magnified wing, and as it is art- 
 fully folded by nature. 
 
 Another fign likewife prefents itfelf in the 
 diffeG@tion of thefe infects: that is, when we 
 find the genital parts and eggs have acquired 
 their full bignefs, their due hardnefs, and true 
 figure. We may then take the whole creature 
 out of its skin, by art, and by this contrivance 
 change it into the form of a flying Ephemerus 
 ourfelves, not waiting the moment of nature. 
 
 All the vifcera of this infect are then cleared 
 from their contents, which were a kind of 
 dirt; nor is there any thing in the ftomach 
 and inteftines but tranfparent and depurated 
 humours, which appear the more dusky, foul, 
 and coloured, the further the time of the 
 change is diftant ; fo that they are fometimes 
 
 GH = 
 
 yellowith, and fometimes dusky andred. At 
 other times a little mud is found in the extre- 
 mity of the thick and ftraight gut and colon ; 
 but, onthe contrary, thefe infects are all over 
 clear and tranfparent, when the time of their 
 change is juft at hand. 
 
 The following accidents keep back the 
 changes of the Ephemerus, deftroy its life, or 
 prevent its growth; infomuch that fo great 
 numbers of thefe infects are not produced as 
 might be expected ; nor do they come to fuch 
 maturity. An inclement, boifterous, tem=- 
 peftuous, long, rainy and fnowy winter, de- 
 ftroys numbers. By this the cells inhabited by 
 the Worms are deftroyed, being worn out, or 
 fhut up and covered with fand. ‘Too much 
 drought or dry weather afterwards occafions 
 the fame deftruction ; for they are then com- 
 pelled to quit their little cells, and make them- 
 felves new ones from the decreafe of the wa- 
 ter; and many are loft in this operation. 
 From what has been faid, we may eafily fee 
 what favours and what injures the Ephemerus ; 
 what leffens it troubles and misfortunes, and 
 what increafes and multiplies them. 
 
 What I have a little before advanced con- 
 cerning the maturity of the wings, fhews to 
 which of the orders of the four natural tranf- 
 mutations this infect belongs; that is, to the 
 fecond clafs or order. For all the infects of 
 this order are changed in the fame manner as 
 the Ephemerus. 
 
 Indeed, Clutius feigns that the Worm of the 
 Ephemerus is changed into a Nymph of the 
 third order, and on this lofes all its motion, 
 like the Nymphs of Silk-worms ; he even ex- 
 hibits a figure of that. Nymph, though there 
 is no fuch thing in allnature. Hence it is evi- 
 dent how much they are deceived who neglect 
 the truth of experiments, and give credit to 
 their own reafonings, or to the falfe relations 
 of others. 
 
 P, VAT. 
 
 How and in what a wonderful manner the Worm is transformed into an 
 
 Ephemerus. 
 
 HEWN the time of the change of the 
 Worm of the Ephemerus is approach- 
 ing, and the wings, Tab XII. fig. vil. aa, 
 hidden in the cafes or hufks, have acquired 
 
 their due ftrength and form, and that it is no 
 longer in the power of the Worm to delay its 
 change; thofe which have their parts thus dif- 
 pofed and prepared, march out of their habi- 
 
 G g tations 
 
114 
 
 tations into the water. This ufually happens 
 in the evening between fix of the clock and 
 half an hour after. This I obferved on the 
 thirteenth of the month of June, in the year 
 1671, purfuing the change of the Worms of 
 the Ephemerus. 
 
 The other Worms, which are not as yet 
 come to this ftate of growth, remain in their 
 cells. ‘Thofe which have crept into the wa- 
 ter move forward, and make all the hafte they 
 can from the bottom to the furface ; which, 
 when fome more fwiftly and others more 
 flowly are arrived at, each of them, fig. v1I, 
 is changed into a winged infect, fig. vi. and 
 vit. But this change of cafting of the fkin 
 is fo fuddenly performed, that even the moft 
 attentive perfon cannot otherwife judge, than 
 that the Worm breaks or burfts its way and 
 fwiftly flies out of the middle of the water. 
 
 Every infeét that I have hitherto obferved 
 has a certain and determined time appointed 
 for it by the omnipotent God, to expand its 
 wings and dry them, that they may become 
 {mooth and polithed, before they are able to 
 prepare themielves for flight. But the Ephe- 
 merus, on the contrary, is almoft at one and the 
 {ame point of time a reptile and a flying crea- 
 ture. Wherever one fees at this time a little 
 water bubble up, if we cafts our eyes on the 
 furface, there is immediately a winged infect 
 obferved to iffue out of the middle of the 
 water. Argus would want eyes, if he fhould 
 attempt to trace thefe miracles of the adorable 
 Creator of the univerfe. 
 
 If any one goes into a boat and fixes in a 
 fituation direétly againft the defcending ftream 
 of a river, then he may very well fee thefe 
 infects emerging or rifing up, and cafting their 
 skin. For, though you fhould as foon as pofli- 
 ble catch the Worm ftill floating on the water, 
 yet you can fcarce look at it before it is winged 
 and flying. ‘This may however be prevented, 
 and the Worm taken out of the river before 
 the change is performed, if it be ftruck a little, 
 or bruifed on the breaft ; which is neceflary to 
 be done, if one would view the creature at 
 this period not yet changed, but covered with 
 _its skin. 
 
 It is difficult to fay what is the reafon that 
 thefe wings are fo fwiftly expanded, and yet 
 have neither mufcles nor joints in them, but 
 only artificially plaited and folded; nay, they 
 muft again change their skin the moment 
 after. ‘This difficulty furely is very worthy to 
 be folved. I indeed thought it neceffary that 
 thefe wings fhould be provided with mufcles 
 and joints in the fubftance of them, 2s we 
 have obferved in many other infects; for the 
 latter can by the help of fuch joints and muf- 
 cles very artificially contraét their wings into a 
 narrow compafs, and again quickly unfold or 
 ee them. This holds, amongft the reft, 
 seises in 5 eee ae or put up very long 
 vers them fo neatly, th it ae = = = 
 deftitute of win 75: ee ee ee toe = 
 
 e of wings. But though the Ear-wigs 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; oO; 
 
 can by the power of mutfcles and joints, which 
 they have in the middle of their wings, clofe- 
 ly fold thefe wings in the fame manner as in 
 the Ephemerus, which has not yet gone through 
 its change, and again quickly expand them, 
 and though I thought the Ephemerus was in 
 need of the like affiftance, yet the fupreme 
 Archite& has not been pleafed to make ufe of 
 the fame ftruéture; and it appears that even 
 this ftruCture was not neceflary. 
 If the trials that I have hitherto made can 
 throw any light on this inftantaneous expanfion 
 of the wings, it muft confift in this; that I 
 think the water, which is warmer on the fur- 
 face than in the bottom of the river, flowing 
 all over and penetrating into the wings, con- 
 tributes very much to their expanfion. For by 
 the affiftance of the water, the blood which is 
 then driven out of the heart into the wings, ~ 
 in order to promote this needful expanfion, 
 may be impelled with greater force, in the 
 fame manner as we fee the blood is, by the 
 help of hot water, drawn more plentifully into 
 the feet, and thofe parts are more diftended 
 when any one is blooded in the foot. Thus, 
 becaufe the blood and all the humours in this 
 infect, when it gets into the water fwims 
 about and is employed in changing its skin, 
 are violently moved; hence the furrounding 
 water may be of great fervice to impel the hu- 
 mours contained in the wings, fo that they 
 may be more expanded. Wherefore we like- 
 wife obferve that in the wings of infects, if 
 wounded at that time, there follows a mortal 
 hemorrhage, or if the creature furvives, the 
 wings are never afterwards difplayed. ‘To the 
 more ready expanfion of thefe wings, the im- 
 pelled air likewife probably contributes ie . 
 much, becaufe it is conveyed thither throug 
 the numerous pulmonary tubes, and may ferve 
 for giving-ftrength and firmnefs to the pulmo- 
 nary pipes, and for expelling the humour 
 from thence. If you cut off the wings of the 
 Worm of the Ephemerus when it is very neat 
 its change, and throw them into a bafon of 
 water, you will immediately fee them expand 
 ing by force of the water flowing-round them, 
 and at length extending themfclves into their 
 natural, fmooth, and even furface, fo that they 
 would ferve the creature to fly, if they were 
 dry and ftrong enough. I have often made 
 this experiment on the wings of this infect, 
 and by that means have in fome meafure learned 
 how they are expanded. When I have put 
 them in the water, in the manner beforemen- 
 tioned, I have obferved that their larger folds 
 were firft Opened, Tab. XIV. fig. 1. e¢¢, and 
 then, by degrees, the wings were ftretched out 
 in length, Tab. XIII. fig. rx. Afterwards the 
 longitudinal plaits of the wings were expand- 
 ed, fig. x. until at length the whole wings, 
 fig, x1. were entirely fhewn open. This may 
 be feen in the infect itfelf, fig. vill. which I 
 have delineated from the life; but the figures of 
 the wings beforementioned are drawn wit 
 the help of a microfcope. $o long as the wings 
 con- 
 
The H EST O Rey 
 
 continue in their plaits and folds, they are of 
 adark gray colour; but this by degrees becomes 
 more faint when they are expanded. 
 
 When the Ephemerus has, fig. vr. and rit. 
 taken its firft flight, it feeks out with all {peed 
 for fome place where it may quietly reft ; and 
 having found fuch a one, it cafts off, fig. 
 x11. and x11. a very thin and tender skin 
 from its whole body, that is, from its head, 
 breaft, belly and wings. But before I treat of 
 this other change of the skin, I muft ob- 
 ferve that it is always made on dry land, 
 whereas the former is conftantly performed. in 
 the water. And the firft change is likewife 
 much more admirable and worthy of obferva- 
 tion than the fecond. When the Ephemerus 
 firft caft its skin or outward coat on the furface 
 of the water, it at that time entirely lofes its 
 former fhape ; but this is not the cafe in the 
 fecond change. 
 
 Therefore under the firft of thefe changes, 
 in which the skin of the Worm Opening on 
 the head and back, fuddenly is feparated from 
 the body, until the Fly {peedily and quickly 
 makes its way from thence, fome very 
 confiderable parts are loft, that is, fig. Iv. 
 Ff, all the branchie or gills on each fide, 
 together with the ten rowing fins under them. 
 Nay, when thefe branchie are feparated, they 
 do not leave even their hairs upon the body, 
 but all vanith away fo entirely, that only fome 
 {mall veftiges or points remain of them, which 
 form a little margin or border on the fides of 
 the belly. The Ephemerus lofes alfo its teeth 
 or forceps c, and the former fhape dd of its 
 legs, and the cafes of its wings e, and tails g, 
 and other parts. Hence the Ephemerus having 
 gone through this change of its skin, is become 
 as it were another creature. fig. vI. and viIIt. 
 
 But as it is very difficult, perhaps impof- 
 fible to obferve all thefe things in the very fhort 
 {pace of time in which the skin is cafting, any 
 perfon may do this at his leifure, if he gently 
 and dextroufly ftrips the Worm, that is to 
 change immediately, of its skin. For then the 
 parting branchiz or gills, which adhere to the 
 exuvie or caftskin of the Worm, are feen very 
 plainly : there likewife appear thofe prominent 
 apiculi or points they leave on the body of the 
 Ephemerus itfelf; nay, you may likewife fee 
 thofe little holes which received the apiculi or 
 points juft mentioned. The pulmonary tubes 
 may be likewife feen. Why fhould I fay any 
 thing of the mufcles, tendons, veffels, and 
 nerves which are feparated from their mem- 
 branes, like ripe fruit falling from a tree? for 
 neither reafon, obfervation, nor experience can 
 difcover any thing of them, fince they are all 
 directed by the omnipotent wifdom and provi- 
 dence, and conduéted in fuch a wonderful 
 manner that they are altogether incomprehen- 
 fible. 
 
 Again, though many parts of the Worm of 
 the Ephemerus are extended and become longer 
 under the firft change of its skin, yet the 
 horns which project from the fore part of the 
 
 of INS -8.6°F 6. lis 
 
 Worm’s head only caft their skin, and when it 
 is off they become more flender and fhort in the 
 flying Ephemerus than they were in the Worm 
 itfelf. The change that happens about the eyes 
 merits yet greater attention, for their cornea 
 tunica Which was of a fmooth and equal furface 
 in the Worm, feemsin the Ephemerus, after 
 cafting its skin, to confift of a congeries of 
 many eyes, which form a little net equally di- 
 vided. The legs likewife, together with two 
 of the tails, become as long again by the 
 change: but the third or middle tail is entirely 
 taken off, having ferved no purpofe but to the 
 Worm. 
 
 When I fay the two eyes of this creature are 
 compofed of a congeries of lefler eyes, fix, nay 
 feven thoufand of which I have obferved thus 
 cluftered together in fome infeéts, whereas in 
 others, as Spiders and Scorpions, they are dif- 
 perfed all over the body; I would not have any 
 one conclude from thence, that thefe eyes are 
 formed as they are in the human fpecies and 
 other known animals. They are by no means 
 fuch, for they want the humours; but every 
 globular divifion of them emits an hexago- 
 nal filament like a needle, which terminates in 
 the net-like tunic or coat of the eyes, and this 
 coat itfelf ends at the nerve and brain: fo 
 that thefe creatures fee in a different manner 
 fromus. We fee by the affiftance of rays col- 
 lected on the infide of our eyes, but thefe per- 
 form vifion by a collection of nervous fila- 
 ments, which, when they fee, are lightly and 
 gently affected and moved in their prominent 
 extremities by vifible objeéts, and by the rays 
 of light or colours and other appearances, as I 
 have, defcribed at large, and expreffed in figures 
 in my treatife on Bees. 
 
 As to the fucceeding change of the skin of 
 the Ephemerus, which immediately and without 
 interruption follows the firft, we are to ob- 
 ferve therein, that the Ephemerus having once 
 caft its skin, choofes no particular place to reft 
 or fettle in, in order to undergo the other. 
 
 It fixes upon any place it can find in its flight, 
 and it does not regard whether it be wood, 
 ftone, earth, a tree, a boat, a thip, a beaft, or 
 aman. It feems to be a moft innocent little 
 creature indifferent to every thing, fo that it 
 can reft any where, in order to caft off this 
 fecond skin, which is done in the manner fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 The Fly firmly and ftrongly faftens its legs, 
 which are armed with fharp claws for that 
 purpofe; then it appears as if feized with a 
 fhuddering and trembling motion, and imme- 
 diately its skin opens on the middle of its back 
 in the {mall fhield that is placed there: this 
 opening becomes by degrees fo large towards 
 the fore parts, that the creature can thruft its 
 head out of it. After this it draws its legs alfo 
 out of the skin, Tab. XIII. fig. x11, x111. 
 whilft the claws, adhering to the caft skin, are 
 in the mean time full firmly fixed in their 
 places; and this indeed contributes much to re- 
 move the skin from the reft of the body. 
 
 . 
 
 RA he i as ict 
 Moreover, 
 
{ 
 
 BOOK of 
 
 ‘¢ muft be well obferved, that. the 
 ftript of their skin in the 
 {ame manner as We draw our feet out of Gur 
 fhoés, or our head out of a narrow cap. But 
 as to the other parts, namely, the firft and fe- 
 cond pait of wings, the skin is drawn off from 
 them in fuch a mannef, as that the infide is 
 turned out and the outfide in, as we invert a 
 limber pair of gloves, the inward furface or 
 infide of the fingers being pulled out. At the 
 time when half the skin is drawn off the wings, 
 thefe infects are as helplefs captives, and fixed 
 in that condition, fig. x11. they even lie for 
 {ome time without any fenfible or remarkable 
 motion, ‘The reft of the body is likewife by 
 this fecond change extended and becomes much 
 longer, and the tails become a third part longer 
 than they were after the firft change. So that 
 the tail and legs which were made, under the 
 firft change, a third part longer, are now again 
 as much more lengthened ;_ but this holds more 
 perfectly in the tails than the legs. For, as the 
 tail confifts of hollow rings which are capable 
 of being drawn out from each other, hence its 
 extenfion is much more confpicuous than that 
 of the legs, becaufe the latter only lay folded 
 in the skin, but are now extended fully to their 
 length, and nothing more. It is moreover 
 to be obferved in regard to the tail, that its 
 hairs, which were planted very thick in the 
 Worm of the Ephemerus, are placed more re- 
 mote from one another when it flies, and they 
 alfo become much finer and thiner, fince they 
 likewife catt their skin twice, and appear iffuing 
 out of their hairs as out of little fheaths, 
 
 The Ephemerus having thus partly fhaken and 
 partly drawn off its skin, by inverting or turn- 
 ing it infide out, being now perfect, fecks 
 again the water, on the furface of which it flies 
 and beats up and down gently and quickly, 
 and, as it feems, wantonly {ports and plays, 
 and then refts again, leaning on its tails, and 
 ftriking its wings againft each other. Whilft 
 the Fly is thus in motion on the furface of the 
 water, and loofely playing with its wings, its 
 tail, which is hollow and full of hairs, very 
 eafily fupports the body; for, as it contains air 
 in it, it is therefore carried lightly upon the 
 furface of the water, and does not fink under 
 it. Something like this is obferved in feveral 
 other infeéts, which will continue in the fame 
 manner, fufpended on the furface of the water 
 by the help of hairs, within and between 
 which the air is detained, as is the cafe in # 
 Worms out of which Gnats and Gad-Flies are 
 produced. The air, however, does not always 
 continue in the tails of the Ephemerus, but 
 fometimes comes out of it, and may at any 
 time be let out if they are pricked with a nee- 
 dle, in order to dry and preferve them; for 
 then they generally become corrugated or wrin- 
 
 i 6 The 
 
 Moreover, 
 head and legs are 
 
 NATURE; or, 
 
 Jed, and fink or fall together. There is alfo 
 another reafon why the Ephemerus flies thus 
 lightly on the furface of the water, and that 
 is, becaufe it carries a {mall bladder full of air 
 in its body ; unlefS we fhould rather incline to 
 think that it is the ftomach of the Ephemerus, 
 which is then inflated or blown up with air, 
 But I fhall affirm nothing certain concerning 
 this matter, fince it is not fufliciently clear to 
 mytelf. 
 
 The male, fig. vi.as appears to me, changes 
 its skin twice, but the female, fig. viii. only 
 once. Ido not, however, advance this as un- 
 doubted truth, fince I have not yet confirmed 
 it by a fufficient number of experiments. For 
 this reafon, if it be thus, we obferve that the 
 tails of the female are a third part fhorter than 
 the tails of the male. Befides, another more 
 remarkable difference is, that the eyes in the 
 male are twice as large as in the female. A 
 third difference is, that the yellow colour of 
 the body in the male approaches more to red 
 than in the female. The male likewife has, 
 befides his two larger tails, four appendages, 
 like crooked little tongues, which cannot be fo 
 diftinétly feen in the female. ‘Thefe are the 
 great differences of the two fexes. 
 
 The Ephemerus does not engender either in 
 the body of the water, or on land, nor in the . 
 air, but the female throws out her eggs on the 
 farface of the water, and the male afterwards 
 cafteth his {perm upon them *, and he has 
 probably, for this purpofe larger eyes given him 
 by the all-feeing Creator, that by means of this 
 advantage he may eafily find out the eggs of 
 the female wherever fhe has dropped them. 
 As therefore a great many fpecies of fith with- 
 out coition throw out their eggs into the bot- 
 tom of the water, to be afterwards impreg- 
 nated by the male, fo the Ephemerus throws 
 its fperm into the water. Thefe eggs, when 
 caft out, are not collected and concreted toge- 
 ther in the form of a perfect ovary, like 
 that which the Ephemerus carries in its body, 
 but are feparated and difperfed from each other 
 as they are in fifh. That the Ephemerus while 
 a Worm does not perform the bufinefs of coi- 
 tion in the water, is manifeft from hence, that 
 it does not come out of its cells only at the 
 time it is to caft its skin. ‘Nay, if it fhould 
 go out of them, as it fometimes does through 
 neceflity, or to breathe freth air, yet it is by 
 no means able to do any act to propagate its. 
 {pecies in the water, for it cannot remain fuf- 
 pended in the water but while fwimming, and 
 it finks immediately to the bottom when it has 
 a mind to reft in it: but at the bottom it has 
 no fixed refidence till it has made a new cell or 
 habitation for itfelf. To thefe we may add 
 another, the ftrongeft argument of all, that is, 
 that no infect ever enter upon the bufinefs of 
 
 * This, though ji : ; : 
 saiaialty ‘ 2 rie Repeat fith, is ftrange among the infec kind ; but in the whole compafs of natural hiftory nothing is more 
 tig by a male (perai-elle — of the eggs, nor any thing fo little underftood ; it feems, they may not only be impreg- 
 “EF Uaeiody of the feniale on F em when laid by the female, but even by the fame fluid caft at random while they are yet 
 ale. Monfieur Demours is particular in his obfervation of the water Newt, the male of which has no 
 
 penis, but difcharges his {perm in the water near 
 - are fo impregnated. ; 
 
 the female, whofe eggs, though none of the fperm abfolutely enters her body, 
 
 generation, 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS. iy 
 
 generation, until they have caft their laft skin. 
 At leaft, I have been taught {fo by all the ex- 
 perience I have had in their examination. 
 
 Neither do the Ephemeri breed or engen- 
 der in the air; this may be eafily obferved when 
 they fly. Befides, they could not poffibly breed 
 in the air, becaufe the legs of the males are fo 
 vaftly lengthened after the laft change of the 
 skin, that Clutius took them for horns. Thofe 
 who would favour fuch an opinion, muft con- 
 fider what an apparatus is neceflary for fuch 
 coition in the air ; as may be feen in thofe Flies 
 which do it, and particularly in the Libellz, 
 which perform their venereal embraces in a 
 wonderful manner, flying and wandering all 
 the time in the air, vifibly coupled a long while 
 together. 
 
 I therefore conclude from all my obferva- 
 
 ee 
 
 tions, that the Ephemeri never engender 
 together, either in the air or water, but that 
 the female only throws her eggs on the water, 
 and the male afterwards pours its fperm, which 
 it carries about it flying, as the female does its 
 eggs, upon them; fo that this operation is 
 performed without any communication of the 
 two fexes. All thefe things are haftily tranf 
 acted in the fhort period of a moft tranfi- 
 tory life, fo that a more accurate inquiry into 
 them cannot poffibly be made. 
 
 Thefe little creatures do. not eat in the whole 
 courfe of their lives, while perfeét flying crea- 
 tures, as is alfo the cafe with many other in- 
 fects. I have likewife found by experience, 
 that Frogs, Lizards, Serpents and Cameleons, 
 are capable of living without eating many weeks; 
 nay months. 
 
 r. LX. 
 
 How long the Ephemerus lives, and what haftens its death. 
 
 7 F \HE Ephemerus thus flying about and 
 
 wandering over the furface of the wa- 
 ter, and moving fometimes up and fometimes 
 down through the air, never lives more than 
 four or at moft five hours, that is from fix of 
 the clock in the evening, or half an hour after, 
 until eleven at night. This I fay from experi- 
 ence, becaufe I have carried fome of them en- 
 clofed in a box into my chamber, and there 
 accurately obferved the length of their lives. 
 All die in this very fhort {pace of time, nor 
 do any of them, which is a matter very wor- 
 thy of obfervation, die a natural death on land. 
 All of them invariably go to the water again, 
 after they have gone through the fecond change 
 of their skin. God therefore, the fupreme artift, 
 has been pleafed to aflign this infect a fhort life 
 that furpafles all adoration. ; 
 
 Who has fo great a genius, or is fo converfant 
 in the art of writing, as to be able to defcribe, 
 with a due fenfe, the trouble, and misfortunes 
 this creature is fubject to, during the fhort con- 
 tinuance of its flying life. For my part, I con- 
 fefs Iam by no means able to execute this task. 
 Nor do I know whether nature ever produced 
 a more innocent and fimple little creature, 
 which is, notwithftanding, deftined to. undergo 
 fo many miferies and horrible dangers. 
 
 Befides, that the life of the Ephemerus is 
 fhort, nay, amazingly and incomprehenfibly fo, 
 an infinite number of them are always deftroyed 
 in the birth, being devoured by fith. Nor does 
 Clutius acquit any fpecies of fifth of this barba- 
 rity except the Perch and Pike. Though the 
 reft of the Ephemeri have efcaped this cruel 
 danger, yet on land, when they are engaged in 
 the great work of changing their skin, they are 
 barbaroufly devoured by Swallows and other 
 birds. Nay, if they efcape this danger, when 
 they afterwards approach again to the furface 
 of the water, and carelefsly {port and play there 
 
 ‘ 
 
 with their wings and tails, they a fecond time 
 become a prey to the fith, which drag them 
 away to the dark bottoin of the water and de- 
 vour them. If they fly higher into the air, 
 another kind of torment attends them, for then 
 they are perfecuted with a different barbarity 
 by other kinds of ‘birds, which tear their limbs 
 afunder and devour them. Though thefe in- 
 fects then are the moft innocent, perhaps, of all 
 others, they are more cruelly treated or ufed 
 than the moft mifchievous of wild beatts. 
 
 As the Ephemerus abounds with ufeful lef- 
 fons and moral precepts, fo it affords fufficient 
 matter for various {peculations. It is ingen= 
 dered, grows to its bigne{s, and then generates, 
 lays eggs, cafts its fperm, grows old, and dies 
 in the fpace of five hours. This fhort time 
 comprehends the morning, noon and evening 
 of its life. 
 
 When the Ephemerus is flying, and particu- 
 larly a little before the end of that time, the 
 Trout, which eats it as its food, comes to its 
 perfection : its flefh and flavour being finer than 
 at any other time. ‘This I have been affured 
 of by Nicholas Tulpius, formerly conful at 
 Amfterdam, for he fairly made trial of the 
 matter. 
 
 One may ask further this queftion, why, ex- 
 clufive of all thofe dangers and misfortunes, the 
 life of the Ephemerus fhould be fo fhort? In 
 anfwer to this let it be obferved, that the eggs 
 of the Ephemerus, whilft it ftill fwims as a 
 Worm, are arrived to their perfection, fo that 
 as foon as the infect is increafed and perfected 
 by changing and extending its limbs, thofe eggs 
 are inftantly fit for production or birth; to 
 which may be added, that the Ephemerus has 
 not the nourifhing of its offspring; wherefore 
 God has made this creature likewife, more than 
 others, void of reafon, as the Oftrich among 
 birds, that He, from whom {fprings all reafon 
 
 Hh and 
 
 os 
 
c 
 or 
 
 118 BOOK 
 
 The 
 and knowledge, might take upon himfelf the 
 care of nourifhing 1ts progeny. ee 
 Since therefore this creature affumes its wing- 
 ed form only to propagate its {pecies, 1 follows, 
 that when this is done, its death 1s naturally 
 near at hand, and for this purpofe it icems to 
 
 NATURE; or, 
 
 remain three years hidden in the water and 
 mud, and to undergo after that time its change, 
 and get wings in that form living, till this bu- 
 finefs of generation 1s performed, and then it 
 dies. 
 
 CG dit Ao®,. cs, 
 
 That the Ephemerus kind flies three days and fometimes four: certain other fpecies 
 thereof are alfo 
 
 T ‘HAT the Ephemeri are changing and 
 
 flying during three days continually, is 
 known to all who live near the rivers, famous 
 for this annual miracle; I have obferved them 
 flying the fourth , nay, even the fifth day, but 
 then very few in number. Thefe were a fuc- 
 ceffion of the infeéts hatched one after another, 
 and hence I think thefe had been Worms of 
 the fame year, the wings whereof had acquired 
 théir maturity fomewhat flower than fome others; 
 and that thefe latter were fick, or prevented 
 by fome other impediment, which hindered 
 their change in the appointed time. As, on 
 the other hand, it is certain’ that the transfor- 
 mation of the Worms of this {pecies, which 
 are changed before their time, happens on ac- 
 count of their wings and other parts being per- 
 feéted earlier than natural. As this may and 
 certainly does happen in all the infect kinds, I 
 {ee no reafon why the Ephemerus fhould not 
 fometimes be produced in its winged form, 
 fome days fooner or later than the ftrict time, 
 fince it is certain from experience that the 
 general change of them may happen fourteen 
 days fooner or later, as the feafon of the year 
 favours it more or lefs. 
 
 If we attentively confider the things that have 
 been here related of the Ephemerus, it is evi- 
 dent that Mouffet {peaks truth, when he fays, 
 “The Ephemeron, or Diaria is a wonderful 
 «Fly, whether we confider its make or the 
 « fhortnels of its life.” But fome of the other 
 particulars related of this infect by this author, as 
 well as by Aldrovandus, Johnfon, Clutius, and 
 others, who are cited by all the latter writers, 
 do not much correfpond with the truth. Far 
 be it from me to reprehend or animadvert on 
 others in thefe matters; fince it is poflible that 
 thefe gentlemen might have defcribed a diffe- 
 rent Ephemerus from mine, as there are vari- 
 ous" {pecies. Befides, nature, or her author 
 God, is perfe@tly inexhauftible in the make, 
 properties and difpofition of thefe crea- 
 tures. 1 fhall only recommend it to any who 
 fhall be defirous of knowing the truth, to con- 
 fult the infects themfelves ; for nature far fur- 
 pafies: all the writings and treaties that can be 
 compiled, and in this and all other cafes will 
 teach more in one inftant of time than any one 
 can learn in a long feries of years out of the 
 beft library. 
 
 defcribed. : 
 
 / 
 
 It aftonifhed me to fee in a book written by 
 Augerius Clutius, that Dortmannus there ex- 
 hibited a figure of the Ephemerus, devifed upon 
 a weak and erring memory, or feigned from 
 mere imagination. Goedaert having obferved 
 this, and being furnifhed with many more ob- 
 fervations of that kind, undertook to amend it 
 of his own pleafure, but without fuccefs ; fince 
 he changed nothing but what appeared to his 
 fancy to be improper, and left the whole figure 
 of the infe&t, which was delineated from me- 
 mory only, altogether incorrect. As he at- 
 tempted to correct thefe errors from his own 
 imagination, it fhould feem to follow that he 
 multiplied them, although he rendered them 
 more feemingly like the truth. Indeed Goe- 
 daert himfelf owns he never faw this infe@. 
 
 While I was engaged in inveftigating the 
 nature of this infect, I met with various fpecies 
 of it at different times, but I never had the . 
 good fortune to fee the Ephemerus of Hoefna- 
 gel, which Clutius delineates ; and which is 
 found alfo among the figures of Hoefnagel. 
 But I once found its Nymph troden upon in 
 the road that goes by the lake of Deimermeer. 
 Lat that time thought it had its origin froma 
 kind of blackifh and toothed water Worm, 
 which has a clofely corrugated or wrinkled 
 skin; fince the latter having attained its full 
 bignefs, leaves the water, and betaking itfelf 
 to land, is there changed into a Nymph, which 
 in procefs of time, perhaps, acquires the form 
 of the Ephemerus delineated by Hoefnagel. 
 This Ephemérus afterwards throws its eggs 
 into the water, which is the cafe with many 
 other infects, and with feveral other fpe- 
 cies of the Ephemerus which I can thew. 
 faw and took fome of thofe fpecies in the river 
 Loire at Saumeur in France. Thefe do not 
 
 differ in their general form from the Epheme- 3¢ | 
 
 rus of our country, but they are lefs, and of a 
 fomewhat different ftru@ture. I have feen great 
 fwarms of thefe flying, when I chanced to 
 walk in the evening on the bridge that is over 
 the river at Saumeur. Some of thefe carried 
 about them their fecond skin ftill fticking to 
 their tails, as they flew up and down above the 
 bridge. I have nothing farther to’ fay of this 
 kind, or of all other fpecies which I preferve, 
 only that fome of them are as fhort lived as 
 our Ephemerus, which I have been hitherto — 
 _ defcribing, 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 defcribing ; but I have obferved that others of 
 them live longer than thefe. I therefore ap- 
 prehend that the various fpecies are diftin- 
 guifhable from each other by feveral further 
 peculiarities; and, for this reafon, I do not 
 pronounce thofe authors reproachable, who 
 relate any thing of thefe or of the like infe@s, 
 becaufe what they fay does not exaétly agree 
 with the fpecies of one particular country. 
 Far be it from me to be guilty of fuch terme- 
 rity ; fince God is infinite in all his works, 
 and the {pecies may be numerous. 
 
 About the end of June 1670, when I re- 
 fided in the village of Slooten near Amfterdam, 
 I went fometimes in the evenings into the 
 fields, where fo great a number of minute in- 
 feéts which were fomewhat larger than Gnats, 
 at times pitched on my cloaths, that I was all 
 over covered with them. Each of thefe caft 
 a {mall fkin on my cloaths ; after which, I ob- 
 ferved that all of them returned to the water, 
 and there, like the larger Ephemerus, fported 
 and beat up anddown. Thefe infeéts are pro- 
 duced nearly in the fame manner as the Ephe- 
 merus before defcribed ; for they live in ditches 
 and water-trenches, and when they are to fuf- 
 fer a change into the Fly flate, they likewife, 
 at regular times, caft two skins, one in the 
 water and another on the land. The Worms 
 of the fmaller Ephemerus differ from the lar- 
 
 of 2 NSE-ET s. 11g 
 
 ger, in that they do not hide themflves in 
 mud, or form cells or long holes, but moft! 
 inhabit ftony and fandy bottoms: therefore 
 nature has formed them of a rougher and 
 more robuit conftitution than the larger Ephe- 
 merus. Theirskinalfois more tl ' 
 ceous integument of Crabs and S irimps. They 
 have likewife branchiz or gills, and rowing 
 fins on the fides of their bodies. When in 
 the middle of fummer any one takes up ft 
 from the Rhine or Leck, or other collections 
 of waters in our own country, for carrying to 
 the land, he will moft commonly fee fome 
 Worms of that kind {ticking to them; which 
 is likewife the cafe in other countries and other 
 rivers, as I myfelf have learned from expe- 
 rience in the Loire, the Seine, and other 
 rivers of France. Hence it is evident that 
 there are many diftin@ {pecies of the Ephe- 
 merus, and that the authors who defcribe an 
 Ephemerus, however different from that of our 
 country, do not merit certain cenfure. I can 
 for the moft part exhibit to the naked eye the 
 Worms before mentioned, and every thing 
 that I have hitherto advanced concerning the 
 Ephemerus, according as they are in nature ; 
 fince I have preferved them to this day, that 
 they may ferve the better to illuftrate and con- 
 firm what is faid in this treatife. 
 
 1. Sas 
 like thé-crufta- 
 het 
 
 ne 
 VIIOCS 
 
 The end of the wonderful biftory of the Eruemenus. 
 
 she. BH Pee Be 
 
 ook 1) ER, 
 
 Of natural changes, or flow accretions of the parts of infects, 
 
 AVING explained in the preceding 
 
 chapters the two firft orders or claffes of 
 
 natural changes, we now advance to the third ; 
 which, we mutt obferve, is always preceded 
 by another change, as we have before defcrib- 
 ed at large. 
 
 As this change.is more obfcure and intricate 
 than the firft, and more difficult to be under- 
 ftood than the fecond, in order to give a dif- 
 tinct and plain defcription thereof, we fhall 
 compare it with the firft and fecond ; for by 
 this means it will be eafier to comprehend 
 what they all three have in common, and in 
 what they differ from each other. As the 
 firft order of tranfmutations confift in this, that 
 the creature increafes in its parent from almoft 
 invifible, but really exifting rudiments, and 
 lies enclofed ina membrane until it has ac- 
 quired fufficient ftrength therein to be able to 
 creep out of it; fo on the other hand, the 
 other order is much more imperfect; for in 
 this the infect increafes likewife as in the firft 
 order, but it comes out of its egg imperfect ; 
 and therefore becaufe in fome parts, but chiefly 
 in regard to the wings, it is ftill defective ; it 
 muft, in order to acquire its due perfection, 
 take in food from abroad ; by the help of 
 
 which, the reft of its parts, which we from 
 time to time obferve to increafe and expand, 
 like a flower from its cup, are at length per- 
 fected. 
 
 The order of nature is quite contrary in 
 thofe infects which undergo the change of our 
 third order: for though they increafe in the 
 fame manner as thofe in the firft order, and 
 come forth imperfect, as thofe in the fecond 
 order, nay, much more fo, out of their ege, 
 many of them not having even legs ; yet all 
 thefe imperfect parts are increafed and aug- 
 mented in a very obfcure manner under the 
 skin. Hence, as the creature iffues complete 
 in all its parts out of the egg in the firft order, 
 and in the fecond the accretion or expanding 
 of its. feveral parts is performed externally and 
 openly ; but in this our third order, on the 
 contrary, this germination or fprouting is all 
 tranfacted within the covering of a skin, and 
 can with very great difficulty be obferved, un- 
 lefs by the change of the skin. 
 
 As therefore thofe infeé&ts which undergo 
 the firft order of tranfmutation, conftituted 
 under the form of a Nymph, creep only fim- 
 ply out of their egg or fkin: and as thofe 
 which belong to the fecond order of changes, 
 
 i etre 
 lsewile 
 
The 
 
 likewife expand afterwards as it were into a 
 fecond Nymph ; though in the mean ume 
 they do not ceafe to move and eat, pi do 
 they ever at any period of their lives lofe their 
 motion; fo on the contrary the matter Is 
 quite otherwife in thofe which are fubject to 
 our third order of tranfmutation ; for as foon 
 as thefe which firft iffued imperfect out of 
 their egg or former Nymph, and increafed in 
 their parts as they have grown under the fkin, 
 like a flower in a tender flower cup, and after- 
 wards caft this fkin by the force of the protu- 
 berant parts ; under this other transfor- 
 mation they entirely lofe all their motion, ¢x- 
 cept that of the tail only ; for this is not fwollen 
 with moifture ina great many, and only changes 
 its skin. 
 
 The infeéts which undergo this third order 
 of change, are produced imperfect out of their 
 egg, and want at that time a great many of 
 their parts: but they by degrees acquire them 
 under the cover of their skin, where they are 
 gradually perfected and enlarged. The legs, 
 wing, horns, and the reft of their parts are 
 by this means increafed to their due fize with 
 the body: this is performed infenfibly by ab- 
 folute growth or addition of parts. Finally 
 when the limbs are come to the full period of 
 their increafe, they raife the skin with a vifible 
 {welling and render it fomewhat prominent in 
 different parts; and under thefe protuberances 
 of the skin, we can plainly difcern the feveral 
 limbs and other parts which lie difpofed in a 
 wonderful manner under that covering, like a 
 flower growing flowly in its cup; until, after 
 the skin is at length caft, all thefe parts very 
 clearly and diftinétly prefent themfelves to our 
 view: at that time the veil, if I may be allow- 
 ed the expreffion, is at length removed, and 
 all the impediments which till then obftructed 
 the fight, and which have produced fo many 
 errors amongftall the naturalifts without excep- 
 tion, is removed, and all is made plain and 
 eafy. Hence it is, that we can very eafily 
 exhibit to the eye all the parts which before 
 lay under the skin ; as I have actually done in 
 the prefence of Thevenot and Magallotti, who 
 accompanied me in thefe experiments, and 
 whofe teftimony is fufficient to put the matter 
 beyond doubt. 
 
 We call this change with Ariftotle, Pliny, 
 and others, the Nymph ; becaufe we fee iffu- 
 ing out of it a perfect infect, fit for propaga- 
 ting its {pecies, and adorned in all the {plen- 
 dour and beauty of its kind, as a virgin ina 
 very rich nuptial garment: the creature hav- 
 ing thus paffed the infantine years of a Worm 
 or Caterpillar, comes forth without delay to 
 meet its fellow of the other fex in the fpacious 
 and beautiful tapeftry of the fields, {pread for 
 its ufe by nature. 
 
 On thefe principles our third order of natu- 
 ral tranfmutations confifts; the Worm, after 
 it has caft off the form of a Nymph, in which 
 it lay without food in its egg, is afterwards 
 increafed by degrees, and acquires more parts 
 
 120 
 
 BOOK of NN BOT BES Os 
 
 by the help of the food it is fupplied with, 
 until at length it cafts its skin, and attains 
 the form of a fecond Nymph, which clearly 
 and diftin@ly exhibits all the limbs perfe@ in 
 all their parts, and is once again deprived of all 
 motion as it was before in the egg: this motion 
 is again reftored afterwards in a few days by the 
 evaporation of the fuperfluous moifture. 
 
 Thefe infeéts are therefore twice held in 
 the ftate of a Nymph; that is, firft in the 
 egg, which is their firft Nymph; then in the 
 lait change or fecond Nymph. But there is 
 this confiderable difference in the two, that 
 when they are in their firft Nymph or in the 
 egg, their limbs cannot only be lefs diftinétly 
 feen, than in the fecond, the reafon of which 
 we fhall affign hereafter ; but alfo that before 
 they are changed into the firft Nymph or egg, 
 they have no remarkable motion preceding, 
 nor are they increafed in their limbs in any 
 manner different from other infects, or from ~ 
 the feeds of plants. On the other hand, be-~ 
 fore they are changed’ by accretion into the — 
 fecond Nymph, they do not only evidently 
 move themfelves from place to place, but alfo 
 increafe in the fame manner as other infects 
 during their growth, which have the power of 
 moving or going where they pleafe, and take 
 their food in at their mouths. This being 
 well underftood, the difference between the 
 firft change which is called an egg, and the 
 fecond which we call a Nymph, is very evi- 
 dent; though each of them is only an accre- 
 tion continued in the limbs though in different 
 manners, _ We beg the reader will attentively 
 regard what has been hitherto faid, becaufe 
 it is of the higheft ufe, and eradicates entirely 
 the falfe notion of a metamorphofis or change 
 of one creature into another, that univerfal 
 chimera of erring opinions, and totally deftroys 
 and fubverts the monftrous opinion of a for- 
 tuitous generation of creatures. 
 
 As the parts of the future infect are feen 
 much more plainly and diftinétly in fome of 
 thefe Nymphs than in others, as Ariftotle, 
 though not perfectly right in this matter, has 
 likewife obferved ; we fhall therefore divide 
 them into two kinds, in order to make the 
 underftanding of them more diftin@: that 1s, 
 we fhall call one of thefe a Nymph fimply; — 
 and the other the Nymph Chryfalis. Nor 
 fhall we regard that the word Nymph Chry- 
 falis does not perfectly or exactly exprefs the 
 thing itfelf ; and that all the Nymphs, which 
 
 we call Chryfallides, are not of that gold co- — ce 
 
 lour, whence the name: for we have not judged 
 it proper to depart from the received appella- 
 tions, or to make profeffed innovations in the 
 terms: fo far are we from this irtent, that 
 our great induftry and ftudy are employed to 
 find out truth, and, when found, to explain 
 her fimply and in her natural ornaments. 
 Hence we have refolved to perfuade no body 
 to believe more than what may be fhewn plainly 
 to the eye, and with due attention obferved by 
 every one, as well! as by us, in nature herfelf. 
 A cata- 
 
The 
 
 H Fi SvT 1 OARKY 
 
 of INSECTS. 
 
 A catalogue of the infeéts which belong to the third order or cla/s of natural changes, 
 which I call the Nymph. 
 
 MONG thefe infeéts which are chang 
 
 ed according to the firft method or 
 
 fpecies of the third order, and, by the power 
 of the increafing and expanding limbs, which 
 breaking open the skin, obtain the form of a 
 Nymph, wherein all the parts appear to be 
 finely and beautifully exprefied, I firft reckon 
 Bees. I preferve in my collection their queen, 
 as fhe is called ; and alfo feveral of the drones, 
 which are properly males ; and alfo the work- 
 ing Bees, which are of neither mafculine nor 
 feminine fex; fince the proper organs neither 
 of male nor female are to be found in them: 
 whereas thofe organs are very diftinétly con{pi- 
 cuous in the queen and in the drones. This 
 queen has been improperly called the king. 
 I difcovered the egg-bag of the female, or king, 
 as it ufed to be called, in the prefence of the 
 incomparable anatomift D. John Van Horne, 
 profefior of anatomy and furgery ; being affifted 
 therein by the fingular favour of Dr. W. V. 
 Hoorn, a phyfician of Slooten, who readily 
 
 ave us admittance to his bee-hives. 
 
 I likewife preferve the Nymph of the drones, 
 of the queen, and of the warking Bees. I 
 can likewife exhibit their webs, which are like 
 thofe of Silk-worms, and alfo the honey- 
 combs; between which are the cells or houfes 
 of the drones and queen, and working Bees, 
 befides many other things very worthy of ob- 
 fervation concerning thefe little cells; for I 
 have prepared them different ways, that the 
 mott artificial order wherewith they are con- 
 ftructed might be made evident. I likewife 
 keep in my cabinet the fting of that ufually 
 called the king, and its bag of poifon ; as alfo 
 the bag and the fting of the working Bees, 
 which I have found to be divided into three 
 parts. In fine, I preferve alfo in this collection 
 the tefticles and penis of the drones. 
 
 It is worthy obfervation in Bees, as well as 
 other infects, that the lungs are found moft 
 diftin@tly confpicuous in them, confifting of 
 two white bladders. Butin infeéts which have 
 blood, and are by that diftinguifhed from thefe, 
 the lungs, when cleaned from their humours, 
 are only compofed of bladders, as the cele- 
 brated Marcellus Malpighius has moft accu- 
 rately fhewn: nay, I {hall fcarce fcruple to 
 afflert the fame thing of the other vifcera ; ex- 
 cepting only that the skin and the other mem- 
 branes are interwoven with fmall and fcarce 
 
 erceptible clofed arteries, veins, and the like. 
 Thefe veflels I have alfo obferved are fome- 
 times again opened by the inexplicable power 
 of nature. 
 
 The: elegant and amazing ftructure of the 
 reft of the vifcera in Bees merits the highett 
 admiration. . But as we fhall hereafter defcribe 
 them feverally and at large, we fhall now fay 
 
 nothing more on them, for as we here treat only 
 in general of thefe infeCts: we can only treat 
 of them in general terms before their particu- 
 lar hiftory to be hereafter exhibited. 
 
 Confidering however that wonderful re- 
 public of Bees, which is founded upon affec- 
 tion only, and excludes all kind of fuperiority, 
 we cannot but exclaim that nature has con- 
 cealed in the hiftory and manners of thefe crea- 
 tures, treafures of ineftimable miracles, which 
 are notwithftanding freely opened to us, pro- 
 vided we diligently inveftigate the difpofition 
 of thofe creatures; An unwearied fcrutiny is 
 the only key to nature; nor is there any other 
 than this, which can open the way into her 
 myfteries. 
 
 After the hive Bee; we are to name the 
 Bees that live at large in gardens, fields, and 
 forefts, and hence are called wild Bees. I pre- 
 ferve fix fpecies of thefe, among which there is 
 one with very long horns ; another has an ex- 
 tremely rough hairy body ; and a third is ex- 
 tremely like a Wafp: I have exhibited fome 
 of thefe in their natural fize, in fig. Iv. Vv. Vis 
 vil. vill. Tab. XXVI. 
 
 I likewife reckon in this third order the wood 
 Bees of Aldrovandus, or that called the fo- 
 litary Wafp by Mouffet. Their Nymphs, the 
 web of the Worm, and the Bee itfelf are in 
 my cabinet, I can likewife fhew the little 
 nefts which thefe creatures make of {mall 
 ftones, grains of fand, and dirt. In thefe nefts 
 we fometimes find a very remarkable Wafp, 
 together with a Beetle, and the Worm out of 
 which the Beetle is produced: nay, that Ver- 
 micle or Worm was once in my pofeflion 
 changed in the exact {pace of one year into 
 fuch a Beetle, having had no other food in 
 the mean time but little tones anddirt. Thefe 
 obfervations create fome doubt which of the 
 three beforementioned infects builds the nefts 
 juft now mentioned ; but to me it appears very 
 certain, that the wood Bee is their architect; for 
 the carries the little ftones, and the neft itfelf 
 is found to be appropriated only to her. Such 
 nefts are found in great numbers in the ruins 
 of walls in France. 
 
 We might likewife mention the Apes Man- 
 fuete of Mouffet liere, but becaufe they be- 
 long to our fourth order, and are not Bees 
 but real-Flies, we fhall therefore defcribe them 
 hereafter in their proper place. 
 
 Next follow the Wafps; of thefe I preferve 
 feven kinds, together with the combs, in 
 which fome of their Nymphs ftill lie enclofed 
 and fealed up as it were. I have fhewn the 
 probofcis of the common kind of Wafps, in 
 Tab. XVII. fig. vil. the poifon bladder in 
 Tab. XVIII. fig. rv. and lattly the ovary, in 
 Tab. XIX, fig. 1v. In Tab. XXVI. fig. x. 
 
 Ti ] ex- 
 
122 The BOOK of 
 exhibit one of the largeft kinds of Walps, 
 and another uncommon kind in fig. 11. ibid. 
 to thefe I have finally added, fig. xiv. xv. fome 
 Watps of the {malleft kind. I have more than 
 once obferved, that the Wafps carry the mat- 
 ter whereof they make their nefts upon their 
 io this order I rank alfo the Pfeudopheca, 
 which we ufually fee produced out of a Chry- 
 falis, which is underftood to be corrupted or 
 rotten: I preferve twenty kinds of thefe in 
 my collection. Hoefnagel has given us deli- 
 neations of twenty-four ; Goedaert likewife 
 defcribed a few. We may properly infert this 
 kind of Fly in our fourth order, as will ap- 
 pear when we come to that part. 
 
 Among the Pfeudophece which we keep, 
 isthe Mufca Trifeta, or Three-Hair-Tailed-Fly 
 of Mouffet, whereof I preferve four kinds, 
 I have reprefented one of them in Tab. XXVI. 
 fic. x111. and fome fmaller ones, in Tab. 
 XLIV. and XLV. I preferve alfo, amongft 
 the faid Pfeudophece, the Mufca Unifeta, 
 or Single-Hair-Fly of Mouffet, indeed two 
 fpecies thereof, together with the Worm and 
 Nymph ; the Chryfalis, which afforded thefe, 
 is likewife in my mufeum, from which, when 
 rotten, this Fly has its origin. I preferve alfo 
 feveral other exotic and more uncommon kinds 
 of Pfeudophece, of which I fhall have an 
 opportunity to {peak in my particular obfer- 
 vations. 
 
 To this third order, we likewife refer the 
 infe&, called by Goedaert, Devorator, or the 
 Devourer. This is that fpecies of Pfeudopheca, 
 which kills Spiders, and may therefore be 
 properly called the Ichneumon Wafp. This 
 Walp feems to be fomewhat of the like dif- 
 pofition with the Mufca Lupus, or Wolf-Fly ; 
 for as the former grinds or breaks her food 
 with her teeth, this latter pierces it with her 
 aculeus. 
 
 I likewife keep in my mufeum the Flies 
 called Panopes, which are deftru@tive of 
 grapes, and may properly enough be referred 
 to the genus of Pfeudophece. I have found 
 from obfervation, that thefe Flies are not in- 
 variably difpofed to one kind of food, but 
 will, when they cannot meet with grapes, 
 fatiate themfelves with any other food they 
 can find. 
 
 Next follow the Hornets : I preferve two 
 {pecies of thefe, together with the web, which 
 their Worms form; I can alfo exhibit their 
 Nymphs, and the cafes wherein they enclofe 
 thofe Nymphs. Thefe creatures are fo vora- 
 cious, that if they are cut through the middle 
 they will not quit their food, and if that be 
 fluid, I have feen them eat while it ran out 
 of the wound ; this I have often experienced 
 with a little honey. We exhibit the largeft 
 {pecies of Hornets in Tab. XXVI. fig. 1x. and 
 one of their cells in Tab, XXIII. fig. xv. 
 
 The humble Bee alfo belongs to this order, 
 whereof there are eight {pecies, | among which 
 ' Ipreferve the exotic one with purple wings. 
 
 NA TUR E; or, 
 
 In the figures of Hoefnagel there are likewite 
 found eight fpecies. Goedaert has alfo de- 
 {cribed the Worm of the humble Bee kind. 
 I have reprefented the neft of one of them in 
 Tab. XXVI. fig. 1. and afterwards one of the 
 Bees of the middle fize in fig. x11. 
 
 Further, I afcribe the Gnat. to this order; 
 this creature is produced in the water, as will 
 be fhewn in its particular hiftory; this it 
 might be proper to fubjoin immediately to the 
 treatife of Bees; but as the Nymph of the 
 Rhinoceros Beetle, on account of its remark- 
 able bignefs and peculiar ftru€ture, throws 
 great light on the fyftem of this order, we 
 fhall firft give a defcription thereof. 
 
 The Mufca Chryfopis, or Golden Eye, I 
 preferve alfo in my collection, and have two 
 diftinct {pecies thereof. Goedaert has like- 
 wife defcribed two fpecies of this elegant 
 infect. 
 
 I likewife have the Mufca Florilega, or 
 Flower Fly,which is black, and a great enemy 
 to young flowers; whole armies of this kind 
 fometimes inftantaneoufly poffefs fields and 
 gardens. They are faid to come out of the 
 water, which I fhould the more eafily allow, 
 becaufe I know a great many kinds of infedts, 
 which, after having been in the water fome- 
 time, fly out of it at once ; thus myriads of 
 the Libellz, or Dragon-Flies, fly together, at 
 one and the fame time, out of the water, as 
 do likewife Gnats, Ephemeri, and many other 
 fpecies. On obferving this, many haye erro- 
 neoufly perfuaded themfelves that thefe in- 
 fects are produced in the air itfelf. But it is 
 
 particularly worthy of obfervation, that the a 
 
 Ephemerus always dies a little after its birth ; 
 whereas, on the contrary, other infects remain 
 a long time on the earth alive: the reafons of 
 which difference we have affigned in our ob- 
 fervations on the hiftory of the Ephemerus. 
 
 I likewife preferve the Fly that is like the 
 Butterfly kind, and the Scorpion-Fly, male 
 and female ; as alfo the Wolf-Fly, of which 
 I have five fpecies. The carnivorous Fly, called. 
 the Czfar, is alfo to be found in my mufeum. 
 I can likewife exhibit fourteen fpecies of the 
 common Flies, and twenty-four {pecies of the 
 more uncommon kind; fome of thefe have 
 wings adorned as it were with the figures of 
 ferpents, fome diftinguifhed with fafcie or 
 wreaths, fome with fpots, and others with 
 grooves or furrows, fome of them alfo have 
 the belly and breaft varioufly painted with red, 
 green, yellow and gold. We fee delineated in 
 the figures of Hoefnagel, twenty-five {pecies 
 of the common, and thirty fpecies of very rare, 
 Flies; and the induftrious Goedaert has left us 
 the figures of forty-eight fpecies of Flies. 
 Hence, when I confider the great diligence of 
 that naturalift, I cannot fufficiently admire, 
 that he has been always fo much a ftranger to 
 the true knowledge of thefe things ; but I 
 muft add that it happened unfortunately, that 
 his thoughts were committed to writing by ~ 
 others; who, mixing their own chimerical 
 
 notions 
 
~~ 
 
 The 
 
 notions with his, involved the true knowledge 
 of thefe matters in greater darknefs. 
 
 To this order are likewife to be referred 
 fome very {mall and uncommon Flies of pe- 
 culiar origin, fome of which are produced 
 from the tubercles or warts of willows, Tab. 
 XLIV. fig. v; others {pring from the ala or 
 bofoms of the leaves of the willow tree, Tab. 
 
 XLIV. fig. xv; others iffue from the rofe ” 
 
 willows,. Tab. XLIV. fig. xvr1; others from 
 downy matter or flocks of the catkins, Tab. 
 XLV. fig. vi11; others from the ftinging 
 nettle, Tab. XLV. fig. vy; others from the 
 {punge of the dog-rofe, eglantine, or {weet 
 brier, Tab. XLV. fig. 11; others from the 
 excrefcences of oak, Tab. XLV. fig. xix ; 
 and laftly, others are produced from a kind of 
 Worms that walk with their fheath or cafe, 
 Tab, XLV.-fig.xxx111.and xxxiv. I have 
 defcribed all thefe little Flies in the fourth 
 order, becaufe they perform their change in 
 the manner peculiar to that diftin@tion. 
 
 The Ant likewife belongs to this clafs, but 
 as we {hall treat of this infect hereafter in 
 our particular obfervations, it may fuffice to 
 fay here, that I preferve both the winged male 
 Ant, and the female, the body of which is 
 fomewhat thicker; and the labouring Ant, 
 which has no wings, nor does it feem to be 
 éither of the male or female fex. Itis worthy 
 of obfervation, that this little creature is 
 obliged to carry its young wherever they can 
 have nourifhment at hand; whereas others, 
 in general, carry the food to their young; 
 other infects, in a manner different from either 
 of the two former, expofe their iffue, as if 
 
 ' they were orphans, and oblige them at firft to 
 
 find nourifhment for themfelves. The firft 
 fpecies is indeed very induftrious ; the fecond 
 gentle and good-natured ; but the third, un- 
 merciful, and refembles “a cruel ftepmother. 
 However, the great Creator of them, who does 
 not defpife the cries even of the Raven, Job. 
 xxxIx. preferves them all. 
 
 I moreover keep, a thing very wonderful, 
 five hundred and forty-five Flies of one and 
 the fame fpecies, which have been likewife 
 
 roduced from four Chryfallides of one {pecies 
 of the diurnal Butterfly ; fo that the life and 
 motion of thefe four creatures feems to have 
 tranfmigrated into thofe of the five hundred 
 and forty-five others. I can fhew alfo one 
 hundred and eighty-feven little Flies, which 
 burft out of only one Chryfalis that had been 
 wounded. I have likewife one hundred and 
 forty-five, feventy-feven, thirty-nine, and 
 eighteen little Flies of different fizes, which 
 have been changed into Nymphs, in the 
 bowels of diurnal Butterflies, which belong to 
 fo many different fpecies ; but I fhall treat of 
 thefe more accurately in the fourth order. 
 
 The Tipula Terreftris, or Long-legs of the 
 land, belongs alfo to thisorder, which Aldro- 
 vandus defcribes under the name of the largeft 
 Gnat, but Mouffet calls it Tipula. There are 
 five. fpecies of this in my mufeum, but Hoef- 
 
 Hips (Er ORy “oF 
 
 » N Sober 3s; 123 
 nagel delineates no lefs than fixteen. This 
 infe& is produced from a Vermicle or Wortn 
 which commonly lies under the grafs, and is 
 called by the fifhermen, in our language, Im 
 or Imme. I preferve two Nymphs thereof, 
 wherein the parts of the infect are reprefented 
 tho’ fomewhat obfcurely ; fo that they may be 
 likewife referred to the Chyfallides: the differ- 
 ence is not very confiderable. I likewife have 
 a very obfcure delineation of one of thefe 
 Nymphs by Goedaert, 
 
 Next in this order follow the Beetles, 
 whereof I preferve nine of the largeft kinds, 
 twenty-one of the middling, thirty-feven of a 
 {maller, and one hundred and thirty-fix of the 
 leaft kind. Among thefe there are twenty- 
 five exoticks, brought from the Eaft and Weft 
 Indies, A®gypt, Brafil, France, and other 
 parts. Hoefnagel has likewife delineated 
 thirty-five {pecies of the common Beetles, and 
 feven more rare and uncommon. We find 
 nineteen fpecies of the {mall Beetles defcribed 
 in Goedaert, to which are added five of their 
 Nymphs, indeed very beautifully delineated. 
 I preferve likewife feven Nymphs of Beetles, 
 and among thefe the Scarabeus Naficornis, or 
 Rhinoceros Beetle. 
 
 What deferves very particular notice in the 
 Beetle, as Fabricius ab Aquapendento has juftly 
 obferved, is, that the bones, which in larger 
 creatures which have blood are placed in the 
 infide, are fituated on the outfide in the Beetle. 
 And, on the contrary, the flefh, which lies on 
 the outfide in fanguiferous animals, is here 
 hedged on the infide within the bones, or 
 horny fubftance of thefe infects. Another 
 thing which merits the greateft attention is, 
 that in the very mufcles of thefe little creatures 
 is difcovered the fame {tructure, that the great 
 anatomift Nicholas Steno obferved in thofe of 
 the larger animals. This is particularly re- 
 markable in the ftructure of the mufcles of the 
 Locuft’s legs, by the help of which that 
 creature can leap up and down fo nimbly, 
 that it raifes itfelf into the air two hundred 
 times the height of its body. 
 
 As nature fhews herfelf wonderful in the 
 fimilar ftructure of the mufcles given to thefe 
 two kinds of creatures, fo indeed does that 
 great immenfe difference, which is between 
 the bones of the larger or fanguiferous animals, 
 and the horn-like texture of the little bones in 
 infects. Among thefe infect tribes, nothing is 
 more various, or can be more worthy of no- 
 tice, than that exceeding great, and at the 
 fame time beautiful . diverfity of ftructure, 
 which is to be met with in the horns of the 
 Beetle kind. I really think that according to 
 this diverfity alone the diftinCtions of the Bee- 
 tles into fpecies may be determined. 
 
 I preferve feven fpecies of the Scarabei Na- 
 ficornes, or nofe horned Beetles, among which 
 there is one ; whereof the horn is’ bent like a 
 bow, or arch-like, towards the back or fhoulders, 
 I can fhew the curious this creature, together 
 with the lice wherewith it is infefted. But I 
 have 
 
The BOOK 
 
 that it is produced from the 
 xapode Worms mi, 
 which are in the exact {pace of two, and fome 
 of three, years changed into Nymphs. Befides 
 this horn upon the nofe, it has two horns 
 which arife near the eyes, and terminate as It 
 were in knotty extremitics. I fhall give its 
 whole peculiar hiftory jn its proper place. I pre- 
 ferve befides this two other nofe horned Beetles, 
 which are very {mall, and have the horns di+ 
 vided in a manner into two parts. | I can like- 
 wife thew another fpecies of the unicorn Beetle, 
 which has the horn likewife bent like a bow or 
 arch towards the breaft, and ferrated on the in- 
 ner part with four teeth: whilft in the mean 
 time the bony coverings of the fhoulder, loins, 
 and breaft, are ftretched vaftly forward, and 
 terminated in this horn, which is planted in the 
 concave part of its arch with briftly hairs, of a 
 gold colour, and foft like velvet. I have likewife 
 two other nofe horned Beetles, which have the 
 horns undivided in their originations, but after-= 
 wards terminate i fplit points. In thefe Beetles 
 the breaft bone is'likewife black, horny and 
 divided, and terminates in one of their horns, 
 which is as it were ferrated at one end; but at 
 the other divides itfelf into two obtufe horns. 
 The laft named fpecies of the Beetle is alfo a- 
 dorned with very fingular and knotty horns 
 placed near the eyes. I exhibit alfo five {pecies 
 of thefé exotic Naficornes, or nofe horned 
 Beetles, of their natural fize, in Tab, XXX. 
 fig. 2, 3,4, 5,and6. T he largeft Beetle that 
 I have in my collection, is, together with its 
 horn, fix inches long, and its body half an inch 
 broad: if its wings be expanded, they meafure 
 feven inches. 
 I preferve with thefe in my cabinet, the 
 Beetle called the flying Stag, or flying Bull; 
 the Lucanus, or Stag-horned Beetle, the male 
 whereof is horned, but the female, as is.com- 
 monly afferted, has no horns. Itis very remark- 
 able in this as well as in the other infects of this 
 kind, that their wings are hidden and folded 
 as it were within little fheaths, from whence 
 they have obtained the name of vaginipenne, 
 or {heath-winged, We likewife obferve when 
 thefe infedts fly, that thefe little theaths, or 
 cafes, wherewith the wings are at at other times 
 covered, ate only elevated, and are not agitated 
 by the motion in flying. There is nothing in 
 this flying Stag more worthy of notice, than the 
 probofcis or trunk wherewith its fwallows its 
 food: this food isa juice like honey, oozing 
 outof theoak. This trunk isdelineated among 
 the figures of Hoefnagel, which are indeed the 
 beft and moft accurate of all the figures I have 
 hitherto feen. I can exhibit the method where- 
 by the wings lie folded under the outer pair 
 beforementioned; we are not to fay they are in 
 reality plaited, for they are rather contracted 
 by the affiftance of joints, I have obferved that 
 thefe jointsare placed almoft in the extremities 
 
 124 
 
 have obferved, 
 largeft fpecies re) 
 
 of N 
 
 A TURE; @&, 
 
 of the wings, and are moved by the help of 
 peculiar muicles ; hence a fluid likewife drops 
 from them when they are wounded, which is 
 not the cafe when wings are merely membra- 
 nous. When I offered a little honey on the 
 point of a knife to one of thefe Beetles, it 
 followed me like a dog, and fuckéd the honey 
 very greedily with its trunk. 
 
 Befides thefe, I can likewife thew twenty- 
 one fpecies of the Capricorn Beetles.. Thefe 
 creatures have all wonderfully long horns, Some 
 of thefe which I preferve are furnifhed with 
 branching and prickly horns with knotty and. 
 fhort joints; and the horns of others are divided 
 into very long, equal, and as it were knotle 
 joints, fome of them are fomewhat fituated 
 in the middle, and are knotty again where 
 they are joined to each other. The body of 
 the largeft Capricorn Beetle I have is above four 
 inches and an half long, and the horns areas 
 long as the body. I have likewife another above 
 two inches long, which is covered with promi- 
 nent party-coloured hairs like a Turkith carpet 
 ing, and makes a wonderfully beautiful figures 
 its fore legs are much longer than the reft. 
 Moreover, I have a fpecies of thefe flying Ca- 
 pricorn Beetles, which has very tender legs and 
 horns; which, however, are confiderably thick 
 about the bending of the joints, and where — 
 the mufcles are inferted. I have likewife a 
 Walp with this kind of knotty joints. *y 
 
 With thefe I preferve feventeen of the fly- 
 ing Capricorns with much fhorter horns. A- 
 mong thefe there is a kind of Beetle, that vi- 
 brates its wings with fo much velocity, that it 
 is with very great difficulty to be taken, and 
 hence we have called it the flying Beetle. A 
 thing extremely wonderful in this Beetle is, 
 that its teeth are on the infide full of ramifi- 
 cations, by which ftructure it is indeed diftin- 
 guifhed from all others. This Beetle flies in 
 the day-time, and is the fame with the fourth 
 and uncommon fpecies of the Stag Beetle of 
 Mouffet. 
 
 I have moreover nine fpecies of the faid 
 
 flying Capricorns, having ftill fhorter and 
 
 fmaller horns, 
 I likewife infert the Cicindula or Glow- — 
 Worm, which is of the Beetle kind, in this 
 
 order. It indeed refembles a flying diamond — z 
 or little ftar; it glitters with as much light, 
 
 when it is yet a Worm with fix legs, as when . 
 it is changed into a perfect Beetle: in that 
 ftate it muft firft elevate the fheaths or cafes 
 of its wings, or at leaft ftretch out its tail or 
 the extremity of its abdomen, in order to dif- 
 clofe its light. = 
 Laftly, among my Beetles are thirty-two 
 {pecies, furnifhed with horns that have knobs 
 at the tops of them. Thefe globules of the 
 horns are indeed conftruéted in a moft wonder- 
 ful manner, for fome of them refemble bunches 
 of grapes, others are like the leaves of an open 
 
 “ #* As all Butterflies are produced from‘Caterpillars, all Beetles are produced from Hexapode Worms. Some of thefe live on land, 
 
 fome in water ; but they are in general all longey lived creatures than Caterpillars. 
 
 _ book; 
 
Sen 
 His) 
 
 The HISTORY 
 
 book, and others again are of various different 
 
 ftructures. One may by the help of thefe horns ~ 
 
 very eafily diftinguifh the male from the fe- 
 male. This is likewife the cafe in the noétur- 
 nal or night Butterflies, for their males may 
 by this fign be very eafily diftinguithed from 
 their females, while they are ftill in the Nymph 
 ftate. Of thefe {pecies of Beetles fome are ob- 
 long, others round, others fhort, others in- 
 dented, ferrated, party coloured, or variegated 
 and fprinkled over as it were with duft or 
 meal, rough with {mall tubercles, {quares or 
 cheques, or confpicuous by their fpots and 
 various other ornaments. Among thefe I can 
 likewife fhewa Beetle found in the nefts of 
 wild Bees, and delineated in Tab. XXVI. fig. 
 im1. Almoft all thefe Beetles fly at night. 
 
 I refer alfo to this order the common dung 
 Beetle, which has its horns terminated by knobs. 
 I have two fpecies of this, which, likethe blue 
 black Beetles, emit a bright and glowing light ; 
 one of them is confpicuous by a purplith 
 glofs, like that of copper, on its breaft and 
 belly: the other glitters like green molten brafs 
 
 or copper delicately gilt, and indeed makes a 
 
 very beautiful figure: 
 
 Ihave moreover four {pecies of the Bupreftes, 
 or green, gold, and yellow Beetles, which are 
 of an offenfive fmell ; the horns: of thefe are 
 formed like thofe of the Capricorn Beetles, and 
 the males are {maller thanthe females. I have 
 likewife another fpecies which {mells like a 
 role. 
 
 I keep alfo'four fpecies of the Cantharides, 
 to which I think the former in refpect to 
 their qualities and virtue are nearly related. J 
 have likewife the eggs of the common golden 
 yellow Beetle, which are like mother-of-pearl. 
 Some of thefe infects have knotty horns, and 
 others have them formed like thofe of the Ca- 
 pricorn Beetle. Among thefeI can thew a very 
 beautiful Beetle, the body of which is adorned 
 with little apertures and imprefled furrows. 
 This was given me by the very celebrated Dr. 
 William Pifo, formerly principal phyfician to 
 his highnefs: prince Maurice of Naflau. 
 
 I can: likewife. thew the Indian Beetle, the 
 (heaths or Cafes of whofe wings are of a fhining 
 black like ebony, and have many little indent- 
 ings, wherein are feen little oblong feathers 
 adorned with all kinds of colours, bright as any 
 kind of gems whatfoever. 
 
 I likewife reckon the Curculio or Weavil in 
 this order; which, fronr a Worm deftructive 
 to corn, is changed into a Beetle, and of which 
 a magnified delineation may be feem in Redi. 
 Aldrovandus defcribes a Weavil which is 
 changed intora Butterfly, and indeed belongs to 
 the famé order, but to the third {pecies of it. 
 
 I preferve: alfo fix fpecies of Beetles with 
 long necks and Hogs nofes, which I therefore 
 call flying Hogs, or Hog Beetles. 
 
 Next follows the Profearabeus, Vermiculus, 
 Majalis, or May- Worm, which, as well as others 
 we likewifé think referrable to'this order. We 
 have three fpecies. thereof, two of which have 
 
 of “N*S.850T 5, 125 
 horns like thofe of the Capricorn Beetles; but 
 thofe of the third are knotty. Goeddert has 
 likewife deferibed a Vermicle as belonging to 
 the laft, but he has very prepotteroufly joined 
 them together. ‘ 
 
 To thefe I add the Staphilinus, which, feem- 
 ing of a middle nature between the Beetle and 
 Scolopendra, can very quickly kill Earthworms 
 with its teeth, and afterwards fuck them: 
 Goedaert has committed three errors concern- 
 ing this infect, which we fhall hereafter explain 
 and fet right. ‘This infect and the Worm from 
 which it is produced are likewife defcribed 
 by Mouffet. I preferve five fpecies of it, to- 
 gether with the Worm and Nymph, which 
 exhibits the parts of the future infects but fome- 
 what obfcurely. Thefe infects have horns like 
 thofe of Capricorn Beetles, but their Wings are 
 complicated in a very uncommon manner. 
 
 I preferve befide thefe four fpecies of Bee- 
 tles, which, whether they lic on their back 
 or belly, can contraét and prefs their head and 
 breaft clofe to the ground, and jump into the 
 air: wherefore we think that the name of 
 Grafshopper or Locuft Beetle is a proper one 
 for them, 
 
 I have likewife the fmall Beetle, which, ha- 
 ving firmly and ftrongly fixed its foremoft legs, 
 and bent and put its head through the fpace be- 
 tween them, makes a continual noife in old 
 pieces of wood, walls and cielings, which is 
 fometimes fo loud, that, upon hearing it, peo- 
 ple have been perfuaded that noéturnal hob- 
 goblins, ghofts, or fairies wandered about them. 
 I think that this may be properly called Soni- 
 cephalus, or the noify-headed Beetle. Other 
 fpecies of Beetles make a ftrange noife by rub- 
 bing their head againft their breaft, and others 
 prefs their tail or belly clofe to the fheaths or 
 cafes of their wings, and by that means make 
 alfo an uncommon creaking. 
 
 I have alfo four {pecies of the Scarabzi Tef- 
 tudinati, or Tortoife Beetles, and fomeof their 
 Worms and Nymphs. Goedaert has likewife 
 defcribed two fpecies of thefe. 
 
 I alfo have the Scarabeus Aculeatus or fting- 
 ing Beetle, with its tail formed like an aculeus 
 or fting, which is not met with in any other of 
 the Beetle kind. 
 
 Moreover, I can fhew a very {mall Beetle 
 with its Nymph, which is produced out of a 
 Worm without legs, and is found hid within 
 the outer skin of the leaf of the fallow tree: 
 This Worm has its food there ready and fuffi- 
 cient for it, until it is at length changed into a 
 perfect Nymph in all its parts. I have de- 
 {cribed the whole change of this Beetle, which 
 is carried on very obfcurely, in the fourth or- 
 der, and have exhibited its figures in Tab. 
 XLIV. fig. xin xm, &c. 
 
 I have moreover a deteftable Beetle, pro- 
 duced from a Wort that eats the roots of 
 ginfeng, and is changed into a Nymph 
 within that precious drug. The fame is like+’ 
 wife found in old logs of wood: ib 
 
 e< 
 
 Kk 
 
126 The. BOOK of 
 
 ‘kewife keep thofe Beetles, with their 
 ter which it produced from aaa 
 that gnaw dried flefh.. By the ae? sh 
 thefe Worms 4 pe may be eafily _cleare 
 
 ‘th that {ticks to 1f. 
 
 . eer to add that I have a Beetle, the 
 Worms of which eat the bag of the mufk 7 I 
 have, on account of the obf{cure manner of its 
 changing, defcribed it under the fourth order, 
 and given its figure in Tab. XLV. fig. xxx11. 
 
 Laftly, I rank in this order the largeft, the 
 middling, and the {malleft Hydrocanthari, or 
 
 The third order or 
 
 NATURE; or, 
 
 Water Beetles, concerning which I have occa- 
 fionally inferted various obfervations of the 
 greateft importance to the naturalift. I pre- 
 ferve five {pecies of thefe; the {malleft is called 
 the common water Flea, and water Femella. 
 When this dives under the water, it has the art 
 to enclofe a little bubble of air very dexteroufly 
 in its tail, I have reprefented the parts of ge- 
 neration of the Hydrocantharus, in Tab. XXII, 
 fig. v. and the Worm called Vermis Sicarius, 
 out of which it is probably produced, is exhi- 
 bited in Tab. X XIX. fig. iv. and v. 
 
 clafs of natural changes, according to the firft /pecies or me- 
 
 thod, which we have called fimply the Nymph, exemplified in the Ant. 
 
 Tas. XVI. 
 
 No, I. 3 leery Ant’s egg delineated in its natu- 
 
 ral fize, or the Worm of the Ant 
 in. its firft skin or coat, wherein it is called the 
 egg. .The firft of thefe figures exhibits it 
 magnified, pos 
 
 II. Is the skin beforementioned after it 1s 
 caft. This is a kind of thin membrane, which 
 the Vermicle or Worm of the Ant, quitting 
 the form of an egg, throws off loofely, and rolls 
 up as into an imperceptible point. 
 
 III. The Ant’s Vermicle or Worm, imper- 
 fe in many of its parts, without legs, come 
 out of its egg or skin, and here reprefented in 
 the form wherein it is commonly found in the 
 earth at that period ; that is, having its head bent 
 towards its breaft. Figure i1. exhibits a microf- 
 copic view of it. 
 
 IV. The Ant’s Vermicle or Worm having 
 attained its full bignefs; that is, when all the 
 limbs and parts proper to the Ant are already 
 increafed under the skin, but ftill lie hidden. 
 Figure. 11. gives it as feen under the mi- 
 crofcope. - 
 
 V. The former Vermicle or Worm, having 
 caft its skin and expofing to view all its parts, 
 which were before hidden ; It fhould therefore 
 be now called a real Nymph, whofe limbs are 
 fwollen with a fluid matter, as will be made 
 more evident in the explanation of the fourth, 
 fifth, and fixth figures, which exhibit the fame 
 ftate of the creature magnified, together with 
 its feveral parts. 
 
 VI. The fame Worm now come into the 
 ftate of the Formica or Ant, as will be more 
 accurately and largely defcribed in the fubfe- 
 quent explanations of the figures. 
 
 Tas, XVI. Fic. 1. 
 
 The Ant’s egg magnified, perfectly fmooth 
 and equal, diftended,. glittering, snd aie 
 any annular divifions. This is naturally fo fmall 
 that when placed on a black ground it is {carce 
 Vifible to the naked eye. This mutt be well 
 obferved in order to diftinguith the true or 
 teal egg of the Ant. : 
 
 Fmey 18. 
 
 The Vermicle or Worm of the Ant deli- 
 neated larger, and prefenting its head and 
 mouth, together with the twelve annular diyi- 
 fions of its body. ‘The head is bent towards 
 the breaft; and if the Worm be touched or 
 moved in the leaft, it always contracts itfelf in 
 that manner. Though this bea real Vermicle, 
 yet it is commonly called the egg of the Ant. 
 But this appellation proceeds from the groffeft 
 ignorance, fince it palpably isa real creature, 
 having life and motion, though it is yet with- 
 out legs : it does not bear the leaft refemblance 
 to an egg, nay it is fometimes larger than the 
 Ant itfelf. But fuch is the ignorance of thofe 
 perfons who feek for thefe Vermicles and ex~ 
 pofe them to fale in the market: they are bought 
 there in order to be given as food to various 
 kinds of birds, and they are very greedily eatem 
 by them. 
 
 Fic. Ul. 
 
 I here exhibit the method whereby the Ver- 
 micle or Worm beforementioned leifurely and 
 quietly undergoes its natural change ; the blood 
 and other humours infenfibly fwelling about the 
 breaft and near the head, and by that means 
 the creature itfelf becoming thicker, larger, and 
 more fwollen: by this means at length lofes 
 all its motion, that is when it has caft its skin, 
 and brought to light its limbs, that were before _ 
 hidden. 
 
 Fic. Iv: 
 
 The fame Vermicle or Worm, having caft 
 its firft skin, and prefenting to view all its limbs 
 and parts, which were before hidden under the 
 skin ; hence it is in this ftate called a N ymph, 
 which I reprefent magnified, and reclining on 
 its fide. 
 
 Fic. v, 
 The fame Vermicle, lying on its back, is in 
 
 this figure expreffed magnified. 
 Fye. 
 
Thee H £S:T OO RY 
 
 Fic. vi, 
 
 The fame Vermicle or Worm is here again 
 exhibited, and all its members are diftinguifhed 
 by letters annexed; hence it is indeed very evi- 
 dent that the Nymph is the real infe@, but ftill 
 deftitute of motion in its limbs. This it en- 
 joys, when it acquires the perfect form of the 
 infect which it now reprefents. 
 
 aa, The two eyes in the head. 
 
 b, The teeth. 
 
 cc, The horns, which are folded near the 
 legs upon the breatt. 
 
 dd, The firft pair of legs folded under the 
 horns. 
 
 ee, The fecond pair, confpicuous under the 
 firft. 
 
 Jf, The third pair, which are laid on the 
 belly. 
 
 It is likewife feen in what manner, all the 
 ftrong joints of thefe fix legs are laid on the 
 breaft between the horns. 
 
 g, The annuli or rings of the abdomen, to- 
 gether with the margin or border on each fide. 
 But this is more manifeft in the fourth figure, 
 wherein that margin or verge, as well as the 
 little fwellings of the loins, are more diftinally 
 exhibited, and at the fame time it is feen how 
 the body is all folded up and bent. 
 
 The creature in this form is, as I have ob- 
 ferved before, the real Nymph of the third or- 
 der, according to the firft {pecies or method of 
 transformation, which clearly and diftin@ly ex- 
 hibits all its parts and limbs without exception, 
 fo that all thofe parts may be feen init, which 
 are afterwards found in the common labouring 
 Ant, whofe Nymph it now properly is. This 
 Nymph is therefore the Ant, and the Ant is a 
 Nymph, but the Ant hitherto lies as it were 
 hid under a peculiar difpofition of its limbs; 
 and this is the principal difference. 
 
 When this Vermicle or little creature catt its 
 skin for the laft time, then all its limbs and 
 parts are very white like curdled milk, and are 
 fluid as water; fo that under this form(it ought 
 to be confidered as if it lay yet in its egg, 
 fince it is there difpofed in the very fame man- 
 ner, and is as properlya Nymph. The only 
 difference is, that in the egg its limbs, though 
 certainly exiftent, are not vifible ; though on 
 the contrary they manifeftly appear, when it is 
 a fecond time reduced to this condition, fo like 
 that of an egg. Hence this little creature is 
 twice, as it were, a foetus, twice in its egg-ftate, 
 and twice hatched or born. But the life it leads 
 is not in all its circumftances the fame; it differs 
 indeed very much, for it appears in the firft 
 ftate like a poor and miferable Worm ; but 
 the fecond time, ‘which is in fome meafure its 
 renewal and regeneration, it is formed into a 
 perfect creature. This procefs is formed in fo 
 remarkable a manner in Butterflies, that we 
 fee therein the refurrection painted before 
 our eyes, and exemplified fo as to be examin- 
 
 of TN) 8:E.C.T Ss. 127 
 
 ed by our hands ; hence the Italian poet faid 
 moft truly, 
 
 Non v’accorgete voi, che noi fiam verm!, 
 Nati a formar angelica Farfalla. 
 
 That is, 
 
 Doft thou not know we Worms are born, 
 Angelic Butterflies to form ? 
 
 We muft further obferve, that the writers 
 of naturaLhiftory ancient and modern, Ariftotle, 
 Mouffet, Harvey and others, who have called 
 this change in the Aurelia an egg, have not 
 wandered entirely out of the path of reafon, pro- 
 vided their words be taken in the fenfe now 
 mentioned. I would however have it obferved, 
 that they muft be faid to have really deviated 
 from the truth, in that they have not annexed 
 the fignification mentioned in this place to their 
 Aurelian egg, but have propofed it as a real 
 and fimple egg, without any refpect to the 
 eflential parts. This cannot totally be over- 
 looked by thofe, who labour cautioufly to in« 
 veftigate the natural changes in the infeét tribe. 
 
 The head, the breaft, the belly, and the reft 
 of the parts of this infe€t are invefted with a 
 thin kind of membrane, and are fo very clofely 
 furrounded by it on every fide, that even the 
 extremity of the eyes, horns, teeth, and legs, 
 are enclofed in it, together with the reft. How- 
 ever thefe lie in a loofe manner over each other, 
 nor are they united or conneéted to one another 
 by an uniform cutaneous cruft, as is the cafe 
 in a particular manner in Butterflies. The 
 membrane, which enclofes the parts of the 
 Nymph of the Ant is not every where of equal 
 thicknefs, indeed leaft of all where the limbs 
 are clofe or applied to the body near the breaft; 
 but where they are not fo clofely laid together, 
 as in the extremities of the legsand horns, there 
 the invefting membrane is equally thick in all 
 its parts. This is very feldom obferved in the 
 Aurelia, nor have I ever feen more than one 
 example thereof in the Chryfalis of the fwift 
 Butterfly, the trunk of which is in part diftant 
 from the body ; for there the invefting mem- 
 brane is obferved to be every where equally thick, 
 as may be feen among the figures of the Rhi- 
 noceros Beetles, in Tab. XXIX. But this is un- 
 common in Chryfallides, though it is conftantly 
 the cafe in Nymphs. 
 
 Paffing thefe confiderations over, it is ma- 
 nifeftly evident from hence, that between 
 the limbs, which are feen and reprefented in 
 the Ant’s Nymph, and thofe which appear 
 in the Ant itfelf, there is no other difference, 
 than that the appearance of the parts is fome- 
 what more evident and plain in the Ant, but 
 in the Nymph fomewhat obfcure. We mutt 
 coferve that the fame thing holds equally in 
 the Ant’s Vermicle or Worm, which hides 
 the limbs and parts under the skin that is not 
 yet caft off. For in reality the egg, Worm, 
 
 Nymph 
 
728 
 
 Nymph, and Ant, are all but one and the fame 
 creature varioufly cloathed, and lying under 
 different yet accidental forms. Therefore the 
 Ant, that I may expre{s the bufinefs with fuffi- 
 cient accuracy, 1s covered or furrounded in the 
 beginning, when it is an egg, with an oval or 
 {pheroidal skin; and afterwards, when it ap- 
 pears under the form of a Vermicle or Worm, 
 is covered with an annular .and hairy skin ; 
 and thirdly, when it isa Nymph, and is found 
 wrapped up in a divided and articulated veil; 
 until, fourthly, it at length cafts this skin, and 
 afterwards retains this its laft form, wherein it 
 isa perfedt infect, ftript of all its integuments ; 
 is (till the fame Ant, in this variety of appear- 
 ances: fo that having thus, at certain diftances 
 and ftated times, caft off all thefe coverings, 
 the creature is perfect, and is never changed 
 more. This muft be in the fame manner un- 
 derftood of all other Vermicles or Worms 
 which have no legs; nay, of thofe alfo which 
 have legs, that is, of fuch as fo long and fo often 
 change their skin, until at length they no 
 longer change their form, but become perfect 
 infects, afterwards procreating their {pecies in 
 the fame-order.  ~ 
 
 When this Nymph cafts its laft skin, many 
 remarkable changes are obferved; the eyes are 
 altered in the head by a flow accretion, and 
 change colour from white to black; the horns, 
 the legs, and the reft of the body; are more 
 and more. difcoloured; a fuperfluous moifture is 
 exhaled from all the -parts, the limbs, which 
 were till now without ftrength and motion, 
 begin to move, and at laft the invefting skin is 
 difengaged from all thofe parts; and then, and 
 not before, this Nymph is called an Ant. 
 
 Fic. vil. 
 
 In this figure the. Ant is reprefented under 
 that ‘form in which it fhews itfelf when it has 
 caft the laft skin. All the obftacles which im- 
 peded the fight in examining its parts, are now 
 removed, Hence we may fee the Ant no longer 
 covered or veiled but in its real form ; nor is it 
 after this laft operation, during its whole life, 
 farther augmented or changed; as it has attained 
 its full maturity and the greateft ftrength of life. 
 The fame thing likewife is found in the fame 
 manner in all other infects fubje@ to thefe 
 changes, for none of them are ever increafed or 
 changed, after having caft the laft skin. Hence, 
 doubtlefs, the reafon may be affigned, why we 
 fee thefe infe&ts never become larger in other 
 countries than in our own, unlefs they are of 
 a different fpecies; or are fuch as eat fome- 
 what’ more plentifully, while they are in the 
 form of Worms and Caterpillars ; for by this 
 means their bodies may become fomething, 
 
 though not much, larger than ufual, as we ee | 
 
 fhewn elfewhere. 
 
 By the power of infenfible perfpiration, the 
 Ant’s skin after all thefe changes is grown very 
 hard, and becomes as it were horny, though it 
 was fome weeks before the laft transformation, 
 
 * 
 
 The BOOK ¢ eM PUR ESO 
 
 tender and fluid like water, fo that the créai 
 ture could not ftir one of its parts with even 
 the leaft motion. In the more confpicuous, 
 
 that is, in the larger Nymphs belonging to 
 
 larger infects, this change is {till more confide= 
 rable than in the Ant’s Nymph: for their fkin 
 which was in the beginning of the change 
 likewife very foft and tender, becomes in a ; 
 few days horny and as it were bony, as fhall 
 be hereafter explained in its proper place in 
 the Nymph of the nofe-horn Beetle, which 
 likewife belongs to this order. 
 
 It will be now proper that we exhibit in 
 figures the limbs and parts of the Ant, in the 
 fame manner in the Ant itfelf, as we have 
 before fhewed them in its Nymph. To this 
 purpofe I have allotted this feventh figure, 
 wherein I reprefent the common labouring 
 Ant, fuch as is ufually found in the gardens 
 and paftures all over Holland and elfewhere. 
 I here delineate the Ant magnified in fuch a 
 manner, as it very cautioufly carries the Worm 
 or Vermicle in its mouth, or between its two 
 teeth, without the leaftdanger of hurting it, Tab. 
 XVI. fig.vit.a. Thefe teeth of whichtheAnthas 
 only two, are more properly jaws, an upper anda 
 lower, which hang crooked or benton the outfide 
 of the mouth, and have feven ferrated incifions 
 or divifions, ferving as fo many particular teeth. 
 This may be clearly feen in Tab, XVI. fig. 
 x1, at the letter z. Moreover, the divifions of 
 the head, breaft and belly may be diftinguith- 
 ed in this ftate much more accurately than in 
 the Nymph. The eyes are very black, ‘Tab. 
 XVI. fig. vir. 64, the antenne or horns un- 
 der the eyes are of a faint red colour cc, and 
 are compofed of twelve horny joints ; the firft © 
 of which, that immediately under the eyes, is 
 very long: but all thefe joints are covered of 
 furrounded by briftly hairs. It 1s likewife 
 fhewn very diftinétly here what form and 
 ftru€ture the head and thorax are of, and that 
 they are invefted with a horny, ftriated or fur- 
 rowed, crooked, and indented fkin. ‘This fkin 
 refembles the fibrous joints of the wild pines, 
 when they are cleaved or cut, where it is 
 knotty. The conftruction of this furrowed 
 fkin is feen yet plainer in the Ant exhibited in 
 fig.x1. The incifions of the thorax, fig. vil.d, 
 are divided into fix fharp-pointed prominences, 
 which become more confpicuous backwards 
 towards the loins. »The loins themfelves con- 
 fift of three knotty vertebra or joints ¢, and 
 are every where fet thick with briftly hairs. 
 Underneath at the thorax are feen ftrong hairy 
 legs ff, each compofed of four joints; the 
 
 - laft of which, or that properly called the foot, 
 
 is divided again into fmaller joints, and the 
 laft of thefe is armed with two claws. 
 
 The abdomen or belly, the colour whereof 
 is fomewhat more red than the reft of the 
 body ; this being of a light red, fhines like 2 
 looking-glafs, and is furrounded with briftly 
 hairs g. I call this creature I have been de- 
 {cribing the working Ant; nor do I think it is 
 
 pro- 
 
Msi 
 
 pet 
 of! 
 shh 
 1 
 cf , 
 
 Th HISTORY of TNS ‘EH Gam 8. 
 
 provided with either male or female organs; 
 as I fhall demonftrate to be the cafe in the 
 Bees; fince it feems to be defigned by the 
 moft wife Creator for labour only, and to 
 
 carry, remove, preferve and nourith the young 
 of the others. 
 
 Fic. viii 
 
 To make this hiftory of the Ant as complete 
 
 as in my power, I have here likewife delineated 
 the male Ant in its natural fize. 
 
 Fic. 1x. 
 
 I delineate the fame magnified in this figure, 
 both becaufe the limbs of this creature may be 
 the more conveniently defcribed, and that the 
 differences as well as agreements between one 
 Ant and another may be the clearer or more 
 evidently explained. 
 
 It appears then that the teeth a and antennez 
 or horns cc, are in this, in every refpect, like 
 thofe of the working Ant; only that the teeth 
 in the males are fomewhat lefs than in the 
 working kind: and this is likewife obferved in 
 the female Ant. Something like this is alfo 
 feen in the teeth of male Bees. The eyes in 
 the male Ant are much larger 64, and furpafs 
 thofe of the working and female Ant; and 
 this holds likewife in the males of Bees, Ephe- 
 meri, and other infeéts. 
 
 Befides thefe, three points or dots like mo- 
 ther of pearl are in this feen in the head ; 
 which I have likewife obferved in Bees and 
 Flies. They are indeed remarkable eyes of a 
 diftin& kind from the others, and make a pe- 
 culiar difference between this male and the 
 working Ant: but there is ftill a greater dif- 
 ference in refpect to the breaft, for befides 
 that it is in this difpofed and painted in a quite 
 different manner, there are alfo four wings dd 
 very con{picuous on it, whereof the two firft 
 are nearly twice as large and {trong as the two 
 hinder ones. The ftruéture of the loins e and 
 belly fis likewife very different from that of 
 the working Ants: and the whole body of the 
 male is larger, and of a darker colour; as is 
 likewife the cafe in the males of Bees. 
 
 Thefe males of the Ants, which differ in 
 refpect to their Nymphs from the two other 
 kinds, the latter having their wings regularly 
 difpofed and folded, are not to be found at ail 
 times of the year among the fwarms: hence 
 it is probable that the working Ants kill them, 
 when the bufinefs of generation is performed. 
 The Bees we know act in this manner by their 
 males, which are called drones. And this is 
 probably the reafon why the males are fo fre- 
 quently ill treated by the working Ants; as I 
 have often feen. 
 
 Thefe males of the Ants regard nothing but 
 generation, and therefore are admitted into 
 that republic only for this fingle purpofe, to 
 propagate their {pecies. The fame thing exact- 
 ly happens among Bees, with whom the Ants 
 
 129 
 have indeed many things in common; there 
 is no fuperiority or pre-eminence among either 
 Bees or Ants; love and unanimity, more pow- 
 erful than punifhment or death itfelf, prefide 
 there, and ail live together in the fanie man- 
 ner as the primitive chriftians anciently did; 
 who were connected by fraternal love, and had 
 all things in common. 
 
 Fic. x. 
 
 I here exhibit the female Ant in its ndtu- 
 ral fize. 
 
 Fre. xt: 
 
 The female Ant is here again reprefented 
 magnified. She is naturally not only longer 
 than the working Ants and males, but alfo 
 much more bulky and corpulent : it is eafy to 
 difcover by diffection very {mall, white, oval 
 egosin her. She has likewife teeth a, eyes bb, 
 and horns ¢c like the former; and in the hin- 
 der part of the head towards the neck, fhe is 
 furnifhed alfo with three {mall eyes, like mo- 
 ther of pearl; fo that in this refpect, the fe- 
 male remarkably differs from the working 
 Ant, and is partaker of the privileges and be- 
 nefis of the male. The female Ant is like- 
 wife diftinguifhed from the two former kinds, 
 in refpect to the ftru&ture and form of the 
 thorax d; this part in her being fomewhat 
 browner than that of the working Ant, and 
 fomewhat redder than that of the male. There 
 is fcarce any difference in the legs ee, orin 
 the feet f, nor about the belly g, only that 
 this is larger becaufe of the eggs that are to be 
 lodged therein: all this is evident in the 
 figures. Whether all the fpecies of Ants are 
 fo conftituted as to have in each commiunity 
 a great many working ones, fome males and 
 fome females, I cannot of a certainty affirm. 
 I am however pofitive, from my own obferva- 
 tions, that this is the cafe in the moft com- 
 mon fpecies of Ants, which are found in the 
 fields. and vineyards in Holland and about 
 Amfterdam ; for I have there frequently taken 
 them out of the ground, and from among the 
 roots of the grafs, and brought them to my 
 chamber and kept them alive by proper food 
 to complete my obfervations. 
 
 To do this I ufed the following method : 
 I provided a large deep earthen veffel, and 
 about fix inches from the brim or verge of it, 
 I put a bank or artificial rim of wax, and then 
 on the outfide of the citcumfetence of this I 
 poured Water, in order to prevent the Ants con- 
 fined in this enclofure from getting out, Iafter= 
 wards filled the cavity of this difh with earth, 
 and therein placed my little republic of Ants. Ie 
 happened that in a few days the Ants laid their 
 eggs in this veffel: from which were produced 
 thofe Vermicles or Worms, erroneoufly called 
 by the vulgar, eggs, which I have before de- 
 {cribed. It cannot indeed be expreffed in words, 
 with what induftry and folicitude thefe working 
 
 } eS Ants 
 
The BOO K of 
 Ants take care of the young ones, and with 
 what love they feed them: they carry them 
 with amazing fondnefs: between their jaws 
 f-om place to. place, nor do they omut any 
 thing neceflary for their {upport oF nourifh- 
 ment. ; 
 
 When the earth wherein they lived grew 
 dry, I obferved that they carried their young 
 ones to a lower part and deeper under the fur- 
 face; but when I poured alittle water thereon, 
 fo that the mould became moift, it was then 
 wonderful to fee how they all, ftimulated with 
 love, endeavoured as much as they could to 
 take away their young and carry them toa dry 
 place. Nay, I obferved that after I had pour- 
 ed in a greater quantity of water, they with 
 all their might carried them to the higheft 
 part of all, If I only moiftened the dry earth, 
 then they likewife carried their young out of 
 the damp part. Thus I had opportunities to 
 fee very diftin@ly, that the young ones moved 
 and fucked nourifhment out of the fine and 
 {mall particles of the earth. 
 
 I often endeavoured to nourifh thefe young 
 Worms, without the affiftance of the working 
 Ants, butIneverfucceeded. Nay, Icould not 
 exclude even the Nymph of thofe Vermicles, 
 
 130 
 
 NAT U R E308, 
 
 which the Ants likewife. carry daily from 
 place to place, without the affiftance of the 
 working Ants. 1 gave them {ugar, raifins, 
 apples; pears; and the fruit of other trées and 
 plants... 1 never found: that they built thofe 
 artificial nefts mentioned by fome authors, and 
 therefore I apprehend that is to be underftood 
 of fome other fpecies. Even in thofe places 
 which they fpontaneoufly inhabited, I never dif- 
 coveredany work of art performed by the Ants 
 of this {pecies ; only broad paffages and crook- 
 ed ways, defigned for carrying their youn 
 from one place to another. I have otters 
 likewife that they follow the fun’s motion, and 
 convey their young according to the courfe 
 that luminary purfues : this I have obferved in 
 the fields where they inhabit little hillocks of 
 earth ; for they there carried their young con- 
 ftantly to thofe parts where the ground was 
 warmed with the fun’s rays. I never obferved 
 that Ants provide themfelves any food for the 
 winter, although this has been fo ftrongly 
 afferted: and therefore I think they eat no- 
 thing whilft the winter is fevere ; as is com- 
 mon with many infeéts, and in particular with. 
 fome fpecies of Bees, which in the midft of 
 winter abftain from all kinds of food *. 
 
 Of certain other kinds of Ants, fome of which fpin like the Silk-worms. 
 
 E SIDES the fpecies of Ants hitherto 
 
 defcribed, I have feen five other kinds, 
 fome of which I preferve in my collection. 
 The firft {pecies is very large, and was brought 
 from the Cape of Good Hope. I have deli- 
 neated it in Tab. XVI. fig. xvi. of its natural 
 fize. Its head, eyes, horns, teeth, breait, 
 legs and belly are feen there as they naturally 
 are. It isof a bright red colour: but whether 
 this was the working Ant or the female of 
 that fpecies, I:could not difcern: as it had no 
 wings I am certain it was not amale. Jam 
 likewife ignorant of the difpofition and nature 
 _ of this fpecies of Ants. 
 
 The other fpecies of Ants, which I have 
 feen in Holland, is flefh coloured, and of fuch 
 fize and form as is expreffed in fig. x1v; but 
 I cannot now determine whether this was a 
 working Ant or a female. I met with this 
 {pecies at Honteflard ; where I examined in a 
 wooden bole its eggs, Vermicles, Nymphs, 
 working Ants, females and males, in great 
 numbers mixed together in fome mould, where 
 they were fet in order to ferve fome birds for 
 food. The males exceeded fomewhat in big- 
 nefs the Ant I expreffed in the figure, and had 
 four membranaceous wings. But what de- 
 
 ferved particular notice in this {pecies was, 
 that the Nymphs were all enclofed in a theath 
 or cafe, which, when the working Ants care- 
 fully preferved, carried here and there between 
 their jaws, made a very agreeable figure ; for 
 thofe Ants carried on this occafion a bag bigger 
 than themfelves. I experienced then for the 
 firft time that the Vermicles of Ants, as well 
 as the Silk-worms, form a bag or follicle, and 
 that thofe that are enclofed in it are changed 
 into Nymphs. This web was of an oblong 
 oval figure, and wrought with delicate and fine 
 threads about the body, being of a rufty iron- 
 colour, and when I opened it, I found a Nymph 
 in the infide. I likewife carried fome of thele 
 enclofed Nymphs with me to Amfterdam, 
 which after fome days gnawed their way out 
 of their webs, and produced fome male Ants: 
 this happened on the eighteenth of July. _Igave — 
 the figure of fuch a fheath or cafe entire, and 
 in its natural fize in figure xu. and a fection 
 thereof in fig. x11. 
 
 The third fpecies of Ants that I obferved, 
 was fomewhat lefs than the common Holland 
 Ant: this does not fpin. I have given the 
 hiftory thereof at large. Its body was much 
 blacker and brighter than any of the other 
 
 » * Our author is not fingle in his opinion that Ants do not eat in winter ; Leewenhoeck appears to be of the fame mind, and 
 imagines that they {pend that feafon, like Dormice and many other forts of animals, in a ftate of fleep; and this feems to be 
 
 reafonable, as Ants are obferved to move more flowly as the cold weather advances. 
 
 Mr. Gould alfo agrees with Swammerdam 
 
 that the Ants do not make any provifion for winter, But though our author here did not obferve any fuch provifion to be made 
 by thofe he examined, yet probably fome other fpecies may, and other naturalifls tells us very wonderful things on this fabject ; 
 and further, this opinion of their providing for winter feems to be countenanced by the royal and infpired naturalift, Prov. vi. 6, 7, 8+ 
 However, if it be true that they remain in a ftate of reft during the winter, the provifion they make may be for their young, for 
 
 whom their affeétion is wonderfully remarkable, 
 
 {pecies, 
 
The 
 
 fpecies. I found thefe Ants running on fome 
 willow-trees, and they feemed to live only 
 there. But I have not been hitherto able to 
 fee their males. 
 
 The fourth f{pecies was again lefs, but of a 
 thicker and more reddifh body; nor have I 
 ever found its males. The fifth fpecies was 
 of amore flender, and at the fame time fome- 
 what longer body than the fourth: I faw the 
 males of this with four wings. The fixth 
 fpecies that I obferved was wonderfully fmall ; 
 it was of a bright red colour, had two eyes, 
 two horns, two jaws, and fix legs ; and it was, 
 like the reft, divided regularly into a head, 
 thorax, and belly. I have not yet feen the 
 males of this fpecies ; and therefore I only re- 
 prefent the working Ant belonging to it in 
 its natural fize in figure xv. Thefe little 
 Ants are feen only about the middle of the 
 month of July ; but then fome hundreds ap- 
 peared, and they yearly at ftated times infefted 
 the cheefe-loft and pantry, notwithftanding all 
 our endeavours to drive them away. After 
 OGober not one of them was to be feen until 
 the next year. It feemed to us that they came 
 out’ of a wine-cellar, and crept through the 
 {mall clefts between the beams and timber 
 planks to the place where they could find food. 
 This, which was firft conjecture, we after- 
 wards found to be true; for when the cellar 
 had been kept full of water for fome months, 
 we never afterwards perceived any Ants. 
 
 What merits particular regard in this hiftory 
 is, that thefe Ants remained fo long as to the 
 middle of July in the earth and fand, and then 
 firft came in fight; but after Oétober all of 
 them betook themfelves again to their little 
 cells. Whether they lived in the mean time 
 without food, or whether, as is common with 
 many infects, the old ones died, and young 
 ones were produced out of the remaining eggs 
 
 HtESTORY of INSECT S. 
 
 13 
 
 and Nymphs, I cannot determine: but from 
 the analogy of other infects I can eafily judge 
 that the manner of thefe creatures living was 
 very fingular and uncommon. Befides, it is 
 probable that the males of thefe Ants were 
 deftitute of wings, fince I have for fome years 
 made my obfervations on them, but could 
 never find any whatfoever that had wings. I 
 would not, however, aver this-for truth ; be- , 
 caufe nature is wonderfully confiftent with her- 
 felf in all her works. Dr. Padbrugge has in- 
 formed me that he alfo obferved many-{pecies 
 of Ants in the Eaft-Indies ; and particularly 
 that there were white Ants there, lefs than the 
 common Dutch ones; and that they were 
 very deftructive of food and fome kinds of 
 merchandife. I have this year receivéd from 
 the fame gentleman a very beautiful figure of 
 the black fpotted red Ant, which he fent me 
 from the ifland of Ternate: it is fomewhat 
 lefs than the Ant of the fecond fpecies which 
 I have defcribed above. The largeft Ants this 
 gentleman has obferved he affures me were as 
 long as the firft joint of the thumb ; and their 
 nefts were fix feet long in circumference and 
 were divided into various particular cells: thefe 
 places of reception were fometimes all found 
 under the earth, and fometimes moftly pro- 
 minent above the furface ; but they were al- 
 ways framed with an amazing art. I cannot 
 determine how this matter is, for Ants make 
 no nefts here: it is enough for me to give a 
 faithful relation of what I have’been informed, 
 and particularly to recommend the authority 
 of this curious gentleman. He likewife fent 
 me the figure of a Frog with that of the red 
 Ant; its hinder legs are cloyen, which is very 
 uncommon, and probable the cafe only in 
 Frogs that live on dry land. This will be ren- 
 dered more certain by accurate refearches. 
 
 The very curious biftory of the Naficornis, or Rhinoceros, or horned Beetle, illuftrated 
 with accurate figures. 
 
 LN SE. R- Oe 
 
 ae E admire the fhoulders of Elephants 
 “ that carry towers; the necks of 
 ¢€ Bulls, and the furious toffes from their horns; 
 “ the ravages of Tigers, and the manes of 
 « Lions: but we fhould know that nature is 
 <‘ no where more complete and perfect than 
 « in the fmalleft objects.” ‘This is a very juft 
 fentence pronounced by Pliny in his far diftant 
 age, though the wonderful works of nature 
 were at that time but obfcurely known. We 
 fhould therefore, furely, endeavour to fearch 
 into nature near at hand, and where fhe is 
 confpicuous in the moft minute things, or her 
 miracles will never be difcovered. ‘Then will 
 it be made clearer than the fun at noon, that 
 as many natural myfteries are hidden in the 
 
 age PO 
 
 fiarrow compafs of the moft vile and contemp= 
 tible of animals, as in the vaft vifcera of the 
 largeft. In order to elucidate the incompre- 
 henfible power of nature, it muft be invefti- 
 gated in the {malleft creatures. Nor let the 
 extreme minutenefs obferved in thefe, deter 
 any from the inquiry; it fhould rather encou- 
 rage us to be more diligent: for the lefs the 
 work of nature is, the greater and more mag- 
 nificent it afterwards fhews itfelf in thofe at 
 firft invifible parts, and exhibits to our fight 
 and touch all thofe things which before eluded 
 our fenfes, and our moft acute intellectual fa- 
 culties. The greatnefs and majefty of God 
 are confpicuous only in the works framed by 
 his infinite power. But as our eyes are not 
 
 fufficiently 
 
ai4é 
 He 
 Hid 
 
 132 
 
 fufficiently acute to view thefe things per- 
 fectly, it is neceflary to invent and find out 
 all kinds of \affiftances and artificial contri- 
 vances proper for affifting the fight, by the 
 help of which thefe things may be diftinctly 
 feen. By this means, and no other, we can 
 attain to. know with what order, meafure, 
 rule and wifdom God’s creatures are all formed, 
 and how they depreciate all the work of hu- 
 man art and induftry, the latter not being able 
 to bear too near an infpection. The beft of 
 them only exprefs the external ornaments, 
 wherewith the furface as it were of God’s 
 works are covered; and they are therefore 
 deftitute of that true food of the mind, where- 
 with the works of God abound. The more 
 accurately thefe are examined, and the more 
 perfeétly they are explained, the more wonder- 
 ful, lovely, and adorable they always proclaim 
 their Creator. Though many works of art, 
 which derive their powers from nature and 
 the effects of regular motions, perform won- 
 derful things; yet when they are more inti- 
 mately examined and inveftigated, they imme- 
 diately betray the imperfect condition of the 
 artificer. Therefore all the mafterly touches 
 of Apelles, compared to the very refined 
 lines of nature, are only rude, unpolifhed and 
 coarfe; and all the fplendor of tapeftry finifhed 
 by human art vanifhes, when only one of 
 nature's works contained in a fingle pulmo- 
 nary tube of an infect is produced: who can 
 delineate even this, the leaft of thefe wonders, 
 with adequate dignity? what genius is able to 
 defcribe, or what induftry can inveftigate it? 
 our eyes and fingers, and all the powers of our 
 underftanding are deficient in this refpect, as 
 will be evident from what I fhall prefently fhew 
 
 Ged A 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; of 
 
 concerning the lungs of the Rhinoceros or itofes 
 horned Beetle ; and thus it will be at the fame 
 time moft ftrongly demonftrated, that the 
 works of God are moft wonderful in the fmall- 
 eft objeéts. ‘Thus I conclude this introduétion, 
 crying out with the royal prophet: “ I praife 
 «* thee, becaufe in beholding thy works I am 
 « tranfported with admiration: I celebrate thy 
 «© wonderful works when my mind is moft 
 “«< enlightened.” 
 Though I fhall attempt in the following 
 pages to defcribe to the praife and glory of 
 the fupreme being, the whole change, or, ifI 
 may {0 call it, the tranfcretion of the nofe-horned 
 Beetle, confecrated of old to Mercury, and ex. 
 pofe to public view its origin, life and propa- 
 gation; yet I would not have any one think, 
 that I intend to give its accurate and perfect 
 hiftory. As I happened to be diflecting one of 
 thefe Beetles in July laft year, in the prefence 
 of the very learned and experienced phyfician 
 Dr. Matthew Slade, I difcovered the wonder- 
 ful conftruétion of its general parts. I was 
 thence led to examine into its origin, and made 
 a diffeGtion of the Worm out of which it is 
 produced, This having been the occafion of 
 the hiftory that I fhall here exhibit, it will con- 
 tain no more than an accurate narrative of thof¢ 
 things, which I then and afterwards remarked 
 in regard both to the internal and external parts 
 of this infe@t. But if God gives me health 
 and leifure, I fhall probably at fome other time 
 profecute this fubje&t much further, though 
 what I now advance is fufficient to fatisfy the — 
 moft curious adorers of divine miracles, being 
 of the greateft importance and moft wonderful 
 dignity. oa 
 
 P, I. 
 
 Of the places wherein thefe Beetles live: of their generation, eggs, Worms and 
 Food, how long they are feeding ; with varous other uncommon incidents. 
 
 S to the places wherein the Rhinoceros or 
 
 nofe-horned Beetles commonly live, they 
 are moft ufually our docks and yards, where 
 they lie among the chips and faw-duft, and in 
 the afhes of reeds which are burned in tarring of 
 fhips, and among the rubbifh of kitchen gar- 
 dens; in the remains of the fumach wherewith 
 leather has been tanned ; as alfo about old trees, 
 and in rotten wood. 
 
 Thefe Beetles generate in the months of 
 June and July ; the male, Tab. XVII. fig. 1. 
 alone has that remarkable horn on his nofe, 
 whence the fpecies is named nofe-horned ; the 
 female is fomewhat larger, fig. 11. the male 
 gets upon the female, and with the horny or 
 
 ony part of its penis, as with two crooked 
 claws, fixes himfelf upon the horny or bony 
 part, which conftitutes the vulva of the fe- 
 male; by this means the female cannot efcape, 
 and the male in this manner injeéts his {fperm, 
 
 which it has in great quantity, and fo impreg- 
 nates the female. In the fame manner the 
 male Butterfly of the Silkworms holds its fe- 
 male faft by the affiftance of two crooked and 
 horny claws, fixing himfelf on the horny ot 
 bony ring, in the hinder part of the female's 
 body, and by this means engenders with her, 
 as not being then able to get away from him. 
 The males are fo very violent on this occafion, 
 that they will fix themfelves to the females after _ 
 they are dead; and they are hooked fo ftrongly 
 together, that you may tear them to pieces — 
 eafier than feparate them. 
 
 After coition the female Beetles in this {pe- 
 cies penetrate deeper into the wood or other 
 matter ; they inhabit and lay their eggs there, 
 not in heaps but {catteredly and at diftances. 
 The annexed figure 111. exhibits the magnitude 
 of thefe eggs, though fome of them @ afe 
 often obferved to be greater than others 4, as 
 
 one 
 
1 
 Me 
 
 The *Hil:s ‘T Oak ¥ 
 
 one female is larger than another. The egg is 
 of an oblong round figure, and of a white co- 
 Jour, and has a thin, tender, membranaceous, 
 flexible and foft coat or fhell; it contracts very 
 eafily with air, and corrugates or wrinkles up 
 when the moifture evaporates; the fame thing 
 happens in Hens eggs when they have not the 
 hard or outer fhell. It is difficult to fay in 
 what {pace of time thefe eggs ought to be 
 hatched by the mere force of the fun and heat; 
 but about the end of Auguft we always find 
 the young Worms or Vermicles, fig. 1v. which 
 have come from thefe eggs. If one of thefe 
 little eggs be dexteroufly opened with a fmall 
 pair of iciffors, a tenaceous and whitifh moifture 
 flows from it. The firft, and indeed a very 
 rare, change that I obferved in thefe eggs, ex- 
 hibited two perfpicuous ruddy points, which 
 were tranfparent through the coat of the egg, 
 and were likewife furrounded on each fide; 
 with fome other fpots of the fame kind. I 
 obferved indeed afterwards, that the two for- 
 mer were the teeth of the Worm yet enclofed 
 in the egg; and that the lateral points were the 
 -apertures of the pulmonary pipes. It is ex- 
 tremely worthy of regard how hard the teeth 
 of this Worm are, even in the egg; fo that 
 this infect, whofe teeth attain their perfection 
 before all the other parts, is able as foon as it 
 comes to the light to feed itfelf, and by gnaw- 
 ing and devouring the wood wherein it is placed 
 to nourith itfelf. ‘The manner in which. this 
 Worm is difpofed within the fhell of the egg, 
 likewife deferves great confideration; it lies 
 there folded up, fo that its fundament is be- 
 tween its teeth, and the latter reft on the for- 
 mer. The body being thus folded up, the legs 
 are very curioufly difpofed on each fide at the 
 verge of the belly, and one may fee that their 
 claws infenfibly acquire a colour, and become 
 ftronger through the coat of the egg. ‘The 
 Worm itfelf, in due time, breaks open the 
 fhell of its egg in the fame manner as a chicken, 
 and creeps therefrom to the next piece of wood 
 or other fubftance. The Worm*, when thus 
 freth excluded, fig. 1v. is very white ; it has fix 
 legs, and a corrugated or wrinkled body co- 
 vered onall parts with hair; but its head is 
 then bigger than its whole, body, which is a 
 very wonderful thing, and indeed holds like- 
 wife in other creatures in fome degree, not ex- 
 cepting even the human fpecies. As the head 
 of this Worm is horny or bony and extremely 
 hard, the all wife-Creator therefore forms it 
 firft, leftthe other fofterand more humid parts, 
 which therefore increafe fafter than the bone, 
 fhould precede it in growth; and thus has con- 
 trived that all the parts fhould attain their de- 
 terminate fize and due form at the fame time; 
 and therefore the moft wife providence of God 
 here again becomes obvious to our fenfes. The 
 
 of INSECTS. 133 
 
 colour of the head becomes by degrees yellow= 
 ifh, and after this fomewhat red, until it is at 
 length changed into a brownifh red. _ This 
 Vermicle or Worm has two teeth or jaws, the 
 tops of which are likewife cut and divided into 
 {maller teeth. Thefe teeth deferve particular 
 confideration, becaufe they are fo large and 
 ftrong, that one may certainly very properly 
 call them jaws. They may however be much 
 more diftinctly feen in the Vermicle or Worm, 
 whilft it is ftill white and lies in its egg, than 
 when it has been for fome time out of the thell 
 and is grown bigger. 
 
 If one views thefe eggs from time to time 
 with great care, whilft the Worm ftill lies in 
 them, the heart beating on the back. prefents 
 itfelf to view. If the fame eggs be then open- 
 ed, they exhibit, befides the outmoft coat or 
 fhell, on the inner part, fome other fibrous and 
 membranaceous little parts, and two very fin- 
 gular ones on each fide, fituated where the legs 
 are placed, towards which are detached a great 
 many white little fibres. Thefe little parts are 
 like thofe umbilici‘or marks at which Peafe 
 and Beansare fixed to the pods. But this fimi~ 
 larity does not hold in refpect to the office of 
 nutrition, fince there is no fuch thing in eggs, 
 for they carry their nourifhment enclofed within 
 them. 
 
 Among all the eggs of infects, of which I 
 have various fpecies in my collection, I know 
 none worthy of greater attention than thofe of 
 Earth-Worms, for thefe infeéts have a red blood 
 in their veffels, which, whilft the Worm ftill 
 lies in its egg, may be obferved to move, and 
 is wonderfully carried about in the heart itfelf. 
 This is the reafon why I take the prefent 
 occafion to'mention this fingular phenomenon ; 
 though the egg of the Earth-Worm is not 
 larger than that of the Rhinoceros-Beetle, yet 
 the former creeps out of it in form of a Ser- 
 pent, and is many times as long as it appeared. 
 to be in the egg. I faw two fpecies of thefe 
 eggs, of different fizes, and of an oblong round- 
 ifh figure, uniting on each fide in a prominent 
 point, and therefore one would be inclined to 
 fay that this microcofm or little world had 
 two poles, and that one may hope to difcover 
 a great many wonders therein. They are of 
 a pale yellow colour, and have a tinge of green. 
 In the {pring thefe eggs are found difperfed here 
 and there in theearth. In order to hatch them 
 properly, I put them into a difh, and covered 
 them with white paper which I always kept 
 wet. If any perfon does this carefully in his 
 chamber every day, he may veryeafily difcover 
 thefe wonders. In the fame manner I have 
 alfo hatched the eggs of Snails. I have like- 
 wile two eggs as big as thofe of the nofe-horned 
 Beetle, but covered with a perfectly hard hell 
 like a Hen’s egg, which is indeed very rare. 
 
 * 'To the Beetle kind we are to look for that deftruétive infe& mentioned in the feripture by the name of Kankerworm, and 
 coupled with the Locuft for its devouring nature, The common mealy Beetle which flies in the evenings about hedges, and 
 which children play with, calling it the Miller Cockchaffer or Dor, is common to the Eaft as well as Europe, and is probably in 
 its Worm ftate the creature meant in thofe paflages. The Worm hatched from the egg of this Beetle lives under the furface 
 of the earth, and feeds upon the roots of corn. A few years fince it almoft created a famine in fome parts of England, 
 
 Mm Whoever 
 
wea bw 
 pase C2 
 
 134 
 ve thefe and fuch kind 
 hem with a very fine 
 
 tained humours, and 
 p with a fmall 
 h a little rofin 
 diffolved in oil of {pike. 
 
 eggs taken out of the ovary of the human {pe- 
 
 cies and kept in this manner. Thefe I difco- 
 
 vered in the year 1666, and from hence I be- 
 gan to fufpect that I fhould have found eggs 1n 
 all other animals; nor was my reafoning in this 
 
 point without its foundation. 
 
 Let us proceed in the hiftory of this infect. 
 As foon as the Vermicle or Worm of the nofe- 
 horned Beetle has crept out of its egg, it im- 
 mediately finds its food ready prepared for it ; 
 that is an old tree growing rotten, OF the re- 
 mains of the fumach, ‘for in thofe the egg is 
 depofited by the mother Beetle. Nor does fhe 
 afterwards take any further care of her egg or 
 of the Vermicle; this creature therefore, 
 though much lefs in bulk, refembles the tall 
 Oftrich, whereof the infpired writer fays, Job 
 xxxix. 14, 15, 16, 173 “ Which leaveth her 
 « eggs in the earth, and warmeth them in the 
 « duit, and forgetteth that the foot may crufh 
 «« them, or that the wild beafts may break 
 
 them, She is hardened againft her young 
 
 ones, as though they were not hers, her 
 labour is in vain without fear: becaufe 
 
 God hath deprived ‘her of wifdom, neither 
 « hath he impatted to her underftanding.” 
 Many are alfo of this difpofition, though fome 
 of them take great pains to depofit their young 
 among proper nourifhment. However negli- 
 gent and carelefs this Rhinoceros-Beetle may 
 be in providing for her iffue, yet we obferve 
 in others a much more admirable innate fenfe 
 or inftiné, by which they maintain and bring 
 up their young after they are out of the egg. 
 Do not the laborious Ants and careful Bees 
 teach this leffon? the latter daily nourifhing 
 their offspring with banquets of the pureft honey. 
 
 Other infeéts enclofe their young or eggs in 
 rotten trees, as the celebrated Redi well ob- 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; O, 
 
 ferved. Some again hide their future progeny 
 in the fhoots of fruits and plants, which for this 
 purpofe they firft pierce with fharp inftruments, 
 given them by God for that purpofe: laftly, 
 others leave or place their iffue in the bodies of 
 living animals, or in other inacceflible places, 
 in order to find natural nourifhment ready as 
 {oon as they are out of the egg, for it is not 
 allowed them by nature to take any further 
 concern about their progeny. 
 
 To this place might be likewife properly re- 
 
 - ferred thofe particular obfervations which I have 
 
 made on the excrefcences of oaks and) other 
 trees and plants. But fince we thall profeffedly 
 treat of thefe hereafter in their proper place, 
 we fhall remit the reader thither, and now 
 rather profecute the hiftory of the Rhinoceros- 
 Beetle. 
 How long the Vermicle of this Beetle is in 
 nourifhing, until it acquires a ftrength proper 
 for undergoing its change, I cannot eafily deter- 
 mine; for fome years before I knew that this: 
 fingular creature was produced. from thofe 
 Worms, I kept them above a year in the re- 
 mains of fumach and earth ina glafs bottle, and 
 during all that time obferved no change in them. 
 I have likewife, not long fince, kept fuch a 
 Worm a whole year in the fame fumach 
 wherein I found it, without wetting it; how- 
 ever much this moifture may be requifite and 
 neceflary to fuftain the life fof thefe Worms, 
 this I mention only to thew the ftrength of 
 their life *, And hence I alfo conclude, that 
 if this Worm can live for a whole year, after 
 being come to its full growth, furely the 
 younger Vermicles or Worms that are not yet 
 grown to perfection, muft take fome years to 
 their increafe, before they attain this ftates 
 and it is certainly an admirable thing, that even 
 the Worm out of which the Ephemerus before 
 defcribed is produced, fhould require three years 
 before it attains its change, though its appear- 
 ance under this laft form does not continue 
 above five hours: this may be feen at large in 
 the preceding hiftory of the Ephemerus. 
 
 ¢ uA P.: I. 
 
 The name of the Worm out of which the Rhinoceros-Beetle is produced 3; alfo its 
 external parts, difpofition and motions. bat it loves heat, and that it cafis 
 ajkin; with other incidents tending to illuftrate this fubject. 
 
 “SHE Worm I have been hitherto fpeak- \ 
 
 “3 ingof, is deferibed by Mouffet and other 
 ect ~— - name of Coffus, and is, 
 , i€ is artived to its full growth, half an 
 a thick and two inches long, and of a white 
 a -. body is very deeply wrinkled, Tab. 
 
 . hig. V. @, and is divided in a beautiful 
 
 * We have an account of th 
 
 manner into folds or plaits. "The whole body 
 is compofed of annular incifions common to 
 infe@ts, and to which:authors give the name of 
 annuli or rings; this denomination, however, 
 does not feem fo proper, when thefe annuli or 
 rings are not compofed of a horny or bony 
 matter, as is the cafe in many befide thefe. On. 
 
 he ftrength of the principle of life in the beetle recorded in the Philofophical Tranfactions, which 
 
 is altogether furprifing. 
 
 ao <a a dahalf-an ie eee a Pee of undoubted credit, kept one of thefe alive under a glafs, without any food, 
 
 but it revived after repeated trials rat io He had. firft attempted to deftroy it by drowning it in fpirit of wines 
 ind, though in one of them it was kept in the fpirit a whole night. 
 
 each 
 
The , H&S) TT ORR“Y 
 
 each fide of this Worm are feen nine reddifh 
 points or fpots 4, not exactly round, but fome- 
 what comprefied like the feed of the kidney- 
 bean. Thefe are the orifices of the pulmo- 
 nary tubes, and hence I call them puné¢ta ref- 
 piratoria, or points of refpiration. The firft 
 annular incifion, which conftitutes the head, 
 has no point or mark of that kind: the fecond 
 exhibits the firft aperture of the pulmonary 
 tubes, over which there is likewife a coloured 
 fpot cin each fide of the body. The third and 
 fourth rings again have no fuch {pots or points, 
 becaufe, as fhall be afterwards explained, the 
 fheaths or cafes of the wings, and the wings 
 themfelves, which the Beetle to be produced 
 out of this Worm hides under thefe fheaths, 
 increafe in procefs of time in that part, and can- 
 not be perforated. On account of thofe fheaths 
 thefe infects are called vaginipennia, or fheath- 
 winged. ~The fifth therefore and fixth incifi- 
 ons, and the reft that follow in order behind 
 thefe, to the number of twelve inclufive, have 
 each their points of refpiration. ‘The head, 
 which is of a bright red colour, and fomewhat 
 rough, has feveral diftinét parts, eyes, horns d, 
 
 _and teeth ee, but the lip is fplit in two parts, 
 
 and is vifible among the teeth: above thefe are 
 placed the antenna or certain prickly and arti- 
 culated hairs, which lie as it were under the 
 skin; thefe are very ufeful when the Worm 
 is feeding. In Locutfts likewife the fame briftly 
 hairs are obferved, but more con{picuous, and 
 they are of great ufe at the time the Locuft 
 
 changes its skin, and cafts it off from the claws, 
 
 teeth and eyes. It is not difficult to keep the 
 Locufts alive, if raifins are given them to eat ; 
 for if thefe are put on a thread one after an- 
 other, and hung up in a wicker basket, the 
 Locufts will eat them even to the skin. The 
 Coffus has fix {mall legs g, three on each fide 
 of its body, of a yellowifh red, furnifhed with 
 claws and hair, divided into five joints, and placed 
 at the fecond, third, and fourth annular incifions 
 of the body, or the neareft to the head. The 
 other or hinder rings of the Worms fhine like 
 a looking-glafs, the skin being there extended 
 and very {mooth. Hence the furface is there 
 of a tranfparent blue, and under it are feen 
 fome of the air-pipes, Tab. XX VII. fig. v. A, 
 of a filver colour, making a wonderfully ele- 
 gant and beautiful appearance. The reft of 
 the skin terminated at the anus z is covered with 
 fine and tender briftly hairs 44%. The motions 
 of this Worm are fluggifh, and all its aGtions 
 heavy. Its greateft ftrength is in the head, 
 breaft and legs, for by the help of thefe, it 
 immediately forms for itfelf another hole in the 
 earth or other matter, whenever it is taken out 
 of it. And whenthis happens, it bends its back 
 very much, and gathers its belly as it were 
 into a femicircular cavity, nearly in the fame 
 manner wherein I have delineated it. 
 
 It frequently happens, that the fumach or 
 wood wherein thefe Worms live, grows by a 
 natural fermentation warm in the fame man- 
 ner as moift hay, and at length becomes very 
 
 of INSE GTS. 146 
 
 hot. The Coffi do not regard that, for the 
 warmer their habitation is, the better they live 
 in it; they have at thefe times much better 
 health, and are more brisk and_ lively, than 
 ufual, and if they are roughly touched, -they 
 are more quick and violent in defending them- 
 felves by biting; though thefe Worms are not 
 otherwife of a mifchievous difpofition, but on 
 the contrary they are very gentle and mild. 
 Whilft the Coffus becomes infenfibly bigger, 
 it fometimes changes its skin like the Silk- 
 worm: but Ihave not yet learned .from ob- 
 fervation how often that happens. Before the 
 Worm catts its skin, it. firft, like Silk-worms, 
 alfo difcharges itfelf of all its excrements, and 
 then bending its body, it makes a new hole in 
 the earth, that it may be able to caft its skin 
 the more conveniently in a feparate habitation. 
 Nothing in all nature is, in my opinion, a 
 more wonderful fight, than the change of skin 
 in thefe and other the like Worms. This 
 matter therefore deferves the greateft confide- 
 ration, and is worthy to be called a fpecimen 
 of nature’s miracles ; for it is not the external 
 skin only that thefe Worms.caft, like Serpents, 
 but the throat and a part of the ftomach, and 
 even the inward furface of the great gut, change 
 their skin at the fame time. But this is not 
 the whole of thefe wonders, for at the fame 
 time fome hundreds of pulmonary pipes within 
 the body of the Worm, catft alfo each its dili- 
 cate and tender skin. ‘Thefe feveral skins are 
 afterwards collected into eighteen thicker, and 
 as it were compounded ropes, Tab, XXVII, 
 fig. Vl.@aa44 44244, nine on each fide of the 
 body, which, when the skin is caft, flip gently 
 and by degrees from within the body, through 
 the eighteen apertures or orifices of the pul- 
 monary tubes before defcribed, having their 
 tops or ends directed upwards towards the 
 head. Two other branches alfo of the pul- 
 monary pipes that are fmaller, and have no 
 points of refpiration, caft a skin likewife, 44, 
 Moreover, each of the eighteen points or aper= 
 tures of refpiration are likewife obferved to 
 open and dilate their orifices at the fame time. 
 If any one feparates the caft little ropes or con- 
 geries of the pulmonary pipes with a fine nee- 
 dle, he will very diftin@ly fee the branches and 
 ramifications ¢ ¢ cc of thefe feveral pipes, and 
 alfo their annular compofition. The skull is 
 theri likewife divided into three parts 1, 2, 3. 
 Its middle part fhews the teeth d ¢, which are 
 renewed and the old ones thruft out: in the 
 middle of thefe is feen a lip e, and on each fide 
 there are prominent horns ff. . Behind the lip 
 may be feen the skull, terminating like a tri- 
 angle in an acute point, on each fide of which 
 are feen the two other portions gg of the bone 
 divided into three parts. The fharp-pointed or 
 prickly antenne are likewife changed, and from 
 the eyes themfelves is taken a tran/parent mem- 
 brane. This happens likewife in Serpents when 
 they caft their skin, ‘The exuvie or caft skin 
 exhibits fix apertures, wherein the legs 4 were 
 fixed.: and the divifions or wrinkles, and little 
 depreffions 
 
 fi 
 
Th BOOK of 
 
 depreflions of the skin are ftill plainly con{pi- 
 cuous. Nay, on the hinder part 7, where the 
 skin is twifted and complicated, whoever accu- 
 rately examines the skin itfelf, may ftill ob- 
 ferve the coat that was caft by the intefti- 
 num rectum, It is likewife remarkable, that 
 the skull remains fixed to this caft skin of the 
 Coffus; whereas the contrary happens in Silk- 
 worms, whofe skull always feparates from the 
 caft skin, except under the laft change, when 
 the Silk-worm is changed into an Aurelia or 
 Chryfalis. The head and teeth of the Coffus, 
 having lately caft their skin, grow white and 
 become flexible and tender, though they are 
 
 130 
 
 Ge A 
 
 NA TURE; oOo, 
 
 otherwife hard as horn, nay, as bone; infos 
 much that when the Worm 1s provoked, it 
 attempts to bite even iron. But what effec 
 this change of the skin in the pulmonary pipes 
 at length has in the Worm, will afterwards 
 appear, when I fhall at the fame time thew 
 more clearly, that there are more than eigh- 
 teen principal branches of pulmonary pipes in 
 the Coffus, as is likewife the cafe in Silk- 
 worms. This may be likewife exemplified in 
 the Worm of the Hornet, which has twenty 
 points of refpiration. But I fhall now proceed 
 to the anatomy of the Coflus. 
 
 Pio nas 
 
 The anatomy of the Coffus. The manner in which it is to be killed. Its blood, 
 heart, fat, pulmonary tubes, throat, framach, [pinal marrow, and the nervus 
 recurrens. Whether the Coffus is eatable.  Fow it may be Jeafoned or pre- 
 ferved, with Jome uncommon obfervations. 
 
 HAVE various contrivances to execute 
 i the diffeétion of the Coffus, according to the 
 different ends I propofed to myfelf in each dif- 
 fetion; but that which I ufe moft frequently 
 for this purpofe, is to kill the Worm in {pirit 
 of wine, or to fuffocate it in rain water fome- 
 what more than lukewarm: after fome hours 
 I take it out again, and thus it not only lofes 
 all its motions, but its mufcular fibres are never 
 afterwards contracted, which would otherwife 
 very much incommode the difleGtion. 
 
 When the skin is opened along the back, 
 where the heart is placed, which is extended 
 through the whole back, in form of an oblong 
 canal, and appears about the loweft rings in the 
 manner of lymphatic veflels; immediately after 
 the blood, which is a watry humour or ichor, 
 iffues out at the wound, the moving fibres 
 of the annuli or rings, Tab. XVII. fig. vii. 
 come then in fight. Thefe are indeed very 
 wonderful to obferve, and can fcarce be well 
 defcribed, for they thoot over each other, from 
 one ring to another, in a ftraight, tran{verfe, ob- 
 lique or decuffated direction, and often join one 
 another as by inofculation. Some of them are 
 longer, fome thicker, and fome fmaller than 
 others, as I have endeavoured to reprefent in 
 fome degree in the figure juft now cited. But 
 the mufcles are not fo beautiful in any of the 
 infect kind as in Snails, as may be feen in their 
 hiftory, and the figures illuftrating it. 
 
 All along the courfe of the heart in the 
 Coflus, fimilar moving fibres are likewife placed, 
 which are inferted into the heart itfelf; and 
 they, like fo many different little ropes, expand 
 and contract it. The external furface of the 
 heart refembles a membranous oblong tube, 
 fig. vilI. @, which is very narrow 4 about the 
 top, and is likewife contracted like a knot about 
 the middle of the body, and widens again ¢, 
 
 and at laft is joined d very clofely in the hinder 
 part under the thirteenth ring. On each fide 
 of the heart are feen fome blackifh uneven 
 points or fpots, which render the heart, though 
 tranfparent enough of itfelf, the more diftinctly 
 con{picuous. 
 
 If the incifion be afterwards made fomewhat 
 wider, the fat appears, confifting of innume- 
 
 rable, very fmall, and as it were fandy, fig. 1x. 
 globules, which, when viewed with a microf ~ 
 cope, feern to be again compofed of innume~ — 
 
 table and yet fmaller particles, all which are 
 fupported by very thin and tranfparent mem- 
 branes or coats, fig. x. aa, which are variouily 
 diftributed through the body of the Worn, 
 and with their number and diverfity very much 
 obftrué the fight of the internal parts. 
 fat be viewed with a microfcope, the pulmo- 
 nary pipes 6 6 appear to run up and dowa 
 through it, and the fat itfelf is exhibited in 
 form of minute, oily, globular particles ¢ c, fwim- 
 ming between white, fpherical, and membra- 
 naceous parts. But when the fat of the Coffus is 
 received into a fmall glafs, and placed on a 
 burning coal, {till covered with its afhes, then 
 in roafting there iffues ont of it an oily white 
 
 fubftance in great abundance, which being puton — . 
 
 paper has the fame effect that oil has, and when 
 
 Tf this | 
 
 thrown into the fire it burns very bright; and 
 
 therefore from all thefe figns, I conclade it is 
 of the true nature of fat. This fat is not of 
 a regular but various figure in its difpofition, like 
 
 certain pneumatic veficles, which I fhall here- - oo 
 
 after delineate in the fheaths or cafes of the 
 wings. 
 only in refpect to the divifion of thefe tranfpa- 
 rent coats, whereby, as a foundation, the fat 
 is fupported, for the figure of the particles of 
 the fat itfelf is commonly fpherical. In the 
 Silk-worms, whofe fat is yellow, it appears of 
 
 a very 
 
 This, however, is to be underftood © 
 
The HISTORY of INGE GT S, 
 
 avery irregular form. When this fat of the 
 Coffus is further examined, with the help of a 
 powerful microfcope, it appears of an unfpotted 
 whitenefs, and is covered or furrounded with 
 tran{parent little bubbles, almoft like bladders: 
 it is contained or enclofed in little membranes, 
 and is a real oil or fluid fat; and hence there- 
 fore if thefe membranes be wounded a little 
 with the point of a very fine needle, it eafily 
 flows out, and a drop of it then falling into 
 water, fwims on the furface like other fat. 
 Whilft this fluid fat, difcharged in this manner, 
 and the white membranous particles are break- 
 ing, the object in general is thereby darkened, 
 and the water becomes muddy, as if there was 
 ftarch, lime, or chalk mixed with it; becaufe 
 the fat then divides itfelf into many little par- 
 ticles : but it is more beautiful to fee this in the 
 Nymph than in the Worm. The fat of larger 
 animals, viewed with a microfcepe, is likewife 
 obferved to confift of very minute particles ; 
 which, becaufe they are white, one would fay 
 are like grains of fand ; however, they are not 
 fo tranfparent, and all of them feem to be 
 almoft of the fame fize, which is not the cafe 
 with refpe@ to fand. Therefore the globule 
 compofed of fat ought not to be confidered 
 otherwife than as a mafs of little grains of fand 
 faftened together, though every particle of fat 
 is contained in its diftin¢t membrane, all which 
 break in pieces and fall to the bottom, wher 
 the fat is melted. In the firft rudiments of 
 calves and fheep, in the wombs of their parent, 
 thefe {mall particles of fat appear even to the 
 naked .eye, without a microfcope ; for as there 
 are not.a gréat quantity of them there, they may 
 be the more diftinétly obferved. 
 
 To proceed: as therefore the fat hinders 
 much the view of the internal parts, this im- 
 pediment is increafed by the addition of the pul- 
 monary tubes or pipes, for they are diftributed 
 through the Worm, in eighteen principal 
 branches, in fo different and beautiful a manner 
 as cannot be exprefled by words. Thefe branches 
 proceeding from the points of refpiration, are af- 
 terwards divided into innumerable little {prouts 
 and fhoots; fo that there is no part in the 
 Worm, to which fome of thefe air-pipes or their 
 ramifications are.not extended, They are con- 
 veyed even to the mufcles, to the brain, to the 
 nerves, whofe moft minute divifions are likewife 
 provided with their air-pipes. Wherefore this 
 Worm, as well as the other fpecies of infects, 
 feem indeed to be fuftained much more by the 
 power of a fubtile air, ‘than the larger animals 
 and thofe which moft abound with blood: un- 
 lefs one fhould be inclined to think that the air 
 is mixed with the blood, by. means of the circu- 
 lation, and with this is carried through the ar- 
 teries to all partsof the body, which opinion is 
 indeed not very improbable, All! the pulmona- 
 ry pipes in the Worm are ftraight, and have on 
 bladders, for only the perfect Beetle has them. 
 
 We fhall now leave the confiderations of 
 thefe pipes, and explain more accurately the 
 other parts, The firft of them that offers in 
 
 137 
 our diffection is the ftomach ; which is indeed 
 feen moft diftin@ly, when the Worm’s skin is 
 entirely opened, Tab. XXVII. fig. x1. and xii. 
 aaaa. It then appears that almoft the whole 
 body of the Worm is poffeffed by this part. 
 It confifts of feveral coats, and has moving cir- 
 cular fibres, whereby its contents are agitated, 
 It is always, except when it cafts its skin, found 
 diftended and full of chewed wood, or the like 
 fubftances, amongft which the creature lives ; 
 and this is the reafon that it appears bluith, or 
 fometimes reddith, its contents being eafily feen 
 through its coats.. This ftomach is very narrow 
 at its origin, at the mouth, whence it forms the 
 gullet d; but it is a little after expanded until 
 it makes its upper orifice called the cefophagus. 
 In that part the ftomach ¢ is on the infide in 
 front armed with about feventy little tooth-like 
 parts dd, whereof fome are longer than others. 
 Thefe are divided into fix orders, whereof the 
 two upper ones, 1,2, look forward with their 
 points, but the other four, 35 4, 5,6, which are 
 con{picuous toward the lower parts of the f{to- 
 mach, have their ends direéted partly to the 
 fore e and partly to the hinder f parts. All thefe 
 open into theftomach,,in the fame manner as the 
 appendages in fifhes open into the inteftine next 
 to the ftomach. But I thall not take upon me to 
 affirm that one of thefe tubes is inferted into ano- 
 ther, as is the cafe in the Whiting. I only would 
 fay, that each tube feparately opens in the fame 
 manner as may be {een in the Salmon, in which 
 the pancreas opens into an ecphyfis with above 
 fixty peculiar and diftinét tubes. A little lower 
 the ftomach is rendered confpicuous by twenty- 
 two whitith glandular tubes, Tab. KXVII. fig. 
 XI. X11. g, whofe ends are turned towards the 
 hinder parts. Finally, about the lower part 4 of 
 the ftomach, a little above the beginning of 
 the pylorus, are likewife obferved thirty fuch 
 tubes z 7, which are alfo uneven, and fome 
 fhorter than others; thefe are there fituated 
 obliquely and run inward ; thefe alfo open into 
 the ftomach there, and their ends point forward. 
 If the middle feries of the tubes before defcrib- 
 ed are broken off from, or taken out of, the 
 ftomach, they refemble the crown of a trepan. 
 On the other fide, where the ftomach lies in 
 
 _the belly of the Worm, and the tubes are di- 
 
 rected towards the hinder parts, a future like 
 the ridge of the peritoneum divides it £ There 
 are infinite pulmonary fibres alfo inferted in the 
 ftomach: on each fide of the ftomach are like- 
 wife placed fome fmall veflels 24 ££, difpofed in 
 a very regular and beautiful manner, which I 
 call the vafcula varicofa & crocea, the fwollen 
 and yellow veflels, after the example of the 
 celebrated Malpighius, who in his excellent 
 treatife on the Silkworms, has given that name 
 to the like veffels in that infect. Where the 
 {tomach terminates about the pylorus, is feen 
 a narrow and fhort inteftine 4, which is foon 
 dilated m into a large, thick, and very capacious, 
 though fhort, gut, and may be properly calle: 
 the colon ; for it is of the fame ftructure with 
 the colon in the human fpecies. This inteftine 
 n is 
 
138 
 
 is commonly found very full of excrements, 
 which are like the dung of Dormuice. It is by 
 reafon of the thicknefs of this inteftine, which 
 is naturally fo vaftly diftended, that the leaft or 
 loweft annuli or rings are {mooth and tran{pa- 
 rent. Another reafon is, that, as the Worm has 
 no fat about thefe parts, the filyer-coloured 
 pulmonary pipes, diftributed all over this in- 
 teftine, appear very beautifully through the trani- 
 parent skin; and indeed the elegance of this 
 fight is the more remarkable, becaufe the in- 
 teftine is of a purplifh or bluifh colour. The 
 pulmonary pipes juft now mentioned reach on 
 cach fide 2, from the points of refpiration to 
 this inteftine, and are diftributed thereon, as well 
 as on the extremity of the ftomach and ftraight 
 gut, I have omitted reprefenting here the other 
 pulmonary pipes, that I might be able to ex- 
 hibit the other eight orifices 00 00 thereof in 
 their natural fituation, and as they fhew them- 
 {elves when the fat and all other impediments 
 are removed. This inteftine bends itfelf by de- 
 grees towards the ftomach, and there ends in a 
 narrower canal, which is directly under it p, 
 and which I call the ftraight gut ; becaufe it 
 agrees with that inteftine in figure, infertion 
 and ufe. : 
 
 I at Arft fuppofed the fpinal marrow, Tab. 
 XXVIII. fig. 1. to be in this, as it is in other 
 infe&s. But afterwards, by opening two 
 Worms which I had kept fince the laft year, 
 I obferved that the marrow in this creature 
 differed very much, not only from that of 
 other infects, but alfo from that of the Silk- 
 worms, to which in many things elfe the 
 Worm has great refemblance. As the marrow 
 in the Silkworm confifts of many globules, 
 which the celebrated Malpighius has been 
 pleafed to call fo many brains, this, being form- 
 ed ina quite different manner, fcarce extends 
 to the third or fourth annular divifion of the 
 body ; but whatever part of itafterwards reaches 
 to the other rings of the Worms, or whether 
 what we fee there are no more than nerves 
 fhooting from this principal body of the mar- 
 row; which, like fun-beams, beautifully and 
 wonderfully diftribute themfelves through the 
 body of the creature, and thus give fenfe and 
 motion to the circumjacent mufcular parts, 
 none yet can fay. Though there is a diftri- 
 bution like this in the Silkworm, yet the fpinal 
 marrow itfelfin that infect is extended through 
 the whole body. Hence the marrow in the 
 Coflus is very fhort, but the nerves are longer. 
 I have again, fince the firft experiments, 
 examined this marrow in a fmaller Worm, 
 which I had raifed from the egg; but becaufe 
 the body of the Worm is very fhort and com- 
 pact, the marrow is therefore fituated fome- 
 what deeper, and thenceappears very diftinét and 
 beautiful. The a brain of the Coffus is placed 
 in the head, and confifts of two hemifpheres, 
 which together formone body. In the fore 
 part are feen four little nerves iffuing out of 
 the fubftance of the brain; alfo, out “of each 
 fide of the brain there iffue two remarkable 
 
 The BOOK of N 
 
 ATURE3 of; 
 
 nerves, which firft leave a large openitig 
 between them, and afterwards again meet to- 
 
 ether a little lower, and there conftitute the 
 body of the marrow ¢. This marrow, it ap- 
 pears, may be divided into fourteen globules, 
 as it were diftinét, whereof the three laft to- 
 gether form one more globular divifion : more- 
 over, the nerves very elegantly branch as they 
 {pring out of this marrow. 
 
 We mutthere obferve that the gullet paffes 
 through the opening of the matfow which © 
 we have juft named, in its courfe towards 
 the external mouth of the Worm. And in- 
 deed there was a neceflity for this ftructure, 
 for as the ftomach and gullet are fituated in 
 the neck and belly, and the brain lies above 
 in the head, the marrow muft neceflarily have 
 
 been fituated only on one fide, unlefs there 
 
 had been a hole in it for the gullet to pafs 
 through ; hence it is contrived that the mar- 
 row pofleffes the middle of the body. The 
 moft wife Architect of the univerfe has taken 
 care, by means of this opening, that the mar- 
 row fhould not be forced to twift or turn itfelf 
 round about the gullet, which could fcarce 
 have been any other way avoided, In the 
 fame manner the gullet paffes through an 
 opening of the marrow in Silkworms: this 
 the famous Malpighius has neither defcribed 
 nor delineated, This author has likewife de- 
 lineated fewer globules of marrow than are 
 really in the Silkworm, and he has entirely 
 omitted the brain. But it is eafy to add to 
 what has been difcovered before. As this mar- 
 row is divided only once, and that at the be- 
 ginning of its courfe in this Worm, it opens” 
 many times in the Silkworms, as Malpighius 
 has very juft remarked. It is alfo further re~ 
 markable that two confiderable branches of 
 the pulmonary tubes, which are filver coloured, 
 and glitter like mother of pearl, are obferved 
 to pafs over the marrow of the Coffus in many 
 ferpentine windings. Thefe branches with their 
 ramifications accompany the nerves iffuing 
 out of the fpinal marrow, unto their fineft or 
 moft delicate divifions, which is alfo the cafe 
 in Silkworms. However great, therefore, the 
 difference may be between the marrow of the 
 Coflus and Silkworm, the brain and branching 
 nerves meet again in both. The nervus — 
 recurrens, Tab. XXVIII fig. 11, deferves 
 moft confideration of any; becaufe, as in 
 larger animals, and in man, this provides 
 nerves for the beginning of the ftomach, and 
 other parts adjacent: it performs the fame 
 office equally in the Coffus and Silkworm. 
 But in order to underftand how this is ma- 
 naged, I muft repeat what I have before ob- 
 ferved, that the gullet paffes from the external 
 mouth of the creature, through the opening 
 of the marrow towards the ftomach, and that 
 therefore the marrow feems to be divided 
 into two parts,purpofely that it might tranfmit 
 the gullet. A further advantage that arifes 
 from this is, that the brain is there lodged 
 gently on the gullet, and is joined to it by 
 means 
 
iy 
 
 Th: HISTORY of INSECTS. 139 
 
 means of the emitted nerves and connecting 
 pulmonary pipes ; fo that the brain lies above 
 on the gullet, and again the gullet and ftomach 
 are placed upon the {pinal marrow ; which 
 part having no bone, is thus defended by them. 
 The brain then being fituated in the manner 
 thus mentioned in the Coffus and in Silk- 
 worms, emits underneath from its bafis two 
 tender little nerves, which I reprefent, fig. 11. 
 aa, as they appear when cut out of the Coffus. 
 Thefe nerves, called recurrentes, are directly 
 from thence carried 64 upwards towards the 
 mouth, and being then very beautifully bent 
 they run back ¢c, and uniting d a little above 
 the brain, form a knot there. Out of this 
 knot there {prings another nerve e, which be- 
 ing conveyed under the brain, and defcending 
 along the gullet by degrees towards the lower 
 parts, reaches to the beginning of the ftomach, 
 and there, before it inferts its branches in the 
 ftomach, making another knot lefs than the 
 former, at laft terminates in numerous very 
 {mall nerves g: but thefe I could not trace 
 further in the prefent experiments; though I 
 am confident I could do a great many more 
 things in thefe matters by the help of fome 
 peculiar methods of. diffection, if I had not 
 been then ftinted in time. 
 
 As thefe nervi recurrentes are extremely re- 
 markable and worthy of confideration, I have 
 therefore reprefented them feparately, and 
 fomewhat beyond their natural fize. In the 
 next place I have added a very exact figure, 
 wherein the brain, fig. 111. a, the {pinal mar- 
 row £46, &c. the nervus recurrens, and the 
 reft of the branching nerves are fhewn as they 
 appear in Silk-worms. But there are two of 
 thefe nerves very remarkable pf, which I 
 would have the reader ferioufly and repeatedly 
 confider : they are perforated ss in a wonder- 
 ful manner by the vaffa deferentia of the tefti- 
 cles in the Silk-worm Butterfly rv, But whe- 
 ther this conduces to pleafure in this fpecies of 
 infects, or to any other ufe, I leave others to 
 
 5 yeoe > SS 
 
 determine. I have inthe fame manner deliz 
 neated with the others the genitals of the Silk- 
 worm Butterfly, and exprefied them in the 
 fame figure with thefe nerves. A {hott ex- 
 planation of this, as well as of all the other 
 figures, will be found at the end of this work. 
 
 I have found out an excellent and uncom- 
 mon method of preferving all thefe parts of 
 the brain and marrow, by the help of which 
 I can form them into a body, and keep them 
 in their natural colour and fize ;_ whereas other- 
 wife they are utterly deftroyed by keeping. I 
 fhall communicate it when I publith my pecu- 
 liar anatomical obfervations. I have, asa {peci- 
 men of the ufe of this method, preferved in this 
 manner a great many fuch minute parts, which 
 though they cannot be inveftigated and examined 
 without infinite induftry and tedious labour, 
 in the creatures themfelves, yet when they are 
 thus preferved, prefent themfelves more fami- 
 liarly to view than in their natural bodies, 
 
 I cannot in the courfe of this hiftory avoid 
 relating, how much the Peacocks and Peahens 
 are delighted with eating thefe Worms; and 
 hence I am inclined to believe what Mouffet 
 alledges from Pliny and Hieronymus, that the 
 ancients ufed to eat them as a very delicate 
 kind of food in Pontus and Phrygia. But pro- 
 bably this was the fpecies of Coffi, out of 
 which the larger Beetles are produced. If any 
 perfon would eat the Coffi of our country, they 
 mutt be firft kept fafting until all their excre- 
 ments are confumed. When I havea mind to 
 keep the Worm itfelf for future obfervations, 
 I make a {mall incifion in the hinder part of 
 its body, and having afterwards preffed out the 
 entrails through the wound, I fill the cavity 
 with injected wax. Another method is this : 
 all the fat of the Coffus mutt be firft confumed 
 with oil of turpentine, and then it may be pre- 
 ferved according to art. This different and 
 much more uncommon method of preferving, 
 I fhall likewife explain in due time *, 
 
 P; IV, 
 
 Lhe manner wherein the Worm is changed: bow its inward parts are transformed 
 
 in their increafe and growth, and the wonderful metamorphofis of the Worm 
 into a Nymph. Abo the method whereby the points of refpiration, or breathing 
 
 holes, are tran[pofed: to which are added many uncommon obfervations. 
 
 HEN the time of this Worm’s change 
 approaches, which in the year 1673 
 
 happened on the fixteenth of Auguft, in thofe 
 
 I obferved the Coffi penetrate deeper into the 
 ground, or into whatfoever fubftance they in- 
 
 habit, and feek for places that are more firm 
 or compact, wherein with the preffure of their 
 hinder part, they form a very artificial oval 
 cavity, Tab. XXVIII. fig. 1v. every where 
 {mooth and polifhed. They lie a little while 
 
 * The Beetles are a genus ef infets fcarce lefs numerous than the Butterflies. We owe the firft rational attempt towards arranging 
 them, and difpofing them in method, to our countryman Dr. Martin Lifter: he divided them firft into the land and water kinds : the 
 firft comprehend all thofe called by this author Scarabzi ; the latter Hydrocanthari, or water Beetles. Thefe laft are of two kinds, ac- 
 cording to their place of living, fome delighting in freth, others in falt waters. There are vat differences in their horns or antenna, 
 of which we fhall fpeak prefently ; but thefe do not fo happily diftinguifh them as the two great divifions of the Butterflies. 
 
 immov- 
 
Th BOOK of 
 5 cavity; and immediately 
 after they become, by degrees, by voiding the 
 excrements and by the evaporation of their 
 humidity, more (lender, fhorter, and uneven 
 in the body, with more furrows oF wrinkles 
 than before 5 thefe, however, are alfo difpofed 
 on the fkin in a very beautiful manner: and 
 hence both the diftention and clearnefs of the 
 {kin difappears fo perfectly, that one would 
 think the creatures were ftarved by degrees, 
 and their fubftance confumed with hunger. 
 It is remarkable that at this time the internal 
 parts of thefe Worms do not appear protube- 
 rant through the fkin, as is the cafe in Silk- 
 worms, and in the Worms of Bees and other 
 infects ; though one may fee even thefe already 
 under the skin, and alfo diftinguifh by what 
 degrees they increafe. A 
 
 Before I profecute this matter farther, it is 
 neceflary to know, that if the Coffus be dif- 
 fe&ed about this time, its divifion into the 
 head, thorax, and belly, may be diftinguifhed 
 very clearly. The gullet, fig. v. 2, keeps its 
 original form: but the ftomach 44 is changed 
 and greatly contracted : the fame likewife hap- 
 pens about its appendages, ¢c¢, for thefe al- 
 moft totally vanith. The vafa crocea or va- 
 ricofa dd, the yellow or knotted veflels before- 
 *hentioned become more loofe and free; though 
 in the mean time they donot yet feparate from 
 the ftomach. On the hinder part of the 
 ftomach, about the pylorus ¢, is feen the in- 
 fertion of thefe veflels ; for they arife there in 
 
 ¥40 
 
 immoveable in thi 
 
 four diftin& tubes, fo that properly they ought 
 to be called inteftina’ caeca, clofe or blind guts. 
 The fame may’belikewife feen in diflecting the 
 Bee-worm, in the figures of which I have 
 
 likewife delineated thefe veflels. ‘The im- 
 teftine colon f to this time nearly ‘keeps its 
 bignefs, nay, it now prefents g its little cells to 
 view more diftinclly than ever. Towards the 
 hinder parts, under this, or towards the in- 
 teftinum rectum 4, are feen curious veffels 
 twifted in a wonderful and very beautiful man- 
 ner, on each fide of that inteftine 77. We 
 may likewife at this time eafily divide the fub- 
 ftance of the ftomach into its’three coats, and 
 diftinguith its moving fibres. 
 
 It is admirable beyond all comprehenfion, 
 how the Worm of tthe Hornet that isito:_put on 
 the form of a Nymph, difcharges at the fame 
 time all its exerements, together with the in- 
 ward coat of the inteftine, or rather of the 
 ftomach, which embraces or contains them ; 
 fo that by this means this entire membrane 
 and all the collected foeces are thrown out of 
 the'body together. The fame thing happens 
 es cafe as does with refpect to infants 
 i ilft €nelofed in the mother’s womb: for 
 t cis likewife retain together in their inteftines 
 until the time of birth all the excrements 
 which are formed in the {pace of nine month 
 T have alfo obferved the ee tee 
 
 ved ‘the fame thing exactly in 
 the Calves from the Cow’s belly nee hat 
 is very fingular is, I have found in thele ex- 
 crements hairs in every refpet like thofe that 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 cover the furface of the body, and particularly 
 thofe about their mouth. From this obferya- 
 tion I really think it is moft clearly proved that 
 animals often lick their body in the uterus with 
 their tongue, and thus fwallow their own hairs 
 with their food; and that thofe hairs are after- 
 wards mixed with excrements as I have found 
 them. Therefore it is moft f{trongly demon- 
 ftrated, that the humours wherein the ani- 
 mals fwim in the uterus, and which are like- 
 wife found in their ftomachs, ferve them as 
 food. ‘Their excrements are whitifh in the 
 upper part of the inteftines, and yellow a little 
 lower ; a little deeper they are of a yellow 
 green and blue; and at length, in the end, 
 they are of a brown and blackith colour. The 
 excrements that are found in the Worms of 
 Hornets are in all refpeéts of the fame form, 
 figure, and fubftance : hence it is clearly evi- 
 dent, that all the Worms of Hornets feed 
 upon one kind of food, and this. is principally 
 a {mall fpecies of Cantharides.. In thefe Flies 
 the littke parts over the eyes, the legs, and 
 the cafes which cover the wings, are obferved 
 to glitter like gold, and thefe are found in their 
 feeces. ‘The Hornets therefore bring up their 
 young like birds of prey. 
 
 After we have obferved the manner wherein — 
 the external and internal parts are changed by 
 a flow accretion in the Coffus, it gives us 
 pleafure to obferve that fuch of its parts as are 
 not to be changed at all, and others which 
 have lately increafed by degrees under the skin, 
 are gently diftended by the force of the blood — 
 and impelled humours: hence it happens, 
 that the body in general contracting itfelf more 
 and more, and all the blood being propelled 
 towards the fore parts, the skull at length opens 
 very artificially into three parts 5 which like- 
 wife happens, as we have before obferved, in 
 the change of the skin, which the Worm un- 
 dergoes. ‘The skin then likewife opening in 
 the middle of the back, is, by means of an 
 undulating motion, which is obferved along 
 the annular incifions of the back and the reft 
 of the body, carried down infenfibly by de- 
 grees: and hence the eyes and horns, the lip, 
 and the fharp-pointed antennz, caft their 
 exuviz or skins at one and the fame time, and 
 are extended, and inflated with ‘blood, hu- 
 mours, and air: they thus acquire by de- 
 grees the fituation which they before had 
 in the Cofflus. Whilft all thefe things are 
 doing, a watery and thin moifture is diffu- 
 fed between the new and old feparating skin, 
 which renders the parting of the two the 
 eafier. 
 
 The firft part of the Nymph that appears. 
 after this change of the skin, is theshorn on 
 the nofe, fig. vi. vit. and vi11.@, which be- 
 fore lay under the skull in the Coffus ftate. 
 Under this are afterwards feen fome very low 
 prominences on the bafis of the horn 0. At 
 each fide of it alfo two fpherical tubercles ap- 
 pear cc, ifluing from the teeth of the Coflus, 
 which are much fhorter here in the Nymph 
 
 as 
 
 or, 
 
The 
 
 4s alfo in the future Beetle, than they were 
 fn the Coflus or Worm. Near thefe tubercles 
 on each fide are likewife feen two other 
 pair of fphericle fimilar tubercles ee, which 
 fprung from the horns ff of the Coffus, and 
 which are to be afterwards changed into the 
 horns of the Beetle. ‘Two fuch little parts 
 alfo, but more oval in their fhape, are obferved 
 gg to be placed on each of the inward parts of 
 the fides of the former tubercles. Thefe little 
 parts have their origin from the jointed 4 
 briftly hairs of the Coffus; and are likewife, 
 though in another form, found afterwards in 
 the Beetle. Three beautiful fhort tubercles 
 prefent themfelves alfo in the middle z, which 
 upon changing the skin have likewife arifen 
 from thofe particles, which may be feen in the 
 head of the Worm under the letter 2. A little 
 under thefe there appears alfo a larger {phericle 
 divifion /, which is horny or bony in the fu- 
 ture Beetle, and forms the neck which is be- 
 fet on each fide with hairs. Above this, near 
 the horn, is feen on each fide the breaft bone m. 
 A little lower on the breaft is feen the firft pair 
 of legs 1, 1, with their joints : and under thefe 
 another pair 2, 2. Then follow the 27 fheaths 
 or cafes of the wings on each fide, under which 
 a part of the covered wings oa is likewife pro- 
 minent. Thefe wings appear at this time beau- 
 tifully expanded by the force of the blood and 
 air that are by degrees impelled inwardly, 
 though they were before complicated, and ap- 
 peared as if grown together under the skin of 
 the Coffus. Below thefe is placed the laft 
 pair of legs 3,3, which are in fome meafure co- 
 vered with the wings and their cafes. All thefe 
 legs and their joints are ftretched out ftiff, and 
 diftended with the fluids of the body and air, 
 and thus remain without any motion fixed in 
 the {ame pofture, until the Nymph is changed 
 into a Beetle. Finally, under the laft pair of 
 legs may be feen the rings of the abdomen £4, 
 divefted of their skin; and the extremity of 
 the fundament g, out of which the inteftinum 
 reétum has caft its exuvia or skin, as the gul- 
 jet did with the upper parts. Thefe little 
 parts are like two (mall fhields. As to the 
 eyes they are very confpicuous in the Nymph, 
 but they cannot be reprefented by the fame 
 figure, becaufe they are fituated a little deeper 
 behind the horns. ‘The whole motion of the 
 external parts of the Worm is now totally loft, 
 in the fame manner as it was before when the 
 Worm was in its egg: hence the creature is 
 twice as it were in a uterus, and twice in the 
 ftate of a foetus. Some {mall motion remains 
 in the tail or fundament of the Nymph, be- 
 caufe the extremity of the abdomen undergoes 
 the leaft change of all. Thus the Nymph, 
 by moving the hinder rings of its body or tail, 
 
 * In the outer cafes of the wings in Beetles there is a va 
 cover the whole body, and are a defence to the inner wings, 
 
 outer wings or cafes of wings are fhort, and only fal] over the fhoulders. T 
 
 nfstVekyY &€ NSEC T S. 
 
 147 
 
 can move itfelf and change its fituation in its 
 little cell: this is likewife performed by the 
 Chryfalis of the Silk-worm when it lies in 
 its web. 
 
 In this moft wonderful change of the skin, 
 and tranfpdfition of limbs and parts of this 
 infect, nothing demands greater attention, than 
 what we may obferve about the points of ref- 
 piration: for though each of thofe nine points 
 which are fituated on each fide of the body 
 cafts a skin, yet this can be diftinétly affirmed 
 only of the five foremoft ones, for the four 
 loweft or laft points on each fide change their 
 skin as the reft, but they lofe all their priftine 
 form at the fame time; three of them on each 
 fide become fhorter, and the fourth is entirely 
 clofed up. At the very farhe time that the 
 Worm, under this prodigious change of its 
 skin, is transformed into a Nymph, a vaft 
 number of diftinét tubules or pipes is likewife 
 thrown out from all thofe refpiratory points, 
 and thefe tubes, being each obliged to pafs 
 through that narrow orifice, appear like fo 
 many fmall and fimple filaments, though, in 
 reality, each of thefe eighteen little fibres, as 
 they feem, is compofed of many pulmonary 
 pipes, that are laid clofe together. 
 
 In order to underftand thefe things the better, 
 I fhall add a figure to the defcription of them, 
 and in Tab. XXVIII. fig. 1x. a Nymph of the 
 Coffus laid on its belly, and fhall exhibit all the 
 annular divifions and points of refpiration in its 
 back. Thefe points fhall be afterwards feverally 
 reprefented in theit fituation, as they appear 
 after the Nymph is changed into a Beetle. The 
 firft thing then feen here is the horn of the 
 nofe 1, fixed on the head, which conftitutes 
 as it were the firft ring of the creature > then 
 follows the fecond annular incifion 2, wherein 
 the firft point of refpiration is placed, fo fituated 
 laterally under the firft pair of legs in the 
 breaft, that it does not appear but when the 
 Nymph is killed. The third and fourth rings, 
 3, 4, are feen both without points of refpiration, 
 becaufe the wings and cafes thereof are placed 
 there *. Befides thefe, two annular incifions in 
 the Nymph are concreted into one ring, and 
 then form the lower part of the thorax or 
 back. In the mean time, when thefe parts are 
 cafting their fkin, on each fide between the 
 rings of the thorax, two little ropes as it were 
 of pulmonary tubes are caft out of the body, 
 as has been before reprefented in the figure, 
 where we have defcribed the change of the 
 skin which thé Worm itfelf undergoes. But 
 thefe apertures are afterwards clofed up in the 
 Nymph, until having ‘caft its skin, it at length 
 becomes a perfect Beetle, wherein thefe orifices 
 are at length totally abolifhed. ‘The fifth ring 
 5, contains the fecond point of re{piration, which 
 
 & diftin@tion, not only in colouring and ornament, but in fhape s fome 
 with little foldings of thofe more delicate parts: but in others thefe 
 
 his is the cafe in that common and diftafteful black Beetle 
 
 which crawls about damp hedges, with its body naked and annular the under wings are beautifully folded up under their {mall 
 
 eafes. 
 
 Oo 
 
 _ €annot 
 
54.2 BOOK oi 
 
 cannot be feen diftinctly, being fituated partly 
 under the wings of the Nymph. But a par- 
 ticular, very worthy of notice here, is, that ine 
 other point of refpiration is in the Nymph 
 removed to a greater diftance from the firtt, 
 than it had been at firft in the Coffus itfelf, and 
 as I have figured it in that ftate ; fo that by this 
 means it is confiderably drawn back towards 
 the hinder parts. ‘The fixth ring 6, next to the 
 former, contains the third point of refpiration, 
 which is very diftin@ly feen.externally in the 
 Nymph, at the extremity of the abdomen. In 
 like manner the feventh ring 7, fhews the fourth 
 point of refpiration, and. the eighth 8, fhews 
 the fifth. But the fixth and feventh points of 
 re{piration, con{picuous in the ninth and tenth 
 g, 10, rings are again clofer, The eleventh, 
 twelfth and thirteenth rings 11, 12, 13, confti- 
 tute as it were one connected joint together ; and 
 the eighth and ninth points of refpiration, which 
 are fituated at or near thefe rings in the Worm, 
 likewife become not only clofer and more com- 
 pact, but the laft of them is in this ftate almoft in- 
 vifible. As tothe fourteenth ring 14, it is not 
 vifible when the Nymph is in this manner 
 placed on ‘its belly, but on the other fide it is 
 feen beautifully, refembling two oblong oval 
 little fhields. _O wonderful changes! whereby 
 the creature comes into the world as it were 
 new formed, and yet is moft certainly the fame 
 that it was in the Worm. 
 
 The Worm being in this manner difengaged 
 from its skin, transformed by accretion, and 
 having its limbs and parts changed into the 
 flate of a Nymph, clofely twifts and comprefles 
 the caft skin by the motion of its fundament, 
 and the fkin is afterwards thrown towards 
 the hinder parts under the belly. The 
 Nymph is at that time very white, only that 
 on the fifth, fixth, eighth, ninth and tenth 
 rings of the back, there appear fome delicate 
 or horny hardifh corpufcles, which approach 
 to a bright red colour; in the little fhields alfo 
 of the laftring, and here and there in its body 
 and legs the like fubftances are at this time alfo 
 feen. The Worm or rather the Nymph is at 
 this time very delicate, tender and flexible, and 
 as it becomes remarkably fhorter, on the other 
 hand it is expanded confiderably in breadth and 
 thicknéfs; for the blood and air have very con- 
 {picuoufly inflated the wings and the reft of 
 the parts, in the part towards the head, and 
 diftended them {o that they are become rigid. 
 If we view this Nymph nearer, we obferve 
 that the tranfparent, productions of the wind- 
 Pipe appear not only in the legs, but in the 
 Wings them{elves, and in their fheaths and 
 cafes; nay, they are feen alfo in the fubftance 
 
 of the my o ; 
 oe oe y or poy pert that ftrengthens the 
 About this time the Worm or Nymph re- 
 femblesa tender yoting infant very lately brodght 
 into the world, and Which is rolled up in its 
 firft fwaddling cloaths, and. cannot yet bear much 
 handling. _We may more properly indeed 
 compare this Nymph to an Embryo, which, 
 
 The 
 
 N A TyU R E > OF, 
 
 being lately conceived in the uterus, may, b 
 
 force of the injuries offered it by the mother’s 
 imagination, be injured in various manners : for 
 the impreffions which the Nymph receives at 
 this tender age, are not abolifhed even when it 
 is grown up or is become a Beetle. Hence, if 
 the horn, legs, or other parts are bent in the 
 Nymph, or difturbed in any manner, they al- 
 ways afterwards remain thus deformed in the 
 Beetle ; and the Beetle carries with it through 
 life the veftiges or remains of all the injuries 
 inflicted on this feeble and tender little creature, 
 this is agreeable to the fentiment of the poet; 
 
 Quo femel eft imbuta recens, fervabit odorem 
 tefta diu. 
 That is, 
 «A new veffel will long preferve the feent — 
 of the firft liquor poured into it.” 
 
 This change therefore merits the greateft ad- 
 miration and the moft attentive regard, by 
 means of which the creature for fome days 
 exhibits the future parts of the Beetle fo finely 
 and beautifully difpofed, and formed in fuch a 
 manner, as that they will one day ferve the crea ; 
 ture in a more perfect ftate of life, to walk, 
 fly, and take its nourifhment. I therefore really 
 think, that the Coffus of this {pecies comftituted 
 in the form of a Nymph, affords an appear- 
 ance fo fingular, that among all the ftrange and 
 aftonifhing appearances of infeéts, it cannot be 
 equalled. I fhould be very glad to fee hereafter 
 the Nymph of the ftag-horned Beetle, for I 
 fhould think it would make a much more fplen- 
 did figure when it prepares itfelf like a bride, 
 in all its decorations, for a new and more noble 
 {tate of life. 
 
 The Chryfalis of the fwift Butterfly de- 
 {cribed by J. Banhinus in the year 1590, among 
 the Mouches ou Papillons non vulgaires, or the 
 uncommon Flies or Butterflies, is very rare and 
 admirable. Aldrovandus, Lib. II. Cap. de Chryf. 
 Tab. VII. fig. 1. exhibits a kind of figure 
 thereof. Muffet alfo, pag. tos, defcribes the 
 leaft fpecies of the faid Butterflies, and properly 
 calls it the fwifteft of all, for indeed the fwal- 
 lows do not fly with greater velocity than thele 
 little creatures. 
 
 . One thing very fingular in thefe Butterflies 
 is, that they fly and eat at the fame time, 
 though this alfo is the cafe with fwallows, and 
 among infects with the Libella or Dragon-Fly, 
 On the other hand fome Flies, after they have 
 feized on their. prey, reft in fome convenient 
 place to devour it, as in particular the Wolf- 
 Fly. But as Swallows eat and fly at the fame 
 time, fo thefe, at other times nimble Butter- - 
 flies, flutter when they feed in fo flow, regular, 
 and orderly a manner about the flowers where 
 the food proper for them is depofited, that you 
 would imagine they had loft all motion, and 
 hung fufpended in the air; but they are hard at 
 work all the time, for they then thruft out a 
 very flender probofcis or trunk about two inches 
 long, with two perforations in it, through 
 
 which 
 
The HIS T O-R Y> of 
 
 Which they fuck the honey of tl 
 
 1e flower ; and 
 this being exhautted, they fo quickly draw 
 back this fur; 
 
 prifing organ, and fo artfully coil 
 it up between the little forked parts which are 
 placed under their eyes, that it entirely difap- 
 pears, fo that to find ir out, one mutt be well 
 accuftomed to the ftudy of thefe creatures. 
 This infec being fcarce, I have given the fi- 
 gures of it, as it appears in the refpective {tages 
 of its exiftence as Worm, Tab. XXIX, fig. 1. 
 Chryfalis, fig. 11. and Butterfly, fig. 111. 
 
 As the manner of feeding of this Butterfly 
 is very fi gular, I thall add another obfervation 
 of the fame kind, in regard to the manner of 
 feeding of a certain aquatic infec that always 
 lives under water. ‘This infeé@ is, properly 
 {peaking, no other than a peculiar kind of wa- 
 ter Worm, confifting of thirteen rings, the head 
 and tail included. The head is very large in 
 proportion to the creature’s fize, It has fix 
 hairy legs, fig. 1v. 2a, befides two {pots or 
 {mall parts covered with hair likewife b, which 
 terminate the tail, and are ufed by the creature 
 when it fwims as a rudder to govern its mo- 
 tions. The infect by means of this tail, can 
 alfo at pleafure fufpend itfelf on or near the fur- 
 face of the water; when it ereéts its tail above 
 the furface, the water flows from it on every 
 fide, and thus is this fufpenfion formed. This 
 infect has befides in its head two very remark- 
 able teeth, or more properly jawscc, which 
 are large, fharp, crooked, and very ftrong, 
 and it is perhaps able to contain the mufcles 
 fuch teeth or jaws require, that nature has made 
 the head fo large. This Worm has fix eyes dd 
 on each fide of the head. I have here repre- 
 fented eight of them. There are befides fix arti- 
 culated briftles belonging toit, of whichfour ee ee 
 lie underneath and between the teeth, and the 
 two others under the head ff; but fome may 
 imagine that thefe ‘laft fhould be called horns. 
 
 This is a cruftaceous creature like a Shrimp. 
 On each fide of the body are fix holes for ref- 
 piration g in the rings of the abdomen, with two 
 more for the fame purpofe under the body near 
 the fore legs. This Worm is reprefented in 
 the moft curious figures of Hoefnagel, that 
 were engraved after his minute and moft accu- 
 rate defigns, part firft, page 1. Mouffet alfo 
 defcribes it in the 37th chapter of his theatre 
 of infects, and gives in fome fort a drawin 
 of it. This infect lives entirely on other little 
 creatures that inhabit the fame element, in par- 
 ticular on the Scrophula and {mall frefh water 
 fhell fifh. When about to eat, he {eizes with 
 the two teeth we have mentioned the little 
 creatures that come in his way, and pierces their 
 body with its fharp and crooked points, which 
 being perforated from the point to the root, he 
 in a furprifing manner fucks through them into 
 his mouth the blood of the unfortunate captive. 
 This may be eafily feen, efpecially when the 
 blood of his prey is of a red colour, as the 
 teeth are tran{parent. I threw to this Worm 
 a bit of a Coflus, at the fame time carefully 
 obferving with a microfcope how he devoured 
 
 PN: S‘E-G:T Ss. 
 
 it: together with the blood, there afcended 
 fome air in {mall bubbles through the cavities 
 in his teeth. The fight of this creature in the 
 water is very acute, for which purpofe nature 
 has fupplied it, as I already mentioned, with 
 twelve black eyes, which are placed at fome 
 diftance from one another, but thefe eyes, like 
 the eyes of other infets, have no motion, and 
 therefore are placed in a different manner from 
 thofe of Crabs, Crawfith and Shrimps, which 
 are moveable. When therefore this Worm 
 perceives any thing that it likes, it immediately 
 darts at the obje& through the water, feizes it, 
 and pierces it with its fharp pointed teeth. In this 
 manner we may procure ourfelves a very enter- 
 taining and furprifing fight, by throwing to it 
 a {mall Earthworm; for let this lat move, 
 twine, and otherwife beftir itfelf ever fo much, 
 the other keeps his hold, and very calmly fucks 
 the blood of his prifoner. The inteftines of 
 this Worm differ extremely from thofe of land 
 infects ; its windpipe has fewer ramifications, 
 though thefe at the fame are more large and 
 {pacious. They are likewife more membrana- 
 ceous, of a lefs firm texture, and not of quite 
 fo deep a colour. The heart is Gituated near 
 the back, and the {pinal marrow in the lower 
 part of the body. This laft confifts of glo- 
 bules as in the Silkworm, but thefe lie fo clofe 
 to each other that hey form a conneéted bod 
 of marrow, more like that of the Coffus than 
 a Silkworm. In the part where the nerves 
 unite with thefe globules, the {pinal marrow 
 itfelf looks like a bracelet compofed of coral 
 beads ftrung upon two threads. The remain- 
 ing parts are the ftomach and the inteftines, 
 which are partly of a white and partly of a 
 bluith gray colour, the fame with their con- 
 tents, from which indeed they receive it. The 
 Vafa Crocea, or yellow vefiels, as they are ufu- 
 ally called from their colour, are in this infe& 
 purple, or otherwife, they are thick fet with 
 purple fpots, but they look whitith at bottom, 
 which affords a very agreeable fight. 
 
 On examining with a microfcope the 
 teeth of this Worm, they appear very fharp 
 pointed, Tab. XXIX. fig. vy. a, and a little 
 bent towards the point. There was likewife a 
 kind of future 4 in that part where I cut out 
 one of them, formed by a fharp protuberance 
 in the middle of the upper fegment, with a 
 {uitable cavity in the middle of the lower to 
 receive it, the edges about both being fmooth 
 and evenc. The aperture by which this infec 
 fucks the blood of its prey, lies on the furface 
 of the tooth near the point d, and refembles an 
 oblong flit, with black edges covered with very 
 fine hairs. It is extremely probable that fome 
 peculiar fpecies of the Water Beetle proceeds 
 from this Worm, when having remain- 
 ed in the water a fufficient time, it be- 
 takes itfelf to the land to undergo its mutation ; 
 but this is mere conjecture. The horfe Fly 
 has another method of feeding itfelf, bein 
 furnifhed, as I have elfewhere remarked, with 
 a {ting as well as a trunk or probofcis, “As ‘= 
 
 the 
 
 T43 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 d its Worm, I {hall hereafter 
 treat of it by ittelf, under the fourth order or 
 clafs to which it belongs; but I cannot help 
 remarking in this place, that the Worm from 
 which it comes breathes by itsanus, and carries 
 its legs in its mouth near the jaws ; thus ferving 
 to prove that the Almighty can form veflels of 
 
 144 
 the Gad Fly an 
 
 C 
 
 In what manner the Nymph is filled with 
 The anatomy of the Nymph. 
 
 wards evaporates. 
 it becomes a Beetle, 
 
 AVING ‘hewn in the foregoing chap- 
 ter what the Nymph is, and by what 
 means the Worm puts on this elegant form, 
 to prepare itfelf as a bride for its enfuing nup- 
 tials, and for the act of generation; I fhall 
 now treat of thofe changes, by means of which 
 the Nymph attains this prefent ftate, and at 
 the fame time give a diflection of fome of its 
 internal parts; for thus the reader will more 
 eafily underftand how this Nymph grows at 
 laft to a Beetle, and being arrived, as fuch, to 
 a ftate of maturity and perfection, propagates 
 its fpecies. j 
 The firft thing to be confidered on this oc- 
 cafion, is that peculiar motion of the blood and 
 humours, which expand the parts of the 
 Nymph, and make it weigh at firft, a little 
 after its change, a great deal more than it does 
 even afterwards in the Beetle ftate. This fin- 
 gularity is likewife remarkable in the Nymphs 
 of Bees and Hornets. The Nymph of the 
 Hornet in particular weighs ten times as much 
 as the Hornet itfelf. ‘This makes me confider 
 the Nymph under thefe circumftances as a 
 dropfical perfon, who, by having his limbs 
 {welled with fuperabundant humours, lofes the 
 power of thofe mufcles by which they were 
 to be put in motion, and thus remains inactive 
 till the fuperfluous moifture is fome way or 
 another diffipated. Nor is it the limbs alone 
 that are thus {welled in the Nymph; all the 
 mufcles themfelves partake of the change, and 
 even the very bone into which they are inferted. 
 This, which was before of a horny fubftance, 
 lofes its folidity, and by becoming membrana- 
 ceous and foft, and in a manner fluid like wa- 
 ter, is no longer capable of being acted upon 
 by them, and continues in this condition, till 
 the fuperfluous humours are evaporated in a 
 certain fpace of time, which is abfolutely ne- 
 _ Ceffary forthat purpofe. We may perceive b 
 a continued obfervation, that the external a 
 ; nal skin 
 of the Nymph is at firft-extremely delicate, 
 that it hardens, as it dries, by degrees, and that 
 its colour grows more and more yellow, till it 
 changes at length to a deep red, after that to a 
 deep brown, and at laft toa light red. But 
 all thefe appearances are owing to the growth 
 
 Moo A  ®. 
 
 NATURE; oO 
 
 every kind like the potter, fome for moré, and 
 others for lefs honourable purpofes, but all ‘to 
 his own glory ; fo that there is nota creature, 
 however contemptible in appearance, which 
 does not clearly point out the exiftence, and 
 loudly fing forth and extol the adorable per- 
 
 feGtions of a fupreme Being. 
 
 V. 
 
 a fuperfluous moifiure, which afters 
 How, on cafting off its Jhin, 
 
 with fome wonder ful difcoveries in natural hiftory. 
 
 of the internal parts, in order to form the fu- 
 ture Beetles, as they fhew themfelves through 
 a tranfparent skin that covers them. 
 
 When this Nymph has pafied fome days in 
 fweating off the fuperfluous moifture, with 
 which it is loaded, a little articulated whitih 
 line appears like a flender thread through the 
 tranfparent skin, with which the legs are co- 
 vered, which is no other than the firft rudi- 
 ment of that horny or bony fubftance, which 
 begins to harden, and is in time to conftitute 
 the legs of the creature. On ftripping off this 
 skin, and attentively examining the folid or 
 horny part it contains, the latter appears to 
 float in a limpid fluid, which furrounds it on 
 every fide, and is at this time fo very tender 
 that it is eafily injured, and will fall off on the 
 flighteft motion. But what feems chiefly to 
 claim our wonder is, that the Worm which 
 grows from the nofe of the male Beetle of this 
 fpecies, fhould be fo very hard at its perfect 
 growth, as, according to Mouffet, page 153, f0 
 bear being fharpened on a erinding-ftone ; 
 whereas the fame organ, while the infect is in a 
 Nymph fate, is altogether foft, and more like 
 a fluid than a folid fubftance. 
 
 On diffeGting fome of thefe Nymphs after _ 
 they had been in that ftatea little time, I found 
 the horn of the nofe filled with a kind of jelly, 
 and this matter broke out at the wound made 
 to examine it, every time the creature breathed, 
 in the fame manner as the blood of a man’s 
 body does when the fide of the thorax is 
 wounded. The eyes were now fommewhat 
 firmer, but neverthelefs they were ftill loaded 
 with fuperfluous humours. I found between 
 the folds of the wings and the cafes that cover- 
 ed them, fome infects of the Loufe kind, 
 which I have likewife often obferved fticking 
 to the body of the Coflus and to the Beetle 
 itfelf; for there is perhaps no fpecies of ani- 
 mals which is not troubled with this kind of 
 vermin, though thofe of one animal differ in 
 fhape from thofe of another. Such part of the 
 wings as had no cafe to cover them, had, to 
 make up for that deficiency, a much thicket 
 skin to defend them, than the parts which 
 were thus fheathed. On pulling the legs from 
 
 the 
 
The Eni tS TO RY 
 
 the thorax, the skin came off from thofe of 
 the. future Beetle in the form of a ftiff fheath, 
 juft asa boot comes off aman’s leg. It is alfo 
 very remarkable, that the extremities of the 
 
 ulmonary tubes were inferted into this external 
 skin of the infect. But I fhall hereafter fpeak 
 of this matter more at large. The inteftines 
 which lay in the abdomen were formed in quite 
 a different manner from thofe of the Worm, 
 of which I have before given a figure, and in 
 particular they had more finus’s. “Uhe ftomach 
 itfeif ended in a kind of very fmall gut, and 
 indeed all thefe alterations feemed requifite to 
 prepare the parts to the great change in the 
 body itfelf, which was grown at this time con- 
 fiderably fhorter than before. But as the fto- 
 mach was greatly abridged, and therefore its 
 mufcular parts had without doubt fuffered con- 
 fiderable changes, both that and the inteftines 
 were now foftened into a kind of flimy humour 
 to facilitate fo furprifing a change. The pul- 
 monary yeflels retained their former fituation 
 and figure. The whole abdomen was filled 
 with a kind of calcarious fubftance refembling 
 ftarch, and of fo bright a white as to dazzle 
 the eyes of all who faw it. Ona nearer exa- 
 mination of this fubftance, I found it to be no- 
 thing more than a collection of thofe little bags 
 in which the fat is depofited, and which little 
 by little lofe their form and office, and are at 
 latt fo entirely wafted away, together with their 
 contents, that not the leaft veftige of either is 
 to be found in the fucceeding Beetle. About 
 this time fome {pots are obfervable in this moft 
 extraordinary fubftance, of a brighter white 
 
 than the reft of it, and many of the pulmonary 
 
 tubes feem to take their direction towards thefe 
 particular parts. This induces me to think they 
 may be the rudiments of the pneumatic blad- 
 ders with which the Beetle is furnifhed in a 
 vatt abundance, unlefs we are rather to confider 
 fach pneumatic bladders as confifting of the 
 pulmonary tubes dilated occafionally to anfwer 
 that purpofe. For my own part I cannot take 
 upon me to decide this point. I obferved the 
 fame things in the Nymphs of Bees, after I had 
 finifhed the hiftory of thofe infects: but be 
 this as it will, thefe {pots are fo brittle and 
 tender in the Nymph that they are deftroyed 
 by the flighteft touch » by their dazzling white- 
 nefs alfo they hinder us from diftinguifhing 
 properly the adjacent parts: for this reafon, to 
 proceed well in our eXamination, we mutt be 
 conftantly wafhing with fair water the inteftines 
 of the infect. Were it not for this obftacle, 
 we might doubtlefs here diftinguifh many more 
 things worth of notice. In the thorax, tome parts 
 were a little more folid. The mufcular fibres 
 of the legs and wings were fomewhat more 
 firm ot tough than the white of an egg juft 
 beginning to harden. All the other parts were 
 as foft and tender as poffible. On feparating 
 the external skin of the body from the internal, 
 the fpace between them was found to contain a 
 great quantity of moifture, but in many places 
 this feparation was abfolutely impoffible. 
 
 c 
 
 eo N.S: &-C. T:-§, r46 
 
 As the feveral parts in the Nymph grow by 
 degrees flronger and {tronger, the infect may be 
 feen to make a ‘proportionable ufe of them. 
 We fee the legs move within the skin that 
 covers them, and even the claws that terminate 
 the legs begin to brandifh themfelves up and 
 down. The fame is vifible, and in the fame 
 manner, in the Aureliz of Silkworms during the 
 laft days before their tranfmutation: if during 
 this period you ftrip the legs of their external 
 skin, you will find very little moifture under 
 it. Even the horny or bony fubftance which 
 conttitutes the joints of the legs appears hard, 
 perfectly formed, and covered with hair. 
 
 I cannot fay how long the fcene of this in- 
 fect’s mutation continues, having forgot to take 
 notice of it, though at the fame time I was 
 witnefs to the change of above fifty of thefe 
 Nymphs into Beetles. Sometimes thefe infects 
 remain in a Nymph ftate during the whole 
 winter, efpecially when the Worms throw off 
 their skins towards autumn, and a fudden cold 
 fucceeding checks their further operations. 
 Hence it happens that they remain without 
 food for fome months, nor could they take it 
 to any purpofe, their parts being too foft and 
 tender to allow thern to make ufe of it. 
 
 When the proper feafon of the Nymph’s 
 final change approaches, all its mufcular parts 
 are obferved to grow ftronger and ftronger, to 
 be the better able to fhake off their laft inte= 
 guments,,and this is performed in the fame 
 manner exactly as in the already defcribed 
 change of the Worm toa Nymph; fo that in 
 this laft fkin, which is very delicate, the traces 
 of the pulmonary tubes that have been pulled 
 off and turned out become again vifible; nor 
 is their number limited to eighteen, there ap- 
 pear abfolutely twenty of them, as has been al- 
 ready fufficiently obfetved. 
 
 It is now proper to fee how all the parts of the 
 infect, but efpecially the wings and their cafes, 
 are at this time {welled and extended by a flow 
 of air, blood and humours, driven into them 
 through the arteries and pulmonary tubes. 
 About this time the wings are as foft and flexi- 
 ble as a piece of wet paper, fo that blood iffues 
 from them at the leaft wound. But when they 
 have acquired their due hardnefs, which in the 
 fheath or cafes is very confiderable, the vefiels 
 that before yielded blood fo freely, are fo firmly 
 clofed, that neither they nor the wings can by 
 any cutting or tearing be brought to yield the 
 leaft fluid. This induces me to advance as a 
 thing not to be doubted, that whereas thefe 
 wings and their cafes are fo full of veffels and 
 pulmonary tubes, they ought to be confidered 
 as confifting entirely of fuch veffels and tubes. 
 It is alfo probable, for the fame reafon, that the 
 membranes and skin of the other creatures are 
 no more than a complication of vefiels, as 
 nerves, arteries, veins, lymphatic duéts and the 
 like, for fo long as the embryo’s of the human 
 {pecies and of quadrupedes remain in the womb, 
 their skin appears compofed of nothing elfe. The 
 fame may be faid even of the bones themfelves ; 
 
 Pp and 
 
146 The 
 
 and this obfervation alone would be fufficient 
 to recommend to our attention the hiftory o 
 the infe&t now under confideration. It would 
 take too much compafs in this place to lege 
 the furprifing alterations which happen 5 he 
 membranaceous wings of butterflies, and how 
 evidently nature manifefts herfelf, and exhibits 
 her wonderful powers in thefe minute crea- 
 tures: certainly the great and wife fovereign 
 of the univerfe made every thing for our ufe, 
 and to his own glory. All his creatures, the 
 leaft'as well as the greatelt, furnifh us with 
 proofs of his gracious intentions, his ftupen- 
 dous majefty, and the immenfity of his power. 
 We therefore, ! 
 and tranfpofitions of the growing parts of 
 man and other animals, may well cry out with 
 the royal prophet: “ My fubftance was not 
 «“ hid from thee, when I was made in fecret 
 and curioufly wrought in the loweft parts 
 of the earth. ‘Thine eyes did fee my fub- 
 ftance, yet being unperfect ; and in thy 
 book all my members were written, which 
 +n continuance were fafhioned, when as yet 
 there was none of them. How precious 
 alfo are thy thoughts unto me, O God! 
 how great is the fum of them!” 
 Hence we may juftly declare, that infects, 
 even under this miferable ftate of mortal life, 
 
 acquire as it were a heavenly exiftence ; for _ 
 
 iat eS oe 
 
 on obferving the mutations 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; oO, 
 
 thofe which in the former part of their life 
 inhabited the earth, lived in mud, and under 
 thorns and briers, and fed on coarfe provifions, 
 in their more perfect ftate, raife themfelves 
 into the purer air, and flying towards the skies, 
 maintain themfelves with honey and oozing 
 liquors of flowers: fome of them can even 
 abftain from food during many months. Are 
 not all thefe conditions much better than thofe 
 to which they were fubje& under the troubles 
 and anxieties of a former more vile earthly 
 life? but I fhall illuftrate thefe fubjects more 
 fully,when I have leifure, in order thence to 
 demonttrate the glorious refurrection of the 
 dead, by the moft evident and palpable proofs 
 drawn from nature; for I can produce fuch 
 manifeft examples and fuch powerful argu- 
 ments for the purification and fucceeding glo- 
 tification of bodies, from the hiftory of infeéts, 
 that I do not doubt but fuch unheard-of mira- 
 cles will {trike all mankind with the higheft 
 amazement. Natural truths are perfectly con- 
 vincing and wholly divine; fince what is true 
 proceeds from God, who is truth itfelf. And 
 what is more true, than that the books of nature 
 are thofe vifible things, by the afliftance of 
 which, as by facred fteps, we afcend by various 
 advances, to divine and eternal truths? for itis 
 God himfelf who is the author of Nature. 
 
 P. VI. 
 
 The difference between the male and female Rhinoceros Beetle, after the Nymph 
 
 cafts its fhin, and is changed into either of them. 
 
 Of the points of refpiration, 
 
 the eyes, the brain, the optic merves, the pulmonary tubes and pneumatick 
 
 bladders. Of the heart, and of the 
 
 with a moral conclufion. 
 
 HE Nymph of this curious Beetle be- 
 
 ing difengaged from its skin, in the 
 manner explained in the preceeding chapter, 
 affumes a quite different form, in which it is 
 dignified with the name of the Beetle, whofe 
 internal parts, with the difference between the 
 male and female, I am now about to defcribe. 
 Before I begin this explanation, I muft obferve 
 that the Nymphs, which have their horn pro- 
 minent in the fore part, always become male 
 Beetles in this fpecies; but fuch as have no 
 horn always females: and there are very cer- 
 tain external figns for diftinguifhing the fex of 
 thefe infects. Befides, the males, which have 
 fmaller bodies than the females, have alfo two 
 larger and more beautiful horns *, whofe tops 
 have knobs thereon made like combs ; and, 
 
 genital organs of the male and female, 
 
 when the creature is flying, they are expanded 
 in the manner of the leaves of an open book: 
 this is a very wonderful fight in fome of the 
 Beetle kind. But as fome remarkable things 
 occur, which are common to both male and 
 female, I fhall firft defcribe them, and after- 
 wards proceed to the peculiar points which 
 mark the difference of fex. 
 
 The parts common. to both are, firft, the 
 points of refpiration fituated outwardly; fe- 
 condly, the eyes and the brain; thirdly, the 
 pulmonary'tubes and pneumatic bladders; and 
 laftly, the heart, The things peculiar to each 
 are the horn and genital parts in the male, 
 and the ovary in the female. I fhall proceed 
 to deferibe thefe in order and with brevity: 
 as to the particular defcription of the other 
 
 * The antennz of Beetles are of two kinds; thofe which are pointed at the end, and thofe which have that part fhaped in 
 
 the manner of a comb. 
 
 h There is alfo a difference of @ very particular kind in their infertion, the greater part have them fixed upon the fubftance of the 
 ead; but in fome they are carried’ upon a kind of trunk,: the Beetles which have them in this ftrange fituation, are thofe the, 
 
 antients called Gurguliones, 
 
 Upon thefe forms and infertions of the antenna may be eftablifhed an exaét claflical diftribution of them, a thing yet wanted 
 
 an natural hiftory, 
 
 external 
 
The H1'8-T O-R'Y 
 
 external and internal parts, the difpofition and 
 manners, the ufe they make of their wings, 
 and their food, and the length and fhortnefs 
 of their lives, as alfo how far they are hurt- 
 ful, and how far innocent, with other like re- 
 fearches; thefe I fhall at prefent pafs un- 
 touched, partly becaufe I have not yet fuffici- 
 ently fearched into them, and partly that lam 
 fatigued beyond my ftrength, with inveftigat- 
 ing, delineating, and defcribing thofe amazing 
 things. I mutt have a long {pace of time to 
 perfect all thefe inquiries ; nor can any perfon 
 execute fuch things perfectly, but he who 
 can fpend his whole life upon them. 
 
 Of thofe things, which are outwardly con- 
 fpicuous in this Beetle, the points of refpira- 
 tion deferve our greateft attention ; thefe I fhall 
 now defcribe and reprefent by a figure, as they 
 are naturally difpofed on one fide of the per- 
 fect infe& ; for they have the fame fituation 
 and ftructure alfo asjthe other. They vary con- 
 fiderably from thofe which are feen in the 
 Worm, for here they are difpofed in a different 
 order near each other, and are placed in a fome- 
 what oblique and declining fituation ; by this 
 means one of them occupies an higher place 
 in the body than-another ; they are likewife 
 more oval, notround, and are much deeper, 
 or more hollow than before, and appear as it 
 were like little trenches and furrows in the 
 Beetle much more than in the Coffus: the 
 cavities alfo of the canals which they: diftri- 
 bute internally in the body, are much wider 
 and more open than they are obferved in the 
 Worm ; for as the Worms live in duft and 
 under the earth, and creep up and down 
 there, it was neceflary that their pulmonary 
 tubes fhould have orifices more clofe and even, 
 left the duft fhould flip into them. 
 
 The firft of thefe points is placed inwardly, 
 Tab. XXIX. fig. vr. a, in the cavity of the 
 fecond ring of the body, or in the os pectoris, 
 or breaft bone ; nor is it vifible there till after 
 that bony fubftance has been feparated from 
 the body. The fecond 4is fomewhat further 
 diftant from the firft, and being turned more 
 toward the lower parts, is directed thence 
 obliquely towards the other. This point, which 
 is confpicuous immediately under the wings, 
 is placed on the fide of the fifth ring of the 
 body. The third c again is fituated fomewhat 
 higher, along the courfe of the curvature of 
 the abdomen, and this lying upon the fixth 
 ring of the body, is not far diftant from the 
 fecond. The fourtb dagain is placed fome- 
 what lower and nearer the former, and is fitu- 
 ated upon the feventh ring of the body. The 
 fifth e ftands fomewhat lower and is placed on 
 the cighth ring. Thefe five points of refpi- 
 ration, whereof the Beetle has as many on the 
 other fide, and which makes ten in all, are 
 indeed the principal places through which it 
 draws its breath; for the other eight, which 
 were vifible in the Coffus, are in this perfect 
 {tate of the creature partly prefled together, 
 and fome totally clofed up; becaufe the body 
 
 of LN 8B CT's. 14.7 
 
 is become fo much fhorter than it was in the 
 Worm. All thefe five points are covered in 
 each fide of the body with the cafes or theaths 
 of the wings, except when the creature is fly- 
 ing; for at that time the theaths of the wings 
 are lifted up, and remain elevated without mo- 
 tion; hence thefe points are likewife at that 
 time difcovered: and this feems continued that 
 the Beetle might the more freely draw its 
 breath on this occafion, fill its pneumatic 
 bladders with air, and thus make itfelf lighter 
 for flying. 
 
 Moreover on the ninth ring of the body 
 there is obferved a fixth point /; on the tenth, 
 a feventh g; and on the eleventh, an eighth 4; 
 all which are very confiderably contra¢ted and 
 deprefied, and run along each fide of the 
 body. But as the abdomen terminates by 
 converging into a fort of a point, and the 
 twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth rings are 
 wonderfully contracted and diminithed in their 
 diameter, hence the ninth point 7 of ref{pira~ 
 tion is totally obliterated in each fide of the 
 body, as I have before with fufficient clear- 
 nefs defcribed and figured in the Nymph. But 
 I now only reprefent the natural fituation of 
 thefe points, 
 
 The eyes are alfo extremely remarkable in 
 the perfect Beetle, and they differ very much 
 from thofe in the Worm, as well in bignefs 
 and number asin figure. Each fide of the 
 head has one, which confifts of a congeries of 
 many fmaller globules or little eyes, forming 
 by their union as it were one common net of 
 reticulated body. This is properly made of the 
 tunica cornea, for the eyes of all the infeéts 
 that 1 know, have the exterior tunica or coat 
 conftruéted or formed of a horny or bony 
 matter, and divided like a honey comb into 
 hexagonal parts, all which are on the upper 
 part fpherical or projected like little globes. 
 But thefe globular divifions are not in this 
 Beetle fo remarkably protuberant as in Flies 
 and Bees; they are much {moother, more de- 
 preffied, and {maller, and they have no hairs. 
 Thefe horny divifions penetrate from the 
 outmoft furface to the inmoft, and feem to be 
 formed within by a kind of net of hexagonal 
 pulmonary tubes running through each other. 
 Within this net the uvea tunica, or a part ana- 
 lagous to it, is feen on the infide under the 
 cornea. This is of a blackith colour, and is 
 regularly received into the inward cavity or 
 hollows we have named inthe cornea, fo that 
 by this means it is to be found only in the 
 uppermoft furface, and not in the bottom of 
 the eye. In the eyes of men and quadrupedes 
 the uvea finks to the bottom, and is alfo per- 
 forated in the anterior part; but neither of 
 thefe is the cafe in the eye of the Beetle, and 
 for this reafon no rays of light can be collected 
 in this cafe inwardly in the eye; but they 
 only pafs through the fpherical divifions of 
 the cornea, and are then immediately ftop- 
 ped upon the uvea. I would not prefume to 
 afirm that the rays are by any means col 
 
 lected 
 
i B 
 li 
 
 v3 The BOOK of 
 keéted, when they pafs through the cornea, 
 though this is not improbable. If one remov 7 
 the uvea, by means of water and a fine pencu, 
 from out of the inward cavity of the cornea ; 
 this latter becomes then all bright and clearly 
 i yarent. 
 — the uvea follows a matter of fub- 
 Rance like glue; it is fomewhat vifcid, but 
 thin, and divides itfelf into very fine filaments, 
 Tab. XXIX. fig. vu.@? thefe may be taken 
 for inverted pyramidal fibres. When the cor- 
 nea tunica 1s removed from thefe filaments, 
 plackith fpots are feen on the eye, which are 
 the remains of the uvea till fticking there ; 
 
 . for the pyramidal fibres are by means of the 
 
 uvea connected with or joined to the {pherical 
 apertures of the cornea. All thefe fibres ter- 
 minate in a thick, fibrous, and inexpreflibly 
 white tunic or coat, Tab. XXIX. fig. vir. 4; 
 the fubftance of this, however, is of a darker 
 colour d, where it is united to the optic nerve 
 which is here feparated ¢. Many pulmonary 
 tubes likewife run up and down here, which 
 ftrongly connect that coat with the optic nerve, 
 which it receives: thefe air-pipes pafs alfo 
 through that white fibrous coat we have de- 
 {cribed, and are conveyed e along the inverted 
 pyramidal.fibres, reaching to the cornea itfelf 
 in form-of very delicate ramifications ; and in 
 my opinion form the hexagonal divifions of 
 the eye. Here at length may be conceived, 
 in what manner the eye, whilft the exuvia or 
 skin is cafting, acquires its extenfion, form, 
 and roundnefs. by the help of the internally 
 impelled air and blood. The roots of thefe 
 pulmonary tubes are found to be fituated un- 
 der the optic nerve, where they firft provide 
 for the coat, wherewith that delicate nerve is 
 invefted ; and.thus, with a confiderable rami- 
 fication. adhering underneath, is alfo fur- 
 rounded with or accompanied by fuch air- 
 tubes. 
 
 But we mutt here take particular notice that 
 thefe eyes are, in each fide of the head, di- 
 vided as it were into two parts, fig. vi11. ff, 
 as I have reprefented in a particular figure, 
 wherein ds likewife exhibited g the horn of 
 the head. This divifion is produced by means 
 of two horny or bony prominences of the skull, 
 which extend themfelves from each fide of 
 the eye unto the outmoft furface thereof; 
 
 ‘hence it happens that the eye is in the fame 
 
 manner divided in its internal part, fig. vir. b ; 
 fince the inward ftru@ture is analagous to the 
 outward. The optic nerve has no incifion or 
 divifion, but the pyramidal fibres are wanting 
 where this incifion is, becaufe they evidently 
 could be of no ufe there. 
 
 _ Anorder to difcover thefe things accurately 
 it is firft neceflary to lay the brain bare; for 
 this purpofe nothing more is requifite than to 
 cut off the horn, if it be a male, with a tharp 
 knife, and then to raife and feparate the cra- 
 ium or skull from the brain. After this, the 
 brainz comes inview. This, as I have before 
 obferved, when I treated of the {pinal marrow, 
 
 NATURE; o, 
 
 confifts of two ‘globes united, and is by this 
 means divided into a right and left part, as is 
 likewife the cafe in men and in quadrupedes, 
 It is indeed very remarkable that the brain is 
 in this Beetle furnifhed with many pulmonary 
 tubes, Tab. XXIX. fig. vil. k, which make 
 a very beautiful appearance in the living ani- 
 mal, Optic nerves are obferved to iffue out of 
 it on each fide, which are much larger in 
 the Beetle than they were before in the Worm. 
 Moreover, 2 common kind of membrane is 
 obferved there, which invefts both thefe nerves 
 and the brain itfelf, and is fufficiently thick 
 and ftrong: this may be properly called the _ 
 dura mater. Numerous air-pipes run through 
 this membrane, and interweave it as it were 
 with one another, fo that you would fay this 
 dura matter, when feparated from the brain, 
 is like an admirably beautiful net. The op- 
 tic nerves are very flender where they iffue 
 from the brain //; but they are confiderably 
 dilated mm a little after, and then again they 
 grow fmall xz, until at length they are fwollen 
 again where they approach to the inward com- 
 pages or reticulations of the eyeo. In that 
 part thefe nerves are enclofed and furrounded 
 by the interior parts of the eye, and when 
 greatly magnified refemble the head of a 
 Dutch failor covered with a fhaggy cap, fuch 
 as fea-faring perfons ufe to wear: I compare 
 to thefe fhagey hairs, thofe pyramidal fibres 
 which terminate in the convexity of the white 
 fibrous coat. . 
 
 It may not be improper to obferve here 
 that this Beetle is very fhort fighted, or pore- 
 blind. I therefore would have the reader con=- 
 fider the conftru@tion and difference of the 
 Bee’s eye, which fees more acutely in the 
 day time; for he will find that the optic nerve 
 in the Bee does not come fo very near to the 
 eye, nor is in itfelf fo remarkable and confpi- 
 cuous as in this Beetle. Others may reafon 
 from thefe faéts as they think beft; it is fuffi- . 
 cient for me to have propofed the truth. I 
 have not yet examined the eyes of the water 
 Beetles, which I know can fee both in water 
 and air. I have feen the pyramidal fibres of 
 the eyes in Crabs and Lobfters. All water 
 Snails, as well as the human fpecies, have 
 three humours in their eyes, as I have de 
 {cribed before at large. On this occafion it 
 may alfo be obferved that their eyes are fome- 
 times multiplied. I proceed now to the pul- 
 monary tubes, which are fimple in the Worm, 
 but are enlarged by the addition of bladders 
 in the Beetle itate. 
 
 Thefe pulmonary tubes which in the Worm 
 refembled the branches of trees without leaves, 
 reprefent here in the Beetle a tree expanding 
 its verdant and leafy branches: and here the 
 autumn and winter of the miferable life which 
 this Worm leads, is now in the perfect Beetle 
 {tate changed into a pleafant and lovely {pring 
 and fummer; with this only difference, that 
 as the leaves of the trees have a plain an 
 {mooth furface, fo thefe bladder in the Beetle 
 
 aré 
 
The "HOT §'T QO Rt Vicof 3 NW GBT 5. 
 
 are hollow, fomewhat {wollen, and expanded to 
 an elliptical figure, and are fomewhat {welled or 
 blown up, Tab. XXIX. fig. 1x. aa, by force of 
 the air impelled into them. There is likewife 
 
 _ this confiderable difference, that out of the ends 
 
 of thefe veficles, where they reft upon their 
 hollow pulmonary tubes, other pipes and ra- 
 mifications 64 again break out laterally, which, 
 after they have been again dilated into veficles, 
 form air branches, veficles and pipes: fo that 
 this divifion ad procefs continues, until at 
 length they terminate in very delicate, and as 
 it were invifible pulmonary paffages, which 
 always remain round with open cavities. Hence 
 the ftructure that occurs here may not be 
 improperly compared to the third fpecies of 
 the Sea Wrack of Dodoneus. Nay, it is 
 likewife obferved that many tubes of this 
 kind fometimes iffue cc out of the fame veficle, 
 which I have reprefented magnified above its 
 natural bignefs. Whenever the air gets out 
 of thefe veficles or bladders, they fall and be- 
 come flat, and by the mutual contaé of their 
 fides, form a plain fubftance like the fmooth 
 leaf of a tree; whilft in the*mean time the 
 tubes’ affixed to them always remain open. 
 The reafon of this is, becaufe thefe little 
 branches rifing from the principal air veffels 
 confift of contorted and {piral parts, which, 
 like the rings, made of filver thread or wire, 
 and twifted round a fmiall cylinder, always 
 preferve their toundnefs. In the fame man- 
 ner this filvery web of pulmonary tubes ap- 
 pear to me to be compounded of a horny 
 or bony pellucid matter, white as mother of 
 pearl, and wound into fpirals. Thefe tubes are 
 likewife lined on their infide with very deli- 
 cate membranes, which, keep their {piral form 
 with all its windings in their fituation. But 
 where they are dilated into pneumatic veffels, 
 they are entirely membranaceous, and befides, 
 when viewed with a powerful microfcope, are 
 obferved to be planted or fet there with fmall 
 ftuds or boffes like little grains. This is in- 
 deed a very agreeable object. Moreover, thefe 
 veficles are of a palifh or white colour, and 
 having no polifh are nearly of the afpect of a 
 Spider-web, or any thing of a like kind, co- 
 vered with duit. The tubes on the other 
 hand, are bright and {plendid, and of a filver 
 or of a pearly colour. See the explanation of 
 thefe in Tab. XXIX. fig. x. 
 
 The reafon of this difference between the 
 pulmonary tubes of this creature, while it is 
 in the Worm, and when it arrives at the Beetle 
 ftate, feems to lie in the repeated change of 
 their skin, whereof I have made mention be- 
 fore. ‘The fame thing is in fome meafure ob- 
 ferved in the pulmonary pipes of the Silkworm 
 Butterfly, for in this the tubes of the lungs, 
 becaufe they many times caft thefe iriternal 
 skins, are every where very much dilated ; 
 though they have no diftiné veficles. How- 
 ever the matter be, fince thefe white little parts, 
 which are feen in the fat of the Nymph, 
 ought to come principally into confideration 
 
 149 
 
 here, I think this difficulty may be at length 
 folved, if there were fome more diffetions 
 made for that purpofe. But I mutt referve 
 the doing of this to another time, and fhall, 
 till then, leave this matter uncertain. One 
 may conveniently inflate or blow up the pul- 
 monary tubes of the Beetle before defcribed 
 with a flexible leaden pipe, or the quill of the 
 wing of fome fmall bird: what in Holland we 
 call the Cheefe-bird has feathers admirably 
 fuited for this purpofe; for the quills of this 
 bird’s wingsare very perfectly hollowed through- 
 out, efpecially if they be firft ftrengthened bya 
 {mall glafs tube ; and thefe parts thus diftend= 
 ed afford a very beautiful fight. 
 
 Any one may fee the pneumatic veffels, to- 
 gether with their tubes, without any diflection, 
 provided he removes or takes the external 
 wings, called the cafes of the wings, from the 
 body, and views them when turned to the 
 light with a microfcope. They even appear 
 through the abdomen of the Beetle, and they 
 may be likewife feen in the horny or bony 
 and membranous part which covers the lower 
 part of the body: but they are prefented in 
 the moft beautiful manner between the plates 
 of the external wings; for there they form in- 
 numerable and moft finguldr figures. ‘Three 
 confiderable branches of the wind-pipe com-= 
 monly appear between thefe cafes, that is, two 
 on each fide, anda third fhorter in the middle: 
 and out of thefe one may afterwards fee the 
 refpiratory veficles beautifully iffuing and placed 
 between them, in the fame manner as I ex- 
 hibit them here in a minute portion of that 
 part; wherein two larger branches of the tra- 
 chea, Tab. XXX. fig. 1. aa, are reprefented 
 on each fide, and between them the pulmo- 
 nary pipes iffuing therefrom, together with 
 their veficles 6444, out of which other pulmo- 
 hary pipes arife, which are again dilated into 
 veficles cccc; and thefe are again attenuated 
 into pulmonary pipes, until at length they end 
 in moft minute and invifible filaments. In 
 the inner part of the outer wings there may 
 be alfo obferved fome other fmall points, pro= 
 jecting beyond the furface of the cafe or theath, 
 out of the middle of which iffue oblong dif- 
 perfed hairs. Thefe Iam confident are placed 
 here to prevent the fubjacent wing from being 
 too much pfrefied, and at the fame time to 
 give it the means to fold and Hide itfelf the 
 more eafily under the fheath. We haye be- 
 fore fhewn the ufe of théfe numerous tubes 
 and pulmonary bladders; which is, that by 
 their help the outer wings or cafes of the wings 
 may be expanded. I would likewife have it 
 obferved, that all thefe veficles or bladders 
 appear fomewhat {mooth, which may proba- 
 bly be owing to the contraction of the théath 
 or cafes, which happens when the humours 
 are exhaled, and the blood-vefféls are clofed of 
 fhut up. 
 
 The heart is much fhotter in the Rhino- 
 ceros Beetle which I am defcribing, than it 
 was in the Worm or Coffus; it is likewife 
 
 Qq * more 
 
150 Th BOOK of 
 more knotty; it is in fome places dilated, ig. vil. 
 aa, and elfewhere is again contracted 4 4, as I 
 have fhewn in a finall part of it: but I have not 
 had opportunity to fearch into it fully. I fhall 
 therefore now pafs to thofe parts peculiar to 
 
 AE U RoE 34a, 
 
 the male and thofe to the female ; fuch as the 
 horn, the penis, tefticles, and feminal veffels 
 in the male; and the ovary, uterus, and vulva ~ 
 in the female; and after thefe are explained 
 I fhall conclude this hiftory. 
 
 The parts peculiar to the male. 
 
 HE horns of the male Rhinoceros Bee- 
 
 tle is formed of a tolerably folid horny 
 bone, which makes it fo firm, that one may 
 bore or pierce even hard wood with it. It is 
 crooked and bent backwards towards the bone 
 of the thorax. It is of a black red colour, 
 and fo fmooth and polifhed on the furface that 
 it thines like a looking-glafs: and fo likewife 
 do the covering of the thorax; and the cafes 
 or fheaths of the wings, called alfo the outer 
 wings: thefe are likewife parti-coloured, but 
 approach more to red. ‘The horn is orna- 
 mented with feveral {mall holes imprefied 
 thereon. It is firft membranaceous in the 
 Nymph, and as it were full of a fluid ;_it after- 
 wards becomes more firm, and at length ac- 
 quires the full hardnefs we havenamed. And 
 though this horn is flexible at the time of the 
 creature’s cafting its skin, yet in the {pace of 
 two or three days after this change, it becomes 
 fo wonderfully hard, that it is not only as firm 
 as a cartilage, but even approaches to the na- 
 ture of a bone. It is not, diftinétly fpeaking, 
 fituated on the nofe of the creature, but on 
 the head, and may therefore be moft properly 
 called a production of the cranium or skull 
 only, for it {prings out of the fubftance of the 
 skull where it lies over the brain. The male 
 only has fuch an horn by way of ornament. 
 Ti is on the infide hollow, as that of an Ox ap- 
 pears when feparated from the head, but its 
 cavity is filled with no other matter than the 
 dilated air-bladders ; which, together with a 
 multitude of tubes that adhere to them, are 
 enclofed in it, and infinuate themfelves even 
 into its bony fubftance ; hence the horn be- 
 comes much lighter, fo that it may be carried 
 the eafier by the Beetle when it walks or 
 flies. This infect is therefore properly an 
 Unicorn, for he has only one horn. It will 
 not be improper to mention here, that if a 
 Stag be gelt while young, his horns will never 
 grow. ‘This I have been informed by a curi- 
 ous and creditable gentleman. Wherefore 
 thefe animals become in this refpect like the 
 female of this our Beetle, when their mafcu- 
 line vigour is taken away. 
 _ With regard to the penis of this Bectle we 
 are firft to obferve the nervous and the horny 
 or bony part, ‘Tab. XXX. fig. viut. and ix. a; 
 this laft is as it were the prepuce, or rather a 
 kind of theath for the penis: it is eredted 
 principally by its affiftance, and is again drawn 
 back into it when the occafion is over. On 
 the foremott fide of this cafe are fituated two 
 little horny bones refembling claws or hoofs 4, 
 Which, forming a chink or crevice in the mid- 
 
 dle between them, ate capable of being fepas 
 rated from each other by the help of proper 
 mu(fcles, in order to make a way, of afford a 
 pailage for the penis when it is erected. The 
 mutcles for this fervice are fituated in the bony 
 fabQance of the beforementioned theath, and 
 are likewife articulated therewith. By the 
 help of thefe two little bony claws the male in 
 the time of coition fixes himfelf in the horny. 
 part of the female's vulva. Behind this fheath 
 is placed a nervous, foft, and very thick part 
 of the penis c; wherein is placed fuch a horny 
 little bone as I have obferved alfo in the root | 
 of the Bee’s penis. Next follows the body or 
 root of the penis d, which is nothing more than 
 a {mall tube, but it has a confiderable nerve in 
 the place where the vafa deferentia and femi+ 
 nal veficles meet. I have obferved this nerve 
 alfo in the water Beetle, and very confpicuoully 
 in Bees. The vafa deferentia ee are next 
 feen on each fide, and they contain a very 
 white fpermatic humour: they ‘are indeed 
 fomewhat flender where they are connected 
 with the root of the penis; but they become 
 again dilated towards the middle, and thence 
 become more flender where the principal tef- 
 ticular veffel is united with them on each 
 fide. The tefticles which difcharge their 
 fperm through thefe vafa deferentia, are ofa 
 very fingular ftrudture in this Beetle. They 
 confit on each fide of a fimple vas tefticulare, 
 which is about two feet two inches long. On 
 one fide I exhibit here entirely rolled out and 
 unfolded f, whereby it appears at the fame 
 time, that the end of it is fomewhat thicker, 
 and, like the clofe gut or inteftinum cecum, 
 has no orifice, Tab. XXX. fig. vir1. and x. g 
 But on the other fide I exhibit this tefticle b 
 in its natural condition; fo that only the ex- 
 treme end of this vas tefticulare appears Te 
 moved from the mafs 7. The vafa deferentia 
 and vas tefticulare have in this creature innu- 
 merable pipes and pulmonary veficles : and by 
 the affitance of thefe, the convolutions of the 
 tefticular veflels are firmly kept tied together; 
 fo that they cannot be difengaged from each 
 other, unlefs thefe pulmonary tubes are firft 
 removed, which cannot be done without con- 
 tinued labour and great patience, Between 
 the vafa deferentia are {een the feminal veffels 
 kk, which contain a fpermatic matter of a 
 duskier colour than that of the tefticles oF 
 dilated vafa deferentia. And this feminal matter 
 is doubtlefs generated and fecreted in the veli- 
 cles themfelves, as is likewife the cafe in the 
 human fpecies and quadrupedes ; in fome © 
 which the veficles may be found diftended 
 wit 
 
The», H. § 8: TO B 
 
 with feveral ounces of fperm. Each of thefe 
 veficles is terminated by a fmall .curled fila- 
 ment //, which is indeed divided on each 
 fide into fix {mall tubes; on the tops of which 
 are depofited fo many very beautiful little 
 glands mm. Thefe being united to thefe 
 twelve tubes, by their means fend the feminal 
 matter at the time of coition through the 
 veficles to the penis. I exhibit fome of thefe 
 glands alfo as they appear 2 when they are 
 more {wollen in the middle than in the cir- 
 cumference, and are there filled with a pellu- 
 cid matter, refembling that fubftance in a Hen’s 
 egg, which Harvey calls the colliquaneantum. 
 But the fubftance which furrounds the middle 
 part, is filled with matter like the white of an 
 egg when beginning to concrete. Hence it is 
 eafy to conclude, that the dusky fluid which is 
 found in the veticles is generated therein, un- 
 lefs one fhould rather incline to think that it is 
 thus changed in the veficles, which fhould have 
 been firft proved. ‘The middle part of thefe 
 glandules is like a globe cut fomewhat fmooth 
 on the top; but if the glandule be inverted 0, 
 this part appears entirely globular below, and 
 the little branch of the veifel united to the ve- 
 ficles is there fixed in its center. ‘This I ex- 
 hibit fomewhat larger than the natural fize p, 
 reprefenting in the fame figure the fubftance g 
 
 The genital parts of the 
 
 cr HE female, which is diftinguifhed in this 
 {pecies by having no horn, Tab. XXX. 
 fig. x. 4, on its head, fhews on diflection, its 
 ovary fituated in the loweft region of the abdo- 
 men; but it is found to be fituated higher when 
 it is diftended with eggs. In order to exhibit 
 this the more clearly, I reprefent it, together 
 with the head and gullet, and the ftomach 4, 
 which is very flender, and the inteftines ¢, to- 
 gether with the orifice d of the latter, which 
 opens below and near the orifice of the ovary, 
 as they are all naturally fixed among one an- 
 other. The ovary ee confifts of twelve ovi- 
 duéts, fix whereof are fituated on each fide, 
 but thefe afterwards meet in certain common 
 paflages, which immediately afterwards form 
 one fingle trunk, which may be called the 
 uterus or rather the vagina of the creature. This 
 trunk reaches to the extremity of the abdomen, 
 out of which the female difcharges her eggs 
 through the horny ring, which is formed like 
 a crefcent, and is fhaggy f in the lower part. 
 In one of thefe common duéts is here exhibited 
 a perfect egg, and above are feen four other 
 rudiments or imperfect eggs, adhering in three 
 particular oviduéts: the other three oviducts of 
 this fide are empty or without eggs. On the 
 other fide may be feen three more perfect eggs 
 in the oviducts, which otherwife appear very 
 clofely contracted in thofe parts, where I 
 have delineated no eggs in them. I diffected 
 this female the 17th of Auguft, at which time 
 
 Y 
 
 a EF N.828 GCG: T 8. ist 
 that furrounds it, which contains a feminal 
 maiter much refembling the white of an eg, 
 All round thefe glandules and feminal veficles 
 are’ inferted numerous branches of the afpera 
 arteria: one would almoft think that one faw 
 the ciliary ducts in the human eye. The vefi- 
 cles have no communication with the vafa des 
 ferentia, which is likewife the cafe in Bulls 
 and many other animals, and even in other in- 
 fects, and as particularly in Bees, All thefe 
 genital parts are perfectly white, except the 
 veficles, which appear gray on account of the 
 dusky feminal matter they are fwollen with, 
 which is in fome meafure feen through them. 
 Thefe little parts are fituated in the lower re- 
 gion of the belly, and are there found folded 
 or wrapped one with another, in fuch a man- 
 ner that at the beginning of the difleétion one 
 would think they could not be difengaged by 
 any induftry. But patience overcomes all fuch 
 difficulties. I obferve further, that infeéts differ 
 very much with refpect to their genital parts, 
 as is plain in the organs of Bees, the water 
 Beetle, and others which Ihave occafionally des 
 lineated. Thefe parts are likewife very beau- 
 tiful in the Hornet, though I have not yet fuf= 
 ficiently examined into their ftru@ture. I thall 
 now pafs to the ovary of the female, 
 
 female Rhinoceros-Beetle. 
 
 thefe Beetles have done laying eggs, and ever 
 the young Worms are by that time found. But 
 if the extremity of the vagina which is fhagey, 
 be examined in the inner part, eight horny and 
 bright red little parts, together with the paffages 
 that then lead both to the vagina and to the 
 inteftinum rectum or ftraight gut, are obvioufly 
 feen. Under the vagina, not far from its exter= 
 nal aperture; is feen an oblong or pear-fhaped 
 bag, Tab. XXX. fig. x. g, which opens by a 
 {mall tube into the vagina. When this bag is 
 cut, a yellowifh matter is always found therein, 
 which, after it is concreted, runs into {mall 
 crumbles, if touched ever fo lightly: its yel- 
 low colour is feen through the bag. What ufe 
 this fubftance is of I am yet ignorant. Above 
 this bag are found two other tubes, which have 
 clofe extremities, and unite in one fhort and 
 narrow tube, which is likewife inferted in the 
 vagina. One of thefe little parts 4 in the Bee- 
 tle I diffected was pellucid, like a lymphatic 
 veffel, but the other was very white z, nervous 
 andhard. The ufe of thefe little parts likewife 
 is altogether unknown to me. One may alfo 
 fee here, in what manner all thefe parts are 
 furnifhed with numerous pulmonary tubes, out 
 of which iffue many pneumatic veficles or blad- 
 ders, which likewife emit other tubes &£ &, &e. 
 Thefe pipes connect the oviduéts, ftomach, 
 inteftines, and all the reft of the parts here de- 
 lineated firmly together, fo that they cannot be 
 difengaged but by repeated efforts. There is 
 
 a kind 
 
152 
 a kind of entire trank / of thefe sera 
 pipes, feen near one fide of the common duct 
 of the ovary; and other {maller branches m are 
 {een about the ftomach and inteftines. Whilft 
 I was engaged in drawing thefe pulmonary 
 tubes, I purpofely omitted to delineate the 
 knotty veffels or yvafa varicofa, which are much 
 parrower and clofer in the Beetle than in the 
 Worm, for I could {carce have avoided con- 
 fufion, if I had undertaken to exhibit to the 
 life fo many different minute little parts. It is 
 alfo remarkable both in the male and female, 
 that thefe little infets are now filled as much 
 with pulmonary tubes as their Worms were be- 
 fore with bladders of fat. 
 
 Before I conclude this account, I fhall ex- 
 hibit, becaufe it is pertinent to the fubject in 
 hand, five different exotic Rhinoceros Beetles, 
 each of a peculiar ftructure. The firft has a 
 breaft-bone, fig. 11. a, which extends into an 
 oblong tube, fomewhat crooked about the ante- 
 rior part, and at length fplit or divided in the 
 extremity. The horn of its nofe has alfo a 
 fharp rifing from the middle of it. In the fe~ 
 cond, Tab. XXX. fig. 111. a, the breaft is divided 
 into two acute points, in the manner of afork; 
 and the horn, which like a probofcis, projects 
 from the skull, turns itfelf in a peculiar man- 
 ner, and is elegantly bent back between the 
 teeth of the fork. This Beetle was brought 
 from Japan. The breaft-bone of the third, 
 fig. 1v. , terminates in a fhort horn fome- 
 what divided; from each fide of which two 
 other fhiorter crooked points projeét out of, or 
 from the breaft-bone: the horn on the nofe in 
 this is likewife very fhort, and terminates in 
 two arched and fharp-pointed branches. This 
 Beetle was brought from Brafil. I only exhi- 
 bit the thorax or breaft-bone of the fourth, 
 fig. v. c, becaufe it is in the body like the 
 firft, fecond, and fifth. This bone is pretty 
 large at its origin, but it terminates in two 
 fhort, crooked, obtufe points, and js adorned 
 alfo on the lower part with fome ridges pro- 
 jeCting beyond the furface. The horn on the 
 nofe in this fpecies is fplit as in the firft {pe- 
 cies; The breaft-bone of the fifth, fig. vi. d, 
 is divided in various manners, it firft emits a 
 fomewhat prominent obtufe point, afterwards 
 it grows {mall, and then expands again into an 
 eminence fomewhat divided, and at length it 
 terminates in two acute points or ends near the 
 eye, one of which is confiderably larger than 
 the other, The margins or extremities of this 
 
 The BOOK of N APO RS 08; 
 
 bone have two ornaments like thofe which f 
 mentioned in the fourth fpecies. The other 
 fide of the breaft-bone is divided and extended 
 in like manner as that which I have here 
 figured, The horn that rifes from the nofe js 
 bent back like a fegment of a circle againft 
 the prominence of the breaft-bone *, and js 
 obtufe at its extremity. A more accurate ex- 
 planation of the parts of thefe feveral {pecies 
 will be given at the end of the work. 
 
 Now that I am near concluding this fubjeG, 
 I fhall beg my readers to confider, whether the 
 parts of thefe little creatures changed info won- 
 derful a manner, and formed with an art not 
 inferior to the conftru@tion of the human body 
 itfelf, can be formed by the affiftance of heat 
 and moifture, or be produced by chance from 
 putrefaétion? Or whether the infinite wifdom 
 of God, and that moft powerful hand; whofe 
 fingers made the heavens, and framed all na- 
 ture, muft be confidered as the only inftru- — 
 ment of their exiftence? I fhould indeed be- 
 lieve no one would prefume to defy this. I 
 fhall therefore conclude this hiftory, by obferv- 
 ing that the Beetle is only a Nymph difengaged _ 
 from itsskin, and changed by accretion; as the 
 the Nymph likewife is only a Worm that has 
 changed its skin, and is altered or transformed 
 in the fame manner: hence thefe feveral ftates 
 exhibit only one infect under three different 
 appearances, which, after its miferies and mor- 
 tifications, is advanced by degrees to a glorious 
 and happy refurrection. ‘The Worm leads a 
 miferable life under the earth. _The Nymph, 
 deprived of motion, remains long as it were 
 dead; but the Beetle, living at pleafure above 
 and under ground, as alfo in the air, enjoys a 
 fuperior degree of dignity, which however it 
 has attained by affliGtions and death, for with- 
 out pafling through thefe difficulties, it could 
 never have come to that perfection, Here calm 
 and ferene weather fucceeds a ftorm, and death — 
 opens the gates to life. Hence the apoftle 
 
 {peaks moft juftly in relpect to us: “ Ithing 
 
 “that the fufferings of our temporary ftate 
 “ are not worthy the future glory which fhall 
 “ be revealed in us.” We therefore, treading 
 in the foot-fteps of our Lord Jefus Chrift, and 
 
 having fuffered all the miferies and punifhments — =H 
 
 of this life, expect the reward. My fpirit, im 
 the mean time, raifing itfelf with fervent zeal 
 to God, cries out: “© My foul magnifies the 
 “* Lord, becaufe he difclofes great things unto 
 ““ me: he is powerful, and his name is holy. — 
 
 The end. of the wonderful biftory of the RuinoceRos-BEETLE. 
 
 _ * We have in England two fpecies of Beetles which are able to leap in a very furprifing manner. In other infeéts this a-0- 
 tion is performed by means of the legs, which are made of various lengths and forms adapted to that purpofe : but thefe crea- 
 tures do it by means of their thorax, which is alfo formed in the under part in a peculiar manner rifing and elaftick for that 
 purpote : one of thefe is of a chefaut brown, the other of a greenith black. They both have flatted bodies and flender legs. 
 
 CHAP 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS 
 
 A particular treatife on the Culex or Guat, which 
 
 method of 
 
 S Ants; Bees, and Beetles ate generated 
 from a vifible egg, in fach a manner 
 that an intermediate Worm firft iffues out of 
 this egg; in the fame manner a Worm or Ver- 
 micle, out of which the Gnat has its origin, is 
 produced from the egg of a winged parent. 
 As the feveral parts of the Wormis out of which 
 the jaft mentioned three infeéts arife and increafe 
 by degrees under the skin, and the creature having 
 caft it, at length appear to our fight, all thefe 
 incidents have place in the Worm and Nymph of 
 the Gnat. But there is, notwithftanding, in this 
 infect a confiderable difference, which is, that 
 whilft the Nymph of the Ant, Bee or Beetle, 
 is without motion, and cannot change its place, 
 this Nymph of the Gnat, on the contrary, has 
 the power of loco-motion, and fwims in the 
 water ; for this reafon, it appears at firft fight 
 to approach in a great degree to the Nymphs 
 of the fecond order: 
 
 On a juft examination of the fubjeé, this 
 difficulty will be found, however, of {mall mo- 
 ment: for the Nymph of the Gnat, in rea- 
 lity, has no more motion in its legs than the 
 other Nymphs of this’ third order; for it is 
 never obferved that it moves in the leatt 
 its head, breaft, horns, wings or legs ; the con- 
 trary whereof is obferved in Nymphs of the 
 fecond order. For this reafon, though the 
 Nymph of the Gnat has fo ftrong a power of 
 moving from place to place, yet that is no ob- 
 ftacle to prevent our referring it properly and 
 juftly to the third, and not to the fecond order. 
 
 The true reafon of the difference confifts in 
 this, the change which the tail of the Nymph 
 of the Gnat undergoes, is not fo remarkable, 
 as that the Nymph fhould thereby lofe the fa- 
 culty of moving briskly. The tail is the only 
 part, by the help whereof this Nymph changes 
 place. The limbs and other parts in this 
 Nymph, are in freality as immovedble as they 
 are in the Nymphs of Ants, Bees and Beetles. 
 And even thefe Nymphs are not wholly de- 
 prived of the power of moving their tail, as 
 is evident in the Nymph of the Rhinoceros- 
 Beetle juft defcribed ; for this can, by the mo- 
 tion of its tail turn itfelf a little in its terreftrial 
 habitation. But in the Nymphs of Ants and 
 Bees this is not obferved, until they have paffed 
 the greater part of the Nymph ftate, and are 
 very neat Changing their skin. Having there- 
 fore removed this difficulty, which might ap- 
 pear more confiderable than it is to thofe lefs 
 acquainted with thefe changes. I fhall proceed 
 to give the particular hiftory of the Gnat and 
 
 153 
 
 likewife belongs to the fio 
 
 the third order of natural changes called the Nymph. 
 
 and its Nymph; from the particulars of which 
 all thofe things which have been faid in the 
 preface will be better explained and eéafier un= 
 derftood: 
 
 The Gnat is produced out of a very {mall 
 egg, which is expofed or caft into the water 
 by the parent Gnat, when fhe is engaged in 
 laying her eggs, and in a few days this pro- 
 duces a very fmall Vermicle or Worm*. 1 
 was firft informed that the Gnats {fprung out 
 of the water by the curious and leatned Mr. 
 Duiffen, a very vigilant proteftant minifter at 
 Saumur in France, who had obferved it in his 
 kitchen garden, where there was a ftone bafon 
 with water in it, out of which he faw plainly 
 that Gnats arofe at a certain feafon. 
 
 Afterwards, on my return to Holland, I 
 found the Worm of the Ghat fwimming in 
 water, and immediately took its figure. Hence 
 it happened, that when I faw it in the ad- 
 mirable figures of Dr. Hook’s micrography, I 
 immediately knew it, fince that very learned 
 Englith gentleman has delineated it with the 
 greateft accuracy. But this celebrated writer 
 does not, feem to me to. have examined the tail 
 of that Worm with fufficient attention. I fhall 
 obferve further, that the Nymph of the Gnat 
 has been fomewhat improperly exhibited by 
 him, unlefS§ he had fome other {pecies of this 
 infe&t. This is the more probable to me, as I 
 find there are various Nymphs of Gnats, as 
 well as many-kinds of the Flies themfelves. 
 
 In Tab. XXXI. fig. 1v. I exhibit in its na- 
 tural fize the Worm out of which the Gnat 
 is produced. The fame is likewife reprefented 
 in fig. v. magnified by a microfcope, and thus 
 it prefents to the eye very obvioufly the con- 
 ftruction of its breaft and body. “It may be 
 likewife obferved here, in what manner it raifes 
 itfelf to the furface of the water by the help 
 of its tail, and alfo the conftru@tion whereby 
 it is divided into the head, breaft, body and 
 tail. 
 
 In the head, which lies funk under the wa- 
 ter, I have fhewn in this figure various particu- 
 lars particularly the eyes, the horns, and the 
 lower part of the mouth. The eyes are black aa, 
 arid have a {mooth and polifhed furface; nor are 
 they divided like a clufter of grapes, or by an 
 hexagonal network, as in many infects, but 
 are of a figure fomewhat lunated or like a cref- 
 cent. The horns are fhaped not unlike the 
 collar-bones, Tab. XXXI. fig. v. 5d, in the 
 human fpecies, and are furnifhed with hairs to- 
 wards their ends. The opening of the mouth 
 
 * There is not in all the infect world a creature more happily fuited to thew the feveral operations of life than this. A mode- 
 
 rate microfcope difcovers to us very clearly what pafles within its tranfparent bod 
 what dusky, but as it grows towards the change, it becomes pale and greenith. 
 
 motion of the ftomach and inteftines are perfeétly feen, 
 very clearly. 
 
 y. The creature is at firft greenifh and fome- 
 At that time the beating of the heart, and the 
 
 and the two principal pulmonary tubes may be traced along their courfe 
 
 Rr is 
 
BOOK of 
 
 t 5 4 The 
 4s likewife fhewn here ¢, appearing like a black- 
 ith triangular fpot. We may likewife diftin- 
 cuith by the microfcope feven other little parts 
 of the niouth, whereof I exhibit three, as well 
 above the mouth as at its fides; but the feventh, 
 which is fomewhat brown, is obferved to have 
 its two bafes placed near the thorax, and reach- 
 ing to the eyes. This little part is fomewhat 
 whiter in the middle, and grows browner a little 
 lower near the mouth, but in the anterior of 
 fore part, it appears to be formed like the nails 
 of our fingers, or the {eales of fith. Where this 
 little part terminates with its brown curvature 
 or winding, almoft in the ‘middle or lower re- 
 gion of the head, I exhibit the firft of the 
 three pair of little parts already named. This 
 pair is of a triangular figure, on account of the 
 hairs wherewith their inner fide is furrounded. 
 About the end of this follows another pair of 
 the like little parts, the beginning of which are 
 horny or bony, but the extremities are hairy. 
 Below thefe again are feen a third pair of little 
 parts which are fomewhat thicker and more 
 fhaggy, and extend to the hairs of the horns. 
 Thefe three pair of little parts are, properly 
 fpeaking, articulated briftly hairs, which the 
 Worm of the Gnat makes ufe of to direct the 
 food to its mouth. I ‘havé before obferved 
 fomething like this in the hermit Crab, in 
 which I have defcribed many little parts of a 
 fomewhat like kind. The mouth of this 
 Worm is in the fore part befet thickly with 
 hairs, which are all of equal length, and are 
 placed equally diftant from one another: this 
 is (hewn at the letter c. 
 
 In the thorax are certain regular divifions dd, 
 which are produced by the growing and extu- 
 berant joints of the legs and wings of the Gnat 
 within. Hence I can fhew even in this Worm 
 all the limbs and parts of the future Nymph, 
 and of the perfect Gnat lying under the skin, 
 ‘as I fhall do on a fucceeding occafion in the 
 Worms of Bees, and fhall thus exhibit an ex- 
 ample applicable to all other infects belonging 
 to this firft {pecies, or method of the third order 
 of natural transformations. Afterwards, when 
 I come to the fecond method of the third or- 
 der, I thall prefent to the eye a kind of fimilar 
 inftance on the diurnal Butterfly. We may like- 
 wile further obferve how. the thorax of this 
 Worm is diftinguifhed with furrowed lines, 
 and befet on each fide with briftly hairs, many 
 ifluing together as it were out of one center. 
 
 . The belly is divided into eight annular fec- 
 tions, Tab. XXXI. fig, v. ee; to which, if you 
 add the fhaggy extremity f of the tail, and that 
 part of it which is likewife ftrengthened g with 
 3 briftly hairs, and is extended by the 
 
 Worm above the furface of the water, ten 
 rings muft be reckoned in the whole. In that 
 part of the tail which is feen # above the fur- 
 face of the water, there appéar certain black 
 
 {pots, and fome depreffions or holes, as alfo - 
 
 many briftly hairs. But here we muft take 
 particular notice, that whenever the Worm 
 
 . . . ? 
 fwimming in the middle of the water pulls 
 
 NAT U RjE3. Of 
 
 down the part of the tail juft mentioned undet 
 the water, that part never becomes wet. There« 
 fore, when the Worm wants to reft, or ceafe 
 moving, it immediately goes up to the furface, 
 and there, by means of its tail, fufpends itfelf 
 almoft in the fame manner as we fee a little 
 glafs figure of aman hang pendulous in a glafly 
 bubble in water.. This is done the eafier by 
 this Worm, becaufe its tail always. remains 
 dry: hence it is alfo obferved that as foon as 
 this appendage of the tail has again, emerged to 
 the furface, the water immediately. flows away 
 from it on every fide. And one may diftinély 
 fee that a kind of bafon or hole is by that means 
 imprefled on the water, when the body of the 
 Worm gravitates downwards; the water not 
 being able to penetrate into the dry tail and its 
 depreffions, is ftopt in its circumference ; and 
 therefore the Worm, in regard to the extremity 
 of its tail, very beautifully fwims in the water 
 in the manner of an empty hollow glafs. The 
 like effe€t may be likewife produced by art, 
 if a needle be drawn through a cork and put 
 into the water; for the cork will then {wim on 
 the water, and in like manner make a confi- "— 
 derable depreflion in the furface. 
 
 Near the extremity of this tail I exhibit 
 fome bubbles in the water 2; thefe are fre- 
 quently feen, and they arife from the air which 
 the Worm can at pleafure emit there out of its 
 body. I have feen that the Worm, in order 
 to draw in the air, has raifed its head out of 
 the water. When it has happened that the tail ¢ 
 had loft its drynefs, and the Worm by this means 
 can no longer fufpend itfelf on the furface of 
 
 the water, which is the cafe when it is bruifed oe 
 
 or handled too roughly ; I have on thefe oc- 
 cafionsobferved, that it put its tail in its mouth, 
 
 and afterwards drew it back together with its oh 
 In this method of proceeding the infect 3 
 refembles water fowls, which, by drawing their 
 
 hairs. 
 
 quills through their beak, prepare them in fuch 
 
 a manner that they can refift the water. They 
 fecrete this fat matter by means of a double 
 
 gland which they have in their rump, in which 
 
 this oil, which ftrengthens the wings againft ry 
 the water, is generated and excreted, and they 
 
 thence take it into their beaks. I have fome- 
 times covered anatomical inftruments of fteel 
 with this matter, in order to keep them from 
 rufting, and have found that the fteel continued 
 perfectly defended from ruft by means of it; and 
 I think it would have greater effect, if one hada 
 great quantity of it boiled and properly ma- 
 naged. . 
 As this whole infeé is pellucid, I have here 
 exhibited the two tranfparent pulmonary tubes ~ 
 which appear in the middle of the tail where . 
 it floats in the water. Thefe arife from the 
 body near the thorax, and contain, Tab. XXXI. 
 fig. v. £2, in them the quantity of air whereby 
 the bubbles are produced. This infect there- 
 fore breathes at its tail, in the fame manner as 
 the Worm of the Gad Fly. But this tail is not 
 fo abfolutely neceflary for the Worm of the 
 Gnat, that it cannot live without it. It only 
 ferves 
 
The «dH: ESTs O RW 
 
 fefves for its convéniency, and by its powers 
 enables the Worm to reft or hold itfelf faf- 
 pended on the furface of the water. Hence it 
 is, that the tail is entirely deftroyed and thrown 
 off when the Worm cafts its skin and is changed 
 into a. Nymph. 
 
 As to the other part of the belly or tail; 
 whofe extremity is likewife thaggy, with briftly 
 hairs, I exhibit about it fome {mall lumps / of 
 an earthy matter, which fall into the water and 
 there melt away by degreesm.  Thefe are the 
 excrements voided from the inteftines:; We 
 may likewife obferve here the inteftines them- 
 felves, which contain thefe feeces; and are feen 
 through the tranfparent belly, fituated between 
 the pulmonary tubes & & and at length termi- 
 nating in this other extremity of the belly 
 which is the real tail. It is very fingular, that 
 in this Worm, not only the motion of the in- 
 te(tines, but alfo the propulfion of the excre+ 
 ments in them 2 may be feen through the inte- 
 guments of the body. This motion of the 
 inteftines, the never-enough celebrated Dr. 
 Hook firft difcovered, I obferve likewife that 
 thefe. pellucid inteftines appear fometimes white, 
 fometimes black, and are fometimes divided 
 into little knots. This variety arifes from the 
 contents and excrements being more or: lefs 
 changed in them. Laftly, Llikewife fhew fmall 
 hairs in the eight rings of the abdomen, three 
 in fome, and in others four, and alfo the 
 {quamous or fealy windings and con{tructions 
 thereof. 
 
 When this Worm is arrived at its full 
 growth, and its limbs having attained their 
 due perfection, are {wollen or filled with blood 
 and humours, it throws or cafts off its old 
 skin, and expofes to open view all its hitherto 
 hidden limbs and parts; this is when it is 
 changed into a Nymph, which is delineated in 
 its natural fize or bignefs in Tab. XXXI, fig. 
 vi. and in fig. vir. as it appears magnified with 
 a microfcope. In the latter defign, the head, 
 breaft and belly may be more diftin@ly feen 
 than in the Worm; nay, and the eyes alfo, 
 and the horns, the trunk, the legs and the 
 wings. All thefe parts are however fluid like 
 water, and muft in due time evaporate this 
 moifture in the water, to fuch a degree as to 
 acquire due firmnefs. 
 
 Left the delineation of thefe parts fhould be 
 obfcured by annexing letters to them, I fhall 
 fhew them all in a lefs finifhed figure, which 
 I have added for that purpofe. Before I begin, 
 it muft be particularly obferved, that the head, 
 which before in the Worm hung downwards 
 towards the bottom. of the. water, is always 
 raifed upwards in the Nymph, and is likewife, 
 by means of two tubes, fufpended on the fur- 
 face of the water, in the fame manner as the 
 tail of the Worm was before. Hence, as the 
 ‘Worm then drew the air through the tail, be- 
 ing changed into a Nymph, it now breathes the 
 air with its head through the tubes juft now 
 mentioned. Hence it is alfo obferved, that the 
 tail which in the Worm was protended up- 
 
 _proaches to black, 
 
 of INS EGITS. igs 
 
 wards, lies in the Nymph funk under the wa- 
 ter; and this is indeed a remarkable’ changé in 
 the infect with refpect to its manner of living. 
 
 One might take thefe. tubes in the ‘head for 
 the horns which | the Worm had: before; and 
 which are now, after cafting the skin, dilated 
 and adapted to another ufe; but thofe horns 
 were fituated nearer to the foremoft parts of the 
 head. The tail is likewife upon the change of 
 its skin confiderably altered; it has acquired 
 in this ftate a beautiful feather; toferve as a 
 rudder; by the help: of which this Nymph 
 moves freely from place to place; and {wims'in 
 a quite another manner than it ufed to do when 
 it was in the ftate of a Worm.: Dr. Hooke 
 has alfo obferved this change of the Nymph, 
 in refpect to the manner of its moving: and 
 {wimining, as appears from his Micrography. 
 In many infects, nay, particularly in thefe which 
 belong to the fecond mode of the third oder, 
 it is obferved thay when they are changed into 
 the Chryfalis they have a motion in their tail; 
 though all the reft of their body become 
 wholly immoveable, as is alfo the café in this 
 Nymph. We have fully treated of this in the 
 beginning of this chapter. 
 
 On one fide of the head in this defign is feen 
 an eyes Tab; XXXI. fig. viii. a; covered a 
 little on the upper part with a membrane; 
 which invefts the probofcis or trunk, and this 
 eye, is now divided into hexagonal and globular 
 divifions. Above this appears to be fituated one 
 of the antenne 4, divided into feveral black knots 
 which are fo many joints. ‘The trunk ¢ which 
 is the Gnat’s fling, and which partly covers the 
 eye, is placed with its {harp point between the legs 
 and wings. Thelegs dddd are in a wonderful 
 manner twifted and bent, but. efpecially in the 
 hinder part; and they are hidden between the 
 wings, and appear plainly through the tranfpa~ 
 rent fubftance of the latter. This I here exhibit 
 delineated, that both the wing of this fide may 
 be feen, and alfo the membrane that. invefts 
 it ee, and which is placed above the legs.. The 
 body is divided into eight rings, on which fome 
 of the hairs, that have changed their outer co- 
 vering ff, are obferved to reft. Through the 
 middle of the whole length of the body appears 
 a beautiful border or rifing verge g, which I 
 could fcarce difcover in the Worm of the Gnat, 
 nor have I afterwards found it confiderable in 
 the perfect Gnat itfelf. The tail, which hangs 
 down, has, as I obferved, a moving jointed fin 4, 
 by thehelp of which the Nymph removes from 
 place to place. In the upper parts of the head are 
 feen the tubulated horns 77 before defcribed, by 
 means of which the creature, while in this ftate, 
 hangs and breathes on the furface of the water ; 
 but by the help of this conftruction the Nymph 
 is now better prepared to be changed into a 
 Gnat after cafting its {kin. This infect, while in 
 the Nymph ftate, has no certain colour; for, 
 upon its change, it grows white, and afterwards 
 becomes fomewhat green, and at laft it ap- 
 
 After 
 
156 
 
 After this Nymph -has lived fome. days, 
 moving itfelf backwards and forwards in -the 
 water, and its tendet limbs iare ftrengthened, 
 it burfts and cafts its kin in ithe middle between 
 thofe two horns or tubes, by the help of which 
 it was befote fufpended on ‘the furface of the 
 water; and after this, on account of the light- 
 nefs of its body only, it remains on the fur- 
 face, until its wings are expanded and dried 
 with air; then the Nymph ‘having affumed the 
 form of a Gnat flies away, leaving its caft 
 {kin fwimming in the the water, where it in- 
 fenfibly decays. 
 
 The Gnats of this {pecies *, which are beft 
 of all known in Holland on account of their 
 mifchievous trunk or fting, are eafily diftinguith- 
 ed into males and females, I exhibit the male 
 in Tab. XXXII. fig. 1. and alfo a microfcopic 
 view of it in fig. 11. Between this Gnat and 
 its Nymph there is no other difference, ex- 
 cept that the limbs are difpofed and placed 
 in a different manner in the Nymph from what 
 they are in the perfect Gnat. Hence, as the head, 
 breaft, belly, &c. may be feen and unfolded in 
 the Nymph, we may diftinguith all thefe things 
 in the Gnat itfelf, but much more accurately, 
 for the external fkin of the Nymph, which 
 prevented the more diftinét view of all thefe 
 parts, has been now, upon the laft change, 
 thrown. off. 
 
 In the head of the male Gnat, I particularly 
 exhibit, in the enlarged figure, the eyes, horns, 
 and trunk ; as alfo two other parts placed near 
 the trunk or fting, between or under which the 
 latter is properly placed: the eyes a a conttitute 
 the greateft part of the head, as is the cafe in 
 many other {pecies of infects. They are of a 
 greenith colour, and they form as it were an 
 hexagonal piece of network, the divifions where- 
 of rife in a globular figure. Near the eyes I 
 reprefent the horns 46, which arife as it were 
 out of two yellowith flefh-coloured little globes, 
 and are beautifully divided into twelve black 
 knot-like jeints, which are furrounded with 
 hairs like tender flaxen threads. Toward the 
 extremity of each of thefe antennz is feen a 
 circle, confifting of fix hairs placed in a circle ; 
 above which appear the extreme ends of the 
 horns furrounded or covered with yet {maller 
 hairs. As to the other two long and crooked 
 parts, between which the trunk or aculeus is 
 obferved to be fituated cc, I find them divided 
 into three joints, befet with hairs toward their 
 extremities, and moreover covered every where 
 with a kind of brownith feathers, which re- 
 femble, as the feathers of Butterflies do, the 
 little {eales of fithes. 
 
 The trunk is. of the fame colour, and is 
 adotned d with the like {caly little feathers, but 
 it 18 not divided into joints, being immoveable 
 : _ middle; thotigh there are plainly fome 
 
 iwilions toward the end of it; and it is there 
 
 * We have in England three v. 
 the middle kind is altogether brows 
 alfo bites feverely. The W 
 
 befide thefe a multitude of difting fpecies very fmall, which a 
 
 orms of all thefe are alike in form, and, 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE: 6; 
 
 likewife near the end regularly farrounded by 
 five hairs on each fide of it. On full confi- 
 deration of the whole, the part before defcrib= 
 ed, and which we ufually call the trunk ¢, the 
 aculeus or fting of the Gnat, is nothing more 
 than a fheath or cafe of the real fting e, which 
 is reprefented in this figure only projecting, or as 
 if thruft, out of it. This fting is provided with 
 fo fharp a point, that I could never obferve the 
 leaft breadth therein, with the beft microfcopes 
 that I ufed in the year 1688. If you put the 
 edges of the fharpeft razors, or the points of _ 
 the fineft needles and lancets before the mi- 
 crofcope, you will eafily fee that they have vi- 
 fible breadth, and appear blunt, ragged, and dull. 
 I do not find this fheath in all Gnats; and this 
 is the cafe in that fpecies defcribed by Goedaert, 
 the fting of which I fhould incline to think 
 is very fhort, and lies rather in the mouth than 
 in any fheath or cafe; fo that the fame thing 
 feems to obtain here as in the Loufe kind, the 
 fheath and trunk of which are alfo difcovered 
 with difficulty, though thefe little creatures 
 prick or fting vehemently, and give us great 
 trouble by fucking our blood. 
 
 Thus I obferve, with refpect to other in- 
 feéts, that ‘there is great difference as to their 
 {tings and trunks; fome of them have their 
 probofcides eight times longer than others, be- 
 fides that the conftruction differs greatly in 
 both. But I have elfewhere faid enough on 
 this fubjeét, when I treated of the fwift Butter- 
 fly, which is reprefented in the hiftory of the 
 
 Rhinoceros Beetle, Tab. XXIX: But when] 
 
 come to the Gad Fly I fhall, from the obferva- 
 tions I have made on the fting and trunk, offer 
 fome reafons why many infects that feed on 
 blood, ftill preferve life, through deprived for 
 a long time of the blood wherewith they na- 
 turally nourifh themfelves. This queftion may 
 certainly arife with refpect to Bugs, Fleas, and 
 feveral fuch infects, and alfo in regard to the 
 Gnat kind. I now return to the fubjec and — 
 fhall give a moré full explafiation of the trunk 
 of the Gnat, 
 
 The cafe or heath of the fting, 4s I ave al- 
 ready obferved, is immoveable in the middle, 
 but where it is united to the head it appears to 
 be jointed. If one diffeéts it whder the mi 
 crofcope, and very quickly breaks it off at 2 
 little diftance from the head, or cuts it, Tab. 
 XXXII. fig. 111. a; in its circumference, but in 
 fuch a manner, 4s at the fame time to draw 
 this broken cafe of the fting from the fting it- 
 felf, which is placed on the infide ; this way 
 at length the aculeus is plainly feen naked and 
 difengaged from all impediments, in which 
 ftate it could not be viewed before. When I 
 firft made this experiment, I thought I had 
 difcovered the whole aculeus in this manner: 
 for I obferved an acute pellucid little part of a. 
 bright red colour 4, which confifted of a horny 
 
 diftin& kinds of Gnats: the largeft of thefe has brown eyes, anda black and white body 
 this has the moft mifchievous bite of any. The third or finaller kind has a red breaft; this 
 
 What is very remarkable, they differ little in fize. We have 
 
 re, inthe fen countries, very troublefome. 
 
 or 
 
a 
 
 ete 
 of 
 ef 
 ved { 
 hey! 
 nn 
 sa 
 a! 
 
 jah 
 bat 6 
 
 THe: His T OVRSY 
 
 or bony matter, and was moderately ftrong 
 and yet flexible. But upon examining this lit- 
 tle part afterwards with a larger magnifying 
 glafs, I obferved that there was a confiderable 
 aperture juft below its fharp point; and I alfo 
 obferved two little drops of a real liquor, at 
 fome diftance from each other, lying in the 
 middle of this little part, as in a little hollow 
 tube. As I was attempting to exprefs or get 
 out this liquid under the microfcope, it hap- 
 pened, contrary to my expectations, that I broke 
 that little part. This accident had great ad- 
 vantage, for on the infide of this little part I 
 then difcovered five diftinét aculei or ftings, and 
 confequently thus found the whole conftruction 
 of the aculeus. 
 
 I obferved that two of thefe aculei which 
 were hidden within the tubulated little canal 
 of the general thing were, much more flender, 
 Tab. XXXII. fig. 111. ¢¢, than the three others, 
 which appeared thicker and ftronger, dd d. 
 I likewife obferved that they were fomewhat 
 broader where they were articulated with the 
 head, but that they afterwards became {mall, 
 and that they were finally confiderably extend- 
 ed, before they terminate in their delicate and 
 fine points. | All thefe aculei were of a delicate 
 fmooth furface, but in the middle they were 
 fomewhat thicker and more diftended, fo that 
 in that part they appeared’ of a browner colour, 
 exhibiting to the eye within a pellucid bright 
 rednefs: but they confifted of a flexible 
 horny or bony matter like that of the little 
 canal which contained them. I could not dif- 
 cover any cavity inthem, though there feemed 
 to be fomething of this kind in the larger ; for 
 when thefe were examined with a very acute 
 glafs, they curled and continually moved about: 
 this, I thought, muft be attributed to the eva- 
 poration of the humour inclofed or contained 
 within their fubftance. I could by no means, 
 however, obferve any other mark of their being 
 hollow on the infide. 
 
 As to the ufe of thefe five aculei, they feem 
 only to ferve as fo many very fharp lances to 
 enter the pores of the skin, and afterwards to 
 retract or draw themfelves back into the inward 
 cafe wherein they are kept: but then I fhould 
 think that the acute and hollow extremity of 
 this cafe is certainly introduced into the wound, 
 and by means thereof the Gnat afterwards 
 fucks the blood, which, running or afcending 
 by fuétion between thefe fharp parts, is at 
 length conveyed into the body of the infec. 
 Hence there appears almoft the fame ufe of this 
 fheath as there is of the filver pipes ufed by 
 our furgeons, through which they pafs their 
 lancets when they are about to open ulcers that 
 lie deep between the jaws, and are careful to 
 wound no other parts but thofe they are to cut. 
 The reafon why nature hath made five aculei 
 for this.purpofe, is, I confefs, beyond my com- 
 
 prehenfion; unlefs one fhould incline to think 
 that by the repeated agitation of fo many things 
 in the womb, the blood is better prepared to 
 
 fF N’ S2BAG. ST: :S: 157 
 
 afcend through this long and moft flencer tube 
 wherein thofe flings are hidden. 
 
 I am firmly perfuaded that when the Gnat 
 has no opportunity of drawing blood oat of 
 animals, it fucks, with the help of its cafe, the 
 juices of flowers, plants or fruits, being con- 
 tent with feeding on the latter when it wants 
 the former : indeed, by what other means could 
 it fupport itfelf, when it lives in the fields and 
 woods? I would not now prefume to affirm 
 for certain, whether, when I firft communi- 
 cated to the public the figure of the Gnat’s 
 trunk, not knowing then that it had five ftings, 
 I faw one or more ftings projecting or hanging 
 out of its cafe; but Iam not certain now that 
 thefe five ftings, viewed fideways, do not ap- 
 pear broader in the fore part next under their 
 points than elfewhere. 
 
 After I had made the obfervations already 
 mentioned on the fting of the Gnat, I often 
 afterwards obferved in the dead Gnats, that all 
 their ftings were broken off from their cafe,< 
 and appeared without the little tube, without 
 my aid. And hence I began to confider, whe- 
 ther thefe integuments of the five ftings refem- 
 ble or not the fheath or cafe of a Bee’s iting, 
 and only or loofely contain the real fting, as a 
 fcabbard open on one fide might hold a {word. 
 But, notwithftanding the repeated pains I have 
 hitherto taken to difcover the truth in this 
 matter, yet I could never find out any mark 
 of fuch a ftru€ture. I therefore think I may 
 fafely maintain that both the cafe of the fting 
 and its inward pipe are two diftin¢t and entire 
 integuments, the exterior of which contains the 
 little tube, and the interior, which is the little 
 tube itfelf, contains the five ftings. 
 
 It has fometimes happened, that upon ex- 
 amining thefe things in other f{pecies of Gnats, 
 I have obferved that, like the ftings of Bees, 
 they were provided with a kind of crooked 
 claws, or were at leaft ferrated on their fur- 
 face. But this I had not the good fortune to 
 fee when I was engaged in drawing and finifh- 
 ing the figures of thefe parts from the prefent 
 fpecies; only I thought I once faw fomething 
 like it through the common microfcopes, and 
 therefore thofe who are fond of microfcopes, 
 mutt take care not to confide -in one lens or 
 glafs only, and muft not always view the ob- 
 ject in the fame manner and fituation, for by 
 this means many errors arife. In the third 
 figure above mentioned is likewife feen the 
 neck, Tab. XXXII. fig. 111. e, of the Gnat, 
 and the head f placed thereon, in which the eyes 
 g g appear, as alfo the antenne cut off bb, and 
 the articulated fetae for briftly hairs iz, which 
 are cut off above the ftings. 
 
 As to the thorax of the Gnat, it carries the 
 legs and wings, and alfo two little parts like 
 hammers, and of an oval figure. The legs are 
 of a brownifh colour, and confift of feven 
 joints, fig. u. ff ff, which are larger in the 
 hinder that in the fore legs: but befides thefe, 
 the extremity of each leg is likewife armed 
 
 ST with 
 
BOOK of 
 
 The 
 
 Moreover, the legs of this in- 
 vered with fealy little feathers, 
 e blackifh fetaceous 
 
 158 
 
 with two claws. 
 feét are all over co 
 between which appear fom 
 hairs. 3 Br ce Nowe 
 The ftructure of the wings gggg 15 10 bee 
 tiful, that nothing can, in a manner, be invent= 
 ed more ingenious or artificial. They. confitt 
 partly of pulmonary tubes, and partly of deli- 
 cate membranes, which are perfectly pellucid. 
 They are of an oblong form, and of a. glafly 
 colour; but they-are obfcured. or fhaded by a 
 very great number of {caly rhomboidal figures, 
 which are a vaft ornament to them. All the 
 membranes of the wings are interwoven with 
 pulmonary tubes, which run through them 
 like fo many veins and nerves ; and upon thofe 
 pulmonary tubes, which are conveyed out of 
 the body into the wings, are fixed thefe oblong 
 and broad feathers for the fake of ornament. 
 The fame conftruction is feen alfo in the be- 
 ginning, middle, and circumference of the 
 wings, and isa. very agreeable fight. In order 
 to make this ftruéture clear or more evident, 
 I here exhibit the wings fomewhat larger, in 
 proportion to the other part of the Gnat, than 
 they were formerly. But if thefe wings were 
 reprefented as large as they can poflibly be 
 magnified by good glaffes, the divine miracles 
 that are prefented to us therein would amaze 
 all mankind. 
 
 We should then diftinguith clearly that every 
 feries of the little feathers before defcribed, 
 likewife refts on a ftalk or tube, by means of 
 which, it is united to the pulmonary tubes : 
 and alfo, that fome of the feathers are here and 
 there larger, fhorter, or broader, and placed 
 in a quite different manner from the reft, as 
 far as regularity and beauty would admit. If 
 broken feathers chance to occur any where, 
 their quills. will be found there ftill fixed in the 
 pulmonary tubes. The ftructure of the little 
 feathers would fhew itfelf very admirable in 
 this cafe, for almoft all of them are inter- 
 woven with fix regular little ribs like fo many 
 nerves, each of which confifts of a great num- 
 ber of regular globules. This is feen more 
 clearly by the help of a powerful microfcope ; 
 all thefe little feathers being likewife tran{pa- 
 rent, though they are not altogether fo clear 
 as the membranes of the wings. 
 
 Further we may obferve, in what a won- 
 derful manner the very membrane of the wings 
 is conftruéted in this creature, for it appears 
 under the microfcope befet with many promi- 
 nent papille or little rifings. If this part be 
 viewed by help of the moft powerful microf- 
 cope, it will be diftinétly feen that all thefe 
 papille are fo many crooked, curled, pellucid 
 little tips or points, of moft delicate, long or 
 extended papilla. In all this the omnipotence 
 and wifdom of God fhines brighter than the 
 meridian fun. All thefe things cannot be ex- 
 preffed in the fmall compaf{s of a fingle figure. 
 Ihave therefore exhibited upon this membrane 
 of the wings, only a few out of the great num- 
 
 . 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 or, 
 
 ber of thefe inflected and tharp-pointed papille 
 in the form of points. Nay, I would venture 
 to aflert, that however good the microfcope 
 made ufe of is, yet one cannot fee thefe pa- 
 pille diftin@ly, unlefs we firft tear a part of 
 the membrane of the wings carefully for that 
 purpofe; for the fharp little tops or points 
 which I have here mentioned, are only to be 
 feen when all impediments are moft carefully 
 removed. 
 
 The mualleoli, Tab. XXXII. fig. 11. bb, or 
 little hammers fixed to the breaft, whereof I 
 made mention, are of a fomewhat irregular 
 fhape, and at their extremities are confiderably 
 dilated: they are there {mooth and of a whitith 
 colour. Ihave obferved fuch malleoli almoft 
 inall Flies which have only two wings. The 
 {urface of the thorax alfo fhines a little, and 
 being covered in a manner with red briftly hairs, 
 inftead of feathers, it is likewife adorned with 
 a red colour. : 
 
 The belly is divided into eight rings £f, in 
 the fame manner asI have exhibited in the 
 Worm and Nymph. All thefe divifions are 
 likewife as vifible in the perfect Gnat, as in thofe 
 ftates lately mentioned. I further, obferve that 
 the belly and tail are every where covered with 
 feathers, which are black in fome places ; and 
 this is the reafon that the belly and tail appear 
 divided as it were by black rings. ‘The other 
 little feathers intermixed with the former are 
 of a white or yellowifh colour, and are wholly 
 tranfparent. Moreover, the whole belly is every 
 where covered with fine hairs, the extremities 
 of which curl, and feem to be in fome meafure 
 entangled in one another, though in reality 
 they are not. 
 
 _ I alfo reprefent the head of the female Gnat, 
 fig. rv. magnified, which, in refpect to the 
 ftruGure of the horns, differs from the male's 
 head aa extremely. Thofe little parts of the 
 head alfo, between and under which the fheath 
 of the fting is extended, are much fmaller in 
 
 the female, and diftinguithed with greaterdiffi- 
 
 culty 4. The horns in this fex are alfo divided 
 as it were with twelve parts, and they are re- 
 gularly covered with brownifh hairs and little 
 feathers. The fheath of the fting c, and the — 
 other little parts are of the fame ftru€ture, and 
 have the fame integuments that I have before 
 defcribed in thofe of the male.. Laftly; that 
 nothing may be deficient, I likewife exhibit 
 the female herfelf in her natural fize, in 
 fig. v. Ihave not yet accurately inveftigated 
 the internal parts of the Gnat, and therefore 
 fhall fay nothing of them here. nit 
 I have occafionally obferved many diftiné 
 {pecies of Gnats, but their principal difference 
 confifts in this, that fome of them have and 
 others have not a fting or trunk, and therefore 
 feem to be harmlefs. They likewife differ 
 confiderably among themfelves in refpect to 
 their magnitude, colours, and food ;_ the place 
 wherein they live, and the manner wherein they 
 are produced ; and in feveral other particulars 
 worthy 
 
 * 
 
His TORY 
 
 worthy attention. At prefent I fhall fay no- 
 
 The oP ek Ni Sa GT: S, 159 
 
 thofe particulars, which I have hitherto ad- 
 vanced. I fhall therefore conclude this trea- 
 
 thing more of thefe infects, being already too 
 much fatigued with obferving and defcribing 
 
 tife, and proceed to the hiftory of Bees, 
 
 A TREATISE on the 
 
 HISTORY of BEES; 
 
 Or an accurate defcription of 
 
 Their origin, generation, fex, oceconomy, labours and ufe. 
 
 O come hither, and bebold the works of God: how wonderful he is in doing to- 
 
 wards the children of men. 
 
 Pfal. txvis 4g: 
 
 tn fT ROD U. Cae 
 
 LTHOUGH the majefty of the 
 immortal God is in its nature inacceffible 
 
 to mortal eyes, his eternal power and divinity 
 are moft clearly and evidently feen in all created 
 beings: fome creatures; however, prefent the 
 invifible God to our contemplation more plainly 
 than others, as will appear from the fubfequent 
 
 from an egg, and therefore cannot, in refpect 
 to his firft principle, prefer himfelf to the 
 {malleft infects, or, with regard to his natural 
 difpofition and ftructure, affume to himfelf any 
 fuperior dignity, in preference to the moft mean 
 and contemptible creatures the Loufe or Mite. 
 That this is moft certain in regard to the human 
 fpecies, I have learned from experiment, in the 
 
 treatife. Since, therefore, the moft wife and 
 fe great God has been gracioufly pleafed to blefs year 1667, as did alfo the celebrated Van 
 Mi and crown my indefatigable and affiduous la- Home. ‘This may be feen in my book inti- 
 fort bours with fome degree of fuccefs, I hope that tled, the miracles of nature. Further, it de- 
 aly his infinite power and immenfe wifdom, as ferves notice, that as to the principles or rudi- 
 well as our own weaknefs, will be thereby ments of fmaller as well as larger animals, the 
 Gu made clearer than the light at noon; fo that former are more confpicuous, and more clearly 
 difcernible in their firft ftate than the latter. 
 
 whoever perufes this treatife, may find matter 
 enough of wonder, and be led to proclaim and 
 admire the magnificence and wifdom of God, 
 and to blefs his inexhauftible bounty. If thefe 
 pages, which only exhibit as it were the -tha- 
 dows of things, and extremely defective def- 
 criptions of the fecrets works of God, that are 
 impenetrable and impoflible to be fully invefti- 
 gated, fhould direét the reader to this true ufe of 
 the refearches, I fhall think the pains I have 
 
 And further, fince God hath prefcribed certain 
 limits of magnitude to the {maller animals, be- 
 yond which they cannot increafe, and which 
 limits are probably fituated in the peculiar ftruc- 
 ture, or from the weaknefs of the heart, by 
 the power of which all the other parts mutft be 
 extended againft the gravity of the atmofphere ; 
 the {mall animals, therefore, while in embryo, 
 may be much more perfect than the larger. 
 To come nearer to my purpofe ; as I pro- 
 
 04 taken, not only recompenfed, but alfo fufficiently 
 a _ profperous ‘and bleffed by the divine grace. pofed in my book of infects publifhed in the 
 ek If any one accurately confiders the difpofi- year 1669, at fome other time to treat ex- 
 , tion and ftructure of the {malleft and largeft prefsly on the ftructure of infects, and in that 
 exh animals, and compares them one with another, work to give the particular hiftory of Bees; 
 ts he will fee that they agree not only in the faying, by way of anticipation, that the king, 
 huge above mentioned particulars, but alfo in that as commonly called, was a female, the drone 
 yet they {pring from like principles, which are eggs a male, and that the common Bees belonged to 
 : of their parents, as well in the {malleft asin neither fex; I fhall, to keep my promife with 
 de the largeft animals : and as thefe eggs increafe the publick, now treat particularly of the ftruc- 
 Wad and are perfeéted, as it were from very {mall ture, difpofition, and principles or rudiments of 
 qi and almoft invifible points, they, in the fame thefe three creatures, which are different in 
 lol manner, come to the full period of their in- themfelves, but of the fame fpecies. I thall 
 bil creafe in the {malleft animals as in the largeft. alfo occafionally interfperfe fome other obferva- 
 ne Nor is there any creature excepted from this tions on the parts of fome other infects, the 
 ep univerfal law of its origin, Since man alfo, whole conftructions of which I fhall, with the 
 0 the moft noble of all creatures, and who isa divine favour, at fome other time deferibe more 
 i rational animal, has his origin or beginning at large. - 
 n 
 
166 The BOOK of 
 
 twenty-fecond of Auguft 1673; I 
 sect ae hive, after the Bees had fwartned, 
 I foutid fome thoufands of common sie in it, 
 forne hundred drones, and one king. si Lid 
 properly {peaking, neither king not boat os 
 to be found in the hives, as has been already 
 obferved ; and fince it happened, through a very 
 creat and inexcufable error, that thofe wrong 
 names were given to thofe creatures, 1 would 
 therefore here in the beginning inform the 
 reader, that through this whole treatife I thall 
 call that pretended king by the name of the 
 female Bee; and to that which is commonly 
 called the drone, I fhall give the title of the 
 male Bee, and the common Bees, I fhall, for 
 diftin@tion’s fake, denominate working Bees: I 
 {hall alfo in the following pages, fhew the very 
 clear and evident reafons which have induced 
 me to make this innovation. 
 
 When I had opened and deftroyed a hive at 
 the time above-mentioned, befides the males, 
 females and working Bees, I found therein three 
 different fpecies of cells, or little houfes of the 
 infeéts, which are called by the general name 
 of honey-combs. In fome hundreds of thefe 
 cells the males were fed and grew, in fome few, 
 females were generated; and in the reft, of 
 which there were fome thoufands, the common 
 Bees were nourifhed, brought up, and finally 
 changed. The cells of the males and females 
 were are this time empty, but the cells of 
 the common Bees, though they feemed for the 
 moft part empty, wete many of them really 
 full and covered with wax. When I broke 
 thefe cells open with a fmall needle fixed on a 
 skewer, I found fome of the Worms of the 
 Bees placed upright without any motion. In 
 fome other cells that were covered in the fame 
 manner, there were Nymphs or Worms of 
 Bees, which, by due accretion, had already 
 acquired the form of Bees, and were to be let 
 out from thence. In others I found honey. 
 The reft of the cells were open, and not covered 
 or fealed up; and fome of them had eggs, 
 others contained Worms very lately hatched 
 out of their eggs, and provided on every fide 
 of them with food: others again had larger 
 Worms ; and finally, others were arrived at 
 their foll bignefs. Thefe are called the offspring 
 ot ftock, by the keepers of Bees in our coun- 
 try, and they had yellow excrements under 
 them. ee 
 
 In the middle between thefe eggs and the 
 ftock, were feen fome little cells alfo fealed up, 
 which, when I opened, I found filled with 
 honey; for the Bees never leave any place empty 
 in their hive, but as foon as any Worm is 
 changed into a Bee, theyimmediately fill its cell 
 with fomething elfe. Therefore, if the combs 
 in the upper part of the hive are firft emptied 
 
 > 
 
 * ; 
 Among the wonders in the rea] economy of Bees, 
 
 for fo remote objeéts. It is certain the i 
 * zi h A 
 in before the moit fudden fhowers. ic oat ae 
 
 Nw A TU RE; or, 
 
 of the young Bees, they firft put their honey 
 into them; but if thofe in» the combs in the 
 middle of the hive become mature before the 
 others, they firft fill them with honey: and 
 laftly, when the combs of the loweft part of 
 the hive are emptied, they in the fame manner 
 fill them before the others with honey: but 
 they afterwards carry the honey repofited there 
 to the upper part of the hive. This Clutius 
 obferved, but I have not yet feen it. The 
 Bees proceed in this manner, when the year 
 is fruitful, in order to fhorten the time, fo as to 
 enable them to gather the more honey, or 
 when they are more numerous in the hive ; for 
 then they immediately lay the honey as foon 
 as there is room, and afterwards, when the 
 time of making honey is paft, they carry it 
 elfewhere. io at 
 
 This hive, therefore, as a common and 
 fraternal habitation, contained the rudiments 
 and ftock, the males and females, with their 
 labouring fervants, that is, the common Bees ; 
 and laftly, plenty of food. Therefore it was 
 well provided and prepared to bear fecurely, 
 and, in a regular order, the inclemency of the 
 approaching winter. The order under which 
 the Bees that live in the winter months con- 
 
 du@ themfelves is this: they firft open a B 
 
 cells and eat the honey depofited in the loweft 
 part of the hive, afcending by degrees upto 
 This they do in order to — 
 
 the upper parts. 
 
 referve a mutual warmth between them; — : 
 
 and the female depofits her eggs in the little — 
 
 cells as they are emptied, Therefore about — 
 
 the beginning of March I difcovered the ftock — 
 furprifed at — 
 of Auguft I~ 
 have feen fome thoufand eggs enclofed in the 
 
 and the Nymph. Let no one be 
 this, fince towards the beginning 
 
 ovary’in the female’s body ; fo that it is natu- — 
 ral for the Bees at any time of the year to lay — 
 their eggs, and increafe their family. Bees are — 
 
 not therefore confined to the time’ of {warming 
 in regard to the bufinefs of generation ; indeed, — 
 they are always at this work, fince they lofe — 
 fome of their fellow-citizens by the injuries — 
 
 of rain and winds, and other inconveniences 
 
 and diforders ; in the place of which they are : 
 
 obliged to fubftitute young ones by a con-— 
 tinued generation. a 
 
 Our keepers of Bees are wont to exprefs 
 
 by the following 
 
 Bees are hatched, when they fay, that 
 firft Swallow and the firft Bee give notice 
 each other *. 
 
 ri q 
 ‘se 
 
 ¥ 
 _ 
 Fa 
 
 proverb, how foon the young 
 
 There ‘are fome, indeed, who 
 
 think this fhould be underftood of the flying 
 
 off of Bees, but this does not feem to be the 
 
 proper fignification of the proverb. , 
 
 We mutt obferve here, that fome of the — 
 
 cells in the hives are filled with a matter of 
 
 various colours, which has been gathered and 
 
 but their eyes are not made 
 
 and that it never deceives them. They haften to the hive and get 
 
 they feel the température of the os never fees a Bee in the rain, unlefs it be a lame or difabled drone. In all probability 
 
 defcribed by this author, 
 
 which brings rain; and if we obferve the amazing ftr i 
 F 3 i uGture of their pulmonary tubes, a5 
 there will appear no wonder that they feel. very fuddenly all Susie in the senoipliges “4 Hee 
 
 7 
 
 pid 
 
 é nothing more deferves our attention than tl i . h have 
 of rain, It has been fuppofed they fee clouds gathering for it, and know where they will fal, aes Ee 
 
 ’ 
 
laid together as it were into ftrata or beds, 
 like Herrings or other merchandize put with 
 great art into a barrel, which are by degrees 
 and at different times heaped upon one ano= 
 ther. This matter I found on examination 
 was granulated, and tafted fomewhat {weet. 
 Some of the cells containing it were fealed up, 
 and others open and only half full: others 
 were fcarce begun filling, and in others again 
 began todecay, This fubftance is called by 
 the Bee-keepers the bread or food of the Bees, 
 wherewith they are faid to cure themfelves 
 when they have a flux. But as credulity is 
 often the parent of error, doubting about the 
 truth of that received opinion, I have by vari- 
 ous methods fearched into and examined. this 
 fubftance : for it feemed to be rather the rudi- 
 ment of wax. I have therefore firft thrown 
 it into water, in which it was quickly broken 
 and difperfed, but it always remained in grains: 
 this likewife happened when I put it on my 
 tongue. If it be put on a piece of thin glafs, 
 and placed on a red hot coal covered with 
 afhes, I have obferved that by degrees it 
 wafted, grew dry, hardened, and at laft be- 
 come black. Nor does it ever melt when 
 thus placed on the fire; nay, if it be thrown 
 naked into the fire, or applied to a burning 
 candle, it never burns. From thefe experi- 
 ments it feemed to me not at all to con- 
 fift of the matter of fat, for the fake of ex- 
 amining which I had begun them, efpecially 
 fince I obferved, that it was very like that 
 fubftance which the Bees conftantly carry 
 home, and is fixed on the fifth joint of their 
 hinder legs, and which is taken for wax by 
 all the .Bee-keepers. Upon examining this 
 matter which the Bees carry on their legs, I 
 difcovered that it is abfolutely the medicinal 
 bread of the Bees. Hence it came to pafs, 
 that I could fcarce perfuade myfelf that the 
 Bees carry the wax perfect out of the fields 
 without any previous preparation ; as I cannot 
 be hitherto brought to believe any thing like it 
 of honey, being rather of opinion that this is 
 transformed into a better united and thicker 
 liquid, by digeftion in the ftomach of the 
 Bees: though it may, however, be pofiible 
 that in the fruitful and hotter fummers, the 
 Bees may collect the honey as they find it 
 prepared by nature in flowers into the cavity 
 of their trunk : as the trunk is full of irregu- 
 lar parts, and as it were fet or planted with 
 glandules; hence it follows that the honey 
 may likewife fuffer fome change init. As 
 to the wax I do not doubt but it is pre- 
 pared by the Bees. However this matter 
 may be, when I afterwards laid thefe doubts 
 before the moft intelligent Bee-keepers, they 
 were all unanimoufly obliged to allow that 
 no difference could be obferved between 
 the bread or food of Bees and the wax, 
 
 ThavH PST Cony 
 
 of EN S BE GiT 8. i6i 
 
 which the Bees had carried freth into thei? 
 hives *. 
 
 I.therefore. mixed this bread, as it is called; 
 with honey, in order to fee whether I could 
 gather any thing from thence, but the event 
 of the experinient taught me that I had laid 
 too great ftrefs on theory. In the beginning; 
 indeed, when it is firft: mixed; it becomes a 
 very clammy and glutinous mafs}; and it runs 
 more thin than the: honey did before, and be- 
 comes full more foft when expofed to the fire : 
 but when it fuftains the force of the fire a 
 little longer, it foon difcovers its former na- 
 ture. It likewife breaks in water, nor does 
 it much recede from its former nature or dif= 
 pofition. 
 
 From that experiment I am inclined to be- 
 lieve that this is the fubftance from which the 
 Bees prepare their wax. But I think they do 
 this bufinefs by the help of their faliva or of 
 the execrated and digefted honey. And hence 
 though what is commonly faid may probably 
 be true, that Bees ufe this matter as a medi- 
 cine; yet I do not doubt but they gather it in 
 the time of plenty, that when fcarcity comes, 
 or when wet and cloudy weather approaches, 
 or when they cannot from any other caufe fly 
 out-of the hives, they may take their’ time to 
 perfect it.. Any one may know by an eafy 
 experiment whether this matter be fo, ‘The 
 Bees therefore feem to behave with re{pect to 
 this, in the fame manner as they ufually do 
 in regard to honey, of which they gather more 
 than they have immediate occafion for, that 
 they may live thereon in the time of neceffity. 
 This abundant quantity amounts to fometimes 
 thirty, forty, fifty, or fixty pounds. Nay, 
 their zeal and earneftnefs to gather honey 
 urges them fo far, that they fometimes throw 
 their. {tock or young out of the hives and fill 
 the emptied cells with honey: but I fhould 
 think there is fome other reafon for this ad, 
 which yet remains to be confider¢d and dif- 
 covered. 
 
 I think that the Bees probably gather this 
 matter in order to form and perfec it into 
 wax in the times of {carcity, to cover up the 
 little cells of the combs therewith, and to 
 faften it on the webs of the {pinning Worms. 
 This I fhall afterwards explain more at large. 
 I am likewife inclined to think that this mat- 
 ter ferves alfo to clofe up the door or opening 
 of the hive when winter approaches, or at 
 leaft to make it narrower by way of defence 
 again{t the inclemency of the cold: unlefs one 
 fhould think it more probable that they fepa- 
 rate the matter they ufe for this purpofe from 
 the reft of the wax, or. gather this peculiar 
 glue from beech and poplar trees; with which, 
 as the Bee-keepers fay, they afterwards not 
 only make the door or opening narrower, but 
 alfo cover all the lower part of the hive itfelf, 
 
 ; i ‘ ; hejles ‘ ity Tab qj 
 * The French give with great propriety the name Bees-bread, Pain des Abeiles, to the farina or duity fubftance lodgec in 
 the antherze of flowers. It is certain that they eat this, and that it is afterwards converted into wax in their ftomachs, for they 
 colleé& vait quantities of it when they have no combs to make, and ufe it merely as food. é 
 
 3 ae and 
 
The 
 
 d plank it, and make a 
 ies on the infide *. The bread. of the 
 
 4 5 therefore, in the opinion of the 
 oe o. to be fomewhat different from 
 the wax; but in my opinion it 1s the very 
 matter or fubftance of the wax itfelf, not yet 
 prepared. Inorder to view and inveftigate the 
 ftru@ure of the Bee-bread, nothing is more 
 proper than to make ufe of a microfcope in 
 the manner following : the Bee-bread is to be 
 put into a glafs full of clear water, and then 
 thaken a little, in order to feparate it into a 
 fine duft; and when this does not fucceed 
 quick enough, it may be accelerated by break- 
 ing it with a {mall fine pencil, This duft is 
 afterwards to be put upon a very thin piece of 
 glafs, as near as poflible to the flame of a 
 lamp; then the glafs is by a little ftarch to 
 be fattened to a {mall piece of cork, which 
 is afterwards to be fixed on the point of a 
 needle and put under the microfcope. Thus 
 it will be found that the Bee-bread confifts 
 only of fine globules of equal form and mag- 
 nitude ; they have commonly three or four 
 corners, but they are often alfo round: this 
 angulated figure may probably be owing to 
 the folidity and compactnefs of thofe little 
 parts, which the Bees bring them into with 
 their teeth: between thefe little parts are 
 found fome yet more minute~ones. But 
 though the particles of which that bread con- 
 fifts are very fine and delicate, yet one may, 
 not the defs manifeftly, perceive them upon 
 the tongue ; for when this Bee-bread is tafted 
 or chewed, it feels like a fine fand in the 
 mouth, or as fugar undiffolved, or divided 
 only into little grains or angular little cryftals. 
 Moreover, when that bread breaks to pieces in 
 water, it never diflolves; but the parts con- 
 ftantly retain their former figures, and are only 
 feparated and parted from each other. But 
 whether thefe globules, when worked into 
 wax, are ground, chewed or broken with the 
 Bee’s two teeth, and mixed with the faliva; or 
 whether they are mixed with the fat or poifon- 
 ous liquor of the Bee’s fting, in order for form- 
 ing the wax, is a matter which ftill remains 
 to be inveftigated. 
 
 It is wonderful that the fat both of men 
 and beafts alfo confifts of fuch minute grains 
 and particles, which when any perfon has a 
 mind to fee them diftinly, he muft manage 
 and view it in the manner abovementioned. 
 The fat cannot be feparated by water into 
 {mall parts, and therefore in order to break it 
 fufliciently, it muft be thaken a little in fpirit 
 of wine : for thus it will very eafily . divide 
 into minute globules. If it be afterwards put 
 on the glafs and examined in the manner be- 
 
 forementioned, it makes a very agreeable 
 appearance, 
 
 162 
 
 regular margins or 
 
 * Befide wax and honey, 
 colour, very clammy, and a perfe& vegetable refin. 
 weak places. It is not of the nature of wax 
 parts of plants they get it. The ancients wer 
 
 _ With us it is aromatick. Probably the {cent vy. 
 
 the Bees collect a certain refinous fubftance, 
 
 BOOK ff NADU R &;3 or, 
 
 This contrivance, wherewith we unite tos 
 gether fuch fine and {mall things, put on glafs 
 that they may be afterwards, when dry, viewed 
 with a microfcope, I here mention for no 
 other reafon but becaufe it anfwers on many 
 occafions: for a great many things which 
 could not be otherwife examined, are by this 
 means very eafily difcovered, as will be made 
 more evident in the following pages. 
 
 To return to the Bee-bread, we muft ob. 
 ferve that many {pecies of Mites feek after it ; 
 and thofe infects are alfo fond of unmelted fat. 
 This may probably be owing to the many skins 
 the fat is furrounded with; which are con- 
 fumed in the melting, and which in the na-_ 
 tural ftate principally ferve thofe creatures as 
 their food. One may fometimes obferve cer- 
 tain globular particles in that wax, with which 
 the little cells of the Bees are ftopt, and as it 
 were fealed up: and by this new argument 
 the opinion which I have before propofed, 
 that the Bee-bread is really of the fubftance 
 and nature of wax, is confirmed. When wax 
 has been for fome time fteeped in {pirit of 
 wine, it becomes very brittle, and feparates in- 
 to little particles, which feem alfo to be fome- 
 
 what like the broken or divided bread of Bees; 
 
 but that experiment ought to have been made 
 with virgin wax, which I could not yet do, 
 having been otherwife engaged. 
 Notwithftanding all thefe things, we fome- 
 times fee that the Bees carry real and perfec 
 wax into the hives. This is compofed likewife 
 
 of globules; but they are four times, fixtimes, 
 
 nay, often ten times larger than the grains of 
 the Bee-bread: thefe globules are likewife of 
 an irregular figure. The Bees, no doubt, 
 
 the wax made by other Bees ; and afterwards 
 fix it on their hinder legs in order to carty it 
 into their hives. 
 
 % 
 
 are agreeable to the meafure and magnitude of — 
 their bite, or are proportioned to the quantity hs 
 
 which the Bees can take off a cake of wax, 
 when foftened by the fummer heat. Bc 
 
 But if we attentively confider the experi- pa i 
 
 ments that have been. hitherto explained con- — 
 cerning the Bee-bread, and at the fame time — 
 
 Therefore thefe little lumps 
 
 Be a 
 fteal this wax, and bite it with their teeth from 
 
 attend to its granular compofition, it doesnot = 
 feem very probable that the Bees can liveon 
 
 it as their food in winter; for the Bees can 
 
 take into their bodies only a matter that is not — Ss 
 Syd 
 a very narrow and flendertrank. Therefore, 
 
 thicker than the honey itfelf, fince they have 
 
 y| 
 
 fod 
 
 7 
 
 the Bee-keepers always reject granulated ho- aan 
 
 ney, or that which is cryftalized or concreted 
 
 into lumps, as unfit for feeding of Bees, nor — : 3 
 
 do they ever give it to them to eat; butin 
 winter time they fill fplit elder fticks with 
 liquid honey, and draw them through from 
 one fide of the hive to the other. If any 
 
 which authors call Propolis. It is of a brownith red 
 
 . They ufe this to ftop up holes or cracks in the hive, and to ftrengthen 
 for it will diffolve in {pirit of wine ; and we are not certain from what plants, oF 
 ¢ acquainted with this fubftance, but they fay it was of a difagresable fmell ; 
 aries according to the plants’ whence it is obtained, ~ 
 
 ps 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 : perfon i 
 
Phe, HA S$ T OO ReY Soka Ss B Gut s. 163 
 
 perfon fhould object that the Bees can bruife 
 or grind this bread with their teeth, and after- 
 wards {wallow it; the anfwer is, that the 
 Bees can do the fame with the granulated 
 honey. My difficulty, therefore, {till remains 
 unfolved, unlefs any one fhould imagine that 
 the Bees grind or bruife the grains of this;bread 
 in their jaws, and then, after mixing them with 
 the faliva, or with freth honey, by that help, 
 attract and fuck them through their narrow 
 trunk ; fince, befides this, they have no other 
 paflage into the body for this purpofe. From 
 thefe reafons I am the more confirmed in this 
 opinion, fince the orifices of the trunk. in 
 Bees are fo imperceptible, that they do not 
 feem to me to be larger than the mouth of 
 the meferaic- veins, or la&teals, that open in- 
 to the inteftines, and which will admit only 
 very thin liquids, and fuch as are purified to 
 the higheft degree. 
 
 We might further ask how this Bee-bread 
 acquires its roundifh figure ? alfo, whether it 
 be dew, or whether the effluvia of flowers 
 and fruits, firft refolved into vapours and af- 
 terwards condenfed in this form ? or, finally, 
 whether it has its origin from any other con- 
 creted fluid, reduced to a globular form by 
 force of the incumbent atmofphere ? we have 
 not yet fufficient experiments to determine 
 thefe matters; for, as Bacon juftly obferves, 
 we muit not feign or devife, but find out and 
 difcover. what nature produces, and how the 
 operates. Something like this prefents itfelf 
 to our view in nature, as may be obferved 
 particularly in gums; between the petals of 
 the flowers of hops, there are alfo feen a great 
 number of fuch granules which are of a 
 bitter tafte. 
 
 My honoured father, the fooner to have 
 ripe grapes, brought fome vine branches into’ 
 a little fhed, built in his garden for that pur- 
 pofe, making openings in the windows to let 
 them in. I obferved that about thefe branches 
 there was often an infinite number of white 
 pellucid cryftal-like globules, which were 
 fomewhat moift and clammy; nor could I 
 ever melt thofe particles, or refolve them into 
 vapours, becaufe there always remained fome 
 matter from them,which hardened in drying. 
 This I mention particularly, that I may be 
 able to explain with greater accuracy the na- 
 ture of that peculiar mouldinefs to which the 
 Bee-bread is fubject ; for though this mouldi- 
 nefs appears to be compofed of hairy, or fea- 
 ther-like, or downy little parts, or, as the 
 celebrated Dr. Hooke has delineated in his 
 micrography, of a peculiar kind of minute 
 plants, yet it really confifts of an accumula- 
 tion of globules that are fome bigger than 
 others. This was firft fhown me at Delphos 
 by the induftrious Leuwenhoek, by the help 
 of a microfcope conftructed after the model 
 of that invented by the honourable Mr. 
 Hudde conful at Amfterdam. And therefore 
 as to this matter, I think that bodies when 
 they contract mouldinefs, emit only effluvia 
 
 : 
 
 and vapours, which are propelled forward by 
 force of the fermenting and heated matter; 
 and which, being again condenfed by the 
 colder atmofphere, put on a globular figure, 
 becaufe they are on every fide equally fur- 
 rounded by the incumbent air; and as whit 
 fome of thefe globules are following others, 
 and continually propel each other higher into, 
 or towards, the air; hence are produced thofe 
 uneven, hairy, and oblong little parts. 
 
 The nature of wax fhould have been more 
 accurately inveftigated, in order to difcover 
 whether any fattifh or inflammable matter be 
 orginally mixed therewith out of the body of 
 the Bee, which may be eafily fhewn from 
 the ftructure of the adjacent parts: for the 
 fecretions of the body are very wonderful ; 
 here fat, there oil; in one place gall, in an- 
 other infipid humours; on one fide an 
 aqueous or watry, and on the other, a clammy 
 and glutinous fubftance ; in one place volatile 
 falts of an ill tafte, and in another {weet, 
 aromatic, and oily volatile falts. Of this laft 
 fort is civet, wherewith if paper be daubed 
 it bears writing on it; and by this teft we 
 moft certainly difcover whether civet be ge~ 
 nuine. But thefe refearches would take up 
 great time and very great labour, for there 
 is not on every occafion a free admittance to 
 all the fecrets of nature; and the incompre- 
 henfible weaknefs of our ftrength is confined 
 in every ftep within its ftated limits and 
 narrow bounds. 
 
 I pafs now to the comb, or the cells and 
 tubes of the Bees, which they form and 
 conftruct with wax, then fill with honey, 
 and again clofe up with wax ; hence the comb 
 properly fignifies wax formed into cells and 
 filled with honey. [I fhall firft treat of 
 
 becaufe every cell, if it be a regular edifice, 
 is built on. the foundations of three other cells. 
 Since therefore the foundation of the Bees 
 cellstend obliquely downwards, likea triangle, 
 therefore two angles make only one defcend- 
 ing oblique angle: and confequently the 
 internal bafe of the cells conftantly tends 
 obliquely downwards, and is divided into three 
 diftin@ parts, each of which anfwers to the 
 two fides of the hexagonal circumference of 
 the cell. The three angles juft mentioned 
 are commonly right angles; and when they 
 are pierced with a needle, that is, if every 
 angle of the foundation be perforated, fo that 
 each cell is pervious by three apertures or holes, 
 then thofe three apertures penetrate on the other 
 part into three diftin@ cells. It appears moft 
 evident from this palpable argument, that a 
 
 cel 
 
164 The BOOK of 
 cell is founded always upon three other cells, 
 and therefore has a common divifion with 
 them; for none of the cells is circumferibed 
 by any limits or partitions peculiar to it alone, 
 {ince all things are common between the Bees 
 as between brothers. If the edifice be irregular 
 jt fometimes happens that one angle of a 
 cell refts, or is fupported on a fourth cell: 
 this does not happen frequently, though I 
 have lately obferved it in a work that was 
 pretty regularly built. 
 
 The foundation of the cells is placed in the 
 middle, and the cells on every fide reft on 
 this foundation, which is commonly like a 
 wall, perpendicularly extended from the up- 
 per towards the lower parts ; and then on each 
 fide againft this kind of wall are placed cells 
 lying obliquely on their fides. Suppofe fome 
 empty ale or beer glaffes to be piled upon each 
 other againft the fide ofa thin wall, and you will 
 in fome meafure underftand the difpofition of 
 thefe little cells: fix, eight, or more fuch 
 walls, furnifhed with cells, are’ fometimes 
 found in one hive, and they are always placed 
 at fuch a diftance from each other, as to 
 afford the Bees an eafy paflage between them. 
 But, left thefe combs fhould fall'down when 
 they are full of honey, the Bee-keepers fix 
 little fticks in the hives when they are empty, 
 about which the Bees form their works of 
 wax. 
 
 All thefe cells, as well as their foundation, 
 are forméd of a continuous, but not conti- 
 guous, matter, fo that all things are continued, 
 nor can the cells be feparated from each other 
 by any artifice, but by breaking or cutting 
 them, whatever fome might have erroneoufly 
 imagined, thinking that every Bee built its 
 own refpeétive cell. Of this matter we fhall 
 treat hereafter more at large in its proper place. 
 ~ If the whole edifice be regular, then five of 
 thefe little cells make exactly an inch, and 
 fifty-five an Holland foot. Hence a French 
 gentleman obferving this, and imagining that 
 thefe cells were conftantly built after the fame 
 tule, thought he had difcovered an everlafting 
 meafute, which as it could never be deftroyed 
 might be introduced among all nations. This 
 invention would be certainly confirmed, and 
 its importance proved, if thefe little cells were 
 always fo exactly conftructed, and the combs 
 in all nations were conftantly of the fame 
 magnitude ; but with us the combs are not 
 always fo exactly regular as is commonly be- 
 lieved, though if we view the cells only cur- 
 forily, they do not feem to differ a hairs 
 breadth in meafure from each other. If any 
 one compares them accurately one with ano- 
 ther, he will fometimes find them irregular ; 
 efpecially when they are made by the Bees in 
 fuch a manner, as to fit them only for receiv- 
 ing the honey. The three parts of the 
 foundation of the cells that tend obliquely 
 downwards are ufually fquare, but they are 
 fometimes oblong, and fometimes of a rhom- 
 
 boidal figure; nay, 1 have obferved that fome 
 
 NAT U R'E; 
 
 of them were longer or fhorter than others, 
 and were alfo fometimes narrower and fome- 
 times broader. Nor does: every little cell reft 
 conftantly on three cells, but, fometiches on 
 two and an half, and fometimes on three, and 
 a part of the fourth. Moreover, thefe entize 
 cells are fometimes twice or thrice as long as 
 ufual, and they are likewife fometimes crooked 
 or finuated, altogether like the cells of Hor- 
 nets, which are commonly fomewhat crooked, 
 becaufe they are extended little beyond their 
 foundation or center. Bees never build in this 
 manner, unlefs when very great plenty of 
 honey offers to be gathered, for then’ have 
 {een cells full of honey, fealed up and fut 
 pended like large lumps of earth in the hive: - 
 In regard to the cells of the female Bees, 
 erroneoufly called the kings, and the’ parts 
 where they are joined to others, confiderablé 
 irregularities frequently oecur ; though all of 
 them viewed curforily may feem alfo to be 
 very regular, - 538 
 We mui further obferve, that the Bees 
 never build their cells feparately,- that is, fo as 
 to perfect’ one before they begin another ; they 
 always enter upon’ building a great number of 
 cells together with their foundation at one 
 and the fame time. In the beginning of the 
 work, they lay that hollow triangular founda+” 
 tion which bends down obliquely, and termi- 
 nates or gathers itfelf in acutely ; then they 
 conftruét the lower and hexagonal or unequal 
 
 or, 
 
 fides: fo that in one and the fame hive, may 
 be {een at the fame time, the beginning of the 
 foundation, and the rudiments of the hexagonal _ 
 
 divifions of the cell on one fide, and the fame ion 
 
 cell on-the- other fide, 
 
 begun and rifing. Moreover, in regard to this 
 
 building of the cells, a very wonderful and ars ~ 
 
 tificial direction or management of the Bees is 
 to be mentioned; ‘This they put in pradtice : a” 
 when the rifing hexagonal fides of the cells = 
 are very thin and weak; and when they have 
 
 a mind to leave fuch cells imperfect for fome 
 time, which is the cafe when the female, in 
 
 order to lay her eggs, goes to another part ae 
 the hive ; as I thal! explain more at large here=— tes 
 When this happens, the Bees firft for ee 
 tify all the edges or borders of the hexagonal = 
 and imperfect fides, left they fhould be broke 
 
 after. 
 
 or bent in the mean time, which might eafily 
 happen. by the frequent running of the Bees 
 
 over them, They therefore furnifh the fides — 
 
 of the imperfect cells with a margin or bor- 
 
 der glued thereon in the upper. part, and pres 
 
 pared of a thicker and more. folid fort of waxs 
 and they put this waxen border on the extreme 
 
 circumference of the hexagonal fides, {0 thats” 
 
 by this means, the hexagonal figure of the cells, 
 which was beginning regularly to chew itfelf, 
 is again in a manner obicured. ‘They fome- 
 times alfo border the cells that are finifhed and 
 perfected; from which this further good arifes, 
 
 that when {uch cell is to be afterwards clofed » 
 
 up, there is no neceflity for fo much time oF 
 
 wax, ie 
 
 raifed higher on the ae 
 fame foundation, and other fides again but jufk 
 
The HISTORY of INSECT §. 
 
 wax. The Bees, therefore, ufe the fame pre- 
 caution in refpect to their imperfect cells, as 
 if any perfon fhould cover the extreme edges 
 or borders of the tender and broken fides of 
 a glafs cup with fealing wax, in order to 
 ftrengthen it and handle it with lefs danger. 
 
 The cells of the males are one third lef 
 than thofe of the common Bees, but they are 
 made in the fame manner; and they are 
 commonly placed in the loweft part of the 
 comb; for they are built after all the other 
 cells are finifhed ; fometimes there are three 
 hundred, four hundred, or even more of thefe 
 in one hive, but often fewer. The Bee-keepers 
 attribute the fmaller number of thefe cells to 
 the drynefs of the year, and the greater num- 
 ber to plenty of rain in the air: hence they 
 fay that a great number of males in a hive is 
 a fign of a-very wet year. But thefe are mere 
 fancies, arifing from a notion, that the Bees, 
 when the feafons are dry, are intent only on 
 gathering honey ; and, on the contrary, in 
 wet feafons, mind principally generation, but 
 though thofe perfons have kept Bees fifty 
 years, they underftand nothing of the bufi- 
 nefs of their generation, nor do they know 
 what fort of a creature the breeding Bee is, 
 for they call it the male. I would not have 
 it underftood here, that the number of the 
 cells which I exhibit is abfolute and. exact, 
 for I have made the calculation in general 
 from their numbers ; nor have I even, very 
 accurately, counted them all. 
 
 There are fometimes thirty female cells 
 found in onehive few are perfect, but a great 
 many unfinifhed ; thgir ftructure is not regular, 
 but they are for the, moft part oblong, and 
 roundifh, and fomewhat pear-fhaped : fome- 
 times they areconfiderably ftraighter, and havea 
 lefs {welling than a pear, but others again are 
 fomewhat more globular. Their external fur- 
 face is unequal, rough, and marked or diftin- 
 guifhed by little holes and exuberant promi- 
 nences, and is conformed only to the figure 
 of the comb. The infide of the cells of the 
 common Bees has a very fmooth and polifhed 
 furface ; but thefe differ again from them in 
 that they form a cavity like that of a bottle or 
 a {cooped pear ; from this fhape, they are very 
 capacious, and furpafs in bignefs the cells of 
 the common, and thofe of the male Bees. 
 The females therefore have a much larger 
 fpace than the other Bees to turn themfelves 
 more freely in their cells; the reafon of this 
 difference I fhall explain in its proper place. 
 The cells of thefe females are ufually, nay, 
 almoft always fituated near the borders and 
 prominent extremities and edges of the hive, 
 and are feldom found placed in the center or 
 in the middle between the other cells; all 
 thefe particularities tend to certain ufeful ends, 
 and therefore the laws of making them were 
 not impreffed on thefe little creatures without 
 defign, by the moft wife Creator. I fthall 
 now endeavour to illuftrate with figures what 
 I have hitherto related. The frit figure, 
 
 166 
 Tab. XXIII. exhibits a regular hive of com= 
 mon Bees, as it prefents its hexagonal and 
 regular fections to the eye, when viewed in 
 the upper fide ; nor could it be poffible to de- 
 lineate thefe fections, without the affiftance 
 of fome new-invented lines ; which being al- 
 lowed, it is then eafy to defcribe the fections, 
 for which reafon I here delineate fome of 
 thefe lines. The fecond figure under the letter 
 a exhibits three fingle cells of the common 
 Bees, broken from the reft of the comb, with 
 their triangular bafis running down obliquely. 
 The letter 4 reprefents one cell only, entirely 
 feparated from all the reft; in this, befides 
 the obliquely defcending triangular founda- 
 tion¢, are likewife feen under the letters d d 
 two unequal or uneven parts or productions 
 of the hexagonal fides. Now if you fuppofe 
 this cell 4 placed on the cells a; it will follow 
 that its three oblique angles agree with the 
 three angles of thefe cells, and are fupported 
 by them. The third figure fhews a little cell cut 
 through the middle, in which may be feen the 
 triangular foundation and the fix fides; one of 
 them is formed out of the oblique angles, as 
 appears at the letters 64. Moreover, fig. 1v. 
 fhews fifteen little cells, cut on each fide, be= 
 tween which a part of the triangular founda- 
 tion, which runsobliquely, is plainly feenin each 
 cell. It is here alfo evident in what manner 
 thefe cells a4 are built upon the fame founda- 
 tion d whereon the cells of the other fide reft c. 
 Again, the letter d very exactly reprefents the 
 the triangular foundation, which runs in 
 obliquely, as it really is feen in nature. The 
 fame is likewife delineated under the letter g 
 between the cells of each fide, but it is here 
 divided by a fection which paffes through the 
 two angles. The letters {fff exhibit two 
 long fides of the cells; but the letters eeee 
 the two fhorter fides. For every cell, as I have 
 obferved before, has in its lower part three 
 longer and three fhorter diverging fides, which 
 in the upper part are of an equal length. 
 The fifth figure which follows next, reprefents 
 fome cells of the males, which area third part 
 larger than thofe of the common Bees, In 
 order to render this difference the more con- 
 fpicuous, I have delineated them fomewhat 
 larger than they really are. Between each of 
 thefe cells is feen that triangular obliquely di- 
 verging bafis, each of whofe angles agrees with 
 the defcending fides of the cell. But I have 
 not delineated the cells that are built on one 
 fide of this bafis, becaufe it did not feem ne- 
 ceflary. To the upper part of thefe cells is 
 obferved to adhere a pear-fhaped lodgement of 
 the nature of a cell: this is defigned for the 
 females. It is irregular in the upper part, and 
 is adorned as it were with depreflions or little 
 holes, here and there imprefled on the wax. 
 If the cells hitherto defcribed have been 
 lately finifhed, and have not yet any honey, or 
 Bee-bread, or eggs, or Worms, or riper iflue 
 in them, in that cafe their fubftance is genuine 
 virgin wax, which has no foulnefS among it, 
 = Ui u and 
 
BOOK of 
 
 and may be all melted. On the contrary, the 
 wax that is whitened by bleaching, and which 
 is fold in the fhops by the title of virgin wax, 
 has nothing but the name, fince it lofes a great 
 part of its ftrength by being adulterated with 
 powdered talc, and bleached in the fun. 
 
 The honey likewife which is collected pure 
 in thefe virgin cells, and flows again out of 
 them fpontaneoufly and without preflure, is 
 pure virgin honey, better and more perfect 
 than any other honey whatfoever. 
 
 It is feldom obferved, as the Bee-keepers 
 fay, that the cell of a female is joined to the 
 cells of the males: but experience has taught 
 me the contrary of this, having in my poflef- 
 fion at this time a fpecimen, in which the cell 
 of a female is built adjoining to thofe of the 
 males. As many others, fo this error had its 
 origin from that imagined regal dignity, which 
 they have wrongly afcribed to the female ; for 
 from this the notion was eftablifhed, that the 
 favour of coming fo near to the king was too 
 great to be granted to the drone. But the ac- 
 cefs of the drone to the queen is fo neceflary, 
 that fhe cannot be impregnated unlefs fhe be 
 firft familiar with, and aflifted by the fperma- 
 tic virtue of the drone, who is the true and 
 only male. 
 
 All the families of the tripple kind of Bees 
 would therefore perifh, unlefs there were. this 
 intercourfe: _fince what is erroneoufly called 
 the drone is the real male Bee, and therefore 
 does not claim to himfelf a lower place in the 
 hive than the queen herfelf the female parent. 
 ‘To this may be added, that the drone is more 
 tractable and mild in its conduct and difpofi- 
 tion than the two other kinds of Bees, for it 
 employs its whole time in the labour of love 
 and procefs of generation; nor is it armed with 
 a fling as the others, nor to be dreaded for its 
 mifchievous qualities, 
 
 To conclude, how do the Bees make thefe 
 cells? and by what art do they build them in 
 fo ftupendons a manner, fo regularly, that they 
 cannot be fimply or plainly delineated but with 
 great labour, and by the intervention of fome 
 new fpecies of lines, and not even then with- 
 out committing great errors? He furely who 
 {ees all things, and promotes the generation of 
 the wild herds ; He, and. He only knows this. 
 I thould think this matter may be probably in- 
 veftigated and brought to light, if any one 
 would labour at it with the needful diligence 
 and attention: nay, I am confident, that I my- 
 felf could fucceed in the inquiry, if I had an 
 opportunity of feeding the Bees for fix months, 
 and enjoying the peaceful bleffing of a country 
 life. However this matter may be, I confefs 
 myfelf now as ignorant thereof as all others 
 However, I firmly believe, that the Bees make 
 oa en of their teeth for this bufinefs ; 
 Bec ti ot pee Bees which alone build all 
 
 : ive, have much larger teeth than 
 — the females or the males; nay, the males 
 = He aoe teeth than the females, and 
 Probably the males have them for no other pur- 
 
 166 The 
 
 wA T U RIE pio, 
 
 pofes, but to bite open their little cells when they 
 
 are come to full maturity therein, or to open | 
 thofe filled with honey when they want to eat, 
 
 Whether the legs of the Bees, between the 
 
 claws of which a fingular kind of foft matter 
 
 is produced in knobs, contribute in any mex 
 fure to perfect and elaborate the wax, T am 
 
 likewife hitherto at a lofs to difcover. Yet] - 
 fearce doubt, but that hamour which pafles 
 
 through the iting of the Bees alfo conduces 
 
 fomewhat to prepare the wax, and fit it for 
 
 building the cells. It would be worth while 
 
 to examine all thefe points more accurately, Jf 
 
 is very wonderful to fee how inftantaneoufly 
 
 the Bees, when they are offended, emit all their 
 
 poifon through their fting. This poifon may 
 
 be feen at the end of the fting, and is like 
 
 little drop of cryftal. But if this little drop, 
 
 while ftill adhering to the extremity of the 
 
 fting, be fuffered to grow dry, it then remains 
 
 pellucid and concretes, and is like the boiled 
 
 cryftaline lens of a fith’s eye; it 1s therefore 
 
 very eafily condenfed by the circumambient 
 
 air. 
 
 Since Iam treating of the wonderful induftry 
 of this little creature, which, however, is not 
 more remarkable than that which all other in- 
 feéts fhew, according to their refpective difpo- 
 fitions, I cannot help here mentioning, to the 
 glory of the great Architect and Artift, he won- 
 derful works. of a certain infect, the external 
 form of which has been very clearly defcribed 
 by Goedaert in the firft part of his Nat. Meta- — 
 mor. Exper. x. This infect is the nocturnal 
 Butterfly or Moth, which glues its eggs fo 
 
 ftrongly and firmly in the form of a circle to 
 the branches of trees, that they make an im= 
 
 preffion upon the bark, and often prevent the 
 increafe of the branches. What occurs here 
 very extraordinary is, that the eggs of this in- 
 fe& are formed in the fame. manner as thofe 
 hewn ftones, which are adapted to build the 
 arches and roofs of houfes, and have one fide 
 
 narrow and the other broad, that they may 
 
 be the more exactly joined together, and con- 
 ftitute one firm arched form. They may like- 
 
 wife be compared to the lines of acircle drawn 
 
 from the center to the circumference, which 
 are the nearer to each other the more they 
 approach to the center, and diverge towardsthe 
 circumference. In this manner has the fupreme 
 Architeét, the Almighty, formed thefe eggs, 
 which are artificially and in a fpiral curvature 
 fo ftrongly glued together, and affixed to the 
 tender branches of trees, by this infeét, who 
 for that purpofe walks many times about the 
 branches, that they cannot be loofened by rain, 
 or any other liquid that I have yet applied. 
 Out of thefe eggs, which, according to the ac- 
 cuftomed order of nature, by which the egg 
 of the Butterfly is only a Worm inclofed in 
 its fhell or cafe, fhould have produced Worms 
 or Catterpillars, I have feen Flies wonder- 
 fully {mall, immediately iffuing in their perfect 
 ftate. ‘This obfervation feems to me to be the 
 
 moft extraordinary of all in this part of natu- 
 ral 
 
The CHP ST O RY of FNS C T S., 167 
 
 tal hiftory; and therefore, I hope I thall, with 
 the affiftance of God, at fome time write 
 a particular treatife thereon. I have here given 
 the hiftory of this ring of eggs, becaufe it will 
 be hereafter made ufe of in its proper place, 
 and produced for the fake of illuftration. 
 
 I fhould never conclude this part of the 
 work, if I attempted to exhibit the deferip- 
 tion, induftry and art of thefe creatures, or to 
 give but a rude delineation thereof. I cannot 
 help mentioning here, the fingular skill and ad- 
 drefs, not indeed of an infect, but of a fangui- 
 ferous animal, that is, of a young houfe Dog 
 which I keep. This creature is afflicted with 
 a ranning ulcer or fiftula, which is fituated fo 
 high at the lower part of the eye, that his 
 tongue cannot reach thither to lick it. There- 
 fore this creature follows a remedy happily in- 
 vented and difcovered, as it were, by reafon, 
 and applies it to this evil; it firft wets its foot 
 with its fpittle, and then rubs the moifture with 
 wonderful dexterity over the ulcer, endeavour- 
 ing to cure it in this manner: nay, when the 
 mouth or orifice of the fiftula has at any time 
 clofed, the creature rubs it fo long with its 
 foot, that the furface becomes very red like 
 blood. 
 
 To return to the Bees. They are about the 
 beginning of Auguft inflamed with fo much 
 hatred againft the males, that they unmerci- 
 fully and for no crime kill them: whereas, at 
 the end of May, and fometimes fooner, they 
 build houfes for them, carefully nourifh them, 
 bring them there, and take all poffible care of 
 them. I (hall afterwards endeavour to explain, 
 in its proper place, the reafon of their changing 
 this love into hatred; fince I have refolved to 
 compofe this hiftory to the glory of God alone, 
 without any other view. 
 
 Before I proceed further in this refearch, I 
 fhall defcribe the male, female; and common 
 Bees together, and compare them one with 
 another as to their external parts, beginning 
 with the common Bees, which are moft eafy 
 and familiar to be known, and which have 
 been at one time or other feen and handled by 
 every perfon. In the common Bees as well as, 
 in all the other kinds, we are principally to ob- 
 ferve the twelve divifions or rings of their body; 
 five of them are placed about the head and 
 thorax, and that flender and delicate part which 
 connects the belly with the thorax, and the 
 other feven in the body. 
 
 The head of the common Bee is oblong, 
 fomewhat rounded above and fharp’ below. 
 The head of the male is throughout of a round- 
 ed form, and that of the female Bee is oblong. 
 
 The eyes in the head of the common Bees 
 are of an oval orlunated figure. They are of 
 the fame form in the males alfo, but they are 
 two thirds larger than thofe of the common 
 Bees: this deferves to be well regarded. There 
 is fomething like this in the Ephemerus or 
 Day-Fly; the eyes of the female Bees are fome- 
 what larger alfo than thofe of the common 
 Bees. ‘The eyes of thefe three fpecies of Bees 
 
 are covered or furrounded with briftly hairs, 
 and are feparated from each other by a num- 
 ber of the like hairs, Thefe hairs are twice, 
 nay thrice as long as the diameter of the little 
 {fpheres into which the eyes are divided. The 
 fame thing is likewife obferved in other infects. 
 In the upper part of the head fomewhat higher 
 than where the hairs juft now mentioned are 
 fituated, we likewife difcover many {mall fea- 
 ther-like hairs in the common Bees, and nearly 
 in the fame part alfo, three peculiar little eyes, 
 Thefe feather-like hairs are not found in the 
 males, for their eyes are extended fo far in that 
 part that they touch each other. And this is 
 alfo the reafon, that three of their eyes in par- 
 ticular are fituated much lower than they are 
 in the common Bees, and juft above the horns. 
 The female agrees with the common or working 
 Bees in thefe particulars, that her eyes are fe- 
 parated in the fame manner from each other, 
 and there are three peculiar little eyes likewife 
 placed in her head in the fame manner. 
 
 All Bees have two horns or antenne. Thofe 
 in the working Bees have only five joints, but 
 thofe of the males have eleven, and thofe of 
 the females the fame number. The firft joint, 
 where the horns rife from the head, is oblong 
 in the common Bees, but in the males it js 
 fomewhat fhorter, and it is again fomewhat 
 longer in the females. In the common Bees 
 there is a {mall quantity of, fhort hair, under 
 the horns, but the hair under the horns of the 
 males is more in quantity, longer and feathery ; 
 in the females again it is obferved to be like 
 that of the common Bees, 
 
 Above the teeth in the common Bees is feen 
 a remarkable kind of horny or bony lip, which 
 is not fo obvious in the males; but it is found 
 in the females in the fame manner as it is in the 
 working Bees. 
 
 The common Bees have two long teeth, the 
 males have very fhort and fmall ones; thofe of 
 the females are fomewhat larger than thofe of 
 the male Bees, fo that they hold as it were the 
 middle place. 
 
 The probofcis is very long in the common 
 Bees ; in the males it is fhorter by one half, 
 I have hitherto miffed the opportunities of ex 
 amining it in the females. 
 
 The thorax is roundith in all the kinds of 
 Bees, and in the upper fide of the hinder part 
 it is provided with a fomewhat prominent bor- 
 der or margin. In the common Bees this tho- 
 rax is covered with thin feather-like hairs: in 
 the males thefe hairs are more clofe fet toge- 
 ther, and thicker, but not quite as long; they 
 are alfo of a more gray colour than in the 
 common Bees and females. ‘The females have 
 a lefs number of thefe hairs than either, 
 
 All the kinds of Bees have four wings. 
 Thefe are longer and broader in the male than 
 in the common Bees; but in the females, 
 though the wings be longer, and probably 
 longer than even’ thote of the common Bees, 
 yet they feem fhorter, becaufe the lower part 
 of the female’s body is vaftly larger and longer 
 
 than 
 
168 
 
 than either of the others, in order to give room 
 
 th S. 
 a ie the three kinds of Bees makes a 
 
 noife by the motion of its wings, which 1s a? 
 creafed by the internal air propelled out © 
 
 their bodies through the air tubes at the fame 
 time ; for fome of thefe pipes open with wide 
 apertures under the wings. Certain cavities 
 alo,’ fit for receiving and vibrating the air, and 
 formed under and between the wings, contri- 
 bute to this. Nor muft the fhoulder-blades 
 be excluded from their (hare in this mutfick, 
 they being placed juft above the wings, joined 
 to the thorax, and having under their breadth 
 the gaping orifices of feveral air-pipes. It 1s 
 thus the motion of the wings, with the aflift- 
 ance of all thefe parts, and by the force of the 
 propelled air, make the humming noile peculiar 
 to that infect. 
 
 All Bees are provided with fix legs, each of 
 which confifts of nine joints; the thigh has 
 three of thefe, the leg two, and the feet four. 
 In the common Bees the hinder legs are broader 
 than the fore ones; but this difference is not fo 
 remarkable in the males or females. On the 
 fifth and broadeft joint of the hinder legs, 
 which is the firft joint beyond the thigh, the 
 common Bees on each fide carry wax, oF the 
 Bee-bread, colle&ting it into.a heap at the out- 
 moft fide of the leg, for-there the leg is..not 
 fo hairy as on the inner fide. In that part alfo 
 the lower, and near the next joint of the leg, are 
 placed fome briftlyand almoft horny hairs which 
 areneither found in the males, nor are fo diftinct- 
 ly vifible in the females. .The third or laft 
 joint of the leg is longer than the two former, 
 but the two next joints are fmooth and fome- 
 what broad, and thofe are clofely covered on 
 the infide with fine feather-like hairs. The 
 leaft of the four joints of the legs is alfo fome- 
 what broader than the three former; and in 
 this part are inferted {trong mufcles, defigned 
 for moving the claws of the feet. 
 
 The feet are armed with two larger and two 
 fomewhat fmaller claws ; but the fmaller are as 
 it were jointed or articulated into the larger. 
 
 Between the claws of every foot is feena 
 very foft matter, of a membranous texture, 
 from which, when wounded, there flows a 
 clear liquor, The Bees in walking can at 
 pleafure turn out this tender part of the foot, 
 and therefore I fhould think, that having drawn 
 back the claws of their feet, like Cats when 
 they are playing, they are able in this manner 
 to run over their young brood, or over the new 
 formed wax, without doing the leaft hurt to 
 cither, 
 
 ‘The four hinder legs are placed at the lower 
 and hinder part of the thorax, the two others 
 are fixed to the fore part. And this is the rea- 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; oF, 
 
 fon why thefe two fore legs, when you take 
 the head of the Bees from the body, are fepa- 
 rated together with that, and remain with it, 
 being fixed to it as it were by a kind of liga 
 ment. 
 
 In the common Bees the feven laft rings of 
 the abdomen are of a blackifh brown: in the 
 males they are yellowifh, as they are likewife 
 in the females, but more efpecially about the 
 lower part, for there the rings of the abdomen 
 are almoft all yellow; and this is the reafon 
 the queen Bee is {aid to be of a golden colour. 
 
 The fting, which in the common Bee is 
 protended ftraight from the body, is wholly 
 wanting in the males, and in the females ig is 
 bent *. 
 
 The common Bee is little more than of half 
 the bignefs of the male, the female is alfo — 
 (maller than the male or drone, but it has a 
 much flenderer and longer body, in which, as 
 well as in bulk, it confiderably exceeds the 
 common or working Bees. 
 
 The colour of the common Bee approaches 
 to an obfcure yellow ; the males are fomewhat 
 grayer, and the body of the females is more 
 of a gold colour. 
 
 The parts of the Bees hitherto mentioned 
 are almoft all hairy or fhaggy, and when they 
 are viewed with a microfcope, we obferve that 
 thofe hairs are in reality very beautiful feathers, 
 as is hewn in. Tab. XVIL fig. vist. This thall 
 be explained afterwards more at large. 
 
 ‘The common Bees may be confidered as na- 
 tural eunuchs as it were, belonging to neither 
 fex; though, however, with refpect to their 
 (tructure and difpofition, they approach nearer 
 to the female than to the male fex. The 
 males have very confpicuous and large genital 
 organs. ‘The females have an ovary, and in 
 t an infinite number of eggs, as I fhall defcribe 
 in its place. But the common Bees are not 
 farnifhed with either ma{culine or feminine ge- 
 nital parts. 
 
 As to the internal parts of the Bees, the 
 three fpecies have fome common to each of 
 them, and others peculiar to each. ‘The in- 
 ternal parts 
 the brain confifting of the cerebrum and cere- 
 bellum; the beginning and globular dilations of 
 the {pinal marrow, which thence pervades 
 whole body from one extreme to the other ; 
 and laftly, the nerves iffuing as well out of the 
 fabftance of the marrow, as from its dilated 
 little knois; all which I have defcribed and 
 delineated in the diffeétion of the male Bee 
 The internal ftru@ture of the eye is alfo in ge 
 neral the fame in the three kinds; the tunica 
 uvea, the inverted pear-fhaped fibres, and the 
 cortical fubftance which performs the office 
 of an optic nerve, are very little different in 
 
 * ‘The belt way of viewing the ft ae 
 Gases 4 way of viewing the fting of the Bee by the microfcope, is to hold the creature faft by the thorax with a pair of 
 
 it will thus thraft i saith : ; 3 : : 
 thus be preferved:entire i a tp igs Pree aes Ce ald ees Owes fine pall sere 
 
 Another way is, to make the Bee ftin. 
 eu upon the hand. ‘The Bee will frike with its ftin 
 
 a thick leather glove. 
 
 This will be eafily obtained, by catching one with fuch @ 
 
 ing in the glove, which may be picked out and a i, 5 and it muft be immediately frighted off. By this means it leaves 15 
 
 either. 
 
 common to all, are in the head, 
 
The HISTORY 
 either. This I have likewife exhibited in the 
 figures of the male Bee. In refpect to the 
 mufcles and nerves of the probofcis and 
 jaws there is no difference. Inthe thorax each 
 of the three kinds fhews the mufcles of the 
 wings and legs, as alfo many pulmonary tubes 
 and fome fat; fome of this is likewife found 
 in the head. In the body is feen the continu- 
 ation of the gullet, which defcends thither from 
 the mouth through the thorax: we may like- 
 wife perceive there the ftomach, the {mall and 
 great guts, and fome valves; we diftinguifh alfo 
 fix peculiar glands, placed between the intef- 
 tines, as I have defcribed in figures in the com- 
 mon Bee. The lungs are alfo very particularly 
 feen in the body, as are alfo their dilated blad- 
 ders and branching pulmonary tubes ; all which 
 I have likewife delineated in the common Bee, 
 The heart, together with its dilations and the 
 pulmonary tubes which run all over its furface, 
 is in great part alfo placed in the abdomen, 
 though it may in part likewife be feen in the 
 breaft and neck, as I have delineated in the 
 female. In fine, a great quantity of fat is alfo 
 found there, and we perceive fome membranes 
 and mufcular fibres fituated under the rings of 
 the abdomen, and defigned for moving thofe 
 parts; as alfo fome {mall pulmonary tubes 
 which pafs through thofe parts. I have re- 
 prefented all thefe in the female Bee, and they 
 are common alfo to all the three kinds. 
 
 The internal parts peculiar to each kind, are, 
 firft, the genital organs of the male ; that 1s, 
 the internal horny little bone belonging to thofe 
 parts, the penis, the tefticles, the vafa deferen- 
 tia, and their dilatations, the feminal veficles, 
 a peculiar fmall part that is cut into five divi- 
 fions a pear-fhaped little part, and two ap- 
 pendages which terminate in a point. In the 
 female are likewife feen the parts that ferve for 
 generation ; the ovary, the oviducts with their 
 divifions, the eggs, the pulmonary tubes appro- 
 priated to them, the two trunks of the womb, 
 through which the eggs are conveyed, the neck 
 of the womb, and the bag containing a glutinous 
 matter. 
 
 The following parts are peculiar in the com- 
 mon Bee; the fting and its poifonous bag, with 
 its tubes iffuing as well out of the fore as hinder 
 part thereof ; the cafe of the fting, and alfo its 
 {upports, cartilages and mutfcles, none of which 
 parts are found in the male. 
 
 By this general and particular comparifon of 
 the three kinds of Bees with each other, it is 
 feen that the common working Bees approach 
 nearer to the nature and difpofition of the 
 females than of the males; fince the external 
 and internal parts in general, as will be made 
 plain hereafter, agree in both : excepting only 
 that the common Bees have no ovary, and 
 therefore, like women who have lived virgins 
 till they are paft child-bearing, ferve only the 
 
 urpofe of labour in the oeconomy of the 
 whole body. Thefe are thus by nature ren- 
 dered incapable of doing any other bufinefs 
 but that of nourifhing and educating the young 
 
 « 
 
 of INSECTS. 169 
 
 offspring, building the little cells for the Worms 
 of the females progeny, and providing food 
 for themfelves and thefe their brethren, that’ 
 they may have wherewithal to live in the win- 
 ter feafon, and at a!l times in rainy and ftormy 
 weather. The female, on the contrary, and 
 the males do nothing of all this; for the fe- 
 male lives in the hive for no other purpofe, 
 but to depofit, as occafion offers, her eggs in 
 the cells: and it is the bufinefs of the males 
 to impregnate thofe eggs before they are caft 
 out, whilft they ftill lie in the ovary of the 
 female: this they do during one whole year, 
 that is in the time between the two {warms. 
 
 For thefe reafons the common labouring 
 Bees maintain the males and females with 
 plenty of honey. | But as foon as this feafon of 
 generation is over, and the males having per- 
 formed their duty, the labouring Bees kill 
 them as being entirely ufelefs and unable to 
 do any more good, though they might have 
 lived longer. I could wifh indeed that I had 
 an opportunity of inveftigating this matter 
 more exactly, and trying whether or not I 
 could keep a whole hive, containing only 
 males and one female for an entire year. This 
 is indeed much to be doubted, for experience 
 fhews that many Bees die {fpontaneoufly, and 
 without any violence, about the time of this 
 univerfal flaughter. Sometimes when the fe- 
 male is unfruitful, or of a bad conftitution, or 
 when there is too finall a number of Bees, or 
 there are two females in the hive, the Bee- 
 keepers fay that the males are fometimes found 
 to live till the winter is far advanced : but they 
 never continue to the beginning of {pring; 
 which, whether it is to be attributed to the 
 natural fhortnefs of their life, or whether they 
 are then deftroyed by the other Bees, is not 
 hitherto fufficiently known. 
 
 From one female, which is the only one of 
 that fex in the whole hive, are produced all 
 the three kinds of Bees, in nearly the following 
 proportion, ten, twelve or fourteen females, 
 fome thoufands of the labouring Bees, and 
 laftly fome hundred males: more or fewer 
 are occafionally found in the hives of each 
 kind. ‘I have defcribed another fpecies of in- 
 fects in my general hiftory of the infect tribe : 
 the males of which is winged, but the female 
 has no wings ; which is alfo a wonderful kind 
 of wedlock. The omnipotent God has been 
 
 leafed to join feveral males to one female in 
 this family of the Bees; whereas on the con- 
 trary among domeftick fowls, and in many 
 other inftances, one male is fufficient for a 
 great many females. This is likewife the cafe 
 in many of the infe& kind ; that is, that one 
 male fhould impregnate many females. This 
 is obferved with refpect to the males of Silk- 
 worms. But the female among the Bees is 
 impregnated in a peculiar manner, merely by 
 odoriferous effuvia. 
 
 Six days after the time of fwarming, the 
 young female Bee newly got out of her cell, 
 
 X x depofites 
 
The 8 OOK «of 
 
 depofites her eggs in the new-built cells of 
 the combs: the labouring Bees which attend 
 the female during the {warming, begin imme- 
 diately at the very time when the hive 1s pre- 
 fented to them, or as foon as they have chofen 
 a convenient place for themfelves for, they 
 have no guide or director, to make their 
 combs; and the female doing her office as 
 haftily, the frefh combs are in a very fhort 
 time filled with hereggs: the female drops 
 one egg into each cell; and what deferves 
 great attention is, the female is fo expeditious 
 *n this work, that fhe does not regard whether 
 the cells be only juft begun or perfected, or 
 whether they have been built fome time. It 
 is enough for her the obliquely deverging tri- 
 angular foundation be laid; there fhe imme- 
 diately drops in her eggs, and the labouring 
 Bees, which, for this purpofe continually at- 
 tend the female at that time wherever fhe goes, 
 afterwards further perfect the unfinifhed cells. 
 To execute this work, they are ftimulated with 
 an extraordinary folicitude, love and induftry, 
 impreffed on them by the fupreme Creator 
 towards thofe tender eggs, which are to afford 
 the offspring of the Bees, as towards their na- 
 tural brethren. We mutt particularly obferve, 
 that the earneftnefs wherewith they undertake 
 the care of bringing them up, is not extin- 
 guifhed in them ; though the female be taken 
 from among them, as I thall explain in another 
 place, where I fhall alfo demonftrate that the 
 whole fociety of Bees regard not any thing 
 elfe but only propagation and rearing of their 
 young; nor is there any other government 
 whatfoever, nor any election, or any politic 
 or economical difcipline or order among 
 them. The moft wife, and all and every 
 where adorable God, has implanted fuch in- 
 genuity and wifdom in thefe infects, that they 
 can bring up their iffue and prepare habita- 
 tions for them, which the fame moft power- 
 ful Creator has not been pleafed to give to 
 other creatures ; whereof, among the reft, the 
 Silkworms may be an inftance ; and it may be 
 evidently proved that the cohabitation of Bees 
 has no other end but to perpetuate their {pecies ; 
 and thus, by the help of an exact order of 
 production, to perpetuate their continuance. 
 From thefe confiderations it therefore fol- 
 lows, that among Bees there is no wifer re- 
 gulation than among domeftic fowls; for 
 they have their natural defire to fit; they 
 make nefts, and nourifh their young, being 
 compelled thereto by fuch laws as they cannot 
 avoid nor fupprefs by any rational principle ; 
 becaufe they are impreffled on them by the 
 eternal law of natutes. Thefe little infeés are 
 by: as great neceflity to perform all thefe 
 ions, as the winter is to follow the fummer. 
 
 17 
 
 The only difference among the feveral kinds — 
 
 is, that fome execute thefe funtions in a 
 manner more convenient, more orderly, and 
 more agreeable to reafon than others. This 
 appears chiefly in the Bees, and hence there 
 is no authority for the prevalent and common 
 
 NiAGTCU RBs om 
 
 opinion that the government of Bees is carried 
 on with the fcepter of prudence and judgment, 
 under law, and with rewards and punifhments; 
 for in truth all that order which we fo much, 
 and not without reafon admire, is impelled by 
 nature, and is only defigned for the propa- 
 gation of their fpecies. But we muft not for 
 this reafon deny, that the Bees in performing 
 their work, difcover and exert the appearances 
 of wifdom and the moft prudent counfel ; 
 for the facred writings teach us, that God 
 has deprived thofe creatures of reafon, to 
 whom he has not thought proper to commit 
 the care of nourifhing their young. This 
 office is not granted to the Bees only, but is 
 given to the Hornets, Wafps, to humble 
 Bees, and to Ants; which, as svell as all other 
 infects, would doubtlefs have perifhed as feon 
 as they had laid their eggs, unlefs they had 
 the care of educating their {tock committed 
 to them: for which reafon it is neceflary they 
 fhould live fomewhat longer. 
 
 Behold! God fhews himfelf fo ftupendous 
 in thefe {mall creatures, that I fhould almoft 
 prefume to affirm that the ineffable miracles 
 
 of God are fealed up as it were in the hiftory 
 
 of thefe infects. But thefe feals are at length 
 opened, when we diligently perufe and often 
 read over the book of nature, and natural 
 theology, wherein the invifible things of God 
 
 are explained to the eyes; then treafuresof 
 
 miracles which no tongue can worthily de- 
 {cribe prefent themfelves, and the unfeen 
 Creator becomes fo manifeft in thefe his 
 {malleft creatures, that the experiments I have 
 
 made on them are to me the ftrongeftand 
 moft irrefragable arguments, by which I con- 
 ftantly maintain his eternal Godhead and pro- 
 
 vidence againft all oppofition. Atheifts allow — 
 only a fictitious putrefaction, and a metamor= 
 
 phofis, invefted in their own brain, and the 
 fortuitous conflux of atoms; by the help of 
 
 which they affert, indeed with very weak and 
 forry arguments, that thefe creatures are pro- 
 
 duced; whereas, on the contrary, the limbs 
 and parts of thefe minute creatures are con- 
 ftruéted with greater art than thofe of the 
 largeft animals. 
 
 minutenefs and fmallnefs of that creature, as 
 
 in the unwieldy ftrong Leviathan : thofe who- 3 
 
 view him in thefe his works cannot but reve- 
 
 rence and adore him. God himfelf fpeaks to 
 man in this glorious manner in the magniti- _ 
 And in what other thing. 
 can he be known but in his creatures only? 
 
 cence of his works. 
 
 Having named the Loufe, I fhall here add that 
 
 the little part of that creature which is fo ele- 
 
 gantly moved up and down in the body, is 
 
 only the ftomach and the inteftines annexed” 
 
 thereto, which produce fuch an effeét by the 
 force of their periftaltic motion. 
 The eggs which are laid by the female 
 
 Bee in every little cell of the comb, are ob- — 
 _ long, fomewhat bent, and thicker on one fide 
 
 than 
 
 The Loufe or Mite itfelf aa 
 proves a deity, and the majefty of God is a8 
 ftupendous and worthy of admiration in the 
 
 Ko 6 
 
 cui 
 velar 
 
 ——— 
 
 Ss 
 kuhw sad 
 
 at 
 ae 
 
 oa ‘ 
 ae a eh 
 — 
 
allay 
 ALO 
 
 AL 
 
 1th 
 Gb 
 
 Ths Ha & TORY 
 
 than on the other; but they are throughout 
 tranfparent, limpid, and bright, and are full 
 it feems with a watery matter, and faftened 
 by a very {mall extremity tothe wax. On the 
 other extremity, therefore, the egg ftands up- 
 right in its cell, and it touches not the wax 
 except at oneend. After what manner thefe 
 eggs are fo firmly faftened to the wax, I thall 
 explain in its proper place. We mutt only 
 obferve here, that almoft all f{pecies of infects, 
 when they are about to bring forth young, 
 affix their eggs by fome means in that firm 
 manner; whereof I can indeed exhibit many 
 very uncommon inftances. Among others, I 
 have eggs of infects difpofed in a ring, which 
 are thus glued round the branches of trees; 
 I have fome other eggs hidden as it were in 
 froth: others again which are covered very 
 thick with hair, and fo on without end. As 
 to thofe eggs that are covered or befet with 
 hairs, we muft obferve that Butterflies, which 
 ftrengthen their eggs with fuch an integument, 
 have thofe hairs originally fituated-in the cir- 
 cumference of the hinder part of their body: 
 and therefore when they bring forth or lay 
 
 ‘an egg, fome of thofe hairs naturally ftick to 
 
 > 
 it, berauft it is covered over with a vifcous 
 moifture; and thus all the eggs become at 
 length fhaggy: the creatures themfelves 
 become bald by this in the part juft men- 
 tiond, which is a very remarkable obfervation. 
 Thus we may learn fomething worthy of at- 
 tention from every part of God’s works: for 
 that Almighty power goes through all lands 
 and tracts of the fea as well as the higheft 
 heavens. 
 
 When the eges of the Bee have been hatched 
 in the comb, then in the bottom of the waxen 
 cell there is obferved a kind of web of a mem- 
 branaceous texture, to which the egg after- 
 wards adheres, or is firmly faftened. 
 
 But the egg is not always fixed in the fame 
 place, that is, in the bottom of the cell ; fome- 
 times it. adheres fomewhat higher and again 
 fomewhat deeper, according as the obliquely 
 diverging cavity of the cell itfelf is varioufly 
 conftituted, or according as the hinder part 
 of the female’s body, can be moft eafily 
 thruft into this cavity. However, the eggs are 
 conftantly placed on the obliquely deverging 
 foundation of the cell, though they do not 
 always ftand perpendicularly upon it; but fome 
 more, fome lefs obliquely : for the foundation 
 always defcends perpendicularly, though the 
 angles are fomewhat inflected. 
 
 If the ege of the Bee be viewed with a 
 microfcope, it appears fomewhat wrinkled : 
 but thofe wrinkles are regular, and are laid 
 almoft in the fame order, as in the skin of 
 Fith after the feales are off; which, the veftiges 
 of the fcales being ftill confpicuous, are yet 
 diftinguifhed in a regular manner. Some- 
 thing like this is alfo obferved in the skin of 
 Birds ftript of their feathers. 
 
 I fhould think that the hinder part of the 
 enclofed Worm lies in the thicker extremity 
 
 6 I3NcS BCT S. 171 
 
 of the egg, and the fore part in the thiner 
 extreme. This Worm in fome days after- 
 wards breaks open the membrane of the 
 egg, and creeps out. of it under the form 
 of a crooked Worm, exceffive tender, and 
 without legs. But in this Worm the divifions 
 or annular incifions of the body are immediately 
 confpicuous, nor does it ftand erect as the ege 
 did, but lies on the foundation of the cell : 
 the natural figure of the’ eggs may be feen in 
 Tab. XXII. fig. x1. for there fix eggs are 
 delineated in their natural fize: they ftand 
 erect and oblong, are very flender, but fome- 
 what thicker in the upper part; as may be 
 feen under the letter a, fig. x11. Under the 
 letter 6 a microfcopic view of one of thefe eggs 
 is exhibited, refembling the skin of a Fith 
 new fcaled; in which one may {till fee the 
 joints, feams, or impreflions where the feales 
 had ftuck. Further, I fhew in fig. x. a little 
 part of the comb, furnifhed with nineteen 
 cells, nine of which are confpicuous with their 
 erect eggs; four others contain fome tender 
 new hatched Worms, which have caft their 
 skin a little before; and laftly, the five other 
 cells contain Worms fomewhat larger and more 
 grown. I have cut off thefe little cells at one 
 half of their heighth, that their triangular 
 foundation on which the eggs ftand erect, and 
 which fupports the Worms, may be feen more 
 diftindly. 
 
 But I fhall proceed, and taking up again 
 the interrupted difcourfe on the Bee’s eggs : 
 obferve, that they are, until the time of their 
 being hatched, when a kind of very {mall 
 Worm creeps out of them, left without the 
 care of other Bees, and without any kind of 
 fitting or incubation; though the contrary 
 opinion has been hitherto eftablifhed, which 
 appears to be likewife in fome degree {upported 
 by-experience. I fhould think, at leaft, that the 
 Bees go often to vifit them, that they may 
 know for certain whether or not the Worms 
 are come out of them. But this they can 
 likewife obferve when they follow the female 
 wherever fhe goes. The little cell alfo, in 
 which the egg is repofited, remains often te 
 be finifhed afterwards ; fo that in this cafe 
 they may eafily know occafionally whether 
 the Worm has crept out of the egg or not. 
 But as the internal parts of the hive are very 
 dark in refpect to our eyes, and the eggs with 
 difficulty difcovered in the bottom of the cell, 
 I fhould think it follows from thence that the 
 Bees can fee as well in the dark as in the light, 
 which is likewife the cafe with many other 
 infects. The eyes of the Bees indeed feem 
 much better accommodated for this purpofe 
 than thofe of any other infects whatfoever ; as 
 their ftruéture will afterwards demonftrate. 
 For the Bees do not fee by force of collected 
 rays, by which the image of the object is 
 painted inwardly on the’eye; as is the cafe to 
 demonftration in an Ox’s and Man’seye, when 
 the external coats to the uvea are firft taken 
 
 off: but the fimple touching and reflection of 
 the 
 
£72 
 the rays on the external furface of aim 
 evidently performs the act of vifion in t a ae 
 The incubation of the egg happens only DY 
 the heat of the external atmofphere, and by 
 the heat which all. the Bees enclofed in ze 
 hive, produce by their perpetual motion 5 40F 
 that bufinefs is performed here in no other 
 manner than as it is with refpe&t to the eggs of 
 Sjlkworms and other infects, which are hatched 
 by the natural heat of the feafon only : fo that 
 there is no neceflity for any Bees to have the 
 care of this; nor are there any in the hive that 
 have the office of fitting to hatch the eggs. 
 It is therefore an idle imagination, from which 
 the male Bees are called brooders, or hatchers 
 of the eggs, and has been received only, be- 
 - caufe the nature of Bees has been hitherto un- 
 known; nor has it been obferved by thofe who 
 maintain this doétrine, that at every feafon of 
 the year the Bees breed, and young juft hatched 
 are therefore found in the hive before thefe 
 pretended brooding Bees appear, which do not 
 come forth but on the approach of a fwarm. 
 ‘Thus that error, at this time fo univerfal among 
 us, arofe merely from want of obfervation. The 
 ancients have likewife erred who called. thefe 
 Bees drones; and moreover, if we attend to 
 what Goedaert relates of Bees in the fecond 
 part of his Natural Met. Exper. 46, and which 
 the learned Dr. de Mey alfo afterwards affirm- 
 ed to be true in his annotations: we fhall 
 clearly fee that the former, though he other- 
 wile obferves a tolerable method, is; however, 
 fo confufed and void of all order on this occa- 
 fion, that his narrative cannot be really called 
 a detail of things, but only a difordered heap 
 of words. _ He there confounds the humble 
 Bees, Hornets and Bees one with another. For 
 my own part, I efteem nothing in the works of 
 Goedaert but the figures ; though even thole, 
 notwithftanding that they have been drawn ac- 
 cording to living fpecimens, have in many in- 
 ftances very confiderable faults. But it is na- 
 tural to men to commit errors, nor do I think 
 myfelf free from them, and therefore we who 
 follow the fame ftudies are obliged to affift 
 and bring each other into the right way, but at. 
 the fame time remembring our own weaknefs, 
 we fhould claim nofuperiority over others. But 
 when a perfon will not fcruple to darken the 
 truth on purpofe, in order to depreciate an- 
 other, or to favour his particular opinion, he 
 is unpardonable. It were much to be wifhed, 
 that Goedaert had finifhed his own obfervations. 
 : Thofe come nearer the truth, who, know- 
 ing more accurately the nature of the male 
 Bees, called them the more noble kind, ‘for 
 they in reality live on the labours of the com- 
 mon Bees, and are at the fame time of a more 
 sg: mild, and tender difpofition; but that 
 e males exclude the reft of the Bees from 
 the act of incubation is ridiculous. The eggs 
 of Eees evidently ftand ereét, and they mutt 
 not nor cannot be without hurting them: fo 
 far impoffible it is to hatch them by fiting on 
 them. ‘To which may be added, that when 
 
 The BOOK of N 
 
 A TUR &;5 
 
 the egg is depofited in an imperfect cell, ag is 
 often the cafe, there is no place for the male 
 Bee that is fuppofed to fit upon it, to reft its 
 body, unlefs it fhould flop up the way, and 
 be an infurmountable obftacle to the reft of 
 the Bees, when they attempt to perfect that 
 cell. When the egg is at length grown ma- 
 ture by the natural heat of the hive, then there 
 is excluded from it a very tender and {mall 
 Vermicle or Worm which did not want hatch. 
 ing, but needs now continual and “perpetual ae 
 
 or, 
 
 nourifhment: and not only the males, but even 
 
 the females alfo are incapable of this bufinefs 
 To this may be added, that when thefe Worm 
 
 have eaten fufficiently, if they afterwards liein 
 a warm place, they are {pontaneoufly and withe - 
 out the afliftance of any particular heat com- 
 municated by the Bees, changed into Nymphs, 
 
 and then again into Bees, ‘This I myfelf have 
 
 experienced in my own chamber, with refpect eal 
 
 to a great number of fuch Worms, fome few 
 days after the beginning of September, before 
 the nights began to grow cold. Nay, this ex- 
 periment fucceeded fo far, that in fome cells 
 which I had opened, I already faw the eyesof — 
 the Nymph changing, and from a limpid or — 
 clear white, becoming of a beautiful but fome= 
 what pale purple. 
 markable change the Nymph undergoes. 1 
 have likewife obferved the fame thing in pe? | 
 humble Bee defcribed by Goedaert under the 
 name of the Apis. a 
 
 We fhould particularly obferve here, that — 
 there is fuch a wonderful heat in the hives, — 
 even in the midft of winter, that the honey 
 does not concrete or lofe its original fluid con- 
 fiftence, nor is gathered into grains or cryftals, _ 
 unlefs in hives in which the Bees happen to” 
 be fewer than ufual. The Bees, when they 7 
 fruitful, nourifh, cherifh, and warm their off — 
 {pring in the midft of winter, and preferye a 
 mutual heat amongft each other. But Ido not ~ 
 know that this is the cafe in any other infects, — 
 for even the Hornets themfelves, as well as 
 Wafps, humble Bees and Flies, are all rigid 
 and motionlefs in the winter; and in all id 
 feafon neither move nor change place, nor do — 
 they take any nourifhment, nor difcharge any _ 
 feeces. Something fimilar likewife holds: in — 
 fome fpecies of the garden and other Snails, 
 which, when they have been about that ti 
 cleared from all excrements, by continual 
 ftinence become a cleanly and agreeable fooc 
 
 The Worm of the Bee, excluded out 01 
 ege in this manner, and ftript of its 
 skin, muft be afterwards, ,as 1 have ob 
 nourifhed and fed. But as it never, like 
 Worms of other infects which creep about, 
 
 are conveyed elfewhere, changes that place 
 wherein it was firft repofited in its cell; hence 
 this Worm wants a nurfe: of this laborious cate 
 
 and attendance the labouring or common Bees 
 take the charge on themfelves, and nourifl 
 
 cherith, and bring up this tender offspring, Un- 
 til, from a minute Worm, like a point, itisat 
 
 length changed into a Nymph, and finally ee 
 | | e 
 
 This is indeed the firft ree 
 
Thee HISTORY of INSECTS. 173 
 
 Bee by accretion, and when arrived to this 
 {tate, it is no more increafed in bulk. The 
 Bees indeed daily procure and provide food for 
 thefe Worms, with as much labour and foli- 
 citude as birds do for their young. And it is 
 neceflary that it fhould be fo, fince the Worms 
 of the Bees donot ftir out of their cells till they 
 are nourifhed fo far, that, acquiring the form 
 ofa Bee, they increafe no more. This is com- 
 mon to all infeéts, whether they are brought 
 forth fmall or larger, they never increafe fur- 
 ther when arrived at this ftate. Nay, this law 
 is fo univerfally eftablifhed among infects, that 
 after they have acquired their laft or moft per- 
 fect form, which they retain for life afterwards, 
 they always remain {maller or larger in their fe- 
 
 veral kinds, in proportion as their Worms have. 
 
 by force of nutrition increafed more or lefs 
 while in that ftate. 
 
 However, it is neceflary toobferve, that it is 
 not honey with which the Worms of the Bees 
 are fed; it is indeed another and peculiar fub- 
 ftance ; it is of a white colour refembling the 
 white of an egg when it begins to harden, or 
 a white pafte made of flower and water ; it is 
 fomewhat thicker than honey, and is of fo mild 
 a tafte that it fcarce affects the tongue. From 
 whence the Bees obtain or bring this food, or 
 whether it be honey which is firft changed in 
 their own ftomach or probofcis into this form, 
 and which they afterwards caft out, as is ufual 
 with Pidgeons and other birds, which give a 
 half digefted food to their young at firft, I have 
 not hitherto difcovered. Be this as it may, the 
 Bee-keepers who regard nothing but gain, and 
 have no knowledge in any thing elfe, tell us 
 fome idle ftories on this fubject, though they 
 fcarce know any thing elfe of Bees, but how 
 much a year is to be made by keeping them. 
 The moft fenfible of thefe people call that fub- 
 ftance falival honey. Nor is it to be doubted 
 but the Bees can, when they pleafe, throw up 
 the honey again. Clutius indeed confirms this 
 by a very remarkable example, whereof Voflius 
 makes mention in his treatife on idolatry. If 
 the body of the Bees be gently fqueezed on the 
 under fide, the honey will be preffed out again 
 and make its way up through the trunk. But 
 notwithftanding this, a doubt remains, whe- 
 ther the Bees difcharge that honey out of their 
 ftomach, fince they can hide a great quantity 
 of itin the cavity of the probofcis or trunk: 
 probably the fame thing is the cafe here as in 
 Pidgeons who difcharge a fubftance like chyle 
 out of their craw. But though honey is col- 
 leéted, not made by the Bees, being firft pre- 
 
 ared by nature herfelf in the parts of flowers, 
 and is only taken into their bodies by the pro- 
 bofcis; yet 1 donot doubt but it is changed, 
 digefted, and converted into durable and good 
 food for the young, not only in their body, 
 
 but even in the probofcis or trunk itfelf, This 
 fubje&t it would be worth while to examine 
 more ftri€tly: nay, what is here advanced is 
 the more probable, becaufe we obferve, 
 that the honey which the Bees gather from 
 flowers is not always of one and the fame 
 confiftence, but is found fometimes_ thicker, 
 fometimes thiner, fometimes watry, fometimes 
 aromatic in the flower, and therefore it is ne- 
 ceflary that it fhould be afterwards prepared by 
 the Bee to render it all alike *. 
 
 To return to the falival or difcharged honey. 
 I remember that I have often feem a peculiar 
 fubftance diftilling from willow trees, which I 
 am inclined to think is very like this falival 
 honey, and which Hornets, Wafps, the diur- 
 nal Butterflies and Flies all greedily feek after. 
 It is particularly beloved by the Butterflies, 
 which by fhaking their broad wings often drive 
 away the Flies that then fit feeding thereon. 
 It is fingular that I never faw Bees bufy them- 
 felves about this matter, which they might have 
 eafily carried into their hives to feed their 
 young. When I further confider that the Bees 
 in the midft of winter, and when they do not 
 fly out, fill nourith their young, I have no 
 further doubt of this matter, but am convinced 
 that the ftock of young Bees are nourifhed with 
 honey, thrown out or difcharged in a very fin- 
 gular manner from the trunks of others, what- 
 ever the Bee-kepers fay to the contrary. 
 
 How long the worm of the Bee feeds, be- 
 fore it is arrived at the perfect condition of a 
 Bee, and has legs, I am not able to determine, 
 But if what the Bee-keepers have aflured me, 
 as a certainty, be true, that is, that the young 
 {warm may poflibly {warm again in a month 
 or fix weeks, then it would be no difficult 
 matter to compute that time, and I fhould 
 think that according to this calculation it may 
 be completed in about twenty-four days in 
 fummer. ‘Thefe Worms, however, do not in- 
 creafe im bignefs fo faft as thofe of Flies, for 
 they are excluded out of a very {mall and ten- 
 der egg, and have at firft very little motion. 
 We mutt likewife confider in this matter the 
 hotter and more favourable conftitution of the 
 atmofphere ; for the temperature of the air only 
 is fafficient to detain a Worm or Caterpillar in 
 the bufinefS of its change, ten days beyond the 
 ufual time, ‘This I have often experienced. 
 This is fo true that the change of a Worm into 
 a winged infect, which in the middle of fum~- 
 mer is performed in the {pace of a month: 
 is fometimes prolonged toeight or nine months ; 
 this happens principally when the preceding 
 change happens in the laft part of the autumn; 
 for if in that cafe the winter cold comes on 
 immediately after, the creature inftantly be- 
 comes motionlefs, nor does it recover motion 
 before the next year’s hot weather comes, and 
 
 * Itjs but of late that the fubftances of which wax and honey confifts, have been diftin@ly known; but itis now perfectly 
 afeertained. They are both colleéted from flowers. The anther or buttons placed on the filaments in flowers, contain @ 
 
 dufty fubftance, intended by nature for impregnating the feeds in the bottom of 
 
 the flower, and of thefe the Bees make wax 
 
 they feed upon this’ fubftance firft, and then difcharge the remains, which have not been taken into, the veffels as nourifhment 
 
 at their mouths, and with a little moulding this becomes wax. 
 
 in the bottom, or in the glands called nettariz. 
 
 The honey they find perfect in the flowers, either lodged loofe 
 
 mw pe 
 
 Yy nourifhment 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 174 
 nourifhment is ready prepared for it, and for 
 its future offspring. This is alfo the reafon why 
 feveral fpecies of infeéts do not die fo foon to- 
 ward the end of the year as in the heat of 
 fammer. Hence alfo, when the Butterflies of 
 Silkworms are changed later in the year, they 
 have fometimes remained alive with me for fix 
 weeks after their laying their eggs, which 1s 
 certainly a very fingular incident. So great 1s 
 the effec of heat and cold on thefe little crea- 
 tures, that the one feems to give them life and 
 the other immediate death, for death is no- 
 thing elfe but the ceflation of natural motions. 
 In the examples juft now mentioned, the life 
 of thefe creatures is prolonged by means of cold, 
 fince the ftrength of life, and the fluids on 
 which it depends, are flower diffipated, by rea- 
 fon of the flower motion. This is a fact that 
 indeed deferves particular attention. 
 
 When the Worms of Bees are increafed to 
 fome bignefs, they begin to fill the whole cell 
 in which they were placed, and turn themfelves 
 as it were into a globe, asa Dog does when 
 he lies down to fleep ; or, like that fpecies of 
 the Woodloufe which turns itfelf round like 
 the Hedg-hog. Now that I am upon this 
 fobject, I remember a very remarkable ftory. 
 One of our maid fervants had at one time found 
 a great number of Woodlice in the garden, 
 contracted into round balls in the manner before 
 mentioned, and thinking fhe had found a kind 
 of coral beads, fhe began to put them one 
 after another on a thread, but it foon happened 
 that thefe little creatures, which roll themfelves 
 up in fuch a manner only for fear of harm, 
 and appear as if they were dead, being ob- 
 liged to throw of the mask refumed their mo- 
 tions. On feeing which the maid fervant was 
 fo greatly aftonifhed, that fhe threw away the 
 Woodlice and the thread, and cried out, and 
 run away. 
 
 If the Worm of the Bee is taken out of 
 its cell about this time, there is found under it, 
 in the bottom of the cell, a kind of yellowith 
 matter of a fomewhat thick confiftence. This 
 is the excrement of the Worm. 
 
 In the mean time, whilft the Worm is thus 
 increafing in bulk, I do not doubt but it fome- 
 times, like other infects, changes its skin, but 
 how often it does this before it arrives at full 
 bignefs, I cannot determine. I have obferved 
 that when this Worm cafts its skin, and is 
 changed into a Nymph, its pulmonary tubes alfo, 
 fituated in the body, change theirskin andthrow 
 out through the orifices in the body a thin pelli- 
 cle. Indeed, it feems to me very admirable, 
 that this change of skin is fo common to all 
 infe&ts in general, that even Lice themfelves 
 and the minuter Mites undergo it: nay, Spiders 
 and Locufts obey this law fo perfectly that they 
 caft skins from their eyes, their teeth, and the 
 very claws of their feet; even the horns are not 
 excepted, which, though as theyare fmaller than 
 a hair in the Locufts, yet they likewife caft a 
 tender skin. The cruftaceous and teftaceous 
 animals alfo, as the Crabs, Lobfters, and the 
 
 NATURE; of, 
 
 like, change their skins. I have likewife oh: a ‘ 
 ferved, that when Serpents are cafting their 
 flough, a skin is likewife thrown off from their 
 eyes, and the inner furface of the skin is turn+ 
 ed outwards. 
 At length my curiofity went fo far, that I 
 was not afraid to tafte and bite thefe Worms 
 of Bees, in imitation of thofe, who, froma a 
 beaftly and depraved appetite, do not fear eat~ 2 
 ing the Maggots that grow in cheefe, that is, 
 that {pecies of Worms which skip or leap by 
 bending their bodies, and again {wiftly extend- 
 ing them. ‘The Bee-Worms are of avery dif. 
 agreeable tafte, like that obferved inthe pan- 
 creatic juice of fith, and they leave a very offers 
 five or nauceous rancour like that of rufty bacon 
 in the mouth. Of the fame opinion with me 
 was the very experienced and induftrious Peter 
 Adrianus, who had then come to make mea — 
 prefent of fome male Bees, and by his aflitance — 
 has alfo greatly advanced this hiftory. When — 
 thefe Worms are boiled, they have a fomewhat _ 
 more agreeable tafte; but if one continues — 
 chewing them, the former tafte prevails again, 
 Before I proceed further, I fhall exhibit the — 
 Bee-Worms to the life, according to the vari- 
 ous degrees of their bignefs, as they continue — 
 growing: the thirteenth figure ferves for this 
 purpofe. The letter 4, Tab, XXIII. fig. XIIIe 
 reprefents. a Worm juft come out of its egg, 
 bc deare Worms nourifhed longer and grown 
 more mature; f and g exhibit others larger _ 
 again and longer nourifhed, which are here re= 
 prefented in the fame manner as they lie in 
 their cells: 7 expreffes the Worm on its back, — 
 and beginning to draw the hinder part of its” 
 body inwards, and to move its head languidly. — 
 In the fame figure under the letter 4 I have 
 delineated the Worm lying on its belly. In 
 the back of this is feen a furrow of a blackifh ~ 
 or pale blue colour : this line fhews the fto- — 
 mach, which appears through the skin in that 
 part, which I found to be all ftuffed with a — 
 yellow matter. In the fecond figure, under the — 
 letter a, Tab. XXV. fig. 1. is exhibited a — 
 Worm, having attained its full increafe, which 
 ftands up at that time in its cell, and fhuts itup — 
 entirely: after this it remains very quiet nd 
 without any motion in the cell, and begins to 
 fwell at the 1ft, 2d, and 3d annular divifions — 
 of the body, becaufe its hidden limbs, and other 
 parts, which had increafed in bignefs under the 
 skin, are now infenfibly {wollen with humours, 
 and therefore difpofe the Worm to change its 
 skin. This will be very diftin@lyexplainedbelow. 
 If any one afterwards more accurately ex@- 
 mines the Worm of the Bee, and views it with — a 
 a micro{cope, he will obferve, as Ihave fhewn 
 in Tab. XXIII. fig, x1v. that it is compofed ort 
 fourteen annular incifions, aaa, including the 
 head. In the head 4 are to be obferved the 
 eyes cc, the lip d, two little parts ee, whi 
 afterwards become the horns, and two other 
 little parts f f, fituated under the former, which 
 feem as if they were articulated and afterwards. 
 grow into the teeth. Moreover, between thefe 
 two 
 
 yaa 
 
ere f 
 lie i 
 back, 
 af i 
 ruil 
 Dt: 
 ly. 
 bad 
 el 
 nid 
 
 (y , 
 
 The: H. E°S:T) On Re ¥ 
 
 two little parts; and confequently under the 
 lip d, is prefented to view another {mall and 
 fomewhat prominent or extuberant part g, 
 which refembles a tongue or trunk; and this 
 increafing by degrees, at length indeed contfti- 
 tutes the trunk of the Bee. Moreover, there 
 is fomething that hangs out of this little part 
 above, like a {mall nipple, by which the Worm 
 difcharges its thread to make the web, when it 
 has eaten for a fufficient time and is going to 
 be transformed into a Nymph. In fome other 
 Worms I have feen befides the tongue g, the 
 refemblance of a fimall. and tubular probotcis, 
 fituate in the middle between the tongue and 
 the lip d, by the help of which the Worm can 
 probably take in its meat. But I faw this laft 
 mentioned tubular little part in the Worm, when 
 Thad firft preffed its body alittle, and forced it 
 forward, between my fingers, towards the head. 
 Again, in other fuch Worms, I have obferved 
 a horny or bony little part immediately under 
 the lip. But thofe other little parts behind this 
 did not appear fo diftinétly to me. We mutt 
 view thefe parts with a microfcope, and to that 
 purpofe firft feparate and clear them one from 
 another; for their colour, which is of a whitith 
 yellow, prevents their being accurately viewed 
 together, and in order to fee them well one 
 muft ufe a very powerful microfcope. 
 
 The two eyes of the Worm cc are of a 
 tranfparent white, and are limpid, fo that they 
 feem inflated as it were with a lymphatic 
 fluid. In other infects the eyes are ufually 
 brown, blackith, green, red, blue, or yellowith; 
 and in fome few of a very full or faint purple, 
 that is, according as the tunica uvea in the in- 
 ternal circuit of the eyes is coloured. It is evi- 
 dent from this example that the eyes are not 
 alike in all infects; nay, this diverfity with refpect 
 to the colour of the eye takes place equally in 
 the larger and fanguiferous animals: this I have 
 particularly obferved in Rabbits, in which the 
 whole tunica uvea has been placed at the bottom 
 of the eye, and then feemed to me, for want of 
 blacknefs, unfit ina manner to detain and colleé&t 
 the rays of light for vifion ; blacknefs, and even a 
 deep brown, have this property, that they never 
 reflect the rays of light that fall upon them, and 
 for this reafon alfo black paper takes fire much 
 eafier in the focus of a burning glafs, than that 
 of any other colour, which reflects the rays. 
 But the ways or means of divine providence, 
 which can bring all things to one and the fame 
 end, are innumerable. . This I fhall diftin@ly 
 explain in the following pages with refpect to 
 the fight of Bees; and at the fame time de- 
 monftrate therein the omnipotent wifdom of 
 God, from the eyes of thefe infects. 
 
 Between the two eyes, and not far from the 
 lip d, occurs a part of a yellow colour ; nay, the 
 lip itfelf and the tongue g are alfo yellowith. 
 In the extremities of the fucceeding horns ee 
 there appears alfo a fharp pointed yellow and 
 brownifh little part. But as all thefe minute 
 parts are of a faint colour and are pellucid, they 
 
 of IN SB Ger s. iy 
 
 cannot be diftinguifhed but with great diffi- 
 culty. 
 
 In the other rings of the body, ten points 
 of refpiration are obferved to be diftributed 
 on each fide 644, having no horny or bony 
 parts of any other colour ; as is the cafe in 
 the Coffus, in Silk-worms, and in moft other 
 infects. It is therefore very difficult to difcover 
 thefe points, on account of the whitenefs and 
 general brightnefs of the Worm; indeed no 
 perfon can accomplith his defign in this cafe, 
 but by frequent and carefully turning of the 
 microfcope to view the object in different 
 lights. Thefe points appear placed in a kind 
 of long fiffure or flit, and are fomewhat de- 
 prefled. The pulmonary tubes or branches 
 of the windpipe, which are internally joined 
 to thefe points, are of a clear or limpid white 
 colour, and glitter like mother of pearl ; and 
 in fome worms which are not very fat, and 
 have therefore a very pellucid body, they are 
 feen alfo diftin@ly through it; as is alfo, 
 through the tranfparent body of the Worm, the 
 ftomach, which in this Worm is ufually at 
 that time filled with a yellow kind of matter 
 like melted Bees-wax: the heart and fpinal 
 marrow are feen alfo diftin@ly through the 
 body of the Worm, the former being placed 
 in the back, the other in the belly. 
 
 This Worm has a very flow motion, and 
 whenever it is difturbed, it draws its head and 
 tail, or the pofterior part of the body, a little 
 inward. But if it be dragged out of its waxen 
 cell, and any violence is by that means offered 
 to it; then it will make other and more re- 
 markable motions; for it fometimes twifts and 
 bends itfelf forward, and fometimes again 
 backward. But if it be not moved or pro- 
 voked, it lies without any vifible or confpi- 
 cuous motion ; nor does it ever go out of its 
 cell, until it hath grown into a perfect Bee. 
 
 I fhall now proceed tothe diffection of thefe 
 Worms. ‘The Worms of Bees, as well’ as 
 other infects, may be diffected by the help of 
 various contrivances, which I myfelf have 
 often ufed: firft, then, I killed thefe Worms 
 by different methods ; I boiled fome of them 
 in {pirit of wine; others I fteeped in the al- 
 kaheft liquor of Glauber, and in divers other 
 coloured liquors: all which I have done, the 
 better to diftinguifh their internal parts, which 
 are all of the fame colour. But thefe did not 
 anfwer with the expected fuccefs, becaufe 
 the Worms abound with fat. If the Worm 
 be caft into fpirit of wine, all its parts melt 
 as it were and become watery. The parts 
 are too much condenfed by boiling, and in 
 the alkaheft liquor likewife they are in the 
 beginning too ftrongly coagulated, but after- 
 wards they change or turn into an aqueous 
 fat or greafe ; therefore the beft method that 
 I know is, if one only fuffocates thefe Worms 
 in {pirit of wine, and immediately afterwards 
 prepare for the diffection of them. It is of 
 
 fervice 
 
176 
 
 fervice likewife to macerate them in coloured 
 liquors, till they become, as far as they are Ca~ 
 pable of it, black, red, or yellow; or they may 
 be even left to themfelves, that they may at 
 length acquire a colour, by a fpontancous cor- 
 ruption: by this means, when the changes are 
 properly watched, fome of their parts thoot 
 forth to view, which otherwife efcape the fight, 
 or at leaft cannot be viewed diftinctly enough. 
 It is indeed the nature of this Worm to have 
 its body of a perfect white, and confifting of 
 
 arts not very eafily to be difcerned ; hence 
 arifes the vaft difficulty of anatomizing it, un- 
 lefs we ufe the method mentioned above. All 
 thefe things, however, need be of no confe- 
 quence, if one knew how to diffect thefeWorms 
 when alive, which yet is not eafy to be done, 
 fince its parts contract themfelves at that time 
 mott ftrongly, and alfo are in their own nature 
 moft extremely tender. 
 
 If the Worm be opened along the back, 
 immediately there appears trickling out a fort 
 of ichor or watery humour, gufhing from the 
 wounded veftels, and from the heart. This is 
 the real blood’ of the littke Worm: after this are 
 feen thé mufcles fituated under the fkin, which 
 move the annular divifions of the body, and 
 fome of which go into the very heart itfelf. 
 Next is feen the fat, and among this, im the 
 middle of the back, the heart fwelling out 
 fhews itfelf; this is indeed a long pipe, running 
 through the whole back quite into the head, 
 out of which the veffels fprout branching to all 
 the parts. This, however, I never obferved in the 
 Worms Iam treating of, but have frequently 
 in Silk-worms. In the anatomy of the female, 
 I thall mention fome other circumftances about 
 the heart: if we purfue this diffection further, 
 prefently the ftomach rifes to view, furnithed 
 with numberlefs pulmonary tubes, which, being 
 made up of fibres eafy enough to be difcerned, 
 if it is cut, recedes very eafily from its internal 
 coat. This to appearances membranaceous, and 
 is three times thinner than the {tomach itfelf ; 
 this fame tunica, moreover, like the moft tranf- 
 parent kind-of glafs, is perfectly clear, as well 
 as moft equally {mooth, which indeed is found 
 
 - in other infects likewife, and more than all the 
 
 reft in Silk-worms. In the laft Worms I 
 diflected, this coat, or internal part of the {to- 
 mach, was always {wollen with a fort of mat-. 
 ter of a deep yellow colour, a little clammy, 
 which not only filled the whole cavity of the 
 ftomach, but in the back, where the heart is 
 placed, was diftinGly feen through the heart 
 and the body. In the Worms of Hornets, that 
 inner coat of the ftomach fhews to appearance 
 like a piece of net-work, the moft curious that 
 can be feen, and is of a purple colour. In the 
 lower part of the ftomach, where the pylorus 
 lics, are four little veffels, through which there 
 Tunsa matter of a yellow colour, alittle inclined 
 to whitenefs « thefe are firmly knit to the fat and 
 air-pipes, and appear here and there through 
 the fat, and winding about are carried over the 
 body in wreaths; to me, indeed, it feems diffi- 
 
 The BOOK oe NAT U RES *o, 
 
 cult to find out what kind of particles thefe 
 ‘are, for they do not appear to be like the 
 {affron-coloured veffels, which the illuftrious 
 Mapighius has defcribed in Silk-worms, being 
 what I have found hitherto in all infeG@s,though 
 not always tinged with this yellow colour. 
 Whatever be the cafe, after long and unwearied 
 fearch I at laft perceive, that im their extremi- 
 ties, they, as the clofe guts or ceca of hens, are 
 clofed up: to difcover this I ufe the following 
 method, viz. with a fine forceps I take hold of 
 the gut, or of the end of the ftomach into 
 which the veffels run, and then flowly and care- 
 fally draw them out from the fat and intwined 
 membranes, and pulmonary tubes; fince they 
 could not otherwife be difentangled without 
 the utmoft difficulty. If thefe clofed veffels are 
 macerated for a little time in fpirit of wine, 
 then they appear as if they were covered over 
 with glandules, which kind of glandules may 
 likewife be obferved in other infects. Ihave 
 called thefe in the Coffus faffron-coloured veffels. 
 In Bees it is extremely hard to bring them into 
 fight. 
 
 The fat alfo of this Worm, as in the Coffus, 
 confifts of globules, and thefe very globules in 
 fome meafure refemble the globules of fat im 
 the Coffus; but the fat in this Worm I am 
 treating of is ‘not loft during its growing ftate. 
 Wherefore it may ftill be feen, after the crea- 
 ture is changed into a perfect Bee ; if this fat 
 be examined more accurately, befides numbet- 
 lef$ more minute particles, there are likewife to 
 be obferved in it fome little oily Jumps, fuch 
 
 as I have before reprefented in the fat of the 7 
 
 Coffus; but the ftructure of the fat cannot be 
 more exa@tly examined, unlefs we view it laid 
 
 ona very thin plate of fine glafs, a fingle mie 
 crofcope being paffed between, right againft 
 
 the fight. In the fat, which is mixed with ex- 
 
 tremely thin membranes, and with the pulmo- — 
 nary tubes, fome {mall particles are here and 
 
 there feen, wrinkled and contracted, and fome- 
 
 what inclining to a pale purple, and in other 
 
 parts nearly whitith.  Thefe are the beginnings 
 
 of the air bladders, which afterwards in Bees — 
 are filled with air, and mix themfelves with the _ 
 pulmonary tubes, to which they have hitherto 
 
 but a flight cohefion ; juft as the lungs in an 
 mals, that have not yet ufed refpiration, fo thefe 
 air bladders are contracted in thefe fubjects. 
 
 On the oppofite fide, near the head of the 
 
 Worm, there appear fome other veftels, which 
 curl like the tendrils of a vine, in the fame 
 manner as the clofed veffels juft defcribed ; may, 
 and they are fo fimly braced with membranes, 
 fat, and pulmonary tubes, that I have found it 
 impoffible as yet to feparate them; whence. 
 
 have alfo been unable fo accurately to difcover. : 
 
 their fruature, - Thefe veflels are double, and 
 at laft meet in onelittle tube, which, after that, 
 fhoot on the outfide under the tongue of the 
 Worm, and there become ftronger and tougher, 
 and then {well outwards inakind of foft pimple, 
 pervious by an opening : from this prominence @ 
 glutinous humour, the matter of the filaments, 
 
 is 
 
 sos ‘ ‘7 i 
 ‘Sew ‘ age 
 
 ere hese paeeiie. 
 
 ‘ 
 
( 
 it 
 hy 
 a 
 4. 
 
 “i 
 
 The .Hiti:S:T;@ RY wf FNS Oat: S. 177 
 
 is fent out ; fo that thefe veffels may be confi- 
 dered as the parts out of which the Worm 
 draws its threads. When the Worm, having 
 taken fufficient nourifhment is foon afterwards 
 to be changed intoa Nymph, then by the help 
 of thefe little threads it covers in its little cell, 
 and at the bottom, and on the fides within, 
 covers it over as it were with glue. I have feen 
 in fome Worms likewife, that thefe tubes, not 
 far from the part where they iffue forth under 
 the mouth, have divided themfelves into two 
 branches, which, however, as I have already 
 mentioned, I have not as yet been able to trace 
 further. In the mean time I believe, that they 
 end in the clofed appendages, as is the cafe in 
 filkworms. Whenever thefe tubes are pierced 
 through tne middle, in that part where they 
 mect in one little body, there iffues thence a 
 glutinous matter extremely tough, and capable 
 of being drawn out into long threads. The 
 fame thing is alfo obferved in the glue of Silk- 
 worms, not yet drawn out in‘o threads, and in 
 other infeéts, and even in fpiders themfelves. 
 This, however, is to be obferved only in thofe 
 Worms that are near the time of their tranf- 
 mutation into Nymphs. 
 
 I have not perceived any other parts in the 
 Worm, befides thofe I have already explained, 
 fince the vefiels in it, which carry and return 
 the blood, are fo very delicate and tranfparent, 
 that I was not able to difcern them. For the 
 fame reafon I could not defcry thefe very 
 parts even in the Coffus, though there are in- 
 ventions of art, by the affiftance of which we 
 may come to ii knowledge of them. In Silk- 
 worms I fucceeded by the following method, 
 which I have reprefented in the fourth figure, 
 viz. I provide myfelf with a little glafs tube, 
 fuch as is here delineated, which I take care 
 to have made like a vial in the middle, Tab. 
 XXIV. fig. 1v. 2, at one end d to be dria out 
 to the cro fmallnefs, and at the other end c 
 made thicker and broader, in order that the 
 air blowing into it, may be conveniently forced 
 in at this phil: nie done, I fill the little pipe 
 with fome thin liquor behousels not however 
 of a very penetrating kind, let in through the 
 thicker end ¢, and then with the greateft 
 
 caution perforating the fkin 4, I thruft the 
 thinner end into the heart. This may be done 
 eafily enough. By thefe means, and then 
 gently blowing into it, the heart, and many 
 of the vefiels ‘~thooting out from it, may be 
 filled ; and further, though no other parts are 
 difcovered in thefe Worms, ftill it is of ufe 
 to take notice in them, both of the pulmonary 
 tubes, and the fpinal marrow. As for the mar- 
 row, indeed, though by reafon of its exceffive 
 yielding and foftnefs, I could not examine it 
 with any exactnefs in the Worm, yet I had 
 no difficult tafk to difcover it in the male Bee, 
 of which when I come to treat, I fhall defcribe 
 it as there delineated. 
 
 There are, as I faid, ten points of refpiration 
 on each fide of the body, in alltwenty; and 
 there is the fame number in Silk-worms, and 
 
 in the Coffus; but there is this remarkable 
 difference, that both in the Coffus, and in 
 Silk-worms, only eighteen of thefe points 
 with reddith tufts, of a fubftance between 
 horn and bone, fuffer themfelves to be difcern- 
 ed ; but the tenth pair of them is not fepa- 
 rated fo plainly, which. perhaps is the reafon 
 that the incomparable Malpighius does not 
 defcribe twenty, but only eighteen of thefe 
 points in Silk-worms. ‘The twenty pulmonary 
 tubes, which in the Worm of the Bee arife 
 as it were from thefe points, are carried in- 
 wardly into the body, and have all a mutual 
 communication with one another: a kind of 
 little tube runs all along from one point to 
 another, fo that in thie manner the anafto- 
 mofis or inofculation of thefe veffels is propa- 
 gated through the whole body. The ftructure 
 of thefe pulmonary tubes is in truth exceeding 
 wonderful, for all of them confit as it were 
 of curled rings, which being twifted together 
 in the clofeft manner imaginable, and in- 
 twined with one another by the fineft fila- 
 ments and moft delicate membranes, make 
 the union fo completely folid, that the air can 
 no where pervade, except through the middle 
 cavity, which is always open. Thefe rings 
 are alfo twifted clofer in fome of the tubes 
 than in others, but indeed the fabric di {plays 
 the greateft artifice in thofe places, w ‘here 
 thefe pipes divide into branches and fhoots, 
 for there the rings are ranged with furprifing 
 fkill one clofe to another, and are joined to- 
 gether by the intervention of the lengthening, 
 abbreviating, and crooked rings. All thefe 
 things may be {een very beautifully, if one 
 puts thefe pipes on a very thin piece of glafs, 
 and. afterwards views them againft the light: 
 this is indeed a very ufeful contrivance. They 
 may alfo, in order to diftinguifh them the 
 better, be placed on thin, coloured, black, or 
 green glafs. Thefe pulmonary pipes or tubes 
 are always open, as I have before mentioned, 
 which is likewife the cafe in the human 
 {pecies, and in other animals, but principally 
 in regard to or about the cartilaginous rings 
 placed in the neck, fo that therefore the air 
 in the human body, or any other animal, which 
 hath once breathed or refpired, can never be 
 entirely driven out of the fubftance of the 
 lungs. We mutt further steed that thefe 
 pulmonary tubes are in this Worm diftributed 
 in fuch a manner, that the brain, the nerves, 
 and even the eyes are furnifhed with branches 
 of them; this I {hall afterwards fhew in the 
 anatomy af the eye, the firucture of which, 
 too delicate for all defeription, proclaims the 
 infinite wifdom of the fupreme Architect, 
 Next we are to explain the fixth figure in this 
 plate, which exhibits fome of the vifcera of 
 this Worm. 
 
 The lettersa a, Tab. XXIV. fig. vi. denote 
 the ftomach, furnifhed with infinite-air-pipes 
 dd, which are affixed to it: dis the gullet. 
 c Exhibits fome glandulous little parts, which 
 are feen diftinétly through the tranfparent 
 
 Ta ftomach, 
 
178 
 
 ftomach. ‘The ftomach alfo has towards its 
 hinder parts fome mufcular circular fibres ¢, 
 which ferve to move its contents. ¢¢& 8 Are 
 four veflels, inteftina ceca, or clofed guts. 
 » b Shew the infertion of the clofed guts or 
 ceca below the pylorus f. i Exhibits the reft 
 of the inteftines. of the Worm, the crafflum 
 and rectum, or the thick and ftraight gut, 
 to the extreme end of which a {mall part of 
 the fkin is likewife obferved to adhere. 
 / Reprefents the delicate coat of the ftomach, 
 replete with coagulated contents of various 
 kinds, which are defigned by the darker parts 
 in the figure. Fig. v. a, are the pipes appointed 
 for the matter of the web, or the bags where- 
 in the fubftance of the future threads is pre- 
 pared. 0 Shews the place where thefe points 
 are joined one to another. cc Exhibit the 
 divifions of thefe pipes. dddd Is the place 
 where thofe pipes that contain the matter of 
 the web are broken off, and beyond which 
 I could not at this time profecute their courfe: 
 what increafed the difficulty was, that other 
 matters, which were likewife to be invefti- 
 gated, took up all the time I then had. I like- 
 wife find the fame difficulty of tracing thefe 
 veflels in the Worms of the Hornets ; which 
 however might have been conquered much 
 eafier in the latter; but it is as rare to get fo 
 great a number of Hornets, asa fufficient num- 
 ber of their Worms, 
 
 The firft figure reprefents the pulmonary 
 tubes of the Worm, as may be feen on each 
 fide, under Tab. XXIV. fig. 1. No. 1, 2, 3, 
 &c. and the letters aaa; for twenty fuch 
 tubes are feen in this creature. It likewife 
 appears in this figure, in what manner the 
 pulmonary tubes of the fame fide have a 
 communication with each other 4 4, by means 
 of tubules carried from one orifice to the other; 
 and have the tubes of each fide meeting each 
 other from the oppofite fides of the body, and 
 are alfo united together cc. Finally, the branches 
 are feen there, which fpring from the middle 
 trunks of thefe feveral tubes. ‘The Worm is 
 here exhibited and laid entirely open, and 
 without its vifcera, fat, and membranes, all 
 which I carefully wafhed off gvith a little 
 water, by the help of a fine pencil. ‘Though 
 the orifices dd of the pipes are fituated under 
 the skin, yet I have delineated them, as if 
 they appeared or were prominent out of it; 
 which particular, though it be contrary to 
 nature, yet I have obferved in this place, that 
 my defcription may be the more eafily under- 
 ftood. The other two fpiral little parts, fig. 
 11. and 11. e, f, exprefs the rings of the pul- 
 monary tubes. One may very diftinétly and 
 beautifully fee thefe, ifa hair of a man’s head 
 be paffed through a {mall part of a pulmo- 
 nary tube, and both extremities of the hair be 
 _ afterwards glued or affixed with wax ; if that 
 
 part of the tube be then feparated or taken 
 away, with {mall tweezers, or ftretched out: 
 by needles, it will be feen diftin@tly how thefe 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; * Or; 
 
 contorted or twifted rings are longer in one 
 part ¢ of the tube than in the other f. Without 
 this contrivance, thefe rings may be eafily dit 
 covered, by the help of a microfcope. 
 
 But I fhall proceed further. I muft obferve, 
 that when the working Bees have maintained 
 the Worms here defcribed, until they are ar- 
 rived to their full bignefs, thefe Worms after- 
 wards abftain from all food; and as they lay 
 before in their little cells, contracted as it were 
 into a globe or ball, fo, on the contrary, they — 
 now ftand ereét, and thus fill the whole cell 
 from top to bottom. Thefe Worms about this 
 time, cover the infide of the cell, from the 
 lower to the upper part, with threads; in which 
 work, however, this difference deferves parti- 
 cular notice, that is, that the web, which lines 
 or furrounds the foundation and fides of the 
 cell, is more membranaceous, but that which 
 is on the extremity more thready. This differ- 
 ence arifes becaufe the Worms do not always 
 {pin complete webs, but fometimes difcharge 
 on the filaments, or thread already fpun, agreat 
 quantity of the gluey matter, which fhould 
 have made the threads, and by this means daub 
 or wath it as with glue. This I have likewife 
 often feen in other infects; nay, I have had the e 
 good fortune to obferve it even in the Silk- 
 worms, however rare or uncommon it may 
 feem; for whenever any little knots occur in s 
 
 filk thread, thefe are owing to the difcharged b 
 
 matter which has flowed out too plentifully — 
 together. Nay, if the imperfect Silk-worm — 
 when expanded, be glued to paper, it does not — 
 appear thready, but alfo membranaceous ; this 
 thread is nothing elfe but a foft extended filk,” 
 afterwards hardened by force of the air. It is 
 remarkable in the Silk-worms, that water alo: 
 has the power to diffolve their unfpun fil 
 matter; whereas, on the contrary, fpirit 
 wine, vinegar, and other fuch liquors will eo 
 gulate it immediately. In like manner as t 
 Worms of Bees, and thofe of Hornets perte 
 their web from {pun threads, it is indeed ve 
 beautifully and wonderfully finifhed in the en 
 
 It is perfe@tly white and fine above, but it is 
 membranous and yellowifh below. In reg 
 
 to their work, I obferve this further differen 
 that the Worms of the Hornets do not 
 
 all their webs to the fame height, as 
 Worms of the Bees do ; and hence it happ ns 
 that their cells differ very much among them- 
 felves in refpect to height. Their webs a 
 confift of ftronger threads, and are of a roun¢ 
 figure, and ufually drawn higher than the Bee- 
 webs, nor are they fealed up with wax, as! 
 common in Bees, The feventh figure fhews 
 the web, prepared by the Bee-worms; It” 
 formed above into a fpherical figure, and has 
 very confpicuous filaments, Tab. XXIV. fig. 
 
 vir. ¢; but on the lower part a it is membra- 
 
 naceous and much thicker ; and at length it 
 becomes triangular, towards the bafis of the 
 cell; and exhibits a tranfparent Nymph don 
 the infide. eS 
 
 After. 
 
The HISTORY of INSEGT S. 179 
 
 After the Worms of Bees have brought their 
 webs to this degree of perfection, the ‘working 
 Bees have new bufinefs, for it is then incum- 
 bent on them to cover with wax all thefe cafes 
 which are arched as it were over the head of 
 the Worm, and confequently to feal up the 
 Worm itfelf with the greateft circum{pection 
 
 and exactnefs in its cell. This cafe feos. to 
 me to be altogether neceflary, for if the web 
 was not covered and fealed up: above with wax, 
 it might poffibly be prefled in by the Bees run- 
 ning up and down thereon, and confequently 
 the | fubjacent young and tender members of the 
 Worms which cait their skin a little before 
 might be injured: befides that, the operculum 
 or cover of wax contributes aE to’ preferve 
 the heat, by the affiftance of which, both the 
 evaporation of the fuperfluous moifture, and the 
 fubfequent change of the Nymph into a Bee 
 are promoted. The web we have hitherto 
 been defcribing has alfo this further ufe, that 
 at the time the Bee-Worm changes its skin, 
 and difengaging itfelf from the latter, is tran{- 
 formed into a Nymph, it is then prevented 
 from flipping out of its cell, which might very 
 eafily happen if the cells were not covered or 
 thus fhut up, as I myfelf have learned from 
 experiments. I at one time carried fome of 
 thefe Worms about me, which being as it 
 were hatched by this heat alone, came to 
 that perfection, that the Nymphs affumed_ the 
 form of Bees: I then faw thefe Bees running 
 quickly up and down in my box, fo that I 
 could not really help admiring what had hap- 
 pened : and from this experiment I learned 
 one thing, and that is, that I might thus know 
 for certain how much time was neceflary for 
 the Nymph to grow into a Bee; but I have not 
 as yet been able to inveftigate this matter fully, 
 being then engaged in other neceflary bufine{s. 
 I have hitherto only obferved the changes which 
 happen under the time of growth, and at the 
 fame time I have thus experienced, that heat 
 alone will hatch Bees, and the incubation or 
 fitting of other Bees is not neceflary, as fome 
 authors have feigned. I began the experiments 
 juft now mentioned about the end of Septem- 
 ber. If the web I have defcribed be cut open 
 in that part where the head of the enclofed 
 Worm is placed, the Worm afterwards will 
 come out of it there, when upon changing its 
 skin it is transformed into a Nymph. 
 
 - The Worm after it hath covered itfelf with 
 
 this web remains entirely at reft, and does not 
 
 move in the leaft ; it keeps the place which it 
 at that time filled, and remains quiet to the 
 end of its transformation. But if the diffection 
 of the Worm be undertaken at that time, be- 
 fides the cxca or clofed veflels before defcribed, 
 there alfo appear a great number of very flender 
 veffels, which are fituated on the inteftines near 
 the pylorus, where the clofed veffels are inferted, 
 and feem to me to be of the fame nature with 
 thofe veffels which Malpighius calls vafa crocea, 
 the faffron coloured veffels in the Silk-Worms. 
 At the fame time the ceca or clofed veffels 
 
 themfelves are feen. Whether thefe very de- 
 licate veflels are in the Worm from the begin- 
 ning, and afterwards only inereafe with its 
 erowth, does not yet app pear. But if they be, 
 they are much larger i in the Bee than they were 
 in the Worm: i heen never found them of a 
 yellow colour in Bees, as I have done in the 
 humble Bees. I have fometimes feen the exe 
 crements lie coagulated in thefe veflels in the 
 females, and indeed occafionally in the com- 
 mon Bees. I find great difficulty to difcover 
 the real ufe of thele clofed veflels, whether 
 they fecrete a particular humour in their ca- 
 vities, which muft be difcharged out of the 
 body, or fuch a liquid as changes the contents 
 of the other inteftines ; or are “they analogous 
 to the ceca which are found in other ea 
 but particularly in Birds and in Rabbits? The 
 ufe of the ceca in other animals is not yet fuf- 
 ficiently known, yet it is certain that excre- 
 ments of the fame with thofe of the great guts 
 are found in plenty in them. Had not thefe 
 veffels been fo regularly divided into four, and 
 had they been of fuch a length, and inferted 
 even into the inteftine under the ftomach, one 
 would incline to confider whether they did 
 not belong to the bladder of poifon of the 
 fting, which I fhall afterwards defcribe in 
 the common Bee ; but this doubt may be eafily 
 folved, if one fhould diffect the Worm of a 
 male Bee. The time for getting thefe Worms 
 is now paft, fince 1 am now writing this on 
 the firft day of September. 
 
 Further, in this ftate of the Worm the fto- 
 mach is much more contracted than it was 
 before, and appears like a {mall gut: it is of a 
 whitifh colour, and its yellow contents now 
 difappear, being totally wafted. We likewife 
 obferve, that when that Worm is but a day, or 
 half a day older, its ftomach becomes fhorter ; 
 but the vafa crocea, or yellow vefiels, are much 
 ftronger and more vifible. A little below the 
 place where the vafa crocea are inferted, the 
 great guts may be feen more beautifully than 
 in the Worm that is not yet covered in its 
 cell. Thefe are joined to the ftomach, and 
 now become fomewhat longer, and begin to 
 bend or turn themfelves. Behind thefe are feen 
 one or two parts fo tender that they cannot be 
 accurately examined, 
 
 The fat that is found in the Worm when in 
 its web, very eafily feparates from its mem- 
 branes: hence it happens that the contracted 
 pneumatic veffels become at this time more 
 con{picuous. 
 
 The Worm whilft at reft in the manner jut 
 mentioned, fwells confiderably about the breatt, 
 but not fo much about the head; and after 
 this. it begins likewife by degrees to grow 
 thicker, and to {well out about the fecond and 
 third annular incifion: the reafon of this is, 
 becaufe the limbs of it which have increafed in- 
 wardly, are infenfibly diftended with fluids, 
 We likewife here fee the legs and wings, after- 
 wards the head, breaft, belly and trunk, and 
 finally, the wholes form and {ftructure of the 
 
 Bee 
 
280 The BOOK of 
 
 Bee that is to be produced from thence, all 
 fhewing itfelf under the skin. But the legs 
 are bent together as if they were folded up, 
 and are weak and very tender: the mefcular 
 fibres likewile are like glue, and they appear 
 fluid like water, on account of their abundant 
 moitture, fo that they. can by no means move 
 themfelves: fo great is the extenfion and in- 
 fation which they undergo, fo that for this rea- 
 fon, incomprehenfible changes mutt afterwards 
 happen in them. Nor are thefe following 
 changes peculiar to the mufcular parts alone ; 
 they are obferved alfo in the nerves and in the 
 fpinal marrow, for they are likewife fubject to 
 very vilible extenfions, tranimutations, contrac- 
 tions, and even tranflocations. This: is no 
 where more manifeft than in the Perla, or 
 Dragon-Fly, of Mouffet, and in the Ephemerus, 
 when thefe litle infeéts change their forms ; 
 
 NA TURE; or, 
 
 changed their integuments, and are again fwol. 
 len with new air; nay, it is wonderful and ut. 
 terly incomprehenfible, that the pulmonary 
 tubes, whilft they are cafting their integuments, 
 do not put off fimple membranes, but as it 
 were entire veffels compofed of annuli or rings ; . 
 fo that by this means the internal pulmona 
 tubes which have feparated from the other, 
 are thrown out of the body at the external orj- 
 figes or points of refpiration, having the fame _ 
 form with thofe which remain in the body, 
 In the fame manner likewife the ftomach and 
 gullet, and the inteftines through the whole 
 body change their skin ; which, however, js _ 
 very difficult to obferve, unlefs one fhall im- 
 mediately examine the exuvia or skin whenit 
 is juft caft off; or better, if we know how to 
 take off the skin from fuch a Worm, at aft. 
 time, by art. The ftomach wonderfully thews x 
 
 this in the Worms of Hornets, for thefe in 
 like manner difcharge their contents or excre- 
 ments, and together with them the whole in- 
 ward coat of their ftomach, which is of a 
 purple colour, fo that the little mafs jetted — 
 weighs fometimes more than three grains, 
 
 for in the Perla the fpinal marrow is extended 
 fo rnuch that it becomes twice as long as it was 
 in the Worm ; and fomething fimilar is like- 
 wife obferved in the optic nerves of the Snail. 
 The legs in particular, and alfo the horns and 
 trunk *, are then very confpicuous when the 
 
 Worm of the Bee is diftended fo much; and 
 by the fame means the whole figure of: the in- 
 cluded Bee becomes, by degrees, vifible through 
 the skin, and all the divifions of the head, 
 breaft, and belly come in fight. But at length, 
 when the skin opens along the back, and the 
 skull of the Worm feparates in three places, 
 there the Worm affumes the form of a Nymph, 
 that is, it after this. change fhews out beauti- 
 fully, and more perfectly formed, the limbs and 
 parts that were before hidden: hence all the 
 parts may be feen there more clearly and di- 
 ftinétly than in the Bee itfelf; fince that fea- 
 ther-like down which is feen on Bees, is at this 
 time in the Nymph. The ftructure of the 
 trunk is likewife remarkable, and is moft ma- 
 nifeft here in all its parts ; and therefore it can, 
 on account of its fituation and immobility, be 
 much more elegantly and clearly diftinguithed, 
 than when this little infect is become a perfect 
 Bee, or hath been transformed into the flying 
 ftate, by a real growth of the parts, nota fic- 
 titious metamorphofis, according to the fanciful 
 and vifionary opinions of authors who have 
 written to this time. All the changes of in- 
 fects are no more than a flow accretion of the 
 limbs and parts, and therefore are analogous 
 not only to thofe of other animals, but alfo to 
 thofe. which we obferve in vegetables; as has 
 been before fufficiently explained. and demon- 
 ftrated at large. 
 
 The creature is in this flate of the Nymph 
 exceflively, nay, amazingly tender; for almoft 
 all its limbs are extended and inflated with 
 abundant humidity ; the former skin is thrown 
 off, the pulmonary tubes in the body have 
 
 * Since this author wrote, the Fre 
 eve confirm the doétrines he has eftablithed 
 efides the trunk, the Bee has a real mouth T 
 great difficulty, By means of this the Biss are 
 ‘This author thought they could not feed on it 
 Bee the farina of a bean flower in its proper form. 
 
 From the number of fuch coats as are found — 
 compacted in the cells of the Hornets, and laid - 
 on one another at the bottom of the cell, it 
 may be very certainly computed, how many — 
 times the Hornets have brought up their 
 {pring from the Worm ftate in the fame cell. 
 In the Worms of the Bee it is particularly 
 remarkable, that when they are changed into 
 Nymphs, all their limbs and other parts, theit 
 legs, wings, horns, and probofcis or trunk, and 
 all the reft of the body have pulmonary tubes: 
 thefe tubes are likewife filled with air at 
 time their limbs and other parts are fwellir 
 and by force of this air they likewife prom 
 the due expanfion of the feveral parts + th 
 feen moft eminently, when the Ny 
 changing its laft skin, becomes a perfect 
 In the Cameleon, which is the only fang 
 ferous animal that has lungs, which agre 
 fome refpect with the lungs of infects, by 
 fon of their branching pipes, the propelled 
 is likewife of the fame ufe in expanding 
 diftending the parts. But it is only for 
 purpofe of extending the creature’s tongue 
 this happens in that creature, though there are 
 befide this mechanifm, fome mufcles that like 
 wife contribute to the thrufting out this tong 
 it chiefly, however, depends on the air wi 
 is forced out of the lungs for that purpofe, into 
 the double cavity of the tongue. I have like- 
 wife obferved the organs of hearing, and the 
 fpleen in the Cameleon, however boldl  fome 
 very induftrious. gentlemen in France, who : 
 publithed the anatomy of the Cameleon, 
 affert that it wants thefe parts. 
 
 may 
 = mer 
 Thefe authors 
 have likewife committed great errors In regat@ 
 
 nch naturalifts have made many nice inquiries into the ftru€ure of this infect. ‘They in 
 but in fome points they have improved on them, They have 
 his is fituated in the fore part of the head, and may indeed be feen without 
 able to feed upon the farina of flowers, from which afterwards is made wax. 
 becaufe it could not pafs their trunk ; but I have taken out of the ftomach of @ 
 
 difeovered that | 
 
The: Hai & T. ORLY. 
 
 to the cornua or horns of the uterus, fince 
 they have neither accurately delineated nor 
 exactly defcribed them. The pulmonary tubes 
 alfo are not reprefented acute enough by them. 
 I would not however have any perfon think I 
 fay this from a love of cenfure, fo far from it 
 that my fole view is that the true face and dif- 
 pofition of nature may be expofed to the eye. 
 I with others may pafs the like cenfure where 
 due on my works; nor do I pretend to doubt 
 but I have committed many errors; it is fuffi- 
 cient for me that I can moft freely affert, that 
 I have not. wilfully defigned to miflead the 
 reader in this treatife, [likewife think the fame 
 of fome other, but very few authors ; for the 
 defire- of writing is fo prevalent now-a-days, 
 that men publifh books filled only with the 
 fancies of their brain,andthus mifreprefent God 
 
 and his works ; heaven forbid that I fhould 
 
 ever do this, truth and a religious fcrupulouf- 
 nefs of mind ought every where to prevail in 
 deferibing natural things, becaufe they are the 
 books of the divine miracles, unlefs he who 
 writes aims to deceive himfelf and others, and 
 fuch a one fhould know that all things are 
 revealed in time. 
 
 Let us now return to. our fubje@t. Thefe 
 Worms then weave over or cover the infide 
 of their cells with threads, they alfo difcharge 
 their excrements into thefe cells, and there 
 at the fame time, caft a thin skin and their 
 old pulmonary tubes: hence if all thefe things 
 be done feveral times over, that is, if in the 
 cells.of the fame hive, frefh eggs be laid and 
 young Worms be continually hatched in a 
 fucceffion for feveral years ; the cells muft ne- 
 ceflarily become from time to time lefs and 
 narrower, and the Bees muft be obliged to 
 leave the old combs, and to build themfelves 
 a more convenient edifice: the honey alfo 
 that is lodged in fuch foul and dirty cells, is 
 not to be called virgin honey, nor the wax of 
 the combs virgin wax. Since both of them 
 abound with a great deal of filth, which ought 
 to be feparated before they are fit for ufe. 
 The honey which the common people ufe is 
 very impure, for it is prefied out of wax, 
 after the purer part of the honey has run out, 
 and it is accordingly fold at a low price *. 
 
 If any perfon is defirous to examine the web 
 before mentioned, let him fteep only part of 
 it, together with the wax adhering to it, for 
 fome days in rectified {pirit of wine; thus 
 the wax will fall into little lumps, and the 
 web will be manifeftalone: if an entire waxen 
 cell, while it is yet fealed up with its Worm 
 
 or Nymph in it, be put into rectified fpirit 
 
 of wine, then all the Nymph’s little body, 
 which is enclofed in the web, and cannot be 
 taken out of it, but by cutting the web, pre- 
 
 6 FANGS 4 Ga TS. E81 
 
 fents itfelf to view. ‘This contrivance where- 
 by we fteep and diflolve the wax by ftceping 
 or foaking it in a proper fluid, in order to fee 
 the web, has this further advantage, that one 
 may by this means know very exactly how 
 many. times the Bees have brought up their 
 progeny in the fame cell, for it is certain that 
 as many webs as are found in one cell, fo 
 many eggs have been hatched there. When 
 the wax is thus carefully feparated from the 
 web by fteeping it fo that the delicate texture 
 of it is not injured, the web will then be 
 found to reprefent or exprefs very beautifully 
 the hexagonal figures of the cell, particularly 
 in the lower part, as may be feen in Tab: 
 XXV. fig. 111. under the letter g. This web 
 is likewife about the balis and angles of the 
 little cell, always fomewhat thicker and blacker 
 than at the upper part, being there more 
 membranaceous and of a yellower colour: 
 from what caufe this difference proceeds is ftill 
 a fecret tome. If any oné defires to difcover 
 very fuddenly the web fo often mentioned, 
 let him make the waxen cell boil for a mo- 
 ment over the fire in fpirit of wine, or in oil 
 of turpentine. If an old cell be cut open 
 with a diffecting knife, we fometimes obferve 
 the foundation of the cell, which is other- 
 wife wonderfully thin and delicate, half as 
 thick as the filver coin called an imperial, on 
 account of the feveral webs, that have from 
 time to time been laid on it. This condition 
 of the web has impofed on fome fo far as to 
 make them believe, that every Bee builds its 
 own refpective cell, for they faw that all of 
 thefe webs were fevered from each other, 
 when the broken wax was feparated from 
 them, as one may eafily try if he fteeps or 
 foaks the little cells for {ome days in brandy. 
 
 { 
 
 The webs are alfo of this further advantage 
 to the combs, that they make them much 
 
 firmer and ftronger, and hence one may with 
 lefs danger remove and carry elfewhere the 
 hives in which the Bees have engendered for 
 fome time, than thofe in which the wax is 
 new. Befides that the combs, ftrengthened 
 with thefe webs, do not fo eafily melt in very 
 
 hot weather, or blend together, when they 
 ate turned upfide down. That the filaments 
 or threads of the web may come in fight 
 more diftinctly, there does not require much 
 labour in preparing it, for if one only cuts 
 off the upper part of one of the cells, which 
 is covered with wax, with {mall fciffors or 
 a fine knife, ftrips it of the waxen cover, 
 and then places it under the microfcope, it 
 
 and manner wherein the threads are placed 
 over one another, that the Worm of the Bee 
 does in reality {pin. If an entire cell, fleeped 
 
 * What is called rock honey in fome parts of America, is the produce of a peculiar kind of Bee, lodged in a very fingular 
 manner. ‘This Bee makes no regularcomb, but notwithftanding that, it preferves its honey in waxen vefléls: the honey is clear 
 as water, and very thin. The Bees hang their clufters of cafes to a rock 3 one is firft made, and is very fecurely faftened ; then 
 others are hung to that, in the manner of grapes in a bunch. Thefe cells or cafes are larger than the biggeft grapes, and ofan 
 oval fhape; each has at firft an aperture at the upper part, in which the Bee puts the honey ; when it is full they clofe this aper- 
 ture : forty of thefe cafes will fometimes hang together, and the honey is excellent, and in large quantity. 
 
 Aaa or 
 
The 
 
 or-foaked in fpirit of wine, throws off os 
 wax, then both parts of the wena oe te 
 that which is difcharged in the form of threaas, 
 as that which is like a membrane, being ~ 
 soined together, nay, the whole figure of ae 
 web, which is hexagonal below, and {pherica 
 , may be feen. ais/e 
 Pndhite i enter upon the defcription of the 
 Nymph more accurately, I fhall beg leave to 
 obferve, that the Cochineal infect if fteeped 
 or foaked for fome time in {pirit of wine, ap- 
 almoft like our Bee-Worm ; its body 
 being divided by many annular inciftons : but 
 there is this difference, that it 1s fhorter and 
 thicker than the Bee-Worm, and it alfo ex- 
 hibits fome veftiges of legs. ‘The Cochineal 
 Worm, as I have heard and been affured by 
 fome who {poke pofitively, is produced out of 
 an egg, which the parent infec lays on the 
 leaves of that very well known American 
 plant called Tuna, When thefe Worms are 
 Ge come out of their eggs, they are as fmall 
 as thofe minute Worms which are newly pro- 
 duced in cheefe : they are increafed afterwards 
 fo much by means of the food, which they 
 get from the leaves of this plant, that in a 
 fhort time they cover the whole furface: nay, 
 they multiply to fuch a degree that in the 
 {pace of one year, they will occupy or poffefs 
 a field that has an hundred fuch plants, and 
 may be collected from thence for exportation 
 four or five times yearly. There muft only 
 be care taken that the plants be clear of all 
 other infeéts whatfoever, and that no fowls be 
 admitted into the place ; for both will greedily 
 hunt after and feed upon thefe Worms. When 
 the owner is inclined to gather thefe Worms, 
 he firft confiders whether they are arrived at 
 their full fize, and then fome throw afhes on 
 them, and bruth or gather them off the plant, 
 and then dry them in the fhade: if thefe 
 Worms are left longer to themfelves, they 
 then fix themfelves to the leaves when they 
 are about to change into Nymphs by accre- 
 tion: and the Nymphs, cafting off fome time 
 after a thin skin, are changed into very {mall 
 and almoft orbicular winged Beetles, of a 
 brown black colour, adorned with bright pur- 
 ple fpots, and diftinguifhed into males and fe- 
 males, who foon after coition lay eggs again. 
 
 Thefe Beetles are not, like the Worms, ufed 
 in dying, though they are fometimes brought 
 to us mixed with Cochineal, as I.myfelf have 
 feen, and now have fome that I picked out 
 of that drug in my cuftody. 
 
 In our country alfo on the leaves of the 
 lillies, Worms are often found which are 
 fomewhat thick and of a pale red colour, like 
 Cochineal, but they differ from it in that 
 they are furnithed with fix remarkable black 
 legs, and havea very confpicuous head. ‘Thefe 
 Worms are transformed in a very fhort time 
 into an oblong bright red Beetle with black 
 legs and horns. ‘This Worm has one thing 
 peculiar to it, which is that it covers itfelf 
 with its own excrements againft the fun’s heat, 
 
 182 
 
 pears 
 
 BOOK of WAY U Ree 
 
 and by that means renders itfelf in a manner 
 invifible; fince it walks over the leaves of 
 lillies covered with its excrements. [I have © 
 likewife in my collection of infects fome little - 
 
 creatures not unlike the Cochineal Beetle, only 
 that they are fomewhat lef and in fome mea~ 
 {ure different in regard to their colouring, .— 
 Hence I am inclined to think that the Cochi- 
 neal may probably be difcovered and fed in ' 
 our country, though I have never yet found = 
 it. This fpecies of Beetles, which have-all , ~ 
 
 knobbed horns, are by our. country people 
 called Lieven*Heers Haantjes, or Onze Vrou- 
 wen Haantkens: but I fhall now return to 
 
 the Bees. at Be 
 The Nymph of the Bee-Worm contains 
 nothing elfe but an elegant difpofition and 
 well-ordered reprefentation of all the limbs 
 and parts of the future Bee ; which, as they .. 
 have been to this time increafing, atlength 
 become externally confpicuous; but they are 
 immoveable until the humours with which 
 they are filled and diftended are exhaled and 
 diffipated : after that the creature can move "4 
 them. Hence it is that the Bee while in the — 
 Nymph weighs confiderably more, thanwhen 
 it is changed into a perfect Bee. Before] 
 exhibit the parts and limbs of this Nymph, Bie | 
 fhall defcribe its parts while yetin the Worm, 
 with more accuracy and method than has been. 
 hitherto done by others. In doing this I fhall — 
 follow the order according to which the — 
 Worm infenfibly and naturally approaches to” 
 the change of its skin, “or to the difclofure of 
 thefe hidden members: itis as follows. ‘The - 
 old skull, which is to be immediately caft off, 
 becomes infenfibly filled with a limpid hu = 
 mour, by force of which it is feparated by * 
 degrees towards the foremoft parts from the 
 head; hence the horns, teeth and trunk, which 
 lie folded and complicated together under the — 
 skin, are difpofed in fuch a manner, that they E 
 may be extended and inflated by the imbibed 
 humour, all which happens gradually; in — 
 the mean time the head, which infenfiblyand 
 in a manner fcarce to be perceived, recedes or — 
 goes back from the skull, is gently extended 
 and expanded ; this is principally occafioned ~ 
 by the eyes and their adjacent parts being im- 
 flated or diftended with air, blood, and other — 
 fluids rufhing in; the thorax likewife now — 
 becomes extuberant, by reafon of the air ané 
 fluids introduced ; as do alfo the legs them- 
 felves in like manner fwelling confiderably 
 both above and under the thorax; they are 
 
 placed in a very elegant manner under the 
 skin: the firft or foremoft pair of legs adhefe 
 underneath near the probofcis, which together — 
 with all its parts is ftretched upwards, tothe 
 head in fuch a manner, that the extreme ends 
 , are in the upper part, and the thighs in the 
 lower place ; then follows the fecond: pair of 
 legs which are depofited in like manner ;. neat 
 thefe the wings are fituated, whereof the les 
 are placed by the fides of the greater and@ 
 little under them ; then follows the at a 
 i?) a 
 
 * 
 
 ee ee ST 
 
fe 01 
 
 t 
 
 skin; all thefe parts, as far as the 
 
 The 2 2 8) TPO 
 
 of legs, which is depofited in the fame man- 
 ner’ as the firft and fecond were under the 
 lie un- 
 der the skin, are fomewhat wrinkled or folded, 
 and they are by this means above one half 
 fhorter than afterwards when the creature Is 
 changedinto a perfect Nymph ; for when the 
 Worm cafts it skin, thefe parts are confidera- 
 bly and wonderfully inflated and extended by 
 force of the air, the fluids, and particularly of 
 the blood: this extenfion of thefe parts is 
 performed at the time when the Worm, by 
 the means of a kind of periftaltic motion, 
 breaks open the skin by rolling it down, and 
 is incredibly promoted by the parting exuvia 
 or caft skin ; for fince all thefe parts by means 
 of delicate and minute fibres and filaments 
 adhere loofely to the skin; hence the skin 
 carries them with it as a kind of moveable 
 cords, and the parts themfelves being by this 
 means extended, roll in their turns from the 
 skin in the fame manner as a cord runs out of 
 its pully. This is the true reafon why thefe 
 parts are fo regularly digefted and extended in 
 the Nymph, and are difpofed in fo beautiful 
 and firm an order and fo wonderful a fituation 
 as Iam now going to defcribe, according to 
 the figures which I have given. I fhall firft 
 then fhew in a fomewhat fmaller figure the 
 difpofition of the parts under the skin, a little 
 removed from their firft fituation. Tab. XXV. 
 fig. ry. aa, are the horns, 4 the probofcis 
 with its parts, ee denotes the firft pair of legs, 
 under which is feen afecond ff, and then a 
 third gg; 5h, iz are the larger and fmaller 
 wings of each fide: & denotes the rings of 
 the abdomen. I fhall in the ninth figure re- 
 prefent the fituation of thefe parts in the 
 Nymph in a larger fcale. 
 
 Fig. rx. a Reprefents the Nymph’s head, 
 which being then diftended with humours, and 
 expanded by force of the impelled air, refem- 
 bles’ in foftnefs and téndernefS, milk that is juft 
 curdied. In this manner the whole body and 
 all the reft of the parts are circumftanced at this 
 period. All thefe parts are of a milk-white 
 colour, and’ the whole infect is without any 
 the leaft vifible motion; fo that in reality, it 
 refembles a dead carcafe. 
 
 b & Exhibit the eyes of the Worm, which 
 now appears under the form of a Nymph. Its 
 three fmaller difperfed eyes cannot be feen in 
 this view, being placed more backward and 
 higher in the head, in the middle between the 
 larger eyes. The firft change obfervable in this 
 creature, when it becomes {tronger by the eva- 
 
 ration of the moifture is manifefted about 
 thofe fimaller eyes, and about the large ones 
 here figured 64. Their change confifts in this, 
 that the eyes, by degrees and as it were, infen- 
 fibly affume a faint purplith colour : at the fame 
 time is alfo difcovered the femi-lunar figure of 
 thefe large eyes, which one cannot otherwife dif- 
 cern, on account of the intenfe whitenefs which 
 obtains here, and the brightnefs of the furface. 
 
 of INSECTS. 183 
 
 ¢¢ Are the antenne or horns which {pring 
 from the middle of the head, and are bent 
 by force of the skin that is drawn down towards 
 the belly ; they are very elegantly placed near 
 the probofcis and its adjacent parts. Under the 
 extreme ends of the horns are difpofed the 
 three. firft joints of the firft pair of legs7 z. 
 In the middle of thefe one may fee numerous 
 pulmonary tubes through the covering. 
 
 d Denotes the lip, which is not yet remark- 
 ably increafed in its fize, or diftended. 
 
 ee Are the teeth or jaws, which are covered 
 in fome meafure by the lip. 
 
 JS f Shews the firft pair of thofe parts which 
 belong to the trunk or probofcis: they have 
 likewife their pulmonary tubes, but above 
 them and under’ the teeth is {een a certain por- 
 tion of the third or laft pair of thefe litle 
 parts belonging to the trunk, which are the 
 fhorteft and fmalleft of all. 
 
 g g Reprefent the articulated pair of little 
 parts that defend the probofcis, which are di-- 
 vided. on each fide into three joints. 
 
 h Is the probotcis itfelf, very beautifully fitu- 
 ated between and under the faid parts. But we 
 muft obferve, that all thefe little parts are now 
 furnifhed with tranfparent pulmonary tubes. 
 When the little infect is approaching to its 
 laft change, and is in a fhort time after to ob- 
 tain the form and name of a Bee, then all thefe 
 pulmonary tubes become again for the moft 
 part invifible. And the fame thing obtains 
 about the veffels of the wings: which are then 
 bound or tied up in fuch a manner, that you 
 would conclude them not to be pulmonary 
 tubes but nervous fibres. 
 
 71 Exhibits the firft pair of legs in the Bee, 
 while it is ftill called a Nymph. The three 
 extreme joints of thefe legs may be feen under 
 the extremities of the antennzc ¢, 
 
 kk Are two very beautiful, ftiff, tranflucent 
 
 little parts, fituated at the loweft joints of the 
 firft pair of legs, and which feem to ferye the 
 Nymph only as an ornament ; for upon cafting 
 the skin, they are. thrown off and entirely abo- 
 lithed. ; 
 11 Another pair of the Nymph’s legs, which 
 likewife are full of tranfparent pulmonary 
 tubes. Thefe legs, being, by means of the 
 skin when drawn off, and by the power of 
 the impelled air and forced humour, deprefled 
 and ftretched beyond the middle of the body, 
 are there very regularly placed. 
 
 mm Are the wings of the Bee, ftill confti- 
 tuted under the form of a Nymph, a part of 
 which only we can hitherto fee. Thefe like- 
 wife have many pulmonary tubes, which, when 
 this Nymph is cafting its laft skin, are alfo, 
 together with all the other parts, once more 
 to throw off their exuvie: after which, when 
 thefe tubes are again diftended by the freihly 
 impelled air, and the pneumatic veffels which 
 have been hitherto contracted, are inflated and 
 diftended with the fame air; it follows, that 
 the whole wing afterwards expands itfelf and 
 
 becomes 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 ’ tice, nay, four times larger than it 
 Se “But He expanfion of the wings 
 is not to be attributed folely to the air, but in 
 a confiderable degree alfo to the blood ; for at 
 the time when the air is impelled into the 
 wings, and a confiderable quanuty of blood is 
 likewife driven into the blood _vefiels of the 
 wings. ‘This blood in the Bee is a limpid hu- 
 mour or ichor, as may be obferved, if a little 
 part be at this time cut off from the wings ; 
 for then this humour flows from it, appearing 
 wn of the extreme fmallnefs of the blood 
 under the form of little pellucid glo- 
 bules, which, infenfibly and by degrees, in- 
 creafe into confiderable little drops. We mutt 
 obferve here, that fome of the Nymphs of 
 Flies, when they are cafting their skin, not 
 only expand their complicated wings, but alfo 
 diftend vaftly their whole body: hence it arifes 
 that they appear twice as big as the exurve, 
 wherein they were before enclofed. The ex- 
 panfion of the wings in Butterflies is the moft 
 elegant of all the phenomena of this kind that 
 occur in nature; for in thefe creatures, the wing 
 in the {pace of a quarter of an hour, though 
 at firft not bigger than half the nail of one’s 
 little finger, becomes as broad as a half crown, 
 and at the fame time ,all its colours are aug- 
 mented, extended, and regularly diffufed : and 
 hence indeed, an admirable fight is produced, 
 which would ‘appear the more wonderful if 
 one had but the leaft knowledge of the caufe 
 of it. For we certainly can know nothing of 
 the magnificence of nature’s fecrets, unlefs by 
 the help of an infirm and weak reafoning we 
 are able to pafs our judgment on the more evi- 
 dent and palpable effects; but even this is 
 fubjeét to many errors. When the wings are 
 difplayed in the Butterfly, their air-pipes or 
 pulmonary tubes are foft like warm wax, and 
 the wings hang down that they may the more 
 eafily be diftended with air and humours. 
 ~ Tab. XXV. fig. rx. xn Are the feapule or 
 fhoulder blades of the Bees Nymphs, which 
 are fomewhat fharper a little lower. . Under 
 thefe are feen a pair of orifices, by which the 
 air-pipes open into the breaft. The air which 
 is expelled through thefe orifices affifts in pro- 
 ducing the humming noife which the Bees 
 make with their wings. 
 
 00 Exhibits the laft pair of legs, which are 
 likewife furnifhed with tranfparent air-pipes like 
 little veins. 
 
 _p p Are the rings of the abdomen, in which 
 feven apertures of air-pipes. open on each fide. 
 ~ But I have not delineated thefe apertures in the 
 prefent figure ; fince Ido not yet know their 
 becible te they appear very obfcure, 
 
 colour is feen here. How- 
 ever, I have obferved in diffecting the Nymph, 
 that the mouths of thefe air-pipes terminate in 
 the rings of the abdomen. I have feen alfo 
 three fuch orifices in the breaft. I (hall now 
 mention fome other things in the anatomy of 
 the Nymph, which are pertinent to this matter. 
 
 184 
 
 by reaft 
 veflels, 
 
 ‘figure of the eyes is con{picuous by their va- 
 
 -about the teeth. ' 
 
 NA TURE; oO, 
 
 qg Exhibits the hinder or pofterior parts of 
 the Nymph. The {ting of the future Bee is 
 feen there fomewhat protuberant out of the 
 body, as are alfo thofe two little parts 7, which 
 accompany the {ting in the common Bee and in 
 the female. And laftly, the arms appear un- 
 derneath s. , 
 
 If all. thefe parts be afterwards removed 
 out of their places, then the divifions of the 
 head, breaft and abdomen appear very beauti- 
 fully in the Nymph, but mot particularly thofe 
 of the breaft: and thus we may at the fame 
 time beautifully fee how the legs are jointed 
 with the breaft, which cannot be. diftinétly 
 feen in the Bee ftate of this little infeé, on 
 account of the great quantity of down rifing 
 there. If the creature be then inverted fo as — 
 to lie on its belly, the three great divifions of 
 the body are manifeftly feen in its and in the 
 horny or bony parts of the thorax, which are 
 {till membranous, and very tender numerousait- 
 pipes are likewife obferved. 
 
 The firft external change obfervable about 
 the Nymph confifts in this, that its eyes infen- 
 fibly become of various hues. Firft of all are 
 diftinguifhed thofe three remarkable feparate 
 eyes, which, when the infe& lies on its backsare 
 {een fixed between the femi-lunar curvatures of 
 the larger eyes, as I fhall hereafter explain more 
 at large. And at the fame time, the femi-lunar 
 
 riety of colours. Nor can any other remark- 
 able change be obferved at that time in the 
 Nymph, befides this of colour, which occurs 
 in the three feparate and in the femi-lunar little ‘pa 
 eyes. i 
 When the eyes by degrees have grown pur- 
 plith, then fome {mall changes are likewife 
 feen about the body and legs; that is the horny” 7 
 or bony parts of the fhoulder blades begin 0 
 acquire a. yellowifh tinge, fomewhat inclining 
 to a brown red; the horny or bony parts of the 
 wings, legs, and the reit, then afford alfo fome 
 {mall figns of their transformation. 1-1 
 Whilft the colour of the limbs and parts 
 is changing in the manner I have mentioned = 
 under their accretion, the purple colour of the -— 
 five eyes become more and more brown, and 
 at the {fame time we obferve, that the claws 
 of the feet become alfo horny or bony, and of 
 a brown red: and this change is alfo obferved 
 
 Pee 
 
 In the mean time the eyes become, by Site : 
 and little, more blackifh, nor is there yet any 
 divifion in the coat that invefts them on the 
 outfide, though one may then eafily fee the 
 divifions which appear through the coat. The — 
 horny or bony parts of the trunk now alfo be- 
 gin to grow black, and the horns, which arc 
 fituated under the eyes, and the diftinét eyes. 
 above are more plainly feen. <ampe 
 The thorax alfo is about this. time from 
 
 a gray, manifeftly changed into a brown-, 
 ith colour: and we alfo fee the whole 
 body under the skin, diftingnifhed by fome 
 | ~  <blackith 
 
The: “AVIS. -T OR Yroot SL/N.G BaG.t: Ss; 185 
 
 foine blackith points, which are the rudiments 
 f 3 
 
 of feather-like hairs. 
 
 Whilft the whole body is changing in this 
 manner, it is altered or difguifed, and becomes 
 more robuft as it is increafing ; fo that even the 
 claws of the feet now evidently move within 
 the skin wherewith they are furrounded; but 
 the moft remarkable changes are obferved about 
 the fting. For this fting is hitherto an exter- 
 nal part, though it may afterwards be, and ac- 
 tually is drawn back into the body: therefore, 
 fince it is confpicuous in the Nymph without 
 any previous diffection, one may eafily obferve 
 its increafe and perfect formation. The better 
 to underftand my obfervations on this part, I 
 think it neceflary to obferve before-hand that 
 the fting, as well as all other parts of the body, 
 changes its skin when the Nymph throws off 
 the laft exuvie: for this reafon, the changes of 
 the fting may be diftinguithed as clearly as thofe 
 that happen in the claws, legs, and the teeth. 
 The firft change, therefore, which is obferved 
 about the fting, confifts in this, that its crooked 
 little hooks, which neceffarily remain fixed in 
 the wound given by the fting of a Bee, come 
 in fight. For while the two fide-pieces, and 
 the cafe or fheath of the fting are yet mem- 
 branaceous, or as it were cartilaginous, thefe 
 little hooks are diftinguifhed by their yellowith 
 red colour; and this colour is afterwards dif- 
 fufed by degrees through the whole fting, whilft 
 in the mean time the fharp-pointed ends of 
 the two fide-pieces of the fting, are acquiring 
 a horny or bony fubftance, and more dusky 
 colour. The circuit alfo, or extremity of the 
 cafe or fheath of the fting, in like manner 
 changes its colour, grows hard, and becomes 
 horn-bony. And as the other parts ftill retain 
 their white colour, the faid changes ftrike the 
 eyes the more plainly: for we muft obferve 
 that the fting is, with regard to its colour, more 
 con{picuous in the Nymph, than it is after- 
 wards in the Bee itfelf. Moreover, the two 
 fide-pieces, as well as the {heath of the aculeus, 
 are enclofed in peculiar membranes, which are 
 thrown off ina moft fingular manner: hence 
 one may very diftincily fee thefe fide-pieces in 
 the Nymph placed near each other, which is 
 by no means the cafe in the Bee; fince thefe 
 parts of the fting in that ftate of the infect are 
 hidden in the cafe or fheath, as I fhall hereafter 
 defcribe at large, and reprefent in figures. 
 About this time, alfo, thefe feveral parts, as well 
 as all others, acquire each their laft perfection ; 
 that is, the eyes, teeth, legs, claws, horns and 
 the reft: nay, the thorax itfelf infenfibly be- 
 comes during this time more brown, and ap- 
 proaches nearer to a horny nature, and grows 
 very fhaggy with ftrong hairs. 
 
 The iaft change happens in regard to the 
 ftrength and colour of the wings: at the fame 
 alfo the probofcis or trunk in like manner 
 
 refents itfelf to viewin its ruddy orbright brown 
 colour, and fhews the hairs wherewith it ‘is 
 adorned, Thusall the fuperfluous humidity of 
 the Nymph being at length evaporated, it cafts 
 
 a skin from all its parts, and.after gnawing a 
 paflage through the web, creeps forth at length 
 from its cell, in which it had hitherto lain, in 
 its perfect form of a Bee. The wings indeed 
 are at that time ufually complicated or folded up, 
 and yet I fometimes have feen them expanded ; 
 that is, when it hath been for fome time detained 
 in its waxen habitation, and hath not been able 
 to creep out of it with fufficient fpeed: in that 
 cafe we find that its wings have been firft dif- 
 played within the little cell: all the fpecies of 
 Flies appear in like manner, when frefh from 
 the Nymph, with complicated wings. 
 
 When I diffeéted, the Nymph of the com- 
 mon Bee, at the time that its colour juft began 
 to be vifible, upon opening the outer skin, I 
 obferved the fat feparated very eafily from the 
 air-pipes or pulmonary tubes; which was like- 
 wife the cafe about the outmoft coat of the 
 eyes, which has nodivifions. All the contents 
 of the eye alfo were very foft. The inverted 
 pyramidal fibres hereafter to be defcribed, re- 
 fembled jelly made of veal. The brain was 
 likewife fo foft that being only very lightly 
 touched, it immediately feparated from the be- 
 ginning of the fpinal marrow. The {pinal 
 marrow itfelf was there as well as in the body 
 very foft and tender. Nay, and the three fe- 
 parate little eyes, which, as fhall be made more 
 evident hereafter, are placed in a triangular form 
 between the divided eyes, after I had taken off 
 the skin from them, and can be diftinguifhed very 
 clearly. The teeth were as yet membranaceous, 
 nor did they fhew any fign of hardnefs, or of 
 their being of a horny or bony nature; they 
 abounded within with a mucous humour, upon 
 prefling out which they feemed hollow. The 
 jaws in human abortions fix months old, like- 
 wife thew membranaceous teeth, which how- 
 ever in various places are obferved to be grow- 
 ing into bone. 
 
 In the thorax all things are at this time 
 amazingly foft and tender. The mufcular fi- 
 bres may be feen very diftinély, and in fome 
 meafure as if feparated from each-other; but 
 they are {till fo exceflively delicate, that being 
 but very gently touched, they immediately quit 
 the place where they were fixed: moreover, 
 they are at this time fhorter than in the fame 
 infect when it is changed into a Bee. Indced, 
 I obferve that all thefe mufcular fibres are. at 
 firft contracted in the fame manner by nature, 
 and that in fpite of her, as it were, they are 
 afterwards extended by the blood and humours. 
 This is probably the reafon why. thefe fibres 
 endeavour to contract themfelves continually, 
 and that even a long time after the death of the 
 
 reature. This fhortnefs of the mufcles in 
 creatures not yet brought forth, is occafioned 
 by the invefting membranes binding up their 
 bodies; and hence it happens that the blood 
 and air are prevented from diftending the muf- 
 cles fufficiently. We have before mentioned 
 fome fingular and obvious examples. of this 
 miatter in infects, which are feen as foon as 
 thofe creatures come into the openair. The 
 
 Bbb fat 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 fat alfo very eafily in this diffeGion of the 
 Nymph quitted its conneéting membranes and 
 the pulmonary tubes, and, by its friability, pre- 
 fently hid from fight, for it 
 divided and diffufed or {pread itfelf into innu- 
 merable white parts of different bignefs. Be- 
 tween this fat were 
 matic veflels, not much changed from that 
 appearance which they had before in the Worm, 
 when it was about to caft its skin. 
 
 The ftomach in this Nymph appeared {till 
 fomewhat long, for it had not wholly con- 
 
 186 
 
 tracted or drawn up the length which it has in . 
 
 the Worm, into the pyriform figure which it 
 wears in the Bee. All the reft of the vifcera 
 of the body were already formed and confi- 
 derably increafed. ‘The inteftines were very 
 elegantly confpicuous, and of moderate ftrength, 
 but they were filled with watery contents, nor 
 did they yet contain that green fubftance, which 
 is to be found in the inteftines of the more 
 mature Nymphs, and thereof the green colour 
 is evidently feen through the body and heart in 
 the back. The fame thing obtains in calves 
 whilft {till in the cow’s belly, and the contents 
 of the inteftines in them in like manner change 
 colour. It is alfo very remarkable here, that 
 fach hairs are found intermixed with thofe ex- 
 crements, as the mouth and body of the calf 
 is covered with ; and this argument moft evi- 
 - dently demonftrates, as I have obferved before, 
 that thefe animals convey the food while in the 
 uterus through the mouth ; nay, and take in 
 the hairs which they licked off the furface of 
 their body, together with the fluid of the 
 amnion. ‘The vafacrocea, or yellow vefiels alfo 
 may be very eafily diftinguifhed in this Nymph, 
 and feparated eafier from the inteftine, than in 
 the Bee arrived to its full maturity; for, be- 
 fides thé friability of the fat, the membranes 
 are yet very tender, and the pulmonary tubes, 
 to which thefe veflels are connected, are very 
 _ weak. The internal parts of the fting alfo, 
 which are not vifible on the outfide, may be 
 now very plainly diftinguifhed. It was further 
 admirable to fee in this difle€tion the acu- 
 leus or fting, which afterwards becomes fo 
 fharp-pointed, hard and formidable for wound- 
 ing, is ftill very foft and tender, like a thin 
 membrane, and is likewife filled with an aque- 
 ous humour, which naturally flows out of it. 
 The poifon bag * of the fting was contracted, 
 and its clofed tubes, by the help of which the 
 poifon is fecreted and conveyed into the bag, 
 may now alfo be difcerned. 
 
 But as all the parts hitherto mentioned were 
 extremely foft and yielding at the time of this 
 diffeCtion, fo, onthe other hand, the produc- 
 pees of oe wind-pipe, or little pulmonary 
 
 , prefented themfelves more diftindtly to 
 the view. The reafon of this, as I have be- 
 fore obferved, i i $ # 
 
 ed, is certainly that the fat and the 
 
 * The poif RS re 
 eaten fe te Se ee “ecetnnepiiagent {cite “Ie satya feen to contain fuch. 
 as glafs. ‘This is to be placed ahder ee eS See Pit will be a drop of the poifon difcharged and left upon 
 
 . r > as ; . form. 
 oblong, pointed, clear cryftals, but the quantity of fluid is not enongh = a jane y dee sage, 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 membranes which connect it, recede from 
 thefe parts with the utmoft eafe: we lay open 
 the Nymph from the bottom quite to the top 
 with a {mall pair of tharp-pointed fciffors, all 
 the fat, the little membranes and the reft of 
 the contents may be without any difficulty, in 
 a bafon filled with water wafhed out fo tho- 
 roughly, that the pulmonary tubes alone, 
 though they indeed, with refpect to their larger 
 branches, are not removed from their natural 
 fituation, fhall remain behind in the skin. The 
 fame experiment may alfo be made in another 
 manner, viz. a fine glafs tube may be thruft 
 into the body of the Nymph, and by the help - 
 of water injected through it, all the contents, 
 except the tubes that convey the air, may be 
 wathed out of the body. This may likewife 
 be done alfo in the Worm, when itis on. the an 
 point of changing its skin, and then being 
 blown up with air it may be dried and pre- 
 ferved. The fame experiment may be made 
 with the utmoft eafe in the melts of oxen; for 
 if you wath off the outermott fubftance of the 
 melt through the vein, and then cut away with = 
 a fine knife the exterior coats from the melt Ey 
 when dried, you will have a moft curious pre- =o 
 paration. “ate Se 
 
 or; 
 
 At this time we have a moft beau- 
 tiful view of the pulmonary tubes, and their 
 ramifications in the Nymph of the Bee; fo 
 that they may with very little trouble be count- 
 ed and diftinguithed from one another ; feven 
 appearing plainly in the belly, and three in the 
 breaft on each fide. ‘The firft pair of thele “7 
 open with fair apertures on the outfide in the — b 
 breaft near the neck; but before thefe two” z 
 tubes afcend from thence towards the head, 
 having firft taken a wider circuit, they join togee 
 ther, and then in two very diftinct branches, 
 like the carotid arteries in man, they again ale ~~ ; 
 cend towards the head, inferting themfelvesin — 
 the brain, the eyes, the horns, and the teeth, 
 The next two orifices are opened under the 
 fhoulder-blades, and the laft under the wings. 
 Some branches likewife, and thofe very dit 
 cernible, run different ways out of the break 
 towards the legs and wings; and thefe at the 
 laft changing of the skin aflift greatly in he 2 
 unfolding of thefe parts, as I have already 
 obferved. In the belly I could not fo a 
 diftinguifh the orifices of the pulmonary tubes 
 on the outfide, for there they feem to be in- 
 ferted obliquely, like the urinary paflages in 
 
 men and quadrupedes. But however, in the 
 infide of the body their infertions are extremely 
 obvious: this may be {een alfo even on the out 3 
 fide, if we free the Nymph from its coat, OF mia 
 ftrip off its skin with due skill, and then draw Ba 
 the air-pipes out of their orifices. As for the 
 pofition of thefe pipes in the body, I have al- 
 ready fpoken of it elfewhere, and fhall explain — 
 it farther in a fucceeding chapter. ae 
 
 The 
 
The, tal oT eae 
 
 The Nymphs of Bees, after they have con- 
 "7 tinued fhut up in their little waxen cells for a 
 \ fufficient time, and till the entire evaporation 
 
 of INSECGTs. 187 
 the new femaleis employed in breaking hrough 
 her cell; and, accordinely for fome days before 
 they form a new colony or {wartn, we fee a 
 
 of the redundant moi(ture, thed at length their great many Bees hanging about he cell, 
 laft fkin of all, which accordingly is found in which are no doubt waiting for the female’s 
 the bottom of the cell, together with the former, ifluing forth, and when the is jut on th point 
 
 e 
 of coming out, they make a buzzing with 
 their wings, which is the fong of Bees 
 
 which they have thrown off during their exift- 
 ‘ ence under the form of a Worm. Having thus 
 ‘ caft their coats, they then break their web, by 
 the afliftance of their teeth, and at the fame 
 time forcing their way through the wax that 
 is faftened down above to the web, and burft- 
 ® ing it into feveral jagged pieces, they throw it 
 ip off on all fides ; after this other Bees carry thefe 
 i broken pieces away, and clear the cells fo 
 a thoroughly, as to make them quite {mooth and 
 is even. ‘The male, as well as the female Bees, 
 force their way alfo out of their célls, in the 
 fame manner as the common or working kind, 
 and all undergo the fame change. This remark- 
 able difference, however, is to be obferved, that 
 the common Bees, and of the male kind alfo, 
 ufually come forth, as already obferved, with 
 their wings then folded up; fo that after they 
 have burft through their webs, their wings re- 
 wu main yet to be expanded, by the force of air 
 3 and humours impelled within; for, as has been 
 already obferved elfewhere, thofe large vefiels, 
 which are perceived in their wings, after the 
 manner exhibited in Tab. XXV. fig. x. are 
 without doubt the tubes that convey the air. 
 
 3. Fes 
 ceive and falute her at a diftance as it 
 with marks of joy. I make no doubt but that 
 the males are moft concerned in this bufine(s ; 
 not unlike wanton horfes, who, when they 
 fee the mares, though at a diftance, nei¢h after 
 them, and inftantly prepare themfelves for 
 leaping. This is the cafe likewife in the males 
 of Silk-worms, which, before they fo much 
 as fee the female, yet immediately, as foon 
 as they get the fcent of her, by the help of 
 their wings fet up an agreeable humming; and 
 fo irritated are they with a burning . defire 
 for copulation, that they will frequently copu- 
 late with the females even when dead, nor 
 can they without force be torn off. However 
 I do not believe, that the male Bees aétuall 
 copulate with the female, though indeed they 
 love to get as clofe to her as they can, becaufe 
 thus they feel a titillation atifing from the 
 emiffion of their fperm. For I am firmly per- 
 fuaded, that the male Bees eject their {perm 
 in the fame manner as Fithes, 
 
 ? 
 
 vw} onlw the 
 WhO ONLY fhed 
 
 it upon the fpawn, nor have any thing further 
 ine Clofe to them alfo are placed the blood veffels, to do with the females. It would be no difficult 
 oft which bring the nutriment to the wings. This matter to make certain experiments, in all thefe 
 de obfervation I have made is highly worthy of particulars ; as to try forinftance whetherthe fe- 
 fe notice, fince it moft evidently difplays the won- male Bee, enclofed in a little net made of fine 
 
 tel ders of God, in the infect world, and at ‘the 
 
 fame time utterly overthrows thofe impious 
 notions, that thefe creature are generated from 
 putrefied matter, and by a certain fortuitous 
 concourfe of particles; for if we grant that, 
 the efpoufers of thefe notions take occafion 
 thence moft perverfely to carry on the argument 
 to large animals, and in a moft offenfive and 
 indecent manner leffen and detract from the 
 providence and omnipotence of God, which 
 are univerfally and equally manifefted in every 
 {pecies of animals without exception. In truth, 
 if the moft minute creature is capable of being 
 generated from putrefaction, ‘nothing hinders 
 but that the largeft of all may likewife. 
 
 The female Bees do not, as the common 
 Bees and the male, come forth with their 
 wings folded up, but expanded and difplayed: 
 they come out of their cells in a ftate of flying. 
 On this account, the all-wife Author of na- 
 ture has provided for them a more {pacious 
 manfion, in which they may expand their 
 wings conveniently and properly, fo that after 
 they have burft from their cells, they may 
 
 be prepared for fwarming immediately, if 
 
 there be a neceflity for it, or that the young 
 female may be in a condition to drive out even 
 the mother Bee herfelf, that is the old female, 
 and to take her place, if there be occafion. 
 
 I am fully perfuaded that the reft of the 
 Bees know beforehand,by fome fure fign, when 
 
 thread, or in a {mall glafs veffel covered with 
 a piece of fine linen, or in a box with holes 
 in it, could be impregnated by the bare {cent 
 of the male. But of all thefe things I fhall 
 hereafter treat more at large. I think it nes 
 ceflary, however, to add this fingle obfervation; 
 that the laft humming or noife which is heard 
 in the hive, a little while before the Bees are 
 going out to {warm, is raifed by the fernale Bee 
 alone, arifing to be fure from her joy in feelin 
 herfelf then impregnated, and being fenfible 
 that fhe is foon to make an excurfion ; fince 
 the found, which is then heard, is owing only 
 to one Bee, and that no other than the new 
 queen. 
 
 I once found a female turned quite upfide 
 down in her cell, and yet perfectly formed 
 with her wings already expanded for flight: 
 She had been attempting a pafiage on the op- 
 pofite fide of her cell, endeavouring to break 
 through the middle wall of the comb itfelf, 
 great part whereof fhe had already eaten 
 through ; the feemed as if the would be 
 able to get out of the cell in a few davs. In 
 thefe difficulties I came to her afliftance, and 
 at the fame time got myfelf a proper fubject 
 for diffection. When the Bees begin to perceive 
 that the female is near coming out of her 
 cell, I make no doubt but there muft arife a 
 very remarkable commotion in the hive, as 
 
 well 
 
188 The 
 
 well amongft the younger as the older aie 
 for the young follow the new-born female, 
 and the others remain with the elder; nay, 
 many. both old and young hang together idly 
 round the fame female. This divifion into par- 
 ties is not owing either to choice, or any ruling 
 power or authority among the Bees, nor is it 
 performed with thofe fancied ceremonies of 
 honour, and a numerous retinue of old and 
 venerable Bees ranged in order, accompanied 
 with the harmonious founds of trumpeters, 
 hautboys, and muficians, or in the tremendous 
 prefence of executioners ftanding around, as 
 authors have feigned, ingenioufly indeed, but 
 derogatory to nature. Nothing like this is the 
 cafe: there is doubtlefs implanted in them a 
 concern for breeding up their young, which 
 inftin@ makes the Bees flock in this manner 
 round the female: nor have the tribe of 
 flaves, I mean the working Bees, any other 
 task afligned them, as they are capable of 
 being moved by that incentive only, and direct 
 all their actions to that end, though in truth 
 the labour is very great, which they muft un- 
 dergo in breeding up the young, and continual 
 ly building the cells deftined for them. How- 
 ever they are amply repaid, fince in their 
 turn, in place of a rich reward, they feed on 
 delicious honey, which they collect with in- 
 defatigable diligence ; for nature, in this their 
 wretched ftate of life, makes every thing to 
 be purchafed with labour. I could with there- 
 fore that this example had the weight it de- 
 ferves, in inftruéting and teaching us that God 
 might be glorified in all his works. 
 
 Were the working Bees furnifhed with the 
 organs of generation, or any thing analogous 
 to them, we might conclude, not without 
 probability, from their actions, that they were 
 actuated with the moft ardent luft to the act 
 of generation, and folely by this incentive 
 animated to perform the feveral tasks afligned 
 them. But fince they are fupplied with none 
 of the parts requifite for that office, they can 
 have nothing elfe in them, but an innate de- 
 fire for the propagation of their {pecies, which 
 inflames them with fo earneft a concern for 
 breeding up the young, and with fo fingular 
 an affection towards the female, the common 
 parent of all. This will appear evidently, if 
 you take this queen out of the hive, and tie 
 her to the end of a ftick, by a thread run 
 through one of her wings, and then fuffer the 
 {warm of Bees to fly about her; for they, 
 following the queen clofely, will all of them 
 _by degrees fettle on the ftick, and by the help 
 of their legs cling to one another moft fur- 
 prifingly, fo that they refemble, as it were, a 
 complete bunch of ‘grapes. When they are 
 piled up together after this manner, they will 
 fuffer themfelves quietly to be carried up and 
 down overa whole garden, nor do the work- 
 ing Bees in the mean while ftir from their 
 queen, as I myfelf found by a careful experi- 
 ment I made. If at this time any other Bees 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; of, 
 
 will fee plainly, that they immediately fearch 
 after the queen with fuch anxiety, that even 
 from hence fufficiently appears the prodigious 
 
 affection they have for her, and for the propa» 
 gation of. their fpecies ; for they endeavour 
 to make their way through the middle of the _ 
 bunch, as it were, that they mayreachthe — 
 female. In a little time afterwards they give 
 
 over their attempt, and then, without ‘inter- 
 
 miffion, continue flying from and back again 
 
 to the clufter. From thefe obfervationsthere- 
 fore it is altogether manifeft, that the actions He 
 of Bees of the three kinds, male, female, and 
 eunuchs, fpring from no other caufe, butfrom 
 a vehement and ardent concern, by which — 
 they are carried to the generation, preferva- 
 tion, and raifing of the brood, which, asitis 
 alone the principle, fo likewife is itthe end 
 of every thing the Bees do. If after this the 
 female be loofed again from the flick, and ~ 
 immediately put into a drinking glafs, placed — 
 onthe ground, or on a piece of tile, the reft 
 of the Bees, to a fingle one, will inftantly 
 round her again, and befet the place whe 
 the is in fuch throngs, that one can fee nothir 
 but Bees covering it on every fide. From 
 this think it may be inferred, not witho 
 appearance of truth, that the female em 
 very ftrong fcent, by which the reft of 
 Bees are attracted to her. I obferved this _ 
 evidently when I had fhaken the ftick, and 
 laid the female in the manner ahovemention 
 on a table, in an open arbour, at fome difta 
 from them. For this reafon I formerly, before 
 I was acquainted with the true ftructure of the 
 cornmon Bees, compared them to a parcel of 
 Dogs, which follow the female in her time 
 of luft, excited by the bare {cent ; however, 1 
 will not deny, but that there may pea 
 fomething elfe befides the {cent in this a: ett. 
 ion of the common Bees, by which t 
 fo greatly affected: they feem to imita' 
 fome manner creatures that have been g 
 which, though they can do nothing, are 
 withftanding inflamed with a prodigious h 
 for the female. 
 
 As therefore it is generation alone by whi 
 the Bees are excited to all their actions, fo 
 great caufe, whenever it happens to be in 
 rupted, is the fole motive from whence 2 
 confufion at times obferved in the hives ar 
 If the female Beebe barren, or inairncdaa 
 blind, or deprived of its wings, neither ho 
 nor wax will be colleéted, nor will the egg 
 laid in the cells. There is in this cafe no 0 
 fion for building cells for rearing wu 
 brood. But if the female be properly. 
 every thing is done in due order, < 
 poet fays, 
 
 * nA 
 ? 
 
 «© While the fovereign is fafe, all live . 
 ‘© perfect harmony. ” £-p 
 
 A great difturbance is alfo to be obferved, 
 
 whenever there chance to be two females in 
 
 fl i : 
 y up to this numerous clufter, an obferver one hive, and one after another lays its eg 
 “in . 
 
 Ae 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECT &. 186 
 
 in the fame cell, for from thence arifes not 
 only a vaft confufion about the article of raifing 
 the young, but a mighty inconvenience like- 
 wife about the building of the cells. It fhould 
 be here confidered further, that Bees, for two 
 neceflary reafons, namely, the building of the 
 cells, and the rearing of the Worms in them, 
 attend, and of neceflity muft attend, the fe- 
 male, atall times and every where; for if the 
 has by chance depofited her eggs in an im- 
 perfect cell, the reft of the Bees are obliged, 
 by virtue of their office as it were implanted 
 by nature, immediately to make‘it complete, 
 that the worm to be hatched may have room 
 wherein to move itfelf, to eat, to change its 
 skin, and to {pin its thread : whenever there- 
 fore, which I would have obferved particu- 
 larly, the two females, each with her retinue, 
 meet one another, andthe Beesare hindered by 
 it in their attendance and work, is it not eafy to 
 be imagined, there mutt arife a prodigious con- 
 fufion? where is the wonder then that they 
 burn with fury, and, urged by love to their 
 offspring, violently attack one another, deter- 
 mined upon killing and deftroying one or the 
 other female? This is falfely aferibed by 
 authors to the divided government of two 
 fancied kings, as if they could not live together 
 with a joint power; but this is an idle tale: all 
 this fighting is caufed folely by the propaga- 
 tion being hindered: take away this impedi- 
 ment, and the two females will live very ami- 
 cably together ; for as they have not the ufe 
 of reafon, they are unacquainted with Virgils 
 maxim, that a kingdom does not admit of two 
 rulers * ; 
 
 «« For two pretenders oft for empire ftrive.” 
 Dryven’s Virg. 
 
 That this matter may the more eafily be 
 underftood, I fhall infert here a rude kind of a 
 fimilitude. 'The republick of the Bees may be 
 compared in fome meafure to a houfe com- 
 prifing five thoufand bed chambers, in which 
 there is only one woman, who yearly by the 
 fcent of the fperm in fome hundreds of men 
 born within this houfe, and living in it for the 
 {pace of fome weeks, is impregnated with a 
 triple brood. Suppofe there were befide in the 
 fame houfe fome thoufands of natural eunuchs, 
 or virgins, who, employing themfelves in the 
 finifhing of the chambers, and ftaying in the 
 paffages between the faid bed-chambers, con- 
 {tantly attend that woman, that they may fee 
 in which chamber the firit brings forth a girl, 
 a boy, or an eunuch ; let thefe maids or eu- 
 nuchs take care of and nourith this child that 
 is born, as likewife all the reft of them, which 
 that fingle woman afterwards in order, by 
 going into each of the bed-chambers, is yet to 
 
 * Nothing is lefs underftood in the hiftory of the B 
 what I have obferved they appear to be of two kinds ; 
 and ftrangers: any irregularity in t 
 
 But inthe other cafe, when ftrange Bees attempt to force their way into the hive, 
 
 heir work may occafion their fcuffles with one another, and 
 
 be delivered of, and let the bed-chambers not 
 be a whit larger than may be able juft to 
 contain the children, till they have arrived at 
 their maturity. Thefe circumftances being 
 rightly underftood, it is eafily to be imagined 
 what a horrid confufion and difcord would 
 arife, were another woman likewife to get into 
 this houfe, and the body of the eunuchs being 
 divided into oppofite parties, to fight againgt 
 the former woman and her attendants, refo- 
 lutely ftriving to lay yet another child in any 
 of thofe fmall bed-chambers. Muft not thus 
 the fettled order of the oeconomy be neceffa- 
 rily fubverted ? and muft not all the inconve- 
 niencies and broils that can be imagined ine- 
 vitably arife ? 
 
 Behold! this is the true ftate of the Bees 
 government. It may be proper to take notice 
 alfo of.this fingle particular, that in this houfe 
 yearly by that one woman alone are brought 
 forth three or four younger females, fome 
 hundreds of males, and fome thoufands of 
 eunuchs ; and that then fome thoufands of 
 thefe new-born eunuchs and males together, 
 join themfelves either to the elder female, or 
 to the firft-born of thofe four younger ones, and 
 having left their original houfe, they build a new 
 one folely for their own habitation ; but at laft 
 that thefe eunuchs kill all the males, as foon 
 as the fernale, who came out with themfelves, 
 is impregnated by the {cent of their {perm, 
 and after that they live with the female alone 
 for the {pace of an entire year. If all thefe 
 things are rightly applied to the republic of 
 the Bees, it will be no longer difficult to affign 
 a reafon for every action of the Bees, what- 
 ever it be, fuch as their building, raifing their 
 offspring, colleéting of honey, and all the reft. 
 
 From what has been here faid, it evidently 
 appears, that one female, and only one, is ne- 
 ceflary to, or can be fuffered to fubfift in one 
 hive; therefore a hive that has no female in 
 it, if it be provided with a due number of 
 eggs, will continue in a better ftate, than if 
 two or more females dwelt in it; for in that 
 cafe, one female innocently fubyerts and 
 difturbs the whole order, whilft the other 
 with her working Bees is labouring to perform 
 the great bufinefs of producing and rearing 
 the young, and building cells for them. I 
 cannot but praife on this occafion the wifdom 
 and circum{pection implanted in the Bees, that 
 they on this occafion always kill one of the 
 females, but preferve the other in fafety ; for 
 without doubt it has appeared beft to all-wife 
 nature, that one female fhould perith, rather 
 than that both of them, together with the 
 hive, the eggs, the Worms, the Nymphs, 
 and the reft of the Bees, be involved in an 
 univerfal ruin, fince all this muft neceffarily be 
 the confequence of fuch a difturbance, 
 
 ees, than thofe battles we fee often about the entrances of their hives. From 
 fometimes between the Bees of the fame fwatm; fometimes between them 
 
 thefe terminate without mifchief. 
 the conflict is fatal, and there are ufually many 
 
 killed ; but the fuperior number always gives the victory to the proper pofleffors of the hive. 
 
 ec But 
 
190 The BOOK of 
 
 But as nature, all-powerful in herfelf, is tied 
 down by no laws, in other nefts of infects, and 
 even in different {pecies of Bees, a different 
 order and other regulations have place. This 1s 
 manifeft in Hornets and Watps ; for thefe in- 
 (e@s fuffer many females at once in the neft. 
 It is proper to obferve here this remarkable 
 difference, that each of thefe females lay only 
 a few eggs, and that they fly abroad together 
 with the males ito catch Jefs infects 5 with 
 which, after the manner of {parrows, they 
 feed their young; for of them only two kinds, 
 namely the male and the female, live in one 
 houfe : whether among thefe infects the male 
 too, on account of getting food for the young, 
 flies abroad, and fo is not, like the males among 
 the Bees, exempted from labour, I have not hi- 
 therto obferved 3 though I make no doubt but 
 that the male likewife contributes its help 
 towards bringing up the young ; for though 
 Hornets are much fewer in number than Bees, 
 they have fometimes no lefs than 1500 young 
 to rear at) once. In a Wafp’s neft, which J 
 keep by me, there are more numerous cells 
 than thefe, and I found an infinite number as 
 it were of young ones, eggs, and Nymphs in 
 it. This male Hornet, like the male Bee, has 
 no fting. From thefe examples it is manifeft, 
 what wonders are difplayed to our eyes in in- 
 feéts, and with what ardency the fearching 
 into them fhould influence us to magnify the 
 glory of God: “* For he doeth great things 
 “ paft finding out; yea, and wonders without 
 “* number.” Job. 1x. 
 
 That the office of rearing up the Worms, or 
 the young brood of the Bees, 1s really intrufted 
 to the comimon or working Bees alone, and 
 that all their care, and every thing they do; is 
 direéted to that end, this fignal obfervation 
 fhews plainly, which was communicated to 
 me bya certain breeder of Bees yet living, who 
 is thoroughly skilled in the management of 
 them. He told me, that by a certain and in- 
 fallible method, a prodigious number of fe- 
 males, vulgarly called kings, might be pro- 
 created, and that from hence, in the fpace of 
 one year, three or four times more fwarms 
 might be obtained, than otherwife is ufual in 
 our cold climate. It is done in this manner, 
 viz. inthe month of April, when on inverting 
 a hive you fhall find fome eggs or Worms in 
 the peculiar cells deftined for the females, take 
 out the elder female, together with fome few 
 Bees, and put them into another hive apart ; 
 thefe will fettle in this new place, build their 
 cells, lay their eggs, and raife up a progeny : 
 then fometime afterwards look again into the 
 firft hive, and if you find there a female 
 newly come our, fprung from the egg left 
 before in the hive, take this likewife in the 
 manner mentioned above, out from thence, 
 and, in company with fome other Bees, put 
 her into a hive of her own, that fhe may bring 
 forth there. If in the fame manner you fhall 
 managé afterwards the reft of the females, 
 which fhall be one after another produced 
 
 NAT U R'E;>o, 
 
 from the eggs depofited in the fic hive, jn — ‘S 
 
 the {pace of one fruitful fummer, from,a fingle 
 hive, you will thus’ be able to get ten, nay, 
 fometimes fourteen females, each together 
 with a ftock of Bees, their fubjeéts as it were, 
 that is fo many fwarms. It muft be obferved 
 that this can only be done in a fruitful year, 
 for at other times the Bees not only will not 
 multiply faft enough, bat they will not be 
 able to provide a quantity of wax and honey 
 
 to fubfGift themfelves during the winter: care et ; 
 muft alfo be taken to prevent that fir hive 
 
 from. fwarming, fince each female, which 
 with its working Bees is taken out from thence 
 
 in the manner here mentioned, fhould be 
 
 looked.upon as conftituting a feparate fwarm. 
 I fhall finally fabjoin this caution, that almoft 
 all thefe hives will prove barren, uplefs males 
 likewife are admitted into them at the fame 
 time with the females. The breeder of Bees 
 who told me this, did not know how, accord- 
 ing to their received opinions of the Bees 
 
 fitting on their eggs, to folve this difficulty;he 
 
 allowed only this, that it might eafily happen, Ea 
 that fome of the Bees that are the fitters, for — 
 
 by this‘names the males are called, might fly 
 
 over, from the firft, or the other neighbouring — 5 
 hives, to thofe before mentioned ; for ae , 
 
 ; 
 | 
 a 
 z 
 
 the females were impregnated by thefe, no 
 
 generation, as I myfelf think alfo, could 
 
 follow. 
 It appears evidently from this experi 
 
 Tas | = 
 + an 
 
 how induftrious the common working Bees 
 
 q 
 
 are, and that they continue to perform their 
 office, though the female be taken out of the 
 
 hive ; but if you carry off the brood from the oe 
 hiye immediately, they will give over theif 
 
 labours: fo long as they have the eggs or young 
 
 ones, you will never fee the leaft appearance” 4 
 
 of confufion in the hive. Hence I demonftrate : 
 
 onde 
 rt 
 ai 
 
 clearly what is the office of the working Bees; 
 
 they, together with the female, have no other = 
 
 tt 
 ‘ 
 
 office: but to nourifh the young, and build 
 
 little cells for them; whatever time they can 
 {pare from this work, they employ in colle@t- 
 ing honey and Bee-bread. Thefe common 
 
 Bees are in truth kept in flavery, and appeat 
 to have been created by God to labour in- 
 ceffantly. 1 son 
 
 In countries that are warmer and mote 
 fertile than ours, the Bees fwarm more fre= 
 quently, without the artifice mentioned before. 
 
 This. is confirmed by the following incident 
 
 ‘ 
 a 
 © 
 
 et 
 
 which a creditable breeder of Bees now living: co 
 related to me as. an abfolute faét, which had 
 happened to himfelf, He told me, that when, ‘ie 
 the count de Manfveldt about fixty yeats be 
 fore had over-run the province of Embdeny 
 he had left him after that irruption one hive 
 of Bees, from which the following year thirty 
 
 {warms iffued forth: that hive proved indeed 
 
 extraordinary fruitful, after the reft of his. 
 
 hives, as well as thofe of his neighbours, were 7 
 
 deftroyed, for on that occafion a vaft multitude 
 of Bees had betaken themfelves to it. ‘Phe fist 
 
 fwarm from this hive he faw on Afcenfion days 
 an 
 
Ny 
 
 The -Hul.s.T © 2 ¥ 
 
 and on the fame day, a little while afterwards, 
 another {warm alfo iflued forth; the firft of 
 thefetwo, after a month, {warmed again twice; 
 and the other fwarm that quitted the hive on 
 the fame day, after fix weeks were patt, fwarm- 
 ed three times. That fame year there iffued alfo, 
 as well from the firft hive, the parent of all, 
 as it were, and from the other hives he had ob- 
 tained from it, three and twenty more {warms, 
 which with the former feven make thirty. 
 It appears manifeftly from hence, that thefe 
 infects are very prone to venery and extremely 
 fruitful. 
 
 It is {urprifing as well as pleafing to fee in 
 what numbers, and with what affiduity, the 
 Bees befet the mouth of the hive all around 
 and without, when they are going to {warm: 
 the elder female, who is at this time impreg- 
 nated for the year by the new-born males, often 
 begins the fwarming. In the fecond fwarm, 
 or when the Bees happen to fwarm for the 
 third time, fometimes you may obferve two 
 or three females at once, each of which we 
 diftribute into peculiar hives, if there be a fuf- 
 ficient number of Bees for them, but we kill 
 fome of them; if thefe are too few, the males 
 for the moft part remain in the old hive, 
 fince thefe, as I am fully perfuaded, have the 
 moft convenient opportunity of impregnating 
 the females. Sometimes, however, you will 
 find males even in the late-formed hive of the 
 new fwarm. This perhaps is the cafe when 
 the female has not yet been impregnated, but 
 that work is ftill to be done. 
 
 Bees may be hindered from {warming, if all 
 the males and females are taken out from the 
 hive, and though there fhould by chance fome 
 young female remain in the upper part of the 
 hive, yet the whole fwarming will be ftopt, 
 for this younger female continues barren. Who- 
 ever is defirous to extirpate from the hive in the 
 manner mentioned the Worms and Nymphs 
 of the males, muft go about it foas by no means 
 to cut away all the combs but thofe only which 
 lie in the ‘upper part, for thus the Nymphs 
 and Worms of the males are lodged, and the 
 Bees will be able then to carry out with activity 
 the dead brood of males, and to cleanfe their 
 combs again in a little time. Hence, indeed, 
 this advantage arifes to the Bees, that they have 
 nothing to do afterwards but folely to gather 
 honey, becaufe there are already in the hive a 
 fufficient number of cells prepared, which only 
 want cleaning, and require but a little labour to 
 ~repair them. 
 
 The fwarming being finifhed, when the 
 Bees which have flown out have fettled and 
 fixed themfelyes upon the bough of a tree or 
 fome fubftance, it is aftonifhing to fee in how 
 fingular a manner, by the help of their legs, 
 they ftick to one another, and form as it were 
 a perfect bunch of grapes, hanging on one 
 another by the afliftance of their claws. At 
 that very time they can fly off from the 
 bunch, and perch on it again; may, even make 
 
 their way out from the very middle of the 
 
 of. JANDSrE ac: T 6. 109i 
 
 clufter, and ruth into the open air, though they 
 feem to ftick to one another fo extremely 
 clofe. 
 
 Bees that have weathered out the winter; 
 begin in the month of March following to lay 
 their eggs in great abundance; from that: time 
 they continue this work inceffantly : firft, the 
 female lays her eggs in the cells of the common 
 Bees; next, in four or five or more ‘particular 
 cells, from whence the young females are to 
 come; and laftly, fhe odepofits the reft in the 
 hotteft part of the fummer, or near the time 
 of {warming, into:the cells of the males. If 
 it fhould happen that there are not in the hive 
 any of thefe cells made for the males, for 
 fometimes they are cut away with the honey 
 at the end of the year; then thecommon Bees, 
 endued as it were with an unaccountable pre- 
 fcience, build fome exprefsly for that purpofe ; 
 nay, thefe fame Bees nourifh the male brood 
 in thefé cells with a care and affection no lefs 
 than the hatred and fiercenefs with which they 
 kill the faid very males, when, after the 
 {warming time is over, the female is im- 
 pregnated by them. Nor, indeed, is it difficult 
 for the Bees to kill thefe males, for they are 
 not furnifhed with any weapon to defend 
 themfelves, and befides they have wafted their 
 ftrength in the act of generation, wherefore it is 
 eafy tooverpower them: indeed, they die other 
 wife naturally, for they are not fit either for 
 colle&ting wax or honey for rearing up the 
 brood, if they are not deftroyed before that 
 time by the other Bees who have been their 
 nurfes, and atone by a violent death for 
 the pleafures they have enjoyed: Something 
 fimilar to this is perhaps alfo the cafe among 
 the Ants; for the males which are winged are 
 found among the reft only at a ceftain time of 
 the year. 
 
 To return from my digreffion ; it is proper 
 to take notice that the working Bees, when 
 they have firft crept out of, or rather burft 
 from their cells, are of a much paler colour 
 and more inclining to dun than the old ones ; 
 thefe being browner and ornamented with a 
 yellownefs not fo deep as gold, Their fting 
 at that time has not come to its full ftrength : 
 the bag that contains the poifon is as yet empty, 
 from whence, if they are even then handled, 
 they not only do not fting, but do not fo much 
 as attempt it. After a very few days thefe 
 young Bees acquire as ftrong a colour as the 
 elder; nor do they ever, as fome idly fable, 
 learn from the old ones the art of making wax 
 and collecting honey: this is implanted in them 
 by nature, and to perform it rightly they need 
 no more than follow their own inftin¢ct. The 
 reafon why the Bees are paler at firft than af- 
 terwards is this, that thofe parts which are of 
 a {ubftance between horn and bone, in the head, 
 breaft, and body, being but lately ftript of their 
 skin, have not yet inthe new-born ftate their 
 full hardnefs: their down is at that time more of 
 a Moufe colour, but afterwards their parts gain 
 both hardneis and colour, when more of theif 
 
 fluids 
 
192 The BOOK 
 
 fluids have evaporated thence, and the pores 
 of the parts mentioned are contracted clofer. 
 
 Enough has been {aid of the outward form, 
 and of the generation, difpofition and actions of 
 the Bees: I proceed next to the internal parts 
 contained in the head, breaft and belly, which 
 I fhall explain in the fame order that I ob- 
 ferved in treating of the Worm and Nymph. 
 Thofe parts that are inclofed in the head and 
 breatt, I thall exprefsly treat of when I come 
 to defcribe the male Bee. This only need be 
 particularly obferved here, with regard to the 
 head in common Bees, that their teeth or 
 jaws are larger than in the others, and are fur- 
 ‘nifhed with two {trong mufcles, the one larger, 
 the other fmaller, which are indeed of a very 
 frm conftruGion, and take up great part of 
 the fkull, which is of a fubftance between horn 
 and bone. The tendons of thefe mufcles are 
 cartilaginous, approaching to a fubftance be- 
 tween horn and bone, and being enclofed with- 
 in the flefh, they there adhere on each fide in 
 the manner that we fee the plumage on both 
 Rick clofe to the quillsin the feathers of Birds ; 
 but we may more properly compare this fa- 
 brick with thofe mufcles in Crabs and Lobfters, 
 which move their claws; for in thofe the flefh 
 in the fame manner is obferved to be joined with 
 the great hard tendons of thofe mufcles; where- 
 fore thefe fmall mufcles.of the Bees agree with 
 the mufcles of other animals in their ftructure, 
 and are exaétly fuch as the diftinguifhed Steno 
 has defcribed them. 
 
 Since I have mentioned here the mutual fimi- 
 Vitude which there is between the mutfcles of 
 Bees and thofé of cruftaceous animals, I would 
 have this further obferved, that, as in thofe 
 animals the bony parts are placed on the out- 
 fide of the body and within, fo this obtains alfo 
 after the fame manner in the Bee; and this 
 ftructure is direétly contrary to that which we 
 obferve in larger animals and men, whofe flefh 
 is placed outermoft, but the bones within, in 
 the flefh, or between the flefh. However, the 
 {tructure juft mentioned in the Bee, as alfo in 
 Lobfters, does not conftantly obtain throughout, 
 for in thofe places where the hard or horny 
 bone, by which the joints of thefe animals are 
 fupported, is to bend, or where the articulati- 
 ons are placed, thefe tendons, together with a 
 part of the mufcles lie bare; fince, were it 
 otherwife, there would arife from thence a 
 great obftruction in moving. But again, all 
 powerful nature does not ufe this method in all 
 the articulations, as may be feen about the 
 joinings of the horns; for in thefe, all that is 
 mofcular is enclofed entirely within the cavity 
 of the bony or horny matter ; confequently the 
 motion in thefe parts is obferved a little lefs 
 diftinGly. 
 
 There remains another thing to be confi- 
 dered even in the common Bee, I mean the 
 trunk or probofcis, it being, like the teeth, much 
 more remarkable in thefe than in the males. In 
 this probofcis we are to obferve principally feven 
 little parts ; one of them, which is placed in the 
 
 of. NM A BURBS 
 
 or, 
 
 middle, Tab. XVII. fig. v. 7, has no fellow, and 
 is pervious like a hollow tube: this properly 
 conftitutes the tongue or the trunk itfelf: the 
 other fix little parts, difpofed in three pairs, fur- 
 round the former on each fide, being deftined 
 for aflifting the trunk in the act of fuction, thatit 
 may be able with fomuch the more eafe to draw 
 out of flowers, and pour in by fuction, the natu- 
 ral honey found in flowers. In the trunk it- 
 felf its divifions are to be confidered, which are 
 extremely elegant and regular, and are befet all 
 around with briftly, and as it were triangular 
 hairs, diftributed in an elegant order. Some 
 of thefe divifions at firft fight I took for arti- 
 culations ; there are above a hundred of them, 
 and fome of them do not go through the whole 
 thicknefs of the trunk. The ftruéture of the 
 trunk alfo, together with its mufcles, and the 
 manner in which the fuction is performed, are 
 very worthy to be obferved: but before I pro- 
 ceed to explain thefe, I fhall firft defcribe thofe 
 three pair of little parts which are placed above 
 and near the trunk. 
 
 The two firft little parts of the probofcis ¢ a, 
 are partly of a fubftance between horn and 
 bone, and partly membranaceous: they are fet 
 round with hairs, and are furnifhed with air- 
 pipes diftributed through the whole texture of — 
 them, though it be of a fubftance between horn 
 and bone. Thefe tubes appear through it 44; 
 the tips of theme ¢ are a little bent, but where 
 thefe parts are united with the root of the 
 trunk dd, there they have a kind of an appear- 
 ance of an articulation, by the help of which 
 they may be bent, ; near the trunk and the reft 
 of its parts, quite within, and as it were un- 
 der the chin of the Bee, if I may fo fpeak, I 
 reprefent them in this draught drawn a little 
 outwards and fideways, but the natural fitua-_ 
 tion of them is juft as Tab. XXV. fig. 1x. 
 under the letters ff in the Nymph fhews. 
 The ufe of thefe feveral parts is to contribute 
 their afliftance towards the moving of the trunk 
 downwards, and underneath againft the head, 
 and a little towards the breaft, as well as to 
 aflift in clofing and confining it, together with 
 the other four, or rather the two pair of little 
 parts ; and alfo towards defending, covering, and 
 guarding it from injuries. I fhould think that 
 they alfo aflifted towards {wallowing the native 
 honey, drawn up by fuction when the trunk is 
 filled with it, or thrufting it further inwards to- 
 wards the ftomach, fince they have power to 
 {queeze the fnout below and inwards ftrongly 
 enough. : 
 
 The two other little parts of the trunk, Tab. 
 XVII. fig. v. ee, which figure 1x. of Tab. 
 XXV. reprefenting the Nymph, fhews in their 
 natural fituation under the letters g g, are 
 placed a little higher than the firft pair, but 
 they are nearly of the fame ftructure. There is, 
 however, this remarkable difference, that each 
 of them has in the upper part, at their extre- 
 mities, three joints, one, Tab. XVII. fig. v. ff, 
 lower and longer, and the two others g g higher 
 and fomething fhorter, whichare all furrounded 
 
 with 
 
The HE 8 TOR ¥ wr iN S$ E-GéT s. 
 
 with fine hairs. Thefe little articulated parts 
 do not, like the former, embrace or cover the 
 trunk, but are only placed near it on each 
 fide, and, where they rife up about the root 
 of the trunk, they are alfo articulated. As 
 to the ufe of this pair, I am entirely of this 
 opinion, and without any hefitation conclude 
 that they are of very great affiftance to the 
 trunk in the act of fucking ; fince they as it 
 were in the manner of two fingers affift the 
 trunk, open the leaves of the flowers, and re- 
 move whatever elfe might chance to obftruét it: 
 therefore I compare thefe two little parts to 
 the two fore feet of a Mole, by the help of 
 which it pufhes the earth from the fides both 
 ways, that it may be able with its tharp trunk 
 to fearch for its food the more conveniently. 
 The two laft little parts 64 are much lefs than 
 the firft and fecond, and are of a texture a 
 little partaking of horn and bone, but rather 
 ‘membranaceous, and they are rough likewife 
 with hairs: thefe, together with the trunk 
 itfelf, are drawn inwards, and, as I myfelf 
 think, the little articulated parts are affifted 
 by them in their operations, fince they re- 
 move themfelves a little from the fides of the 
 trunk, and may very happily affift to puth 
 afide the leaves of the flowers. Even by their 
 motion they feem as if they were contrived to 
 help alfo towards carrying the honey upwards, 
 and prefling it towards the ftomach. 
 
 The ftructure of the trunk 7 is partly mem- 
 branaceous, and partly of a fubftance between 
 horn and bone, or griftly ; but its hairy skin, 
 full of cuts, muft be confidered particularly. 
 Here, before I proceed any further, it is ne- 
 ceflary I thould mention firft, that I fhall de- 
 {cribe and reprefent the trunk here in the 
 under part, as it fhews itfelf in the Bee when 
 laid flat on its back. As to what regards that 
 part of the trunk £2 which is of a fubftance 
 between horn and bone, it is formed in fuch 
 a manner, that it can fly off from the reft of 
 the trunk arch-ways, and fpread itfelf in the 
 fhape of acircle, Tab. XVII. fig. vi. 6; from 
 whence it is that the membranaceous part 
 cece, which lie moft beautifully folded up 
 under the griftly part, fig. v.44, and joined 
 with it, may be confiderably expanded on each 
 fide like a fail, in the middle of which a 
 matt is fixed. ‘This mechanifm, however, does 
 not thew itfelf plainly, unlefs we circum- 
 fpe@ly and nicely, with a very fine-pointed 
 needle, raife that horny bone a little up: in 
 that cafe it is at length feen how the mem- 
 branaceous part of the trunk is folded, and 
 how it expands itfelf; {fo that the internal 
 cavity of the trunk 7 is prodigioufly enlarged 
 and widened, infomuch that a very great 
 quantity of native and undigefted honey, in 
 proportion to the fize of the infect, may be 
 received into the trunk. Indeed, nearly the 
 fame courfe of nature is feen here, that we 
 obferve in Monkies, which can hide nuts and 
 what other fruits they have gathered, in two 
 membranous bags, which are placed on each 
 
 193 
 
 fide of their jaws : fomething like this obtains 
 alfo in fome kinds of Birds, which in the 
 membranaceous and expanded part of their 
 bill, where the beginning of the ftomach is 
 inferted, preferve a Fith they have catched. 
 Amongtt other water-fowls this is moft ob- 
 vioufly feen in that fort of Cormorants, which 
 in out way of {peaking we call Schoffers, 
 Thefe birds once every year frequent the 
 foreft of Sevenhufen, not far diftant from 
 Leyden, and are fhook down from the trees 
 in great numbers, and as foon as they fall 
 into the water they are able to fwim imme- 
 diately, and to dive quickly under water, 
 though they have never before either flown or 
 fwam. In the fame manner Bees alfo have 
 implanted in them the art of making wax, 
 and gathering honey in their probofcis or 
 trunk, 
 
 Before I proceed further in the defcription 
 of the trunk, I fhall infert an account of the 
 manner of their catching fith in fome parts of 
 Europe, by means of the juft mentioned fort 
 of Cormorants : fome few years ago many of 
 thefe birds were carried to England and fold 
 for that purpofe. In the firft place then they 
 make them tame, fo that they may be brought 
 to perch and ftay upon the hand of their own 
 accord: when after this they are inclined to 
 go out a fifhing with them, they tie to one of 
 their legs a thin but ftrong cord, which they 
 keep rolled up in a ball : afterwards they hold 
 this ball, which is wound round a little fteel 
 pin, by a wooden handle, as our girls do 
 their bobbins, while they roll off of them the 
 threads made on the reel: thefe things be- 
 ing prepared, they put a ring round the Cor- 
 morant’s neck, and being now come to the 
 fifh-pond, they let the Cormorant fly down 
 into the water ; then the cord is rolled off of 
 the ball with a whizzing twirl, and the Cor- 
 morant, to the great amazement of the {pec- 
 tators, quickly feizes fome fifhes: thefe, how- 
 ever, are ftopt at the ring that has been put 
 about its neck: therefore when the Cormo- 
 rant is afterwards drawn out by the cord, he 
 may eafily be made to throw out again the 
 fithes it had taken into the mouth, only by 
 fqueezing its ftomach and throat upwards. 
 A perfon of great credit and ingenuity told me 
 this. ftory, who has himfelf fometimes feen 
 this manner of fifhing. When I was in com- 
 pany with Mr. John Oort, an old friend of 
 mine at Honflaardik, I obferved with afto- 
 nifhment that certain water-fowls there, when 
 any fifhes were given them, would always 
 turn them expeditioufly, fo that they could 
 take them in head foremoft: this was done 
 through great caution in them, that they 
 might not be hurt by the fins of the Fithes, 
 as they went down their throat. Whatever 
 we could do to make thefe fowls fwallow 4 
 fith tail foremoft, they could not be brought 
 to it; for they always ufed, by the help of 
 their beaks, dexteroufly to turn the fith over. 
 To return to the trunk of the Bee; it‘is to 
 
 Ddd be 
 
194 
 
 be obferved, that the membranaceous part of 
 the trunk has no hair on it, but in its place 1s 
 covered all over with little protuberant pim- 
 ples; thefe are tranfparent, and are placed 
 there in regular order, and at equal diftances 
 from each other, and in fome degree refem- 
 ble the little rifings obfervable on the skin of 
 birds when their feathers have been plucked 
 off; thefe little parts feem to be in reality 
 glandules, which have perhaps a power con- 
 fiderably to change the honey that 1s {wallow- 
 ed down, and in fome meafure to forward the 
 conneétion of it. This alfo is to be obferved 
 in regard to the ftru€ture of the griftly parts 
 of the trunk, or that which is of a fubftance 
 between horn and bone, that in the middle it 
 feems to approach nearer to the nature of an 
 horny bone, than it dees at the fides, which 
 are of a little deeper or dusky red colour. This 
 part of a fubftance between horn and bone, 
 Tab. XVII. fig. v. £2, does not every where 
 retire outwards from the trunk; for a little 
 below the orifice or mouth of the trunk, it 
 tends inwards”, and, uniting with the other 
 hairy part of the trunk in a narrower and 
 thinner canal as it were, is then carried altoge- 
 ther inwards and forwards 0 o. But in the fame 
 place the whole trunk in its circumference 
 is then crowded with {mall hairs, like little 
 clawsa very little bent, which, whether they 
 are open canals, or ferve by way of little claws 
 or hooks, to keep the trunk during the time 
 of fucking in its fituation and place, I will 
 not determine ; for as yet I have not: fo clear- 
 ly difcovered how it is, though I make no 
 doubt but it may be found by time and appli- 
 cation. That portion of the trunk which is 
 of a fubftance between horn and bone, at the 
 end of that part where it verges outwards, 
 has a globule or little head, which appears 
 very remarkable; and in the middle of this 
 an opening is feen, which feems to me to pe- 
 netrate quite into the eavity of the membra- 
 naceous portion of the trunk; neverthelefs I 
 now find this opening is not, as I have before 
 ~ faid, fo {mall as the apertures of the lacteals, 
 though under a microfcope it may appear fo : 
 indeed the beginning of it in this place, in 
 proportion to the part, is fo minute and nar- 
 row, that fcarce any thing certain can be ad- 
 vanced about it to clear up all doubts. In 
 Butterflies | am confident that the trunk opens 
 with many lips, which imbibing the nourith- 
 ‘ment, appear at the end of the trunk like fo 
 many little hairs: but in the Bee a different 
 firucture is obferved ; that little part or dimi- 
 
 nutive head of the trunk, Tab. XVII. fig. v. 
 0 0, together with its little membrane, in which 
 
 the hairs are fixed, is able to contract itfelf 
 
 into'a narrower compafs, and likewife to move 
 
 itfelf inwards, as is manifeft if this part be 
 
 touched and examined at different times, and 
 
 efpecially if it be carefully examined in the 
 
 younger Bees, and then in the more perfect. 
 
 I have reprefented this in the form wherein I 
 
 Th BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 can thew it at any time. Further, this portion 
 of a fubftance between horn and bone, at the 
 lower part {preads into two legs as it were p, 
 which are conneéted with the other lower por- 
 tion of the trunk: where this -connexion is 
 made, there are difcovered three more littie 
 parts of a fubftance between horn and bone 
 999 perfectly black like pitch, fhining, and 
 joined to one another by feveral articulations. 
 The middlemoft of thefe is the fheath as it 
 were of the trunk, within which it at that 
 time, when itis not employed in fucking, by 
 the help of fome mufcles, is drawn back 
 and concealed ; atthe fame time alfo the other 
 little parts likewife of the trunk bend them- 
 felves, and retire inwards. In this fheath of the 
 trunk thofe mufcles alfo are enclofed, which 
 belong to the two pair of the articulated little 
 parts of the trunk ee. The mufcles next of 
 the firft pair of thefe little parts, Tab. XVII. 
 fig. v. ga, are placed a little lower, and are im- 
 planted with two horny little parts gg towards 
 the outfide, of a blackifh colour: but the two 
 little parts themfelves, together with the fheath 
 of the trunk, are joined by four diftin@ articu- 
 lations rr rr, tothe extremities of the bony 
 or horny parts, which together conftitute the 
 head of the Bee: fo that the whole fheath, 
 the trunk, and its little parts, are, by the help 
 of two ftrong mufcles // moved inwards at 
 once,; on which occafion the parts juft de- 
 feribed bend themfelves backwards and in- 
 wards, and at the fame time hide, cover, and 
 fhut in the fheath. Thefe beforementioned 
 mufcles /f here appear through a little thin 
 membrane ¢, and under this the throat / alfo is 
 feen, which, together with thefe mufcles, and 
 the membrane covering them, is cut through 
 in this figure. 
 
 We come now to the act of fu€tion, which 
 the Bee performs in the following manner ; it 
 gradually draws the griftly part of its trunk, 
 or that which is of a fubftance between horn 
 and bone £& from the hairy skin and its divi- 
 fions, which done, the membranaceous and 
 wrinkled part of the trunk m is ftretched out 
 and made fmooth, but the griftly part. is 
 diftended arch-ways: when thisis performed by 
 the help of the mufcles of the trunk, the am- 
 bient air is neceflarily forced out of its place, 
 and by the preffion of it the honey is carried 
 inwards, and through the cavity of the trunk. 
 
 In Butterflies, on the contrary, this is per- 
 formed in quite a different manner ; for as 
 much as in thefe the trunk is not fingle, as in 
 the Bee, but double ; which alfo, after the 
 fuction is ended, is wonderfully curled and 
 rolled up together, by numberlefs moft: mi- 
 nute articulations; fo that Butterflies muft exe- 
 cute their fuction in a quite different method, — 
 namely, by pinching clofe the points of refpi- 
 ration, and {welling out their body, they re- 
 pel the air, and this being driven out, pufhes 
 forward into their trunk the fweet moifture 
 for which they gape in fucking. The doing 
 
 this 
 
The: H I S'T-OvR-Y of Hd EC PS. 
 
 this is very eafy to the Butterfly, fo that I 
 fhould think even the Bee too, while it is 
 fucking, does the fame thing, for what hin- 
 ders, but that this or fomething fimilar may 
 be performed by the Bees, fince their points 
 of refpiration, though membranaceous within, 
 have a horny edge, by the force of which 
 they can open themfelves into an oblong flit, 
 and clofe themfelves again, in like manner as 
 the Frog ftretches out and fhuts again the 
 upper part of its wind-pipe, as the moft re- 
 nowned Malpighius has obferved with the 
 utmoft exactnefs? I might now defcribe all 
 the mufcles of this part, one by one, and re- 
 prefent them in figures; but that would in- 
 volve me in a work requiring both a .vaft 
 length of time and endlefs labour : this is the 
 reafon alfo that has hindered me from pur- 
 fuing many other particulars, which I have 
 here delivered to the utmoft, and with the 
 ftricteft accuracy. 
 
 Should any one now afk me, whether the 
 Bee can fuck no other way, than by ftretching 
 out or moving arch-ways the little griftly part 
 of its trunk, I anfwer, that it entirely appears 
 to me, that even by barely pinching clofe their 
 points of refpiration, and {welling out their 
 body, the Bees may be able to perform their 
 fuction; for nothing hinders, but that even by 
 thefe means alone the air that is driven out may 
 pufh the honey inwards. We obferve alfo that 
 the Bee, when going to fuck in the air in its 
 little pulmonary tubes, moves the rings of the 
 belly within and without, in the fame man- 
 ner as we do our breafts in the act of breath- 
 ing; but becaufe the thorax in Bees is im- 
 moveable, therefore their belly performs this 
 office. This little part, which has been now 
 defcribed, is worthy of the higheft notice ; 
 nor can I here forbear owning, to the glory of 
 the immenfe and incomprehenfible Architect, 
 that I have but very imperfectly and fuper- 
 ficially attempted to defcribe and reprefent this 
 
 AQ5 
 
 little part ; for to reprefent it to the life, in its 
 full perfe@tion, as truly moft perfect it is, far 
 exceeds the utmoft efforts of human know- 
 ledge: and in very truth, our intelleéts and 
 abilities fail us every where, when we venture 
 even no further than to contemplate the divine 
 wifdom in the works of God, which can never 
 be worthily magnified. Think then how much 
 more excellent they muft have been before 
 they became obnoxious to deftruétion! in rea- 
 lity, this fingle little part is formed with fuch 
 exquifite {kill, that it may juftly be ranked 
 among the chief inftances of the omnipotence 
 of the Deity. But I would have this underftood 
 according to the narrow limits within which 
 our capacities are confined, for we fee the 
 works of God only as through a glafs darkly, 
 fince our underftanding refembles an ignis 
 fatuus, a Will-with-a-wifp, and is utterly unfit 
 for difcerning thefe things, which fo furpafs 
 all mortal comprehenfion. 
 
 In other forts of winged infects approaching 
 to Bees, for example in the Wafp, the trunk 
 is much flenderer, nor is it of fo remarkable 
 a length ; the reafon of which difference feems ° 
 to me to be this, that in thefe infeéts, befides 
 the trunk, there is another way ftill by which 
 they can draw in their food, fince they are 
 little creatures of a very rapacious, favage, and 
 greedy nature. This is efpecially manifeft in 
 that larger kind, which we call Hornets, which 
 are rapacious to fuch an amazing degree, that 
 even when cut through the middle of their 
 body, they do not refufe to eat; and if then 
 you give them honey, or fugar moiftened 
 with water, which is much the moft proper, 
 they fuck it in fo greedily, that you may 
 fee it again running out at the wounded part. 
 I have confidered the trunk in the largeft fort, 
 of Wafps, a draught of which, for its great 
 elegance and particularity, I fhall give in this 
 place. . 
 
 A delineation of the trunk or fnout of the Wafp, as feen from underneath. 
 
 Tas. XVII. Fic. vu. 
 
 a Is a part of the horny fubftance at the 
 bottom of the head ; itis fhagged at the fides 
 with yellow hairs, is marked alfo with two 
 yellow fpots, but for the reft it is black, 
 and fhining. 
 
 bb c Are three little horny parts, at the 
 root of the trunk; thefe are of a fhining black, 
 and two of them that are at the fide 44 contain 
 in them thofe mufcles, which move the ar- 
 ticulated briftles dd ; but the little horny part 
 in the middle ¢ is, as it were, the fheath of 
 the trunk itfelf f, in which, befides the mufcles 
 of that organ, thofe of the other two articu- 
 lated briftles ¢ d alfo are depofited. 
 
 dddd Are four articulated briftles, that 
 affift the trunk during its action, 
 
 ee Is the place where the teeth have been 
 broken off. 
 
 J Marks out the trunk itfelf, in which are 
 feen four delicate white little parts, furnifhed 
 toward their tops with round and yellow 
 globules, All the parts hitherto mentioned 
 are covered over with hairs, which indeed I 
 have not exhibited here with them, left it 
 fhould create confufion. It is to. be obferved 
 alfo, that all thefe parts are reprefented as in 
 the Wafp laid along on its back, from whence 
 it is, that we can fee but half of fome of 
 them. a 
 
 If a Bee is opened on the back, there firft 
 prefents itfelf a limpid or clear humour iffuing 
 from the veins and the heart, which are 
 wounded ; for the heart is placed oblong in 
 the back, as it is in the Coffus, Silk-worms, 
 and many other infects, . 
 
 The mufcular fibres alfo are feen, which 
 move the rings or incifions of the body of the 
 Bee, and are the fame both in fituation and 
 
 f{tructure, 
 
196 The BOOK of 
 
 ftru@ure, as I have fhewn them in the 
 Coffus. : é 
 
 The fat alfo appears, confifting of little 
 round parts, which have been fixed to their 
 membrane. 
 
 The lungs are more than all other parts re- 
 markable; thefe are two white and tranfparent 
 little veffels, fig. 1x. a a, confifting of the pul- 
 monary tubes dilated, and running together. 
 Thefe lungs are entirely membranous, and fall 
 together when the air is out of them, which 
 is by no-means the cafe with the tubes that 
 proceed from them, inafmuch as they, con- 
 fifting of rings curled around, remain always 
 open. The lungs, compofed as I have obferv- 
 ed of dilated ramifications of the wind-pipe, 
 terminate again in little tubes, Tab. XVII. 
 fig. 1x. 66, which are annular ; and thefe, 
 then here and there widening, grow into little 
 bladders ¢c, and thefe alfo contract them- 
 felves again into little tubes dd. This alter- 
 nate mixture of bladders and tubes, however, 
 is not fo frequent in the Bee, as in the Rhino- 
 ceros Beetle, whofe lungs confift of numberlefs 
 little bladders, which may in fome meafure 
 be compared to the pods of the plant called 
 Honefty, while yet hanging from their ftalks. 
 In Bees the lungs are principally compofed_of 
 two large bladders”; there are likewife befide 
 them fome {maller, and the remaining part is 
 made up of little tubes, which then, as in the 
 Worm of the Beetle, or as in the Worm of 
 the Bee itfelf, are difperfed over all parts of 
 the body ¢¢, &c. fo that the lungs, by the 
 intervention of the little tubes which they 
 fend out, communicate every where with 
 themfelves by mutual inofculations //f- 
 
 When a Bee is opened along the belly, im- 
 mediately the fpinal marrow comes in view, 
 and this I am now going to defcribe: nor fhall 
 I here ftop to mention either thofe parts which 
 are feen in this view befides, and have been 
 mentioned before, or the extremities of the 
 rings, which are membranaceous and termi- 
 nated by black edges of a fubftance between 
 horn and bone. The fpinal marrow is the prin- 
 cipal part, which now prefents itfelf to be.con- 
 fidered ; it confifts, as in the Silk-worm, of 
 nerves and little knots, which owe their rife 
 to two nerves as it were proceeding from the 
 brain, though there feems to me to be befides 
 thefe fome fubftance of a different nature from 
 them in the fame place, which, for the fake 
 of ftrengthening them, binds the little knot and 
 the nerves together: this is feen alfo in Silk- 
 worms; nay, and in the human {pecies, thefe 
 nerves, which are {wallowed up as it were in 
 little knots, are feparated from one another here 
 at a more confiderable diftance, and open much 
 wider afunder, than in the marrow of Silk- 
 worms ; indeed, the marrow in Bees is almoft 
 every where open or fplit into two parts, while 
 in Silk-worms it opens only at diftances. What 
 are diftinctly called the nerves by anatomitts, 
 are thofe fhoots which arife from the fides of 
 thefe little knots. If we trace the courfe of 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 the marrow near the lower rings of the belly, 
 there the nerves, {pringing from the little knots, 
 are feen, and they difperfe themfelves among 
 the mufcles defigned for drawing the fting 
 inwards and thrufting itout. The other vifcera 
 moft confpicuous in this view, are the ftomach, 
 the guts, and fome parts belonging to the 
 fting. 
 
 The ftomach, the gullet leading to which is 
 mott exceflively narrow, feems to me membra- 
 naceous and thin, though it has fome flefhy 
 fibres. It is often filled with honey, which is 
 eafily diftinguifhed by the tafte ; the pylorus 
 follows the ftomach, and after this comes in 
 view another little part, fomewhat more pro- 
 tuberant, and inclining to a colour between 
 yellow and red, which however, when more 
 accurately infpected, proves to be only fome- 
 thing fhut up within the hollow of the inteftine, 
 and fhining through in that place. 
 
 Next follows an inteftine, which in fome 
 meafure refembles the colon in other animals : 
 this gut is much thicker than the ftomach it- 
 felf, efpecially when it is full; it has moreover 
 ftrong mufcular fibres, which, when they act, 
 turn it up in many wrinkles and folds ; its cavity 
 is commonly full of a whitifh matter, which 
 feems to me to refemble the white of an egg 
 that has been fteeped for fome time in rectified 
 fpirit of wine, and is juft beginning to curdle ; 
 or it is like ftarch mixt with a {mall quantity 
 of water. If this little gut is pricked with the 
 point of a lancet, the matter juft mentioned 
 flows out. 
 
 Further down this gut’ is confiderably con- 
 trated and made fmaller: but there, where 
 this contraction begins, an infinite number of. 
 whitifh filaments are feen, like thofe which in 
 the Coffus I have called {affron-coloured veflels, 
 Thefe filaments or minute inteftines are faften- 
 ed to the gut, in that part where it is contraé- 
 ed, as well as elfewhere. This clofe connexion 
 of them with the gut is extremely ftrong, and 
 is effected by means of the pulmonary tubes, 
 which, as they run through the whole body, 
 fo in this place particularly they are an infu- 
 perable obftacle to the difengaging thefe little _ 
 guts. I believe it would take me up fome 
 months to fearch this matter thoroughly to the 
 bottom, which truly feems to be by no means 
 defpicable, nor unworthy that fo much pains’ 
 fhould be employed upon it, as I hall hereaf- 
 ter fhew. : 
 
 The gut, after it has been contraCted in the 
 manner already mentioned, dilates again ona 
 fudden, though here it feems to be altogether 
 membranous; but as it is at the fame time 
 tranfparent, fome little, whitifh, and oblong 
 parts are feen on the outfide, as thining through 
 it: thefe, when the gut is opened, are found 
 to be fix in number, and are glandular, and they 
 are not every where uniformly whitifh, butare 
 filled with watery and tranfparent qualities. 
 Thefe fix little glandular parts fwell out very 
 confiderably on the inner furface of the gut, 
 within its hollow, and are there very conipi- 
 
 cuous 
 
 or, 
 
- e* 
 
 The 
 
 cuous. I have alfo perceived little parts of the 
 fame kind in the inteftines of Hornets. It is ob- 
 fervable befides, that the exireme part of the 
 inteftine, in which thefe fix little parts are 
 found, is fometimes {welled, almoft beyond 
 what could be believed, with excrements. Thefe 
 are of a pale yellow colour, and are divided into 
 {mall pieces, like bee-bread, though their little 
 lumps are neither round, nor of any other re- 
 gular figure. One may further remark, that the 
 inteftine, in which thefe fix oblong glandular 
 little parts are placed, is fometimes found as 
 fully diftended with an aqueous humour, of a 
 yellowifh colour, as with the yellow and more 
 folid matter beforementioned. But this is only 
 in very young Bees juit produced from the 
 Nymph. 
 
 This gut is again contraéted where it ends, 
 but from that part it again dilates itfelf, and at 
 length forms the rectum or laft gut. This ex- 
 treme part of the inte{tine fometimes wants the 
 laft contraction, and in that cafe appears rather 
 like rumpled linen, or a cotton handkerchief, 
 drawn through one’s hand. The inteftine finally 
 terminates under the point of the fting where the 
 excrements are voided, and the reétum arifes 
 from it. 
 
 If thefe guts joined to the ftomach are laid 
 on a thin plate of glafs, and heated by the flame 
 of a lamp till thoroughly dried, then you may 
 fee not only their circular fibres, but even 
 thofe valves which have been called by Kerk- 
 ring in the inteftines of men, the valvule con- 
 niventes, and which were defcribed and in 
 fome manner delineated by Spigelius. Ruyfch 
 
 , inthe year 1667, demonftrated them in 
 an inflated human gut. Ihave made the fame 
 obfervation alfo in the Bee and Wafp. 
 
 Behold! thefe are the entrails of the com- 
 mon or working Bee; there does not appear 
 among them the {fmalleft trace of {permatic 
 organs or the genital parts, or of any thing 
 which can anfwer the purpofe of, or even be 
 compared toa penis or ovary. Hence I think 
 thefe Bees may moft juftly and properly be faid 
 to be natural eunuchs, and fuch as can only 
 work and feed, cherifh and rear the progeny 
 of others as their own. On the contrary, as 
 I have beforementioned, the genital organs are 
 very plainly feen in drones,.as they are the 
 true males of the Bees: their whole belly is in 
 a manner filled by the tefticles, as I thewed to 
 his ferene highnefs the grand duke of Tufca., 
 ny, among other wonders of nature, in| the 
 year 1668, when he gtacioufly condefcended 
 to approve of my labours. || 
 
 I fhall now proceed to the fting, that, won- 
 derful work of nature, and eminent example 
 of the wifdom of the. great Creator. . It is 
 placed in the hinder part of the body, its point 
 lies juft over the end of ‘the réctum or ftraight 
 gut: the fting is therefore placed in the laft 
 rings of the belly, with which it is alfo very 
 remarkably jointed, by means of fome carti- 
 lages. But as the fting is worthy of the great- 
 eft attention, I fhall defcribe it at large, toge- 
 
 Bs T ORY 
 
 Gb -DONOS Be aE S, 197 
 
 ther with all the parts fubfervient to it, having 
 in view only the praife and glory of the moit 
 wife and excellent Creator. In the fting there 
 are difcovered, firft, the channels through 
 which its poifon is conveyed to it. Secondly, 
 its cartilages, Thirdly, its mufcles. Fourthly, 
 its two pieces called legs. And laftly, the theath 
 within which the legs which properly conftitute 
 the fting are hid. 
 
 That.the fting has poifon in it, R. Hooke, 
 a writer of great experience and learning, has 
 in fome meafure laboured to demonftrate in his 
 ineftimable micrographia, written in Englith, 
 thinking that the poifon lay hid in the hollow 
 thicknefs of the fheath. of the fting, which 
 however is never the cafe, unleis by mere 
 accident. 
 
 Let any one with a forceps or little fteel 
 tweezers take hold of the legs, wings, or 
 which laft will be moft convenient, the breaft 
 of the common Bee; and he will generally fee 
 a {mall clear drop as it were of water hanging 
 on the point of the fting. In this water the 
 poifonous quality of the Honey-Bee is properly 
 contained. ‘This, as foon as it drops into the 
 wound, produces the pain that follows the 
 wound ; for the fting itfelf is not in the leaft 
 degree venomous, nor does ‘its puncture hurt 
 more than that of a needle. For experiment’s 
 fake I have often wounded myfelf with the 
 fting, and felt no other ill confequence from it 
 than a flight itching in the wounded part; but 
 the fting muft be firft thoroughly. cleanfed and 
 well {queezed and wiped, for this trial, for it 
 might otherwife probably happen that the injury 
 would be more confiderable. teins Se 
 
 To proceed in order, I would have it ob- 
 ferved, that the venomous liquor which. only 
 pafles through the fting is originally depofited 
 in the belly of the Bee, and there contained in 
 a little bladder nearly tranfparent. This little 
 bladder is.of an oblong figure, and. of a very 
 {trong texture, fo as to bear the force of the 
 fingers prefling. it without any damage: nay; 
 fo great is its firmnefs, that the belly of the 
 common Bee being opened, let this little bladder 
 be taken hold of, andthe whole fting and all 
 its parts may be.eafily drawn with it out of 
 the body, without, the bladder being broke. 
 I have found this bladder of poifon {o ftrong; 
 even'in the fmaller kinds of Wafps,. that by 
 prefling it with my fingers as hard as I could, 
 sthe poifon might be thrown to the diftance of 
 two foot from it through the fting.. It is fur- 
 ther. remarkable, that a very ftrong mutcle 
 twines about this little bladder, and_has its ten- 
 dril.in the middle, as it is in the mufcle called 
 the temporal mufcle in the human fpecies. 
 When that mufcle contracts itfelf, the poison is 
 by its force {queezed out and thrown into the 
 wound, fo that the fting may be compared to 
 a fmall fyringe ; the little bladder. or rather 
 the mufcle of it juft mentioned ferving it in 
 the ftead of an impelling plug. But I have 
 not hitherto diftinctly examined this mutcle in 
 the common Bee: { have feen it in the Wafp, 
 
 Eee and 
 
198 
 
 and moft confpicuoutly in the Hornet, after I 
 had firft kept that infect a whole year In bal- 
 fam. ‘This method I fome years fince difco- 
 vered, and by it the parts may be moft happily 
 and diftingly viewed. ‘There comes out of 
 this little bladder, in every fpecies of Bees, 2 
 {mall thin tube, which is extended as far as the 
 fheath of the fting, and this at length runs 
 between the two open legs of the fting, enters 
 into the fheath, and terminates in the thickeft 
 part of it. It is by this channel that the poi- 
 {on is conveyed from the little bladder through 
 the {heath into the fting, and paffing from the 
 hollow part of the fheath between and under 
 the legs of the fting, it is darted into the 
 wound when the Bee gives the ftroke. 
 
 On one fide of the little poifon-bladder in 
 the Bee, is feen a fmall, oblong, thin, crooked 
 tube. Of this kind I have obferved two in the 
 Hornet, in which creature the poifon-bladder is 
 alfo twice as large as in Bees. I have feen be- 
 fides other fimall tubes growing laterally out 
 of that I mentioned, but I could not immedi- 
 ately difcover whether they terminated. I af- 
 terwards however obferved in Wafps and Hor- 
 nets, that in the body of thefe animals there 
 are two diftinét little tubes, Tab. XVIII. fig. 
 iv. cc, inferted into the hinder part of the 
 poifon-bladder a, through which little pipes the 
 
 oifon is conveyed into that bladder, and in 
 which the poifon is properly fecreted. Thefe 
 fmall pipes appeared unequal, with little 
 fwellings here and there, as is feen ddd, and 
 terminated in clofed endings ¢ ¢, as the blind 
 guts of Hens, which fame thing I have ob- 
 ferved alfo in Bees. ‘Thefe {mall veffels are 
 much wider towards the hinder parts than in 
 the fore parts, and about their extremities 
 where they are clofed, they are very thickly 
 furrounded with fat and pulmonary tubes, for 
 which reafon they cannot be feparated from 
 the other parts without great difficulty. I have 
 alfo remarked, that thefe poifonous vefiels in 
 Bees very nearly refemble thofe which are 
 found in Wafps, and are juft fuch as T have in 
 the third figure, Tab. XIX. z, drawn to the 
 life in a female Bee: x denotes the poifon-blad- 
 der in the female ; > the fluice of the bladder; 
 2 the fall tube in which the poifon or venom 
 is fecreted, @@ are the clofed ends, the {mall 
 tube in which the poifon is concocted. Thefe 
 appear to confift of a two-fold fubftance; the 
 one glandulous, of a whitifh colour, and ‘not 
 of a very firm texture; the other is membra- 
 naceous, with fomething like a filament quite 
 ‘tranfparent, which fticks within the former 
 fabftance, by which it is fhut in and furround- 
 ed, like the fmall tube of the veffel called the 
 
 vas deferens, which is in itfelf extremely flen- 
 der, and is alfo compafied about by a glandu- 
 
 lous and nervous fubftance. ‘The former fub- 
 ftance is very eafily feparated in the handling 
 of it from that within, which is skinny, tranf- 
 parent, hollow, and very much like a fine hair. 
 This {mall tube is befides very ftrongly joined 
 to the faffron-coloured veffels by numerous pul- 
 
 The BOO K. of NA TU KR 2S ao, 
 
 monary tubes, fo that at firft fight I fhould 
 have thought thefe veflels were productions of 
 the {mall tube; but as they are moft ftrongly 
 fixed to that part where the gut contracts itfelf, 
 and the fubftance they confift of curdled in my 
 balfam ; whereas, on the contrary, the humour 
 contained in the fmall pipe of the poifon- 
 bladder remained clear and bright in the fame 
 balfam, I was thoroughly convinced from 
 thence, and from what I have before menti- 
 oned, that this fmall tube has no communica- 
 tion with the faffron-coloured vefiels. 
 
 When the poifon-bladder is put into my 
 balfam, it is fometimes tinged with a purple- 
 colour or rednefs. I likewife have feen it green, 
 in the Hornet. And we mutt further obferve, 
 that the poifon-bladder in Bees, as I have often 
 obferved, is not contracted in a globular form, 
 like the urinary bladder in the human fpecies : 
 fo far from it, that its fides are like two planes 
 prefled together. This may be feen if you cut 
 off the Bee’s wings, and then greatly irritate or 
 provoke the creature; for then it will, in re- 
 venge, throw its poifon out of the fting, being 
 every moment eager to ftrike and wound. 
 
 Let us proceed. The fting then, as I have 
 fhewn, is fituated under the rings of the pot 
 ternal parts of the body, and is there moved in 
 and out by the help of certain mujfcles; and 
 as thefe mufcles are affixed to fome horny or 
 bony little parts, I fhall therefore briefly def 
 cribe thefe parts, There are chiefly fix prinet- 
 pal little parts, together with two others lefs 
 confpicuous. The legs or thanks of the fting 
 are articulated with thefe horny or bony little 
 parts, which are likewife joined with each 
 other, fo that by means of this ftructure they 
 may be moved in and out, and up and dowa, 
 and on either fide. ‘This motion is performed 
 by the force of the mufcular parts, which I. 
 find to be eight in number, four very manifeft, — 
 but the reft lefs confpicuous.. The horny or 
 bony parts, and even the fhanks of the fting, 
 are inferted in all thefe mufcles. Two of the 
 mufcles, which are fomewhat lefs confpicuous, 
 encompafs or furround that fide of the fting 
 which is the thickeft, being connected with 
 the cafe or fheath. There is likewife a fmall 
 horny or bony part there, conftructed or formed 
 in the fame manner as the little bone in Birds, 
 
 called the perfpicillum, which is properly pro- 
 
 duced or originated from the collar-bones con- 
 
 ereted together. This little part is particularly 
 
 articulated; and by the help of its mufcles 
 
 feems to move the fheath or cafe of the fting 
 
 regularly outward. Fos 
 --T thall now deferibe the thanks of the :fting, 
 and thew that it is not a fimple but compound 
 
 part; that it confifts of two fhanks, and a fheath 
 
 wherein the fhanks are kept, like two {words 
 in one feabbard. -Thefe thanks of the fting 
 are not conftruéted in the manner of the crura 
 of the penis or clitoris, which arife each from 
 
 -a difting place, and at length meet and confti- 
 ‘tute one body; for the fhanks of the fting con- 
 “tinue all the way diftinct from each other, 
 
 though 
 
The 
 
 though their points be fo near to each other, 
 that the intermediate {pace can fcarce be ob- 
 ferved, and no body thinks he fees any thing 
 but one point. Each of thefe thanks is fur- 
 towed on one fide, but on the other it is 
 ftrengthened by certain hooks: hence, whilft 
 the equal fides and points of both fhanks are 
 joined together, the {ting is provided from each 
 fide armed with hooks. But, in order to un- 
 derftand this matter juftly, one muft know the 
 firu€ture of the theath of the fting; and there-~ 
 fore I would have it, obferved, that this cafe or 
 fheath is not in reality difpofed in fuch a 
 manner as the {cabbard of a fword or knife, 
 or like the cafe of a rocket: by no means, for 
 the {word, knife, or other weapon are on each 
 fide hidden in their fcabbards, and furrounded 
 or covered entirely by them, nor is the cafe of 
 the fting made like the fmall open tube or ca- 
 nula, through which furgeons pafs their inftru- 
 ments, when they are to cut a particular part 
 in fuch a manner as that the adjacent parts may 
 remain unhurt. The cafe of the aculeus is 
 more like the horn-book made in our country 
 for children, or one of thofe cafes, the verge of 
 which is furrowed and receives a moveable 
 cover. The ftheath is formed. nearly in this 
 manner : its inner fide each way is prominent, 
 or has a rifing back, or it is fomewhat bent 
 with a double margin; but thefe backs, like 
 bolts, agree with and are joined to the furrows 
 of the thanks of the fting, and therefore thefe 
 fhanks are very eafily and conveniently moveable 
 up and down, like the operculum or coverin the 
 furrow of the cafes juft named. But the fting 
 itfelf is fituated in fuch a manner in this fheath, 
 that its points lie as it were in the open cavity, 
 but the crooked hooks fhew. themfelves out of 
 the fheath’s cavity; except when the {ting ap- 
 pears beyond the extreme verge of the fheath, 
 and is confequently thruft out: therefore, the 
 lower fide of the thanks of the aculeus or fting 
 lies always in the cavity of the fheath, and the 
 upper fide is out of it. Thefe fides of the 
 fhanks have crooked hooks, hang out of the 
 cafe, and receiving in their furrows the internal 
 ribs and. prominences of the heath, they are 
 moved eafily along the latter ; whilft, in the 
 mean time, their upper fides being {mooth, are 
 applied to each other, and with their united ex- 
 tremities they. form the point of the fting. 
 Further, it is proper to obferve that one of 
 the fides of the cafe or heath is not open through 
 its whole length, nor does it refemble the 
 inftrument before named, equally extended 
 without its valve: it is rather on the hinder 
 part, where it is broadeft, and united together, 
 under which part the thanks afterwards pafs, 
 This is very particularly and. plainly obferved 
 in the fting of the Hornet, in which the theath 
 entirely coalefces in the hinder part where it is 
 thicket. But in Bees thefe minute and narrow 
 paflages are no where entirely united; there- 
 fore the fheath in that place embraces the 
 thanks of the fting, at leaft in part, by that 
 means preventing thofe fhanks from moving 
 
 HiS TOR Y¥<of.I-N-S£E C.-T S. 
 
 109 
 
 out of their places, as may be feen, Tab. XVII. 
 fig, 111. unders the letters d d. 
 
 Each fhank of the fting has ufually ten 
 crooked hooks near its point, and fome others 
 which are lefs remarkable: but the fheath or 
 cafe has no hook at all; becaufe if it had, the 
 {ting itfelf could not move backward and for- 
 ward in it. Since therefore each fhank has ten 
 hooks, the fting, when the Bee has given its 
 ftroke, is kept in the wound, being fixed there 
 by twenty bearded hooks ; and the more the 
 Bee endeavours to draw the fting out, the deeper 
 its hooks penetrate into the ‘wounded part. 
 But if the fting be taken out of the body of 
 the Bee, together with the inteftines and other 
 parts, as I have mentioned, it may notwith- 
 ftanding then infinuate itfelf more and more 
 deeply into the wound, being in this refpect 
 like the heads of vipers, which will bite after 
 they are cut off. This we are clearly taught 
 by experience, fince we fee that when the fting 
 is drawn out of the body of the Bee, it pe- 
 netrates ftill deeper into the wound, trembling, 
 and as it were fhaking in all.its parts. The 
 reafon of this is evident, for the fting is thrown 
 out together with its fheath, and all the carti- 
 lages and mutfcles belonging to it, together with 
 the poifon bladder. I have often made the 
 before-mentioned experiment in tan-leather 
 gloves, The Bee mutt firft be fuffered to fix 
 its fting in them, and then it muft be taken by 
 the wings and pulled away forcibly, fo that the 
 fting may be drawn out of the body. One 
 may fee that the fting penetrates deeper 
 and deeper into the leather: nor indeed is 
 there any thing to hinder the doing of this, 
 fince the fting confifts of the two fhanks before 
 defcribed ; which, as their tops or ends are 
 united together, fo both and each of them {e- 
 parately may be moved : therefore, whilft one 
 thank is fixed in the wound, the other may be 
 thruft further and deeper; and where this latter 
 lies firm by means of its crooked hooks, the 
 former, on the contrary, may be infinuated 
 deeper into the wound, or thruft into it deeper 
 than the former. By this means the fting and 
 its fheath penetrate. further into the wound, 
 Therefore it frequently happens, that the 
 fhank of the fling ts drawn further back into 
 the cafe, and the other thruft out of it in pro- 
 portion. Thus when the Bee hath ftruck the 
 glove, and the fting is then taken out of it, it 
 is frequently found that one thank appears fur- 
 ther ftretched out of the cafe than the other ; 
 that is, the two fhanks of the fting have been 
 then unequally fixed, and one is ftruck in more 
 deeply than the other, and fixed there by means 
 of its crooked hooks, When the fting with 
 its appendages has. been juft pulled out of the 
 Bee, if it be lightly put into any callous part 
 of our skin, the fame confequence naturally 
 fhews itfelf: for it is then plainly obferved, that 
 the fting penetrates every moment deeper and 
 deeper into the wound; but however it does 
 no harm, provided the callous part be. thick 
 
 enough to prevent the poifon from reaching or 
 entering 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 entering the blood-veffels, for that naturally 
 difcharges its ftrength into the blood. 
 
 It is now time to treat more particularly of 
 the beards or crooked hooks of the fting. If 
 you put them under a powerful microfcope, 
 you will fee them almoft like Cats claws, that 
 is, they are fomewhat bent inwards, and their 
 extremities are entirely tranfparent, but they 
 are not moveable like the claws of beafts: the 
 fhanks that conftitute the fting and their 
 crooked hooks are all plainly cartilaginous and 
 fufficiently flexible, but they are conneCted by 
 no articulations. 
 
 No joints are obferved either in the fheath 
 or the fting itfelf, though Iwas once of the 
 contrary opinion. My error arofe from hence, 
 that upon handling it the air run into the ca- 
 
 vity of the cafe, and by its clearnefs or bright- 
 ~-neis, and by the bubbles it formed, rendered 
 confpicuous the poifoned liquor, which fill re- 
 mained in the fheath, fo that it appeared to me 
 as if the cafe itfelf of the fting was articulated 
 or jointed. 
 
 If the fting be feen ftretched or protruded 
 out beyond the extremity of the theath, ‘and at 
 that time the Bee difcharges its poifon, then 
 this poifonous liquor is not thrown out beyorid 
 the cafe, but appears upon it like a little drop. 
 But when the fting is moift or wet, the poifon 
 alfo is further diffufed, as it happens when the 
 Bee gives any perfon a ftroke, and afterwards 
 infinuates its poifon into the wound. Nor can 
 it be otherwife, fince the fting, the hinder part 
 whereof is thicker, ftops or clofes up the 
 wound {fo entirely, that the poifon has no en- 
 trance or paflage into it, but through the inter- 
 ftice of the fhanks of the fting itfelf. 
 
 Therefore the proverb applied to Bees is very 
 true, “ There is no honey without fome gall.” 
 Though I can find no bile in this infeét, yet 
 the poifon thus called gall may be diftinguifhed 
 very clearly in it; nay, a great quantity thereof 
 
 200 
 
 may be eafily collected: this I fhall at fome: 
 
 time endeavour to do, when I fhall make ex- 
 periments on this poifon. It would indeed be 
 eafier to obtain it out of the Hornets, Wafps, 
 and Humble-Bees, the poifon-bladder of which 
 is larger ; but one cannot get thefe creatures in 
 fuch numbers as Bees. If any one defires to 
 examine the Bee’s poifon-bladder filled with 
 poifon, he muft kill the Bee, which may be 
 done by throwing it into a bottle of fpirit of 
 wine. The Bees may be otherwife killed with: 
 out handling them, by the fmoak of that kind 
 of fungus called crepitus lupi, or the puff-ball, 
 or with that of linen cloth folded as in making 
 tinder. The latter, in my opinion, is the beft 
 way of killing them: for though you handle 
 Watps, Humble-Bees and Hornets ever fo lit- 
 tle, they immediately difcharge their vitus or 
 poifon out of their formidable fting, and then 
 none of it is found in the bladder, which is 
 otherwiie full of it. I preferve fome fuch 
 bladders in my colleétion, as moft extremely 
 meriting the infpeCtion of the curious. . 
 
 N AT U RE; 
 
 The poifon is collected in the following 
 manner: draw the fting and poifon-bladdef 
 together out of the body, and then the blad- 
 der, as I reprefent in Tab. XVIII: figure v. 
 being taken with the tip of the fingers, put the 
 point or top of the fting into a thin glafs tube, 
 and then prefs or fqueeze the poifon into the 
 latter through the fting out of the bladder: 
 you may afterwards blow the poifon together 
 into another glafs veffel, and make the experi- 
 ment thereon ; but all this muft be done very 
 fpeedily, fince this poifon is eafily coagulated 
 when out of the body. Another method is 
 to wound the bladder a little, and then to im- 
 merge or put into it the top of a thin glafs 
 tube ; and thus the humour will defcend {pon- 
 taneoufly, or be forced into the tube: but the 
 former method is better than the latter for thofe 
 who are expert in thefe things. 
 
 When the poifon is exprefied out of its blad- 
 der, it very eafily exhales, by reafon of its fub- 
 tile and fpirituous nature, leaving a confiderable 
 cruft on the glafs; which when {craped off ap+ 
 pears like duft: whether this duft has ftill any 
 poifon, is yet unknown to me. The poifon 
 which the Bee difcharges through its fting in 
 the form of a round drop, fometimes concretes 
 about the fting itfelf, preferving the fame round 
 fhape, and thus affords a. very agreeable f{pec- 
 tacle; for it refembles a little drop of clear 
 water, hanging as it were out of the fting. — 
 
 When the Bee hath given a wound, the fting, 
 as Ihave obferved before, ufually remains: in 
 the wound by fiieans of its hooks. But whe- 
 ther the Bee can wound of pierce the skin with 
 its fheath only, and fo not leave its fiing in 
 the wound, is ftill unknown to me. The 
 fheath is indeed very fharp. The Bee there+ 
 fore feems able to wound withthis alone, if 
 it draws in the fting at that time; fince we 
 likewife obferve, that this fting/is not always 
 equally prominent out of the cafe; it fome- 
 times lies entirely out of the extremity of the 
 fheath, and is fometimes lower and fome- 
 
 or, 
 
 times higher up in this its cafes) ©~ S) 
 When the fting remains fixed in the woun 
 the Bee muft die; for,’ befides the fting itfelf} 
 the Bee then lofes its inteftinum rectum, or the 
 ftraight gut, and the parts annexed to it ;:nay; 
 even the horny parts and their ligaments ate — 
 broken off from the extreme rings of the body; 
 to which they are united. And we’ are parti-- 
 cularly to obferve'here, that the whole poifon- 
 bladder, together with the fting, is then drawn 
 out of the Bee’s body; and as it remains’ ont 
 of it, it ftill comprefles itfelf by the laft a@tion 
 of its mufcular fibres, and drives its poifon 
 deeper into the wound. For this reafon, if any- 
 one be ftung by a Bee, it is by no means pro- 
 per to take the fting by the hind part in ordet 
 to extract it or get it out, becaufe, by this 
 means more poifon is always thrown into the 
 wound. It would be better to: cut off with 
 a pair of {ciffors all the parts of the ting which 
 hang out of the wound, and then ‘to take out 
 
 the 
 
The; B FST QRry 
 
 the reft with a fmall needle. I have fometimes 
 feen the ftomach itfelf drawn with the fling 
 out of the body of the Bee. 
 
 If you would render the poifon of the Bee 
 ineffectual, and the Bee itfelf tame; make it 
 thruft its fting into a piece of leather, and then 
 cut off the top of it; by this means all the 
 poifon flows out of it, and the creature becomes 
 tractable and gentle whilft it lives, nor can it 
 afterwards, though it fhould probably generate 
 poifon anew, do any mifchief. 
 
 From what has been here faid, it appears 
 how dangerous it is to irritate Hornets, fince 
 they have very formidable arms, and always 
 carry poifon about them. 
 
 In Hornets the poifon-bladder is exceffively 
 firm, and is twice as big as in Bees. The 
 learned Mouffet relates a very remarkable thing 
 of thefe creatures: he fays, the very accurate 
 Penny faw a Hornet kill a Sparrow with a 
 ftroke of its fting. Thefe are his words: 
 «© Whilft Penny was at Peterborough in Eng- 
 «© land, he faw in the ftreet a Hornet in pur- 
 * fuit of a Sparrow, which it ftruck at laft 
 « with its {ting and immediately killed it, and, 
 “ to the great aftonifhment of the {pectators, 
 “* fed itfelf with the blood of the dead Spar- 
 ** row.” How terrible thefe creatures are on 
 account of this poifon which they carry about 
 them, is likewife evident from the promife for- 
 merly made by God to the Ifraelites in Exod, 
 xxiii. ‘* I will fend, I fay, my terror, like a 
 «¢ Hornet before you, who fhall drive out the 
 «* Hivite, the Canaanite, and the Hittite from 
 “¢ before thee.”” But God has no need of thefe 
 hofts to chaftife his people ; he can do it even 
 by the fmalleft infects, and convert the duft 
 of the earth into Lice; if the number of other 
 plagues fhould chance to fail: for what is 
 above the power of him who fhews himfelf 
 adorable in all his works ? 
 
 The queen or female Bee is furnifhed with 
 a fting, as I fhall afterwards defcribe in the dif- 
 fection of that kind. Among the Hornets 
 the females only have ftings; which are longer; 
 fharper, and ftronger than in the Bee, and 
 armed with feveral frightful hooks. How the 
 males of the Humble Bees and Wafps are cir- 
 cumftanced, in this refpect, I have not been 
 
 et able to examine, on account of the variety 
 of bufinefs wherein I am engaged. I would 
 only have it obferved here, that the males of 
 the Hornet have no fting, in like manner as 
 the drone or male is without it among Bees ; 
 that the males of thefe two fpecies agree in 
 this refpeét, and are very peaceable creatures, 
 free from all mifchief and injurious defigns, 
 and delight in love and generation only. ‘There 
 is the like meeknefs obferved alfo in the males 
 of Ants, and their teeth are therefore much 
 fmaller than thofe of the females: among Ants 
 
 of INSECTS. 
 
 alfo there is a third {pecies which do not con- 
 tribute to generation, but ferve only to rear up 
 their young. 
 
 I have before given my opinion of the prin-: 
 cipal ufe of this poifon in the Bee, that is, I 
 think it contributes to prepare what is called 
 the Bee-bread into wax: this, however, requires 
 to be yet more accurately inveftigated. The 
 whole fting, neverthelefs, great as it is, feems 
 to be appointed only to do mifchief, and form- 
 ed by nature folely for that purpofe, that the 
 Bees may, by the help of it, defend their 
 young again{ft the infil of other creatures, 
 and feed them in fecurity, Since therefore the 
 nourifhing of the ftock is committed to the 
 common working Bees, hence it feems pro- 
 bable that they, particularly about the time of 
 {warming, and a litle after, are as furious and 
 as much inclined to fting and do mifchief with 
 their poifon, as they are eager to preferve as 
 well the iffue committed to them, as their own 
 proper food. It would not be improper to 
 conclude from thence, that the fting and the 
 power of doing hurt with it, are given them 
 on that account. The truth of this will be 
 more evident to any one who confiders that 
 the females of the Hornets are likewife pro- 
 vided with fuch weapons, though they never 
 form any wax, but build their habitations prin- 
 cipally, as it appears, of the bark of trees faf- 
 tened together. Hence various colours are 
 obferved in their nefts, according to the variety 
 of the bark of trees which they have ufed in 
 building them. We likewife fee in the time 
 of copulation with what fury the Stag ftorms 
 and rages if any one comes near him: this 
 Harvey very accurately defcribes from experi- 
 ence. Nay, even the otherwife inoffenfive do- 
 meftic fowls will fly in the face of thofe who 
 endeavour to take away their young, and even 
 Bitches and Cats, however mild and gentle they 
 are, yet cannot endure to have their whelps 
 and kittens touched. Thefe are the arguments 
 which nature fupplies for eftablifhing the ufe 
 of the poifon. But that the poifon, in prefe- 
 rence to any thing elfe, is given to thefe in- 
 fects with defign to hurt mankind and all other 
 animals by it, and that their fting alfo, as fome 
 think, is made to torment and harrafs the hu- 
 man fpecies for the hereditary ftain of mortal 
 fin, is moft abfurd, and plainly contrary to 
 the infinite goodnefs of God: he does not vex 
 or torment but kindly chaftifes, unlefs when 
 the number of their fins voluntarily committed 
 are increafed beyond all meafure. I thall here 
 conclude this differtation on the working Bee, 
 fince it is not granted to us ta fearch perfecily 
 into the divine works with our limited fhallow 
 underftandings *. I have propofed the mat- 
 ter, and with my own hands defcribed and de- 
 lineated the fituation, ftructure and ule of their 
 
 201 
 
 * The Bee has been honoured with the notice of philofaphers from the earlieft time. What Virgil has faid of this infect is 
 
 principally from Ariftotle. 
 human kind, and paffed , 
 not till very lately that we have underftood their nature, 
 
 inquiry. 
 
 Theophraftus has alfo wrote exprefsly on them, and we read of a greek naturalift who retired from 
 a long time in the woods to obferve them. But the labours of all thefe anfwered little purpofe: it is 
 and we owe more to Swammerdam than to any one author in this 
 
 zit 
 
 parts. 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 and therefore thefe various obfervations 
 until it pleafes God to 
 knowledge of the 
 
 202 
 
 parts ; 
 may be of ufe to us, 
 throw more light on our 
 
 fubject ; for in this way we may at length moft 
 eafily know the Architect of nature, from whom 
 : he further removed, the further we 
 if we only indulge our own vain 
 
 Wwe are t 
 proceed, 
 reafonings. 
 
 The order I have prefcribed to myfelf re- 
 quires that I (hould now exhibit the anatomy 
 of the female Bee: I fay, the female, which, 
 as it isa diftinét infect found in the hive, fo 
 it is by a common error generally dignified with 
 the glorious title of king, though by fome it is 
 more properly called the Mother-Bee. | I fhall 
 endeavour to follow fuch a method in this hit- 
 tory, that, as the female has: many parts in 
 common with the’ working Bee, I fhall ‘only 
 defcribe thofe which that kind has not, toge~ 
 ther with fome others, which I have obferved 
 more clearly in the female. Among thefe I 
 mention in the firft place, the heart: Tab. 
 XIX. fig. 1. aa. This is a tube pretty {trong 
 and fibrous, it is oblong,’and here and ‘there 
 dilated, it is extended in length from one’end 
 of the body to the other, and then turning 
 about, it paffes through the narrow ‘little part 
 or horny tube, which, like a thin filament con- 
 ne&s the breaft with the belly. In order to 
 difcover the heart in the abdomen, as in that 
 part it may be beft feen, it is neceflary to dif- 
 fect or lay open the horny rings of the’body’ 
 with {ciffors or a knife, taking care at the fame 
 time not to hurt any of the parts that are un- 
 der thefe rings; for the outermoft part of the 
 rings of the body is fo thin and tender, that not 
 only the pulmonary tubes may be feen tranf- 
 parent through them, but one may alfo diftin- 
 guith, though obfcurely, the motion of the 
 heart under it. The pulmonary tubes in the 
 female are not fo frequently divided or expand- 
 ed into bladders as in the working Bees, which 
 difference is fo ordered by nature, that the 
 working Bees may fly the more conveniently 
 and expeditioufly; whereas the female is under- 
 ftood to fly but once a year, that is, when they 
 {warm. However, I cannot entirely agree with 
 this tradition, but rather think the female goes 
 out of the hive in fair weather, in order to 
 breathe a purer air. It muft be obferved, with 
 refpect to the difleGtion of the body, that its 
 rings are at their origination of a full redifh 
 brown colour; but of a yellowifh red where 
 they become membranaceous. In the midift of 
 them are feen two or three blackifh lines, and 
 the extremities of the rings grow black again, 
 and are very thin, and provided with a horny 
 verge. ‘This obtains only in the lower parts. 
 If the upper part of the ring of the abdomen 
 be broken and carefully raifed up, as I have be- 
 fore advifed, the heart, Tab. XIX. fig. 1. aa, 
 immediately comes in fight, and appears to be 
 fituated in the uppermoft region of the abdo- 
 ‘men, and is furnifhed with many fmall and 
 delicate air-pipes 544, which iffue from each 
 fide, and are inferted in the fubftance of the 
 
 NiAOT U RE; 
 
 heart. Thefe air-pipes or pulmonary. tubes 
 are fupported by fome tender and very delicate 
 membranes c ¢ ¢ ¢c, which keep the fat that lines, 
 all dd about and underneath them in its place, 
 Through thefe little membranes, and’ on each 
 fide of them, in fome places, a fubjacent ovary 
 cee is found to fhew itfelf. If the diffeCtion 
 be made in the manner I have dire&ted, about 
 the fat of the little membranes. that connect 
 the extremities, there will be feen alfo fome 
 mu(cular fibres, broken off from the rings of 
 the abdomen, which ferve to move'the mufcles 
 St fff Under the fections alfo, between the. 
 fat, fome mufcular fibres prefent themfelyves, 
 which feem to contribute very powerfully to 
 dilate and conftringe the: heart; and. at fome 
 times to puth the air ‘through, the comprefied 
 pulmonary pipes towards the heart...’ Even the 
 membranous fibre which connects the. fat, like- 
 wife embraces the whole ovary, underneath; 
 which’by this means comes in, views; when that 
 membrane is carefully cut, the heart removed; 
 and the great number of pulmonary)tubes| which 
 ate connected with the ovary and heart, and this 
 membraneand the fat arerenfoved. The numbers 
 Tab. XIX. fig. 1;:15:2, 35 43: 5s 6, denote 
 the rings of the abdomen, under which, as in 
 the back, the heart is Gtuated.. 1: p30 
 The greateft patt of the ovary is lodged-in 
 the: uppermoft region of the abdomen, and 
 ftands as a. partition-between that /part and the 
 breaft, fo that the other vifcera, that is the 
 {témach, inteftinés, vafa crocea, or. yellow 
 vefféls, and’ others, are placed much lower in 
 the body. Ys s 2 
 The ovary is divided into two parts, fig. 111.4 
 ¢, in the fame manner as it’ is in the human 
 fpecies, in quadrupeds, fifh, and many other, 
 fpecies of infects, and even in frogs. Thefe 
 parts of the ovary are more of, lefs feparated 
 from each other in thofe differentanimals, but 
 here they lie contiguous to one another ; one 
 part indeed is placed in the right, another in the 
 left fide of the abdomen; befides, the ovary 
 here is fo firmly connected by the pulmonary, 
 tubes that run through it, that it cannot with 
 out difficulty be feparated. ‘ian 
 The ovary appears to the eye as a membra- 
 naceous little part, fo wonderfully delicate and, 
 tender, that the containing membranes are 
 fcarce any hindrance or impediment to the — 
 enclofed eggs being diftin@tly feen through 
 them. 
 The ovary, as Ihave obferved, is divided 
 into two parts, and each of them is again fub- 
 divided into two fingle parts, which, for dif- 
 tinétion’s fake, may be called the oviducts, 
 though they in reality conftitute the ovary it- 
 felf, and give to the eggs which lie in their ca- 
 vities both coats and fubftance, and whatever 
 elfe belongs to their nature. This, however, is 
 otherwife in birds and fome of the quadrupedes. 
 In the larger animals, and in the human {pecies, 
 there is obferved a confiderable difference as to 
 this matter; for the human fpecies, as allo 
 quadrupeds, Cows, Sheep, Dogs, Cats, ease 
 an 
 
 or, 
 
ThewH, & ST! Of RLY 
 
 and the like, acquires their full perfe&tion in the 
 ovary, and are from thence afterwards conveyed 
 through a paflage made for that purpofe only, 
 the fallopian tube, at once into the uterus, nor 
 do they {uffer any change in all this journey. 
 In Birds, on the contrary, the egg is but half 
 perfected in the ovary, the yolk only. being 
 formed there ; but the white and fhell is after- 
 wards added to this in the oviduct called their 
 uterus. In fome quadrupedes, as Frogs, the whole 
 animal, which appears at firft in the form of a 
 round egg, acquires its full perfeGtion in the 
 ovary, but it is afterwards covered over in the 
 oviduct or tube, with a vifcous matter, with 
 which it defcends into a kind of hollow enclofed 
 membrane, which is their uterus: this vifcous 
 matter is the firft food the animal fwallows. 
 In Bees the egg obtains its beginning and per- 
 fection in the-ovary, which performs the office 
 of an ovidudt, tube, and uterus or womb, all in 
 one. This ovary appears to the obferver at firft 
 like a {mail and fimply membranaceous tube ; 
 but in reality there is a heceflity for much 
 more apparatus. But our imperfect refearches 
 can go no further than our eye-fight reaches. 
 
 Behold, then, after what manner the omnipo- 
 tent Architect hath retrenched, as it were, 
 feveral parts here from the ufual. oeconomy of 
 nature, and contracted them into one! 
 
 In the Silk-worm’s Butterfly, the ovary is 
 in this manner alfo divided into two parts, and 
 each of them again divided into four others, 
 which I call oviduéts, whofe ends or extre- 
 mities are of a fimilar {truCture with thofe of 
 Bees. In the Rhinoceros Beetle alfo the ovary 
 is in the fame manner divided into two parts, 
 each of which is again divided into fix oviduéts. 
 In the Humble Bee I found each fide of the 
 ovary feparated into four parts. In the Wafp, 
 which lays more eggs.than the Humble Bee, 
 I faw the ovary, Tab. XIX. fig. 1v. aa, divided 
 on each fide into feven oviduéts. But here 
 in the female Bee fo many oviduéts occurred, 
 that I was not able to reckon them; for not 
 only the great number of the divifions prevent 
 the counting them, but alfo the extreme ten- 
 dernefs of the texture ; whereby they are very 
 eafily deftroyed under our hands: to this may 
 be added the very ftrong knots, by which the 
 pulmonary tubes bind thefe oviduéts to them. 
 Nor could I any more reckon how many 
 eggs there were in each of thefe ovidudts ; 
 but this is very eafily done in the Humble Bee, 
 in whofe oviduct I computed ten larger, and 
 fome f{maller eggs, In the Silk-worm Butter- 
 fly I have fometimes counted fixty or feventy 
 
 eggs in each oviduét ; but in the Bee I could 
 
 by no means determine the number of the 
 eggs: in another ovary I counted fixteen or 
 feventeen large and {mall eggs in one duct ; 
 fo that the Bee has a fmaller number of eggs 
 in each oviduct, than the Silk-worm . Butter- 
 fly. I afterwards attempted to count the ovi- 
 ducts in another female; but here again I had 
 as little fuccefs, both on account of the ftrong 
 
 ob. Li ND S) Hi Goat 6. 364 
 
 connexions of the parts one with another, as 
 becaufe I could not {pare the necefiary time: 
 Upon comparing the numerous ovidu@s,which 
 I had found with the greateft labour, with 
 thofe in the other part of the ovary, which I 
 had not computed, I think I may venture to 
 affirm that there were more than three hun- 
 dred oviduéts in the ovary of the Bee. And 
 hence; if this number of 300 oviduéts be mul- 
 tiplied by the number 17, (for there were fo 
 many diftinétly vifible eggs in one ovidu@,when 
 the female was entirely perfect,) it will refult 
 from the whole, that there are five thoufand 
 
 .and one hundred vifible eggs in one female 
 
 Bee, and yet thefe fo different from each 
 other in fize, that one would be furprifed ; 
 for thofe that are to be laid laf, aré no more 
 than rudiments fo {mall as to efcape not only 
 the eyes, but even my beft microfeope, and 
 are to be numbered by Him alorie who formed 
 them. The extreme points or ends of the 
 ovary, which contain thefe minute eggs, are 
 placed in the uppermoft and -higheft re- 
 gion of the belly, and are there as it were 
 folded and turned back. The fame thing is 
 feen in the Humble Bee, and Watfp, and alfo 
 in the Silkworm Butterfly; but in the Wafp 
 the ovary terminates in wonderfully long pro- 
 ductions, Tab. XIX. fig. 1v. 645, which are 
 fo interwoven with the pulmonary tubes, that 
 one would think them a little net compofed 
 only of thofe tubes. It is to be obferved that I 
 here reprefent a double ovary, and that one of 
 its fides, fig. 111. a, is taken out of a fully preg- 
 nant female; the other out of one ¢ not fo far 
 gone: and hence a great difference arifes in 
 the form of the ovary. The eges, ff, 777, 
 which are reprefented in the extremity of the 
 Bee’s oviduct, that was not fo far gone in her 
 pregnancy, are by far more numerous, {maller, 
 paler, fhorter, and more oval, as alfo more 
 pellucid and tender than thofe which are fi- 
 tuated in the lower part of the ovidu@; out 
 of which the eggs finally iffue and are pro- 
 duced. This is conducted in the fame manner 
 by nature in other infects, I have obferved it 
 in the ovary of the Loufe, but in the ovary of 
 the Frog all the eggs are of the fame fize : in 
 the human fpecies, in quadrupedes, and birds, 
 they always differ in magnitude. And it muft 
 be here obferved, that in the ovary of the lefs 
 
 forward female, fome eggs appear larger than . 
 
 others, fig. 111. ////; though they be al- 
 ready come down to the lower parts of the 
 ovary. But this, as I have obferved, I never 
 faw except in females, which did not increafe 
 their colony as they fhould have done, and 
 when there was fome confufion in the hive : 
 therefore I really think that the female’s 
 ovary has then fome fpecies of a diforder. 
 And hence I have, in order to prevent the ne- 
 ceflity of two figures; on one fide a delineated 
 part of the ovary of the real pregnant female 
 Bee; for thofe are now called queens or fe- 
 males by our Bee-keepers, which caper 
 
 lve 
 
204 
 
 hive with a numerous off-fpring, and plenty of 
 
 Wax and honey ; and it is there obferved that 
 “the eggs gg, b4, are almoft all of a fize, and 
 by degrees decreafe the higher they are fitu- 
 ated. ‘Lhe extreme ends of the oviducts re- 
 femble in the real prolific Bee f/f; delicate, 
 fine and fearce vifible filaments, which are 
 likewife crooked at their extremities, and are 
 furnifhed with rudiments of oblong and almoft 
 equal eggs, which at laft become fcarcely 
 vifible. 
 
 Where the ovary is more protended or 
 {tretched downwards in the lower region of the 
 abdomen, it there terminates in two very con= 
 fiderable ducts 54, nn, which refemble the 
 two cornua or horns of the uterus in quadru- 
 
 edes. All the other oviduéts open into them, 
 and bring their eggs thither, which is the cafe 
 not only in the true female prolific Bee, but 
 alfo in the others, though in a lefs regular 
 manner. Thefe two ducts are dilated by de- 
 grees, and become fo confiderably larger ; 
 that they appear at length like a globular 
 mafs p p; but when I opened them there, in 
 the real prolific female, I found in each fide 
 nine or teneggs99q9¢ 4, which had defcended 
 fo far, and are there probably covered with a 
 ftronger coat or tunic, or are changed and 
 prepared in fome other manner, fo that they 
 may be afterwards emitted with fafety out of 
 body ; for the Bees do not lay their eggs as 
 they naturally fall, like hens, but fet them up- 
 right. Thefe eggs, Tab. XIX. fig. 1. 99999, 
 here likewife appear though faintly through 
 thefe horns of the womb if it be proper to 
 give them that name. For the uterus or ovary 
 is in that part fibrous or mufcular, and there- 
 fore is of a proper texture to pufh the eggs 
 forward, and expel them out of the body ; 
 nor do I doubt but the ovidudts have alfo fome 
 mu(cular fibres. A little lower, near the ex- 
 tremity of the body, thefe two horns of the 
 uterus become narrower again, and at length 
 they unite in one canal, which is likewife fi- 
 brous, and has a kind of periftaltic motion /- 
 The {pinal marrow pafles through the extre- 
 mity of this aperture, which is left between 
 thefe two ducts near where they are to unite 0, 
 indeed juft above the place where this union 
 happens; and there give fome nerves to the 
 duéts, by the help of which they acquire a 
 power of moving, and the infect is enabled 
 to difcharge its eggs at its pleafure. This is 
 the method wherein the fpinal marrow pafles 
 through the ducts of the ovary in Humble 
 Bees, and the fame is feen in Wafps. Many 
 pulmonary tubes are aifo fixed into thofe two 
 horns of the uterusrrrrr, and the whole 
 ovary is in like manner furnifhed with many 
 
 fuch pipes: it receives them on euch fide 
 
 from the dilated pulmonary tubes, which are 
 the pneumatic bladders or lungs of the Bee, 
 Texhibit fuch an oblong bladder d in one fide, 
 where the ovary of the not fully perfected Bee 
 is exhibited, that it may be feen by what 
 means that bladder tranfmits its ramifications 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 into the part of the ovary fituated on that fide, 
 Thefe pulmonary tubes are diftributed through 
 the whole furface of the ovary, but they are 
 feen chiefly about the eggs themfelves: this I 
 have reprefented in avery fmall egg, as may 
 be feen under the letter 4, in fig. v. The egg is 
 there delineated magnified together with all 
 its pulmonary tubes. In the extremity of the 
 body is afterwards feen a {mall part exadtly 
 globular or fpherical, fig. 111. ¢ ¢, containing 
 a flimy matter in it, by means of which the 
 ends of the eggs are faftened in their waxen 
 cells. About this globe part two other ex- 
 uberant parts are to be obferved, like crooked 
 horns wz terminating in one foot-ftalk or tube. 
 Thefe are afterwards inferted in the uterus. 
 This tube draws the matter contained in the 
 {pherical particle out of it, Tab. XIX. fig. 111. 
 t ft, and with this matter afterwards moiftens 
 the eggs that pafs through in order to be laid. 
 Thofe two veflels wu have their extremities 
 clofed up, and feem to me to fecrete the glu- 
 tinous matter found in the fpheric bag, and to 
 depofit it into the latter ; unlefs the glue be 
 rather fecreted in the bag itfelf, which I rather 
 believe. Thefe clofed veffels are likewife very 
 remarkable in Humble Bees ; but the bag has 
 a different figure in that infect. In the Hornet 
 the bag is likewife fpherical, as it is here in the 
 Bee. In Wafps it is of a pear-fhaped figure, 
 fig. 1v. ¢; but the clofed veffels, or thofe which 
 fecrete the flime, if it be fo, are not fo large, 
 or remarkable there as in the Humble Bees > 
 or Bees. In the Silk-worm Butterfly thefe 
 veflels are very confpicuous, but there is no 
 fuch bag of flimy matter there, The fpheric 
 
 article or the bag of flimy matter in the Bee, 
 ee two coats, the outermoft whereof is whi- 
 tifh, mufcular, and in a wonderful and very 
 beautiful manner interwoven with an infinite 
 number of pulmonary tubes, fo that one would 
 fay it was wrought with a needle. The out- 
 ward coat may be eafily taken off from the 
 under one; and when this is done, that little 
 part appears more exactly globular, and be- 
 comes of a faint purplifh colour, variegated 
 with white fpots. If the inward coat, which 
 is thicker and more glandulous than the for- 
 mer, be opened with a {mall pair of fciffors, 
 a turbid or thick moifture flows out of it, 
 which is like glue; it fticks to the fingers, and 
 may like filk be very eafily {pun out into 
 threads, which immediately grow dry in the 
 circumambient atmofphere. By the help of 
 this flimy matter the female Bee fixes its eggs 
 in the cells: the Hornets and Wafps alfo glue 
 their eggs fo firmly in their places, that they 
 cannot be afterwards removed without injur- 
 ing them; but the eggs of the Humble Bees 
 are not fo firmly fixed. I have obferved fome- 
 thing fingular in thefe, and therefore I thall 
 delineate the method whereby this fixing of 
 them happens, after I have finifhed the hiftory 
 of the female parts. The Silk-worm Butterflies 
 likewife have their peculiar clofed vefiels, 
 which contain the flime that ferves to fix their 
 
 eggs. 
 
The HE PS UP “OF R PY Your IN’ Sh GT ¢ 
 
 egps. Ihave likewife obferved the fame thing 
 in lice of the human head, which differ from 
 thofe of other animals greatly. Thefe havea 
 confiderable ovary, likewife divided into two 
 parts, each of which is again divided into fix 
 oviducts containing a great number of eggs or 
 nits. Thefe eggs likewife differ from each 
 other in bignefs, and when they approach to 
 being laid, thofe that are firft laid and faftened 
 down are much larger than the latter ones : 
 this is likewife the cafe in Watps, whofe egos 
 are {mall and oval, Tab. XIX. fig. iv. d d. 
 The bag of flime has, as I have obferved, on 
 the lower part or otherwife on its fide, an ob- 
 Jong duct, by the help of which it is conne@- 
 ed with the excretory paflage of the eggs, fig. 
 111. x, and therefore when the eggs pats 
 through their excretory paflage in that part 
 under the tube of the bag of flime, they are 
 covered over with its flime, which makes one 
 end of them afterwards, when they are dif- 
 charged, adhere to the wax; but how or 
 where the orifice of this excretory paflage is x, 
 and what parts are to be feen there, I have 
 not yet obferved, fince very few females are 
 to be found in thefe unhappy times, whofe 
 wars and flaughters have deftroyed even the 
 Bees in our country: to this may be added, 
 that what has been laid down cannot be feen 
 fo exactly, unlefs the hinder parts of the body 
 of the Bee are taken out, which I would not 
 attempt, becaufe the reft of the parts were in 
 this experiment to be preferved ; therefore I 
 have nothing more to fay on this fubje&. I 
 fhall only obferve that the letters yy indicate 
 the external mufcular parts of the fting, as 
 naturally bent , when broke off. z Exhibits 
 the poifon bladder with its tube 2, and clofed 
 appendages @ @, and its tube y, protended or 
 {tretched towards ‘the fheath of the fting. 
 ¢ Reprefents the laft ‘gut called the reétum ; 
 all the parts before recited are here expreffed 
 in their natural form, but greatly magnified. 
 There are likewife feen two little parts ¢ ¢, 
 wherewith the {ting is furnifhed on each 
 fide; thefe we have feen defcribed in the 
 hiftory of the common working Bee, which 
 has them in common with the female. 
 
 As to the ftomach, inteftines, vafa crocea, 
 or yellow veflels, and other ‘parts, all thefe 
 are conftructed in the fame manner in the 
 female, as I have before defcribed them in 
 the working Bee. I thought I obferved fome 
 {mall difference in refpect to the colour, as 
 well as ftru€ture and fituation, in thefe little 
 oblong parts, which I examined in the cavity 
 of the working Bee’s intefline, where this is at 
 length dilated. . 
 
 The poifon-bladder is likewife very remark- 
 able in the female Bee, being throughout 
 pellucid, clear, and perfpicuous like a diamond; 
 it is as large again as in the working Bee. The 
 tube, being con{picuous in the hinder part 
 of this bladder, may be more eafily difcovered 
 here than in the working Bee: and the other 
 
 205 
 tube which is extended from this bladder 
 
 towards the cafe of the fting, is alfo ftronger 
 and fomewhat longer in this than in the work- 
 
 ing Bee, but as the humour contained in 
 this bag appears to be fo perfpicuous and 
 
 agreeable to the fight, I have endeavoured to 
 tafte it, taking care at the fame time that I 
 fhould not tafte fo much of it as that it could 
 do me harm. ‘This liquor firft affetted the 
 tongue witha bitterith tafte, which afterwards 
 became more acrid and pungent, diffufing itfelf 
 through the whole cavity of the mouth unto 
 the jaws, and forcing the faliva out of its 
 ducts, and indeed the tongue was affected in 
 the fame manner, but lefs violently, as with 
 the root of pellitory of Spain. There was 
 likewife a great motion made by it in all 
 parts of my mouth, as if Ihad tafted ten of 
 twelve drops of the moft highly rectified {pirit 
 of wine; after this, becoming more bold, I 
 tafted the poifon of other Bees, and of Watps: 
 all were alike, only that I difcovered that the 
 poifon in the working Bee was not fo vehe- 
 ment as in the female; and again, that what is 
 in the female is more mild or gentle than the 
 poifon of the Wafp. What wonder is it that a 
 very {mall drop of this poifon being violently 
 driven between the skin and flefh, and imme- 
 diately mixed with the mafs of blood, fhould 
 produce fo much pain, pulfation of the arteries, 
 {welling and inflammation to that degree, that 
 not only a fever, but death alfo would enfue 
 thereon, if many {tings were infli@ed at once. 
 If a fmall piece of glafs, or a little wooden 
 {plinter, be {truck or fixed in the finger, it 
 caufes the moft violent pain, what muft be 
 expected therefore from this fharp and moft 
 penetrating liquor, which corrodes at the fame 
 time, fixes itfelf violently in the parts, diffolves 
 their continuity, and at length creeping into 
 the blood-veflels, diffufes itfelf, and circulates 
 with the mafs of blood through the whole 
 body ? it is a common obfervation among the 
 vulgar that fix Hornets are fufficient. to kill a 
 horfe. . . 
 The fting, together with all its parts; is con~ 
 ftructed in the female almoft in the fame 
 manner as I have before defcribed it in the 
 working Bee; the only difference I obferved 
 was that it is more remarkably bent in the 
 female, though at the fame time it is very 
 fharp ; this is probably the reafon, that the 
 female does not naturally wound with its 
 fting, nor can it do it eafily: from this was 
 afterwards framed the fable that the king, for 
 fo they called the female, has no fting, and 
 is of a mild difpofition, The female certainly 
 threatens a ftroke, at leaft, when the is pro- 
 voked, as I have learned from ex €tience, 
 But what the real ufe of this poifon is, if we 
 are certain that it is given to Bees for fome 
 other purpofe befides that of defending their 
 offspring, in doing which they lofe their 
 lives, I fcarce fee how it is poffible to difcover. 
 I formerly thought it might poffibly ferve to 
 Ggg make 
 
206 
 
 make the wax ; but the Wafps and Hornets 
 deftroy this opinion, which are furnifhed with 
 a fting and poifon, though they make no wax. 
 Nor does the female Bee prepare any wax, 
 nor even defend its young ; fo that this ufe 
 
 The -B-O.O';K> of NAG D REY or; 
 
 alfo may be queftioned or difputed. Behold 
 then, reader, how difficult it is to inveiligate 
 nature in her works, and learn with me, to 
 clofe your lips, and candidly confefs our general 
 ignorance and weaknefs. 
 
 The firft obfervation on the female Bee. 
 
 HE better to iluftrate what has been 
 
 here advanced of the fting and its poifon, 
 as alfo of the ovary, I fhall add fome particular 
 obfervations, which I have fince the writing 
 the former account made on the female Eee. 
 On the 16th of June I opened a hive, and I 
 found in it feveral fovereigns or females, which 
 were foon after to fwarm, yet lying covered 
 in their waxen cells. Of this I was very certain, 
 becaufe I found them with their skins caft, 
 and with expanded wings, nay they were ready 
 to arife out of their cells. In the firft of thefe 
 which I diffe€ted, an ovary occurred, but was 
 not very diftinétly confpicuous. I was obliged 
 to make ufe of a powerful microfcope to exa- 
 mine it, but then I faw that there were nu- 
 merous oviduéts in it, and the eggs themfelves 
 
 as it were innumerable on account of their 
 fmallnefs: I really think there were ten or 
 twelve thoufandof them. I could-diftinétly have © 
 counted them, if I had had a mind to have un- 
 dertaken the laborious office of feparating them 
 from each other: the eggs themfelves, com- 
 pared with thofe which I had before obferved 
 in the female Bee, at the time fhe is engaged 
 in laying eggs were ftill very {mall, nay, thofe 
 which were in the extreme ends of the ovi- 
 duéts were fo wonderfully minute, and fo thick 
 placed together, that I could not diftinguith 
 them, but by the help of my moft powerful 
 microfcope. I have likewife obferved the ovary 
 invefted here as with a common membrane, 
 which I confefs I never before faw {fo di- 
 ftinéily. 
 
 The fecond obfervation on the female Bee. 
 
 BD a fimilar female Bee, produced at the 
 fame time, but more mature, which, with 
 fome thoufand of other Bees had fwarmed 
 out of its native hive, and was received into 
 another, I faw that the ovary was likewife yet 
 confiderably fmall, nor did even the eggs ap- 
 pear much larger, than if they were yet in 
 their rudiments ; and hence I concluded, that 
 this female was but juft excluded from her 
 cell, when fhe flew away in this {warm out 
 of her native hive. I could not in that fubject 
 obferve many remarkable things further, nor 
 in others, though I had many females ready, 
 for all of them died in the {pace of one or two 
 days. But though I threw them into {pirit of 
 wine to keep them from drying, yet many of 
 
 the vifcera were, ta my great concern, {poiled : 
 
 the reafon of which was probably becaufe I 
 
 did not make ufe of a fpirit fufficiently rectt- 
 
 fied. I obferved that the poifon in fome of 
 them was converted to a white matter, nearly 
 
 without tafte or ftrength, which when ex- 
 
 pofed ‘to the air dried up and evaporated. In 
 
 another I faw the poifon feparated and con-. 
 denfed into irregular white grains, and I could - 
 very diftin@ly fee in that Bee the whole 
 poifon duét, which is connected with the 
 hinder part of the poifon-bladder, and which 
 perhaps fecretes the poifon, covered over with 
 coagulated particles of fat, which could not be 
 eafily wiped off. 
 
 Lhe third obfervation on the female Bee. 
 
 OBSERVED in another female, which I 
 
 diffected about the fame time, that one of 
 the extremities of the poifon du€t was fubdi- 
 vided into two other clofed but fhort appen- 
 dages. When I meafured the poifon dud, 
 from the bag to its firft divifion, I found it to 
 be a quarter of an Holland inch long, and 
 that one of the branches of this divided duct 
 
 was almoft half an inch long; and the other 
 almoft two inches. However, thefe things 
 cannot be obferved, unlefs one has firft very 
 cautioufly feparated all the curvature and fer- 
 pentine windings of thefe ducts from the reft 
 of the vifcera. Though this Bee had likewife 
 lain in fpirit of wine, yet all thefe parts were 
 very diftinétly confpicuous and ftrong in it. 
 
 The 
 
The *H?BS TOR Yoo PN-SH- 6:7 s. 
 
 207 
 
 The fourth obfervation on a prolific female Bee. 
 
 i a truly prolific female Bee which had 
 
 {warmed on the 24th of July, and had laid 
 many eggs, I obferved ten or eleven days after 
 that I diffected it, that the beginning of the 
 ovary was furnifhed with a great number of 
 perfect eggs; but the eggs that ftill lay in the 
 appendages of the oviducts, were not of that 
 fize or perfection which they are obferved to 
 have in the oviducts of the prolific Bees dif 
 feted in the month of May, at which time 
 they are moftly employed in laying their eggs; 
 nor were they fo perfect as the eggs of the 
 females examined in the months of autumn, as 
 will be made evident in the fifth obfervation. 
 From all this I difcovered, that the female 
 which had {warmed was young, and newly pro- 
 duced from her cell. But whether all thofe that 
 fwarm are young, Icannot yet prefume to affirm 
 for certain. Not only thofe eggs which were 
 in the lower part of the beginning of the 
 oviducts, but thofe which were fituated higher 
 had arrived to their perfect fize. This ovary 
 likewife had in it an infinite number of eggs, 
 fo that in only fourteen little parts which were 
 broken off from the appendages of the ovi- 
 ducts, I reckoned one hundred and feventy four 
 eggs. Hence it is not difficult to judge what a 
 ftupendous number of eggs one female con- 
 tains. But there was a neceffity for fuch a for- 
 mation and conftruction, fince a whole hoft of 
 Bees of all the three kinds were to proceed 
 from one female, as is actually the cafe. This 
 numerous family not only contains three, four, 
 or five thoufand Bees, but fometimes nineteen 
 thoufand, as hath been obferved elfewhere. I 
 likewife in this fubject diftin@ly faw all the 
 oviduéts on each fide of the ovary unite in 
 five principal branches, with which the reft of 
 the oviducts were connected, and through 
 which each conveyed its eggs into the common 
 ducts. 
 
 Notwithftanding all the pains I took, I could 
 not difcover the orifice of the ovary or vulva 
 in this Bee, becaufe I was in the country and 
 had not all my inftruments at hand, and be- 
 caufe I did not take the vulva out of the 
 hinder parts of the body, fearing left I fhould 
 hurt any of the parts which I thought necef- 
 fary to examine. However, I faw very di- 
 tinctly that the excretory duct of the eggs, 
 Tab. XIX. fig. 11. /; where it approaches to 
 the laft ring of the body, dilates itfelf into a 
 mufcular globule, and then growing narrower, 
 at length becomes again wider and more mem- 
 branous ; but could not profecute this inquiry 
 any further, becaufe I defigned to keep unhurt 
 the poifon bag, which is fituated in that part, 
 together with fome particular mufcles that be- 
 long to the feveral parts of the fting. In an- 
 other female I thought F obferved that the ori- 
 fice of the vulva, when the Bee lay. on its 
 belly, opened under the fting in the laft ring 
 of the abdomen, and that it is very difficult to 
 
 penetrate into this orifice, unlefs the parts be 
 expanded and raifed at the time the Bee is:lay- 
 ing eggs. I likewife faw the fundament very 
 plainly, and its orifice opening above the two 
 appendages of the fting: it was placed in rea- 
 lity juft over the fting and the two little parts 
 juft now mentioned. -I further difcovered that 
 the rectum or ftraight gut hada kind of cavity 
 there, which was full of red and yellow ex- 
 crements, but that the inteftine itfelf was 
 formed in the manner exhibited in Tab. XVIII. 
 fig. 1. letter /. 
 
 I have moreover obferved that thefe two 
 obtufe appendages, which the aculeus has as 
 it were for ornament 00, are in reality the pro- 
 ductions of thofe cartilages, which I have fi- 
 gured in Tab. XVIII. fig. 11.// and mm. But 
 the true ufe of thefe appendages feemed to me 
 to confift in this, to try beforehand whether 
 objects be foft or penetrable to ‘the fting, that 
 the Bee may not in vain dart its fting againit 
 harder bodies, and fpoil it to no purpofe. I 
 obferved alfo, that one fide of thefe little parts 
 was'covered with a cartilaginous integument, 
 
 ‘and fet round with fine hairs. 
 
 Since the fting with all its parts was here ih 
 the female confiderably larger than in the work- 
 ing Bee, I could therefore difcover fome fin- 
 gular things about it which I had never ob- 
 ferved before. I firft obferved, that ‘the fheath 
 itfelf of the fting had two fhanks, to which 
 the thanks of the fting itfelf were clofely ap- 
 plied, fo that the latter may by the help of the 
 former, be more regularly moved. Thefe 
 thanks of the fheath were in this Bee alfo very 
 beautifully bent like the thanks of the fting. 
 It is {carce credible how beautiful the ftruGure 
 of thefe is near the fheath; for there I ob- 
 ferved likewife two {mall parts, which being 
 at their origin bent into an oval form, had a 
 verge or border of a brown full red colour; but 
 afterwards acquiting by degrees a paler tinge, 
 and uniting in a point, they wére on one fide 
 articulated with the cartilages before exhibited, 
 Tab. XVIII. fig. 1. 2, with which the ex- 
 tremities of the joints of the fhanks of the 
 fting were likewife connected in the upper part. 
 The little bone alfo, which I have before de- 
 fctibed to be like that in Birds, called {pecillum, 
 was obferved to be articulated in the hinder 
 part with the cafe or fheath itfelf; but the poi- 
 fon duét paffed there only higher up, and im- 
 mediately terminated after it had advanced a 
 little way in the fheath. Whether all thefe fe- 
 véral particulars be circumftanced in the like 
 manner in the working Bee, I have not yet 
 examined. 
 
 I further learned from this diffection, that 
 the two little parts fig. rr. r rr} which I have 
 before exhibited in the common Bee, as fituated 
 on the outlide of the fhanks of the fting, were 
 here in reality placed on the infide of them. 
 I likewife faw very diftin@ly, that the mufcles 
 
 moving 
 
208 The BOOK of 
 
 moving thefe thanks upwards out of the fheath, 
 
 and again drawing them downwards into it, 
 
 lie in reality in the female between the mar- 
 gins of the fheath in the hinder cavity of it, 
 and are there inferted in the two parts juft now 
 mentioned. Thus I at length found that thefe 
 two little parts principally and chiefly contri- 
 bute to keep the {hanks of the fting, whereof 
 they contribute a part, in their places and pre- 
 vent their flipping out of the fheath ; and this 
 they can do more eafily, as they themfelves are 
 contained in the cavity of the cafe, out of 
 
 N AvP (Rak 3. :07, 
 
 which I have, with the affiftance of a microf- 
 cope extracted them, and afterwards put them 
 into it again without the leaft hurt to any 
 part. 
 
 I have likewife at length difcovered the true 
 reafon why I had not before difcovered in the 
 working Bee what I have juft now faid: and 
 it was this, that the fhanks of the fting when 
 drawn out of the fheath, inftantly bend them- 
 felves, and hence it then happens that thefe 
 two little parts always appear on the oppofite 
 fide. 
 
 The fifth obfervation on a real prolific Bee. 
 
 N a female Bee brought to me in autumn, at 
 
 the time when the honey is taken from the 
 hives and the wax alfo, and for which reafon 
 two hives are fometimes then formed into one, 
 I difcovered the whole ovary to be ftill full of 
 innumerable eggs; fo that I have from hence 
 learned that the Bees never lay all their eggs 
 together, as is the cafe with Hens, which com- 
 monly clear their ovary entirely, leaving only 
 fome fmall rudiments behind. I therefore 
 think, fince the eggs in the ends of the ovi- 
 duéts of the Bee are innumerable, and lie dif- 
 pofed in an delicate order, that they are conti- 
 nually difcharged out of it, and fucceed in the 
 place of thofe eggs which were before laid. 
 In this female, which I preferved for the fpace 
 of a whole year in {fpirit of wine; the poifon 
 was likewife coagulated and ftuck in its bag 
 like an oval particle of wax, but fo as that the 
 inward furface of the bag was feparated all 
 round from the furface of the contained poifon. 
 
 As I had many Bees at the time when thefe 
 females were brought to me, I chad an incli- 
 nation to try what would be the confequence 
 if the poifon. was mixed with the Bee-bread. 
 The following was the event of the experi- 
 ment. The friable and otherwife very eafily 
 feparable Bee-bread, which is not naturally fit 
 for working or kneading, nor is at all gluti- 
 nous, was, by the admixture of the poifon, 
 infenfibly rendered tenacious and clammy, and 
 having loft all its friability, began to melt in 
 fome degree at the fire, but it grew black af- 
 ter fome time, exhibiting its former appearance 
 of bread, which never catches the flame, but 
 only grows black in the fire. The fame mais 
 thrown into water was not ‘diffolved, but be- 
 ing fomewhat agitated in the water, returned 
 to its former difpofition, and at length began to 
 melt. Some particles of Bee-bread kneaded. 
 or wrought with the poifon, and kept fourteen 
 days, retained their acquired tenacity, nor did 
 they again become friable; but whether any 
 thing can be inferred from this experiment I 
 
 would not yet prefume to determine *. It 
 feems at leaft in fome meafure to follow from 
 thence, that there is no reafon to deny the 
 Bee-bread, or that matter which the Bees carry 
 fixed in their legs, and which is of a fimilar 
 nature with the Bee-bread, may be made into 
 wax. . But when I began: this experiment, I 
 had not the matter now mentioned at hand; 
 nor could I get it, as the hives were carried at 
 that time into fome fields of buckwheat which 
 was then in flames. 
 
 I have frequently offered the Bee-keepers a 
 confiderable prefent, if they would thew me 
 real wax adhering to the legs of Bees: but 
 though they readily undertook this, they never 
 could perform it. Therefore the method 
 whereby wax is made, muft it feems yet be 
 referred to or reckoned, amongft thofe things 
 which we are hitherto ignorant of, and which 
 ought to be inveftigated. The fame doubts 
 may be raifed concerning the making of honey, 
 though this difficulty may be more eafily re- 
 moved, I have not hitherto been able to make 
 all the experiments concerning this maatter 
 which I had defigned. I fhall therefore con- 
 clude thefe obfervations on the female, after I 
 have firft exhibited the manner of feeing dif- 
 tinétly how the Bees make the wax. For this 
 purpofe I ordered a wooden ftool with three 
 or four feet to be fitted into a ftraw hive, in 
 fuch a manner that the hive might be conye- 
 niently taken off and again laidon it. cover- 
 ed the edges of this ftool with paper, and 
 then in {warming time I put a new {warm into 
 the hive. When I afterwards faw, that the 
 Bees in the infide had made wax and propa-_ 
 gated young ones, which happen in ten or 
 twelve days. I immediately removed the hive 
 from that ftool, and alfo took away the paper, 
 and thus I could very diftinctly fee the Bees 
 working in the fun-fhine. But though I have 
 never gone through with this experiment, yet 
 I know the effect of it, for I have often feen 
 that the habitation of the Bees which had made 
 
 * In fine weather the Bees conftantly go out in fearch of the matter of wax, which they collec from the anthere of flowers. 
 They eat fome, and lay up the reft in certain cells of the comb where it is prefied down by other Bees, and this ferves them 
 to eat in bad weather, when they cannot go out, After they have fwallowed this, and it has paffed the operations of their 
 ftomach, it is wax, which they compléce by more working and moulding ; but though the farina of flowers be the real fub- 
 
 flance of wax, human art can never make wax from it. 
 
 their 
 
The HISTORY. of INSECTS, 
 
 their nefts in the holes of old walls and ruins 
 of houfes, was a full {quare foot wide at the 
 mouth, through which their making of wax, 
 and other operations might be. feen conveni- 
 ently. We fhould not therefore fear that the 
 Bees when expofed thus openly will defert the 
 hive, which is the only objeétion that one can 
 make againft the propofed experiment. The 
 fear of their flying away will be the lefs, as 
 they. will have placed their offspring there be- 
 fore the operation, which they never after- 
 wards relinquifh. If any one fhould fear left 
 the Bees fhould be injured by the nocturnal 
 cold, he might cover them at night with a 
 larger hive or any other larger cover. And in 
 the day time they might be put in fuch a place 
 that they fhould not, be expofed to the injuries 
 of the heat or rain. 
 
 I fhall now proceed to the hiftory of the 
 male Bee; and here thall firft briefly relate 
 fome things of Humble Bees and their eggs. 
 The Humble Bees, as far as I have obferved, 
 do not build nefts or live together, but in the 
 winter; like moft other infects they abftain 
 from food and motion, and therefore they are 
 properly folitary Bees. I have feen, however, 
 that about the end of May, or fooner, fome 
 few male. Humble Bees, and one female which 
 is of a larger fize, gather together in the paf- 
 tures and corn-fields about Amfterdam. The 
 place they choofe to build in is between the ftalks 
 of corn or grafs, and is not deep under the fur- 
 face, but only a little hole burrowed under the 
 
 grafs, in which hole there is found either na- 
 ~ turally or heaped together by them, a tender 
 foft fort of down or mofs, on a fimall part of 
 which, formed in a kind of bed, with brown 
 wax ora flexible matter like it, the female lays 
 her eggs. With this matter alfo the eggs them- 
 felves are all fealed up underneath and on the 
 fides. But in what manner thefe eggs are de- 
 pofited there, and how the young and tender 
 Worms creep out of them, and whether they 
 eat this fubftance, I have not yet learned from 
 experiments. I have lately however, namely, 
 - onthe 22d of June this year found a perfect 
 neft, in one fide, Tab. XXVI. fig. 1. a,.of 
 which there were eighteen cells, but in the 
 other 4 only eight. Between thefe was feen 
 one cell entirely empty¢; and there occured in 
 feveral places here and there d e f fome parti- 
 cles of the fame kind of waxy matter: in this 
 the eggs were all clofed up. I fthall now di- 
 ftinctly defcribe what I could obferve upon this 
 occafion. I found one female and feveral males 
 in this neft, all which fhewed by their hum- 
 ming and their running anxioufly up and down, 
 that my curiofity was by no means pleafing to 
 them. When I afterwards carefully viewed 
 eighteen cells, and opened them by cutting off 
 the piece g, I found them ail full of little 
 Worms, which were to be transformed into 
 Nymphs 4, Upon obferving the ftructure and 
 fubftance of thefe cells, 1 found that they 
 were all compofed of threads or filaments, and 
 were of an oval figure, and of a colour fome- 
 
 209 
 
 what approaching to. yellow. This I looked 
 
 ‘upon asa ftrong argument that thefe little cells 
 
 were not made by the Humble Bees, but by 
 the Worms themfelves: nay, a certain, though 
 not very exact order, was obferved in their com- 
 pofition, fince one cell was placed in the mid- 
 dle and furrounded by five others. T hey were 
 all faftened together in the fame manner in 
 which the Silk-Worm is accuftomed to affix 
 itfelf to paper or wax, by the help of her 
 threads.. And one of them was more elevated, 
 another more depreffed; on the lower part 
 where they refted on the down or mofs, they 
 had contracted fome dirt or mouldinefs, by 
 reafon of the dampnefs: of the foil. I drew 
 fome of the Worms that lay on the infide out 
 of them and left others. And I found that 
 thofe which I had left in their cells, were in 
 fome days changed into Nymphs, and thefe 
 afterwards in two or three weeks into Humble= 
 Bees: thefe however did not creep out of their 
 webs, but died in them, together with the 
 Worms that I had drawn from thence. The 
 eight cells of the other fide did not appear to 
 be made of this waxy matter: their figure was 
 likewife lefs regular and orderly, and I theres 
 fore imagine they were made by the Humble 
 Bees themfelves ; but as I thought that honey 
 or Bee-bread might be found in them, I indeed 
 greatly admired, when I found only Worms of 
 various fize, and all clofed up. In each of two 
 of thefe cells I found two large Worms?, and in 
 another only one 4, but this was much larger. 
 Thefe Worms taken from thence and put into 
 a cornet of paper, covered themfelves with a 
 web of an oval figure, and in the mean time 
 difcharged a large quantity of brown regular 
 excrements, divided into equal parts, and very 
 like the matter wherein they were depofited. 
 In another cell I found a waxen partition /, and 
 in one of the apartments thus feparated were 
 two {mall Worms, and in the other two that 
 were fomewhat larger. I likewife afterwards 
 found in another cell three Worms m, and in 
 another four z, From what has been here faid, 
 it is fufficiently evident how greatly this coha- 
 bitation of the Humble Bees is different not 
 only from that of the common Bees, but alfo 
 from the nefts of the Hornets and Wafps, 
 which are made by thefe infects themfelves, 
 and are admirably conftructed. But what feems 
 to me moft wonderful of all is, that thefe 
 Worms of the Humble-Bees which fhould ftill 
 be in a ftate of nourifhing, are really fealed up 
 and covered with the waxy fubftance. Per- 
 haps it may not be improper to conclude from 
 hence, that thefe Worms ufe that matter 
 wherein I found them covered, in the place of 
 other food, and that the parent Humble Bees 
 when the firft quantity is confumed, again lay 
 another new parcel over them, This is in 
 fome meafure the cafe in fome Worms, which 
 being depofited in cheefe, fleth, fruit and plants, 
 lie as it were covered up in their food or nou= 
 rifhment; for thofe protuberances and knots, 
 wherewith the whole infe&t is covered, rife 
 
 Hhh . In 
 
The 
 
 in excrefcences, 1n plants and fruits, in the 
 er as the Worms in cheefe and flefh, 
 
 210 
 
 fame mann 
 
 ail : ; i 
 at length intirely enclofe themfelves in thofe 
 
 aliments. And hence it is very probable, that 
 thefe Humble Bee Worms likewife feed on the 
 wax wherewith they are covered and furround- 
 ed, nearly in the fame manner as the Wolf- 
 Caterpillar ufes the wax for food, and {upports 
 life: this I fhall hereafter defcribe in its place. 
 Othetwife it would be neceffary that the Hum- 
 ble Bees fhould, in order to nourifh their 
 Worms, continually open and again clofe up 
 thefe cells, which would be a work of tedious 
 and needlefs labour, fuch as cannot. be, any 
 where found in the works of nature, which 
 are every where perfectly fimple. ‘The me- 
 thod of nourifhment I have fuppofed becomes 
 more probable, if we confider the order in 
 which the Humble Bees enclofe their eggs in 
 this matter; for Ido not think it poffible that 
 the Humble Bees can fo exa@tly know the 
 time when the Worms are to be excluded 
 from the eggs, and when thefe cells fhould be 
 opened, becaufe they may be in want of food. 
 To this may be added, that the matter where- 
 with the eggs are covered, can fcarce be torn 
 open any way without hurting them: but I 
 » fhall leave this matter in uncertainty, until re- 
 peated and more fuccefsful examinations deter- 
 mine it. That I may proceed ip my intended 
 ed method, I fhall obferve here, that I likewife 
 {aw an empty cell in this neft. ‘This was like- 
 wife made of filaments or threads, and it-feems 
 to me probable that a young Humble Bee had 
 crept out of it, At length Lalfo broke thofe 
 irregular particles of wax, which were in divers 
 places found affixed to the woven cells of the 
 Humble Bees: in one of thefe I found fix eggs, 
 ‘Tab, XXVI. fig. 1.d, in a fecond feventeen e, 
 and in the laft twenty-three f Thefe eggs 
 were pretty large, fomewhat crooked, and were 
 faftened to, the pointed extremity of the fub- 
 ftance on which they were placed. When 
 they were viewed with a microfcope, they ap- 
 peared like that kind of rough skin which 
 we call thagreen. They were of a milk white 
 colour, and fall of moifture, and they all ftood 
 erect and fo near each other, that they were 
 almoft contiguous; this made a very beautiful 
 appearance. I a long time preferved them as 
 well within as out of the matter wherein they 
 were enclofed, but they grew dry in the mean 
 time, nor were any Worms hatched from 
 them. Many Lice of unequal fize, and which 
 are very tenacious of life, crawl upon the Hum- 
 ble Bees themfelves. I obferve alfo, that the 
 Ants, and almoft all other infects, are torment- 
 ed with their refpective Lice. Goedaert calls 
 thefe Lice the Humble Bees excitatores or pro- 
 vokers, and has invented feveral amufing fto- 
 ries concerning them, but he relates a fable 
 rather than a true hiftory. 
 
 it is time we now defcribe the parts of the 
 male Bee. I fhall here follow the fame me- 
 thod I obferved in the hiftory of the female, 
 and fhall deferibe only thofe parts of the head, 
 
 BOOK of NADU Rees 
 
 or, 
 
 breaft and body, which either are not in the 
 working Bee, or are feen plainer and more 
 perfect in the male. 
 
 About the head are principally te be confi. 
 dered the eyes, horns, teeth, and the feather- 
 like hairs, wherewith the head is every where 
 covered, I have already elfewhere treated of 
 fome of thefe parts; therefore I fhall now 
 defcribe the eyes, in which the following par- 
 ticulars are to be obferved on the in and out- 
 fide: the number of the eyes; the external fi- 
 gure; the hairs fixed on their upper part; the 
 tunica cornea, and the uvea; the internal pyra~ 
 midal and inverted fibres; the pulmonary tubes * 
 which run between thefe firft and fecond mem- 
 branes, wherein the pyramidal fibres terminate ; 
 the tran{verfe cortical fibres, confpicuous under 
 thefe membranes; the cortical fubftance of the 
 brain, fituated under thofe fibres; the brain 
 itfelf with the three fingular eyes over it; the 
 origination of the {pinal marrow juft under it ; 
 the origins of the pulmonary tubes; and laftly, 
 the internal furface of the eye. 
 
 As to the number of eyes, there are here 
 two principal or large ones, one in each fide of 
 the head; and befide thefe three fingular fmall 
 eyes which are here in the male, Tab. XX. 
 fig. I. @, in a triangular form between and be- 
 low the larger eyes, in that part where thefe 
 larger eyes are contiguous to, and again diverge 
 from each other in form of the letter Y. In 
 the females and working Bees, as hasybeen ob- 
 ferved before, thefe three eyes are fituated 
 higher up in the head, and lie pretty exactly 
 between two larger eyes. But I fhall fay fome- 
 thing more of this matter hereafter. 
 
 The two larger eyes refemble as it were a 
 crefcent, with this difference, that in the up- 
 per on the head they are fharp-pointed, but 
 fomewhat rounded 44; towards the lower parts 
 c near the teeth, they again meet ina point. 
 They are in form like a fegment cut from a 
 
 flattifh rounded mafs, one fide whereof is 
 
 fomewhat acute, and hollowed or bent in-: 
 wards, and the other converges in a crooked 
 form. In the upper part of the head toward 
 the neck and back, thefe eyes are contiguous 
 in their convex extuberant part, which is not 
 the cafe in the two other kinds of Bees: . but. 
 they again, on the lower part toward the teeth, 
 where they become {till more acute ¢, confi- 
 derably diverge from each other on each fide; 
 the fmaller eyes, the horns, which are here 
 fevered ff, the teeth as they are called, and 
 fome feather-like hairs d being fituated in the 
 intermediate {pace. . 
 
 Both the eyes are alfo very thick covered 
 with hair eee, which, in order to avoid:con- 
 fofion, I here reprefent only on one fide, Thefe 
 hairs ferve the eyes inftead of eye-brows or _ 
 eye-lafhes; but becaufe their fituation cannot 
 be exactly underftood, until after that coat of 
 the eye which fupports them is defcribed, I 
 fhall therefore now firft treat of that coat, the 
 
 cornea, in which thefe hairs take root. 
 
The 
 
 cornea; by which name authors have like- 
 wife called this fame tunic or coat of the eye 
 in man, and in quadrupedes, birds, fithes, 
 and ferpents. This appellation is more par- 
 ticularly appropriated to this tunic, fince by 
 its ftiffnefs, hardnefs, flexibility, and clearnefs, 
 it approaches to the nature of horn. The 
 eye of the Bee differs, however, from that of 
 men and other animals, in that as the cornea 
 appears in thefe {mooth and equally polifhed, 
 it is in Bees and in all other infects that 1 have 
 examined, divided by various and manifold 
 divifions : and as thefe divifions refemble glo- 
 bules or little fpheres, hence it is that fome 
 fubtile and fagacious geniufes, among whom 
 may be reckoned the -illuftrious Dr: Hooke, 
 believed that the infeat’s eye was only a-con- 
 weries of innumerable little eyes, each of 
 which, in refpe& to its ftructure, agreed with 
 our eyes and thofe of other animals: this 
 ftructure of the eye, however, I have not 
 hitherto feen in any infect but in the Snail, 
 which on one fide exhibits two diftinét eyes, 
 furnifhed each with its three proper humours. 
 In order to explain the divifions of the cornea 
 in Bees a little more accurately, I would have 
 it obferved that they are by no means fpheri- 
 cal, but rather hexagonal, Tab. XX. fig.11. 22; 
 but notwithftanding this the mafles themfelves 
 are on the upper furface perfectly rounded, 
 and confequently exactly like the fealed cells 
 of the Bee; which being likewife circum- 
 fcribed by fix fides, yet rife convex, and {well 
 up in a globular furface, or are as it were 
 arched. The woven cells of Hornets much 
 more accurately exprefs this conftruction of 
 the cornea in the eye: for thefe have alfo fix 
 fides, and are very beautifully enclofed in an 
 arched or fpheric web: The eye of the Bee, 
 and moft other perfect infects, confidered in 
 this light, is really like a little net; which 
 appears moft perfectly when examined in the 
 light by a microfcope: for then the moft ob- 
 fcure or opaque hexagonal interfections appear 
 in the form of a net to any perfon who looks 
 through the fpherical tops of the divifions. 
 We mutt further obferve here that thefe 
 hexangular divifions 22 of the cornea, upon 
 a more exact comparifon, do not perfectly 
 keep the refemblance of one of the clofed up 
 cells in the comb ; for the lines which diftin- 
 guith the cells of the comb from each other, 
 are upright or ftraight, whereas the hexagonal 
 divifions, on the contrary, which occur here 
 in the Bee’s eye, are intercepted by crooked 
 and finuated lines. ‘To obtain this form for 
 them, the all-wife Author of nature makes ufe 
 of the following means ; that is, he gave the 
 cornea a fpherical convexity, by means of 
 which fome of the lines, together with their 
 divifions, are here and there broke off; and at 
 the fame time He alfo placed & & an hexagonal 
 divifion between fix other divifions of this 
 kind: hence it is, that thefe hexangular divi- 
 fions appear as it were oval or arched, as I 
 
 Heb: ST Get y 
 
 The outmoft coat of the Bee’s eyes, is the 
 
 GQAUNSZG:T S. 
 
 have in fome fort delineated between the an- 
 nexed letters, Tab. XX, fig. 1. ¢,eee,66, And 
 in what manner every hexagonal divifion is 
 furrounded with fix others, may be feen mag- 
 nified under the letters £4, fig. rr. Some 
 curious perfons, to whom I fhewed thefe, 
 were of opinion, that in the ftru€ture of the 
 eyes reafons might be found why the Bees 
 make their cells hexagonal; that is, becaufe 
 they exercife the fenfe of vifion by hexa= 
 gonal eyes. Behold, how far we are led 
 away by fictions, when, being ignorant of 
 the foundations of things, we follow our 
 vain fancy as a guide! It would~ be. as 
 natural to fay we fhould build only round 
 houfes, becaufe the pupil of our eyes is of 
 that figure. I have not yet counted how 
 many divifions there are in the Bee’s cornea, 
 nor do I know any method of doing it, unlefs 
 one could cut the cornea into {mall pieces, 
 and afterwards count the divifions in them 
 fingly by the help of a microfcope ; obferving 
 at the fame time that every two of thefe cut 
 divifions are to be reputed only one.. How- 
 ever this matter be, the accurate Dr. Hooke 
 hath computed in the eye of the Perla of 
 Mouffet, which he calls in his own language 
 Dragon-Flies, but in the Dutch language 
 Romboud, Puyftebyter, Naeyer, and Glafes 
 {chryver, fourteen thoufand fuch interfec- 
 tions ; this\is indeed a great number, To 
 this we may add, that thefe divifions are fo 
 beautiful, fo regular, and formed with fo 
 much art, that it by many degrees furpafies 
 the moft exquifite human workmanfhip. _In- 
 
 21f 
 
 ‘deed, could any one think this could be done 
 
 by human powers? fince we cannot feparate 
 or divide thofe things which nature formed 
 only as it were in fport. This is the exter- 
 nal form of the more than ftupendous cornea 
 of the Bee’s eye. 
 
 As to the internal ftructure of the cornea, 
 it is divided within juft into fo many hexago- 
 nal little holes, or as it were round {poons, as 
 on the outfide it is geometrically diftinguifhed 
 into hexagonal fpheres. But if this cornea, 
 turned to the light, be viewed with a good 
 microfcope in the manner before defcribed, 
 then at length its true and delicate hexagonal 
 reticulation may be finely obferved: for as the 
 cornea is very pellucid and thin where it is 
 hollowed or excavated into thefe little {pheres, 
 but confiderably thicker where it is interfected ; 
 hence it happens, that the interfections only 
 feem to fhew themfelves to a perfon who 
 looks through them: and this is the true 
 reafon why the cornea then exhibits itfelf 
 like a net pierced by {mall hexagonal aper- 
 tures. Butits furface is not always the fame; 
 fometimes it appears divided into triangular, 
 and fometimes into quadrangular figures: this 
 diverfity muft be attributed to the variety of 
 reflexions which the rays of light occafionally. 
 produce in their paflage. This obtains prin- 
 cipally when the angles of the divifions of the 
 cornea are not all dire@tly under the micro- 
 
 fcope, 
 
\ 
 
 The BOOK of 
 
 fcope, for then only one part of the convexities 
 can be feen, and the other not at all ; and 
 thus falfe angles are exhibited. Almoft all 
 coneave bodies, if viewed in the light, appear 
 to our fight fometimes globular, and fome- 
 times roundifh and convex : this is illuftrated 
 very particularly by the engraved agats. For 
 this reafon the greateft circum{pection muft 
 be always ufed in viewing objects by micro- 
 fcopes, left we fhould deceive ourfelves, 
 which has commonly happened on thefe occa- 
 fos, I fhall hereafter explain what produces 
 thefe hexangular divifions in this net of the 
 eye.. The thicknefs of the cornea in the Bee 
 is pretty confiderable, and indeed more fo, 
 confidering’its fize, than in many other infects 
 which are equally fmall: this may in fome 
 meafure be comprehended from a {mall piece 
 of it delineated as it appears under the micro- 
 fcope at the letters ///, Tab. XX. fig. 111. 
 Between the divifions we have been hitherto 
 deferibing, are placed thofe hairs which I have 
 before faid-are planted all over the eye. They 
 are very firmly fixed to the cornea, for they 
 pierce it all through in the fame manner as 
 our hair does skin: but they:rife fharp-pointed, 
 and are three or four times longer than the 
 diameter of any one hexagonal divifion: in 
 ftruéture they refemble briftles, and are of a 
 round figure, thick below and fharp above. 
 Their number “is likewife very confiderable, 
 though lefs. than the number of the divifions ; 
 they are, however, fo thick and fo clofe fet 
 together, that they feem to conftitute a very 
 elofe foreft of briftles, like fo many fir-trees 
 planted upon the eye: this may be feen in 
 fome meafure under the letters eee, fig. 1. 
 where I have reprefented them only in the 
 circumference of the divifions of the eye: of 
 the: other -divifions that are exhibited in the 
 fame figure, I have delineated a lefs and 
 determinate number, they being very nu- 
 merous, and hitherto beyond any account I 
 have taken. Finally, I fhould think thefe 
 hairs are principally fixed here to guard the 
 eye agai any thing falling on, or ftriking 
 again{t it; to keep off the duft, and, in cafe 
 any of thefe annoyances fhould flip in, to 
 aflift the Bees to throw, or brufh it out the 
 more eafily, by a friction, which the Bees 
 perform with their feathered legs: Flies alfo 
 ufe the fame method to wipe themfelves. 
 Thefe hairs feem alfo to ferve the Bees inftead 
 of eye-brows or eye-lafhes. Ihad firft thought 
 that only the long-lived fpecies of infects, fuch 
 as: Bees, had thefe ‘hairs: but I afterwards 
 obferved that they are not fo peculiar to the 
 Bees, as not'to be found in many other {pecies 
 of infe&ts. - I have found them among others 
 ut the coloured diurnal Butterfly: I have like- 
 wife found them. on the eye of Goedaert his 
 Bee. 'Thiseye, however, is not covered all 
 
 232 
 
 round with thefe hairs, but only fhews the: 
 
 oval orbit planted with them. Goedaert 
 deferibes the Bee IT have juft mentioned, in 
 the fecond- experiment in. his firft part; but 
 
 s 
 
 NAT URE; -of, 
 
 if any one examines this more accurately, he 
 will find it is only a dunghill Fly, with no 
 more than two wings, and conftantly pro- 
 duced or generated annually in the fame 
 manner. It is produced from a Worm with 
 a long tail and very fhort legs, found in dung- 
 hills and common-fhores, and belongs to the 
 fourth. order of our natural tranfmutations. 
 The Bee, on the contrary, is to be ranked in | 
 the third order, as I have already fufficiently 
 
 roved.’ I fhall proceed to defcribe the uvea, 
 which is the other coat of the Bee’s eye. Of 
 the other three remarkable little eyes I fhall 
 treat at large hereafter. 
 
 When the cornea is removed from the in- 
 ternal parts of the eye, the tunica or coat, 
 underftood to be the uvea, comes in view. 
 This, therefore, is not placed in infects at the 
 bottom of the eye, but next to the furface ; 
 nor does it any where appear perforated as in 
 large animals. This confequently prevents 
 the rays of light penetrating further into the 
 eye than through the cornea only. When 
 the cornea is taken from the eye, we ufually 
 fee that a more opaque matter, which entirely 
 takes away the perfpicuity or clearnefs of the 
 cornea, is carried off with it, This matter is of 
 different colours in different animals ; in Bees 
 it is of a deep purple, in other: infects it is 
 green, in fome blue, in others black, and in 
 others again it has.a very beautiful mixture 
 of various colours, which are elegantly and 
 agreeably feen through the cornea. But this 
 is to be found only in the inner furface of the 
 cornea, where the uvea adheres next that 
 coat, without any thing between. The two 
 parts of this matter which conftitutes the 
 uvea, both that which is applied to the inner 
 cavity of the cornea, and that alfo which is 
 obferved to adhere to the internal parts of the 
 eye, are commonly of a blackifh colour, and 
 the laft likewife ftains the fingers when touch- 
 ed, and is a kind of black paint, as our uvea 
 and that of other animals is: and hence it 
 arifes, as I have before obferved, that the 
 
 perfpicuity of the cornea is darkened or ob-- 
 
 {cured by this matter. Therefore, in order to 
 fhew the cornea pellucid, this matter mutt be™ 
 firtt wiped off with the help of a pencil ora 
 fmall piece of paper folded up. If you prefs. 
 the head of the Fly between two folds of — 
 paper, the paper acquires a purple colour from 
 it, which is owing to the more diffufed co- 
 lour of the uvea. But perhaps fome one will 
 ask, if the matter hitherto defcribed feems 
 only to be the uvea, but is not fo in reality, 
 what is it? To this I anfwer, that this matter 
 is nothing but the tops of fome broken fibres, 
 which are placed clofe under the cornea, Tab. 
 XX. fig. 1. gg:.for no humours, propertly fo 
 called, are found in any part of the Bee’s eye, 
 which is a thing well worth obferving : though 
 the celebrated Dr. Hooke, for want of a fuffi- 
 cient number of experiments, hath been led 
 to imagine there were fuch in the eye of the 
 Libella; becaufe no other method occurred. 
 
 to 
 
The HIS TORY of INSECT s. 
 
 to him, by which the fight of infe@s‘ could 
 be explained. However ‘this matter be,» the 
 coloured part of the Bee’s eye, though -it»be 
 not an uvea, ferves the ufe of that coat in the 
 eyes Of larger animals, 
 
 Immediately then under this uvea, as it has 
 been called, are feen fo many fibres, ‘as there 
 are divifions above in the >cornea.  'Fhefe 
 
 ‘fibres very exactly agree with the €avities of 
 
 the fpherical  divifions .of ‘the ‘cornea’: and 
 they are likewife hexagonal and broad, but 
 thiner in the middle and fharp-pointed undér- 
 neath where they terminate. They are all 
 
 ‘nearly of equal length, thicknefs, and’ breadth. 
 
 But above the margins and extreme ‘finews of 
 the ‘eye, thefe fibres are fomewhat bent and 
 feem fhorter: they are above, where they are 
 joined to the divifions’ of ‘the cornea, much 
 thicker 44 than below 7, where they »are 
 only united together by their ends : and hence 
 they almoft'refemble fo many inverted fexan- 
 
 ‘gular pyramids, ‘thick and~broad above, ‘and 
 
 thin and acute below. In order to conttitute 
 the convexity or atch of the cye, they are 
 placed together in the manner of thofe eggs 
 of infeéts which are circularly glued round the 
 branches of trees. Thefe ‘fibres ftand erect 
 on the bottom of the eye, in the fame man- 
 ner as the hairy filaments lie under the Jeaves 
 of an artichoke on its disk or receptacle. I 
 have above ‘defcribed the colour of thefe 
 fibres; I fhall only obferve further, that this 
 paint, with which their larger extremities are 
 tinged, is likewife diffufed deeper downward: 
 and the other parts of thefe inward fibres are, 
 as I have faid before, tinged with a red or 
 purplith colour. Thofe fibres which ftand 
 in the middle of the eye are ftraight b4; but 
 thofe that are on the fides appear fomewhat 
 oblique, and the reft run a little crooked alfo ; 
 but all terminate in a fubjacent membrane, 
 with which they are naturally united, but 
 from which they are eafily broken off when 
 handled. This membrane, therefore, very 
 finely exhibits almoft the fame divifions in 
 dotted figures, which the omnipotent Creator 
 hath been plafed to make on the cornea cd 4, 
 with fuch ftupendous and inimitable art. 
 Concerning thefe fibres we are further to 
 obferve, that if the cornea be feparated from, 
 without hurting or breaking them, they very 
 beautifully reprefent the hexangulat divifions 
 of the combs: but when the cornea is pulled 
 off in fuch a manner as that fome particles of 
 thefe fibres adhere to it, then their figure is 
 not fo diftinguifhable. Thefe fibres are very 
 eafily broken, when the cornea is feparating 
 from them ; for they are connected with the 
 cornea, and are réceived into its cavities: but 
 this union is rendered ftronger by means of 
 innumerable pulmonary tubes, which afcend 
 near thofe fibres towards the cornea, and, as 
 I think, conftitute its hexagonal divifions: 
 nay, they likewife probably contribute to. ex- 
 pand the eyes at the time when they are 
 cafting their skin, and are very foft and tender, 
 
 3T3 
 
 by force of ‘the air impelled within. “Eenée 
 near the divifions of the eyés, ‘the pulmonaiy 
 tubes will ‘have the fame ufe and ‘fituation As 
 I have before atttibuted to the fanie'tubes, in 
 regard to'the Witigs Of Bees. “] would not, 
 however, have My “opinion in this dae con- 
 fidered farther than’ as a* probable conjeture, 
 One of thefe ‘fibres is “likewite united with 
 another immediately under ‘the cornea ; ‘and 
 a little lower fonie clufterings"and' knots ate 
 obferved among thefe'fibrés. ‘But where thete 
 fibres are broken off, ‘when ‘the'cétnea’is not 
 regularly taken from them, théir'full purple 
 colour, as hath been faid above, is fSund het 
 to terminate there, but defcends deéper. Tris 
 indeed ‘very wonderful, ‘fn whit manner and 
 in what numbers thefe pulmonary “tubés 
 afcend near thefe fibres, and ate united toge- 
 ther. I muftiown'that T thould be very olad 
 to'examine, of what nature thefe fibres ‘ate, 
 whether mufcular or nervous 3 as alfo whether 
 or not they have any motion, aad of what 
 Kind of ‘particles ‘they are compofed : but it 
 has been abfolutely impoffible for me to ex- 
 amine all thefe things, for both my fight and 
 inftruments failed'me. However, I have again 
 feen the Creator confpicuous with human eyes 
 in this ftupendous ‘conftitition of the mot 
 admirable and unfearchable little parts, Which 
 exhibit, as it were engraved thereon, the real 
 image of his inexhauttible power and wif- 
 dom. 
 
 That I may 'proceed ia the order wherein 
 I began, I thall now defcribe that part, Tab. 
 XX. fig. v. x, towards which all the bres 
 hitherto mentioned converge, as towards a 
 common center, and to which they are united, 
 as the threads of velvet with their web ; this 
 part is white and fibrous, and is fituated within 
 the eye: but the pulmonary tubes before de- 
 feribed afcend through and on each fide of 
 it towards the fibres. “The figure of this mem- 
 brane is exactly like the external fizure of the 
 eye, one fide of it being lunar ox like a cre- 
 {cent, and the other femicircular. Ik is white 
 in the middle, but in the border it partakes 
 fomewhat of the colotr of the fuperior or 
 upper part of the fibres, the impreffions of 
 which are fen thereon. 
 
 This membrane, being removed from its 
 place by the help of a fine inftrument, there 
 appears clofe under it another membrane, 
 much more delicate arid tender, ag alfo clearét : 
 and this, by means of pulmonary tubes, is 
 connected, though not very ftronely, with the 
 former. 
 
 There is placed under or behind this mem- 
 brane, but a little lower of deeper in the eye, 
 another or fecond fpecies of fibres, fig. iv. 
 nnn, and fig. v.49, which being tran{verfely 
 applied to the lower furface of the membranes, 
 are like fo many beams or tranfoms, which 
 fupport the pyramidal fibres laid over them, 
 Thefe alfo differ from the former pyramidal 
 fibres, both becaufe they are fewer in’number, 
 and by far lefs delicate; though notwithftand- 
 
 Iii Ing 
 
214 
 ing their thicknefs I could not eafily divide 
 them. Some of thefe fibres are laid over 
 others, Tab. XX. fig. iv. 9, in the fame man- 
 ner as they are wont here atAmfterdam to pack 
 beams or pieces of timber on board of {hips 
 to be exported ; that is, they were here and 
 and there feparated from each other, and {paces 
 were left between them ; and by this means 
 was exhibited an object, like the courfe of the 
 mu(cular fibres in the papilla of the kidneys. 
 Thefe things appear more beautifully when 
 the diffection of the eye is begun in the lower 
 part, as may be feen fig, v. under the letters 
 q% which reprefent the fame fibres. Of what 
 nature thefe fibres are, and whether they com- 
 municate with the brain ss, I have very 
 anxioufly inveftigated, and, if I am_ not 
 miftaken, I have found that they are joined 
 to the brain, nay, they are of the fame colour 
 with the brain, that is, fomewhat grayifh in 
 part, and elfewhere freth coloured : hence I 
 call them the cortical fibres, becaufe they are 
 like the cortical fubftance of the brain. In the 
 Wray-fith, there is feen a very remarkable 
 nerve, iffuing out of the brain, and terminat- 
 ing in a large inflated extremity. ‘This is con- 
 veyed towards the bone of the head, and 
 is there admirably divided on each fide into 
 many filaments, to which thofe fibres in the 
 Bee’s head likewife anfwer, and it may in 
 ‘fome meafure be likened ; though thefe nerves 
 in the Wray-fith do not all feem to contribute 
 to the fenfe of feeing, but rather to that of 
 hearing or fmelling: this matter therefore ftill 
 remains to be inquired into. 
 
 Between thefe fibres is feen the cortical 
 fubftance of the brain, the nature of which 
 thefe fibres do not feem to be unlike. It is 
 manifeft that this fubftance s s, as well as the 
 matter of the fibres gg, remarkably commu- 
 nicate with the brain, indeed that they both 
 rife out of it. ike 
 
 The brain of Bees confifts of four pair of 
 diftinétly confpicuous parts, to which, as a 
 fifth may be added, namely, the {pinal marrow 
 within the skull, or the principle or origin of 
 thefe little parts 7; nor can I befides thefe find 
 any others in this infect, not even the fo famous 
 pineal gland *. The two foremoft of thefe 
 little parts, fig. vi. ¢, are fomewhat globular 
 or pyriform, and emit two nerves on each 
 fide, which are divided again into two parts d d, 
 but their courfe, or the way they are fent off, 
 is ftill a fecret to me. The other three pair of 
 little parts I have not yet fo plainly difcovered, 
 as the firft here defcribed, becaufe they com- 
 municate and are connected with the three 
 particular little eyes before mentioned, which 
 are placed ina triangular form, fig. 1. between 
 the larger eyes here explained, and divided in 
 the manner juft laid down, though I could not 
 
 The BOOK of NAT RE a 
 
 fo diftin@ly as I could have withed explain 
 the method whereby this connexion and com- 
 munication are performed. The firft thing 
 that I have obferved diftinctly with regard to 
 thefe little eyes, is that they alfo have pellucid 
 cornea; and fecondly, that in their cavity there 
 likewife appears a coloured little part, which 
 may be called the uvea. But of what nature 
 this fubftance, which is under the uvea, is, and 
 whether it likewife confifts of numerous fibres, 
 or is itfelf a fingle fibre, I cannot determine, 
 though it feems to me to be a continued fub- 
 ftance. Thirdly, below this we fee thofe three 
 pair of little parts, which are as it were enclofed 
 within it: thefe are the reafons why I call 
 thefe parts eyes. To which may be added, that 
 the eyes of Spiders and Scorpions are exter- 
 nally formed exaétly in the fame manner, and — 
 are {mooth, glittering, and without divifions, 
 and they are difperfed as thofe that are difpofed 
 at random over the body. The Wolf Spider, 
 which catches its prey by leaping on it, and 
 not by means of webs, has its eyes placed in 
 the fame manner. But this fpecies has a very 
 exquifite and incredible fharp fight, compared 
 with other Spiders, which feem almoft blind 
 and, as it were, deftitute of motion, that they 
 may catch their prey, if any falls into their 
 {nare, with greater certainty. I have not yet 
 difcovered the internal ftructure of thefe three 
 eyes of the Bee. The letter 4, fig. v1. likewife 
 fhews the brain, or rather one pair of thofe 
 parts of the brain. We have before defcribed 
 and explained by what means the cortical 
 fubftance of the brain, is fhewn when the fibres 
 are taken from it. The letters ee feverally 
 fhew the third and fourth pair of little parts, 
 or the cerebellum, and alfo the manner where- 
 in thefe parts communicate with each other. 
 The cortical fibres, fig. 1v. 2 that iffue from 
 thefe, are reprefented in their fituation in the 
 fourth figure. In order to obferve the principle 
 or beginning of the fpinal marrow, fig. v. 7, 
 it is neceflary to begin the diffection of the eye 
 at the loweft part, or where the head is joined 
 to the thorax. But then if you only remove 
 the horny head, you will immediately fee the 
 
 fat, and the originations of the pulmonary 
 
 tubes, which are here very numerous, and 
 
 ‘the larger branches of which are diftributed 
 
 towards the upper parts ; but the {maller are 
 conneéted with the fat, in the fame manner as 
 the fcapus or ftalk of a bunch of grapes is 
 with its berries, and hence is produced a moft 
 agreeable fight: one or two membranes alfo 
 mutt be there feparated from the brain, before 
 the marrow comes in fight. But then one may 
 fee there very beautifully that other fpecies of 
 the fibres of the eye, Tab. XX. fig. v. 99, 
 
 which I have called the cortical fibres, and 
 
 reprefented under the letters fig. 1v. na”, in 
 
 * The Bees have probably all that delicacy of {mell, for which they are celebrated; but it is not true that they diftinguifh per- 
 fumes by their fondnefs, and ftinks by their averfion : certain fmells excite and others offend them; but their notions of fweet 
 and ftink are not the fame with ours. ‘They are fond of places where urine ftands to putrefy, than which there is fcarce any 
 {mell more offenfive. It had been faid they would fly in fondnefs toa man who had a nofegay of fweets about him, and that they 
 would fting any who carried ftinks ; but Mr. Reaumur made the experiment and found it falfe. There are wonders enough in 
 the real hiftory of thefe animals; "tis wrong to difgrace them with falfe and fittitious tales to make all fufpected. 
 
 the 
 
+c ers 
 
 The HISTOR Y-of INSECTS. 
 
 the preceding figure of the eye, the diffection 
 of which was begun at the upper part : then, 
 at the fame time, may be very beautifully feen 
 alfo the inferior or internal furface of the cor- 
 tical fubftance of the brain, fig. v. f/f; which 
 partly covers thefe cortical fibres. This cortical 
 fubftance likewife feems to be here divided in 
 the middle, which divifion is covered with a 
 kind of thin membrane. ‘This little part and its 
 divifions I have marked with the letters aa in 
 the fixth figure, which exhibits the fe¢tion in 
 the upper part. The marrow, fig. v. 7, as hath 
 been obferved, appears then very beautifully 
 placed between the cortical fubftance of the 
 brain; and at the fame time it may be feen how 
 it partly communicates and is connected with 
 that cortical fubftance. But I fhall afterwards 
 particularly delineate, to the glory of the great 
 Creator, and defcribe the whole marrow with 
 all its nerves. I fhall only obferve here, that,the 
 letter y, fig. 1. and v. exhibits the firft knot 
 which the marrow forms out of the brain ; 
 but fo, that in one figure it is placed above, 
 in the other below. Fig. v. 2 2, are the pyra- 
 midal fibres of the eye, deprived only of their 
 cornea on each fide. ww Exprefs the thickeft 
 part of the fibres, and the place where they 
 are moft coloured. x Shews the internal coat 
 of the eyes, before demonftrated under the 
 letter i fig. 1. in which the pyramidal figures 
 terminate. 
 
 Here alfo about the lower verge of the head 
 fome parts of the mouth are feen, together with 
 the two horny prominentilittle parts,wherein the 
 mutcles of the teeth or jaws are in part fixed, 
 and alfo the mufcles belonging to the begin- 
 ning of the cefophagus. But I pafs by all thefe 
 things at prefent, nor fhall I attempt to de- 
 {cribe the organs of hearing, or thofe of {mell- 
 ing, as I have not been hitherto able to ob- 
 ferve any veftiges of fuch; though I fhould 
 fcarce believe, that the all-powerful Creator, 
 who hath given to the Bees the organs of fight 
 fo wonderfully formed, fhould deny them 
 organs for the other fenfes. But fo great is 
 our weaknefs, that we are not able to compre- 
 hend and underftand natural things. 
 
 It is likewife very difficult and hard to find 
 the organs now mentioned in fithes and many 
 other animals, becaufe they have no external 
 paflage or opening. Thus I have obferved in 
 the Chameleon, that the aperture of the organ 
 of hearing opens into the mouth ; which is 
 likewife the cafe in the Frog. And hence it 
 neceflarily follows that the knowledge of the 
 ftruature of one animal throws a light on, and 
 fhews us the way to that of another. Indeed, 
 comparative anatomy is a moft faithful and 
 liberal miftrefs, fince the parts that are obfcure 
 and hard to be feen in one animal, may be 
 fometimes very diftinétly traced in another. 
 Before I difmifs the eyes, I fhall firft briefly 
 fubjoin here what I have feen and obferved 
 about thofe of fome other infects. 
 
 The eyes we have been hitherto defcribing 
 
 are formed in like manner in the working 
 
 ars 
 
 Bee: there is however this difference that ih 
 the latter they are vaftly fmaller, and there- 
 fore have the fewer number of inward fibres, 
 But to’ proceed in order, I fhall here obferve, 
 that if the skull, together with the cornea of 
 thefe three little eyes, be taken off the head at 
 the fame time, then immediately between 
 thefe eyes, and under the antennz or horns, 
 are obferved two oblong pulmonary bladders, 
 which I have not feen in the head of the 
 male, and which probably make the working 
 Bee light, and give it a greater agility. There 
 isa larger quantity of fat in the head of the 
 working Bee than in that of the male. This 
 fat being placed on a piece of very thin glafs, 
 and left fo until it is dried, becomes entirely 
 pellucid, becaufe its tender connecting white 
 membranes grow dry by this means, and hence 
 alfo the pulmonary tubes diftributed through 
 this fat now become confpicuous. ‘This fat 
 adheres in a wonderful manner, linked as it 
 were, and twifted under the skull ; the muf 
 cular fibres of the jaws are alfo here more 
 numerous than in the head of the male. 
 But the brain, the tranfverfe cortical or gray 
 fibres, and the cortical fubftance of the brain 
 itfelf, are here conftituted in like manner as 
 in the head of the male Bee, but they are 
 clearer and more eafily examined ; for the in- 
 verted pyramidal fibres fituated above are fewer 
 in the working Bee, and do not all prevent 
 the fubjacent parts being feen. 
 
 The eyes of the Wafp are conftructed 
 nearly in the fame manner, and in their ex- 
 ternal and internal form refemble the Turkith 
 kidney-beans, being bent fomewhat inwardly 
 towards the fides of the horns or antenna, 
 as if there was fome part cut off there. The 
 internal fibres anfwer to the external divifions, 
 as before obferved ; for as the pyramidal fibre 
 is extended by every divifion, it neceflarily 
 follows, that the internal figure of the eye is 
 entirely like the external. 
 
 In many fpecies of infects there is a confi- 
 derable and wonderful difference in refpect to 
 the external figure of the eye: How the eye 
 of the Rhinoceros Beetle is difpofed. and 
 fafhioned, is fhown by its figure. 
 
 In the Bee of Goedaert, which is really a 
 dunghill Fly, the eye is framed nearly in the 
 fame manner asin the working Bee; for under 
 the divifions of its cornea, there are likewife 
 placed a great number of pyramidal inverted 
 fibres, which being broken off with the cor- 
 nea, a very beautiful red or fomewhat. pur- 
 plith matter prefents itfelf; but when the 
 cornea is removed from the pyramidal fibres 
 without hurting them, they appear yellowith. 
 There are likewife innumerable pulmonary 
 tubes in this eye, and a great quantity of fat. 
 
 In the Libella, or Fly of Dr. Hooke, called 
 by the Englith the Dragon-Fly, and in Dutch 
 Puyftebyter and Rombout, the eye, in refpect 
 to its external divifions and ‘internal pyramidal 
 fibres, differs confiderably from the eye or the 
 
 Bee ; for the upper divifions are much larger 
 in 
 
ar6 The BO.O(K). of 
 
 in it, than the lower, and the internal pyramidal 
 inverted:fibres, which anfwer to the upper. di- 
 yifions, are in the fame manner much larger 
 than thofe which are connected with the lower. 
 The colour of the larger pyramidal) fibres is 
 purplifh, but the {maller are dufky or, blackith. 
 It would indeed be worth while, to fpend fome 
 time in. the examination of this eye, because ,a 
 very large affortment of thefe:fibres.is diftinctly 
 vifible in it, and maybe conveniently enough 
 managed ; befides that in. the hexangular divi- 
 fions of thefe fibres, which are. received: into 
 the cavities of ithe, cornea, fome, myfteries feem 
 to be ftill hidden. ,I-hope;I thall be able \to ,in- 
 veftigate them at fome other,time, when,I hall 
 enter into a more exact examination of the many 
 obfervations,that I;have-hitherto propofed ; for 
 the attentive {pirit that is neceflary in fuch a 
 number of things as are treated of therein, 
 mutt at times relax and growlanguid; and there- 
 fore I hall not. deny but that I may probably be 
 in {ome things deceived. 
 
 Some one may here object that the parts hi- 
 therto defcribed are not eyes, but furely nothing 
 is more plain and evident. The juftly celebrated 
 Hooke made feveral experiments to prove this.: 
 among others he wounded thefe eyes.and cut 
 off a part of them, by which means the crea- 
 tures loft their fight entirely. This experiment 
 may be made with little trouble ; and whereas 
 the wound and pain occafion fome change about 
 the fight, nothing more is necefflary but;to caver 
 thefe eyes with alittle black paint mixed with 
 oil, with a pencil, by this means thefe infects 
 become blind, and by all their actions immedi- 
 ately thew a perfect defect of fight. This ex- 
 periment may be beft made on thofe F lies, 
 the eyes whereof have no hairs, and therefore 
 may be eafily coloured. It is wonderful to fee 
 show tame and gentle the Fly becomes when its 
 eyes are thus covered with paint; it faffers itfelf 
 to be caught every moment, and when it runs 
 or flies, you will fee it {tumbling everywhere, 
 and when this happens it is driven back, like a 
 ball, by whatever eppolce it; unlefs it fhould 
 perhaps fix itfelf quick enough by the help of 
 its claws, and. thus avoid falling, as I have 
 fometimes obferved. 
 
 This is the ftru@ure. of the Bee’s eye, and 
 of the eye of other infects in general. The 
 famous Dr. Hooke hath endeavoured to exhibit 
 a magnified figure of fuch an eye, defigned from 
 the Libella in thetwenty-third andtwenty-fourth 
 plates of his juftly celebrated micrography. It 
 will be now asked by what means is the fenfe 
 of vifion performed in Bees and other infeéts? 
 1 anfwer, that the conftruction of the eye fhews 
 clearer than the light at noon, that vifion is not 
 
 performed in it, as it is in us, and many other 
 
 animals, by collecting the rays of light, which- 
 
 paffing through the pupil fall upon the retina ; 
 but merely by the contact of thefe inverted py- 
 ramidal fibres, formed by the light propelled 
 through the cornea. ‘Thefe eyes are fo difpofed 
 as to receive the appearances of things by the 
 imple appulfe of the reflected light; and this 
 
 ¢ 
 
 NA T UjR-E; 
 
 method, of fenfation cannot but be very lively, 
 But-as the pupil is never in thefe creatures con- 
 
 of, 
 
 -tra€ted as it is in us, nor hath any foramen. or 
 
 aperture, hence it follows that the fenfe of 
 feeing muft, be very: perfect in infe@ts, on-ac- 
 count. of the great number of rays. which con- 
 ftantly fall on their,eyes. And hence it likewife 
 is, ,that, many .infects fee in the .night: .the 
 Dragon-Fly, , therefore, . from . the :fame caufe, 
 
 -yery, quickly. catches its prey flying, ‘Che organs 
 
 of fight, which infects poffels, can by, no-means 
 be, compared with our eyes, or with the camera 
 ob{cura, formed, upon.their.principle, -in which 
 the appearances of things are by. the. help of re- 
 flexion. painted,on a.paper.or white cloth. On 
 this occafion I cannot ,but infert...an incident, 
 
 »which the jilluftrious and ,incomparable Boyle, 
 
 in. his treatife_of colours, relates of a blind per- 
 fon, who, by diftinguifhing the roughnefs of 
 coloured. fubftances, could accurately, diftinguifh 
 their feveral colours by his fingers. ‘This method 
 of feeing, if it may befo called, being perform- 
 ed by jtouching, is.in.fome meafure.like that 
 which obtains in the.eyes of infects. But-how 
 
 this vifion is really performed in infe€ts, and 
 
 by what means that great number of pyrami- — 
 dal fibres are excited by the light - falling on 
 them, as alfo how this,motion is communicated 
 to the fubjacent reticulated membranes, and 
 from them afterwards is conveyed to;the tran 
 verfe fibres underneath ; and from thefe again 
 to the cortical fubftance of the brain; from the 
 Jatter to the nerves and at length to the origina- 
 tion of the marrow or brain, no perfon can ex- 
 plain: this can be known only tothe all-feeing 
 Creator of the univerfe. He alone can tellwhether 
 vifible appearances or objects in infects are ftopt 
 on the uveaor not. It is enough for me to'con- 
 fefs my own weaknefs, and, after explainin 
 
 the conftruction of this eye, to proclaim aloud 
 the praifes of the fupreme Architect, I mutt 
 likewife acknowledge that I began thefe obfer- 
 vations with the greateft pleafure at the end of 
 September in this year 1673, and that they 
 gave me more delight than if I had feveral 
 hundreds years added to my life. I hope that 
 this matter will {hew the omnipotence and un- 
 limited power of God, and inflame with the 
 moft eae love towards their Creator, thofe 
 frozen fouls, which ftill deny the divine pro- 
 vidence in refpect to thefe little creatures. In- 
 deed if we could accomplifh this with our 
 labours, it ought to give us the greateft joy, for 
 it is for this purpofe only and not to trifle away 
 time, or acquire immortal fame or glory, that 
 Re ought diligently to inveftigate the works of 
 
 od. 
 
 I likewife faw at the fame time, that each of 
 the antenne'or horns, where they are articulated 
 with the head, have three or four diftiné& 
 mufcles, by the help of which they can be 
 moved various ways, and may therefore both 
 affift the fight and defend the eyes from injury 
 and any thing ftriking againft them. I have not, 
 attempted to difcover the mufeles of the other — 
 joints, whereof the antenne or horns confift ; 
 
 for © 
 
pimteials aeGe iter Gy 
 
 ; 
 : 
 
 ee | Pa ea eee eee eee) oo e. 
 + re oF us fF 
 = 
 
 The 
 
 for they are fo minute that neither the eyes, 
 the hands, nor the underftanding of -man, 
 nor our inftruments we ufe can examine them 
 juttily. The fame muft be acknowledged of 
 the mufcular fibres of the jaws or teeth, fince 
 we are incapable of difcovering their excel- 
 lent conftruction and beauty, or of juitly de- 
 {cribing or delineating them. I fhall, how- 
 ever, fay fomething of the feather-like hairs 
 of the head of the Bee, when I treat of thofe 
 of the thorax; which I fhall now proceed to 
 defcribe. 
 
 The external figure of the thorax is in the 
 upper part convex, but towards the hinder 
 parts it is finuated, and is adorned with a 
 fomewhat prominent margin about its extre- 
 mity. On each fide of the anterior part 
 there appear the f{capule or fhoulder-blades, 
 by which the wings are joined : a little lower 
 on each fide under the wings and fcapule 
 are feen the points of refpiration ; whereof 
 the orifices are oval, and furrounded with a 
 horny margin. The under face of the breaft 
 is divided into two parts, which are ftretched 
 fomewhat obliquely and bent downwards, and 
 give infertion to the laft pair of legs joined to 
 the lower edge, as the firft pair of legs are 
 articulated with the fore parts of the breaft: 
 thefe, when the head is drawn from the 
 trunk of the body, adhere to the head, and are 
 pulled off with it. The breaft is of a horny 
 or bony fubftance, and is thick fet above, be- 
 low, and on the fides with feather-like hairs, 
 which are of equal fize and length in the 
 upper region of the breaft. Thefe hairs, 
 which are diftributed over the whole furface 
 of the body, and are found even in the head 
 of the common or working Bee, as. alfo between 
 and under the horns of the males, are all of 
 them, as hath been faid before, perfectly like 
 downy feathers, and particularly like the down 
 of Swans, or thofe remarkable hairy feathers 
 confpicuous in the tails of Peacocks ; the mid- 
 dle {talk of which feathers is furrounded with 
 many {cattered lateral hairs. 
 
 Before I proceed to the diffection of the 
 internal parts, I muft repeat again that Bees 
 produce their humming noife with their wings 
 only: fince the fmall, membranous, move- 
 
 _ able wings at the fhoulders, may eafily pro- 
 
 duce fuch a noife, by means of the air pro- 
 pelled from the fubjacent pulmonary tubes: 
 for no points of refpiration open into the 
 mouth, which is to be well obferved : to~this 
 may be added, that the narrownefs ofthe 
 trunk is not adapted for modulating the air; 
 if any of the latter fhould be impelled thither 
 out of the ftomach, in which, indeed Ihave 
 found air. The wings of Flies are wonder- 
 fully formed in that part where they make 
 this noife ; though this ftructure is very diffe- 
 rent in the various kinds, Some Locufts in- 
 deed make a noife by the rufhing together of 
 the wings; and for this purpofe nature has 
 given them near the hinder part of the wing 
 towards the breatt a fingular {mall part, which, 
 
 H EST OR -¥ 
 
 o.4 N SBC :.T'S, 
 
 when moved, forms a diftin& found like a 
 thin plate of metal. Other {pecies of Locufts 
 make a noife. by rubbing their wings againft 
 their legs. Crickets and Mole-Crickets mo= 
 dulate the air in fuch a manner by the help of 
 their wings, that the chirping noife they make 
 is produced from thence. The Grafshopper 
 has two peculiar {mall drums, like the drum 
 of our ear, which, being ftruck by the help 
 of two lunated cartilages, vibrate the air in 
 fuch a manner as to produce that found. Bee. 
 tles make a noife by rubbing the horny parts 
 of their head againft the articulations of the 
 breaft, and the parts about the tail with the 
 cafes of their wings. All the infeéts to which 
 nature gave fingular organs for making a 
 noife are of the male fex: this may be {een 
 diftinétly in the Locutfts, Grafshoppers, and 
 others, the females of which make no noife. 
 In regard to the wings of Bees, we may ob- 
 ferve they are here and there briftly, and that 
 the veins and nerves confpicuous in them, 
 are only fcattered pulmonary tubes, by the 
 help of which, as we have before exprefied 
 in words and figures, the wings are for the 
 moit part difpanded. 
 
 The contents of the thorax are various : 
 they are the moving fibres of the legs and 
 wings, and alfo fome which are defigned for 
 moving the abdomen, and others for moving 
 the neck. Thefe mufcular fibres fill almost 
 the whole thorax. The other parts to be 
 found there are the pulmonary tubes, fome 
 fat, the gullet, and the fpinal marrow: all 
 thefe I thall now pafs by, and only fay fome- 
 thing of the mufcular fibres, and fhall then 
 proceed to the contents of the belly. On this 
 occafion I fhall give a defcription of the fpinal 
 marrow. ‘The mufcular fibres of the breaft, 
 as we have already related, fill its whole cavity, 
 and may be divided eafily into thofe which move 
 the fore, middle, and the hinder legs, and 
 into thofe which ferve to move the wings : 
 for where thefe parts are fituated, there are 
 feen the tendons of thofe fibres, which are 
 afterwards expanded and flefhy in the thorax, 
 and afterwards becoming tendinous, above in 
 the upper region of the breaft, are there fixed 
 as it were into an horny little part. The 
 fibres which are implanted in the middle of 
 the thorax ftand almoft perpendicular, but 
 thofe which are inferted fomewhat lower to- 
 wards the fides, are more oblique ; and thofe 
 that are in the anterior part united to the legs, 
 run entirely oblique and are almoft flat. 
 Where the mufcles are fixed to the wings, 
 there is a kind of diftin@ articulation, befides 
 that by the help of which the greateft_mo- 
 tion of the wings is performed. If the fibres 
 of the thorax ‘are feparated from each other, 
 they divide into oblong hairs, as it were, which 
 are connected with delicate, white, nervous, 
 and tranfverfe fibrille, and are at length here 
 divided fo minutely, that I mutt: defift. from 
 further fcarch ; being filled, as before, with 
 admiration of the divine Architect, who here 
 
 = in 
 
 217 
 
218 
 
 in a fmall fibre manifefts to me his omnipo- 
 tence and my weaknefs. For to this purpofe 
 only, and that we may terminate our greatelt 
 defires and ftrength in him and in his pleafure, 
 all his works are offered to our contemplation. 
 When I opened the margin or verge before- 
 mentioned, and which is vifible in the hinder 
 extremity of the thorax, it appears full only 
 of pulmonary tubes and fat. A 
 ‘The parts contained in the abdomen of tite 
 male are indeed as admirable as thofe which 
 I have before explained as fituated in that 
 part of the working Bee and of the female. 
 But as no difference occurs here in regard to 
 the ftomach, inteftines, and other parts, I 
 {hall defcribe only the organs of generation in 
 the male: for thus the. difference between 
 this male and the female, which has an ovary, 
 and alfo between that and the working Bee, 
 
 which is not furnifhed with either male or’ 
 
 female organs, will be more evident. After 
 this a fhort defcription of the fpinal marrow 
 fhall conclude the whole of this diffection. 
 Though this fpinal marrow be formed alike in 
 each of the three kinds of Bees, yet I chufe 
 rather to defcribe it particularly in the male 
 than in the working Bee, becaufe the male 
 has a larger body. 
 
 The genital organs of the male are ex- 
 tremely large and very eafily vifible ; for they 
 poffefs the whole abdomen, nay, the abdo- 
 men of the males feem to be larger than that 
 of other Bees, that it may be capable of con- 
 taining them. ‘This will be teftified by the 
 moft ferene duke of Tufcany, Cofmus III. 
 who in the year 1668, in company with the 
 Wlu@rious Mr. Thevenot, vouchfafed to view 
 at my houfe, with great admiration at the 
 fupreme Creator, thefe parts in ‘the Bee, and 
 gracioufly to honour my labours by this un- 
 merited vifit. ‘The genitals of the male Bee, 
 if we confider the {mallnefs of the whole 
 infect, by far furpafs, with refpect to the quan- 
 tity of fperm, thofe of all other animals what- 
 foever. That feed is contained chiefly in the 
 feminal veficles or bladders, as is the cafe in 
 other infects, and in larger animals, as Moles, 
 Hedge-hogs, and Rats, which, as they are 
 fwelled with abundance of {perm, have greater 
 plenty of it collected in thefe bladders than in 
 their tefticles. I could almoft fay that it is 
 fo in man likewife; for when I compare the 
 narrownefs of the filament or vefiel of the 
 tefticle with the capacity of the feminal blad- 
 ders, and at the fame time confider the quan- 
 tity of the feminal matter, generated in the 
 veficles themfelves, that it ‘is not transferred 
 thither, according to the common opinion, out 
 of the tefticles. But to proceed:; we muft ac- 
 curately obferve, that the parts which con- 
 tribute to ‘generation, and alfo to exclude or 
 expel the {perm are the following: two 
 teiticles, Tab. 2X1. fig. 1. @a@; two vafa de- 
 ferentia 54; thefe are diftended cc on each 
 fide to a larger and more remarkable fize than 
 the tefticles themfelves ; the two feminal blad- 
 
 The BOOK of NA TU R ES, of, 
 
 ders or veficles dd, of a ftupendous bulk ; the 
 root of the penis ce ; avery confiderable horny 
 little part which is placed f fomewhat towards 
 the anterior end in the thickeft part of the 
 root of the penis; the penis itfelf, or the part 
 analogous to it or like it g ; another little part 
 of a bright red colour diftinguifhed & by five 
 divifions; and under it, on the other fide, 
 another but larger pyramidal little part 7: 
 laftly, there are the two pointed ££ yellow ap- 
 pendages of the pudendum, with red ends, 
 and invefted with a very thin skin, which 
 contain this ruddy colour, and when wounded 
 readily difcharges it.» The little figure mark- 
 ed fig. 11.0 reprefents all the parts hitherto 
 recited in their natural fize. The tefticles, 
 fig, 1.@@are placed in the upper region of 
 the abdomen, and fituated as it were at the 
 back or loins ; as is the cafe in Birds, Frogs, 
 and other animals.. They feem to me to 
 confit of tubes, as in the water Beetle, the 
 genitals of which I fhall hereafter delineate. 
 Innumerable pulmonary tubes are likewife in- 
 ferted into the tefticles, which greatly prevent 
 the ftruCture of the latter from being invefti- 
 gated according to one’s wifhes. ‘Thefe are 
 of a pale citron colour with a tinge of purple, 
 which is likewife the cafe in Silkworms. The 
 vafa deferentia 5 4 are very {mall, flender, and 
 delicate in their ftru€ture, and appear whitith 
 on account of the fperm which fhews itfelf 
 through them: they are twifted like the ten- 
 drils of a vine; nor do they appear to the ob- 
 ferver until after the pulmonary tubes, which 
 join together their knots and convolutions, are 
 gently and by degrees cut off with great care 
 and very tedious labour. Thefe pipes are fo 
 ftrongly conneéted with the winding of the 
 vafa deferentia, and with that part of them 
 which becomes broader, and alfo with the 
 tefticles themfelves, that they feem to con- 
 {titute as it were one body with all thefe parts. 
 The vafa deferentia are here, as they are in 
 man and brute animals, joined by one extre- 
 mity to the tefticles ; a little further examina- 
 tion fhews very plain, how thefe vafa defe- 
 rentia are dilated, and refemble as well in re- 
 fpeét to their colour as the inferted pulmonary 
 tubes, fecondary, or other tefticles, But be- 
 ing more accurately examined, they difcover — 
 within a confiderable cavity, which the tefticles — 
 have not, They are likewife of a glandular 
 ftru@ure, and are diftended with a feminal 
 matter, which immediately flows out of them 
 when wounded. Before thefe vefiels are con- 
 nected with the root of the penis and open 
 into its cavity, they are a fecond time con- 
 trated in a remarkable manner, and appear 
 only fimple tubes, or {mall feminal vefiels : 
 they are at length inferted by their other 
 extreme into the lower part of the fpermatic 
 bladders. I think that in this dilatation ce of 
 thefe veflels, a feminal matter is certainly 
 fecreted; and in like manner I do not doubt 
 but the fame happens in man, where the vala 
 deferentia are dilated into the form of bladders. 
 
 Next 
 
Pgh Cs Sey N Pee op UA PEAEAR LCT REMC POTTER) a yeere ERR oye oes cf arg re gs Saees 
 a * 
 
 ; 
 
 SFE DT 
 
 The 
 
 Next the vafa deferentia are placed the femi- 
 nal veficles dd; thefe are wonderfully large, 
 and are full of feminal matter; they are whiter 
 than fnow, and are of a very fine texture. 
 They feem, indeed, to be of a glandular con- 
 firuction, only that the mufcular fibres alfo, by 
 the help of which they are contracted ‘to caft 
 
 ut the fperm, run through them; fuch a con- 
 traction is common to all the other mufcular 
 fibres, after they are drawn out of the body: 
 I have feen even thefe veficles, after being taken 
 out of the body of the Bee, contract and 
 wrinkle themfelves up by degrees. Here we 
 fhould well obferve, that near the beginning of 
 the root of the penis two remarkable nerves 2” 
 are inferted in the {permatic veffels, and which 
 give many branches both to thefe veflels and 
 to the root of the penis, contributing to the 
 motion and titillation of thefe parts. That 
 part of the {pinal marrow m, from which thefe 
 nerves arife, is here delineated fomewhat late- 
 rally. Near thefe nerves likewife, there appear 
 two other little parts or ligaments//, by the 
 intervention of which the genital parts are tied 
 or faftened in their places in the abdomen, fo 
 that they cannot go out of their proper fitua- 
 tion without force: this, however, I would 
 not have underftood of the root of the penis, 
 and fome other parts which are moveable, as 
 fhall be fhewn hereafter. 
 
 Near the orifices of the feminal bladders and 
 vafa deferentia, when the latter are more con- 
 tracted, the root of the penis fhows itfelf, 
 Tab. XXI. fig. 1.e¢; itisa confiderable long 
 and crooked tube; it becomes the more dilated 
 and diftended, the more it advances toward 
 the ouitfide, until at length it expands itfelf into 
 a globeiof confiderable thicknefs, and being 
 then fomewhat contracted again, it forms at 
 laft a more confiderable oval tubercle or f{wel- 
 ling. On the infide in this dilatation of the 
 root of the penis, there adheres a pelucid horny 
 part, of a deep brown, but fomewhat ruddy 
 colour, and fet with finall cavities This 
 part appears to be divided in the middle, and 
 in that place is feen the limpid and clear colour 
 of the penis. In the anterior or fore fide, but * 
 a little on one fide of the part juft now men- 
 tioned, may be obferved two other horny, 
 fhorter, and fmaWer parts, which feemed to be 
 joined together. ‘The ftructure of the root of 
 the penis is nervous or cartilaginous, not yet 
 hardened. Where this root is diftended with 
 fperm, it is much whiter than where its fub- 
 ftance is more plainly feen, being in fuch parts 
 limpid, and not fo white, but rather refembling 
 
 las. This is the cafe likewife in the femi- 
 
 nal bladders; where thefe, not yet {wollen 
 with the feminal matter, prefent their proper 
 fubftance to view. 
 
 Under the little part juft now deferibed, and 
 fomewhat on one fide of it, appears the penis g, 
 or the part that feems moft analogous to a pe- 
 nis; of this I fhall {peak more largely hereafter. 
 On the other fide is feend that the genital vef- 
 fels, which appear to be diftinguithed into five 
 
 HY ST @ Ri Yieob 
 
 INSECT 5. 
 
 divifions, and a little lower, and aS it were on 
 the other fide, there is feen another fimilar but 
 undivided little part z, which when diffected is 
 found to be fhaggy, unequal, and as it were 
 briftly. ‘The former little part which is divid= 
 ed by five rings, appears alfo to be of the fame 
 ftructure. Thefe three hinder little parts, as 
 well as the fubjacent and hollow appendages ££, 
 appear wrinkled and contracted, like compref= 
 fed, tender, and delicate membranes ; the rea- 
 fon of which will be foon fhewn. The fe- 
 minal veficles therefore, as has been obferved, 
 and the vafa deferentia, as well in their begin- 
 ning near the tefticles, as where they terminate 
 after they have grown narrower, aS alfo the 
 root of the penis, every part of thefe is pellu- 
 cid: wherefore, whenever they are difcharged 
 of feed, they appear like white 'glafs, or like 
 veal, or any other jelly: but when the {perm is 
 feparated in the veficles or root of the penis, 
 there is then a very fine appearance, as of glafly 
 marble or agat, diftinguifhed or variegated with 
 white fpots. This is a fhort defcription of what 
 belongs to the ftruture of thefe parts: many 
 things more may be obferved, which I thall 
 defer to another opportunity. If we confider 
 the ufe of thefe parts in coition, and the man- 
 ner the fperm is fecreted, thefe ‘are indeed fo 
 admirable that they almoft furpafs all that has 
 been hitherto faid. For the little part which 
 we have called the penis g, as alfo the other 
 part with its five rings hb, and the clofed and 
 pointed appendages £&, areall of them ereéted, 
 and in the ereétion turn and invert themfelves 
 in fuch a manner, that their internal furface is 
 turned perfectly out:) this is done in the fame 
 manner as we take off our glove, or pull the 
 skin off a Hare or other fuch animal, by turn- 
 ing the infide out. Hence I am in doubt 
 whether this fhould be called an erection, rather 
 than an inverfion, produced by the heat of the 
 parts; all thefe parts are at the fame time alfo 
 
 diftended with air. Indeed I do not remem- 
 
 ber to have hitherto feen any thing in nature 
 
 wherewith I can compare this action. I dm 
 
 fenfible that Snails turn out their horns, and 
 
 take them in nearly in the fame manner; but 
 
 the air contributes nothing to this, the whole 
 
 action is evidently performed by the help of 
 confpicuous and elegantly conftructed mutcles ; 
 
 but this does not happen in regard to the erec- 
 
 tion in the Bee. If many Bees are kept toge- 
 
 ther in a box, it frequently happens that thefe 
 
 parts are obferved to turn themfelves out of 
 their body in the manner juft mentioned: and 
 
 on this occafion I have alfo found that the fame 
 
 thing may be effected by art; that is, by tak- 
 
 219 
 
 ‘ing the body between the fingers, and then 
 
 expreffing or fqueezing thefe parts out at the 
 
 hinder part. 
 When the male is about to difcharge the 
 
 {perm, or to erect or rather evolve the penis, 
 then, that I may now fpeak in general of the 
 extuberance of the genitals, the .clofed» and 
 pointed appendages are turned out. This is 
 performed in theie as well as the -reft of the 
 
 parts, 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 arts, by the air which is impelled inwards, 
 be a ek time they are all ‘aicd with wind. 
 The inverfion of thefe parts is performed in 
 this manner; the extreme and hairy part, Tab. 
 XXI. fig. m1. 7. of the pudendum is firft 
 forced out by the Bee, and then the horny ¢ ¢ 
 extremity of the fame pudendum is likewife 
 advanced out frorn the laft rings of the body, 
 and at the fame time the root. of the penisee, 
 together with the faid horny part f contained 
 in it, ftarts or is thrown forward, and the vafa 
 deferentia c c, and feminal veficles d d, are like- 
 wife drawn fomewhat towards the fore parts. 
 Afterwards the four diftinét little parts begin to 
 fwell and throw themfelves out of the body; 
 that is, the two pointed appendages £4, the 
 pyramidal particles 2, and the fine ringed little 
 
 arth. Before thefé four parts are erected and 
 thruft forth, one may fee in what manner they 
 {well forwards through four diftinc little cavi- 
 ties, fuch as are feen in the fingers of a glove, 
 when you have juft begun to invert them. 
 And farther, one of the clofed appendages, as 
 alfo, the little part with its fine rings are feen 
 through the skin. 
 
 The-appendages, as I have already obferved, 
 are firft inverted, and their bafis is then turned 
 out, Tab. XXI. fig. 1v.//, when we fee their 
 clofed extremities {till lying between them and 
 not’ yet inverted. But the pyramidal little part 
 alfoz is then unfolded more and more upwards, 
 as well as the fine ringed little organ/; the 
 horny part alfo fituated at the root of the pe- 
 nis f is then propelled or pufhed further for- 
 wards, and is fixed higher in the horny little 
 part of the pudendum g ¢; but the hairy part 
 of this is no way changed in its fituation. 
 
 Then the appendages being by degrees en- 
 tirely inverted, appear diftended and {wollen, 
 Tab. XXII. fig. 1. 22, at which time the root 
 of the penis e, together with its interior little 
 horny part f, are moved yet farther outwards, 
 and this begins to penetrate fomewhat deeper 
 into the cavity g g of the horny or bony part 
 of the pudendum: the pyramidal little part 7 
 alfo is now turned further out, and the little 
 part with fine rings 4, which is then partly in- 
 verted now appears to the eye: however, the 
 fhaggy part 7 of the pudendum as yet fuffers 
 no change. 
 
 But at this very time the pyramidal little part 
 fig. 11. ¢ is at length all turned out and ex- 
 panded, and the other little part likewife {hews 
 atfelf: it has five divifions, and fhort briftly 
 hairs; and it now appears very elegantiy and 
 beautifully bent 4. This makes the more agree- 
 able fight, as thefe five divifions are.of a bright 
 red colour, but the reft of this little part is 
 mempbranaceous and whitifh. The clofed ap- 
 pendages & & retain their figure, and only the 
 horny little part fituated in the root of the pe- 
 nis, is by degrees more and more thruft out, 
 and is further introduced into the horny part of 
 the genitals. . Hence it happens that the root 
 of the penis e becomes ftraighter, whilft the 
 
 220 
 
 NATURE; of, 
 
 fhaggy part r of the pudendum {till remains a8 
 it was. 
 
 If one continues to prefs out thefe parts fur- 
 ther, the skin being the pyramidal little part, 
 and that which has five divifions, is by degrees 
 widened and diftended; and hence it after- 
 wards happens, that what is called the penis, 
 fig, 111. g, appears there in this manner ; it 
 turns itfelf entirely out, exhibiting a membrana- 
 ceous ftructure, and beautiful corrugations in the 
 head ¢. Then the pyramidal particle 7 like- 
 wife becomes entirely unfolded and expanded ; 
 and the horny little part f enclofed in the root 
 of the penis,’ is entirely, with a great part of 
 the root itfelf, prefled out of the body. This 
 is forced through the middle of the horny, 
 Tab. XXII. fig. 111. gg, and hairy rr part 
 of the genitals: hence the little part with fine 
 rings is then likewife dilated and extended fo 
 far, that on each fide it appears wholly reclined 
 towards the hairy part rr of the pudendum. 
 As thefe parts are pellucid, the horny little 
 part f is feen through the skin of the penis, 
 whilft in the mean time the little part with 
 fine rings being plainly drawn down under it, 
 refembles as it were an expanded membrane, 
 and appears marked with fome lines or bright 
 red grooves or furrows, between which are feen 
 its five divifions. I do not think it neceflary to 
 delineate all and each of thefe : but the clofed 
 appendages £2 are then, without any regard to 
 thefe feveral changes, obferved to remain in 
 their former figure and fituation. 
 
 Whilft thefe parts are in this ftate below the 
 penis as it is called g, is feen a confiderable 
 aperture z, which appears underneath and be- 
 tween the divifions of the horny little part fi- 
 tuated inwardly at the root of the penis; 
 through this aperture, not only the {aid little 
 organ but a great part of the root of the pe- 
 nis may be forced, and thus will caufe the 
 {perm to flow plentifully from thence. The be- 
 fore defcribed cavity of the genitals feems from 
 hence, therefore, to be the true paflageu of 
 the fperm, though for fome time I have attri- 
 buted that office to what is called the penis gf; 
 but I obferve that this as well as the other parts 
 is clofed and has no orifice. Wherefore I can- 
 not imagine what ufe this little part is of; as 
 I do not yet conceive the purpofe of that other 
 little part, which one may take for a penis. 
 On the contrary, I think I very clearly fee that 
 the internal horny particle f is made in order 
 to dilate the root of the penis with its ftiff- 
 nefs, and to preferve it when opened, by which 
 an eafy paflage is given to the femen through 
 the latter. Indeed, in my opinion there was 
 a neceflity for fuch a caution, on account of 
 the great impetus wherewith thefe parts are 
 forced out; for if that little part were not hard 
 as horn, the faid paffage would be eafily {queez- . 
 ed together, and confequently the ejection of 
 the feed hindered. But whether thefe particles 
 which are inflated with air, contribute to pro- 
 pel the reft of the parts out of the body, and 
 
 whether 
 
eS 
 
 iit dee eet Be 
 
 The HISTORY of INSECTS. 
 
 whether the cavity through which I fuppofe 
 the {perm pafles, are natural or produced by 
 the force wherewith I preffed thefe parts out 
 of the body, muft be {till more accurately in- 
 veftigated, for thefe are not fufficiently clear 
 to me. 
 
 It is now time to defcribe the peculiar inver- 
 fion of thefe parts. The clofed and pointed 
 appendages, Tab. XXI. fig. 1. £4, then begin 
 firft to emerge and to be inverted by degrees, 
 fig. 111. and rv. &&, until at length they are 
 all entirely thrown out, Tab. XXII. fig. 1. R&. 
 At the fame time the pyramidal particle pre- 
 pares to iflue, Tab. XXI. fig. 11. and iv. 4, 
 and turning itfelf more and more about it; 
 Tab. XXII. fig. 1. becomes extuberant, until 
 finally it is entirely extended, fig. 11.7. Then 
 the five ringed little part, Tab: XXI. fig. 1. 
 is obferved, fig. 111. and rv. 4, to appear by 
 little and little, and to invert itfelf, Tab. XXII. 
 fig. 1. 6, until it is difplayed a little more, and 
 then it is entirely inverted, exhibiting to the 
 eye a very beautiful fight, fig. 11.4. In the 
 laft place, Tab. XXI. fig. 1. g, the penis, as 
 it is called, is by degrees propelled between the 
 pyramidal part and that which has five divifi- 
 ons, and is inflated with air, Tab. XXII. fig: 
 111. g, ¢, and at the fame time the quinque- 
 partite little part is entirely dilated, and under 
 what is called the penis, entirely towards the 
 hairy part of the genitalsrr. In the mean 
 time whilft thefe things are doing, the root of 
 the penis ¢ and its inward horny particle f, is by 
 degrees moved forward and thruft out of the 
 body, fo that the orifice out of which the 
 fperm is difcharged u may be very diftinétly 
 feen. 
 
 As almoft all thefe parts are thruft out by 
 force of the air, the reafon is obvious why 
 fome. of them, when not diftended with air, 
 appear wrinkled and contracted in the body, 
 Tab. XXI. fig. 1. ghbikk. It appears alfo 
 for what reafon I call this little part ¢ the penis, 
 and that is, becaufe it bears fome refemblance 
 toa penis, Tab. XXII. fig. 111. g ¢. Indeed, 
 if it be perforated and erefted by force of 
 blood and {perm, one may more properly take 
 it for a penis'than the fine ringed little part, 
 which is likewife impervious. The pofterior 
 part of this penis next to the body w is very 
 beautiful, refembling in brightnefs the foot of 
 a cryftal drinking glafs -with fmall ribs, only 
 that a little whitenefs intermixed obfcures in 
 fome meafure the brightnefs. 
 
 From the defcription and figures of the ge- 
 nital organs thus exhibited, it is fufficiently evi- 
 dent, that it is fcarce poffible that all, and in- 
 deed, hardly credible that any of thefe parts 
 fhould be admitted into the body of the female: 
 wherefore, I firmly believe that the female Bee 
 
 _isimpregnated only by the ftrong effluvia of 
 
 the male fperm, after the Bee has difcharged it: 
 nor would I have this doétrine rejected by any 
 perfon as abfurd though feemingly ftrange. For 
 firft, though a penis or little part like it feems 
 to be given to the male Bee, yet this is by no 
 
 i ar it ER Aono — : — 
 
 22i 
 means ‘fufficient for impregnation ; becaufe it is 
 not only impervious, but by reafon of its fitu- 
 ation and figure, it cannot, I think, be admit- 
 ted into the female’s body, Nay, though the 
 penis fhould be admitted thither, yet it could 
 not convey the {perm into the uterus, the lat- 
 ter being difcharged through a quite different 
 paflage. In Hornets there is a wonderful and 
 diftinGtly vifible penis; on each fide of it are 
 feen two horny hooks like claws, by the help 
 of which the male Hornet fixes himfelf to the 
 extreme ring where the female’s vulva is, and 
 then advances its penis further into the uterus. 
 In the Silkworms and in the horned Beetles the 
 fame may be feen ftill plainer; I have found 
 from experience that the male fperm of Bees 
 exhales a rank and ftrong odour; fo that if 
 there be feven or eight males together enclofed 
 in the little box; this is more ftrongly infeéted 
 with the efluvia of fperm than any one could 
 believe, who hath hever {melled thefe feminal 
 vapours: And though the parts alfo containing 
 this {perm have no aperture in the male, and 
 the faid orifice was perhaps produced by me 
 only, by the violent {queezing of the pofterior 
 patt of the body, yet it does not therefore feem 
 lefs probable that the fubtile particles of the 
 {perm may eafily penetrate through the tender 
 and.inflated membranes of the genital organs, 
 and by their effluvia only impregnate the fe- 
 male: Does not experience teach, that even 
 the white as well asthe yoke infenfibly infpire 
 through the membranes and hard fhell of the 
 egg? Secondly, though the males were pro- 
 vided with a penis fit for real coition, yet they 
 never have an opportunity of copulating with 
 the female, fince the is always furrounded with . 
 great numbers of the working Bees, nor is fhe 
 ever any where left alone by them; fo that one 
 cannot by any means imagine that the working 
 Bees grant the female a place and accefs to 
 exercife venery. But if any one objects, that 
 the males probably engender with the female 
 when they adhere about the cell, out of which 
 the female iffues; this cannot be allowed, fince 
 their genital organs are not obferved to. be con- 
 ftituted in fuch a manner as to be accommo- 
 dated to or for this bufinefs.. However, if 
 the aperture beforementioned, through which 
 the {perm flows, be naturally. in the genital 
 parts, I readily accede to the opinion of one of 
 my friends, who thinks that the males when 
 they penetrate through the noily {warm of the 
 other Bees, rub a little of the {perm upon the 
 female’s body, and thus impregnate her: but 
 this opinion is deftroyed if that orifice whence 
 the femen iffued is not natural. Upon the 
 whole, it feems to me more probable, that the 
 female is impregnated only by the frong and 
 very fubtile effluvia of the male feed. For if 
 only eight male Bees are able to emit a very 
 ftrong odour, what will four hundred of them 
 together do in a hive? It is probable there is 
 in general a greater number than this of males 
 in one hive, which would not indeed be diffi- 
 cult to know, if one would count either the 
 L111 males 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 tnales themfelves, or the cells whence they are 
 excluded. To which may be added, that other 
 creatures impregnate their females only by con- 
 taét, or by afperfion or fprinkling, as 1s plainly 
 the cafe in Fith. In the fith’kind we fee plain- 
 ly, that the eggs or {pawn caft by the female 
 into the water, are only fprinkled or dafhed 
 with the melt or fperm of the male, and are 
 by this means fecundated. ‘The fame thing 
 holds with refpect to the Ephemerus, whofe fe- 
 male flying in the air drops her eggs into the 
 water, and the male then feeks after them, and 
 fprinkles and fertilizes them with his fperm. 
 As therefore the water ferves Fifhes as a me- 
 dium, through which the impregnating virtue 
 of the fperm is communicated to the eggs, 
 {hall it be thought improbable, that the air is a 
 medium of the fame kind to the Bees, by 
 means of which the fubtile particles of the feed 
 difperfed through the hive, are transferred to 
 impregnate the ovary of the female? Indeed 
 the whole conftitution of the genital organs of 
 the male confirms this opinion. The fame is 
 likewife intimated by thofe very ftrong feminal 
 vapours, which are perceived by the nofe, when 
 even but a few males, at the time of fwarm- 
 ing, lie enclofed for fome hours in a box. To 
 the reafons hitherto advanced may be added, 
 the golden or incomparable obfervations of 
 Harvey, by which it is indeed evidently de- 
 monftrated, that even in manand in brutes the 
 {perm never comes to the uterus, but that the 
 ‘more fubtile and fcarce perceptible particles of 
 it change the whole body at the time of coition, 
 
 222 
 
 and according to what I obferved in the human 
 fpecies, impart or give a more perfect anima- 
 tion and motion to the eggs, while they are 
 {till in the ovary. That the femen never comes 
 into the uterus, appears moft certain from the 
 
 following experiment : let the penis of a Dog 
 in the at of coition, be tied behind the knot 
 which it then forms, and immediately cut off, 
 and let the female be inftantly opened, all the 
 fperm will be found fticking in the vagina. In 
 ‘domettick fowls the Cock only emits his fperm 
 through two fimall apertures, and rubs it to the 
 ' -yulva of the Hen; for he has no penis nor any 
 remarkable production of the vafa deferentia : 
 in other inftances thefe unite in one common 
 channel, or, as in us, are produced out of the 
 ‘body by the help of the urethra: but in the 
 mean time the fubtile particles of this gallina- 
 ceous fperm thus rubbed on the body penetrate 
 through the membranes, nerves, veflels, nay, 
 through the whole body of the Hen, though 
 they be intended to affect and impregnate only 
 her ovary. In the fame manner nearly the 
 feeds committed to the earth, or being only on 
 its furface, we fee are affected by the earth’s 
 moifture ; fo likewife a little barm, or yeatt, 
 ferments, moves and prepares the whole 
 mafs. The little part which appears like a pe- 
 nis in the Bee, is wonderfully {mall and deli- 
 cate, and of a very beautiful ftruéture; and 
 hence I preferve it in my colleétion asa thing 
 very worthy of contemplation. One doubt 
 
 NATURE; 
 may be ftill objected to the hypothefis that I 
 
 have advanced concerning the odiferous impreg- 
 nation of the female Bee, and that is, that the 
 female at the time of coition may thruft the 
 extremity of the vulva into the body of the 
 male, as is evidently the cafe with fome fpecies 
 of Flies. But I anfwer to this, that the extremi- 
 ty of the uterus in this female is not made in the 
 fame manner as it is in thofe Flies: befides that 
 thefe arguments, by which I have before al- 
 ledged that the male cannot eafily approach the 
 female, and that no coition can be performed 
 amongft the whole fwarm of the bufy and 
 noify Bees, ftill remain unfolved. To which 
 add, that it muft be firft very evidently proved, 
 that the aperture obferved by me about the 
 horny little bone in the root of the penis, out 
 of which I exprefied the feed, is natural, and 
 in its natural {tate is emitted fo far out of the 
 body. Nay, and if all thefe {uppofitions were 
 taken for granted, yet it would be hard to de- 
 monftrate that this coition of the Bees is like 
 that which obtains among thofe Flies. 
 coition indeed of the Hornets, which is nearly 
 related to the Bee kind, feems likewife to con- 
 tradi& this opinion. But, perhaps, fome will 
 rather maintain, that as foon as the female hath 
 broken its cell, the male immediately creeps into 
 it, and begins to copulate with her while yet in 
 the cell. And among many other reafons this 
 may be alledged as one, why the cells of the 
 females are much larger than thofe of the other 
 Bees. But all thefe matters are merely con- 
 jeCtural, and they are not only contrary to the 
 ftructure of the genital organs, but they ought 
 not, nor can ever be admitted as certain, only fo 
 far as they are eftablifhed by trial; nor can I 
 think it is impoffible to know by experiments 
 how this female is impregnated. However, 
 my opinion is, that this impregnation happens 
 by means of the effluvia only; it remain- 
 ing thus far {ufficiently ratified and confirmed. 
 The female, therefore, at the time of fwarming, 
 becomes fecundated by only the feminal effu- 
 via of the males, which diffufes itfelf in the 
 hive ; and hence the tripple feed in the ovary 
 of the female acquires its fertility; that is, 
 fome thoufands of the eggs, out of which the 
 working Bees are produced, then fome few 
 eggs out of which the females are excluded, 
 and fome hundreds which produce males. But 
 the two latter fpecies of Bees are not generated 
 in the hive until the year following, unlefs when 
 the hive is to {warm-again the fame year ; for 
 then the males iffuing from thence perform that 
 bufinefs again for the fubfequent year. 
 
 If the reader views the admirable ftruéture 
 of thefe genital organs, and the exquifite art 
 confpicuous therein, according to their worth 
 and dignity, he will indeed {ee that God, even 
 in thofe minute infects, and their parts, has con=— 
 cealed from the incurious eye, ftupendous mi+ 
 racles ; nor is it difficult to difcover and illuf- 
 trate thefethings, provided one feduloufly applies 
 to their inveftigation. Confider, therefore, what 
 a progrefs acute and fagacious geniufes may 
 
 3 make 
 
 or, 
 
 The — 
 
Sars “2 
 
 Th, HIS TOR Y f EN SE GAT s. 
 
 make in thefe inquiries, if they will induftri- 
 oufly fearch into them. WhatI have hitherto 
 defcribed and exhibited, are indeed but light 
 fhadows of the things themfelves: it would be 
 eafy for ingenious perfons to difcover and lay 
 open all thefe things thoroughly and more per- 
 fectly, to the glory of the great God*. As 
 to myfelf, Ido moft willingly confefs that my 
 capacity is fo flender, that I am able to behold 
 the works of God only at a diftance. Nay, 
 the more frequently I view them, the more I 
 am convinced of my ignorance, and I know 
 my own weaknefs and mifery. 
 
 To make what has been hitherto defcribed 
 the more intelligible, I thall add the figure of 
 the genital parts of the great water Beetle, in 
 which the tefticles are very remarkable for their 
 ftructure. 
 
 Tab. XXII. fig. v. a, the penis itfelf, which 
 is fituated in the midft between the prominences 
 
 of the horny part, and is inflated and ereéted in’ 
 
 coition by the help of the blood. 
 
 5b, The horny part of the penis, in the mid- 
 dle of which it is placed, and is itrengthened 
 thereby. 
 
 ¢ ¢, The root of the penis formed in the fame 
 manner as in the Bee. 
 
 d, The telticle of one fide, as it appears at 
 firft fight, when difengaged from its pulmonary 
 tubes. . 
 
 ee, The tefticle freed of its pulmonary tubes, 
 fo that its internal ftru€ture, which is tubular, 
 or confifts of {mall and round filaments, may 
 be feen. 
 
 Jf; The vafa deferentia, whereof one extre- 
 mity, as in man and brutes, iffues out of the 
 tefticles, or rather is joined to the tubulated 
 filaments thereof. 
 
 && The vafa deferentia dilated, or that part 
 of them where they feerete a certain feminal 
 matter, as well in manas in the Bee. 
 
 hhhbhhb, The feminal veficles with their 
 curled extremities: thefe appear in that part 
 not unlike the feminal veficles in man. 
 
 7 i, Veflels clofed at their ends, which open 
 about the root of the penis, and probably per- 
 form the office of proftrata in man. 
 
 Finally, to conclude this hiftory of the anato- 
 my of Bees; Ifhall {ubjoin a defcription of the fpi- 
 nal marrow, and fhall delineate it, and explain the 
 figures. All other things which may be further 
 faid of thefe infects, fuch as the defcription of the 
 bony or horny parts of the Bees, I fhall pafs 
 over at prefent in filence ; for as the Bees have 
 now employed me continually for fome months, 
 diffecting in the day time, and writing at night, 
 I am the more inclined to put an end to the 
 prefent treatife, though I clearly fee that 
 fome parts of this infect maybe ftill much 
 more accurately inveftigated. However, I 
 fhould fcarce believe that I have committed any 
 confiderable errors; therefore I confidently 
 fubmit to the cenfure of thofe who have can- 
 
 2243 
 dour, and fhall never tefafe to learn better 
 things, 
 
 The fpinal marrow of the male Bee, Tab: 
 XXII. fig. vi. a, knotted in its beginning, of 
 that part of the brain which in the defcription 
 of the eye diffetted before, I have faid was 
 joined to or continuous with the brain, the cor- 
 tical fubftance and tranfverfe fibres. This part, 
 which gives origin to the nerves of the eye, is 
 very eafily feparated from the parts juft now 
 recited, if it be in the leaft handled. I have 
 not yet examined how the eyes are conftituted 
 in other infects, and in the Silkworm, with 
 refpect to the brain or {pinal marrow 3 LT have 
 delineated only their nerves as they appear in 
 the Worm or Caterpillar, as may be feen in 
 the figure which I have before inferted in the 
 hiftory of the Rhinoceros Beetle; where is like- 
 wife feen very diftin@ly, the nervus recurrens, 
 or recurrent nerve, which I have here after- 
 wards obferved in the Bee. 
 
 bb, 1, 2, 3, &c. Shew the feven fubfequent 
 little knots of the fpinal marrow, into which 
 the marrow, when it pafles through the breaft 
 and abdomen, is dilated. Thefe fame letters 
 likewife thew the origination of the nerves from 
 thofe parts. 
 
 ceec, Are fome nerves which do not arife 
 from the marrow where it is dilated, but from 
 the divifion of the two larger nerves which 
 conftitute the marrow. 
 
 ddd, &c. Are thofe places where the mar- 
 row is divided or opens. This is never {een in 
 man, nor in larger animals, 
 
 é, The part of the marrow fituated in the 
 head, and that in the neck. The part in the 
 neck lies enclofed in a {mall horny part. 
 
 J, The part of the marrow which is placed 
 in the thorax, and there principally provides for 
 the mufcular fibres that move the legs, wings, 
 &c. 
 
 &, The part of the marrow enclofed in that 
 narrow horny little part, by which the body is 
 joined to the breaft. 
 
 h; The part of the marrow fituated in the 
 abdomen, which gives nerves not only to the 
 vifcera, but to the mufcles of the rings, and to 
 the fting. . 
 
 i 1, Two remarkable nerves diftributed over 
 the jaws, and other parts. They are the fame 
 that I have before exhibited in the figure of 
 the eye. 
 
 & k, Two nerves reaching to the probotcis ot 
 trunk, ferving probably for the tafte. 
 
 /1, Two other nerves which are conveyed 
 
 into the mufcles of the trunk, I could not yet 
 
 inveftigate the olfactory and auditory nerves in 
 this creature. . 
 
 mm, ‘Two nerves tranfmitted out of the be- 
 ginning of the marrow towards the eyes, as I 
 think. This, however, I cannot affert for cer= 
 tain, as I do not love to deceive either myfelf 
 or others, for it isa difficult thing to fee this 
 
 * This author died before the invention of glafs hives. Thefe have been carried to fuch perfection fince, that we can fee 
 the whole courfe of operations of the Bees carried on in it. It is thus we have difcovered their true oeconomy. 
 
 matter 
 
224 
 matter diftin@ly, becaufe the upper parts of 
 the brain are here united to the marrow. 
 
 an, Two nerves fent off from the thorax to 
 
 the upper mufcles of the body, and together 
 with the marrow enclofed in that narrow fila- 
 ment which connects the thorax with the 
 body. : 
 0 0, Two ftrong nerves, which are for the 
 mott part inferted in the root of the penis, and 
 other organs of generation, as has been fhewn 
 in the figure of thofe parts. 
 
 Fig. vit. pp; &c. Part of the marrow repre- 
 fented fomewhat magnified. | 
 
 9 9, &c. The external medullary fubftance, 
 refembling a divided nerve. 
 
 r, Another portion of marrow, put between 
 its proper medullary fubftance ; by the acceffion 
 or addition of which the marrow is dilated into 
 a little knot. This is by no means fo white as 
 the medullary fubftance itfelf, but fomewhat 
 gray, and approaching to flefh colour; therefore 
 perhaps the marrow is by the intervention of 
 fuch a different fubftance dilated and made more 
 firm, in order to ftrengthen it for omitting its 
 nerves. This may be likewife feen fig. v1. under 
 the letters ¢ c, where even the medullary fub- 
 ftance itfelf becomes thicker: probably this di- 
 latation ferves'alf> for another purpofe ; for that 
 dilating matter feems to the to be of the fame 
 nature with the fubftance of the brain in this 
 infect, and agrees with the cortical fubftance, 
 and the tranfverfe fibres. I fhould in this place 
 add a delineation of the pulmonary tubes, 
 whereof thefe nerves have a confiderable num- 
 ber, but that I am certain as adequate an idea 
 may be had by the defcription of them, That 
 fubftance which is lodged between the medul- 
 lary matter, hath been before me fhewn by the 
 juftly celebrated Malpighius, in his excellent 
 treatife on the Silkworm, and he has alfo deli- 
 neated the pulmonary tubes there. I had refolved 
 to ftop in this place, but upon reconfidering my 
 obfervations, I found fomething in them belong- 
 ing to the hiftory of the Bees, which I hall 
 firft explain. I fhall in the firft place give a 
 brief hifttory of the infe& called the Bee-hive 
 Wolf, or Lupus Alvearius: this is an infect, 
 which, when it comes into the hives of Bees, 
 ought tobe confidered as their deftructive 
 plague, becaufe it confumes and eats all their 
 
 wax. This creature, properly enough called. 
 
 Lupus or Wolf by the Bee-keepers, is a Ver- 
 micle like, as to form, to a {mall Caterpillar. 
 Tab. XXVI. fig. 11. a, the body, computing 
 the laft annular incifion of the tail, is divided 
 into fourteen rings ; on each fide of the body 
 are nine points of refpiration ; the firft and laft 
 of thefe, which indeed I think are peculiar 
 to the infect, are as large again as thofe that 
 are placed between them. The pulmonary 
 tubes are white, and appear diftinélly through 
 the body. ‘The body itfelf is nearly finch; 
 being fet only with a few fcattered, thin, and 
 oblong hairs. When this creature contracts itfelf, 
 feveral regular whitith folds or wrinkles are 
 produced in its skin. In the head are to be 
 
 Th BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 obferved, the eyes, the teeth, one lip, fome ar- 
 ticulated briftly hairs, and a papilla or nipple 
 that ferves for fpinning. The whole Worm is 
 flefh coloured, except when the colour is fome- 
 what changed by the contents of the inteftines. 
 feen through the skin. It moves itfelf in the 
 fame manner as the reft of the Caterpillar kind, 
 and runs backwards and forwards with equal 
 celerity: for this ufe it has fixteen feet, that is, 
 fix fore feet, eight middle, and two hind feet. 
 The fore feet are furnifhed with fharp claws, and 
 the middle and hinder feet fhew a confiderable 
 number of fmaller nails in the extreme circum- 
 ference of their foles. ‘This Caterpillar is pro- 
 duced from a fmall kind of an oblong egg, 
 which is laid in the combs by a grayifh Butter- 
 fly 4 of the Moth kind. It is a very deftructive 
 Caterpillar that proceeds from this egg @, for it 
 not only corrodes or gnaws the combs, becaufe 
 it feeds on wax, which I think it has in com- 
 mon with the Worms of the Humble Bee; but 
 wherever it paffes, it likewife gnaws round holes 
 through thefe waxen cells: by this means one 
 Worm fometimes breaks open and deftroys 
 fifty or fixty fuch cells. We muft particularly 
 obferve, that this Worm, wherever it pene- 
 trates, always fabricates or forms an hollow 
 and tubulated web ¢ c, in which, as in a rabbit 
 burrow, it can very {wiftly pafs from one part 
 to another, and very fpeedily run back again. 
 If you attempt to catch this Worm at that 
 time, you will fee it by the help of the claws, 
 wherewith its hinder feet are armed, very 
 firmly fix itfelf. Unlefs this creature be foon 
 
 expelled, or be killed in the beginning by the 
 
 Bees themfelves, and carried out of the hive, it 
 fills the whole comb with fuch webs, and 
 turns itfelf in them every way into various 
 bendings and windings: fo that the Bees are 
 
 not only perplexed and difturbed in their work, _ 
 
 for they frequently intangle themfelves by the 
 claws and hairs of their legs in thofe webs, 
 and the whole hive is deftroyed. That I might 
 be able to inveftigate more accurately the true 
 nature of thefe little creatures, Ihave fometimes 
 given them food for a time. When I have for 
 that purpofe expofed a comb of wax in a 
 drawer of my cabinet to the open air in my 
 chamber, the whole comb has been in a very 
 fhort time eaten up by numbers of fuch Worms. 
 But I always firft obferved many of their But- 
 terflies fluttering about my chamber. Nay, I 
 faw fome of thefe Worms fo famithed, that 
 they devoured the foft part of the bodies of 
 fome dead Bees, which had ftill ftuck in the 
 comb ; nay, did not leave even their wings. 
 They made very wonderful burrows, Tab. 
 XXVI. fig. 11. ¢c, through the comb. Befides 
 this particular Caterpillar, there is another 
 {maller, that likewife iffues d from a little 
 fpecies of Butterflies, and does great mifchief 
 to the combs corroding and eating away the 
 wax. This Caterpillar is not only deftructive 
 to the wax, but to the Bees themfelves, for it 
 buries and kills many of them; but this hap- 
 pens only by chance. I faw one of thefé little 
 
 Worms, 
 
ce 
 
 The 
 
 Worms, whilft it was {mall and was breaking 
 the cells, in which the Nymphs of the Bees 
 lie, and eating the wax there, cover the N ymphs 
 alfo with its excrements, infomuch that they 
 could be fcarce known. To this may be added, 
 that the Worm iifelf, when, in order to get 
 food, it creeps every where round about the 
 Nymphs, comprefies and deftroys them : this 
 mifchief is occafioned chiefly by one that is 
 more grown, the body of which demands 
 fomewhat more fpace. I have learned thefe 
 matters much againft my inclination, and have 
 been full of indignation againft the Worm, 
 when with its excrement it defiled and killed 
 fome Nymplis, which I had defigned to obferve 
 in their changes. 
 
 As this Worm ufes wax for its food, its ex- 
 crements are nearly of the fame nature ; if they 
 be received upon a thin plate of glafs, and put 
 over a burning coal, they meltat firft like wax, 
 but afterwards they harden, and like the burnt 
 Bee-bread, become friable between the fingers. 
 Thefe excrements are of a black colour, and of 
 an hexagonal figure, and when chewed they 
 exhibit a fweetnefs and tenacity like wax: a 
 tincture may be extracted from them by fpirit 
 of wine, fach as hath heen ufed to be pre- 
 pared out of the excrements of fome other 
 animals, and then applied to medicinal ufes. 
 Nor would it indeed be difficult to gather to- 
 gether a great quantity of thefe excrements ; 
 provided their ufe was known. After this 
 Worm hath eaten fufficiently it forms, Tab. 
 XXVI_. fig. 11. e, to itfelf a new oval white 
 web, and enclofes itfelf therein, fometimes co- 
 vering the circumference with its excrements. 
 Sometimes each of thefe Worms weaves fingly, 
 and fometimes forty or fifty of them perform this 
 work together : in fome time afterwards they 
 are changed into Chryfallides or Aurelie /; fo 
 that we fee they belong to the fecond method 
 of the third order of natural transformations 
 or accretions in the parts. Finally, thefe 
 Worms having acquired the figure of Chryfal- 
 lides, caft their laft skin in their webs, and at 
 length creeping out of them appear winged 
 animals d 6, and aflume the perfect form of 
 their parent Butterflies. Thefe frequently pitch 
 about the doors or other openings of hives, 
 and as it were follicit admiffion, but they are 
 very afiiduoufly kept out by the Bees: they are 
 indeed formidable enemies to the Bee, though 
 thefe and all other {pecies of Moths, are very 
 weak creatures, which may with the fingers be 
 eafily reduced to duit. The Bees, however, do 
 thefe Butterflies no mifchief, unlefs when they 
 by their irregular flying, which is common to 
 almoft all Butterflies, ftrike the Bees with their 
 wings, or when they too obftinately attempt to 
 creep into the hive. The fmaller {pecies of thefe 
 
 BLS: TOR 
 
 gl SN Oi CT. 6. 
 
 Moths is of a grayith colour, and has four 
 fomewhat glittering wings, fix legs, and two 
 long and fharp-pointed antennz or horns placed 
 juft over the eyes. The other {pecies which is 
 larger is of a more dusky colour, and has wings 
 fomewhat fpotted, in the middle of which, or 
 in that part where they refit upon the body, 
 are feen on each fide three {mall eminences, 
 compofed of feathered little {cales, formed in 
 the fame manner with all the reft of the But- 
 terfly fcales; for they are not real feathers 
 which produce thefe wonderful and very beau- 
 tiful colours of the wings of thofe creatures, 
 but rather fcaly little parts fupported by little 
 ftalks. Aldrovandus hath delineated this {pecies 
 of Butterflies, and he gives it the name of the 
 hive Moth. 
 
 One may ask naturally why the Bees fufer 
 thefe Worms, which deftroy and confume their 
 workmanthip fo terribly, to live in their hives ? 
 and this feems the more ftrange, becaufe the 
 Bees kill their own males about the end of 
 auguft, break their wings with their teeth, and 
 carry them out of the hive, nor do they leave 
 them, till they are perfeétly dead. Nay, they 
 do not admit other Bees, nor fuffer Hornets to 
 enter their hives, The folution of this queftion 
 is eafy and obvious, for the principal reafon 
 confifts in this, that the female is then either 
 barren, or does not lay eggs enough, and con- 
 fequently does not multiply the number of the 
 Bees as fhe ought todo, or is perhaps muti- 
 lated, maimed, without wings, or weakened 
 by fome other means, When thefe things hap- 
 pen, as the working Bees have no Worms to 
 feed, or whofe cells they fhould build, or even 
 when the hive is too large, on account of the 
 {maller number of the Bees that inhabit it, than is 
 requifite to contain them and their iffue; on any 
 of thefe accounts the progeny of the Bees occu- 
 pies the upper part of the hive, and the work- 
 ing Bees, throwing off all care of preferving 
 their cleanlinefs and neatnefs, lead a carelefs, 
 idle, and irregular life, and gather but little 
 honey; nay, if the males be in the hive, when 
 
 22s 
 
 in this condition, they by no means kill them, 
 
 for they have nothing to mind or take care of 
 but feeding themfelves, and they throw off all 
 affection for the prefervation of their progeny, 
 and have too much time to fly about and pro- 
 vide for themfelves ; therefore, having no occu- 
 pation, they live very diforderly, and will leave 
 their males alive till the winter is far advanc- 
 ed *. In this cafe they let the moths enter un- 
 oppofed ; they will likewife fometimes creep 
 underneath into the hive, that they may lay 
 their eggs in the wax, This happens chiefly 
 when the Bee keepers neglect to ftop up on 
 every fide the lower verge of the hive, though 
 the Bees themfelves fometimes take care of this 
 
 * Among the moral virtues attributed to Bees, none is more celebrated than that of their burying, asit is called, their dead. 
 Thofe who firft eftablifhed this opinion, faw Bees carrying others which were dead to a diftance from the hive, but Reaumur has 
 explained this, and robbed the creatures of the glory they had retained for their {uppofed charity through centuries. It appears 
 from thegnoft ftriét examination, that this is done in care for themfelves, not in regard to the dead, They often murder thofe 
 they thus carry out, and when the ftores are likely to fail, they will kill even the Worms and Nymphs, and throw them out of the 
 
 hive. They carry them to a diftance, becaufe they hate a ftench, 
 
 Mmm matter 
 
226 The BOOK of NAST U-R ES . of, 
 
 matter. When therefore the Bee-keepers fee 
 a hive fallen into this misfortune, which they 
 may eafily perceive, OF indeed prevent, provided 
 they now and then turn up and thoroughly ex- 
 amine the hive, it is their bufinefs inftantly to 
 éure it. The Wolf Caterpillar is to be expelled 
 from the hive, by cutting and breaking open 
 the unfinifhed wax ; and if the female be fick 
 the mutt be killed and the Bees put into another 
 hive. If in this other hive there be too fmall 
 a number of Bees, two or three hives muft be 
 put together, the Bees affociated, and to avoid 
 new confufion one of the females mutt be like- 
 wife killed : the working Bees muft be com- 
 pelled by fome of thefe means to mind their 
 duty ; and this may be very eafily done, fince 
 they follow nature as their guide, and need no 
 other matter. Befides this Caterpillar produced 
 f-om the Moth kinds, there are other creatures 
 that are enemies to the Bees, whereof Virgil 
 in Georg. IV. fays, 
 
 For lurking Lizards often lodge, by ftealth, 
 Within the faburbs, and purloin their wealth, 
 And Lizards fhunning light, a dark retreat, 
 Have found in combs, and undermin’d the 
 feat : 
 Or lazy Drones, without their fhare of pain, 
 In winter quarters free, devour the grain ; 
 Or Wafps infeft the camp with loud a- 
 . larms, 
 And mix in battle with unequal arms: 
 Or fecret Moths are there in filence fed, 
 Or Spiders in the vaults their fnary webs 
 have {pread. 
 DryDEn’s VIRGIL. 
 
 It is a common opinion that the Bees in 
 rough and boifterous weather, and particularly 
 in a violent ftorm, carry a ftone in their legs, 
 in order to preferve themfelves by its weight 
 againft the power of the wind, Hence Virgil 
 in Georg. 1V. 
 
 Nor dare they flay, 
 
 When rain is promifed, or a ftormy day: 
 But near the city walls their watering take, 
 Nor forage far, but fhort excurfons make. 
 And as when empty barks on billows float, 
 With fandy ballatt failors trim the boat ; 
 So Bees bear gravel ftones, whofe poifing 
 
 weight 
 Steers through the whiftling winds their 
 
 fteady flight. 
 
 DrypDEn’s VIRGIL. 
 
 But this, as Clutius juftly obferves, has not 
 been hitherto remarked by any Bee-keeper, nor 
 indeed have I myfelf ever feen it. Yet I fhould 
 think that there may be fome truth in this 
 matter, and probably a certain obfervation, 
 which I fhall prefently mention, has given rife 
 
 to the ftory. There is a fpecies of wild Bets 
 not unlike the fmalleft kind of the Humble Bee, 
 which, as they are accuftomed to build their 
 nefts near ftone walls, and conftruct their habi- 
 tations of pieces of {tone and clay, fometimes 
 carry fuch large ftones, that it is {carce credible 
 by what means fo tender infects can fuftain fo 
 great a load, and that even flying, whilft they 
 are obliged to fupport alfo their own body, 
 
 Their neft by this means is often fo heavy as to - 
 
 weigh one or two pounds ; though only ten or 
 twelve young Bees are brought upinit. ThisI 
 have obferved in the year 1666, at the country 
 houfe of Mr. Thevenot, fituated in the village 
 of Ify, not far from Paris, near the bottoms of 
 fome windows, in the prefence of Dr. Steno. 
 
 In this neft I at that time found a red Worm, 
 
 with fix legs, Tab. XXVI. fig. 111. 2, which 
 was changed intoa Nymph 4. But this Nymph 
 after in the {pace of a whole year did not change 
 into a Bee, but into a very beautiful Beetle ¢; 
 nor could I in the mean time obferve that this 
 Worm, inall this time, took any confiderable 
 food, unlefs perhaps the ftony and clayey parti 
 cle of this neft ferved it for food. See further 
 the explanation of the figure. Befides, I likewife 
 found there a fingular kind of Wafp, and in 
 fome oblong hollowed tubes, I alfo found the 
 membranous webs of Bees already broke open 
 and deferted. From all thefe appearances it is 
 therefore evident that ’tis poflible Bees may be 
 fometimes feen to carry little ftones, but thefe 
 were not common Bees, nor have I hitherto 
 found that any perfon has obferved this practice 
 inthem. The nefts juft mentioned were like- 
 wife known to the learned Aldrovandus, but 
 thofe he faw were made as it were of clay only, 
 as may be feen in his ‘remains or chronicles, 
 
 where he rudely delineates the Worm of the — 
 
 little Bee, together with the neft, and relates 
 that Ariftotle alfo, in Hift. Anim. Cap. 24. 
 makes mention of this {pecies of Bees; but as 
 Ariftotle in writing his hiftory did not apply 
 himfelf to anatomy, he could therefore {carce 
 advance any thing certain; and hence it has 
 arifen that his account is very confufed, for he 
 undoubtedly compiled it from the relations of 
 others, and this often leads into the greateft 
 errors. Indeed, nobody can accurately under- 
 ftand thefe my obfervations, unlefs he hath 
 borrowed light from the experiments them- 
 felves *. 
 
 As Bees frequent only herbs, plants, trees, 
 and flowers, carefully avoiding fuch things as 
 are ever fo little ftinking or foul, and therefore 
 are never feen to light, much lefs make any 
 ftay upon the dead carcafles of animals; the 
 account given of Sampfon in the book of Judges 
 chap. xiv. is a paradox with fome, whilft others 
 look upon it as altogether incredible. Sampfon, 
 according to that hiftory, having killed a young 
 Lion, found in fome days after a {warm of 
 
 * Tn fwarming, one Bee with its fore legs lays hold of the hinder legs of the Bee next above it, and fometimes they ule only 
 one leg for this purpofe, laying hold only of one of the hinder legs of the Bee next above. In this manner they hang from the 
 bough, or whatever other fubftance the firft has fixed upon; and this firft fupports the weight of all the reft, The whole cluiter, 
 
 though: fingly they are light, is of confiderable weight, and 
 
 ~ 
 
 by this we may form fome idea of theftrength of this infect. 
 Bees, 
 
 ~ 
 
 foect EAP pariaes ee en eee Soe 
 
eet he alee 
 
 The HIS: T-OgR: ¥ 
 
 Bees, and a quantity of honey in the Lion’s 
 carcafs*. However ftrange this event may ap- 
 pear, even to the ingenious and fagacious ob- 
 ferver of Bees, I can difcover nothing like a 
 paradox in the relation. The context clearly 
 proves that the thing happened in the midft of 
 fummer, at which feafon the carcafs of any ani- 
 mal that had perifhed by a violent or natural 
 death, would in a fhort {pace of time be fo en- 
 tirely cleared of its flefh, as to form no more 
 than a skeleton. In this the Bees might find a 
 commodious habitation. Is it not a common 
 thing to meet on the roads with the ribs and 
 other bones of dead animals, fo thoroughly 
 {tripped of the flefh, and at the fame time co- 
 vered with part of the skin fo dried, and in a 
 manner tanned, by the weather, that infects 
 may find under it fufficient fhelter and conve- 
 nient lodging ? No doubt: the text runs as fol> 
 lows: After fome days Sampfon founda fwarm 
 of Bees in the Lion’s carcafs. We muft, indeed, 
 underftand by thefe words, that the interval 
 between his killing the Lion and finding the 
 honey in its carcafe was not very long; nor is 
 there any occafion for underftanding them other- 
 wife, fince at the time that Bees {warm, there 
 are many infects, efpecially the Worms from 
 which the common Flies {pring, which, from 
 their ravenoufnefs and great numbers, may de- 
 vour, in a few hours as I may fay, the carcaffes 
 of dead animals tothe very bones. There are 
 many fpecies of Flies that will {mell a carcafs at 
 a great diftance, and immediately depofit their 
 eggs on it, as aproper place for their little Worms 
 when hatched, as they very foon are, to finda 
 food fuited to their nature. It is almoft incredi- 
 ble how faft thefe Worms will grow, and how 
 fuddenly they will eat up all the flefh of a car- 
 cafs. I have experienced this by hanging a dead 
 Duck to the branch of an apple-tree, at the 
 feafon when Bees fwarm: in three days after 
 the Worms have fuddenly broke from their 
 egos, the Duck’s flefh and entrails have been 
 entirely confumed, nothing rémaining but the 
 bones and a few tendons, fo that with very little 
 pains it might have been formed into a perfect 
 {keleton. We fee in this inftance how greedily 
 thefe Worms devour, and how faft they grow, 
 immediately upon leaving their eggs. ‘The fame 
 obfervation alfo has been before made by that 
 curious naturalift, the illuftrious Redi, in his 
 experiments concerning the generation of in- 
 fe&ts. His words are thefe: ‘‘ What was moft 
 «© furprifing, the Worms were fo much grown 
 « by the next day, that they each weighed 
 «« about feven grains ; whereas before twenty 
 << or thirty of them did not exceed one grain. 
 «© The other Worms that ftill continued to 
 “© come from the eggs began, as I may fay, in 
 ‘ the twinkling of an eye, to devour what 
 
 ob EN 8 EG FS: 227 
 
 ** flefh remained on the Fithes, foon leaving 
 
 -** the bones quite bare like fo many fkeletons, 
 * that would not have fhamed the hands of the 
 * beft anatomift in Europe.” I remember that 
 as I was once travelling on a very hot fummer’s 
 day through the province of Utrecht, in my 
 way to Culemburgh; in order to make fome ob- 
 fervations on the Ephemerus, I took notice of 
 a dead Horfe that lay by the fide of the road, 
 and was fo full of Worms, that no part of its 
 flefh could be any longer diftinguithed ; nor 
 was the number of thefe infects more fur- 
 prifing, than the waving motion they produced 
 in the remains of the flefh, bowels, and other 
 parts of the carcafs,which by that means appear- 
 edin a manner {till poffeffed of life and motion. 
 A great number of the Worms; unable to find 
 rootn and nourifhment in it, were then crawling 
 on the road, where the heat and duft foon 
 {tifled them. | Another time I had an opportu- 
 nity of obferving to what a degree of perfection 
 thefe are poffeffed of the fenfe of fmelling ; for 
 having put fome little Worms hatched from 
 the eggs of Bees into a box, in order to trace 
 and examine, if poffible, their change into Bees, 
 a few of them died ; they were no fooner dead, 
 than, the box not being well fhut; fome little 
 Flies took notice of their carcaffes as a proper 
 nidi for food and fhelter to receive their eggs, 
 Accordingly I had Worms produced in them 
 in a very fhort time; which at length changed 
 to that {pecies, which I call the fourth order of 
 natural mutations, and in a few days after per- 
 fectly refembled in fize; ftructure, arid form, 
 the Flies from whofe eggs they were originally 
 produced. Things of this kind occur moft 
 frequently in very hot fummers ; for then both 
 the Flies and their Worms are multiplied in a 
 furprifing manner. When the bones of animals 
 have been once cleared from their flefh in the 
 manner already mentioned, it is no difficult 
 matter to conceive how they may in a little 
 time be fo wafhed by rain, as fcarce to be 
 diftinguifhable from the pureft ivory. 
 
 As then it plainly appears by the hiftory of 
 Sampfon, that his adventure of the Lion hap- 
 pened about the time when Bees fwarm, make 
 their combs, and fill them with honey, we muft 
 of courfe fuppofe it was during the great heats 
 of fummer, when Flies lay their eggs ; fo that 
 the offspring of thefe eggs might, in all proba- 
 bility, have devoured the flefh and entrails of 
 the Lion, within the time requifite to folve all 
 the difficulty that can be ftarted upon this 
 occafion ; befides, alternate rains, funfhine, and 
 dew, may be eafily fuppofed capable not only 
 of bleaching, as already faid, but of purifying 
 alfo, and freeing from all manner of ftench, or 
 difagreeable fmell, the bones that remained, fo 
 as upon the whole to make the carcafs, or rather 
 
 cal 
 
 * The conftruction of the cells of the Willow Bee is very extraordinary, nor are thefe found in combs: they are frequert in 
 our fen countries. I have feen thoufands of them in ee the Worms make themfelves cafes of the leaves, and buy 
 
 themfelves in the rotten part of the wood. The Worm of the wo 
 and aétive: they wrap feveral entire leaves round their bodies, an 
 
 r 
 
 ing or hive Bee is a very weak creature, but thefe are vigorous 
 d faften up the ends of this hollow cylinder with pieces of 
 
 other leaves gnawed off for that purpofe, and ftuck together with a kind of wax, made principally from the buttons of water 
 
 flowers. Thus they lie covered and buried till their change. This fhews nature ufes various methods, 
 
 the 
 
228 The BOOK of 
 
 the skeleton of the dead Lion, a proper place 
 of reception for thofe little cleanly animals. 
 We are not to imagine with the generality of 
 mankind, that Bees at the time of their fwarm- 
 ing fend out before them as it were fome of 
 their nobles or courtires, to prepare lodgings 
 fort he reft of the company; by no means: the 
 whole clufter feizes the firft opportunity of 
 fixing themfelves, be it houfe or tree, or the 
 corner of a wall, no matter whether high or 
 low ; and if they do not find their fituation 
 agreeable, or if no body comes with a hive 
 to receive them, they foon fly off again, and 
 fo ramble about from place to place, till they 
 find of themfelves, or till fome one offers them, 
 a convenient habitation. And thus it is pro- 
 bable that Sampfon’s Bees had acted, till they 
 at laft fettled in the Lion’s carcafe, where 
 they built their combs and depofited their ho- 
 ney: God himfelf, who governs all things, 
 and from whom this work, or, as the holy 
 writings exprefs it, Sampfon’s conduct pro- 
 ceeded, directing the motions of thefe little 
 infeéts, fo as to afford a fubject for a riddle, 
 and confequently a juft excufe for delivering 
 his people. I had once an opportunity of 
 obferving how irregular Bees will fwarm, in 
 a houfe belonging to Mr. John Oort, now 
 magiftrate at Nieuwenrode, that had greatly 
 fuftered by fire. I found the fwarm in one of 
 the remaining walls, where they had made 
 both wax and honey; but their choice of this 
 place was highly imprudent, for the hole by 
 which they were to go in and out of their 
 habitation was fo large, that they could not 
 by any means keep off the winter's cold, and 
 their number alfo fo fmall, that they had not 
 provided food enough to fubfift them at home 
 on the fevere days when they could not go 
 abroad. Sometimes I have feen fwarms of 
 Bees hanging to the topmoft branches of the 
 loftieft trees, and at other times, content with 
 fo humble a fituation, that the clufter their 
 fwarm formed in a manner touched the 
 earth. 
 
 It is probable that the not rightly under- 
 ftanding Sampfon’s adventure of the Lion, 
 gave rife to the popular opinion of Bees {pring- 
 ing from dead Lions, Oxen and Horfes ; and 
 this opinion may have been confiderably 
 ftrengthened, and indeed in a manner con- 
 firmed, by the great number of Worms that 
 are often found during the fummer months 
 in the carcaffes of fuch animals, efpecially as 
 thefe Worms fomewhat refemble thofe pro- 
 duced from the eggs of Bees. However ridi- 
 culous this opinion muft appear, many great 
 men have not been afhamed to adopt and de- 
 fend it. The induftrious Goedaert has yen- 
 tured to afcribe the origin of Bees to certain 
 dunghill Worms, and the learned de Mei joins 
 
 N A’-T?UCR FF Of, 
 
 with him in this opinion; though neither of 
 them had any obfervation to ground their 
 belief upon, but that of the external refem- 
 blance between the Bee and a certain kind of 
 Fly produced from thofe Worms. The mif- 
 take of fuch authors fhould teach us to ufe 
 great caution in our determinations concern-_ 
 ing things which we have not thoroughly ex- 
 amined, or at leaft to deferibe them with all 
 the circumftances obfervable in them. There- 
 fore, although this opinion of Bees iffuing from 
 the carcaffes of fome other animals by the 
 power of putrefaction, or by a tranfpofition of 
 parts, be altogether abfurd, it has had not- 
 withftanding many followers, who mutt have 
 in a manner fhut their eyes in order to em- 
 brace it. But whoever will attentively con- 
 fider how many requifites there are for the 
 due hatching of the Bee’s egg, and for that 
 infeat’s fubfiftance in the Worm ftate, as has 
 been particularly explained in the preceding 
 pages ; whoever, I fay, confiders all this with 
 the attention it deferves, cannot be at a lofs 
 for a clue to deliver himfelf out of that la- 
 byrinth of idle fancies, and unfupported fa- 
 bles, which, entangled with one another like 
 
 a gordian knot, have even to this day obfcured 
 
 the beautiful fimplicity of this part of natural 
 hiftory. Nor need we complain that by over- 
 turning this fyftem, we lofe examples by 
 which many moral precepts may be enforced ; 
 there will remain a fufficient number of folid 
 obfervations to anfwer the fame purpofe. Thus 
 mutual love, friendly cohabitation, and unin- 
 
 terrupted courfe of good offices, obfervable — 
 
 amongft Bees, who behave in all this as if 
 they were actuated by chriftian principles, and 
 lived in a real communication ofall good things, 
 with their induftry, by which their happinefs 
 is conftantly encreafed, are powerful motives 
 to engage us in the fame practices. It is this 
 love, this communion and diligence, that go- 
 verns, fupports, gives motion and life to their 
 little republicks ; and if we contemplate the 
 inftitutions of the primitive chriftians, we fhall 
 find they lived in the fame manner. 
 
 It is a difficult matter to determine any 
 thing in regard to the period of life which 
 nature has alotted thefe infects * ; at leaft I 
 muf{t own that I have not as yet been happy 
 enough to hit upon any {fatisfactory experi- 
 ments on this head. Some perfons who have 
 made Bees their ftudy, affirm as a certainty 
 that working Bees live but one year, and Iam 
 not averfe to their opinion, though I do not 
 think they have as yet any fure obfervations 
 to ground it upon. On collecting ail the 
 Bees that die in a hive in one year, we find 
 their number equal to that of the furviving. 
 In autumn and winter, when the Bees neither 
 fly abroad, nor carry their dead out of the 
 
 * The Bee, which is fo able to defend itfelf in the porta Mate, is, while in the condition of the Worm and Nymph, liable 
 to deftruétion by that moft contemptible creature the Mite. Millions of .thefe get into the hive, whofe paflage would be def- 
 perately defended againft larger affailants ; and they make their way into the cells and devour them. This was firft obferved of 
 a kind of Bee that breeds in rotton willows, and the account is given at large in the Philofophical Tranfaétions. It has fince 
 been difcovered in the common kind; and the mifchief has been often done where it was not fufpeéted how, 
 
 hive, 
 
The 
 hive, an idea may beft be formed of the de- 
 gree of mortality that prevails amongft them : 
 at thofe times their dead carcafles ate found 
 at the bottom of the hive by handfuls toge- 
 ther. Now, if by adding to thofe that die in 
 this. manner, all {uch as fly off and never re- 
 tarn, or that perifh in the:fields in cold and 
 rainy weather, 6r are devoured by Swallows 
 and Dragon-Flies, dafhed by the wind againtt 
 the leaves and branches of trees, or entangled 
 in the webs of: Spiders, we may. eafily guefs 
 that a far greater number of them perith with- 
 in theyear, than thofe which are. to be found 
 alive in the hive. We likewife obferve in the 
 autumnal feafon, that the wings of Bees are 
 often mangled, broken and wounded, and they 
 appear fo alfo in the beginning of the {pring ; 
 whereas at the time when they fwarm, their 
 wings are found, entire, and in good order: 
 all this makes it more probable, that Bees live 
 but one winter, or from.one feafon of fwarm- 
 ing to another. ‘They may fometimes, how- 
 ever, be obferved to continue in the fame hive 
 for years together, provided part, of the wax 
 is now and then taken away ; but this happens 
 in the fame manner that in great and:populous 
 towns the number of inhabitants is kept up 
 by thofe who: come by degrees into the 
 world, and infenfibly fucceed fuch as ficknefs, 
 aceidents, or old age, carry off. Befides, the 
 working Bees which have outlived: the fwarm- 
 ing feafon and the winter, have performed 
 the task affigned them by nature, namely, 
 that of keeping each other warm in the cold 
 weather, and nurfing the rifing generation: 
 which. neceflary tasks being done, it it found 
 that all other infects. hitherto obferved, and 
 fome a little fooner, and. others a little later, 
 perifh. Thofe for example which imme- 
 diately fhed all their fperm, difappear before 
 the reft ; asis plain in the Ephemerus, whofe 
 eges are arrived at their full perfection from. 
 the very birth of the parent, and fo provided 
 for by nature, as to render the parent’s care 
 of them altogether needlefs, whereas other 
 infects muft live longer, either becaufe the 
 maturation of their eggs requires fome time, 
 or becaufe their eggs require a flow hatching. 
 This is the cafe with the female of the Bees, 
 and fome other infects ; hence we may very 
 probably conclude, that the female of the 
 Bees lives longer than the working kinds, as 
 it is impoflible that fhe fhould lay all her eggs 
 at one time. However, it is not yet fo certain 
 as we might wifh how long fhe lives. I be- 
 lieve it might be eafily known by following 
 the advice of Clutius, and contriving to make 
 her fo that fhe could be readily diftinguifhed ; 
 and the beft way to do this, would be, I 
 imagine, to make a very little puncture in her 
 wings, or elfe to cut off fome inconfiderable 
 portion of them with a pair of fciffors, or 
 otherwife to ftain the edges of them with fome 
 oil colour. Thus we might foon learn in a 
 certain manner, what {pace of life nature has 
 afligned to this little creature. lam of opi- 
 
 Ta ee ie ee 
 
 HISTORY of INSECTS. 
 
 229 
 nion. that fhe either dies, or grows barren at 
 the age of two years. But itis by no means, 
 fo eafy to try this or any other, experiment I 
 can think of; upon other Bees, on account of 
 their numbers, and our not knowing the 
 exact time of their birth, The working Bees 
 come into the world. at almoft every feafon of 
 the years and although the young Bees appear 
 in, greater numbers at the {warming feafon 
 than at any other, yet they.are hatched fome 
 earlier than others by one, two, three or four 
 months ; for fome of them do not creep out 
 of their eggs, till a long time after the fwarm- 
 ing time; and. this. I. have. likewife. found to 
 be the cafe with the males. Add to this, that, 
 the female is, very affiduoufly, employed. in, 
 laying her eggs fo. carly as the month. of 
 March, which makes itneceflary that fome of 
 them fhould be hatched fooner.than others ; 
 and confequently this renders.any judgment, 
 we fhould: form of the length. of. their lives, 
 altogether uncertain ; for how. is. it poffible, 
 where there are fuch numbers, to diftinguith 
 between the old and:the young? Certainly no. 
 one can do this: nor is there. any. poffibility 
 of alledging any thing certain concerning the 
 natural, extent of life allowed-the male Bees, 
 though I believe it fcarce exceeds fix or eight, 
 
 ‘weeks: but. I cannot affirm that I, am, fup- 
 
 ported in this opinion by any fufficient ex-, 
 periments; and I fancy that if any can be 
 made to afcertain it, they. will coft,a great deal; 
 of timeand.trouble. Some perfons have aflured. 
 me that they have feen male Bees alive. in, 
 winter, when the female Bee, had not been, 
 fo fruitful as. fhe generally, is. Be. this as. it. 
 will, I can only fay, that all thefe things de- 
 ferve to be more attentively examined ; for 
 as the male Bees every feafon, fuffer a violent 
 death, nothing as yet can be determined con- 
 cerning the natural extent of their lives, In 
 the meantime, as I have, faid I am not. againft 
 the opinion of thofe who fuppofe it but fix or 
 eight weeks, There are fome obfervations 
 which induce me to, think it is thus, befides 
 thofe general laws of nature, by which thefe 
 little animals. are doomed to die, as, foon as. 
 they have executed the commiflion given them, 
 by her of propagating their fpecies; for this 
 bufinefs being over, the male Bees become 
 altogether ufelefs. This is plain in the Ephe- 
 merus, and likewife in the Silkworm Butter. 
 fly, which generally dies the third day after 
 laying its eggs, unlefs the feafon happens to 
 be cool, for then thefe infects will live longer. 
 I believe this is owing to a plain caufe, that 
 the vital juices of thofe little animals who eat 
 nothing during their appearance in this form, 
 do not exhale fo readily in cool as in hot 
 weather, and confequently the means of life 
 longer remain. 
 
 1 have made a collection of about three 
 thoufand infects, fuch as Butterflies, common 
 Flies, Beetles, Locufts, Caterpillars, Worms, 
 Chryfallides, water infects, and others ; amongft 
 which I muft not forget to mention fix kinds 
 
 Nona of 
 
230 The BO OK of 
 
 of wild Bees *: the firft of them is that which 
 builds its neft with fmall ftones, grains of 
 fand, and clay ; and in this refpect fo much 
 refembles the Humble Bees, that we may 
 indeed reckon it of their number. There is 
 : another {pecies, Tab. XXVI. fig. Iv. of a 
 fingular ftru@ture: its head and thorax differ 
 {carce at all from thofe of working Bees; but 
 its belly is altogether different, for this part 
 is thick fet with hairs of a yellowith red, fo 
 as to look as if it was fprinkled with fome 
 liquor of that colour ; its Jaft ring is armed 
 with three fharp prickles, and there are two 
 more points of the fame kind on the fecond 
 of the rings forming the belly. Its legs are 
 covered with yellowifh hairs, but that which 
 grows under the horns, on the fore part of 
 the head, and between the divifions of the 
 breaft and belly, is almoft white ; as to the 
 length and bulk of the body, ‘it nearly agrees 
 with the female of the working Bees, except: 
 that it is fomewhat fhorter. The third {pe-. 
 cies, fig. v. is of a thicker and more com-’ 
 pact body, and in fize and ftature nearly re- 
 {embles the male of the working Bees, but it 
 has fhorter wings; its head and eyes are form- 
 ed in the fame manner with thofe of the 
 working Bee; but under each antenna there 
 is a yellow fpot, which may ferve as a mark 
 to diftinguith this fpecies ; befides, the upper 
 pe of its trunk is coloured. The breaft and 
 ead are covered with gray hairs, and the ex- 
 treme joints with pretty long hairs of the fame 
 hue, but fomewhat darker. The fourth f{pe- 
 cies, fig. vi. is remarkable chiefly becaufe its 
 dntennz or horns are three times thicker and 
 four times longer than thofe of the working 
 Bees. Its trunk alfo exceeds that of the work- 
 ing Bee in length and thicknefs. Moreover, 
 all its back, or the upper part of the thorax, 
 and fome parts of the belly, are adorned with 
 bright red hairs inclining to yellow. This 
 circumftance, with the extraordinary fize of 
 the horns, is the beft diftinguifhing mark of 
 this fpecies. It is alfo one third larger than 
 the working Bee.. The fifth fpecies, fig. vii. 
 is on the other hand fomewhat lefs, and differs 
 in its colour, and the hairs growing on its 
 limbs, from all other Bees. The hairs of its 
 breaft and legs are of a deep gold colour, and 
 the two upper joints of its hinder legs, which 
 are likewife the largeft, are quite covered with 
 hairs of the fame kind and colour, but much 
 longer ; whereas there is no. hairs at all on 
 the lower joints.. The extreme borders of 
 the rings that conftitute the belly are alfo 
 adorned with the fame kind of hairs, only 
 that they are of a flefh colour, and much 
 fhorter. The fixth fpecies, ‘Tab. XXV. fig. 
 x. is-fomewhat lefs than the working Bee; 
 the hairs of its head and breaft are of a more 
 
 WN Ad U RIG: ots 
 
 dusky colour than thofe of the Bees beforé 
 defcribed. On the other hand, its belly con- 
 fifts of blackith rings of a> fubftance between 
 bone and horn, and ftreaked on each fide 
 with little lines at fome diftance, from each 
 other. - The coverings of the legs, which are 
 of the fame fubftance with the rings of the 
 belly, are yellow, and the legs themfelves are 
 thicker than thofe of working Bees or Wafps, 
 which makes me imagine that this little 
 creature is provided. by nature with no fmall 
 degree of ftrength. All thefe fix fpecies of 
 infects agree with the three other kinds men- 
 tioned before, -in this, that they have all fix 
 legs, four wings, and two antennz or horns, 
 and are divided into the head, thorax, and 
 body. There appear alfo in fome of the fpecies 
 three'fmall and feparate eyes, befides the two 
 great ones. The fix laft fpecies. are very fel- 
 dom found in fwarms together; they generally 
 ramble alone and by themfelves, which makes 
 it probable that they do not dwell together 
 like working Bees. They are feldom found 
 in the fields, but often in flower gardens, 
 where the flowers fupply them with honey. 
 As to their: gathering of wax, fome appear 
 quite unfit for that task, on account of the 
 great quantity of hairs that grow on their 
 legs. 
 
 by the names of the greater and leffer Hornet. 
 They are eight times as large as the working 
 Bee, and refemble it much lefs than they do 
 the Wafp. They have four wings, fig. 1x. 
 
 aa; the outer pair are fixed to the fhoul-: 
 
 der-blades, of three times a greater extent 
 than the inner ones. They have alfo fix 
 legs joined to the fore part of the breatt, 
 and the extreme joints.are armed with. two 
 fharp claws 64. The head ¢ is fome- 
 what oblong, efpecially when the teeth or 
 jaws lie clofe together. The eyes are formed 
 like a crefcent, and above in the interval be- 
 tween them there are three feparate {mall eyes, 
 under which there are two horns. 
 nets have likewife two very ftrong teeth or 
 jaws, divided into a great many’ very {mall 
 ones, and between the two principal teeth 
 they carry a very fhort trunk. The body is 
 joined to the breaft, which is pretty broad, 
 by means of'a very flender thread as it were, 
 and confifts of fix pretty ftout rings of a fub- 
 {tance between bone and horn. ‘Thefe are 
 yellow at the edges, but red on the. upper 
 part, and. equally marked with dark brown 
 furraws, from which on each fide run eight 
 {pots formed as it were by the {prinkling of a 
 brown liquid, but on the fecond and third 
 ring, reckoning from the head, there appears 
 a ninth fpot, fo as to form fomething like a 
 
 @ Befides the addition carelefs authors have made tothe Bee kind, by ranking two winged Flies among the number, we have 
 eleven diftinét fpecies in England. Mr. Ray, .who was indefatigable in. thefe refearches, counts ning ; and fince this two others 
 have been found. : They are very fmall, one is black .entirely, the other black and red on the body : they make regular combs, 
 and are found principally in the weft of England. They build in cracks of rocks, in walls, or in very dry banks of earth. 
 
 triangle. 
 
 I preferve alfo two kinds of Hornets, of 
 different fizes, which I therefore diftinguifh 
 
 The Hor- 
 
 tr is eee 
 
eee 
 
 The HISTORY of INSECTS. 23% 
 
 triangle. The head, breaft, and legs, are al- 
 mott of the fame colour, and they are covered 
 with very delicate hairs. The fting is pro- 
 duced from the opening of the lower ring, 
 Tab. XXVI. fig. 1x: d. 
 
 Of the Wafp kind I preferve nine different 
 kinds, amongft them is that which I found 
 in the neft I have already mentioned, as made 
 by the Bees that ufe little tones for that pur- 
 pofe. The greateft difference that occurs be- 
 tween the various kinds of Wafps, confifts 
 chiefly in fize and colour, ‘though in one or 
 two kinds there is befides a great difagree- 
 ment in their ftructure. _ But I hall not dwell 
 long upon thefe particulars. ~The larger kind 
 of Wafp is above three times as big as the 
 working Bee, and has like them and Hornets, 
 fix legs, a probofcis, two “eyes, two horns, 
 and four wings. The body of Wafps, as well 
 as Hornets, converges to a point, and is 
 fhaped in the fame manner with’ that of the 
 particular Bee which vulgarly goes by the 
 name of the king Bee. The rings of the 
 body are variegated with blackith f{pots, and 
 circular furrows upon a yellow ground. This 
 general defcription will, I hope, be fufficient 
 to fhew what kind of an infect the Wafp is. 
 That reprefented in fig. viii. is fomewhat lefs 
 than the largeft fpecies of all. Under it is to 
 be feen another of a very fingular ftruéture, 
 fig. xr. * 
 
 I haye befides thefe eight kinds of Humble 
 Bees or Bombylii, which differ from each 
 other in fize and colour. One kind has its 
 body exceeding black, and is. furnifhed with 
 moft beautiful wings of a colour between 
 azure and purple. The largeft kind is feven 
 times as big as the largeft working Bee; and 
 this has a pretty long trunk. Its legs notwith- 
 ftanding are fmall in proportion to its fize. 
 The head is fomewhat oblong: the eyes are 
 formed like a crefcent, and the horns lie di- 
 rectly between them. The breaft is or 
 broad, and it is covered thick with roug 
 hairs; from the bottom of it {pring fix hairy 
 legs, which if compared with the body, are 
 very fhort, and from the upper part of it rife 
 four wings; the inner pair very fmall.- The 
 belly is very broad and hairy, and fomewhat 
 pointed on the lower part. The hairs that 
 
 _ grow thus on the belly, are placed principally 
 
 near the rings of it, and they are of a great 
 varicty of colours, as white, yellow, red, black, 
 and others in fome kinds; whereas in other 
 {pecies they are only of two. The Humble 
 Bee, or Bombylius, of which I here give a 
 drawing, Tab. XXVI. fig. x11. is of a mid- 
 dle fize. 
 
 Of the Pfeudofphece Ichneumon, or baftard 
 Watps, I have by me twenty-five kinds. 
 
 Thefe differ from each other in fize, colour, 
 and ftructure. I refer them to the Watps 
 merely on account of the external refemblance 
 which fome of them have to real Wajps, 
 from which, however, in generation and dif- 
 pofition they widely differ: moft of thefe pro- 
 ceed from a Chryfalis, after having lived 
 fome time in the form of a Worm. Thefe 
 alterations are performed in a very furprifing 
 manner; and as that from a Nymph to a 
 Wafp takes’ up three or four weeks, the feve- 
 ral gradations of it in point of colour, growth, 
 and expanfion of members may be very accu- 
 rately traced. Some of thefe baftard Walps 
 which I preferve in my colleétion, prey upon 
 Flies ; others upon Spiders, whofe legs they 
 break to pieces and then devour them. °'There 
 is likewife amongft them the Fly called: Uni- 
 fata; or one briftled, having one hair at its 
 tail, and that which is diftinguithed by the 
 name of Tripilis’ or three-haired, fig. xtit. 
 for thefe Flies are all baftard Wafps: I can- 
 not now treat particularly of them, as it would 
 require a large volume, For the fame reafon 
 T omit {peaking in this place of the difpofition, 
 nature, method of propagation; and ftruture 
 of Hornets, Humble Bees, or Bombylii, and of 
 the true Wafps; nor do I choofe to fay any 
 thing of the infeéts called Vefpate or fhort 
 Watps, their building, houfes, and: other re- 
 markable particulars, of which I have fome 
 fpecimens. I am pofleffed of a moft curious 
 Hornet’s neft, fig. xiv: and xv. as likewife of 
 the male and female Hornet, the Worm from 
 which they originally proceed, the web in 
 which this Worm. is enclofed; the exuviz it 
 cafts off on becoming a Nymph, and all the 
 excrements it voids, together with the internal 
 coat of the ftomach and inteftines.. I can 
 likewife fhew the Nymphs of Hornets at 
 various periods of their changes, and the 
 rudiments of thofe new colours which they 
 by flow degrees attain. As to the internal 
 parts of Hornets, I have the membranaceous 
 net-work of a ftomach of one, fome pulmo- 
 nary tubes, one of the filk or {pinning bags, 
 and a {pinal marrow. 
 
 _ In my collection alfo are various kinds of 
 Flies fo like Bees, that fome authors have 
 called them by that name. Such is Goedaert 
 and J. de May’s Bee, which has only two 
 wings. This is a fufficient mark to diftinguith 
 thefe infects from each other, though there 
 are fome Flies that have two pair of wings. 
 Such is one in my mufeum, which is very 
 beautiful, furnifhed with tufted antenna, and 
 in other refpects like a Bee, only that it is 
 a great deal larger. What is moft fingular 
 in this Fly, is its proceeding originally from 
 a water infect. But as I have already faid an 
 
 ~ 
 
 * Some of the Bees breeds with us in the free air, not in a hive or comb. The young are bred up in the cafes of the lilac 
 or other leaves ; and there is fomething very extraojlinary in the manner of their hatching. The cells feem to clofe up the 
 paffage of one another, and it would be thought the young creature in the hindermoft muff cat all the reft to pieces to get out, 
 for they are built in fucceffion after it: but though the whole cafe of cells be the work of many days, the young all 
 hatch together ; the eggs laid lateft having obtained a forwardnefs in the body of the female, which make them difclofe their 
 
 young as foon as the firlt, 
 
 entire 
 
232 
 entire volume would be requifite to deferibe 
 all thefe particulars ; for which reafon I fhall 
 here make an end of this treatife upon Bees. 
 Certainly the nature, difpofition, and ftructure 
 of thefe infects are fo furprifing, that they 
 without ceafing loudly proclaim God's good- 
 nefs, wifdom, power, and majefty ; and indeed 
 all other animals, according to their feveral 
 ranks, do him honour in the fame manner, 
 and conftitute in the air, the water, and upon 
 the earth, fo many inftruments and voices to 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; of, 
 
 publith his praifes. I will join the univerfal 
 choir, and fay with the four and twenty elders 
 in the Apocalypfe, ‘* Thou art worthy, O 
 «© Lord, to receive glory, and honour, and. 
 <¢ power ; for thou haft created all things, and 
 «« for thy pleafure they are and were created.” 
 I thall conclude this long effay upon Bees with. 
 the words of the royal Pfalmitt. 
 
 «¢ Praife him all ye angels of his; praife 
 *¢ him all his hoft.” Pfal.. cxlviii. 
 
 Some peculiar obfervations relating to the hiftory of Bees. 
 
 A defeription of a hive opened the tenth of March, with an account of the number 
 ) of cells it contained. 
 
 N the tenth of March laft I opened a 
 hive *, in which a young fwarm of 
 Bees had been fettled during the month of 
 June, the preceding year, but they all died 
 in the intervening February for want of 
 honey. I examined the cells built from: the 
 month of June till the winter feafon, that is in 
 the fpace of about four months, and counting 
 them one by one, I found them to amount to 
 22,574; and the whole of this prodigious 
 number was only of that kind of cells, in 
 which the working Bees are hatched and 
 nurfed, or the honey and Bee-breéad is ftored 
 up. Thofe in which Bees had been already 
 hatched, amounted to 7814; for it was very 
 eafy to diftinguith them certainly from the 
 othets, by means of the skins and webs found 
 in them, fuch things being always left behind 
 by- Bees that have been hatched. All the 
 other cells were formed for keeping honey, 
 and the other cells are made to anfwer the fame 
 purpofé; as foom as the young Bees contained 
 in them have acquired wings to fly abroad. 
 
 It appeared: likewife that all thefe cells were 
 contained in hine combs, as they are generally 
 termed, or nine portions of the whole wooden 
 firucture, and thefe portions were large; ob- 
 long; of different forms, fome diverging equally, 
 others rufning out into two, three, or four 
 angles. ‘This variety in the figures of the combs 
 is owing to forme of them being built alone 
 by themfélves, and others clofe to each other ; 
 or to the neceffity the Bees were under of 
 keeping clear of the fticks placed acrofs the 
 hive to fupport the wax, for this occafions 
 them ‘to make their combs fometimes of a 
 triangular, and fometimes of other forms. 
 Nor can we perceive, that in this bufinefs the 
 Bees obferve any ceftain rule or order, fince 
 the figute of the cells themfelves does not 
 {uffer by this liberty they give themfelves. 
 
 Many of the little cells in which the honey 
 was ftored up, were twice as long as thofe 
 intended for nefts and nurferies, and were 
 
 alfo’ irregularly built, crooked, ard full of 
 
 angles. Even the fides of the hexagonal cells’ 
 
 did not every where exactly correfpond with 
 one another, but here and there might be feen 
 a gap large enough’ to contain a pin’s head, 
 a thing never to be met with in atruly regular 
 comb. 
 
 All the half combs of cells on one fide of 
 the perpendicular foundation, which runs 
 through the middle of them, and againft which 
 the cells are horizontally placed, were built 
 full one half as long again as thofe on the 
 other fide. ‘Fhere appeared here alfo many 
 other irregularities, not to be fee in the 
 cells that had ferved the purpofe of hatch- 
 ing, fuch of them at leaft as had been quite 
 finifhed., 
 
 From this prodigious number of cells, built 
 between June and September, of October, we 
 may entertain fome idea of the gréat Aumber 
 of thofe that the Bees conftrua ftom the 
 month of March to the June or July of the 
 following year. I believe they may amount to 
 56,000; as this is the time for fupplying with 
 cells the male, fenvale; and working Bees: 
 but as yét I have not counted them. 
 
 A perfon fond of Bees, and whefe account 
 I could crédit; oncé told mié that he had a 
 hive placed upon the bare ground, and ex- 
 ceedingly well ftocked with Bees, imfomuch 
 that to make room for theif combs, they had 
 hollowed out the earth under their hive, ex- 
 tended their conftrudtions very deep into 
 this hollow, atid thereby encreafed their 
 numbers to a prodigious degree. But this 
 is oftener practifed by Wafps and Hornets, 
 as thefe infects naturally make their nefts 
 under ground. 
 
 * ™ The danger of being Rung by Bees may be in a great meafure preventél by a quiet and compofed deportment; and even when 
 they have given the wound,.the fame fedatenefs is the beftcohduét. A thoufand Bees will fly and buz about a perfon without 
 horting him, if he fand perfeétly, ftill, and let them alone: butif he ftrike atthem, probably he will be ftung. If this happens, he 
 thouid fuffer the Bee to reit upon his flefh in quiet: if it be let alone it will draw out the Ring, and the confequences will be lefs 
 troublefome, but if difturbed, the fting is left in, and the wound is much the worfe. = : 
 
 A hive 
 
 | 
 | 
 
Th HISTORY 
 
 of INSECTS, 233 
 
 A hive opened the 14th of Funes the number of Bees and Nymphs found in its 
 
 with a particular defcription of many other fingularities not as yet known, 
 
 eS the beginning of June I bought a hive 
 
 of Bees, it produced a {warm the 14th of 
 the fame month. I received the young Bees in 
 another hive, and put this hive in water the 
 day following, with all its new inhabitants. By 
 this means I found the fwarm confifted of 
 one female, four males, and 2433 working 
 Bees, who had not made any wax fince they 
 
 . fwarmed. 
 
 The 16th of the fame month, I likewife 
 drowned in the fame manner the Bees that re- 
 mained in the original hive, from which others 
 wife a fecond, and even a. third, {warm might 
 have been expected. In this hive I found one 
 female, 693 males, and 8494 working Bees, 
 While I was employed in counting them, I 
 Jet the water run off from the hive, that I might 
 afterwards fatisfy my curiofity in afcertaining 
 the number of their cells, but I found the 
 amount fo great, efpecially that of the cells 
 belonging to the working Bees, that I thought 
 proper to defift, for fear of lofing the opportu- 
 
 _ nity of making fome other obfervations, that 
 
 I imagined better deferved my attention. 
 
 I therefore reckoned with great cate arid 
 exactnefs the little dwellings of the female 
 Bees, and found nineteen of them as yet 
 building, but forhe a little more forward than 
 others. There were befides fifteen more, in {hape 
 refembling a pear, ahd quite finifhed, which 
 were all clofed up with wax, and curioufly 
 difpofed on the edges of the combs. Some of 
 them ftood by themfelves, others lay clofe to 
 each other, three, four, or five together. Others 
 again were built quite clofe to the cells of the 
 male Bees; fome were fituated obliquely; others 
 horizontally, fo as to refemblea beer glafs lying 
 on its fide; and, in the fame manner, all the 
 cells of both males and working Bees. Some 
 on the other hand were built in an inverfe 
 pofition, with theit openings looking down- 
 wards, as the cells of Hornets are generally 
 
 found. Finally, I difcovered the cell of a. 
 
 female eat through on the fore part, being that 
 out of which the young queen Bee had efcaped 
 that led the fwarm of the 14th of June. 
 
 In nine of the cells belonging to the females, 
 which I found clofed up as juft now mentioned, 
 there were as many female Bees arrived at their 
 full fize, and furnifhed with wings ready, ex- 
 panded; and fome of them were fill alive. 
 Some of thefe females were quite gray, and 
 others of a fomewhat darker colour, according 
 to the time that had elapfed fince they had 
 changed their fkins, and that whith they were 
 ftill to continue within the cell. Not one of 
 them had as yet attempted to open itfelf a 
 paffage to fly abroad. 
 
 In the other five of the covered and clofed 
 up cells belonging to the females, I found as 
 many Nymphs of females. One of thefe five 
 cells contained a Nymph, which already begun 
 
 to grow gray on the back, and was upon the 
 point of throwing off its old skin; but in the 
 other four Nymphs there was no appearance df 
 this colour, they being as it were ftill in their 
 infancy, and for the moft part refembling ifi 
 whitenefs the curds of milk. ‘The eyes alone 
 had by degrees acquired a watry purplifh colour, 
 and the fame might be obferved of the three 
 diftin& {mallet eyes, which are more confpi- 
 cuoufly perceivable in the infect, while it re- 
 mains in this ftate, than afterwards when growh 
 to its full perfection. ye 
 _ Under the belly and tail of thefe Nymphs, 
 I found the exuvie and air tubes that had 
 dropped from them, on their exchanging the 
 form of Worms for that of Nymphs. I could 
 alfo perceive the remains of their food, which 
 on pouring water upon it looked like foft ftarch, 
 or gum tragacanth, beginning to {well; it was 
 of the colour of pure amber, and of a fome 
 what fubacid flavour. 
 
 In the upper part, under the wax with which 
 thefe fourteen cells were clofed up, I could 
 
 ~ difcern the,web which the Nymphs fpread in 
 
 that part, while they continue in the form of 
 Worms. The upper web was very ftrong, and 
 made of diftinét threads, but in the lower 
 part of the cell it looked like 2 membrane; 
 for at the time thefe Worms labour to fhut up 
 their cells with fuch webs; they are obliged to 
 move their bodies in every dite¢ction, and there- 
 by rub their food, and perhaps too their ex 
 crements alfo againft their work, fo as to fill 
 the intervals between the threads that compofe 
 it with a kind of glue, and thereby reduce its 
 furface to an evennefs like that of a hatural 
 membrane. cS ee 
 I opened befides all the clofed up and co- 
 vered cells of the males ; many of thefe cells 
 were fituated near thofe belonging to the work= 
 ing Bees, and contained in a fingle comb, 
 hanging at the bottom of the hive. The reft of 
 the male’s cells were built in the midft of thofe 
 of the working Bees, with common party 
 walls or. partitions, Of thefe clofed up cells 
 belonging to the ‘males, I reckoned in all 858. 
 In 234 of them I found as many Worms, 
 which had not as yet changed to Nymphs, but 
 fome of them were nearer that period than 
 others. In £46 cells there was the fame num- 
 ber of milk-white Nymphs, which had but 
 juft thrown off their fkins. In 44 more cells 
 the eyes of the Nymphs were juft beginning to 
 acquire a watery and light purplifh colour. In 
 414 other cells I found as many Nymphs, 
 whofe eyes were of a deep purple. And laftly, 
 in the 20 remaining cells there were Nymphs 
 juft upon the point of fhedding their skins, and 
 appearing in the form of male Bees: the gray 
 and hairy members of the young males appeared 
 plainly in thefe, through the tranfparent mems= 
 Brané which fill enclofed thems . 
 Qoo After 
 
234 
 
 After this I reckoned. all the other male cells, 
 and found them to amount to 1508, of which 
 
 20 were entirely empty, the male Bees fome- 
 time before hatched and bred up in thefe, 
 having taken their flight ; 268 more were not 
 as yet perfected, nor had been ufed for hatch- 
 ing ; 520 of the fame cells, in which alfo no 
 Worms had been yet hatched, were full of the 
 pureft virgin honey. I counted befides all thefe 
 1701 empty oblong cells, which, though con- 
 fiderably bigger than the male cells, were not 
 unlike them: neither had any hatching been 
 performed in thefe, their form not being re- 
 gular enough for that operation ; therefore they 
 “could only fetve to lay up honey, ‘This circum- 
 {tance likewife makes me imagine that thefe ob- 
 long cells are not. to be looked upon as male 
 cells, but to be reckoned amongft the ftore 
 houfes which the Bees build for their winter 
 provifions ; for we find they make cells of the 
 fame. oblong form, but like the cells of the 
 working Bees, to anfwer that purpofe. 
 
 The number of clofed up cells belonging to 
 the working Bees amounted to 6468, and 
 in all of thefe I found Nymphs under the fame 
 variety of circumftances with thofe which I 
 had found in. the male cells. It is therefore 
 needlefs. to wafte words in explaining their 
 different appearances, nor had T leifure to count 
 the numbers at every period of growth and ftep 
 towards their perfection : befides fome of thefe 
 Nymphs began to have a very difagreeablefmell. 
 " “T reckoned alfo 210 cells full of Bees-bread, 
 which was alfo heaped up here and there in the 
 combs of the working Bees, in particular cells 
 difpofed between thofe which had Nymphs in 
 them, or which were full of honey, but none 
 of thefe bread-cells were clofed up. 
 
 As to the remaining cells, thofe newly built, 
 as well as the empty ones, in which Bees 
 had been hatched, and thofe conftructed the 
 year before as ftore-houfes for honey, or nur- 
 feries, I had not time to count their prodi- 
 gious numbers. Neither did I count the clofed 
 cells, which were difpofed in the upper part 
 of the hive, and were now ready to burft 
 with honey. But my curiofity led me to 
 weigh the honey itfelf,and I found it amounted 
 to feven pounds, 
 
 In all this hive I did not meet with a fingle 
 egg, nor with any Worms, but fuch as were 
 fall grown ; fo that by this time the working 
 Bees muft have got over the heavieft part of 
 their yearly labour, for there was no longer 
 any neceflity for building cells, or nurfing of 
 young Bees, nothing more remained but the 
 agreeable task of gathering honey for the 
 fupport of themfelves, and of the males and 
 females, and making preparation for the 
 fecond, third, and fourth {fwarm, which I 
 could eafily fee were to be produced from the 
 different ftages in which the Nymphs of the 
 the future queens appeared, and from the 
 different periods at which it was of confe- 
 quence neceflary thefe fhould make their ap- 
 pearance abroad. This induces me to believe, 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; o, 
 
 that the old females continue, even during thé 
 intervals of fwarming, their labours for. the 
 propagation of the {fpecies, as I have already 
 obferved in defcribing the hive opened on the 
 22d of Augutft. ; ioe 
 
 Many of the working Bees belonging to 
 this original hive were ftill of a grayith colour, 
 
 which is a certain proof that they have not . 
 
 been long out of their cells. Nor did Tobferve 
 one amongft them that had loft its wings; 
 whereas fuch crippled Bees are frequently 
 feen in {pring or autumn. This circumftance 
 makes it probable, that moft of the laft year’s 
 male Bees had been taken off by a violent or 
 natural death, and fucceeded by a new gene- 
 ration. Nor need this opinion appear impro- 
 bable to any, for if on the 14th of June I 
 could count 6468 Nymphs in one hive, and 
 2433 Bees in one fwarm, we may eafily 
 guefs what a prodigious number of Bees mutt 
 be produced in the interval of time between 
 March and June, and that between June and 
 September ; no doubt a multitude fufficient to 
 fupply a hive with a number of new inhabi- 
 tants, three times greater than that of thofe 
 which had poffeffed it the preceding year, or 
 fummer months, fuppofing them all to have 
 unfortunately perifhed: the queen alone fur- 
 vives a longer time, though I can fcarce be- 
 lieve her life is of above two or three years. 
 As by what I have here obferved, it plainly 
 appears, that fifteen young female Bees had 
 been produced in one hive, and in the fpace 
 of time required for one fwarming ; and as 
 experience informs us that Bees feldom fwarm 
 in this country above three or four times, and 
 that after the laft fwarm they kill their queens, 
 which are then no longer of any ufe, we may 
 
 conclude that at this time the old and impo- — . 
 
 tent queen undergoes this fate, and is fucceed- 
 ed by a young one, better able to propagate 
 the {pecies. This opinion indeed ftands in need 
 of more experiments to confirm it,and fuch ex= 
 periments may be eafily made by any one who 
 is willing to facrifice a few hives to his curiofity. 
 
 It is furprifing how tenacious of life Bees 
 are ; after the hive and all its inhabitants had, 
 
 in confequence of my orders, been kept under — 
 
 water for a confiderable time, and I had begun 
 
 to count them, as if they were pefedtly fuffo- 
 
 cated, they began by degrees to recover life, 
 as it were, and fly about the hive, fo that I 
 found myfelf under the necefflity of caufing 
 them to be again put under water, and though 
 I H&d reafon to think none of them could 
 outlive this fecond fubmerfion, yet there ap- 
 peared many after it with figns of life, and 
 
 fome of them recovered themfelves fo well as. 
 
 to live after this three days and two nights 
 without eating. 
 That I may now exhibit at one view every 
 
 thing, that I obferved in the original hive, . 
 
 and in the fwarm produced by it, and that 
 the fum of ‘both Bees and Nymphs added to- 
 gether may be more diftinétly known, I thall 
 fubjoin the following account : 
 One 
 
 ee 
 “a 
 
 v% 
 
 UV Set ee 
 
 = - ea 
 a ‘ 
 
The HIS TOR Y 
 
 One full grown queen in the fwarm, I 
 One full grown queen in the original 
 
 hive, 1 
 Full grown queens in the clofed up cells, 9 
 Full grown working Bees in the 
 
 {warm, 2433 
 Full grown working Bees in the origi- 
 
 nal hive, 84.94. 
 Full grown males in the fwarm, 4 
 
 Full grown males in the original hive, 693 
 Nymphs of queens, 5 
 Nymphs and Worms of working Bees, 6468 
 Nymphs and Worms of males, 858 
 Thefe numbers added together make 18966 
 for the total number of all thefe little animals 
 contained in a fingle hive before it {warmed ; 
 
 of. IN-S‘E CT §. 235 
 
 at which time 2438 of them iffued forth in 
 fearch of a new habitation. 
 
 The number of cells, the old and new 
 built ones, thofe which were fhut up and con- 
 tained Nymphs; the empty cells, and thofe 
 of working Bees full of honey *, or Bee’s 
 bread all excepted, was as follows. 
 
 Cells of queens begun or finifhed 34. 
 Cells of males fhut up, empty, and 
 
 thofe which, after the Bees had 
 
 left them, were filled with honey, 2366 
 
 In all 2400 
 Do not all thefe particulars difplay in a fur- 
 prifing manner the inftin&, diligence, and dex- 
 terity, which it has pleafed the all-powerful 
 Creator to beftow on thefe little infects ? 
 
 An account of Jeveral wonderful particularities difcovered on opening a hive; that 
 had a few days before received a young fwarm. 
 
 Pi Aeeen’ to be in the country on 
 the 25th of July, I obferved a great {warm 
 of Bees, which, on its hanging to an Elm, I 
 ordered to be received into a hive ; but ina 
 little time they all left this new habitation, and 
 fled back to the elm, where they hung en- 
 tangled by each others legs. The female Bee 
 had not dropt into the hive with the others : 
 I was therefore obliged to have recourfe to 
 another fhaking ; when having brought the 
 female into the hive, all the reft foon fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 On the 26th of July the weather was tole- 
 rably good, with a bright funfhine; the 27th 
 cloudy ; the 28th and 2gth rainy: on the 30th 
 on examining the hive, I found at the bottom 
 of it upon the ground where it ftood, a piece 
 of a honey-comb, which had fallen thither, 
 either becaufe it had not been ftrongly enough 
 faftened to the top of the hive, or becaufe too 
 many Bees had lighted upon it at one time, 
 This piece of a comb contained 418 cells of 
 for the working Bees, fome were building, 
 and others were finifhed, and there were alfo 
 ten eggs fticking to the wax by one of their 
 ends. All the forenoon of the 31{t it was rainy 
 and about midday very cloudy and windy, 
 with fome rain. In the evenieg I ordered the 
 hive to be taken into my chamber, in order to 
 examine what the Bees had done in the fpace 
 of thefe fix days. 
 
 But as I was afraid of being ftung in this 
 enterprize, I refolved to have all the Bees 
 killed before I went to handle or infpect them, 
 for this reafon I fumigated them with a bundle 
 of lighted matches rolled up in linen rags, to 
 fuch a thicknefs, that it would juft fit in the 
 upper opening of the hive. All my endea- 
 vours to kill thefe Bees this way were however 
 to no purpofe ; for after plying them with this 
 
 fume, from eight 0’ clock to eleven, lighting 
 
 the matches from time to time, as they went 
 * Maroldi, by the moft careful examination, 
 
 the bottom of the cell in a honey-comb is determinately and exaétly that, in which the fubita 
 
 and the {pace contains the greateft vilible quantity of honey, 
 
 out, the Bees continued alive; but they feemed 
 grievoufly complaining of, and refenting the 
 injury offered them, with the moft horrid noife 
 and loudeft buzzings. 
 
 The next morning all was quiet again, fo 
 I removed the hive, at the bottom of which 
 I found fome hundreds of Bees lying dead 
 upon the ground; but the greateft part of 
 them were ftill alive, and fome of them were 
 beginning to fly away. I therefore refolved 
 to fumigate the hive a fecond time, and I gave 
 its inhabitants liberty to efcape while it was 
 doing. For fear of being ftung on this occa- 
 fion, I took a half pint bottle, and having 
 rolled fome foft paper about the neck of it, 
 thruft it into the opening of the hive; taking 
 care afterwards to {top all gaps between the 
 door or opening of the hive, and the neck of 
 the bottle with more paper of the fame kind. 
 As foon as the fulphureous vapour began to 
 fill the hive, the Bees in the greateft hurry 
 and. confufion and with the moft dreadful 
 buzzing, rufhed to the number of 1898 ina 
 manner all at once into the bottle, which I 
 then removed to fubftitute another in its place ; 
 and by repeating, the operation in this manner, 
 I at laft fo thoroughly accomplifhed my pur- 
 pofe, that not the leaft noife could be heard in 
 the hive. 
 
 Having then turned the hive upfide down, 
 I found the queen lying dead, in appearance, 
 upon the ground, and fome of the others which 
 had fallen upon the ground, killed downright 
 and wet all over ; whilft fome other Bees that 
 had remained in the upper part of the hive, 
 were quite dry, and when put into the bottles 
 flew about as briskly as if they had not re- 
 ceived the leaft harm. 
 
 I next poured fome water upon the prifoners 
 I had in the bottle; by this means they were 
 all drowned in a very fhort time. I then made 
 my examination, and found the fwarm con- 
 
 and on the refult of the ftriéteft calculation, has proved that the pyramidal figure of 
 
 nee of the cell tales up the leatt rooms 
 
 fitted 
 
fifted of 5669 Bees, and was therefore a very 
 good one, according to the judgment I had 
 formed of it on its firft appearance. Never- 
 thelefs, as the feafon was very far advanced, 
 and the fpot the Bees lighted upon very ill 
 farnifhed with materials for making honey, 
 I thought it worth while to facrifice them to 
 the curiofity I had of knowing what work 
 fach a number could perform in fo fhorta 
 time, and withal in fo unfavourable weather. 
 
 Among this great multitude, there was but 
 one female Bee. The greateft number of them 
 were working Bees, which are neither males 
 nor females ; and there were befides thefe and 
 the female Bee already mentioned, only 33 
 male Bees, prepofteroufly called by the vul- 
 gar hatching Bees; for the young Bees are 
 hatched by the mere heat of the fummer, and 
 that which is caufed by the perpetual hurry and 
 motion of the old Bees flying about, or work- 
 ing in the hive. It is very remarkable that the 
 bottle into which the firft 1898 Bees driven 
 out of the hive had been received, was 
 thoroughly heated by the perpetual motion of 
 thefe imprifoned creatures, and the warm va- 
 pours which exhaled from their bodies. 
 
 The number of waxen cells begun and 
 finifhed, including thofe of the comb I had 
 found on the ground on my firft examining the 
 hive, amounted to 3392: they were all of 
 the fame fize and form, and were intended 
 only for nefts to hatch the working Bees. In 
 236 of the cells fome honey had been ftored 
 ‘up, but it had been afterwards made ufe of, 
 as very little could be then gathered abroad. 
 It was no difficult matter to diftinguifh the 
 cells thus made ufe of from the others, for 
 they had received a yellow tincture from the 
 honey depofited in them; whereas thofe which 
 had not as yet been employed this way were 
 of a fhining white. 
 
 There were alfo 62 of thefe cells, in which 
 the Bees had already begun to lay up their 
 ordinary food or bread called erithace. This 
 fubftance was of a changeable colour, between 
 a yellow and a purplifh red; but perhaps this 
 tinge might be owing to the fumigation: the 
 whitenefs of the unemployed wax ‘was in 
 fome parts alfo impaired by the fame medns ; 
 coloured and covered befides with black {pots, 
 
 In 35 cells I found as many. eggs fixed 
 in them at one end, fo that including the 
 eggs found in the comb, which had fallen to 
 the ground as already mentioned, there were 
 45 eggs in all. There were befides in 150 
 of the cells fo many new hatched Worms, 
 but thefe lay almoft infenfible and motionlefs. 
 They were of different fizes, the largeft of 
 them being very like that reprefented under 
 the letter ¢, fig. x11. Tab. XXII. All thefe 
 Worms were furrounded with that kind of 
 food, which the moft expert obfervers of 
 Bees think is honey thrown up by the old 
 ones, out of their ftomachs. This kind of 
 honey is white, like a folution of gum traga- 
 
 The End of th FIRST PART. 
 
 NATURE, &e. 
 
 canth, or ftarch diffolved in water, and is ale 
 moft infipid : it fhews nothing remarkable on 
 being viewed with the microfcope. In the 
 Worms themfelves I could perceive pulmona= 
 ry tubes of a filver whitenefs running moft 
 beautifully on each fide through their little 
 tranfparent bodies. 
 
 I examined attentively the wax cemented 
 by way of foundation to the top of the hive, 
 but I could find no difference between that 
 and the other wax of which the cells confift. 
 They appear both to have the fame nature 
 and properties. I could not, however, but ad- 
 mire this ftrong union or faftening ; this fub- 
 ftance being juft fpread upon the hive likea 
 cruft, and confequently faftened to it by a 
 very {mall portion of its furface; whereas the 
 reft of the wax hung perpendicularly from 
 this foundation, without any lateral or other 
 fupport whatfoever, as if a wooden bowl were 
 fixed to a plain ceiling by a {mall part of its 
 circumference. 
 
 This hive contained the rudiments of a 
 great many more fuch combs of wax, of an 
 oval form, and full of cells on each fide: the 
 empty fpaces left between the combs, for the 
 Bees to pafs and repafs, did not exceed half 
 an inch in breadth, fo that it is plain the 
 comb I found open upon the ground, and in 
 which IJ reckoned 418 cells, had been torn 
 from its foundation by its own weight, and 
 that of the Bees walking upon it. Hence it 
 
 appears, with what good reafon thofe who © 
 
 keep Bees, place fticks crofsways in their 
 hives, that the combs may have the more 
 fupport ; and accordingly we obferve that in 
 thefe hives, the Bees themfelves on each 
 fide fufpend their combs to thefe fticks. 
 Contfidering the great multitude of Bees 
 employed in building the waxen cells, which 
 I have been juft examining, there is no great 
 reafon to be furprifed at their having done fo 
 much work that way, though the time they 
 had to do it in was fo fhort, and the weather 
 fo unfavourable. But it is really aftonifhing to 
 think how a fingle female could lay fo many 
 eggs in the fame fmall interval, and withal 
 
 depofit every egg in a feparate cell, and there 
 
 firmly faften it. We mutt alfo allow fome 
 time for laying the perpendicular foundations. 
 It is, moreover, very furprifing how thefe eggs 
 fhould fo fpeedily turn to Worms, and how 
 thofe Worms fhould grow fo very fuddenly 
 to their ftate of change. But I muft now 
 conclude, and I fhall doit with the following 
 account of what the hive I have been de- 
 fcribing contained. 
 
 33. males. 
 
 1 female. 
 
 5635 working Bees. 
 2392 waxcells,for the ufe of the working Bees. 
 
 45 ges. 
 
 150 Worms. 
 
 62 cells containing Bees bread. 
 
 236 cells in which honey had been Jaid up. 
 
 a , £ oe 
 
 ee ae ee 
 
 oT at tee 
 
ee teens 44) eee ee EP ee 
 
 BOOK of 
 
 O R, 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 T HE 
 
 Of, id IN-S Cane. 
 
 | am < SRS, GB cenit of 
 
 A catalogue of the infetts, which are referred to the fecond method of the third 
 order or clafs of natural changes, called the Chryfalis. 
 
 which belong to the third order, as the 
 
 preceding; but which prefent their feveral 
 
 parts lefs confpicuoufly. For this reafon, 
 I judged that the prefent order of tranfmuta- 
 tions might be properly divided into two kinds 
 or modes; though the one of them differ from 
 the other only, as the fchoolmen fay, by acci- 
 dent. 
 
 Among thofe infects, which pafs through the 
 fecond method of the third order or clafs of 
 transformations, and by force of the increafing 
 and {welling limbs, and other parts, by which 
 the fkin is at length torn or burft open, aflume 
 the form of a Chryfalis, which exhibits to view 
 all its parts, though more obfcurely than they 
 are feen in the Nymph; I reckon, in the firft 
 place, the diurnal or day Butterflies *, which 
 are called Ulinders and Pennevogels by the 
 Hollanders; and are diftinguifhed alfo by two 
 or three peculiar names of Albuli (Witkens), 
 Papiliones Butyracei (Botercapellen), and Cer- 
 donus (Schoenlappers). 
 
 Of thefe diurnal or day Flies, fome are heavy 
 and flow, others lively and fwift; fo that they 
 cut the air, and move various ways. I pre- 
 ferve in my collection eighty-five fpecies of 
 thofe; among which, there are thirty-four 
 foreign ones from Africa, America, Brafil, 
 Spain, France, and elfewhere. 
 
 Among the day Butterflies beforementioned, 
 there are twenty-two very large ones, thirty- 
 three middle-fized ones, and thirty very fmall. 
 
 I preferve alfo fome of their Worms or Ca- 
 terpillars, feveral of their Chryfallides, and fome 
 
 [= proceed to defcribe thofe infects 
 
 of theif Worms, which are partly Caterpillars, 
 and partly Chryfallides. I can demonftrate, ini 
 the ftate of nature, in what manner the Butter- 
 flies are placed within their laft fkin; in which, 
 when enclofed, we call them Chryfallides; and 
 their parts, though {till very minute, may be 
 yet diftinguifhed by their refpetive colours. 
 Ican fhew how their wings begin to grow 
 protuberant, after cafting this fkin. Ilikewife 
 preferve feparate the claws, inteftines, fto~ 
 mach, and trunk of the Butterflies. I can 
 likewife exhibit to the eye after what manner 
 all the colours of the future Butterfly are feen 
 through this fkin, when the Butterfly is about 
 to caft it, this being its laft fkin. I can alfo 
 demonftrate all the parts of the Butterfly al- 
 ready in the Caterpillar. I pafs over the men- 
 tion of a great many other things worth ob- 
 ferving, which I preferve, on this fubjeét, there 
 being now no time to enumerate them at 
 large. 
 
 On a proper occafion, I fhall explain the 
 method by which Butterflies, with their wings 
 at large, may be exprefled and formed, in all 
 their beauty, in plaifter of Paris, without any 
 colours. This 1 think an important piece of 
 art, and it has not yet been defcribed by any 
 one that I know. I fhall at the fame time 
 fhew how Caterpillars may be filled with 
 fuet, with plaifter of Paris, with air, and the 
 like, and by this means be preferved. This 
 is effected in none more conveniently than in 
 the rough and hairy Caterpillars, the colours 
 of which are permanent, as I can exhibit to 
 the eye by feveral {pecimens. 
 
 * The Flies produced from Caterpillars are of two kinds, diftinguifhed by the time of their flying abroad, and the form of their 
 antenne, or horns. They are called diurnal and noSturnal Butterflies, or more diftinétly Butterflies and Moths. _ The Butterflies 
 appear by day; and they have naked horns, terminated by knobs or buttons. ‘The Moths fly only in the night, and their horns 
 are feathery, and have no buttons at theend. The Fly reprefented Tab. XXXIII. Fig. vi. is a Moth, that Tab. XXXV. Fig. x11. 
 
 is a Butterfly. 
 
 A I thal} 
 
The BOOK tf 
 
 Zz 
 
 1 fhall likewife give the féveral methods 
 
 whereby the wings of. infects may be es 
 expanded and ee ih a form perfegtly 
 dgreeable tothat they have'in nature. Upon 
 this occafion, I fhall alfo teach by what means 
 the wings of infects, which are as yet hidden 
 in their original folds, may be produced. to 
 light ; and, when expanded; may Be dried 
 and preferved at pleafure. : 
 If I further have leifure and opportunity, 
 I propofe to-defcribe anyart-or management, 
 
 to fhew “in what manner monftrous and de 
 
 formed wings are made to grow 5 and fhalt 
 propofe, with thefe things, various operations, 
 relating not only to the accretion of thefe 
 wings, but to the motion of therhumédtrs, 
 which are conveyed through their veffels. 
 Finally, I fhall alfo fhew in what manner 
 puttules, tubercles, pimples, and the like irre- 
 gularities, may be raifed in thefe kinds of 
 wings. I fhal! likewife fubjoin many other, 
 hitherto unheard of, curious experiments, 
 which I hope will be ufeful to natural'philo- 
 fophy, and to medicine. All thefe I am, now 
 obliged to pafs over with this flight mention, 
 fince they cannot here be treated of at large. 
 Whether: or not the accurate Fabius Colum- 
 na found out, with certainty; from the exami- 
 nation of the. aliments,.on which the Cater- 
 illars, that.are to be changed into Butterflies, 
 oe What plants are like each other,.,in. re- 
 {pe& to their virtues? Is a queftion worthy the 
 inquiry. He tells us, that whatever different 
 plants the fame Caterpillar eats, are‘ of the 
 fame nature and virtue. Other naturalifts alfo 
 affirm, that each {pecies of Caterpillars has 
 only one kind of nourifhment fuitéd to it; fo 
 that hence its own peculiar Caterpillar feems 
 to be affigned,to every plant on which we fee 
 them feed. .From this, if it be fo, it necef- 
 farily follows, that the different plants, which 
 one and the fame Caterpillar eats, muft cer- 
 tainly agree in regard to their virtues; and 
 many {pecies of plants may by this means be 
 confidered, fo far as medicine is concerned, 
 as one. Qthers, on the contrary, deny the: 
 fact: nay, and experience itfelf teaches, as 
 Mouffet very well obferves, ‘© That there are 
 « a fort of ftrolling Caterpillars, which do not 
 * faffer themfelves to be tied down to any 
 “ particular leaves or flowers; but boldly run 
 ‘¢ over and tafte all plants or trees, and feed 
 *«« thereon at pleafure.” . I have myfelf feen 
 a Caterpillar, which eat the Braffica, or Cab- 
 bage: likewife feed upon the leaves of a Mul- 
 berry-tree. I found it feeding on both, of its 
 own accord. I {till preferve alfo the egg of 
 the Butterfly, into which this Caterpillar was 
 changed. It is grooved or channelled, like an 
 elegant piece of workmarifhip, and furrounded 
 with a purple circle. 
 We fee Aldrovandus has defcribed one hun- 
 dred and eighteen fpecies of Butterflies, of the 
 nocturnal and diurnal kind. Mouffet exhibits 
 eighty-fix. In the figures of Hoefnagel are 
 found fifty. And the ingenious Goedaert, has 
 given us defigns of feventy-feven noturnal, and 
 
 ne 
 
 ry 
 INtA’T U RE} or, : 
 eight diurnal butterflies. LHlowever, there is 
 
 nothing to be found relating to thefe infects in 
 thofe hor, befideythe fidopbe ee 4 
 Nay, Moéfnagel has diven Uf only*the figttrés. 
 Goedaert has indeed defcribed the Fly, hatched 
 from the maggot found in cheefe ; but he ex- 
 plains it no farther, than bya figure of theWorm, 
 Nyffiph, and Fly ; and he has given an inac- 
 eurate figure of the Worm. 
 
 But, what illuftrious, what prodigious, what 
 ineffable miracles-of nature;ypreicne shemfelves 
 to thetcareful obferver'in the changes of thefe 
 feveral infects! It would have been much 
 more uleful, to have exactly, and according to 
 nature, deferibed only one transformation of 
 any Nymph for an example to be applied to 
 ‘all the reft, than to have delineated the changes 
 of all thefe Caterpillars, with their various co- 
 lours, and their Nymphs: for, according to 
 the other practice, the things which were mioft 
 ufeful and neceffary, remain untouched and 
 neglected. 1 have, however, fome reafon to 
 know, from-my own’ peculiar, obfervations be- 
 fore related, what may be done inthis ftudy ; 
 in thefe I have Iaid open, in fome degree, the 
 myfteries of nature, and clearly exhibited to 
 view. ,thejadorable wifdom obferyable inythem: 
 Indeed, if wer ferioufly confider. what cae | 
 ble. phenomena.remain to be further inve 
 gated, and obferveds, and with, what {plendor, 
 clearnefs,.and beauty, nature « ibits herfelf in 
 thefe: infeéts;. and, how. {wiftly,, yet) how re- 
 gularly. fhe. performs thefe. gfeat, operations, 
 we muft own,.certainly, that fhe appears, as it 
 were, to have expended the utmoft ftrength of 
 her. wifdom. on them; and-to have no where fo 
 liberally, and clearly prefented her impenctra- 
 ble and inexplicable. miracles, to be viewed by, 
 thofe who worthily ftudy her works. 
 
 Whilft the preceding fheets were at the prefs, 
 the incomparable anatomical obfervations of 
 Dr. Marcellus Malpighius, profeflor of phyfic 
 and philofophy, in Bologne, on the Silk-Worm, 
 and its Butterfly, which the Royal Society of 
 London, inftituted to promote natural know- 
 ledge, caufed to: be publifhed this year, 16695 
 were. kindly fent to me by the noble Theve- 
 not, whofe merit and zeal to promote naturak 
 knowledge, are fufficiently known to-all who 
 happened to be at Paris, and. prefent at the 
 weekly difputations inftituted by him. And 
 as. the celebrated phyfician, juit mentioned, 
 feenis to have attained, by his extraordinary ac- 
 curacy, the end he propoted to himfelf in thefe 
 celebrated obfervations ; we may particularly 
 remark, that after that exact obferver, An- 
 drew Libavius, he is the only perfon who ex- 
 cludes the fancied metamorphofis from the na- 
 tural courfe of the changes, which the Silk- 
 Worms undergo; and has publithed feveral 
 things agreeable to truth: thefe, he confefles, 
 became known to him by chance. I fhall in- 
 fert his words, as being moft true, and worthy 
 of perufal. ‘ And at length, within four 
 «« days,” fayshe, ‘ in which time the heart of 
 
 . the Silk-Worm continues moving flowly, 
 
 and the body is growing bigger, having 
 
 thrown 
 
 8g 24 
 oo 
 
 ea eee ee Re, . cre ; =p 
 
The, HISTORY 
 * thrown off the outward fkin like a flough; 
 “« the Aurelia appears.as.a new creature. The 
 ** throwing»off the old, and afluming this new 
 ** form, is completed’ in the {pace of one’ mi+ 
 * nute and ten feconds;'and jit is thus, done, 
 as) I happened 'to fee it. The motion ofthe 
 “ heart is very quick at firft, .and.the whole 
 ‘* frame of, the body appears convulfed ;. fo 
 *« that the feveral circular folds of the feg- 
 ments emerge, and by. the tranfverfe con- 
 *< ftruction of the fides, the external! {kin is 
 feparated. from the inner ;. hence, upon 
 making an effort, and) thrufting the body, 
 which now appears. particularly ,thick. to- 
 ** wards the head, the. fkin is: driven. back- 
 ward, and downward; and the portions of 
 the trachea, being feparated from their. ex- 
 ternal proper orifices, are thrown away with 
 ** the fkin, -which is.,then caft off. . By. this 
 motion, a cleft: or opening is made in the 
 ** back near the head, and through the aper- 
 ture, the reft: of the body. makes its way 
 out; the {kin being, by degrees, drawn 
 ** back towards the fundament: This procefs 
 ‘* is-affifted greatly by'a yellow kind. of-ichor, 
 ** or fluid; which breaks forth-from-the cavi- 
 ** ties of the {kull; and)the Aurelia; on Nymph; 
 ** appears’ then free:and-difengaged. 
 
 “ Whilft: the infect. is; making its paflage 
 ‘© out; the horns, or. antenna) which are 
 ** thicker and) more. flimy than. the. reft; are 
 ‘* feparated; from the Aurelia’s body, and are 
 ** torn, as it were, out of two cavities of the 
 ** {kull, beyond the: placé where they are in- 
 ‘« ferted;; and their length, as; they become 
 ** unfolded, occupies the fame place, which 
 ** the two mufcles.of the jaws formerly had, 
 “The wings alfo, and the legs appear to be 
 ** circumfcribed in their limits ;. the wings are 
 ** drawn from their fituation near the fore-legs 
 ‘*< in the Silk-Worm ; and the legs, from the 
 ** Jateral parts of the back; , which were. before 
 ** of a purple colour. But as thefe unfolded 
 ‘* parts are yet mucous, they eafily ftick to 
 *< each other, and, infenfibly growing dry, 
 *< they become fo clofely united, that the Au- 
 ‘« relia appears like one entire garment. Now, 
 *« as thefe parts are peculiar to the Butterflies, 
 * and are deftined for their ufe, the nature of 
 ** the Butterflies feems to be, to emerge fooner 
 “ from the ftate of the Worm, than-is com- 
 *< monly believed, and to be earlier implanted 
 “ init; for evidently in the Silk-Worm, the 
 ** beginnings of the wings, may be feen under 
 ®< the fecond and third ring of the body, before 
 “« the texture of the web. The antenna, or 
 «* horns, are likewife delineated on the fkull; 
 ‘*« and the-web being finithed, they have their 
 ‘< own termination ; nor will it be improper to 
 ‘© doubt, that the new kind of life in the Au- 
 ‘<-relia, is only a mafk or veil of the Butterfly, 
 “which is already perfect. within ; intended 
 ‘© that it fhould not be ftruck or deftroyed by 
 ** external injuries, but might grow {ftrong, 
 ‘and ripen, as a fetus inthe womb.” Thus 
 far Malpighius, whofe laft-recited words an- 
 {wer to thofe moft evident experiments, which 
 
 of, LN SEC T §: 3 
 Ihave. formerly exhibited to: the noble. Lau- 
 rence, Magallotti, when. he: was travelling 
 through. our part, of the Netherlands, with. his 
 moft ferene highnefs the Grand, Duke of Tuts 
 cany, ,as I have before related. “In. this treaa 
 tife, 1, advance, nothing. particular concerning: 
 the Silk-W orm, except the figures of the brain, 
 {pinal, marrow, and male organs of generation; 
 which. may be feen in Tab. XXVIII. fig. 111. 
 Among the Butterflies which. I have caught 
 in, the woods.and. fields, or on.trees, flowers, 
 and plants, and, which I keep in my cabinet ; 
 there are. feveral, which have:been already dé- 
 {cribed by Aldrovandus; Mouffet, Goedaert, 
 and others: Ifhall therefore pafs. thefe: over, 
 without enumerating their Caterpillars inythis 
 place... Among Caterpillars, fome., are hairy, 
 others naked);. fome. have. tails; others have 
 antenne,,or) horns,.. {pines, wreaths, {pots, 
 grooves, tubercles, tufts of hair, and, as, it 
 were, bruthes; fome are diftinguifhed »by 
 many,,others..with, fewer colours ;. and a like 
 differencesis\foundiin. their feet... Some have 
 heads like hogs,'cats, and mice; others carry 
 on them marks, as. it were, of diftinction ; 
 and fome again.are formed in different man- 
 ners, and exhibit. incomprehenfible reprefen- 
 tations ;, fo, that, theyy cannot be; defcribed by 
 any detail: of words\;, for,which, reafon, Goes 
 daert publifhed them.in their native colours. 
 In the mean time, whilft. we are confiders 
 ing the-glittering. beauty, of the Butterflies, we 
 cannot but,declare, that the con{picuous and 
 beautiful; tails of peacocks, andthe thowy fea- 
 thers of the Oftrich, cannot be compared with 
 the, ornaments of thefe. little:creatures, Are 
 not the wings. of Butterflies. moft beautifully 
 fet, as it were, with pearls and diamonds; 
 and with the turquoife, fapphires, and.rubies, 
 which increafe their fplendor to fuch,a degree, 
 that their bafe being made, as it were, of the 
 fubftance of mother-of-pearl; and. covered 
 with plates of gold), filver, copper, or. molten 
 brafs, furpafs the colours of the rainbow, by 
 the bright: reflexions of the raysy? That thefe 
 little creatures might be. exalted to the utmoft 
 height of beauty, nature has favoured them 
 with four wings, one of which beautifully re- 
 prefents the: other, as it were, in a mirror or 
 looking-glafs ; whereas they might have flown 
 with only two, and that moft 4wiftly, and have 
 cut the air. in infinite meanders, furpaffing all 
 imagination, ; as.any one may fee on opening 
 the under pair of wings. Some of the Butter~ 
 flies, which I preferve in my cabinet, have 
 oval, others round wings ; fome oblong, and 
 fome.ferrated ; but, which is a very rare thing, 
 one of them has wings on one fide membra- 
 nous, and on the other, only covered with the 
 feathery or fcaly duft; fo that they confit 
 partly of a bare membrane, and partly of one 
 fet with thefe feathers. I have likewife fome, 
 the lower wings of which terminate, as. it 
 were, in an acute tail; and in others they ter- 
 minate in balls, or as if they had knobs on 
 their tops: all thefe are diurnal. 1 proceed 
 now to the nc¢cturnal Butterflies. 
 3 Hf 
 
The BOOK 
 
 4 
 
 In the next place then, we likewife refer to 
 this order called the Aurelia, the no¢turnal 
 Butterflies, Phalenez, or Moths. I preferve, 
 and can fhew the curious, one hundred and 
 ninety-three fpecies of thefe creatures; of 
 thefe, thirteen are very large ; twenty-eight of 
 a middle fize ; eighty-fix fmaller ; and fixty- 
 fix very minute. In this number there are 
 thirty-five nodturnal, of night Butterflies ; 
 which, together with their refpective Cater- 
 pillars, and their changes, have been defcribed 
 by Goedaert, aud painted in their natural co- 
 fours. I have likewife fifteen or fixteen fpe- 
 cies of the Chryfallides ; fome of which are 
 naked or {mooth; others rough, having caft 
 the hairs of their outward fkin ; others are dif- 
 tinguifhed with wreaths and various colours ; 
 others are colourlefs and naked ; and others 
 are, as it were, interwoven, and exhibiting a 
 reprefentation through this web. I can like- 
 wife thew many of the eggs of thefe Butter- 
 flies; fome of thefe are covered with hair; 
 others furrounded with a kind of froth, and 
 others again are hidden in other manners. . I 
 likewife preferve fome fingular and very beau- 
 tiful webs, nets and membranes, wherein they 
 enclofe themfelves, with the greateft circum- 
 fpection, and in a moft wonderful manner, 
 when they are about to change: it is, indeed, 
 hard to ‘comprehend, how thefe little crea- 
 tures can confine themfelves in fuch clofe and 
 narrow prifons; and can, though completed 
 or folded up in thefe, perfect their webs *, 
 ‘The induftrions Goedaert has delineated 
 fifty-feven fpecies of Chryfallides 5 but Iam 
 forry to fay, that amrong them all there is 
 {carce one accurately seprefented, as I thall 
 hereafter fhew beyond a doubt. Indeed, a 
 great many things occur, occafionally, in the 
 figures of Goedaert, which fhould be cor- 
 rected. 
 
 It is certainty worth obfervation, that, as 
 _ well bythe night as in the day, we obferve 
 innumerable living little creatures fluctuating 
 in the air. ‘This is not peculiar to the no¢tur- 
 nal Butterflies; for immenfe fwarms of Beetles, 
 and very many fpecies of water infects, betake 
 themfelves ‘to the air after fun-fet. “Tis for 
 this reafon we obferve flowers, trees, fields, 
 and gardens frequented, night and day, by in- 
 numerable infeéts, which feek for food upon 
 them; that is, the great and fupreme Creator, 
 whofe providential eye is always open on all 
 created beings, appoints thefe creatures night 
 for their day, and day for their time of reft, 
 fince all things are at his pleafure, and in his 
 power. Hf at night you carry before you a 
 lighted torch, you will entice towards you 
 many fpecies of fuch infeéts; and, when al- 
 lured and deceived by the light, you may 
 eafily catch them. 
 
 Among the noéturnal Butterflies, which I 
 preferve, there is one, a Meth, the largeft that 
 
 o NA PVR EY of; 
 
 has been taken in Holland. It is produced 
 from a very deftructive Caterpillar, with thin 
 hair, which eats the bark, and even wood, of 
 the Willow. This Caterpillar is called Spon- 
 dyla rubra by Mouffet. | have fometimes fed 
 it for a whole year on white bread only. 
 Mouffet relates, that the largeft Moths kilt 
 with their wings, and afterwards devour, the 
 {maller kinds: but this, I have found, is con- 
 tradiéted by experience; for the Moths are 
 provided only with a hollow trunk for their 
 mouth. To which may be added, that many 
 of thefe infects, as foon as they become fit for 
 generation, entirely quit their former mif- 
 chievous difpofition, and, taking no food after- 
 wards, apply themfelves only to propagating 
 their fpecies. Indeed, fome do it more late, 
 others earlier; according as their eggs become 
 more or lefs mature, whilft they lie in the 
 habit of a Nymph, nay, and in the Caterpillar- 
 form. Thofe kinds muft be excepted, which 
 have the care of feeding their young; for it is 
 abfolutely neceflary, that fuch fhould be longer 
 preferved alive alfo by nature, for the fake of 
 their young. ‘Thofe which are not obliged to 
 rear their young, as the Butterfly kind in ge- 
 neral, we obferve, die very foon after they are 
 produced in their winged ftate. So that hence 
 we fee, the whole change of thefe creatures is 
 begun and finithed by nature, with regard to 
 their generation only; as is more evident from 
 thofe fingular obfervations I have made on 
 Bees. 
 
 In the Ephemeri, nature has ordered the 
 bufinefs of generation in a different manner ; 
 for, as fhe has denied coition to thefe infects, 
 the females are obliged to caft their feed into 
 the water, in the fame manner as fifh caft their 
 {pawn : this they do in the time when they 
 beat and fly up and down on the furface of 
 the water. On the other hand, the male Bees 
 have air, inftead of water, into which they 
 difcharge their {perm. 
 
 I preferve alfo that {pecies of Butterflies, 
 which the celebrated John Bauhinus has de- 
 feribed in his treatife of hurtful winged ani- 
 mals, publifhed in French in the year 1693. 
 I have reprefented the Caterpillar of this {pe- 
 cies, the Chryfalis, and the Butterfly itfelf, in 
 Tab. XXIX. Fig. 1. 11. and 111. and have given 
 it the name of Pernix. 
 
 I preferve likewife various fpecies of thofe 
 noéturnal Butterflies, known particularly by 
 the name of Moths, becaufe they are produced 
 from worms of the fame name, that eat cloaths; 
 and others that feed on paper, books, and duft, 
 as well as the leaves of trees. Among thefe 
 worms there are fome which, like Tortoifes, 
 carry their houfes about them: this will appear 
 in our fucceeding particular obfervations. Be- 
 tween thefe Moths and the other nocturnal 
 Butterflies, which are called alfo by the fame 
 general name, there is this difference, that the 
 
 * All that is required to produce the perfeét Fly from the Chryfalis, is the evaporation of the abundant moifture; and this will 
 happen in a fhorter time In hotter weather, and will require longer in cold. Hence, the period of the fame fpecies ig in this 
 
 ftate, is varied by accidents ; and that of different fpecies, is alfo in its mature extremely various. Reamur has foun 
 i 
 
 days is fafficient for fome, and that others lie as many months. 
 
 that eight 
 
 former 
 
 Lo SS VRIeRL Ss Seeks SNe ST eames: | s Peet 
 
ery 
 ae 
 
 Th HISTORY 
 
 former rife immediately, and fuddenly fly into 
 the air; but the others, before they can fly 
 away, make a noify and tremulous motion with 
 their wings. This we obferve alfo in other 
 creatures, which, after they have refted fome 
 time, are obliged thus to prepare themfelves 
 for flight. I have given the true figure of the 
 Tinea or Moth of cloaths, in Tab. XLV. fig. 
 xxxI. to which is fubjoined in fig. xxx1v. of 
 the fame Table, another kind of Moth, gene- 
 rated from.a Worm that-goes in its theca or 
 cafe. And in Tab. XLIV. fig. xx. I have 
 delineated a third Moth, produced from the 
 leaf of an alder-tree. Finally, I have deli- 
 neated the honey-comb Moth in Tab. XXVI. 
 fig. 11. 
 
 i can likewife thew in my colleCtion that 
 {pecies of Butterfly, the male whereof is 
 winged, but the female without wings : this 
 privilege of the male is very fingular and re- 
 markable in this fpecies. I have likewife ob- 
 ferved, that the males of the Ants live free 
 from labour, and have alfo four wings. Among 
 the Bees the male has likewife this preroga- 
 tive ; it is difcharged from all care of nourith- 
 ing the young, and feems to be appointed by 
 nature for generation only, not for nurfing : it 
 is for this reafon probably that this crea- 
 ture’s life is fo fhort; and for the fame caufe 
 we obferve, that when the time of generation 
 is over, thefe males are murdered by the work- 
 ing Bees. I preferve two kinds of males and 
 females of the Butterflies, juft now mentioned; 
 
 the former of which have larger eyes than thé 
 latter: this we likewife obferve in Bees, Antsy 
 the Ephemeri, and other infe@s. The fe- 
 male of the Brafil Caterpillar that eats wood; 
 is likewife without wings ; this appears to me 
 plainly, from its Chryialis which | preferve in 
 my collection. I have likewife a fecond {pe- 
 cies of Butterflies; whereof the male only is 
 winged : It was taken in Brance; and I have 
 reprefented it in Tab. XXXII. fig. vit. 
 
 I can in the next place thew fome Butterflies, 
 the wings of which are formed like feathers, 
 Indeed we are to obferve, thatyall the colours 
 and different reprefentations, which conftitute 
 the fplendid pride of the Butterfly’s wings; 
 confift only of little feathers, differing among 
 themfelves with inexpreflible variety of con- 
 ftruction : this will be made manifeft, when 
 we fhall treat of the manner, whereby thofe 
 wonderful protuberances of the wings aré 
 formed in the Butterflies, and, with many 
 other curious incidents, hall expiain that moft 
 delicate increafe of the wings. Finally, I can 
 likewife thew the {mall Butterfly, which al- 
 ways flies in a ftraight line, having an oblong 
 tail for that purpofe ; and therefore it does not, 
 like other kinds of Butterflies, defcribe by its 
 motion an oblique and unequal courfe in the 
 air. Of this opinion is alfo the very learned 
 Arnoldus Senguerdius, who, in his phyfical 
 exercifes, affirms, that the tail may have power 
 to give an even, or uneven motion to thofe 
 creatures. We add here, 
 
 An example of the fecond /pecies or method of the third order of natural changes, 
 which I call the Nymph-Chryfalis, or Aurelia, exbibited in that Jpecies of the 
 nocturnal Butterfly, or Moth, whereof the male is winged. 
 
 Tas. XXXIII. No. I. 
 T HE Caterpillar of this nocturnal Butterfly, 
 or Moth, lying in its firft coat or fkin, 
 which is called the egg-ftate, and is reprefented 
 to the life. The firft figure exhibits the egg 
 magnified. 
 
 No. lI. The fame egg, or rather the hard or 
 indurated fhell of that egg divided into two 
 parts. A microfcopic delineation of this is 
 again exhibited in the fecond figure. 
 
 No. Hil. The Caterpillar of this Butterfly 
 having attained its full fize, it is very worthy 
 of regard, on account of its wonderful form. 
 Behind its head are feen, Tab. XXXIII. No. 
 Tif. a. four bundles of hairs, like fo many 
 cloaths-bruthes, clipped even at the tops: thefe 
 are of a white colour inclining to yellow. In 
 the fore part, near the head, are alfo two pro- 
 minent bundles of hairs, which refemble 
 horns. ‘Thefe are hairs, 44. of a black colour, 
 and confift of long, ragged, and uneven hairs ; 
 the tops whereof are adorned with a kind of 
 branching feathers. On the two fides of the 
 breaft are feen, cc. two other feather-like bun- 
 dles of hairs, placed very beautifully like oars. 
 Juft before thefe are placed, dd. two fuch other 
 hairy oars ; which, however, are much infe- 
 
 SS 
 
 rior in the beauty of their ftru@ure, to the fe- 
 cond pair juft now defcribed, and are of a yel- 
 lowifh white, being almoft of the fame colour 
 with the four former even-clipped bruthes of 
 the back. The whole fkin of this Caterpillar 
 is here and there beautifully variegated with fine 
 colours, which are conftituted, ce. by certain 
 fcaly and fhort-haired little feathers, among 
 which, the longer and loofe hairs are every 
 where interfperfed ; whilft, in the mean time, 
 the fkin itfelf is obferved to be of a bright red 
 colour. At the hinder part of the body, this 
 Caterpillar has a fuperb feather-like tail, which 
 refembles the antenne or horns of infeéts, in 
 form and colour. This creature has fixteen 
 feet; the fix fore ones are placed near the 
 head under the thorax ; eight are placed under 
 the middle of the bedy, and the other two at 
 the end, juft above the tail. Thefe Caterpil- 
 Jars arefound plentifully in the gardens of Hol- 
 land, living among the leaves of plum and 
 cherry-trees, ahd in feveral other places. 
 
 No. IV. This figure exhibits the manner, 
 wherein this Caterpillar has wound itfelf up, 
 aaa. and fettled itfelf quietly in its web. It 
 begins in that to be fomewhat immoveable 
 
 about the thorax ; and it is to be obferved, that 
 it 
 
6 The BOOK. of 
 it there becomes alfo thick, and more extube- 
 rant; for the limbs, which have increafed 
 there under the common fkin, fwell by de- 
 grees. This is particularly manifeft, 4. about 
 the third and fourth annular incifion in the 
 fore part near. the head. Before this Caterpil- 
 lar cafts its fkin, it becomes wholly deprived of 
 motion; and in the place juft mentioned is 
 {till more confiderably diftended ; and the body 
 becomes fhorter, becaufe the blood and juices 
 are conveyed toward the breaft from the hin- 
 der parts. I here likewife fhew the manner 
 wherein this little creature, whilft it twifted it- 
 {elf continually up and down in perfecting its 
 web, has by that continual agitation worn off 
 the greateft part of its hairy feathers; and as 
 they have fallen into the cavity of the web, 
 hence is produced a little feather-bed, as it 
 were, in which the Caterpillar lies the fofter. 
 To this may be added, that thefe hairs, lying 
 loofely and f{eattered in the web, render the 
 change of the fkin much eafier, and they are 
 afterwards moved backwards with the fkins 
 from the fore parts. 
 
 No. V. I exhibit in this figure the fame Ca- 
 terpillar, when upon cafting its fkin, it has af- 
 fumed the form of a male Chryfalis, and fhews 
 all the limbs of the noéturnal Butterfly, that is 
 to burft from thence. 
 
 This reprefentation is more obfcure in the 
 Chryfalis than in the Nymph; for the latter, 
 as has been before fhewn at large, in its proper 
 place, very clearly difplays to the eye the limbs 
 of the little infe€&t to be produced from it, on 
 cafting its fkin. However, as the Chryfalis 
 does really alfo exhibit to view all the limbs 
 and parts of the future creature, and is, in 
 reality, that very creature which it reprefents, I 
 {hall likewife exhibit thefe parts in this Chryfa- 
 lis. The fourth and fifth figure anfwer this 
 purpofe. 
 
 No. VI. In this figure I reprefent the fame 
 Caterpillar, as it appears when firft changed 
 into a Chryfalis, and afterwards, after cafting its 
 laft kin, becomes a male nocturnal Butterfly or 
 Moth. When thefe infects have obtained this 
 laft form, they afterwards neither grow nor are 
 at all changed, but are intent upon generation 
 only; as I fhall more clearly fhew in the ex- 
 planation of the following figures. In the 
 mean time I fhew the elegant antennez, aa. 
 which this male has, its {mall body, 4. and its 
 four wings, cc. which the female has not. 
 
 Tas. XXXII. Fie. 1. 
 
 The egg of the nocturnal Butterfly, whereof 
 we are {peaking, is the principal figure repre- 
 fented magnified: Its purple ring, and fome 
 little depreflions and inequalities, whereby it 
 is remarkably diftinguifhed from all other eggs, 
 are fhewn in this figure. This egg is alfo fome- 
 what depreffed in the middle, which makes it 
 appear as If perforated and open in that part, 
 when viewed without a microfcope. 
 
 Fic, u. 
 
 This exhibits the fame egg broken into two 
 parts, and forfaken by its inhabitant : for as it 
 is covered with a hard fkin, or fhell, like a 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 hen’s egg; hence it is not rolled up, or drawn 
 afunder like a membranaceous integument, as is 
 commonly the cafe in the eggsef Ants and 
 Bees: it is on the contrary torn from the Ca- 
 terpillar, which it before inveited, in form of 
 a jagged fhell. This manner of feparation is 
 not univerfal among all thefe eggs; for, ac- 
 cording as the fkin or fhellis more or tes hard, 
 and the oppofition great or fmall; the de- 
 ferted fhells are found to vary more or lefs 
 from the form we have defcribed.. One may 
 from thence fee,. after what various ways the 
 infects put off their firft coats and fkins, which 
 may be eafily illuftrated by other examples. - 
 ; Fic. 1. 
 
 In the third figure I fhew the method 
 wherein thefe eggs dre glued to the web. I 
 fhall prefently treat of this particular, more at 
 large. It is in this deferted web feen alfo, 
 what an hole the nocturnal Butterfly made, 
 when about to creep out of the web. 
 
 F EG .2d¥i 
 
 In the fourth figure are reprefented all the 
 parts of the male Butterfly in the. Chryfalis it- 
 felf; namely, 
 
 a. The two eyes in the head, under which, in 
 the thorax, next between the upper legs, the 
 trunk is fituated. 
 
 6b. The antenne or horns, with their inte- 
 guments, removed from their natural fituation, 
 which is clofe to the body. 
 
 cc. Six legs likewife removed from their 
 places. Por 94 
 
 dd. The upper and under wings in their na- 
 tural fituation. coe 
 
 e. ‘The rings of the body, in which are re- 
 prefented fome hairs deprived of their fin : 
 This is likewife the cafe, with refpect to thofe 
 hairs which are feen on the head. 
 
 Fic._y. 
 
 All the before-mentioned parts are in this 
 figure exhibited in the Chryfalis of the female 
 B&tterfly of this {pecies; but thefe are not re- 
 moved out of their natural fituation. It is evi- 
 dent, by this figure, that the female Chryfalis 
 differs in three refpects from the male Chryfa- 
 lis : firft, as to the horns or antenne ; then in 
 refpect to the wings ; thirdly, in regard to the 
 fize and thicknefs of the body ; but thefe things 
 will be made more evident, in the explanation 
 of the fixth figure. I muft alfo call to mind 
 here, that this compofition or texture of the 
 limbs, though various in the fexes, yet never 
 makes what is called, an effential difference 
 between the Chryfallides of the various infects, 
 but only an accidental one, confifting in the 
 fhortnefs or length, of bignefs and {mallnefs of 
 the parts. We mutt further obferve, that this 
 Chryfalis, and the infect, which, upon chang- 
 ing itsfkin, is to arife out of it, do not in the 
 leaft differ from each other, except only in the 
 order and difpofition of the parts, which are 
 arranged in the Chryfalis, fomewhat otherwife : 
 than they are in the perfedt infect, or the 
 Chryfalis, after cafting its fkin: This fhould 
 indeed be obferved moft carefully. 
 
 or, 
 
 Fia. 
 
the, Has F GR Y 
 
 Fic. vi. 
 fter delineating, under No. VI. the male 
 Butterfly, together with its moft elegant horns, 
 its fine and flender body, and four expanded 
 wings; 1 exhibit under the fame No. VI. all 
 thefe parts, but much more imperfect; viz. 
 aa. Twouncouth horns or antenne. 
 
 b. A thick and diftended body. 
 
 cc. Four fhort wings, or rather only rude 
 portraitures of wings. 
 
 Hence it is evident, that it may be truly faid 
 that this female has no wings. We may, for 
 this reafon, fee all its fix legs without any im- 
 pediment ; though in the male they lie fo far 
 under the wings, that only the two fore ones 
 are occafionally feen between the horns and 
 fuperior wings; as is manifeft under N°. VI. 
 
 In ref{pect therefore to this {pecies of infects, 
 it deferves notice in what a wonderful manner 
 the adorable Creator has eftablifhed diftintions 
 between the males and females; and what 
 noble prerogatives he has given to one, and 
 denied to the other, of them. Whilft beauti- 
 ful antennz, an agile and light body, and very 
 {wift flying wings, raife the male to the thrones 
 and fceptres, as it were, of kings; the female, 
 being deprived of all thofe remarkable privi- 
 leges, and fcarce able to bear the load of a 
 {wollen, tumid, and thick body, feems to be 
 condemned by the moft wife Nature, who has 
 given fovereignty and dignity to the male only, 
 to keep her neft perpetually, and take care of 
 domeftic affairs. Hence it likewife is, that 
 this female, like a moft prudent houfewile, 
 never goes out of her habitation ; but is always 
 fixing the fruits of her matrimony, that is, her 
 eggs, to the furface of the web out of which 
 fhe herfelf crept ; as may be {een in Fig. 111. 
 Indeed, this cuftom of faftening the eggs to 
 the web ina conftant method, and, by the im- 
 mutable law of nature, is fo peculiar to this 
 fpecies of infects, that I have never hitherto 
 obferved it in any other kind whatfoever. 
 This female, therefore, affords a beautiful in- 
 ftance of induftrious houfewifery ; and, there- 
 fore, fhe deferves to be dignified with that 
 name. The male, in due time, revifiting his 
 female, and paying her the proper tribute of 
 benevolence, fhews, in his {pecies, that he 
 never deviates from the character of a chafte 
 and honeft husband ; fince he gives the affift- 
 ance of his excellence and dignity to the 
 ‘female, and fupports her weaknets *. 
 
 Fic. vil. 
 
 The female is here reprefented, according 
 to nature, fo full of eggs, that her whole belly 
 is diftended with them; and as the integu- 
 ments of this part is very thin, the eggs are 
 diftin@ly vifible through it. Nay, it is like- 
 wife feen how the {kin turns and infinuates it- 
 felf round the convex windings of the eggs, 
 and runs into the little fpaces between them ; 
 
 oF. LN-S £aé F S. 4 
 fo that, it is like a clufter of grapes. In order 
 to produce thefe eggs very clearly to view, the 
 fkin needs only (Tab. XXXIL Fig. vir, a.) 
 be diffected in'the belly and back; and raifed 
 from the body towards the hinder parts; for 
 then one may diftin@ly fee after what manner 
 they are placed within. Thefe egos are found 
 to bé of a round figure, when taken out of thé 
 body ; and have on the upper part, as I have 
 already obferved, a purple ring: but, on the 
 lower part, they are of a white glittering hue; 
 like pearls. Their thell ot fkin is hard, that 
 when they are dried in the air, they are not 
 liable to break; and, therefore, the natural 
 preferved fpeeimens of them will be always 
 agreeable to the perfon who fees them. : 
 
 It is very remarkable in this creature, that; 
 when it is yet in the condition of a Caterpillar, 
 one may, even then, manifeftly fee in it the 
 rudiments of eggs. Thefe, when the Cater- 
 pillar is changed into a Chryfalis, thew them- 
 felyes much more diftinétly, and, having ac- 
 quired their utmoft perfection, are at length 
 fecn thus elegantly in the Butterfly itfelf; that 
 is, they feem watery in the Caterpillar : they 
 appear in the Chryfalis, as it were, membra- - 
 naceous and flexible; but in the infeét itfelf 
 they are hard, and refemble a real fhell, very 
 little different from that of hen’s eges; and, 
 for this reafon alfo, they will crack and break 
 like an earthen veflel. From hence appears 
 the reafon, why thefe eggs retain their figure, 
 when dried; for this is the cafe, with refpect 
 to all eggs that have a hard fhell : whereas the 
 contrary obtains, in all thofe that have a thin 
 and tender {kin ; as may be {een in the eggs of 
 Bees, and many other infeéts, which are almoft 
 entirely deftroyed by drying them. 
 
 Before’ I conclude this hiftory, it may be ne- 
 ceflary to add fomething more concerning the 
 parts of the Aurelia, that thefe may be the 
 more appofitely compared with the parts of the 
 Nymphs, and the difference between them 
 underftood. When thefe and other Caterpil- 
 lars are cafting their fkin, and prefenting their 
 before hidden parts to outward view, in the 
 beginning of this change we obferve them 
 foft, tender, and fomewhat moift ; and this is 
 the cafe likewife about the parts of the Nymphs 
 themfelves. But, a little after thefe feveral 
 parts in the Chryfallides approach toward each 
 other, they are then joined together ; and in- 
 deed fo clofely, evenly, and equally united; 
 that they reprefent, as it were, a continuous, 
 fmooth, undivided, ‘and varnifhed fkin. This 
 is by no means the cafe in the parts of 
 Nymphs: for they are not at all joined; but 
 are only difpofed near each other in fuch a 
 manner, that one may diftinétly fee each of 
 them. This is the true difference between 
 the parts of the Nymph and thofe of the 
 Chryfalis. 
 
 * The progeny of the fame fpecies of Butterfly may, under favourable circumftances, be hatched at two feafons of the years and 
 confequently two generations, inftead of one, may be produced in one year. Reaumur has obferved, that the eggs of the Butterfly, 
 which would be hatched in a few days if laid in fummer, will, if depofited in autumn, lie till the winter; and, unlefs the cold have 
 been fevere, hatch the following {pring. ‘The Butterflies produced in about fix weeks from the Caterpillars, of thefe eggs, will lay 
 their eggs in fo warm a feafon, that they will hatch, and pafs through all their changes into Butterflies the fame year. 
 
 The 
 
8 
 
 The reafon why the limbs in the Chryfalis 
 unite, and are, as it were, glued and faftened 
 together, is, becaufe the , {kin, inyefting the 
 Chryfalis in that part where the union of junc- 
 tion is made, is confiderably thinner than where 
 it is expofed to, the: air. And therefore, on 
 account of this inequality of the fkin, it was 
 abfolutely neceflary to preferve all the mem- 
 bers from the drying air, and to defend them 
 from injuries by their mutual compactnefs, 
 
 Thele things are circumftanced in the parts 
 of the Nymphs ina contrary manner 5 for their 
 {kin is found to be equally thick in all the parts, 
 {o that it would be fuperfluous to unite them 
 together. But, even in Nymphs, fome parts 
 fometimes occur, which are covered with an 
 equal fkin. This holds chiefly when fome 
 parts reft upon or are fupported by others ; 
 and it is obferved principally about the cafes 
 of the wings, which have a much thinner 
 {kin, where they receive the wings, than where 
 they are turned to the air: therefore, in this 
 refpect, they entirely agree with the Chry- 
 fallides. - 
 
 It certainly deferves great notice, how deli- 
 cate and thin the integuments of thofe parts 
 are, where they are found to lie on each other : 
 and hence even the continued fkin, which, co- 
 vers or inclofes thefe parts, has its external part 
 thick, and is ftrong and hard; but in the in, 
 ternal part it is thin, tender, foft, and formed 
 like a fpider’s web. ‘This {kin fometimes alfo 
 is fo fine, that the rays of the fun exhibit 
 therein various colours to the eye, efpecially 
 where it is in any degree folded: as is obferved 
 in very thin and fine blown glafs, and in the 
 
 flender filaments of a fpider’s web. 
 
 This being well confidered, it is eafy to un- 
 derftand why many Butterflies are produced. 
 deformed; that is, when their limbs, under 
 the period of the transformation, are not well 
 united together, as frequently happens. In- 
 deed I have, more than once, feen that they 
 have dried and perifhed, by reafon of this de- 
 fe& of a proper union. ‘The fame effect 
 may be performed by art, and a certain opera- 
 tion: Imean, we may thus produce Butterflies 
 that are deformed. , I can alfo very eafily dif- 
 unite all the limbs of the Chryfallides; for, 
 naturally, thefe parts in the Chryfallides will 
 then never feparate themfelves further, not even 
 at the time they are ftripped of their fkin : for 
 the {kins to be cut off from thence, have only 
 three or four cracks or openings, fince the 
 thinner fides of thefe invefting parts are then 
 very ‘eafily broken further, with the leaft mo- 
 tion; fo that there will be no need to move 
 
 the refpective limbs out of their places. 
 - _ As thofe who fearch into the fecrets of na- 
 ture have not obferved this, I am therefore in- 
 clined to think they have imagined, in confe- 
 quence of this overfight, that the continued 
 {kin of the Aurelia confifted of a texture of the 
 parts united one with another. They have 
 therefore fancied, that the infe& lies in that 
 uniform and undivided fkin, in the fame man- 
 ner as the chicken lies in its undivided fhell. 
 
 4 
 
 The BOOK of N'A YF O'R £3” -oF,; 
 
 But this is contrary to all truth; for every part 
 of the Chiyfalis, as well as the limbs of the 
 Nymph, is invefted with its refpective integu- 
 ment. And this is the more inconteftably 
 certain, becaufe thefe limbs, together with’ the 
 {kin wherewith they are furrounded, are found 
 entirely perfect in the Worms and Caterpillars, 
 and may be even thefe feparated or difengaged; 
 fo that: one of thefe’ infects is, in reality, al- 
 ways in another: as I fhall hereafter deicribe, 
 and abfolutely prove. 
 
 Another remarkable thing in thefe Aureliz, 
 whereof we are fpeaking, is, that even the 
 hairs of the Caterpillar caft a fkin, and are 
 afterwards feen in the Chryfalis. And hence 
 arifes another invincible argument, moft clearly 
 demonftrating, that the Aurelia is not a crea= 
 ture newly transformed, but is really the former 
 creature, which has caft its fkin. "The whole 
 change, or rather accretion of the parts and 
 limbs, confifts indeed only in this, that the in- 
 vefting membranes or fkins, which are fo many 
 veils that obftruét the fight, are removed by 
 degrees, and thrown off; fo that the limbs, 
 which, from the firft, lay hidden in the infide, 
 are, in the end, feen on thé outfide. In all 
 thefe changes, nothing is more wonderful than 
 the motion by which alone they are feverally 
 produced, and perfected by means too difficult 
 to be inveftigated. ‘The deeper we here look 
 into nature, the more we are obliged to con- 
 fefs our blindnefs, and ourignorance. Indeed, 
 there is nothing more true, than that all thefe 
 things, which I advance and publith, are no 
 mire than the naked fhadows of the inexpli- 
 cable myfteries of the Great Creator : the in- 
 ternal nature, and true difpofition, of thefe 
 meanders are above the reach of our limited 
 underftandings. 
 
 I fhould never conclude, if I attempted to 
 profecute minutely all the wonderful things 
 that occur in thefe Chryfallides: and, indeed, 
 I thould weary out the reader’s patience by a 
 
 prolix recital of them ; fince he mutt firft have 
 
 fome knowledge of the hiftory of thefe infects, 
 who would propérly underftand what is deli- 
 vered. I fhall add but one thing more con- 
 cerning the eggs of thefe infects: this is, that 
 as the rudiments of thefe eges may be perfectly 
 feen in the Caterpillar, there arifes from thence 
 a ftill more powerful argument to prove, that 
 there is no real metamorphofis or change, or 
 real transformation of parts in the creature ; 
 but only a fimple growth, or accretion, as. In 
 all other animals; only, that it is more confi- 
 derable, and more admirable, than in the other 
 creatures. I fhall alfo add, that the ege itfelf 
 is, in reality, no other than a little infect, the 
 ftrength of which, by degrees, increafes in its 
 {kin or coat; until it has at laft acquired fuffi- 
 cient ftrength to break through this fkin or 
 fhell, and caft off its firft integument. It is 
 
 therefore, from what has been faid, clearer . 
 
 than the meridian fun, of what infinite ufe fuch 
 experiments are to us; as thofe I have pro- 
 pofed, by way of {pecimen, at the end of the 
 third chapter. 
 
 In 
 
 eT eR es es ee 
 
 ta. 2% 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS 
 
 In the webs, which Caterpillars form, there 
 is obferved a wonderful variety; for as they 
 ferve them in the place of nefts, every Cater- 
 pillar, according to its peculiar nature and dif- 
 pofition, forms and perfeéts its web its own 
 way. Though thefe webs are conftructed with 
 wonderful art, yet thofe Caterpillars, which 
 are enclofed in no web, excel all others in art 
 and invention, Some of thefe, which bury 
 themfelves under the earth, are inftruéted to 
 make caverns or holes in it fo artfully, that 
 they feem to have a more fecure habitation 
 there, than others in their walls. Some others, 
 that remain above the earth, have the. art to 
 fix their webs with fuch ftupendous dexterity 
 to plants, trees, walls, and in hedges, that they 
 fafely hang with it, though expofed every way 
 to the {urrounding air; and are at length 
 changed, after cafting their fkin, into very 
 beautiful Butterflies. It is moft wonderful, 
 that thefe little creatures, at the time of their 
 change, know how to difengage their claws 
 from the web, and to change the fkin of thefe 
 their fmalleft parts, together with the fepa- 
 rating exuyie; whilft, at the fame time, they 
 remain fixed by thofe claws in the web. In- 
 deed, in this art, the Caterpillars by far excel 
 the moft active of the human fpecies in their 
 gefticulations. I have likewife feen fome 
 Caterpillars, which knew how to bite off a 
 certain part of the leaves of trees; and, as in 
 a fafe habitation, afterwards have enclofed 
 themfelves therein, by the help of the threads 
 they have fpun. Others weave oval nefts ; 
 others exactly round ones; others oblong ones; 
 others make them channelled; others fuch as 
 are like a delicate network ; others angulated ; 
 fome weave into their work wood, fand, fhells, 
 ftones, and other matters: others fimply, tho’ 
 very artfully, roll themfelyes up in the leaves 
 of plants and trees. In a word, the wonder- 
 ful ingenuity of Caterpillars is manifefted in a 
 thoufand inventions; and in all ef them the 
 hand of the Great Creator is moft clearly feen, 
 who has infufed fo much prudence, as it were, 
 and wifdom into thofe creatures, exhibited in 
 order, weight, and meafure. 
 
 I have particularly treated of the Butterflies 
 hitherto defcribed in the third chapter of this 
 work; and I have fhewn there, that the in- 
 duftrious Goedaert, in Part I. Obf. 59, and 
 Part II. Obf. 30, has given a fhort defcription 
 of them, and exhibited their figures ; though 
 
 he did not perfectly know thefe creatures,’ 
 
 nor could diftinguifh the male from the fe- 
 male. 
 
 9 
 
 Frog, virr. 
 
 Ihave found thefe creatures, here treated 
 of, not only in our part of the Netherlands, 
 but alfo in France; but they were of a dif- 
 ferent fpecies. This will appear by the eighth 
 figure, wherein I reprefent thefe infeéts in the 
 act of coition. The female of this ipecies is 
 abfolutely without wings, (Tab. XX XIII. Fig. 
 vill. a.) and has two fhort horns, fix legs, and 
 a body divided into feveral tings. The male, 
 on the contrary, is exhibited with two beauti- 
 ful horns and four wings, 6. and with a body 
 fomewhat larger than that of the Holland But- 
 terfly, delineated under N°. VI, Thefe were 
 alfo noéurnal Butterflies; but their bodies 
 were more {wollen than thofe of Holland ; the 
 male whereof is diftinguithed for its fmaller 
 body and {moother wings. Thefe French But- 
 terflies are variegated with a gray and blackith 
 colour, mixed with white. This mixture ren- 
 ders them very beautiful. The divifions of the 
 back are tinged with a browner black; and 
 there are, moreover, obferved fome yellowifh 
 rings in that part, confifting of hairs. From 
 what Caterpillars thefe Butterflies are produced, 
 Ido not know. I found them in a field in 
 the act of coition; fo that, from thence, I 
 could affirm for certain, that the male and 
 female are the two fexes of the fame fpecies. 
 
 The remarkable neft, which I have deli« 
 neated in the hiftory of the Ephemerus ;_ firft 
 publithed feparately, and which I proved at 
 the fame time to be conftruéted of {mall bitten 
 pieces of wood, laid together, and joined like 
 the beams of houfes in Ruffia ; this neft, I fay, 
 is built. by the wood-eating Caterpillar, which 
 inhabits it, and carries it about on its back 
 in form of a pyramid. Thefe Caterpillars are 
 likewife changed into a winged male, and a 
 female without wings. This appeared very 
 evidently to me, when, upon opening the neft, 
 I found the Chryfalis of the female and the- 
 Exuvie of the Caterpillar in it. Therefore, 
 feveral pairs of little creatures feem to exift in 
 nature; the males of which have this peculiar 
 privilege above the females. It likewife ap- 
 pears from thence, how much the infeés of 
 one and the fame f{pecies may differ from each 
 other. Perhaps the fame thing likewife holds 
 in fome quadrupedes, birds, or fithes ; particu- 
 larly in thofe fpecies, the males or females 
 whereof we have not yet been able to diftin- 
 guifh. Some fay, the Snake has no differente 
 of fex, which others again deny. I cannot 
 prefume to decide this controverfy, as I never 
 took any particular pains about that fubject. 
 
 C The 
 
, 40 The BOOK 
 
 of \“NA TOU Roy 08 
 
 The anatomy of the common diurnal and variegated Butterfly. 
 
 THE IN TROD 10. 
 
 AS hiftory I am about to give, under the 
 fecond mode of the third clafs or order 
 of natural changes, is fo amazing in all its cir- 
 cumftances, that it might very well pafs for a 
 romance, were it not built upon the moft firm 
 foundations of truth. Faéts alone fupport it 5 
 fo that, how much foever our comprehenfion 
 may fall fhort of the things to be related, we 
 mutt affent to them notwithftanding ; and we 
 fhould ftudy them alfo, as fome of the moft 
 fhining miracles of God’s power and goodnefs. 
 
 In this hiftory we thall fee moft furprifing 
 changes in the limbs of thefe infects, growing 
 under one another, that anatomy has ever dif- 
 covered ; fuch changes, indeed, as no human 
 wit could contrive, or could even think of, 
 had not God, the great Author of thefe won- 
 ders, been gracioufly pleafed to reward our 
 induftry with the difclofure of them. In this 
 hiftory we fhall behold a poor and wretched 
 infect lofe by degrees all motion, and, in ap- 
 pearance, ftand configned to death and the 
 grave’ in which feemingly hopelefs condition, 
 
 owever, all its former limbs acquire an ex- 
 traordinary degree of perfeétion, till, at laft, 
 rifing from the fepulchre in all the gaiety and 
 magnificence of the richeft ornaments, and 
 moft refplendent colours, it no longer continues 
 a reptile, creeping upon the earth ; but, foar- 
 ing into the air, changes its flow and heavy 
 pace into the moft nimble and unreftrained 
 flights. 
 
 This creature, in its painful and humble 
 ftate of life, fupports itfelf with crude and 
 undigefted food; and, ordinary as this refrefh- 
 ment is, the infeét is obliged to earn it with 
 much labour and danger: but when freed from 
 the jaws of death, and after paffing through a 
 fecond infancy, the pureft nectar becomes its 
 portion, and the air its element. It raifes it- 
 
 felf boldly toward the fkies, and roves at 
 pleafure from meadow to meadow, and en- 
 joys, without care or concern, the exquifite 
 juices which bounteous nature has prepared 
 for its ufe, and prefents it from the unful- 
 
 lied cups of the moft fragrant and beautiful 
 flowers. 
 
 It has now put off its old body; and the 
 entrails, which were before fupplied with 
 coarfe food by the painful operation of the 
 teeth, and which digefted this food by a vio- 
 lent trituration of the ftomach, are become 
 more tender, delicate, and fine, fo as only to 
 fuit a more pure and elegant aliment: and 
 often the happy creature is enabled to live 
 feveral months fucceffively, without the leaft 
 want of nourifhment. 
 
 To fum up all thefe wonders in a few 
 words, the creature, that heretofore crept upon 
 the earth, now flies freely through the air; 
 fips its food, inftead of chewing it; and, far 
 from creating our averfion by its frightful 
 prickles, and foul appearance, it attracts our 
 admiration by the moft elegant fhape and 
 cloathing ; and from being fcarce able to move 
 upon the humbleft fhrubs, acquires ftrength 
 and agility to tour in its lofty progreffes, far 
 above the talleft inhabitants of the foreft. 
 
 All thefe furprifing, and indeed almoft in- 
 comprehenfible changes, from indigence to 
 affluence, from contempt to glory, from labour 
 to eafe, will be amply defcribed in the follow- 
 ing hiftory, and every one may eafily under- 
 ftand how they can happen, and are actually 
 effected. 
 
 By comparing thefe ftrange viciffitudes with 
 the wretchednefs of our own prefent life, our 
 death, and refurrection ; and examining like- 
 wife the caufes of our mifery, and the beft 
 methods of fubduing, and even eradicating in 
 ourfelves, the latent feeds of decay and de- 
 ftruction, in order to prepare our fouls and 
 bodies for a glorious refurrection ; we fhall, 
 befides the moft innocent and becoming plea- 
 fure, reap very confiderable and lafting advan- 
 tages, by being powerfully excited to praife 
 God, without intermiflion, as he deferves, 
 from thefe furprifing effects of his wifdom and 
 power, now clearly laid open to our in- 
 {pection. 
 
 STL aS Ee ae eR ry GREEN iy og caer mass > mt 
 
ape" TI ST QR ¥ of IN S32 rT 
 
 GH: aI. 
 
 A defcription of the external parts of the Caterpillar, and a diffeEtion of the in- 
 ternal, fo as to give a fatisfattory account of the blood, mujcles, hidney-Jbaped 
 
 parts, flomach, gullet, inteftina ceca, 
 
 tubes, heart, brain, and nerves. 
 
 : i ‘HERE are a great number of Cater- 
 
 pillars that become, after their change, 
 diurnal or day Butterflies, that are found feed- 
 ing on nettles, with which they fupport them- 
 felves ; fometimes devouring that plant to fuch 
 a degree, as to leave nothing but the ftalk re- 
 maining. It is-of thefe I intend to fpeak in 
 this place. They are very common in Hol- 
 land, during the fummer months. The fkin 
 of this infect appears thick fet with very tharp 
 prickles, Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 1.a@. At its full 
 growth, it is almoft an inch and a half long, 
 It is of adeep brown colour, except on its fides, 
 which are of a yellowith green, fomething in- 
 clining to white. Thefe Caterpillars difter fo 
 much from each other in this refpeét, that, in 
 point of colour, it is impoffible to defcribe them 
 diftin@tly. This little infect has fix legs on 
 that part of the body which is next its head: 
 of thefe legs, I have here delineated only the 
 three that belong to one fide, 4. The middle 
 part of the body is furnifhed with eight legs 
 more, four on each fide, ¢; befides which 
 there are two others that {pring from the diyi- 
 fion forming the tail, ¢. That the conftruc- 
 tion of this Caterpillar may be the more per- 
 fe&tly underftood, I fhall reprefent it as it ap- 
 pears, fomewhat magnified by a microfcope. 
 Thus we fhall fee, that, counting the head a 
 tail, it is compofed of thirteen annular divi- 
 fions, Fig. 11, 1, 2, 3, 4, &ce. The head is of 
 a horny fubftance, or like bone, and of a 
 fhining black colour; and, here and there, it is 
 covered with a kind of hair like briftles. On 
 each fide of the head are fix black eyes, aa, 
 and under the eyes the antenne, 45. There 
 is a lip on the lower part of the divifion which 
 conftitutes the head, and under and near the 
 lip are* placed the teeth, cc. Near the teeth 
 are three little protuberant {pots, the middle- 
 moft of which is a nipple, or papilla, d, from 
 which the Caterpillar emits a kind of thread ; 
 which will be hereafter confidered. 
 
 There are fome briftly hairs on the fecond 
 ring, and under thefe hairs is a black fpot, 
 above the firft pair of legs. This is the firft of 
 the puncta refpiratoria, or points of refpiration, 
 by which the infect breathes. The legs, e. 
 confift of various joints, compofed of a bony 
 or horny fubftance; and each is terminated by 
 a claw of the fame fubftance, and of a deep 
 red colour. There are no openings for refpi- 
 ration on the third and fourth rings, as well 
 
 or clofed guts, filk-bags, fat, pulmonary 
 
 becaufe the wings of the future Butterfly lie 
 againft thofe rings under the Caterpillar’s {kin, 
 as becaufe fuch breathing-holes would greatly 
 obftruct the motion of the limbs. ‘The third 
 ring has on each fide two fharp and_briftly 
 hairs, which, at fome diftance from their 
 roots, produce many others. The two lower 
 of the original hairs, which are likewife the 
 leaft, are of a white, and the two uppér ones 
 of a black, colour. 
 
 The fourth ring is of the fame form with 
 the third; but as I have reprefented it a little 
 fideways, there appears on it only one pair of 
 briftles. The legs, Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 1. fg, 
 placed on both thefe rings, refemble exacily 
 thofe of the fecond ring. Between the hairs 
 already mentioned, there are others, which I 
 have been obliged to omit in the figure I have 
 given, for fear of rendering it confufed. Thefe 
 laft hairs are white, and they {pring from 
 whitith {pots in the center of a black ground. 
 
 On each fide of the fifth ring there are three 
 briftly hairs, with one exaétly on the middle 
 of the infect’s back, 4, The firft and largeft 
 pair of thefe hairs, 2, lies a little flanting, on 
 account of the fingle hair on the middle of the 
 back. The fecond pair, or that next to the 
 firft, rifes over the points of refpiration; and the 
 
 third pair, 4, under thofe points, on the decli- 
 
 vity of the belly. Ihave, to avoid confufion, 
 omitted the lateral prickles; but have repre- 
 fented the others juft as they appear, covering 
 almoft every ring of the body. The rings 
 that follow, all to the thirteenth, are exactly 
 of the fame form, with breathing-holes in 
 every one cf them; fo that the infe& has no 
 lefs than eighteen of thefe openings difpofed 
 along its fides, with a blackith edge or border 
 to every hole. 
 
 The fifth and fixth rings have no legs an- 
 nexed to them ;_ but the feventh, eighth, ninth, 
 and tenth have each a pair, {pringing from the 
 lower part or belly of the infect. Thefe legs 
 are covered with a fine membrane, confifting 
 of many joints, and are armed with little red 
 claws, ////, fet round the extremities of their 
 legs. 
 
 “The eleventh and twelfth rings are likewife 
 without legs. The only pair, in this part of 
 the infect, fprings from under the tail, mm. 
 The ring, conftituting this part, has but one 
 pair of fharp hairs. 
 
 © The 
 
uP The BOO-K of 
 
 The anatomy of 
 
 Tia inc thus fuccinétly defcribed the 
 external conftruétion of this Caterpillar, 
 Iam now to exhibit and demonftrate its in- 
 ternal parts. The firft thing that prefents itfelf, 
 on opening the back of this infect, is the blood, 
 which flows freely from it. This is of a tran{- 
 parent green, and may be made ufe of as a 
 paint for that purpofe ; though, as it dries by 
 being expofed to the air, it lofes much of its 
 original luftre, and by degrees turns yellowith. 
 There next appear, immediately under the 
 fkin, the mufcular fibres, which ferve to move 
 the rings of the body. On raifing of thefe 
 “fibres, the fat appears, as likewife the heart, 
 known by its panting motion: this I fhall pre- 
 - fently defcribe. On the hinder part, upon the 
 back, and between the laft rings of the body, 
 there are two fpots or particles, with fome 
 divifions in them, Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 111. not 
 unlike the kidneys of men or quadrupedes. 
 On opening thefe {pots, they are found to con- 
 tain fome veflels, and to have a connexion 
 with the lower rings, by means of fome flender. 
 filaments, and certain pulmonary tubes. In 
 my opinion, thefe particles do not attain their 
 full growth and perfection, till the infect be- 
 comes a Butterfly. This appears plainly enough 
 in Silkworms, whofe tefticles {pring from this 
 part. I fhall therefore referve what more I 
 have to fay, on this fubject, for my defcription 
 of the Butterfly, as they appear only in an 
 embryo-ftate in the Caterpillar. 
 Removing the parts already mentioned, we 
 come at the ftomach. This almoft entirely 
 fills the Caterpillar’s body; and, though it be 
 fo very capacious, is always as full as it can 
 hold, the infect being extremely voracious, {fo 
 that it hardly ever defifts from eating a fingle 
 moment. During this part of its life, it feems 
 entirely confined to the two operations of 
 taking in its food, and difcharging its excre- 
 ments; by which means: it acquires its proper 
 fize in a few days. The gullet, Fig. 1v. a, is a 
 {mall and flender tube, which running from 
 the forepart of the ftomach to the mouth, 
 through a flit in the {pinal marrow, juft under 
 the brain, and growing larger and larger in its 
 progrefs, it forms a communication, for the 
 infect’s food, between the mouth and ftomach. 
 Ihave reprefented only a few of the pulmo- 
 nary tubes, 54544, in the forepart of the fto- 
 mach, where they appear like fo many veffels, 
 elegantly difperfed over its furface, and fupply 
 gael with the vital air from every fide. Amongft 
 “thefe tubes is to be feen a tendinous ligament, 
 e¢, which runs, both above and below, from 
 one end of the ftomach to the other. It arifes 
 from the tendons of the mufcular fibres be- 
 longing to this part. Thefe mufcular fibres 
 are {een diftinctly through, and I have repre- 
 fented them on each fide of the ftomach, ddd; 
 but, to avoid confufion, I have been obliged%o 
 leave out the pulmonary tubes, that are to be 
 
 NAVE DY RIES .93 
 
 the Caterpillar. 
 
 feen in the infe@ in the fame place. The fte- 
 mach confifts of three coats. The outward 
 coat, upon which the pulmonary tubes are 
 diftributed, is very thin: the next is thicker, 
 and mufcular; the third, which immediately 
 contains the fubftance that is to be digefted, is 
 very delicate like the firft. 
 
 On the upper and lower parts of the fto- 
 
 mach are placed fix clofed guts, which, de- 
 
 fcending towards the thick gut, there termi- 
 
 nates in little tubes, that have no patfiage. - 
 
 Thefe fix little guts, which are here reprefented 
 out of their natural fituation, by returning upon 
 themfelves, and running back towards their 
 origin, form, as it were, twelve inteftines; fo 
 that, on parting them from the ftomach, and 
 difpofing them orderly along its fides, there 
 appear fix on each part. Thee little guts arife 
 on each fide, from a trunk, in form of a knot, 
 Tab. XXXIV. Fig. 1v. ff, which {prings from 
 the inteftine that immediately fucceeds the 
 ftomach; and then again, being divided into 
 fix tubules, thefe run back towards the thick 
 inteftines, gg, againft which they are folded 
 and curled in a moft furprifing manner, 4 4, 
 One of the thick inteftines, ¢, in which the 
 excrements are reduced to form, is here repre- 
 fented alfo; and this thick inteftine ends in 
 the rectum, or ftraight gut, & . 
 
 On removing the ftomach, there appear very 
 plainly two little canals, Fig. v. aa, which before 
 had feveral windings, and lay againft the fides 
 of the ftomach. 'Thefe canals afcend to the 
 forepart of the head, where I traced them 
 very high, as far as the brain; but could fol- 
 low them no further, fo that I cannot affign 
 their abfolute origin. On the forepart they 
 are very fine and flender, 4; but afterwards 
 dilate greatly, ¢, till at laft they terminate in 
 two fharp filaments, ¢, which have their in- 
 fertion near the ceca, or clofed inteftines. 
 
 It is no eafy thing to determine the ufe of 
 thefe little parts from the diffection of the Ca- 
 terpillar: to pretend to guefs at it, would be 
 folly. Our bufinefs is to find out the inten- 
 tions and operations of nature, not to contrive 
 them, At firft, I took thefe for the filk-bags 
 of the Caterpillar, on account of their great 
 refemblance to thofe of the Silkworm. But I 
 was afterwards convinced of my miftake, by 
 finding them unaltered in a Caterpillar, that 
 had made its web. This circumitance may 
 ferve to convince us, that they mutt be of fome 
 ufe to the future Butterfly. 
 
 The real filk-bags of the Caterpillar are not 
 more than one fourth part fo large as the vef- 
 fels, which at firft pafied upon me for fuch ; 
 for the Caterpillar {pins but very little; andl 
 have therefore omitted, as not mich worth 
 notice, the repofitories of the matter with 
 which nature has fupplied her for that purpofe. 
 
 After the foregoing parts have been exa- 
 mined, the fat becomes confpicuous. _ This 
 
 es fubftance, 
 
‘The HLS TORY 
 
 fubftance, in a manner, takes up all the infide 
 of the Caterpillar, not filled by the ftomach, 
 the head and tail not excepted. It is of a yel- 
 lowifh colour; but here and there inclines to 
 white. As to its form, it looks like a congeries 
 of little membranes, folded one over the other ; 
 but. differing greatly in conftruction and texture. 
 The fat ferves to this amongft other purpofes, 
 that it binds and fupports the pulmonary tubes, 
 which are diftributed through it in great 
 numbers. 
 
 The pulmonary tubes arife from three re- 
 markable pairs of branches, which are feen on 
 each fide in the breaft, belly, and tail of the 
 Caterpillar; and the pulmonary tubes, propa- 
 gated from every part of thefe branches, com- 
 municate with each other at every one of the 
 points of refpiration. In thefe parts alfo are 
 to be feen a great many ramifications of pul- 
 monary tubes, which {pread themfelves all over 
 the body, fo that no part of it can be affigned, 
 not even any of its horny fubftance, that is not 
 furnifhed with its pulmonary tubes. 
 
 The beft way to fee the heart, Tab. XXXIV. 
 Fig. vi. aa, of the Caterpillar, is by laying it 
 on its back, and then opening the belly. It 
 is then found, that this organ extends from 
 one end of the body to the other. It pervades 
 the tail, belly, and breaft; and thence itretches 
 very high up to the brain itfelf. This heart is 
 an oblong, delicate, and flender little tube, 
 which widens in fome’places, and again grows 
 narrower in others. It is furnished with fome 
 pulmonary tubes, and with fome mufcular and 
 fibrous hairs, which run part lengthways, and 
 part crofiways, and require a great deal of art 
 and induftry to difcover them. ‘This tube con- 
 tracts itfelf by the help of its own fibres, and 
 is dilated again by the joint efforts of a pro- 
 digious number of mutcles, 664666, of a 
 fingular form, which grow on its outfide; 
 and, though eafily feparated and diftinguifhed 
 from. one another, they look, at firft fight, 
 as if they were but one continued muicle. 
 The defign I have given, to illuftrate the de- 
 
 See - eee YS 
 
 of INSECT 8, 
 {cription of this organ, 
 of it. 
 
 It is no eafy tafk to get a fight of the brain 
 and {pinal marrow in healthy Caterpillars, on 
 account of the great quantity of fat that ins 
 volves thefe parts; fo that fickly infects, of 
 thofe which have been otherwife wafting for 
 fome days, with conftant labour, are the fittett 
 for this purpofe. The incifion muft be made 
 in the back, as the brain and {fpinal marrow 
 lic in the abdomen. The brain is compofed 
 of two hemifpherical lobes, F ig. vi. 2, placed 
 juft over the infertion of the gullet into the 
 mouth ; and under thefe lobes are to be feen 
 the heads of the {pinal marrow, compofed of 
 two nerves, 44, which unite at fome diftance, 
 and form the firft knot or joint, ¢, from whence 
 nerves are diftributed to the mufcular parts of 
 the head. The marrow then parts again into 
 two branches; and the nerves, dd, {pringing 
 from thofe branches, are diftributed amonegft 
 the mufcles of the neck. Another conjunction 
 of the main nerves forms the fecond little knot 
 or joint, e¢, which is fomewhat lefs than the 
 firlt, From this fecond knot or joint iffue two 
 branehes, as from the firft; and thefe branches 
 unite again, to form the third joint or knot, 
 whofe ramifications are difperfed ‘amongft the 
 mufcles of the thorax. Here the marrow di- 
 vides itfelf again for the third time, and runs 
 in this divided form a confiderable length, ff 
 before it coalefces into the fourth knot or joint, 
 &; to which fucceeds, after a fhorter fepara- 
 tion, the fifth, 4. Thefe laft joints or knots 
 fupply with nerves the mufcular parts of the 
 embryo legs and wings of the future Butterfly. 
 After this, the marrow parts no more; but it 
 has however fix more joints or knots, befides 
 thofe already taken notice of, making eleven 
 in all; of which the fixth 7, the feventh 4, 
 the eighth /, the ninth m, and the tenth 2, 
 emit each four nerves, all difperfed among the 
 vifcera and the mufcular parts of the abdomen, 
 Finally, the laft knot, 0, beftows all its nerves 
 upon the. tail. 
 
 K 
 
 repreftnts only a part 
 
 II. 
 
 The manner in which the Caterpillar is changed into a Chryfalis or Aurelia, with 
 
 the true explanation of what the Chry/alis is. 
 
 This chapter contains alfo fome 
 
 anatomical obfervaticns, and fome other curious remarks concerning the Chry- 
 
 Jalis and Butterfly. 
 
 HEN the Caterpillar has fed fuffi- 
 
 ciently, it refts for fome time. In this 
 period, all the food it has taken is thoroughly 
 digefted. It then forms a pretty ftrong web 
 upon the ftalks or leaves of the plant whereon 
 it fed: but this web, on account of its great 
 delicacy, is not eafily feen; unlefs the infect be 
 put into a little box, with a piece of black 
 paper for it to work on. Then its web, how- 
 ever flight and tender it may fometimes be, 
 fhews itfelf very plainly. This web being 
 
 finifhed, Tab. XXXV. Fig. iv. a, the Cater- 
 pillar ftrikes into it the claws of the two legs 
 under the tail, and afterwards forces in the tail 
 itfelf, by contracting thofe claws, and violently 
 ftriking thofe legs againft one another: and, as 
 foon as the tail is thus well fecured, it lets itfelf 
 hang in the air, with its head downwards, by 
 loofening the hold it hitherto kept of the plant, 
 with its other legs. 
 
 But I think it proper to defcribe the limbs of 
 the Caterpillar, that grow under its fkin, before 
 <p I pro-« 
 
Th 
 
 I proceed any farther in fhewing how it throws 
 this {kin off; for it is neceflary to know thefe 
 particulars, in order to acquire a true and jutt 
 “the nature of the Aurelia. This, in- 
 
 idea of 
 deed, is no more than a beautiful and orderly 
 of fuch limbs of the 
 
 external reprefentation 
 Caterpillar as have grown under its fkin: for 
 though the limbs, now mentioned, may be feen 
 under the infedt’s fkin, at the time it crawls 
 and eats in the form of a Caterpillar, neverthe- 
 lefs it is, in this ftate, on account of their ex- 
 treme tendernefs and delicacy, a very difficult 
 matter to have a fatisfactory view of them. 
 They are, in a manner, as fluid as water; and 
 they lie folded up in many very tender mem- 
 branes, interwoven with pulmonary tubes. The 
 be(t time to obtain an elegant view of them, is 
 when the Caterpillar is juft about throwing off 
 its fkin, and exhibiting to open view the mira- 
 culous operations of nature, which it hitherto 
 concealed. 
 
 By ftripping the Caterpillar of its fkin at this 
 period, we may perfectly gratify our curiofity 
 in this refpect: we may then plainly perceive, 
 that it has two antenne or horns, Tab. XXXV. 
 Fig. 11. aa, and the two (hanks of a trunk, 44. 
 There are alfo vifible two fharp protuberances, 
 cc, which may be very well called the forks, 
 or furcille of the future infe@t, on account of 
 their great refemblance to thofe parts. The 
 eyes, dd, fhew themfelves alfo, under thefe pro- 
 tuberances; and a little backwards, in the tho- 
 rax, are four wings, ¢é. Thefe lie in folds 
 under the fkin, like all the other parts, fo that 
 they may be confiderably extended. Near 
 thefe wings there appear fix legs, {pringing 
 from the thorax: thefe have changed their 
 fins. All the other ten legs, with their inte- 
 guments, have now been thrown off, with the 
 common {kin; of which, as already obferved, 
 it is neceflary, upon this occafion, to ftrip the 
 infect. The fame happens to the fharp-pointed 
 hairs that grow on the Caterpillar’s back ; but 
 thefe laft leave very confiderable marks behind 
 them. Laftly, the other rings of the body, 
 ff, and the tail, g, fhew themfelves in ‘their 
 proper places. 
 
 Having duly attended to the foregoing par- 
 ticulars, and fixed them deeply in our memory, 
 as the foundation on which it is intended we 
 {hould build all our future inquiries ; the next 
 bufinefs is to obferve, how wonderfully all thefe 
 parts are placed and diftributed under the fkin. 
 But here I muft obferve, that they do not na- 
 turally lie in the fame order and manner in 
 which, for the fake of perfpicuity, I have re- 
 prefented them ; fo far from it, that the extre- 
 mities of the four wings are enclofed in the 
 fame fkin with the four hinder legs of the firft 
 feries; and the horns, trunk, and-furcille, 
 are folded and laid up within the fkull in a 
 moft furprifing manner. 
  Thefe little horns, or antenne, are fixed by 
 an articulation, Fig..111. @a@, to the forepart, at 
 the ‘bafe of the head, where they form fome 
 windings and turnings under the fkull near the 
 eyes, and againft the bafe of the trunk; to all 
 
 The BOOK of N ACT Ue Be 
 
 which parts they are faftened, by means of a 
 great many membranes full of ligaments. This 
 is their natural fituation; from which I have 
 been obliged to deviate in my delineations, the 
 better to exhibit the other parts which they 
 cover, and likewife becaufe I cannot now {pare 
 the time requifite to make two drawings, 
 which it would be otherwife neceflary to give. 
 The probofcis, or trunk, Tab. XXXV. Fig. 1. 
 bb, is folded up alfo in a furprifing manner, 
 and placed in the forepart of the ikull; but 
 here I reprefent it as drawn out a little. The 
 forks, or furcille, likewife, cc, are plaited and 
 folded up. Under thefe forks lie the eyes, dd. 
 We may perceive, in the middle of the head, 
 that portion of the fkin which lies under the 
 middle of the fkull, e, and there joins the root 
 of the trunk or probofcis, ff Between the 
 foldings of the probofcis appear two {mall 
 parts, lying againft each other, g» Thefe are 
 called furcille in.the Butterfly, becaufe the 
 trunk, when curled, hides itfelf between them, 
 as between the two tines of a fork. All thefe 
 things are fo wonderful, that I have thought it 
 beft to reprefent them larger than the life. 
 
 The particulars here named, being rightly 
 underftood, the change, or, to expreis mytfelf 
 more properly, the growth of the creature from 
 the Caterpillar-ftate into an Aurelia, cannot 
 but appear plain and intelligible ; for the whole 
 operation confifts in this, that the Caterpillar 
 cafts its {kin, and fhews the parts which hither- 
 to lay concealed ; unfolds its limbs, and ar- 
 ranges each in its right place with great regu- 
 larity and order. This is the whole operation, 
 to which fo many authors have fubftituted a 
 monftrous metamorphofis, or abfolute change 
 of one creature into another, not to be found 
 any where but in their own mifguided imagi- 
 nations. What wonder then, if, in their vain 
 and idle attempts for fome hundred years paft 
 to explain this metamorphofis, they fhould 
 have met with no fuccefs? Thus it is, that we 
 are apt to err, when, depending too much on 
 our own reafon and imaginations, we fit down 
 contentedly in our ftudies, and feed ourfelves 
 with our own weak fancies, inftead of looking 
 for truth into the magnificent works of the 
 Creator, though fuch infpeCtion alone can give 
 us juft notions of what we defire to know. 
 
 There is no difference between the Chryfalis 
 and the Caterpillar, but that the former lets us 
 fee more plainly the limbs and parts of the 
 future Butterfly, notwithftanding the {kin, 
 which yet enclofes them. For as foon as the 
 Caterpillar has finifhied its web, Tab. XXXV. 
 Fig. 1. a, and has fixed in it, by means of its 
 crooked claws, the hinder part of its body, it 
 lets itfelf loofe, and. hangs head downwards, 
 as already mentioned, contracting itfelf almoft 
 into a femi-circular form. In this condition 
 the creature grows fhorter, and fmaller, by 
 degrees; and this indeed fo fenfibly, that the 
 eye may eafily trace its progrefs: for the third 
 and fourth annular divifions of the body, 4, are 
 fo remarkably {welled and expanded at this 
 
 time, by the blood and air that dilute the en- 
 5 clofed 
 
 ; 
 
 Cee Sea uyea ce) SCS a . , 
 
 net 
 
 = Te 
 
 aioe ae “ 
 Se on eee Te, oe ere 
 
 at 2 bites Bee 
 
7 ee 
 
 The 
 clofed wings and legs, that the reft of the 
 body, drained of its juices, muft of courfe 
 become proportionably fhorter. The fame al- 
 terations take place in the trunk, the forks, 
 the eyes, and horns; all which equally {well 
 and expand themfelves, and endeavour to make 
 way for their laft increafe. . 
 
 By the time the Caterpillar has hung in this 
 manner fifteen or eighteen hours, it fo entirely 
 lofes the power of all its fixteen legs, as not to 
 be able to make the leaft ufe of them to crawl, 
 or ftand. The rings of its body then begin to 
 move up and down, in a very fenfible and fur- 
 prifing manner. Then the eight legs, c, in 
 the middle of the body, grow lefs and lefs by 
 degrees, caft their {kins, and are turned towards 
 the tail, Fig.iv. a. The fix fore legs, Fig. 1. 
 d, move upwards in like manner, and feparate 
 themfelves from each other, Fig. 1v. 6. Soon 
 after the black horny bone of the fkull be- 
 comes fplit into three diftinét parts, by the 
 {welling of the trunk, horns, and the other 
 parts lodged there, that lie under it. Of thefe 
 three parts of the {kull, one is in the middle, c, 
 and the other two, de, are on the right and the 
 left. This being accomplifhed, the firft ob- 
 fervable change is the breaking out of the 
 forks, or furcille, from under the fkin that 
 covered them, f/. 
 
 As the Caterpillar ftill continues to move its 
 body, the four pair of legs in the middle of it, 
 Fig. v. aa, are by degrees thruft quite up to 
 the tail, with the reft of the fkin; and the 
 fame thing happens to the two pair of the fix 
 legs of the firft feries, 4. By this means the 
 forks, c, become ftill more vifible, and the 
 trunk, horns, and wings, begin to fhew their 
 form. Laftly, the three pieces of the fkull, d, 
 into which it burft, are found to be drawn up 
 higher over the body. 
 
 The {kins being at length entirely depofited, 
 all the parts, now mentioned, appear very 
 plainly expanded over the body, Fig. v1. a, 
 which, by this means, acquires a form altoge- 
 ther different from that which it before had. 
 The wings, horns, trunk, and forks, which 
 before were folded up and hid under the fkull, 
 and the horny fubftance of the legs, are now 
 difplayed ; and the rings of the abdomen are 
 alfo gathered up clofer to one another. The 
 Caterpillar is now dignified with the name Au- 
 relia, remaining all this time fixed to the web, 
 4, by its claws. But as this cannot be fo well 
 made to appear by a figure no bigger than the 
 infect itfelf, I fhall give a drawing of thefe 
 parts as magnified by the microfcope. — 
 
 In the firft place appear the furcille, or 
 forks, Tab. XXXV. Fig. v1. aa; then the 
 middle part of the head, placed under the 
 fkuil, 5: the root of the trunk, cc. The pro- 
 bofcis, or trunk itfelf, divided into two fila- 
 ‘ments, dd, and ftretched lengthways upon the 
 body, e. Under the trunk lie the firft pair of 
 legs, ff, whofe articulations are placed a little 
 lower. Next to thefe are placed the fecond 
 pair of legs, gg, which are ftretched out to a 
 greater length, and thefe thew their articula- 
 
 H:tS: T Os ¥ 
 
 of INSECTS. ig 
 
 tions at the extremities. Near thefe are placed 
 the little horns, 44, whofe articulations alfo are 
 very confpicuous. It appears that they are very 
 thick near their points, 77, and on the fore- 
 part they bend themfelves back under the eyes, 
 kk; but this circumftance appears better in the 
 third figure, under the letters 22. ‘The wings 
 are ftretched along the fides, in the fame man- 
 ner with the parts already mentioned, ////, and 
 fhew very plainly the little ribs or nerves that 
 go toformthem, mm. The rings of the ab- 
 domen appear drawn toward one another, » 7, 
 with fome little prickles {tripped off their fkin, 
 which look like fo many little prominent nip- 
 ples, or papilla, This beft appears by infpeét- 
 ing the left fide of the figure, where fome of 
 thefe prickles are reprefented growing upon the 
 infect’s back, 00. Above thefe oricetig there 
 appear four breathing-holes, or puncta refpi- 
 ratoria, Laftly, the tail, p, is very con{picu- 
 ous, as well as the claws, q, that grow to it; 
 and by means of thefe the Chryfalis hangs to 
 its web. The hind legs are not to be found 
 in this figure, becaufe they lie hid under the 
 other parts which it was drawn to exhibit. 
 The fame muft be underftood of the under 
 pair of wings. 
 
 On turning the infec, thus changed and 
 {tripped of its {kin, Fig. vir. a, on its belly, 
 it appears of a very extraordinary figure, thé 
 furface of it looking exactly as if covered with 
 prickles and nipples; which is owing to this, 
 that the fharp-pointed hairs of the Caterpillar 
 have caft a fkin, as well as the other parts. A 
 perfon, unacquainted with this branch of na-= 
 tural hiftory, might, by giving in this place a 
 little loofe to his imagination, reprefent to him 
 felf the nofe, eyes, and other parts of the 
 human face, as fome authors have already very 
 ignorantly done; nay, they have given draw- 
 ings of their idle conceits. 
 
 Ignorance is fruitful in falfe opinions, and is 
 ufually accompanied with fo much felf-fuffi- 
 ciency, as makes it in a manner impoflible to 
 overcome its prejudices; whereas thofe who 
 have a tolerable thare of knowledge, are in thé 
 readieft way to difcover their miftakes. 
 
 The Caterpillar, ftripped of its fkin, in the 
 manner now related, is of a green colour, 
 efpecially in thofe parts which are diftended by 
 an extraordinary afflux'of the blood. But after 
 ten or twelve hours paffed without its fkin, it 
 turns to the moft refplendent and beautiful 
 gold colour. This is the reafon of its being 
 called, in this condition, an Aurelia or Chry- 
 falis. And as it is found fo common by every 
 pathway, {ticking to nettles, and fhining like 
 polifhed gold, faftened to the leaves of the 
 Pervinca, or periwinkle-plant, authors have, 
 from this circumftance, taken occafion to give 
 the name of Aurelia to all Caterpillars, changed 
 after the fame manner in point of fhape, tho” 
 the greateft part of them do not in the leaft 
 partake of this rich colour, and the reft have 
 nothing of it more than a few fpots. 
 
 It now remains that I fhould thew, in a few 
 words, in what manner all the laft enumerated 
 
 parts 
 
16 
 
 arts are extended, and difpofed over the in- 
 (e&’s body, in the orderly manner in which I 
 have exhibited them. All this will become 
 very intelligible to: thofe, who will call to mind 
 what 1 already faid, viz. that the extremities 
 of the four wings, with the two hinder pairs 
 of leos of the firft feries, are enclofed in one 
 and the fame fkin; that the horns are folded 
 up in membranes fall of ligaments; and that 
 the trunk-is in the fame manner firmly fattened 
 on the forepart of the fkull. This being the 
 cafe, it is impoffible but that, on the pieces of 
 the broken fkull, the withered legs, and the 
 other fkins, rolling up towards the tail, all 
 the new limbs, here mentioned, muft difplay 
 and arrange themfelves in the moft beautiful 
 manner, and by the jufteft and moft orderly 
 evolutions; for the membranes I have named, 
 that are fo full of ligaments, act the part of fo 
 many ropes and pullies to extend thefe new 
 parts, in proportion as the old are thruft 
 overt them. Now, if this change was to hap- 
 pen in fome creature of a larger fize, one, for 
 example, equal to a Sheep or a Calf, is there 
 any one fo infenfible, as that he would not be 
 {truck with the deepeft aftonifhment at the 
 
 86 6-K “of NATUR E; 
 
 Or, 
 
 fight and contemplation of fuch wondets of 
 the Divine Power? Certainly, God reveals 
 himfelf as much and more in thofe myfterious 
 and delicate operations, which the microfcope 
 alone can difcover. Thus then, we at length 
 fee evidently in what the change of the Cater- 
 pillar into a Chryfalis confifts, and what that 
 Chryfalis or Aurelia, or the Caterpillar which 
 has caft its fkin, really is; though the great 
 Harvey moft prepofteroufly confidered it as an 
 egg, and, enthralled by vulgar prejudices, feri- 
 outly affirmed the fucceeding Butterfly to be 
 generated by a metamorphofis, which, after 
 all, he could neither explain or comprehend. 
 
 When the little creature has hung in the . 
 open air for fome hours, its external skin 
 hardens by the power of that element; at the 
 fame time that the enclofed limbs are, in 2 
 manner, fluid like water, on account of their 
 great delicacy and tendernefs ; fo that it has no 
 power to move its wings or legs, till the fuper- 
 fluous humidivy, that clogs them, is evaporated: 
 then burfting its prifon, it appears in the fhape 
 of a Butterfly; as fhall be prefently ex- 
 plained *. 
 
 The anatomy of the Chryfalis, two days after it has caft its fein. 
 
 THE eyes were yet fo tender and delicate, 
 that they diffolved with handling. The 
 forks likewife were vety moift; but, notwith- 
 ftanding this, the articulations were very con- 
 {picuous ; though, for the greateft part, they 
 appeared like membranes, juft beginning to 
 harden. The legs were in the fame condition 
 with the forks; but, on account of the pul- 
 monary tubes which appeared through their 
 furface, they looked fomewhat more firm. 
 The fame thing may be faid alfo of the horns. 
 The wings within were quite colourlefs, and 
 like a jelly ; fhewing, through their tran{pa- 
 rent fubftance, pulmonary tubes, compoted, 
 as it were, of mother of pearl. 
 
 As to the internal parts, the change in them 
 is much more fenfible. The ftomach is con- 
 fiderably fhortened, whilft the gullet is grown 
 twice as long as it was in the Caterpillar, and 
 runs in the form of a flender tube through the 
 thorax into the abdomen. In the hinder part, 
 the ftomach is reduced to a flender gut, and 
 becomes fo very tender, that it breaks with the 
 leat touch: within this is founda fluid mat- 
 ter, of a deep red colour, inclining to purple, 
 but not very thin. Under this there appears a 
 kind of chalky fediment, of a fomewhat paler 
 
 colour. The fix cceca, or clofed guts, that 
 before joined the ftomach, are now watted 
 away, and no longer to be feen. 
 
 The heart and the fpinal marrow are be- 
 come much fhorter ; and this is all the‘confi- 
 derable alteration that appears in thefe parts. 
 The particles, which I once miftook for the 
 Caterpillar’s filk-bags, are now become more 
 flender, but more compact. The mufcles of 
 the thorax, and thofe which are to move the 
 legs and wings, have not the leaft ftrength or 
 firmnefs, fo that on difturbing them, they im- 
 mediately fell to pieces. The fat is grown 
 yellower, thicker, and more friable, fo as to 
 crumble with the lighteft touch. The pul- 
 monary tubes are become fmaller, and they 
 are carried in the moft elegant manner through 
 the legs, wings, and other parts. ‘There is 2 
 purple nodule, or knot, in fhape nearly round, 
 {ticking to the lower rings of the body.’ I 
 could not now difcover the kidney-like parti- 
 cles, though I fearched for them carefully in 
 three diftinét Aurelie: but I have obferved in 
 Caterpillars of another kind, that thefe parti- 
 cles at length unfold themfelves, and then feem _ 
 to form fome other parts, which adminifter to 
 the fpermatick organs. 
 
 * The i a as experiments of fucceeding naturalifts have, in every inflance, confirmed the doétrine of this author on the prefent 
 
 fubjet. 'T 
 
 ¢ indefatigable Reaumer proved the truth of this evaporation of the abundant moifture from the Chryfalis, by different 
 
 experiments. He enclofed the Chryfalis in a glafs tube, and he found the evaporated water collected in drops at the bottom of the 
 tube: he covered the Chryfalis with varnifh ; and this making the evaporation more difficult and flow, the Butterfly was two months 
 longer than its natural time in coming out of the cafe. The fame author found alfo, that laying the Chryfalis in a warm room, ~ 
 
 haitened the difclofure of the infe&t; and keeping it in an ice-houfe, in the fame manner, delayed it, Warmth atts, in this cafe, in 
 
 a double capacity, invigorating the animal, and evaporating the moiiture. 
 
 The 
 
Th HISTORY of INSEC # §% 
 
 The anatomy of aChryfalis, fix or eight days after it has caff its fhin: 
 
 HE external limbs, and other parts, as 
 
 the trunk, horns, legs, and wings, are 
 by this time grown fomewhat more dry and 
 firm, though ftill they are of a white colour, 
 which is changing by degrees to gray. The 
 alteration in the internal parts is now much 
 more confiderable. The ftomach, which be- 
 fore might be confidered as forming feveral 
 diftinét parts, is now fo wrinkled up as to be 
 all of a piece, except that here and there ap- 
 pear fome globular {wellings above the furface. 
 Thefe prominences are very obfervable on the 
 forepart ; but not fo diftinétly to be feen, by a 
 
 Tie anatomy of a Chryfalis 
 
 ‘LE HE trunk, at this time, has acquired a 
 
 confiderable folidity. The horns thew 
 their little fcaly feathers; and the legs, in like 
 manner, very plainly exhibit their {tiff hairs, 
 refembling briftles: but the fcaly little feathers 
 are far from being fo confpicuous. The legs 
 are alfo now of an obfcure gray colour, efpe- 
 cially about. the joints neareft the thorax. The 
 hairs and little feathers of the wings are like- 
 wife very difcernible ; but, as yet, they are very 
 moift, and are laid fo clofe one upon the other, 
 that it requires fome induftry to get a fight of 
 them. ‘They refemble, in fome meafure, the 
 hairs of a Cat; in which, after the fkin has 
 Jain in the water for fome days, they are 
 faftened together by the moifture they imbibe. 
 The wings now will admit of being extended, 
 and fhew, if they be torn, their pulmonary 
 tubes, and other veffels. Their colour is an 
 
 great deal, where the clofed inteftines took 
 their rife in the Caterpillar, about the hinder 
 region of the ftomach. The moifture con- 
 tained in this part is changed to a deeper purple: 
 The mufcles of the thorax are become more 
 confpicuous, diftin@, firm and folid; and the 
 fat is {till more and more contraéted into a 
 fimple mafs. I could now plainly perceive; 
 that the purple nodule, or knot, was nothing 
 more than a dilatation of the rectum, or ftraight 
 gut, changed to this form. The rudiments of 
 the genitals are by this time very vifible, and 
 have begtin to acquire firmnefs and ftrength. 
 
 of twelve or thirteen days: 
 
 afhy gray, but obfcured by a dusky tinge. All 
 the parts I have mentioned are quite complete; 
 and perfedt, in a Chryfalis of fixteen or feven- 
 teen days old. By repeating this diffection 
 every day; we may; no doubt, obferve the moft 
 extraordinary tranfitions, that can be imagined; 
 from one colour to another ; for, from a pale 
 and whitith or faint gray, thefe parts change 
 to adark colour, a deep brown, an elegant red; 
 a yellow, a sky-blue, a bright white, and many 
 other tinéts; and this in fo furprifing a man- 
 ner, that it is almoft impoflible to defcribe it: 
 Gop, the author of all miracles, producing 
 thefe alterations, in the nature of things, by 
 rules which, at the fame time that they are 
 moft firmly eftablithed, infinitely furpafs the 
 ftrongeft efforts our imagination can make to 
 comprehend them, 
 
 The anatomy of a Chryfalis, of this fpecies, of fixteen or Jeventeen days old: at 
 
 which time it is very near undergoing its laft change, in order to become a per feét 
 
 Butterfly, 
 
 ON examining the Chryfalis at this period, 
 
 we find, that its gold colour is becorne 
 much paler; and it is fo tran{parent withal, as 
 to let us perceive diftinétly through it all the 
 colours of the upper pair of the future But- 
 terfly’s wings. It we {trip off the skin, and 
 other thin membranes that theath the wings, 
 thefe laft fometimes appear perfectly dry. But 
 this principally happens in autumn, when thefe 
 Chryfallides are generally fuffocated within 
 their skins; the folar heat, at this feafon, being 
 too weak to ftrengthen them fufficiently for 
 the ftruggles which the burfting of their prifon 
 requires, otherwifé the wings always retain 
 fome moifture. The forky particles, which I 
 have before defcribed in the Chryfalis, how 
 
 _ fhew themfelves hollow; and the eyes, which, 
 
 like thofe of Bees, are furrounded with hair, 
 appear under them very plainly. The trunk 
 has acquired its due ftrength, firmnefs, and 
 
 form, fo that it prefently curls and coils itfelf 
 up, on taking off the cafe that covers it, Un- 
 der the trunk are to be feen the true forks, 
 between which the Butterfly hides that curious 
 organ, as will appear in the defign I fhall give 
 
 of that infect. The horns alfo are now per= 
 
 fect, and are covered with their little elegant 
 fcales, which refemble feathers. The legs, with 
 their little feathers, joints, and-claws, are in 
 the fame ftate of perfection; fo that, on 
 {tripping off the coats and membranes in 
 which they are bound up, they will begin to 
 play, and move themfelves very fenfibly. 
 Thofe legs, which, in the Chryfalis, lie moft 
 expofed to the dir, and which I have already 
 reprefented in one of thefe defigns, as they 
 appear upon the infect at that period, have in 
 proportion a ftronger skin to defend them. The 
 fame wife difpofition is alfo remarkable in the 
 skin that defends the upper and lower pair of 
 
 E wings, 
 
18 The 
 
 When we examine the internal parts, 
 it appears that the eyes are perfectly formed, 
 being replete with thin pyramidal filaments, 
 in the fame manner as thofe of the common 
 Bee, as already mentioned. There are in the 
 trank two channels, which, uniting, form 
 only one in the thorax, and conftitute the 
 gullet, which ends at the ftomach. The 
 mufcles of the thorax have acquired their 
 due firmnefs, and confift of three kinds of 
 fibres; fome running lengthways, others tranf- 
 verfely, and the third kind obliquely. Near 
 the gullet appear the three little particles, 
 which I took for the Caterpillar’s filk-bags. 
 They are at this time curled into one, and 
 are inferted near the end of the gullet, to 
 which they are united on each fide. A blad- 
 der full of wrinkles, and endued with a peri- 
 ftaltick motion, is now feen on the upper part 
 of the ftomach; and it communicates with 
 the gullet, by means of a flender tube. This 
 bladder, the ftomach, and fome part of the 
 gullet, are full of a deep purple moift fub- 
 {tance ; but the upper part of the gullet has 
 nothing befide air in it. The ftomach, being 
 gathered up into one mafs, in a furprifing 
 manner, looks as if quite covered with tuber- 
 cles. The back-part of it, like a little gut, 
 is now become much more flender and fhorter, 
 and is wrinkled withal, fo as to deferve the 
 name only of an inteftine. The vafcula ceeca, 
 varicofa, or crocea, which were dropped from 
 the ftomach, appear now in the fame place. 
 Next were to be feen the inteftina crafla, or 
 large guts, which, from being very fhort in 
 the Caterpillar, are now become very long and 
 flender, and appear as if they had been 
 ftretched out to give them fuch an extraordi- 
 nary length. They then dilate into a nodule, 
 
 or knot, full of the purple matter already men- 
 tioned; and that dilatation is followed by an- 
 other, greater than the firft; but its contents 
 are the fame. ‘The Chryfalis, on cafting its 
 
 wings. 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; of, 
 
 @ 
 skin, difcharges this liquid from the anus; by 
 which means the nodule, or knot, next to it 
 comes to be fmaller than the other. This ex- 
 crementitious fubftance, laid upon paper, looks 
 like real blood. The ftomach, of the Aurelia 
 I am defcribing, is much more firm, and of a 
 much better confiftency, than that. of the Au- 
 relia of two days already fpoken of ; infomuch 
 that it may be now handled with the forceps, 
 and drawn out of the body with the inteftines 
 that are joined to it, without any damage or 
 danger. 
 
 The heart and fpinal marrow are now quite 
 contracted, and confiderably diminifhed. The 
 fat is furprifingly wafted away, and wrinkled 
 up by evaporation, fo as to refemble a bunch 
 of yellow oblong grapes, which are fo firmly 
 fattened to the pulmonary tubes, that the 
 greateft care and patience is requifite to part 
 them. ‘There appeared no other alteration in 
 the pulmonary tubes but this, that they were 
 grown more membranaceous, and fhew more: 
 diftinétly their mufcles, and other parts, which 
 had now acquired their proper degree of per- 
 fection. The kidney-like particles are now no 
 longer to be feen: perhaps they have been ex- 
 panded by a flow growth into the organs of 
 generation, which now fhew themfelves very 
 diftin@ly ; but are fo intimately united with 
 the fat and pulmonary tubes, that it is almoft 
 impoffible to feparate them, unbroken and en- 
 tire. This makes it neceflary to attempt the 
 diffe@tion of the genital parts in the Butterfly 
 itfelf: Itherefore hope, that, when I thall have 
 proceeded fo far, I thall be able to give a fatif- 
 faCtory defcription of thefe parts, with figures 
 to illuftrate the accounts ; provided my health 
 does not fail me, and I do not want proper 
 fubjeéts to work upon. I fhall likewife defcribe 
 at the fame time, and in the fame manner, the 
 gullet, ftomach, and inteftines, with figures of 
 them. 
 
 In what manner the Aurelia affumes the form of a Butterfly. 
 
 HEN this, as I may juftly fay, furprifing 
 alteration of the infe@t, by the growth, 
 and removal of the limbs, and other parts, hap- 
 pens in the month of June or July ; it requires 
 only about cighteeh days to perfect it in this fpe- 
 cies: whereas late in autum, it requires ten days 
 more ; fometimes indeed a great number of Ca- 
 terpillars, by not beginning to change till the fea- 
 fon is thus far advanced, perifh for want of 
 ftrength to caft their {kins; fo that, on this oc- 
 cafion, thefe little creatures are liable to the com- 
 mon calamities of nature, and very often come 
 to an untimely end, . 
 
 Nothing is more remarkable about the time 
 when the Aurelia begins to caft its fkin, than the 
 perfection to which the wings, which have 
 grown under it, are arrived. The colours that 
 adorn them are chiefly black, red, and a fky- 
 blue; and thefe, as well as the trunk, legs, and 
 
 horns, may be very eafily difcerned through the 
 {kin that covers them, even without the help of 
 a microfcope, Tab. XXXV. Fig. 1x. 
 
 On examining, with a microfcope, the Chry- 
 falis at this period, the extremities of its legs are 
 obferved to move very diftinétly = a circumftance 
 which I have often remarked in the Aurelia of 
 Silk-worms, with the greateft aftonifhment. 
 
 The colours of the under pair of wings cannot 
 be feen, becatife they are altogether covered by 
 the upper pair; nor are the colours of the other 
 parts, juft now mentioned, very difcernible, be- 
 caufe there is not fo great a variety of tinéts in 
 thofe parts. For though the colour of all Chry- 
 fallides appear through their fkins, at the time 
 they are going to caft them off; neverthelefs, it 
 is impoflible to tell exactly what thofe colours 
 are, where there does not happen a confiderable 
 
 diftin@tion between them and the ftain itfelf. 
 tee While 
 
 eee Ce STs SAMERSTERT TELE AGrE Te gt Ree Meee aE nga CECE TS Seed 
 
2 RP. oo eed «A 
 
 The HUISTORY of 1NSEE HS ii 
 
 While the little creature remains in this con- 
 dition, there is a violent agitation in its blood, 
 and a motion in all its internal parts. The blood; 
 ina hafty fermentation, is driven through the 
 veflels from the heart into the wings, which are 
 likewife fupplied with air from the lungs. The 
 infect, befides, labours violently with its legs ; 
 and all thefe motions concurring with the growth 
 of the wings, it is impoflible the tender fkin 
 that covers it, fhould not at length give way ; 
 and this it accordingly does, by burfting into 
 four diftinét and regular pieces. 
 
 Firft, That part of the {kin which covers the 
 trunk, the two fore-pair of wings, the horns, 
 and the furcille or forks *, falis off from thofe 
 parts ; but the feveral portions of it, in which 
 they were feparately wrapped up, remain firmly 
 united together, Fig. x. a. This is the firft time 
 the legs appear without any covering, and they 
 then help greatly to free the body, and the other 
 parts that remain yet bound up. At the fame 
 time, the fkin on the back flies open, and dividing 
 itfelf into two regular portions, 4 4, difengages 
 the back and the wings. Then there likewife 
 happens another rupture in that portion of the 
 fkin, which covered the rings of the back of the 
 Aurelia, c. After this the Butterfly remains very 
 quiet for fome time, with its wings pointed down- 
 wards, and its legs fixed in the fkin which it has 
 jutt caft off. 
 
 But it muft be obferved, that the wings, legs, 
 horns, trunk, and other external parts of the 
 Butterfly, do by no means rife from the body 
 in the manner exhibited in the 11 Figure of 
 the Table XXXV. where I have laid down all 
 thofe parts, as they appear very diftin& and 
 confpicuous in the Caterpillar itfelf. Many of 
 thefe parts remain as has been already faid, firmly 
 united to each other, the reafon of which is, 
 that they are all moift and wet in the Caterpillar, 
 at the time when it is about throwing off its 
 fkin, and becoming a Chryfalis; and this moi- 
 fture being of a clammy or glutinous nature, 
 ferves, on its being dried by the air and heat of 
 the weather, as a real glue, to unite the parts it 
 lies between fo firmly together, that they never 
 feparate for the future. Now, as the {kin, 
 which lines all thefe parts, or covers them on the 
 infide, is extremely delicate and tender, which 
 it well may be, as it is not expofed to the air, it 
 all breaks and flies off without any certain order ; 
 noris any order neceflary upon theoccafion. Hence 
 it arifes, that fo many broken and ragged little 
 membranes, almoft as thin as a cobweb, appear 
 on the inner furface of the fkin that has been 
 thrown off. One of thefe little films is to be feen 
 between the conglutinated coats or {kins of the 
 trunk, horns, and other parts, Tab. XXXV, 
 Fig. x. d. 
 
 There likewife appear within the fkin certain 
 white filaments, ee. Thefe are the caft coats of 
 
 -* 
 
 the pulmonary tubes; for now thef tubes cai 
 their skins for the laft time, The greateft part 
 of the eighteen pulmonary tubes, of which I 
 have reprefented nine on one of the fides of the 
 Caterpillar, in the fecond figure of the XXXIV, 
 ‘Table, remain in the Aurelia, which breathes by 
 them, until by cafting this skin it becomes a 
 perfect Butterfly ; and this is the reafon, why 
 the pulmonary tubes are much more flender in 
 the Butterfly, than they were either in the Ca- 
 terpillar, or the Chryfalis: this circumftance 
 alfo affords the Butterfly the means of taking 
 more air into its body, and thereby renders it the 
 better able to fly, to give a due motion to the 
 contents of its inteftines, to fuck in the juices on 
 which it lives, to void its excrements, and to 
 perform many other operations neceflary in the 
 animal oeconomy. 
 
 At thé time when this change of skin hap- 
 pens, the wings expand fo rapidly, that the 
 naked eye cannot trace their unfolding, from 
 reaching {carce half the length of the body, Tab. 
 XXXV. Fig. x1. 2, they acquire, O miracle of 
 miracles, in the. fhort {pace of about half a 
 quarter of an hour, their full extent and bignefs; 
 fo as to be each of them five times larger than 
 they were before. Nor is it the wings alone that 
 are thus increafed: all their {pots and colours 
 heretofore fo minute, as to be {carce difcernible, 
 6 4, are proportionably extended; {0 that what 
 but a few minutes ago, appeared but as a num- 
 ber of unrheaning confufed points, are now bea 
 come diftiné and moft beautiful ornaments, All 
 this may be beft conceived, by confulting the 
 x11 Figure, which reprefents the wings bigger 
 than the body, and with all their colours, which 
 are chiefly red and black. About the edges, 
 however, here and there fome yellow, sky-blue, 
 and white f{pots, are feen moft elegantly com- 
 bined, which exhibit to us, though faintly, and 
 as it were by fhadows, the inexhauttible treafure 
 of the Great Creator’s treafures, his ftupenduous 
 majefty, and his other incomprehenfible perfec- 
 tions; for though no adequate reprefentation cari 
 be given of the Supreme Being, he has thus 
 been pleafed to thew himfelf to us, diftin@ly 
 and confpicuoufly enough to engage our love, 
 our adoration, and our gratitude. 
 
 This little creature is found alfo to have four 
 legs, Fig. x1. cece, each armed with claws, 
 and adorned with hairs, and a variety of colours. 
 The two horns dd, lie juft above the eyes: near 
 the fpace between the eyes, are to be feen the 
 forks or furce ; from between which the infec 
 darts ¢ out a double trunk, the ufe of which is to - 
 pump out the {weet juices from flowers into its 
 body, fo that this organ may be confidered as 
 its tongue. When this curious part is not at 
 work, it lies fo clofely curled and coiled up be- 
 tween the forks, that it cannot be feen. This 
 beautiful contrivance is reprefented in the x1ith 
 
 * Thefe appendages to the trunks of Butterflies have been fuppofed by fome to affift_ in the procuring; difpofing, or forcing down 
 the food : but the nature of the Butterflies food is a plain contradiétion of that opinion ; for it is only a liquid, and thin honey juice: 
 Reaumer has therefore, with more juftice, alloted them the office of preferving the trunk from injuries, and fapporting it in its intended 
 ufe. This is confirmed by the conftant obfervation, that thefe pieces or forks are always ftronger in proportion, as the trunk is 
 
 more tender. 
 
 Figure, 
 
2 The BOOK 
 
 Figure, in which we likewife fee, that the But- 
 terfly’s wings entirely cover its legs. The firft pair 
 of legs lie nearly under the thorax; but they are 
 now fo altered, as not to deferve that name; for 
 the Butterfly makes no ufe of them as legs, nor 
 have they claws like the others: nature, indeed, 
 feems to have intended them for fome other 
 purpofe. 
 
 As the wings extend themfelves fo fuddenly, 
 they accordingly appear at firft like pieces of wet 
 paper, foft, and full of wrinkles, cavities, and 
 {wellings, as I have reprefented them in Tab, 
 XII. Fig. x. x. x1. But they are quite dry in 
 half an hour, by which means all the inequali- 
 ties in them entirely difappear, fo as to leave them 
 perfectly fit for the creature’s fervice. “The But- 
 terfly’s tranfinutation being thus perfectly finifhed, 
 it difcharges three or four pretty large drops of 
 a bloody liquid, which are the laft remains of the 
 fuperfluous moifture, the reft of which has been 
 evaporated by the Aurelia during the heat of fum- 
 mer, in the {pace of about ten days ; for as the 
 parts, which this moifture was intended to ex- 
 pand, no longer need any increafe, what remains 
 of it is no other than an ufelefs encumbrance, and 
 accordingly it is expelled from the body as an 
 excrement. 
 
 Thus the Butterfly, in a littke more than a 
 quarter of an hour, acquires its full perfection, 
 During the Caterpillar-ftate, it may be confidered 
 as a newly conceived embryo. In that of an 
 Aurelia, it reprefents a child as yet {hut up in 
 the womb, but about to break the membranes in 
 which it is bound up, in order to make its efcape. 
 Laflly, the infect, when employed in extricat- 
 ing itfelf from its integuments, refembles the in- 
 fant jut coming into the world. However, there 
 is this confiderable difference between them, 
 which well’ deferves attention. The Butterfly 
 does not produce itfelf like our wretched off- 
 {pring, weak, tender, and in a manner but half 
 perfected; but, almoft from its firft moment of 
 appearance in this ftate, it is a complete creature 
 of manly age, if I may be allowed the expreffi- 
 on, and qualified in every refpect to avoid fuch 
 things as are hurtful, and look out for thofe that 
 tend to fecure its exiftence, for the {pace allotted 
 by nature, and make it agreeable. 
 
 « Whoever confiders thefe particulars attentive- 
 ly, muft obferve, in this poor infect, a great and 
 indeed immenfe degree of perfection, which 
 man, the greateft work of the creation, entirely 
 wants. And this profpect.fhould fill us, mifer- 
 able mortals, with fentiments of the moft pro- 
 found humility. We fee a little infignificant in- 
 fe&, diftinguithed from its laft birth, with quali- 
 fications, ornaments, and perfections, which, dur- 
 ing our {tay upon earth, however long it may be, 
 we can never flatter ourfelves with the hopes of 
 enjoying. 
 
 - This creature, to fupport life, needs no other 
 food but the dews of heaven, and thofe limpid 
 diftilled juices, which it finds ready prepared for its 
 ufe by the beneficent fun, and plentifully ftored up 
 in every flower. No theatrical fcene can be ima- 
 gined egual to the ornaments with which it is 
 cloathed; and that its wings, and the rich co- 
 
 5 
 
 of. N*AST AR Bs Sr, 
 
 lours that embellifh them, were beftowed upon 
 it merely for the fake of ornament, appears from 
 its being able to fly with but two, as well as with 
 four wings. ‘The skies are the Butterfly’s pro- 
 per habitation, and the air its element; whilft 
 man, miferable in every refpect, is obliged to 
 earn his bread with labour and cares: he comes 
 into the world naked, and deftitute of all exter- 
 nal ornaments, to demand attention ; and, born in 
 this wrétched condition, he roves about without 
 habitation or fhelter, expofed on the one hand to 
 the heat of the fun, on the other, to the damps 
 and exhalations of the earth, both enemies alike 
 to his happinefs and exiftence. 
 
 Indeed, upon mature thought, we have no 
 caufe to be furprifed at this difference. We are 
 at prefent exiles from heaven, our proper home ; 
 {tripped of that beautiful cloathing which our 
 firft parents poffefied. But this is not the only 
 creature, from whence we may draw ufeful in- 
 ftruGtions. All other kinds of infe&s are gene- 
 rated in the fame manner, Not one of them 
 grows the value of a fingle line, after the half 
 hour that immediately fucceeds their extricat- 
 ing themfelves from their skins for the laft time. 
 We admire with the greateft aftonifhment, how 
 the bodies of the flying infects could be contained 
 in the little skins and membranes, out of which 
 they came to appear in this ftate; whereas the 
 wonder confifts entirely in their expanding fo 
 much, and acquiring fuch perfections in the firft 
 few minutes that fucceed their enlargement. 
 
 How then can we avoid crying out, O God 
 of miracles! how wonderfui are all thy works ! 
 how beautiful are the ornaments! how well 
 adapted the powers which thou haft fo pro- 
 fufely beftowed upon thy creatures! They are 
 all, notwithftanding, fubject to decay and deftruc- 
 tion ; and, with all their perfections, fcarce de- 
 ferve to be confidered as fhadows of the Divine 
 Nature. It is therefore, with the higheft reafon, 
 that a certain writer has faid, That all nature is 
 over-run, and covered with a kind of leprofy. 
 This is her old garment, which fhe is one day 
 to throw off, and its heavinefs alone is {ufficient 
 to weigh down our fenfes, and difturb our rea- 
 fon, in fpite of all its efforts, 
 
 Goedaert defcribes the Caterpillar I have here 
 been figuring, and the Butterfly arifing from it, 
 in the xx1. experiment of the firft part of his 
 natural metamorphofes; but he forgot in his 
 figure the Caterpillar’s prickles, inftead of which, 
 he gives it nothing but fimple hairs. He has, 
 befides, been guilty of another miftake, in be- 
 {towing breathing-holes on every one of the 
 Caterpillar’s rings. Mfonffet alfo has favoured us 
 with figures of the Caterpillar, and the Butterfly, 
 and has defcribed the Butterfly according to its 
 colours. But Goedaert’s drawing of it, deferves 
 the preference by many degrees. 
 
 The beauties of the Butterfly now before us, 
 Tab, XXXV. Fig. x11. is but of a middle rank, 
 if compared with that of many others, Its head 
 is covered with little black hairy and fcaly fea- 
 thers; the eyes, which take up the greateft part 
 of the head, are thickly guarded alfo with hairs 
 refembling briftles; and they confift of a fub- 
 
 ; ftance 
 
 « 
 . 
 — ar Se 
 
 —e) ees ee ee? See 
 
The 3b. $.T, On. Ray 
 
 ftance which looks like gold, on account of the 
 brightnefs of the uvea, which is feen through. 
 The thorax andabdomen, are black; but they are 
 covered with hairs of a golden yellow. The 
 legs and horns confift of a black, bony, or horny 
 fubftance, and are adorned alfo with fcales and 
 hairs of a gold colour. ‘The wings look as if 
 they had been flightly wathed over with a deep 
 red blood-coloured paint; and they have, befides, 
 four great and four fmall {pots of different forms. 
 Near the thorax, the upper wings appear moft 
 elegantly fprinkled and waved with glittering 
 gold ; and thelower wings near the belly, are 
 covered with hair of a gold colour. The {paces 
 
 CHA 
 
 Bt Jd IN $28. 1S, 21 
 
 between the {pots of the upper wings inclines 
 to yellow ; but near the third pair of thof= {pots 
 which lie towards the edges, are two other marks 
 of a fnowy white. The borders of the wings are 
 elegantly indented, and fet off with four princi - 
 pal colours, a black, a sky-blue, a peach- bloffom 
 colour, and a yellowith red. The sky-blue by 
 bending its courfe upon the black, which ferves 
 as a ground to the other colours, forms a beauti- 
 ful crefcent; whilft the other colours, making fo 
 many circles, feparated by the black eround 
 
 heighten the elegance of the difpofition in a very 
 delicate manner, 
 
 Fevuhll. 
 
 Containing a defcription of the internal parts of the male and female Butterfly, 
 defcribed in the preceding chapters. 
 
 AVING defcribed the external and in- 
 
 ternal parts of the Caterpillar, and of the 
 Chryfalis, and alfo fome of the Butterfly’s exter- 
 nal ornaments; my next task is to defcribe its 
 internal ftructure ; though I cannot fay I have 
 fucceeded perfectly to my wifhes, in examining 
 and inveftigating them one by one, as I propofed 
 to myfelf. For, as I did not begin to diffect 
 the infect in this ftate, till towards the end of 
 Autumn, and had fuch only to diflect as had 
 been changed to Butterflies within doors, and 
 under my infpection, and had not acquired their 
 full perfection; for this kind of Butterfly out- 
 lives the year in which it makes its firft appear- 
 ance I could not therefore obferve: all its parts 
 fo accurately as I wifhed: befides, there was no 
 bright weather during the time my examination 
 lafted ; but the air was continually darkened 
 with rain and clouds. However, fome things 
 in my obfervations appeared worthy of notice, 
 which I fhall now briefly relate. 
 
 On opening the Butterfly’s back, there imme- 
 diately appear in the thorax, fome little wrinkled 
 veffels, Tab. XXXVI. Fig. 1. aa, which lie near 
 the gullet, and have their infertions in the fore- 
 part of the body. I take thefe little veffels to be 
 the fame with thofe already reprefented in the 
 vth Figure of Table XXXIV. Their beginning is 
 a flender little channel, 4, which divides into 
 two fine tubes; and thefe tubes again .dilat-. 
 ing themfelves, c, terminate at laft about the 
 beginning of the ftomach, @ 7 and they are fo 
 firmly united and faftened to it, by means of 
 the fat and mufcles, that I have not yet by any 
 means been able to loofen them from that part, 
 or to trace them higher. What greatly increafes 
 the difficulty is, that the beginning of the fto- 
 mach itfelf, is here very ftrongly connected. 
 What the office of thofe veflels is, and whether 
 they may not be the falival ducts, I cannot take 
 upon me to determine; for I know not how they 
 terminate in front, or whether or no they have 
 a communication with the trunk, ¢ e. 
 
 Amongft the curled veffels 1 have been treat- 
 ing of, appears the gullet, f, which dividing in 
 
 the upper part, near the root of the trunk, into 
 two little tubes, conveys to the ftomach the 
 juices fucked in by that organ. From the lower 
 part of the gullet near the ftomach, there iffues 
 a fhort and {mall channel, g, which ends in a 
 little flender bag, 6. This bag is no other than 
 an air-bladder, into which the air ruthes, whil(t 
 the infects food is making its way to the ftomach. 
 This bladder is endued with a very confiderable 
 periftaltick motion: it is almoft always found in 
 the Butterfly’s back, placed over the ftomach, 
 In the Chryfalis, I found it full of a deep red 
 liquid, as has been already obferved. 
 
 The ftomach itfelf, #7, is ftrangely altered in 
 regard to fhape, from what it was in the Cater- 
 pillar, as before reprefented in the 1vth Figure of 
 Tab. XXXVI. It is now entirely fwoln and tu- 
 berous, and it refembles an inflated large cut; fo 
 that, on ‘account of its many folds, hollows, 
 and wrinkles, it exbibits a very pleafing fight in 
 the hinder part. It fo much refembles one of the 
 {maller inteftines, 4, full of moft delicate folds, that 
 I cannot take upon me to determine whether or 
 not it ought to be confidered as fuch, rather than 
 as a portion of the ftiomach. Under the pylorus, 
 appear fix inteftina coeca, or vafa varicofa, /////, 
 which are much more flender in this ftate, than 
 they were in the Caterpillar, ang of a perfectly 
 different form. They are likewife feparated here 
 from the ftomach, to which, in the Caterpillar, 
 they: always clofely adhered by means of the 
 pulmonary tubes. Ihave not as yet been able 
 to find out where and how they terminate in 
 the Butterfly, fo that I thall only reprefent them 
 here as they appeared to me on this diflection. 
 Under thefe lie the {maller intefiines, m m, which 
 are tranfparent and full of a globular fub{tance. A 
 little lower the gut widens confiderably, fo as to 
 form the cloaca, »; then it contraéts again, to 
 dilate a fecond time into a lefler finus, 0, in which 
 it terminates. Next follows the ftraight gut, p, 
 terminating in a ring, of a fubftance between 
 bone and horn, which forms the anus, g, is co- 
 vered with hair, and drawn up within the ab- 
 domen. At the fides of the anus appear its 
 
 EF proper 
 
‘The BOOK of 
 
 les, rr: their tendons are black, 
 anus itfelf, 
 
 22 
 
 proper mufc 
 and of a fubftance like that of the 
 The two dilatations of the in-eftines, which I 
 have juit now taken notice of, fupply the place 
 of a colon, which appears only in the Caterpillar 
 for in the Butterfly it is fo transformed, as de- 
 fervedly to be confidered asa different part. Cer- 
 tainly the furprifing and incomprehcnfible changes 
 of parts which we here obferve, fhould engage 
 our utmoft attention, though for many reafons, 
 yet for none fo much as for this, that they moft 
 evidently demonftrate to the whole univerfe, the 
 excellency of the Great Creator. The contem- 
 plation of thefe wonders has often led me to con- 
 fider, whether the entrails of Nebuchadnezzar, 
 when deprived of his reafon, and armed with 
 talons, like a bird of prey, covered with hair, 
 {ach as is found upon beafts, and condemned to 
 eat graf; in common with the cattle of the field, 
 did not fuffer a change in his internal parts, cor- 
 refpondent to that which appeared in his external 
 form ; and fuch a change-as might {uit them to 
 digeft the food, with which his life was to be 
 fupported, in the courfe of this his moft examplary 
 penance. At leaft there appears an occafional 
 alteration of this kind in the entrails of thefe in- 
 (e&ts ; for, as long as they continue under the 
 form of Caterpillars, and live upon a grofs and 
 earthy food, their entrails are alfo grofs and ear- 
 thy ; whereas thefe creatures, affuming a more 
 delicate form, and beginning to fubfift on a more 
 pure fubftance, the organs by which fuch fub- 
 {tance is to be taken in, digefted, and diftributed 
 to the feveral parts of the body, become like- 
 wife more delicate, and that indeed to fuch a de- 
 gree, that the alteration would never be credited, 
 if the eye did not trace its gradations from one 
 day to another, 
 
 * "There is no part of the Butterfly that deferves 
 our admiration more than the trunk *. I have 
 but rudely delineated this organ, becaufe I pro- 
 pofed making many other figures of it, confider- 
 ably bigger than the life, which, after all my pains, 
 I have not been able yet to perform, on account 
 of the badnefs of the weather, and the feafon’s 
 beisg now fo confiderably advanced, That extre- 
 mity of it, with which the Butterfly fucks in its 
 
 * The genital organs of the male Butterfly. 
 
 O N diffe@ting a male Butterfly of this fpecies, 
 four days after its laft. change, the genitals 
 appear perfect in every refpect. The penis, 
 Tab. XXXVI. Fig. 1. 2, placed near the ex- 
 treme rings of the body, has on each fide two 
 horny little bones, 44, of a pale brown colour, 
 which cover it behind and in the middle. Thefe 
 little particles have an articulation, with a bor- 
 
 * The trunk of the Butterfly is indeed an organ of moft wonderful fruGure. 
 be expected, but itreally is of the nature of a mouth; for all the food goes through it. 
 
 N AE’ U- Rek. 5 
 
 food, is particularly curious in its conftruction : 
 it confifts of a double tube, divided, as it appears, 
 into many articulations. This confiruction fuits it 
 to 2 great variety of motions, and in particular, 
 makes it eafy to ftretch out, and curl up again. 
 It appears, that when the Butterfly fips up the 
 honey of liquid {agar upon which it lives, a por- 
 tion of air mixes with and accompanies this 
 through the trunk to the ftomach. ‘This may 
 be feen by faftening the Butterfly by its wings, 
 with a very fine pair of iron pincers, and uncurl- 
 ing the trunk with a very fine needle, fo as to 
 bring the tip of it to bear upon a blade of grafs 
 dipped in fugar water; for the Butterfly immedi- 
 ately fucks the nourifhment that is thus offered ; 
 and, with the affiftance of a microfcope, both that 
 and the air that goes along with it may be traced 
 in their courfe into the body: and this isa very 
 entertaining fight. Indeed Butterflies may be 
 kept alive in this manner many days together: 
 they will take fo well to this way of feeding, that 
 at laft they will dart out of themfelves, with- 
 out any compulfion, their trunk into the moift- 
 ened fugar, or honey water, thus offered them. 
 Hence we may guefs how fine and delicate the 
 mufcles, veins, arteries, and nerves muft be, by 
 which this little organ is fupported and governed, 
 The very extremity of itis of amoftamazing ftruc- 
 ture. As formy part, I muft ingenuoufly own, 
 that neither my eyes, my hands, or my head, are 
 equal to the task of infpecting, handling, or per- 
 fectly defcribing it: but even this weaknefs is an 
 ufeful leffon, fince I learn by it, that all our 
 boafted knowledge and perfection in this life, is 
 in the main but ignorance and mifery, Let it 
 therefore fuffice, that the things we fee, are cap- 
 able of condnéting us, as it were, by the hand, 
 to the knowledge of a much fublimer being ; 
 and let this confideration engage us, to adore the 
 Divine Majefty, according to the perfect rules 
 he himfelf has been gracioufly pleafed to pre- 
 fcribe to us,-and to perform, with due reverence 
 the penance enjoined us for tranfgrefling his 
 commands. This is the one thing neceflary ; all 
 elfe is vanity of vanities, and altogether unwor- 
 thy of our attention. 
 
 or, 
 
 der, c, of the fame fubftance, which forrounds 
 the penis like a belt. There is near the two 
 little horny parts, already taken notice of, another 
 that is hooked, dd, and behind, is divided in 
 two; by the parts of the penis, e. On raifing the 
 two firft little horny bones, there appear two 
 crooked little claws, whofe bufinefs it is to 
 grapple, and firmly hold, during the act of co- 
 
 It ftands in the part of the head where a nofe might 
 The fubftance of the trunk is horny : the 
 
 ereature may be faid to unroll it, “by fqueezing the head ; or it may be drawn out with a pin. After this, if any violence be ufed to 
 the creature, the trunk will crack lengthways in the middle, and the flit will ran prefently through its whole lenoth, and divide it 
 into two. Bonani hence fappofed the trunk was really double in the Butterfly, or originally compofed of two. Riget thought 
 he had fhewn, from unqweftionable experiment, that the trunk of this infeét was fingle, and that this fplitting was the effect of the vi- 
 
 olence offered to it, and its own tender ftru@ure. 
 
 He had his followers, till Reaumer verified the firit doStrine of Bonani by more 
 
 accurate trials; aud eftablifhed the true ftru&ture of this part, which is, that it is compofed of two delicate tubes, laid parallel by on 
 
 another. 
 
 pulation, 
 
The 
 
 pulation, the loweft abdominal rings of the 
 female Butterfly. . This ation is particularly 
 obfervable in the common white Butterflies ; 
 for the female of this {pecies very often flies 
 about with the male faftened to her, his claws 
 or hooks in this part grafping her genital parts 
 clofe to him, his head hanging down, and his 
 wings quite motionlefs. The mufcles of thefe 
 parts of the penis appear between, and have 
 their infertions in, the little horny parts already 
 taken notice of. On the infide, near the two 
 little grappling claws, there appear fome other 
 parts belonging to the penis; but I could not 
 examine them with the due exactnefs. The 
 penis confifts partly of a bony and partly of a 
 nervous fubftance. ‘The former refembles, in 
 figure, the little bone we find in the penis of 
 Dogs; and has at its extremity an opening, 
 thro’ which the foft and nervous portion of the 
 penis is erected at the time of copulation, The 
 root of the penis is likewife of a nervous fub- 
 ftance, f, but more compact than that portion 
 with which the erection is performed. Next 
 ‘we obferve the bafe of the penis, gg, contain- 
 inS,in one part a white fperm, and in another 
 part a thick fluid, divided into very minute 
 granules ; which, on letting it out by wound- 
 ing the penis, fhines like a white or filver fand, 
 z. I leave to others to inquire what this laft 
 fubftance may be. The penis appears, in this 
 part, very elegantly folded and curled up into 
 two branches, 2, which afterwards form four 
 others, whofe origins are all very firm and 
 ftrong. Iam not difpofed to affirm any thing 
 as a certainty, concerning the nature of thefe 
 laft portions. ‘The two flendereft branches, 
 which appear moft clofely twifted one with 
 another //, look like feminal veficles; for they 
 contain a white fpermatick liquid, confifting of 
 very minute grains, connected together by a 
 membrane. The two other branches may 
 
 The anatomy of the 
 
 Few days after, f opened a female Butter- 
 fly, refembling fo exactly, in its internal 
 appearance, the male before diflected, that at 
 
 firft I imagined I had again got a male under ° 
 
 my hands, till the thicknefs of the body indi- 
 cated the contrary ; and foon after the difco- 
 very of the oviducts confirmed me in’ my laft 
 opinion of the infect’s fex. There were, as 
 yet, no eggs in thefe ducts, fo that they ap- 
 peared very like the genitals of the male; and, 
 indeed, it was fome time before I could be fure 
 _ that they belonged to a female. Many of the 
 infects, whofe date of life is of fome length, 
 have no eggs in the beginning, or very imper- 
 fect ones. I have indeed obferved, that al- 
 mioft all infects die very foon after they have 
 prepared their fperm; unlefs when their {perm, 
 though vifibly formed, has not acquired its full 
 growth ; or when the infects are to furvive the 
 winter, in order to lay their eggs the enfuing 
 fpring; as is the cafe of the Butterflies which 
 Tam now deferibing. Nor does it appear pro- 
 
 Hire TOR ¥ 
 
 of, INS € TS. 3 
 
 ioe y 
 
 pafs for the vafa deferentia of the infect, #7 m2; 
 and. the nodule, or knot, #, in. which. thofe 
 branches terminate, for the teflicle; fo as to 
 make it probable, that the Butterfly has only 
 one tefticle. But thefe are only conjectures on 
 a fubject, concerning which I dare not advance 
 any thing as a certainty. 
 
 This globular portion, which I call the ina 
 fect’s tefticle, is of a pale gray, with a tinge of 
 a purplifh colour, and it is furrounded by two 
 coats. The outer coat is very fine, and is united 
 with a great many pulmonary tubes., The inner 
 Coat is much thicker, and yields, on. diffection, 
 a foft, clammy, and glutinous fubftance, no 
 way fluid. Through this there run a. great 
 number of pulmonary tubes, of a bright filvery 
 whitenefs, variegated with fome purple ftreaks. 
 Perhaps repeated diffections may enable us to 
 determine, whether or not this portion, is to 
 be really confidered as the Butter‘y’s tefticle, 
 Thefe parts are fo firmly connected oh every 
 fide, by means of the fat, and of the numerous 
 pulmonary tubes, as to make it.a verv difficult 
 tafk to difplay them. The rectum, or ftraight 
 gut, opens under thofe particles belonging to 
 the penis, which confift of a fubftance bet ween 
 bone and horn, already taken notice of. ‘The 
 pulmonary veficle, that is fituated forwards near 
 the flomach, appeared to me full of air. The 
 ftomach itfelf looks like a bunch of grapes ; 
 and clofe to it lie the coca, or clofed guts, 
 The fmall gut is confiderably longer than the 
 ftomach, and ends in fome dilated parts. 
 
 The preceding obferyations I made the fixth 
 of September on a Butterfly, which appeared, 
 for the firft time, as fuch that. very day, and 
 had been changed from a Caterpillar into an 
 Aurelia the 17th of the preceding Augnft; {6 
 that its change, from a Caterpillar to a Butier- 
 fly, took up nineteen days. 
 
 e 
 
 Le 
 u 
 
 ovary of this Species. 
 
 bable to me, that either the eggs of infects, or 
 the infects themfelves, in the, Caterpillar or 
 Aurelia-ftate, can endure that rigorous feafon ; 
 for which reafon the little creature, now perfect 
 in the Butterfly-form, is doomed to the hard- 
 fhips of this fevere trial. Hence it is, that at 
 the approach of winter they take refuge in the 
 hollows of trees, in ftore-houfes, and fummer- 
 houfes in gardens, where their blood is con- 
 denfed by the fucceeding colds, like olive-oil 
 at the fame feafon, and becomes, in a manner, 
 quite caked; fo that they neither move nor eat 
 till the returning warmth enlivens them. This 
 I have often obferved. They even difcharge 
 no excrements all the time. I have made many 
 curious experiments upon Butterilies in this 
 condition; but it would take up too much room 
 to give an account of them in this place. 
 There are fix oviduéts, Tab. XXXVI. Fig, 
 Ill. aaaaa, in the female Butterfly now un- 
 der our infpection, and thefe all terminate in 
 one common paflage, 65 fo that, in this part, 
 
 1 
 the 
 
24. 
 the oviduéts refembles a fingle trunk, which 1s 
 a hollow channel, ordained to receive the eggs 
 in their defcent from the others. On each fide 
 of the channel are five little tubes, ccccc, 
 with their extremities clofed, Thefe open into 
 the paflage, and difcharge upon the eggs, in 
 their courfe, a glutinous matter, which makes 
 them {tick to the nettles upon which they are 
 dropped. The conftruction of thefe little re- 
 ceptacles of the vifcous matter 1s extremely 
 elegant: they confit of various dilated tuber- 
 cles, with lateral ramifications, which are like- 
 wife dilated again, and ferve, in my opinion, 
 to fecrete and elaborate the glutinous fubftance 
 here fpoken of. On the other fide of thefe 
 du@s there arifes, from the ovary, a much 
 more flender tube, d, terminating in an oblong 
 bag, ¢. This contains, as it were, two dif- 
 ferent fubftances. ‘The contents of the upper 
 part, f, is yellowith ; and, on endeavouring to 
 extract it, the membrane, conftituting the bag, 
 thews itfelf to have fome ftrength. As for the 
 yellowith fubftance, fticking to the infide, it 
 looks very like the fat of the Butterfly. The 
 fabftance, enclofed in the lower portion of this 
 bag, refembles a limpid humour, and appears 
 as fuch through the tranfparent g membrane 
 that forms the bag. The other end of the 
 little tube, juft taken notice of, opens at its ex- 
 tremity into the external parts of the ovary, 
 or the vagina, 4, which has a little elegant 
 horny bone, of a bright red colour, that extends 
 from the womb to a confiderable height with- 
 in the vagina, and has an opening, which I 
 have marked with the letter 2. 
 All thefe parts of the ovary adhere fo firmly 
 together, by means of the pulmonary tubes, 
 Fig. 1v, aa, and fat, 6b, that I have often 
 loft my defire of endeavouring to difplay them, 
 
 7% 
 
 The BOOK of NADU RE on 
 
 together with the hopes of being able to effec 
 it: but patience, in the end, got the better of 
 thofe obftacles. 
 
 Thefe little creatures are very readily killed, 
 by dipping them into fpirit of wine. They 
 likewife die in a very fhort time, on putting 
 them into a box containing Brazil-fnuff. 1 
 have obferved alfo, that other infects are fub- 
 ject to the fame fate; though, at firft, it was by 
 meer chance that I difcovered it. 
 
 I have thus briefly recounted what I have 
 been able to difcover, concerning: this: little 
 creature, in the {pace of a few weeks. Butif 
 I had been mafter of more leifure, and the 
 autumn had not come upon me fo foon in the 
 operations, I fhould be difpofed to mention, 
 more at large, many other things worthy of 
 admiration, which fell in my way; though I 
 have not yet examined them with the accuracy 
 they merit. Such, for example, as the true 
 manner of the Butterfly’s wings acquiring their 
 fize with fuch an amazing celerity; as well as 
 the art by which the tubercles, bladders, and 
 puftules may be imprinted on the wings ; e 
 the Caterpillar may be delayed and haftene//in 
 the courfe of its change; by what means all 
 the colours, which appear through the fkin of 
 the Aurelia, may, in that fhort time of their 
 appearance, be fo firmly fixed as never after- 
 wards to grow and fpread. I had befides 
 propofed reprefenting, a great deal larger than 
 life, all the fpots, lines, and colours of this 
 little creature; as likewife its hairs, feathers or 
 fcales, and pulmonary tubes, the articulations 
 of its legs, and many other myfterious works 
 of nature obfervable in it; all which I have 
 elfewhere promifed that I would fome time or 
 another defcribe. 
 
 The End of the wonderful Hiflory of the Diurnal or Day Butterfly. 
 
 An Animal in an Animal; or the Butterfly hidden in the Caterpillar , which ts a 
 _ third particular example, ferving as an additional illuftration to the fecond 
 method of the third order or clafs of natural tran{mutations. 
 
 Tas. XXXVII. 
 
 TL HOUGH, by the particular experiments 
 
 before advanced, it has been juftly fhewn 
 what changes of the third order are peculiar 
 to the firft and fecond fpecies or method of 
 transformation ; I fhall here, by way of further 
 proof defcribe and figure the manner in which 
 I can find a Butterfly enclofed and hidden in a 
 Caterpillar, and perfeétly contained within its 
 fkin. This I demonftrated, in 1688, to thofe 
 eminent perfons Magalloti and Thevenot. . 
 But before I proceed to this, it is neceflary 
 to obferve, that the Caterpillar, Chryfalis, and 
 diurnal Butterfly, which I exhibit in thefe 
 figures, are the fame fpecies with thofe which 
 the diligent Goedaert has figured Tab. XI. 
 Part 1. And the often celebrated and learned 
 Mr. Ray, in his treatife on the plants 
 o wing about Cambridge, Page 134, has 
 
 particularly defcribed a Caterpillar of this 
 kind. 
 
 Tab. XXXVI. N°.1. I exhibit the egg of 
 the faid’ Butterfly in its naturalfize. This egg, 
 as I have defcribed in general before, is really 
 the Caterpillar itfelf, enclofed in this condition, 
 and invefted with a. membranaceous cover, of 
 integument. Indeed, this Caterpillar lies hid in 
 its membrane, in the very fame manner as the 
 Nymph or Chryfalis does in its integuments. 1 
 have before treated this matter at large; and the 
 whole will be again more accurately debated 
 under the account of the. fourth order: there- 
 fore J fhall not here exhibit a more ample ex- 
 planation thereof. 1 am now only to demon~ 
 {trate clearly, that the Caterpillar is the Butter- 
 fly itfelf, and that this Butterfly lies enclofed 
 in the fkin of that Caterpillar, in the fame 
 manner as the Caterpillar does in the cover or 
 
 {kin 
 
 i 
 | 
 
ie, 
 
 it 
 bem ch. 
 
 “its furface. 
 
 The HISTORY of INSECTS, a 
 
 fkin of its egg. And all thefe things will ap- 
 pear plainly trom what fhall be faid imme- 
 diately. 
 
 Fic: 1. 
 
 The egg of that Butterfly, which is repré- 
 fented in N°. VI. is expreffed in this firft en> 
 larged figure, in the exact manner wherein it 
 appeared under the mictofcope. It is obferved 
 hence to be, as it Weré, conftructed of fifteén 
 fmall ribs ; each of which manifeftly throws 
 a fhade on the adjoining membrane, fituated 
 between thofe ribs: and hence it is, that, to a 
 perfon looking ‘at the egg, it appears, abotit 
 the fhady parts, to be divided by as many other 
 fmaller ribs. ‘Thefe ribs, arid the membrane 
 of the egg between them, are alfo divided 
 crofiwife by regular grooves of channels. It 
 may be alfo feen how all thefe ribs concur, as 
 it were, in a center toward thé fmaller extre- 
 mity of the egg, and extend themfelves beyond 
 
 his <B> when arrived at its full 
 increafe, is of 4 yellowifh colour; but it is 
 white, when it is frefh in the oVidudt. That 
 is, I obferve that thofe eggs in the oviduct, 
 which are firft to iffué forth, are perfect; but 
 thofe that poffefs an higher place are fmaller, 
 though they are of the faitie figure with the 
 former. Thofe that are fitudted higheft in the 
 oviducts, appear fquare; and fitch as lie yet in 
 the extremities of the oviducts até fo wonder- 
 fully fmall, that at length they beconie entirely 
 invifible. The fame is likewife obferved in 
 the eggs of another Butterfly of this kind, but 
 {maller in the body and wings. I faw thofe 
 laying their eggs in the month of May, and 
 faftening them to cabbage-leaves, in fuch a 
 
 Gituation as I have herein delineated the egg of 
 
 this larger Butterfly ; that is, fo that the ribs 
 run upwards, but the globular bafis poffeffes 
 the lower parts: the fame thing holds with 
 refpect to thefe eggs. As the Butterflies, if- 
 fuing from thefe, are found all the year, it is 
 probable they lay their eggs at various times. 
 This, however, feems to be done chiefly in 
 Autumn, when we obferve their Caterpillars 
 in much greater numbers than at any other 
 feafon. 
 
 N°. II. I exhibit the caft and forfaken coat 
 of what is called the egg, which a little before, 
 J have obferved, was the real Infect or Cater- 
 pillar of the Butterfly; fince this Caterpillar, 
 ike the Chryfalis, is found enclofed in its fkin, 
 even within the egg. 
 
 No. III. ‘The Caterpillar of the Butterfly, oF 
 
 the Butterfly lying concealed.in the forth of a 
 
 Caterpillar, is here reprefented as it appears at 
 the full term of its growth. In order to de- 
 monftrate clearly and diftinétly, that thisCater- 
 pillar is the real Butterfly, and the latter again 
 is the Caterpillar itfelf; I thall firft defcribe the 
 external figure of that Caterpillar, which con- 
 ceals the Butterfly within its fkin. As the 
 celebrated and learned Mr. Ray has, before 
 me, very clearly and perfpicuoufly performed 
 this tafk, I fhall therefore make ufe of his 
 words, defcribing the Caterpillar in this man- 
 ner. “If we confider the bignefs of the Ca- 
 
 * terpillar that Feed§ oh cabbage, it is of a 
 “ middle fize, between the largeft and fimalleft 
 ** kinds; and is covered with whitith, thin, 
 * fhort hairs; no where cluftered together or 
 *« entangled. The colour of the body is va- 
 “* riegated, and compofed of black; yellow, 
 © arid blue; whereof the yellow defcribes 
 three lines as long as the body, that is, one 
 *« in the middle of the back, and the two 
 ** others on the fides oppofite to each other. 
 ** Between thefe lie the black and blue: the 
 formet painted ih fpots, the latter more 
 “ diffufed: Thefe black {pots alfo are protu- 
 *¢ berant above the reft of the body; and out 
 of each of their centets, where they appear 
 blacker than elfewhere, they emit the hairs 
 *« before mehtioned. The head likewife has 
 the three aforefaid colours mixed together, 
 and it is covered with the like hairs. The 
 legs, being fixteen in number, are orderly 
 ** difpofed into three claffes: the firft of which 
 ** clafs is compofed of fix; anhexed to the 
 “ hedd, near the breaft: the fecond confifts df 
 “ eight, on the belly; and the third of only 
 “ two, joined to the extremity of the body: 
 “© The firft fix legs have each a claw; the 
 “* other ten have eath thany crooked ones.” 
 This is enough, as to the outward form. 
 
 In order to difcover plainly that a Butterfly 
 is enclofed and hidden in the {kin of this Cater= 
 pillar; the following operation Mmuft be ufed; 
 One muift choofe a full-grown Caterpillar : tie 
 to its body a {mall thread, and then put it into 
 boiling water, and take it out foon aftef. 
 Thus its external tkin will feparate ; becaufé 
 the fluids, between the two fkins, are by this 
 means rarefied and dilated, and therefore they 
 break and fepatate both the veflels and the 
 fibres, wherewith they were united together. 
 By this means the external fkin of the Cater 
 pillar, being fpontancoufly feparated, may bé 
 eafily drawn off from the Butterfly, which is 
 contained and folded up in it. This done, it 
 is clearly and diftinly feen, that, within this 
 fkin of the Caterpillar, a perfect and real But= 
 terfly was hidden. ‘Therefore the fkin of the 
 Caterpillar muft be confidered only as an outer 
 garment, containing in it parts belonging td 
 the nature of a Butterfly, which have grown 
 under its defence by flow degrees, in like man= 
 ner as ih all other fenfitive bodies that incréafe 
 by accretion. oe 
 
 But as thefe limbs of the Butterfly, which 
 lie under the fkin of the Caterpillar, cannot, 
 without very great difficulty, be difcovered in 
 the full-grown Caterpillar, unlefs by a perfon 
 accuftomed to fuch experiments, becaufe they 
 are very foft, tender, and fmall, and 4re more- 
 over complicated or folded together, and en- 
 clofed in fome membranacéous integuments ; 
 it is therefore neceflary to defer the execution 
 of the operation, juit now propofed, until the 
 feveral parts of the Butterfly become fome- 
 what more confpicuous than at firft, and are 
 more increafed and {welled under the fkin, by 
 force of the intruded blood and aqueous hu- 
 mour. This is known to be the cafe, — 
 
 e 
 
26 The BOOK of 
 the Caterpillar ceafes to cat, and its {kin on 
 each fide of the thorax, near under the head, 
 is then obferved to be more and more elevated 
 -by the increafing and {welling limbs, | and 
 fhews the appearance of two pair of prominent 
 tubercles. 
 
 That it may be kuown at what time the 
 changes in theCaterpillar comes on, exactly and 
 regularly, I fhall proceed to explain the fourth 
 fioure, N°.IV. This defign exhibits the Cater- 
 pillar (woln, a 4, allabout the fecond and third 
 rings of the body; whilft, in the mean time, 
 ‘the reft, that is, the lower part of the body 
 ‘and the tail, are confiderably diminithed and 
 contracted, c. This is the beft ftate in which to 
 {kin the Caterpillar, which I would have well 
 obferved ; for it is for this reafon only I have 
 faid before, that, in order to make the intended 
 experiments, one muft chufe a Caterpillar when 
 near the time of changing its fkin: fuch is that 
 which I delineate in this figure. — 
 
 To explain in a clearer method this funda- 
 mental propofition, that the Butterfly is con- 
 tained in the Caterpillar; or, otherwife, that 
 the Caterpillar is the Butterfly itfelf; we muft 
 carefully obferve,. that after all the limbs of 
 the Butterfly are fufficiently increafed within 
 the external fkin of the Caterpillar, wherewith 
 
 they are yet kept invefted, the Caterpillar at 
 Jength, when about to undergo its change, be- 
 takes itfelf to fome retired place, in which it 
 may fecurely caft off its outward fkin. With 
 this defign the Caterpillar firft fixes itfelf, by 
 only a thin and flight web, to a board, tree, 
 plant, wall, beam, N°.1V. dd, or any other 
 folid fubftance; and after this, fixing the claws 
 of its two hinder.legs in this web, ¢, it imme- 
 diately fpins very carefully a ftrong double 
 thread, or ligament, which it draws acrofs its 
 back, and faftens it with the former fuperficial 
 web againft the beam or wall in two diftinct 
 places, ff: fo that the fore-part of the Cater- 
 pillar’s body hangs in this ligament as in a 
 wreath; whilft, in the mean time, the hinder 
 part lies fixed in the fuperficial web, faftened 
 to the beam... ; 
 
 In confidering this Caterpillar, it muft be 
 carefully obferved, that it lays the. faid wreath 
 fomewhat obliquely, and about the fore-part 
 of its body. And hence it happens, that when 
 the {kin of this Caterpillar, lying under this 
 
 wreath, is turned back and caft off, the wreath 
 itfelf is not thrufted more towards. the hinder 
 parts than to the middle of the body; it being 
 there faftened a little to the foft fkin, and dried. 
 Hence this remarkable advantage arifes to the 
 eerie, swhen, ftript of: its fkin, that. it 
 Aangs, as it were, in equilibrio. The Cater- 
 Pillar, having thus difpofed all thefe matters 
 with this appearance of judgment and difcre- 
 on, : is obferyed to ceafe all action. and motion 
 of its limbs; and to compote itfelf in. the moft 
 
 profound reft..* Ee, 
 i Immediately fterwards, or within the fpace 
 of twenty-fonr hours, about the: fore-part of 
 ~ the head, it may be obferved, that its limbs, 
 being now fully cnlarged under the flain, begin, 
 
 « 
 
 WAAAY BR #5: or, 
 
 by the very flow and gentle tranfportation and 
 appulfe of the blood and humours, to be dit 
 tended, extended, and inflated in fuch a man- 
 ner, as to fwell even beyond the level of the 
 fkin, and, by thus raifing the fkin, it ftretches 
 it, and makes it thine. On the other hand, it 
 is obferved, that, at the fame time, the hinder 
 parts of the Caterpillar’s body decreafe in fize 
 in their turn, in the fame meafure, and exactly 
 in equal proportion, and become regularly fo 
 much fmaller. Hence all power of motion is 
 immediately taken_away from the fixteen legs 
 of the Caterpillar, fo that it can afterwards 
 neither creep nor ftand. 
 
 - At length this inflation or {welling of the 
 limbs, and other parts, which are at this time 
 forming themfelves, and, as it were, budding 
 out into a Chryfalis, proceeds fo far, that the 
 external skin opens on the back, and afterwards 
 in three diftinét places in the head, and begins 
 to be drawn off, and rolled away from the fore 
 towards the hinder end of the body: and, by 
 this means, all the limbs enclofed within prefent 
 themfelves to view. _ Thefe limbs and parts, be- 
 ing then difpofed, according to a certain necefflary 
 ‘order, and unchangeable rule of nature, the crea- 
 ture afflumes the form of a Chryfalis, reprefented 
 under No. V. This Chryfalis is an infect with- 
 out motion; and indeed it cannot be otherwife, 
 for its limbs are ali incapable of motion: this is 
 neceflarily occafioned by the impelled blood, 
 and other humours, diftending them : add to this, 
 that the limbs are drawn downwards by the fe- 
 parating skin, and a great part of them likewife 
 are extended. Nor indeed is this skin drawn off 
 eafily ; nay, not without great labour and diffi- 
 culty: for all the complications of fibres, by 
 which the upper is joined to the under skin, are 
 then broken. For this reafon alfo, the Cater- 
 
 pillar draws itfelf at that time one way and ano- , 
 
 ther, with an undalatory motion, and by the 
 tremulous palpitation of the rings of its body. 
 By this violence, at length, a limpid kind of 
 ichor or humour is diffufed between thefe 
 two skins, and the Caterpillar then, at length, 
 cafts off the the old one, . This procefs is per- 
 fected very expeditioufly, after the opening is 
 made in-the fkull, Thus I have briefly, but 
 exactly, defcribed how this Caterpillar affumes 
 the form of a Chryfalis; the feveral parts of 
 which are however feen with greater difficulty, 
 than thofe of the Nymph, oni 
 ~ On the other hand, when this Chryfalis, or 
 rather, to {peak properly, the involved:Butterfly, 
 is drawn out of its fkin, by means of hot water, 
 it has a quite different form, as may be feen in 
 Figure 11. where it is reprefented laid on its belly.: 
 and this is yet more perfectly illuftrated in Fig. 
 ul. which prefents it lying on its back, fhewing 
 thus. all its limbs. But becaufe thefe delicate 
 parts cannot be fo well diftinguithed by thofe 
 whoare unaccuftomedtofuch refearches, inorder to 
 reprefent them the more plainly, | have: delineated, 
 them, and marked them with difting Jetters in 
 Fig. 1v. It may. eafily be obferved there, how 
 
 that Butterfly, which I have drawn out from the ~ 
 
 fkin of the Caterpillar, is provided with all thofe 
 members, 
 
 . a 
 4 
 1 
 
The -H kS:'T- ORW 
 
 members, which are feen in-the Butterfly, deli- 
 neated in No. VI. As the two horns on the head, 
 aa; the double curled probofcis or trunk, placed 
 in the lower part of the head, between the horns, 6; 
 and four wings fituated on the two fides of the 
 thorax, cc; between which are likewife feen 
 fix legs; and laftly, the abdomen divided by its 
 annular fections, dd. All thefe things appear 
 fo clearly and diftinétly to the eye, in a natural 
 example, that there is not the leaft room to 
 doubt the trath of the fact. This is the very 
 creature intimated in No. V. and called in that 
 ftate an Aurelia, ora Chryfalis ; tho’ it fcarce ex- 
 pofes to our view any parts, which agree with 
 the creature of the fourth Figure: yet it has no 
 other than the fame limbs and parts, only they 
 are difpofed in a different manner, as I fhall ex- 
 plain hereafter. It will then likewife appear 
 that thofe, which I reprefent feverally in this 
 Tab, XXXVII. are all but one and the fame 
 creature, only hidden, as it were, under different 
 forms ; and this is likewife the cafe in man, if 
 we confider the original egg, with its coverings, 
 the navel fitting, and its feveral changes; as I 
 fhall explain at large hereafter, 
 
 To thew moft diftin@ly the difference between 
 the Butterfly drawn out of the fkin of the Cater- 
 pillar, and reprefented in Fig, 111. and the fame 
 Butterfly, when called a Chryfalis, or Aurelia, 
 as delineated in No. V. It muft be obferved, that 
 the real difference confifts only in this, that the 
 limbs, that is the legs, wings, &c. are ranged 
 and difpofed in the Chryfalis, according to a cer- 
 tain order and neceflary rule; and, on the other 
 hand, that thefe parts are by art rudely unfolded, 
 and turned out in the Butterfly, drawn from the 
 fin of the Caterpillar, and removed from their 
 natural fituation, which they obtain firft under 
 the {kin of the Caterpillar, and afterwards in the 
 Chryfalis, 
 
 Hence the Chryfalis, No. V. is nothing elfe 
 but the Butterfly expreffed in Fig. 111. the ex- 
 ‘panded parts of which are folded, and difpofed 
 among one another. in a different form and 
 order. 
 
 Tt muft be at the fame time carefully obferved, 
 that thefe limbs,. and other parts, are found to 
 be of three diftin@ magnitudes: for, in the Ca- 
 terpillar, No, IV. the limbs are ftill. fmall, and 
 concealed entirely under the {kin; and. then 
 in the Caterpillar, or Butterfly, ftripped of its 
 outer fkin, Fig. 111. they -are. extended. much 
 larger ; and laftly, in the Butterfly, under No, VI. 
 they are Jarger. Yet this obfervation muft be par- 
 ticularly attended to, becaufe the three creatures, 
 juft now mentioned, are one and the fame, and 
 their. limbs and parts alfo are the fame... But as 
 to the larger or {maller fize of them, that de- 
 pends only on the. blood and hnmours, . which be- 
 ing moved in the limbs, has at length extended 
 them as much as poffible. Inthe creeping Ca, 
 terpillar, it was not poffible: for thefe members.to 
 inereafe._ much,: and in the.full-crown Caterpillar, 
 they could not be produced further than, the fkin 
 was capable of being diftended: but under the 
 form of, a Chryfalis, there has been a confider- 
 ably greater extenfion ; fince_the external fkin is 
 
 when drawn out of its 
 
 a tN SE C.T-S. 27 
 there caft off, and thefe parts have acquired an. 
 other form. However, they are not yet arrived 
 to their full fize ; fince the lat fkin, which the 
 Chryfalis muft throw off, could not be extended 
 further than the folds and wrinkles, into which 
 it was contracted, could give way by unfolding 
 or difplaying themfelves. It happens in this 
 ftate,, that the creature neceffirily wants all that 
 motion, which it had before under the form of 
 a Caterpillar, and muft reft for fome days, until 
 
 -the blood and humours, with which its limbs 
 
 were filled and diftended, are diffipated fuffici- 
 ently by means.of an infenfible evaporation, and 
 then the faculty of moving is reftored to it. 
 Hence, therefore, it is certainly and clearly 
 evident, that one animal is here,,28 it were, 
 
 Jhidden_ or enclofed in another: nay, that the 
 
 Caterpillar and. Chryfalis. are the Butterfly itfelf, 
 but enclofed or covered by an hairy and cutane- 
 ous coat; and fo altered by the different difpofi- 
 tion of the parts, that it cannot yet be known, 
 This is the fact which I propofed to. demon- 
 
 ftrate> And nothing further now remains, but 
 
 to defcribe the difpofition of the limbs under the 
 {kin of the Caterpillar, No. IV. for which pur- 
 pofe, I muft compare thofe parts one. with an- 
 other, as they are conftituted in the Chryfalis, 
 under No. V. for thus it will be evident, how 
 the members of the. Butterfly, drawn out of its 
 {kin, are difpofed as well in the Caterpillar, as 
 in its Chryfalis. 
 
 As therefore the difpofition and arrangement 
 of the parts in the Butterfly-Chryfalis,. is found, 
 in No, V, to be worthy of the greateft admira- 
 tion, I fhall obferve, that thefe fame parts are 
 not lefs admirably a ale in. the Butterfly, 
 
 in, Fig. 1v. this perfect 
 animal being at all times, hidden and enclofed in 
 the Caterpillar, No, IV. The legs, which in the 
 Butterfly, at the timeit lies in the Chryfalis-ftate, 
 
 _are ftretched between the horns, and placed on 
 -either, fide in the breaft near the trunk, are in the 
 
 Caterpillar fomewhat curled and complicated 
 under the {kin of the fix fore-feet of that crea- 
 ture: for, as the impelled blood could not equally 
 extend them in. that part ; they therefore appear 
 there. fomewhat wrinkled and inflected ; that 
 continues until the {kins are at length caft off, 
 
 and. they are again extended as much as pof- 
 
 fible,, in; the Butterfly-Chryfalis; and whilft the 
 {kin,is,outwardly drying, they are joined one with 
 
 anothec. ; 
 
 ‘The.wings, which in the Chryfalis-Butterfly, 
 are eyidently. extended in each fide of the breaft 
 near the horns, are placed under the fkin of the 
 
 -Caterpillar, neat the under legs of the. firft clafs.; 
 
 nay, their ends are enclofed in the fkin of the 
 fame legs, This ought.to be. carefully. obferved ; 
 fince thisis the only reafon, why, when the Ca- 
 terpillar \is changed. into. a Chryfalis, the limbs 
 are neceflarily thus, and not otherwife, difpeled : 
 for thefe legs and wings.are, at the time the old 
 {kin is. cafting off, drawn downwards, together 
 with.the fkin. in which they lie, and. are thea 
 regularly difpofed on the breaft, near to and be- 
 tween each other: and this is performed wit! 
 fuch.great art, and in.a manner fofingular, ‘a it 
 . this 
 
28 Th BOOK of NATURE; of, 
 
 this fubject only, might fupply matter fora whole 
 in horns, which in the {tripped Butter- 
 fly, that is already changed into a Chryfalis, ate 
 extended and fituated between the legs and wings 
 on each fide on the breaft, fo as to touch at the 
 {ame time the trunk with their extremities, are, 
 in the Caterpillar, hidden under that part of the 
 head which conftitutes the fkull; and thefe 
 thrufting themfelves up out of the head, are 
 very clofely folded together, and, by a particular 
 convolution afterwards, reprefent a ferpentine 
 winding. Their extremities are likewife clofely 
 twifted intoone. Hence the horns in the Chry- 
 falis could be extended above the breaft, on the 
 cafting of the fkin. This I have already, with 
 re(peét to the Chryfalis of the coloured Butterfly, 
 more accurately demonftrated, magnified in the 
 explanation of Tab. XXXV. It will be proper 
 to compare this hiftory with that, and to read 
 them together, becaufe the one throws great 
 light upon the other. 
 
 The trunk, which, in the Butterfly ftripped 
 of its fkin, and changed to a Chryfalis, is ftretched 
 along, and fituated on the middle of the breaft 
 between the legs, horns, and wings, is found to 
 lie wonderfully complicated, under the fkin of 
 the creeping Caterpillar, between fome briftly 
 and articulated hairs, fituated near the lower 
 part of the mouth, Thefe very briftly hairs, 
 and the trunk, are alfo found regularly difpofed 
 in their refpective places in the Aurelia, after 
 changing the fkin. 
 
 Laftly, the belly and tail, which in the But- 
 terfly, when it reprefents, Tab. XX XVII. No. V. 
 a Chryfalis, are found fhottly contraéted and 
 drawn together, are in the Caterpillar, No. IV. 
 extended through the greateft part of the fkin of 
 the body. In the hidden Butterfly, or creeping 
 Caterpillar, No. III. all that part of the body 
 chiefly, which is extended from the fore-legs to 
 the hinder extremity, muft be accounted the 
 belly and tail; and at the time this creature is 
 changed into a Chryfalis, it lofes all its ten hinder 
 legs, without exception. 
 
 But, as it is not enough for me to have exhi- 
 bited and defcribed the moft profound myfteries 
 of nature, as I have done hitherto; fo, at the 
 fame time, I think myfelf obliged to commu- 
 nicate to the reader, the management by which 
 I was enabled to find out in the hidden Butterfly, 
 the difpofition of its limbs under the fkin of the 
 Caterpillar: fince thefe limbs are there fof, 
 tender, and almoft fluid like water ; and there- 
 fore, when any one draws off the fkin from 
 them, they are moft eafily removed from their 
 natural fituation. 
 
 In order therefore to provide againft this, and 
 that the parts of the Butterfly, Fig. IV. hitherto 
 defcribed, which lies under the skin of the Ca- 
 terpillar, No. 1V. may be viewed to fatisfac- 
 tion, and {een as they are naturally difpofed, we 
 muft take care, that thefe parts be firft hardened 
 under the skin, to fuch a degree, as that they 
 will not lofe their natural fituation afterwards, 
 when the skin is taken therefrom. ‘This is done 
 very conveniently, if a Caterpillar, which is going 
 
 immediately to caft its skin, be put into a bottle 
 full of a liquor compofed of equal quantities of 
 fpirit of wine and vinegar ; for, as the Caterpillar 
 is very eafily killed by this liquor, its limbs allo 
 will harden therewith, in the {pace of fifteen or 
 fixteen hours. Therefore, if the Caterpillar be 
 afterwards carefully skined, the difpofition, and 
 feveral foldings of the limbs of the enclofed But- 
 terfly, may be very beautifully feen, as they lie 
 under the skin of the Caterpillar. 
 
 I fhall now proceed; and, in order to fet 
 this matter in the cleareft light, I hall exhibit 
 alfo, by diftiné letters in Fig. v. all thofe limbs 
 and parts of the Butterfly which I have demon 
 ftrated in Fig. 1v. or thofé that are already de- 
 fcribed in the Chryfalis under N°. V, That is, 
 I fhall now likewife thew, in the Chryfalis or 
 Butterfly, which hath fpontaneoufly changed 
 its fkin, all the parts which I have Kefore 
 fhewn in the Butterfly, drawn out of the skin 
 of the Caterpillar by art: for the creature, 
 which I reprefent in Tab. XXXVII. Fig. v. is 
 the fame which I have already delineated under 
 N°. IH. In this are firft feen the horns, Fig. 
 v. aaaa, diftorted from their natural fituation: 
 then are obferved the two parts of the trunk, 
 which, arifing below out of the head, and 
 running over the breaft, are terminated, 4, on 
 the lower part of the body; where they are 
 likewife, but not much, deflected or bent out 
 of their natural fituation. Next are difcovered, 
 on each fide, two legs, which, being removed 
 out of their natural fituation, I have placed on 
 each fide of the upper wings, cc. The other 
 two legs are not here reprefented, fince they 
 may be plainly and more eafily exhibited lying 
 under the trunk and wings in the infect itfelf, 
 than they can in this figure. Under thefe two 
 pair of legs the upper and lower pair of wings 
 come likewife in fight, though only a part of 
 the lower appears to the eye, dd, becaufe they 
 are covered in great part by the upper pair. 
 All thefe four wings are likewife drawn out of 
 their fituation. The head and eyes, e, are feen 
 above, and the tail and the annular divifions 
 of the belly below, f: However, one can fee all 
 thefe things but obfcutely, for two reafons: 
 firft, becaufe thefe limbs, being placed in this 
 manner in the Chryfalis, are difpofed in a pe- 
 culiar order; and becaufe they are, in that 
 ftate alfo, grown ftiff and hard, by the power 
 of the air. But it is eafy to difcover the fame 
 
 limbs of the Butterfly in all the Aurelie, and 
 
 to feparate them from each other; provided 
 one has firft fteeped them for a little time in 
 hot water. 
 
 I thall now likewife exhibit, in Fig. vz. all 
 the limbs and parts hitherto enumerated, as 
 well of this as of the creatures reprefented 
 above, fince they are all but one and the fame 
 creature. ‘There is this difference fhewn in 
 the prefent figure, that I have ftript the limbs, 
 
 which I now prefent to view, of their laft fkin, 
 
 wherein they were kept ftill rolled up: fo that 
 we here now view this infect clad, as it were, 
 in its perfe&t outfide, which is never caft off, 
 and is abolifhed only by death. But as in caft- 
 
 ing 
 
 rf a 
 % oA, 4) | Aree 
 
The 
 
 ing the laft fkin, there is as much art obferved as 
 in the drawing off of the external skin of the Ca- 
 terpillar; I fhall here briefly explain the whole 
 order of this laft change, or the fudden fwelling 
 out of the limbs. 
 
 In the vir Figure I exhibit the Butterfly, the 
 limbs of which were before reprefented in the 
 iv Figure, and as having put onthe form of a 
 Chryfalis, delineated under No. V. And this Chry- 
 falis being very near iis metamorphofis, is in that 
 ftate every moment ready to caft its laft skin. If 
 any one defires to know, by what means it can 
 be known, that this change is very near; let 
 him obferve, that this may be certainly known 
 beforehand by thofe black fpots, which are ob- 
 ferved to appear through the skin of the Chry- 
 falis, at the ends of the two upper wings; and 
 therefore I delineate one of thofe pellucid {pots 
 in the left wing of this Butterfly-Chryfalis, 
 
 In order to underftand the method, whereby 
 this laft change of the skin is performed, it is 
 neceflary to know, that after the enclofed limbs of 
 the Butterfly, have by degrees acquired their full 
 ftrength, by the help of an infenfible perfpira- 
 tion, it at length, by agitating and moving itfelf, 
 and by drawing its breath with greater force, 
 breaks open the external skin with which it is 
 furrounded, in three or four different places, 
 and difplays loofe and fiee its hitherto united 
 
 arts, 
 
 When the invefting skin juft begins to open, 
 it is cbferved, that the ftrength of the enclofed 
 Butterfly is likewife increafed. And hence it then 
 immediately throfts its horny trunk and legs out 
 the skin, and fixing the claws of its feet to the 
 adjacent objects, or to its own caft skin, it thus, 
 as it were, by force, difengages itfelf from this 
 laft covering. Thus at length it creeps out of its 
 skin, formed in the manner exhibiied in the 
 ninth Figure, Nor does its appearance then dif- 
 fer much from that which it had, when drawn 
 out of the skin of the Caterpillar by art, as may 
 be feen by the Figure. 
 
 I defire leave to obferve here, that the crea- 
 ture fcarce retains this form a moment; for as 
 foon as the skin is regularly broke open, and the 
 Butterfly juft begins to creep out of it, immedi- 
 ately its wings begin to increafe, and they grow 
 wonderfully faft. Before I treat this matter more 
 fully, I muft obferve what I have hinted at in 
 the preceding fheets; that is, that the limbs, 
 and efpecially the wings of the Butterfly, are of 
 three diftinct fizes: they are fmalleft when they 
 lie in the Caterpillar, delineated under No. IIL. 
 and then in the Butterfly, drawn out of the skin 
 of the Caterpillar, as in Fig, IV. they were 
 obferved fomewhat larger ; and laftly, they have 
 acquired their third and ful! magnitude, when, 
 by the impelled blood and humours, they have 
 been orderly fituated in the Chryfalis, delineated 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 f INSECTS. 29 
 
 No. V. But even then, they could not extend 
 themfelves further; becaufe the Jat skin that 
 remained to be caft off, did not permit ic. 
 
 TPheiefore, when thefe Jatt skins are caft off 
 it is at- length feen, how thee wings increafe, 
 fwell; and are expanded in a moft wonderful 
 manner, by the fotce of the blood, humours, 
 and! impelled air: this is exhibited in the x Fi- 
 gure. When any one has for {ome time confi 
 dered this matter in the Butterfly itfclf, he will 
 fay that it is like a drop of water, which, when 
 it falis on dry paper, dilates the paper, and makes 
 it unequal, thick, and full of holes. In the fame 
 manner, indeed; thefe wings, which are in the 
 beginning rough and full of wrinkles, and un- 
 equal, fold and expand. themfelves, until at 
 length they become {mooth, and they are then 
 twelve time times as large as they were in the 
 beginning. This may be fen in No. VI. where 
 I reprefent the wings fully and perfectly expand- 
 ed, and in their natural fize, 
 
 What deferves moft admiration is, that all this 
 accretion of the wings, great as it is, docs not 
 take up the {pace of a quarter of an hour. And 
 befides, what is very confiderable is, that if at 
 this time a part of the growing wings be cut off 
 with {ciffors, they manifeftly difcharge” blood 
 more or lefs copious, according as the wing is 
 wounded at a lefs or greater diftance from the 
 body. This blood, which is yellowith, diftils 
 in {mall globules out of the wounded veflels, and 
 the wing never afterwards expands itlelf properly. 
 But thefe wings, being once wholly extended 
 and dried, will never afterwards difcharge any 
 blood, though they be wounded ever fo often, 
 Hence it is evident, that this creature, in the 
 {pace of a quarter-of an hour, is fent forth from 
 the Chryfalis in every tefpect perfect *, fo that 
 it never afterwards wants a further accretion, nor 
 is {ubject to the mifchances of infancy. 
 
 In what manner thefe wings are in reality ex- 
 panded, and how their black {pots are diffufed 
 from {mall into large ones, and how all the co- 
 lours of thefe wings are increafed, and are all to- 
 gether equally changed by the fame motion; 
 thefe, with other innumerable curious and won- 
 derful myfteries of nature, I fhall, if it pleafe 
 God, explain hereafter in a treatife exprefly on 
 that fubject: and I thal! then fhew how one may 
 view, as clear es the light at noon, the refurrec- 
 tion of the dead, and the happy ftate of thofe 
 that are brought to life again, in this little in- 
 fect, 
 
 I fhall finally in this place briefly lay before 
 the eye, the limbs of the Butterfly, and the in- 
 creafing wings in a rough draught, and after- 
 wards conclude this hiftory, Firft, in the head 
 are feen two reticulated eyes. Over thefe are ob- 
 ferved two horns, Fig. x1. @ a, divided into their 
 joints, and adorned with white, yellow and 
 
 “ * The whole operation in the difclofure of the Butterfly from its Chryfalis, is full of wonder; but in no part fo much as in the expan- 
 fion of the wings. From the folded and complicated ftate wherein they lay in the Chryfalis, they difplay themfelves fo fuddenly, that 
 
 the firft obfervers thought they were fimall at that time, and grew thus fuddenly. 
 naceous, and the duft which covers them is compofed of regular little 
 prope They have footftalks, and they are of various figures, ov. 
 of 
 
 The fubftance of thefe wings is membra- 
 pee called by fome feathers, and by others {cales; but neither 
 
 al, round, oblong, andindented. On thefe depend the colours 
 
 ewings, ‘The veflels which fupport the filmy fubftance of the wing, contract as foon as the wing Is expanded ; for, till then, they 
 
 are tubular. They are like the navel-ftring in the human body; at firft vafcular, but 
 fupported by a ftrong rib, and fringed with thefe feathery {ubftances. 
 
 BS 
 
 afterwards folid. ‘The edges of the wings are 
 
 blackith 
 
BOOK 
 
 blackith fcaly feathers. Between thefe, one 
 may perceive how the Butterfly rolls its trank, 4, 
 which it fome time afterwards hides between the 
 forks. In the thorax, the two upper wings ¢¢ 
 prefent themfelves, which are almoft every where 
 covered with white little feathers, and in feveral 
 places are variegated with thinner, feather-like 
 yellow fcales: even the black {pots, which adorn 
 theirextremities, are compofed of fimilar {mall fea- 
 thers. The fame likewile is the condition of the 
 two under wings, dd. Six legs likewile appear, 
 eeee, which are increafed to a much. greater 
 length than they had either in the Caterpillar, or 
 in the Butterfly, drawn out of that skin: but in 
 this laft change of the skin, the legs are increafed 
 no more; fince they have already acquired their 
 full bignefs in the Chryfalis, Laftly, the tail 
 and abdomen are feen covered with their rings, 
 hairs and feathers, fi It is likewife obfervable, 
 
 3 e) The 
 
 The 
 
 of NADU RE sm; 
 
 that all thefe colours may be wiped off the wings 
 in fuch a manner, that only athin, delicate, and 
 tran{parent membrane remains. And now, can 
 any petfon, who rightly confiders thefe divine 
 miracles, help admiring them, and agreeing, that 
 they are moft truly fuch? Indeed this remark- 
 able hiftory very ftrongly evinces, that the moft 
 wife and merciful God, is manifeftly known 
 
 from his vifible works: fince thofe inftances of | 
 
 this power which are remote from our fight, be- 
 come evident from thofe we fee; that the eter- 
 nal nature of God is therein difplayed clearer than 
 the meridian fun. ‘Their offence therefore is 
 inexcufable, who have either lived inftructed by 
 the law of nature only, or have known the law 
 of Mofes, and the gofpel of Chrift; for, ac- 
 cording to thefe, all men fhall be judged, and 
 fhall be either abfolved or condemned. 
 
 rou Rr T HOR DE ER: 
 
 Of natural changes, or flow accretions of the limbs. 
 
 LH AVING now explained the more fimple 
 4 and intelligible modes or methods of thefe 
 changes, I hall proceed to the compound, and 
 more obfcure, which feem indeed wholly in- 
 comprehenfible ; but in reality, all the infeéts of 
 this fourth order, of which I am now to treat, 
 the changes of which I have hitherto obferved, 
 are changed into real Nymphs, entirely like thofe 
 of the firft fpecies or method of the third order. 
 Therefore we may refer all the Nymphs be- 
 longing to this fourth order, to the Nymphs of 
 the firft mode of the third order : for though the 
 Nymph of the fourth order, does not fo clearly 
 exhibit its lintbs to view, as that of the firft and 
 fecond order; yet they are more diftin@ly vi- 
 
 fible, than in the Chryfalis belonging to the lat-. 
 
 ter mode of the third order. Hence this Nymph 
 muft be rightly and properly reckoned among 
 
 thofe, which I have delineated and defcribed: 
 
 under the firft method of the third order; fince 
 the former exhibits its limbs as clearly as the 
 latter. 
 
 To thofe who examine this Nymph more ac- 
 
 curately, there likewife occurs a confiderable and 
 important difference, which confifts in this, that 
 this creature does not caft its skin, but is changed 
 within it, and without parting with it, into a 
 Nymph. Hence it is, that on account of this 
 difficulty of diftinguifhing the parts of this Nymph, 
 I am obliged to add a fourth order, to compre- 
 hend this peculiar kind; though in reality the 
 intrinfic Nymph of this fourth order, is exactly 
 like the external Nymph of the third order, and 
 
 is of the fame nature and difpofition with the 
 
 latter, without any difference. 
 
 In order to place this matter in as a clear 
 a light as poffible, it is neceflary to obferve care- 
 fully, that even in the worms, which undergo 
 the changes of this fourth order, the limbs in- 
 ereale flowly under the skin, in the fame manner 
 as in the already mentioned Nymphs of the 
 
 ‘third order; and are there difpofed in like man- 
 
 ner and order under the skin, as they are found 
 arranged under it, in the Vermicles or Worms of 
 the third order; but there is, however, a con- 
 fiderable difference, by which, as bya criterion, 
 or certain fign, one may diftinguifh thefe twa 
 Nymphs of the:different orders from each other. 
 It confifts in this, that the Nymphs of the fourth 
 order do not at all exhibit to view their limbs, 
 nor make them. vifible at any time: for, as the 
 Vermicles, or Worms, which are changed into 
 Nymphs of the third order, caft their skins, 
 and afterwards prefent to outward view all their 
 limbs and parts, which had been before hidden 
 under them; on the other hand, the Vermicles 
 or Worms belonging to this fourth order, do not 
 caft, but retain the faid skin, And hence, as 
 the Nymphs of the third order, when they are 
 afterwards about to put on the form of real 
 Nymphs, caft only one skin; thefe interior 
 Nymphs of our prefent fourth order, at the fame 
 time caft off two skins or membranes, whereof 
 the outer is much thicker than the inner. This 
 is what conftitutes the effential difference I have 
 named, between the Nymphs of the third and 
 thofe of the fourth order, which are perfectly 
 alike in all other refpects. 
 
 It is very wonderful here, that fome of the 
 Vermicles, or Worms, which are referred to 
 our fourth order of changes, preferve their 
 original and external form entirely unaltered ; 
 whilft, on the other hand, others in great part 
 lofe it. But thefe, though they do thus far de- 
 viate from them, yet they never entirely lofe 
 all the marks of the former Vermicles, or 
 Worms; for they retain, as it were, the figure 
 of Vermicles, or Worms: and in this very 
 figure, or, to {peak more forcibly, in their pro- 
 per fkin, which they do not caft off, they be- 
 come immoveable ; and there fhooting out new 
 limbs, they at length put on the form of real 
 
 Nymphs, 
 
 > 
 
 nae ee 
 
 Og AL Oe Oe ES 
 
 6 ee le ees 
 
 ~~ —— Te 
 
The HISTORY of INS 
 
 Nymphs, within their uncaft fkin. And this 
 change is, therefore, almoft like that under- 
 gone by the Vermicle, or Caterpillar, which is 
 changed hidden within its web, and out of 
 fight, as is preperly and truly alledged by Mr, 
 Ray. Vid. Catalog. Plant. circa Cantabr. naf- 
 cent, P. 137. 
 
 Since, therefore, the Worm either retains 
 its own proper figure entirely, or deviates a 
 little from it; but which ever of the two forms 
 it puts on, yet always increafes into a Nymph 
 within its uncaft fkin. Hencc it is, that I 
 think it very reafonable to denominate this 
 change by the appofite appellation of a Nymph- 
 Vermicle ; for the Worm, haying ftill retained 
 its outer form, acquires the true nature of a 
 Nymph in its uneaft fkin, Before I further 
 explain in what manner thefe worms, which 
 either retain their form or partly lofe it, are 
 conftructed internally, Ifhall offer fome general 
 obfervations on the eggs, {mall animals, Worms, 
 and Nymphs in each of the four orders, and 
 compare all thofe proceedings of nature toge- 
 ther. This, indeed, will contribute greatly to 
 the underflanding of this our fourth order. 
 
 With refpect to the eggs of the Infetts in 
 the firft order, it muft be obferved, that the 
 {mall animals enclofed in them are like the 
 Nymphs of the fourth order; and are fur- 
 rounded or covered with their regular invefting 
 fkin, in the fame manner as the Nymphs of 
 that order are involved in the fkin of their 
 Worms: fo that, by reafon of this integument, 
 one can by no means diftinguifh the feveral 
 parts. But the Infects of the firft order, with- 
 gut any intermediate change, directly iffue per- 
 fe& out of the fhells of their eggs; nor are 
 they cloathed like Worms firft, nor do they 
 attain the full term of their increafe before 
 they are hatched. And hence it is, that they 
 are not afterwards changed into immoveable 
 Nymphs, but only caft their laft fkin: and it 
 is. therefore for this reafon I call this change, 
 at that time, a Nymph-Animal. 
 
 Moreover, in regard to the eggs of the 
 fecond order, it muift be obferved, that the 
 Worms contained in them are likewife invefted 
 with fuch a fkin as thofe of the firft order, 
 and that there are likewife properly Nymphs 
 in it; but they iflue from thence imperfect, in 
 refpe& to all their limbs and parts, which af- 
 terwards infenfibly increafe externally in their 
 body: and, for this reafon, the Worm pre- 
 cedes that change of them, which I call the 
 Nymph-Animal. And hence this fecond order 
 confiderably differs from the firft, in which the 
 animal iffues perfect out of its egg. But 
 thefe two orders agree alfo in this, that, in 
 both of them, the animal increafes into a 
 Nymph, whilft it is moving and walking 
 about ; and this Nymph alfo is, without lofing 
 its motion, at laft changed, and it cafts a fkin. 
 
 The eggs of Infects of the third order are 
 likewife invifible Nymphs, which are placed 
 ’ there without food: fo that, in this refped, all 
 thefe three fpecies of eggs agree. But the 
 Worms, which, in this third order, creep out 
 
 EG TS. 21 
 
 vw ~ 
 
 of the eggs, differ Mill more, in regard to the 
 perfection of their parts, from the Worms of 
 the fecond, than thofe of the fecond order do 
 from the fmall Animals of the firft. For all 
 the limbs of the {mall Animals of the third 
 order do not grow out of the fkin, but, in a 
 concealed manner, under the fkin; for which 
 reafon they are removed from our fight, until 
 at length the creatures, having caft their fkin, 
 and changed their original form, prelent all 
 thefe things to view externally. Befides, about 
 this time, thefe Infeéts entirely lofe all motion, 
 and then put on a-new the fame habit which 
 they had before in the egg. This change I 
 call the Nymph and Chryfalis, as being a third 
 {pecies, different from the firft and fecond or- 
 der. However, all thefe three orders refemble 
 each other in this, that the eggs of each are 
 Nymphs at firft: and the fecond order yet {pe 
 cifically anfwers to the third in this, that, in 
 each of them, the change into a Nymph is 
 preceded by a Worm or Caterpillar. 
 
 Laftly, the Worms of the fourth order are, 
 in their eggs, likewife plainly Nymphs, whofe 
 limbs and other parts are fo involved in the 
 fhells of the egg, that they can by no means 
 be diftinguifhed: wherefore thofe Worms thus 
 
 far agree with the eggs of the firft, fecond, 
 
 and third order. But thefe differ from the 
 little creatures which iffue from the eggs of the 
 firft order, in that they break, as imperfect 
 Vermicles or Worms, out of their eggs. They 
 likewife deviate from the Worms of the fecond 
 order, in that their limbs do not grow exter- 
 nally, but within their {kin: and, in this re- 
 {pect, they again exactly anfwer to the Worms 
 and Caterpillars of the third order. However, 
 they differ alfo from thofe of the third order, 
 in that they never prefent their limbs, in this 
 ftate, to outward view; but are changed into 
 Nymphs within their fkin, which they never 
 caft off, but become immoveable therein. By 
 this means they, in reality, aflume a fecond 
 time that form which they before had in their 
 eges; and therefore I call this change the 
 Nymph-Vermiform, as being entirely different 
 from that of: the walking Nymphs in the firft 
 and fecond order: though, with refpect to all 
 the parts, it anfwers to the Nymph of the third 
 order, only that it is invifible. It agrees like- 
 wife with the fecond and third order, in that 
 the Worm precedes the final change: whereas, 
 on the contrary, there iffue out of the eggs of 
 the firft. order of Infe&ts creatures like theic 
 parents, nor does the Worm-ftate precede their 
 Nymphs. 
 
 This matter being underftood, it is clearer 
 than the light at noon, how far thofe eggs, 
 {mall Animals, Worms, and Nymphs of the 
 firft, fecond, third, and fourth orders agree, 
 and in what they difagree one from another; 
 and alfo what is accidental, as it is called, in 
 each, and what is effential to their feveral na- 
 tures. Indeed,’ when thefe things are rightly 
 obferved, there is nothing in our fourth order 
 of tranfmutations which may not be clearly 
 and eafily underftood ; fince the whole confifts 
 
 in 
 
32 
 in this, that the Nymph remains hidden under 
 its fkin, which it never cafts ; nor does it even, 
 at any time, prefent itfelf externally to view : 
 that is, this Nymph lies hid in its Nymph, in 
 the fame manner as the little creature of the 
 firft order does in its egg, in which it is like~ 
 wife an invifible Nymph ; or as the Worms of 
 the fecond and third order, which are likewife 
 invifible Nymphs in their eggs; or, laftly, as 
 the Worm of this fourth order, which is like- 
 wife an invifible Nymph, while in its egg. 
 The eggs of all the four orders entirely agree, 
 in general and in particular, with the change of 
 the Worm of our fourth order into a Vermi- 
 form Nymph. 
 
 Having confidered fufficiently what has been 
 {aid, I thall proceed to explain how it happens 
 that the Worms, belonging to this fourth order 
 of changes, do more or lefs deviate from the 
 original form of the Worms, though they do 
 not by any means caft their ikin. In order to 
 explain. this clearly and diftinétly, I muft firft 
 obferve, that fome of the Worms which be- 
 long to the fourth order of changes, are pro- 
 vided with hard, tenacious, and ftrong fkins; 
 and others, on the contrary, have thin, foft, 
 and flexible fkins. ‘This diverfity of fkin not 
 only makes the tranfmutation of form more or 
 les remarkable, but renders it fo obfcured in 
 the Worms invefted with a foft fkin, that it 
 
 tefembles it as exactly as if it were ftill alive. 
 
 the Nymph, may, in this example, be feen, 
 as it were, with our eyes: for, in the Worms 
 of this firft fpecies, it is obferved, that the 
 Nymph fills the whole fkin of the Worm. 
 But this Nymph afterwards, changing colour 
 
 in a manner not perceivable by the fenfes, and 
 
 contracting itfelf by degrees, inwardly recedes 
 on: each fide from the extreme ends of the 
 fkin, and confequently then fills only a part of 
 it. And this procefs continues, until the 
 Nymph, being more and more contracted, by 
 reafon of the evaporation of the fuperfluous 
 
 The BOOK. of Ne AUP EES ~ of; 
 
 humours, manifeftly forms in the uncaft fkin 
 of the Worm two very confpicuous cavities, 
 one towards the head, and the other towards 
 the tail and belly of the faid Nymph; and 
 thefe cavities become afterwards larger and 
 larger, until the creature has acquired its per- 
 fect ftrength. The very experienced Dr. Har- 
 vey has obferved fomething like this, con- 
 cerning the little cavity in hens new-laid eggs; 
 for this alfo is infenfibly inlarged afterwards, 
 by the evaporation of the fluids. 
 
 Wherefore, when the skin is hard and tough 
 in thefe Worms, or when it grows fomewhat 
 hard at the time the Worm is inwardly obtain- 
 ing the form of a Nymph, the former figure 
 of the Worm muft neceflarily remain entire: 
 whilft, in the mean time, the little creature 
 puts on the form of the Nymph within the 
 hardened skin, from which it is more and 
 more infenfibly feparating; as I fhall after- 
 wards very clearly demonftrate, in the figures 
 of my fourth order. The feveral obfervations 
 which I thal! fubjoin to thefe, will indeed ren- 
 der this matter yet more clear and intelligible; 
 for I prefume boldly to appeal to thofe obfer= 
 vations particularly, fince I have employed 
 thereon all the induftry I was capable of. 
 
 As to the fecond method of the changes in 
 this fourth order, it comprehends thofe Worms 
 which are covered with a foft skin; and it of- 
 fers one thing to be confidered particularly, 
 which is, that the external skin accommodates 
 itfelf to the body of the Nymph which is in- 
 wardly changed. But becaufe this internal 
 tranfmutation of the little Body or Nymph 
 becomes of the fhape of an egg, in many fpe- 
 cies of thefe Vermiform-Nymphs, therefore 
 the external skin alfo, which is not caft off, 
 then neceflarily acquires an egg-like figure. 
 By this means thefe Worms alfo are changed 
 into fuch Nymphs as do not caft their skin. 
 The Nymphs, which are fubje& to this method, 
 are very complicated and difficult to be known, 
 beyond all the reft of the fourth order, as their 
 Worms have a very delicate and tender fkin. 
 Thefe Nymphs, for that reafon, recede lefs 
 from the form of their Worms than thofe in 
 which their {kin is fomewhat thicker; fo that 
 the hardnefs or thicknefs of the ikin makes the 
 change plainer, or more ob{cure to us. 
 
 However widely thefe Nymphs differ from 
 the prior form of their Worms, they all pre- 
 ferve various traces of that form. In the firft 
 place, they retain the fkin uncaft ; and the an- 
 nular incifions, the head, tail, and the reft, 
 are preferved or altered, according as they more 
 or lefs deviate from the form of Worms. Some 
 alfo have appearances like legs, horns, and 
 other marks. For thefe important reafons, t 
 give them all promifcuoufly the name of Ver~ 
 miform-Nymphs ; though I very well know 
 that they have been called eggs by fome induf- 
 trious fearchers into nature, as Mouffet, Goe- 
 daert, the illuftrious Mr. Ray, and lately by 
 the very learned Francis Redi, as if no diftiné 
 limbs could be obferved inthem. But are not 
 thefe the very Worms themfelves, which have 
 
 5 within 
 
 = ee ii Nh ie ee 
 
 Cr ee eee 
 
Within that skin fprung up, or budded into 
 Nymphs, by: means of the acerction of. the 
 limbs? For what reafon then, or with what 
 right, can we call them eggs? But, befides all 
 this, the gentlemen now mentioned do not 
 confider thefe eggs as real animals, ‘but only 
 as fhelis filled with a liquid, out of which the 
 animals are at length to be generated by a 
 flrange and miraculous transformation. Hence 
 we allo obferve, that Mr, Ray alfo, in his ca- 
 talogue of the Cambridge plants, with great 
 reafon doubts, whether the Chryfalis be hidden 
 in the ege which they {peak of; at the fame 
 time confefling, that they want a proper word 
 to exprefs this transformation. As this author 
 aflerts a little before, that thefe eggs have the 
 fame relation to the Flies as the Aurelia have 
 to Butterflies, he certainly commits a great 
 error: for the Aurelia is the infect itfelf; but 
 thefe eggs, as they are called, are only the 
 Worm’s skins unfeparated, in which is con- 
 tained not a Chryfalis, but a real Nymph; 
 which clearly and diftinétly reprefents to the 
 life all its limbs, as may at any time be de- 
 monttrated by us. ‘To this we are to add, that 
 there is no total tranformation in this egg, as 
 they imagine to be the-cafe in the Chryfallides. 
 However, it is fufficient for me to have fet 
 forth the matter as it is: for I would by no 
 means enter into difputes about words, but 
 would give each its natural fignification, pro- 
 vided the eggs, as they are called, be referred 
 to the fourth order of difagreeing tranfmuta- 
 tions, which is the moft worthy of notice in 
 all nature; for in this proper diftribution of 
 things confifts the great utility of the prefent 
 work. 
 
 In proceeding to elucidate this obfcure order 
 of changes fomewhat more, I muft repeat, 
 that thefe Worms, which undergo this parti- 
 cular change, do not put off, but abfolutely 
 retain, their skin, under which their limbs are 
 infenfibly increafed and brought to perfection ; 
 and therefore, if that skin be tender, it accom- 
 modates and contracts itfelf to the figure of the 
 enclofed Nymph. For the fame reafon alfo, 
 as the old skin is preferved, the original rings, 
 which, like fo many fmall joints, divide the 
 body of the Worm, may be then ftill feen 
 therein; though, in the mean time, thefe inci- 
 fions or rings, in fome cafes, appear to be obli- 
 terated, or ‘nearly fo, in the skin, This holds 
 chiefly, when the incifions either have not been 
 very difting in the Worm itfelf, or when a very 
 thin skin, every where entirely obedient to the 
 inwardly hidden Nymph, is fo extended there- 
 with, that the incifions or inflexions of the 
 body cannot be any longer known. This I 
 have exemplified in Tab. XLV. Fig. xxv. 
 and XXVIII. 
 
 I have obferved alfo, that the skin, which 
 is not caft off, in fome of thefe eggs, as they 
 are called, has been fo accurately fitted and 
 accommodated, all about the body of the 
 Nymphs contained within, that it diftin@ly 
 and externally reprefented the three principal 
 
 ThePHISTORY 
 
 ob TPANOSGhSe as. 33 
 divifions of the body; that is, the head, tho- 
 rax, and belly. And hence it is, that fome of 
 thefe Nymphs. are obferved to be, as it were, 
 annulated; and othersare without rings. This 
 has likewife been partly obferved by the before 
 celebrated fagacious gentleman. \ Thus I have 
 briefly. explained. all thofe things which I 
 thought neceffary to be taken notice of, before 
 I undertook to define this fourth order. 
 
 I now therefore proceed, and thall direct all 
 my labour to make manifeft, as clearly as I 
 can, the ftupendous works of the moft adored 
 and all-wife Creator, which have been hither- 
 to, to our fhame, but little known; that we 
 may therefore love God, our Creator, with the 
 greater and more ardent zeal, and behold him 
 with higher veneration. We can neither juftly 
 love or reverence God, fo long as we are 
 darkened with our ignorance. Let us, there- 
 fore, give praife and thanks to the Supreme 
 Architect for his unmerited favour, fince he 
 alone has lighted, and laid before us, the cleareft 
 fire in all nature: a light, which has not only 
 eafily difcovered his moft wife providence and 
 infinite power, in thofe wonderful means which 
 he makes ufe of to defend and preferve thofe 
 things which he created; but has alfo produced 
 thofe things fo openly to the view of all men, 
 that its fplendour cannot be obfcured by any 
 laboured arguments of human origin. We 
 thus fee, indeed, no more than the furface, or, 
 as it were, the fhadow of the wonderful works 
 of God delineated here, or by any other. And 
 this ought, indeed, to be the greateft encou- 
 ragement to us, that we may indefatigably 
 exert ourfelves in thefe refearches, and rather 
 feck for the caufes and effects of things in na- 
 ture herfelf than in our ftudies. Indeed, moft 
 people are at this time fo blind, that they ima- 
 gine no truth arifes from any other fource than 
 out of their reafonings; to which they con- 
 tend, place fhould be given as to matters 
 which iurpafs even nature. Indeed, we can- 
 not know natural things but by their effects, 
 being incapable of comprehending their caufes. 
 
 Let us return now to what we propofed ; 
 and let it be obferved, that our fourth order of 
 changes confifts only in this, that the Worm, 
 having quitted its firft form, which it had in 
 its egg, wherein it lay, like a Nymph, without 
 food, infenfibly acquires, by force of the ali- 
 ment it is afterwards fupplied with, other limbs 
 and parts, arifing by accretion under its skin ;. 
 and afterwards, at length, in this its skin, which 
 is never caft off by it, as it is by other creatures 
 that are changed into Nymphs, jit affumes the 
 form of a fecond Nymph, and for the firft 
 time lofes, as it were, all its motion. This, 
 however, is in a few days reftored to it, by the 
 evaporation of the fuperfluous humours: fo 
 that the Worm, then laftly difengaging itfelf 
 from thefe skins, caft two skins together; and 
 now difplaying itfelf with pride, in a more ele- 
 gant garb, and become mature, as it were, for 
 propagation, it immediately thews itfelf ready 
 to perform this, the great bufinefs of its life. 
 
 =>) 
 
 I A ¢ata~ 
 
34 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 A catalozue of the infects referred to the fourth order or clafs of natural changes, 
 oud which we call the V ermiform Nymph. 
 
 F TER having fet forth, with all the per- 
 fpicuity and diftin@tion I have been able, 
 the four orders of changes which I have efta- 
 blithed, and before enumerated the infects of 
 the fecond and third order, I now proceed to 
 recount thofe creatures which I obferve to be~ 
 long to the fourth. A great number of thefe 
 Ihave preferved in my Mufeum. 
 
 Firft, Irefer to this fourth order the eggs of 
 infects in general: not only thofe, which pro- 
 duce a perfect creature according to the firft 
 order, and thofe which, in the fecond order, 
 contain a Worm; but alfo thofe which, in the 
 third and fourth orders, produce a Worm or 
 Caterpillar. For Dobferve, that all thefe crea- 
 tures and the Worms are difpofed in their eggs 
 and skins, nearly in the fame manner as I have 
 faid the Nymph of the fourth order, a little 
 before deferibed, is in its uncaft skin. Even 
 thofe little creatures, which iffue perfe& or im- 
 perfect out of their eggs or fhells, caft two 
 skins at the fame time: and this has appeared 
 to me very evidently in fome; nay, I can fepa- 
 rate even the external from the internal in 
 fome of them, as I fhall fhew hereafter in my 
 figures. From this the reafon is evident, why 
 I fay that thefe infects lie in their eggs like 
 Nymphs, and are as much removed from our 
 view as the Nymphs of our fourth order, juft 
 now defcribed; that is, as I have already ob- 
 ferved, the external skin, in each cafe, prevents 
 the Nymph from being feen and known. 
 
 Of thofe eggs, which, in my firft order or 
 clafs of changes, I called Oviform-Nymph- 
 Animals, and, in the fecond, third, and fourth 
 orders, Oviform-Nymph Vermicles ; I preferve 
 a great many fpecies, vaftly different from each 
 other, not only in fhape, fize, and colour, but 
 in their origin likewife, being, as I have al- 
 ready obferved, the produce of different infects. 
 Particularly, there are in my collection fome 
 very minute Flies, immediately fprung from 
 the eggs, which the Moths faften with a kind 
 of glue round the branches of trees, in form of 
 aring. Hence it plainly appears, that the eggs 
 of fuch infects belong to the firft mode or me- 
 thod of the fourth order. . 
 
 Having faid thus much of eggs in general, I 
 now, in the fecond place, and in a more parti- 
 cular manner, refer the Worms found in our 
 privies, or neceflary-houfes, to the fame order, 
 and the fame mode of change, as, on their 
 alteration to Vermiform-Nymphs, they lofe 
 nothing of their original fhape; but are only 
 covered with a hard and ftubborn skin. I can 
 produce that fpecies of thofe Worms, and of 
 their Vermiform-Nymphs, from which the 
 common Flies of neceffary-houfes proceed ; 
 
 and have therefore given, in the XXXVIIIth 
 Table, drawings of this infect in the Worm, 
 Nymph, and Fly-ftate, befides one of its eggs, 
 which are very remarkable, drawn from a {pe- 
 cimen I keep amongft my other curiofities of 
 this kind. 
 
 Thirdly, I place in this order the Vermiform- 
 Nymph of the Gadfly, as it perfectly retains 
 the form it wore in the Worm-ftate. The 
 XXXIXth, XLth, XLIft, and XLIId Tables, 
 with their explanations, give a fatisfactory ac- 
 count of every thing for which this infect is 
 particularly remarkable, in difpofition, fhape, 
 and changes from a Worm toaFly; including 
 the figures of the apparent Nymph, and that 
 of the real Nymph, which the apparent 
 Nymph includes. This Fly, as Ariftotle rightly 
 obferves, proceeds from a kind of broad and 
 flat water Worm; the fame with thofe infeéts 
 which Aldrovandus, without knowing that 
 they produced the Gadfly, has defcribed by the 
 name of Water-worms, or Inteftines. I pre- 
 ferve four {pecies of this Worm, with the Flies 
 
 to which they change; as likewife an apparent 
 
 Vermiform, or worm-like Nymph, of a very 
 fingular fhape, and the real Nymph, extracted 
 by diffection from the infec in that motionlefs 
 
 condition. I have frequently met with this — 
 
 kind of Fly, about the end of fummer, in the 
 flowers of the garden-parfnep ; though, at the 
 time when I formerly made my felect obferva- 
 tions, I could not difcover what their food was. 
 
 I likewife reckon of this order the Vermi- 
 form, or worm-like Nymph of the Tabanus, 
 or Breezefly ; though I am, as yet, ata lofs for 
 its * origin: but I have great reafon to believe, 
 that the manner of its becoming a Fly is the 
 fame with that of the Afilus, or Gadfly. It is 
 very remarkable, that nature has given thefe 
 infeéts an aculeus, or fting, as well as a trunk; 
 fo that they may either make ufe of the trunk 
 to procure the honey, dew, and other juices 
 which fpontaneoufly offer themfelves upon 
 plants and flowers; or of the aculeus, or fting, 
 to fuck blood of fuch creatures as they are 
 obliged to kill or wound to feed upon. How 
 admirable the mercy of their Great Parent, in 
 having fupplied them with this double refource 
 in their neceflities! Gnats feem to partake alfo 
 of this advantage; but as to other infects, 
 which feed upon blood, fuch as Bugs and Fleas, 
 I muft refer, for the fhifts they can make, to 
 future experiments. Another thing remark- 
 able in thefe infects is, that the honey-juices 
 they fuck up with the probofcis, or trunk, are 
 always accompanied by a quantity of air, 
 which may be very eafily feen, efpecially in 
 the trunk of the Butterfly, 
 
 _* “The origin of this Fly is, indeed, very ftrange. ‘The parent lays its egg in the fundament of a horfe, watching the opportu 
 nity of the creature’s voiding its excrements for this purpofe. From this egg are produced the Worms which farriers call Bots, in the 
 inteftines of horfes. Having lived their time in the creature, they are voided with its dung, and take their chance for pafling the 
 Nymph-ftate upon or juft under the furface of the ground; after which they appear Flies, like the parent. 5 
 
 ! 
 
 In 
 
The His T ORY 
 
 In this order alfo I rank the Horfe fly, par- 
 ticularly fo called, of which I have, as I think, 
 feveral different {pecies. I cannot indeed pof- 
 fitively affirm, thas they all properly belong to 
 it; for to do that, I fhould have many more 
 obfervations, which I muft leave to be made 
 by others that can take due pains, and have 
 more liefure. 
 
 Fourthly, I place in this order the Vermi- 
 form Nymph of the ftinglefs Bee, or Mufca- 
 ftercorariae, or Dung fly, of Goedaert ; tho’ 
 it agrees with the laft mode or method of this 
 order ; for its Worm has a much more deli- 
 cate skin, than the Worms hitherto taken no- 
 tice of as belonging to the former mode; fo 
 that its Vermi-form, or Worm-like Nymph, dif- 
 fers greatly in fome parts from the form of 
 the Worm in which it before appeared.. This 
 Worm is beft diftinguifhed by the extraordi- 
 nary length of its tail. It is produced from 
 eggs which tlie Fly, to which it turns, depo- 
 fites alfo in necefiary houfes. Amongft the 
 Flies to be feen in fuch places, fpecimens of 
 which I preferve in my Mufeum, there is one 
 of which I have now been fpeaking, with feet, 
 horns, and tail, and likewife its Vermi-form 
 Nymph with the fame parts., All thefe lit- 
 tle creatures are feparately exhibited in ‘Vab. 
 XXXVIII. 
 
 Fifthly, I refer to this order the Vermi-form 
 nymph of the Acarus, which exhibits, though 
 fomewhat obfcurely, the fhape of its Worm ; 
 for as its skin is very tender, it contraéts itfelf 
 fo as to appear externally of an oblong 
 round figure like an egg. I can oblige the 
 curious with a view of this Worm’s Nymph, 
 the skin it cafts, and the Fly it produces; 
 and for the prefent, they may amufe them- 
 felves with Tab. XLIII. where thefe cu- 
 riofities are all reprefented as big as, and alfo 
 bigger than the life, and with the feparate de- 
 {criptions that I have given of them. One 
 thing very remarkable in thefe Flies is, that in 
 its act of copulation, the penis of the male re- 
 ceives into its cavity the vulva of the female. 
 
 Sixthly, I count of this order the Vermi-form 
 Nymph, of a certain greenifh Worm without 
 legs, that lives upon the leaves of cabbage, and 
 of which I intend to give a hiftory in its proper 
 place. In the mean time, I prefent the readers 
 with figures of the Worm itfelf, its true Nymph, 
 and the Fly iffuing from it, in Tab. XLV. Fig. 
 xxvi. and following figures. This Worm in 
 the Nymph-ftate lofes more of its form than the 
 Acarus, as it has a more delicate fkin; but this 
 particular will hereafter be taken notice of in the 
 hiftory of the infeét. 
 
 Seventhly, I give in this order, which I have 
 eftablithed, all thofe Vermi-form Nymphs, or, as 
 fome call them, eggs of Worms, which are no- 
 thing but the Worms themfelves contracted into 
 the form of an egg, and are very prepofteroufly 
 thought to proceed from putrified animal fub- 
 ftances. Such Worms, after lofing all motion, 
 change to true Nymphs within their external skin; 
 and fo refemble Vermiform Nymphs; from which 
 in a few days, there proceed a great number of 
 different kinds of flies. Nor do thefe flies differ 
 only from each other, but likewifé the Worms, 
 
 of INSECTS, 
 
 from which they originally, and the Vermi-form 
 Nymphs from which they immediately proceed, 
 have the fame variations; for fome of thefe 
 Nymphs are in appearance more like eggs than 
 others, in proportion to the delicacy of the Worm’s 
 fkin which produces them, or to the refemblance 
 which the Worm itfelf has to an egg, 
 
 All thofe Worms void their excrements on the 
 flefh upon which they feed, which not only 
 makes fuch flefh putrify, and ftink the fooner, 
 but increafes its natural {tench and putrifaction, 
 Redi has defcribed many fpecies of thofe Vermi- 
 form Nymphs; but he calls them all eggs, with- 
 out making the leaft mention of their being the 
 teal Nymphs of Worms, changed to that ftate, 
 without cafting their external fkin. However, we 
 muft allow him the honour of having proved, 
 by the moft folid arguments, that thefe Nymphs, 
 or egces, as he calls them, are not generated of 
 putrifaction, 
 
 Eighthly, Iinnclude, in this fourth order, all 
 thefe Worm-like, or, as they are called egg-like 
 Nymphs, produced from contraéted Worms, 
 which we know, by obfervation, conceal them- 
 felves in the bodies of living Caterpillars, out of 
 which they again eat their way, Thefe Worms 
 then lofe all motion without cafting their external 
 fkins, fo'as to aflume the appearance of Vermi- 
 form or Worm-like Nymphs; and, in a few 
 days more, they turn to many very different {pe- 
 cies of Flies. I muft own it an error, to give 
 the epithet of Oviform or egg-thaped to every 
 kind of Nymph produced in this way; for, 
 there is, on the contrary, fo great a variety in 
 their forms, that it would be the bufinefs of an 
 entire treatife, to give feparate defcriptions and 
 figures of them all. 
 
 I do not find that thefe Worms void any ex- 
 crements, after quitting the bodies of the Cater- 
 pillars upon which they feed ; they immediately 
 contract themfelves, and become motionlefs within 
 their external fkin, till at laft they are thus under 
 its coverture changed into true Nymphs, in every 
 refpect like thofe already defcribed, as belonging 
 to the firft {pecies or method of the third order, 
 This kind of mutation in infe@ts, performed by 
 their contracting themfelves into the Nymph- 
 form, after gnawing a paflage out of the bodies 
 of Caterpillars, into which they had infinuated 
 themfelves, has not as yet, as I know of, been 
 obferved by any writer. 
 
 I have alfo remarked, that thefe Worms have 
 fometimes remained in the hollow of the Cater- 
 pillar’s body, after they had entirely devoured its 
 flefh, and thus turned to Flies, after paffing thro’ 
 the Nymph-ftate ; fo that, in order to appear, 
 they muft haye forced a pafiage through three 
 different fkins, namely the membranaceous fkin 
 immediately covering the Nymph, the external 
 {kin of the Worm from which they originally 
 proceeded ; and laftly, the fkin of the Caterpil- 
 lar, whofe carcafs they had preyed upon. 
 
 For want of fufficient experiments in an af- 
 fair that would require a great many, I cannot 
 as yet take upon me to determine, how the 
 Worms, of which I have been fpeaking, come 
 to be found in the bodies of Caterpillars; whe- 
 ther it be that they are introduced into them Ee 
 
 the 
 
 or 
 oo 
 
BOOK 
 
 the form of eggs, or whether they proceed from 
 them as froman internal principle ? A great deal 
 way be faid in favour of either fyftem ; it 1s 
 therefore neceflary, that I fhould defer, for fome 
 time, the difcuflion of this important queftion, 
 as | cannot yet produce any ocular demonftration 
 to fupport either opinions. Neverthelels, i muft 
 obferve to fuch as are fond of natural hiftory, 
 that it is impoflible for them to gain a competent 
 knowledge of the difpofitions and changes of 
 Caterpillars, without feeding on purpofe a great 
 number of thofe infects of the fame {pecies, in 
 order to have an opportunity of tracing them 
 through all their changes: nor will this care alone 
 be fufficient, for nothing but repeated difleCtions 
 can give any fatisfa€tory idea of their internal 
 parts. The naturalift, who fhould think of fuc- 
 ceeding in any other manner, would lofe his 
 pains, and remain in perpetual ignorance, 
 
 Ninthly, I reckon, among the creatures of 
 my fourth order, thofe Vermi-form Nymphs, or, 
 as they are otherwife called Eggs of Worms, 
 which are produced by thofe contracted Worms, 
 which, it is pretended, iffue from the putrified 
 bodies of Aureliz. We fee great numbers of 
 different kinds of Flies, iffuing from fach Worms, 
 in a few daysafter they become motionlefs, within 
 their fkins, and thereby aflume the appearance of 
 thefe Vermi-form nymphs we have been diflect- 
 inc. _ Monffet was the firft who took notice of 
 thefe kinds of mutation, After him Goadaert 
 treated of them; and fince him Redi, and many 
 other authors. I have given by itfelf, Tab, 
 XXXVIL. Fig. x. a drawing of one of thefe 
 Worms, and likewife of one of the Vermi-form 
 Nymphs, whofe refemblance to an egg is merely 
 fuperficial. 
 
 I place alfo in this my fourth order, the Ver- 
 miform Nymphs proceeding from Worms, 
 which, contraéting themfelves within the bodies 
 of Aurelie, without cafting their external fkin, 
 thus acquire the thape of an egg; this is a thing 
 which I very feldom have hadan opportunity of 
 feeing; for thefe Worms generaily open them- 
 {elves a paflage out of the Aurelia, as foon as they 
 have acquired their full growth, as I have fhewn 
 already. There is fuficient reafon why they 
 fhould do this. The Chryfallides are generally 
 fomewhat moift, which makes it neceffary for 
 the Worms contained in them, to leave their 
 bodies, and find out a more convenient fituation 
 for their external fkin to harden, in order to their 
 becoming Nymphs. But whenever it happens, 
 that when all the moifture of the Chryfalis is 
 exhaufted by thefe Worms as their food, fo as 
 to permit the fkin of the Chryfalis itfelf to harden 
 and grow dry, then the enclofed Worms remain 
 within it till they become Nymphs, and from 
 Nymphs, Flies, to appear abroad ; in which form 
 they muft alfo make their way through three 
 different fkins, as well as the Flies generated in 
 the bodies of Caterpillars, whofe labours on the 
 like occafion, have already been taken notice of, 
 
 All thofe Nymphs of our fourth order, hi- 
 therto taken notice of, change in the end to diffe- 
 rent kinds of Flies, as has been already obferved, 
 and I preferve a great variety of the Flies pro- 
 
 3 G T he 
 
 of NATURE; or, 
 
 duced from them, among my other natural cu- 
 riofities. 
 
 Having thus enumerated the infects that pro- 
 perly belong to my fourth order, I fhall finally 
 add to it all the Nymphs of thofe Worms of the 
 firft, fecgnd, third, and fourth orders, which 
 are changed into the faid form of Nymphs, 
 within the bodies or {kins of other Worms, of 
 Caterpillars, Nymphs, or Chryfallides, as like- 
 wife thofe changed within the feveral excrefcen- 
 
 ces of trees and their leaves, in form of warts, — 
 
 galls, and the like. However, I muft obferve, 
 that I do not rank fuch Nymphs in the fourth 
 order, as having any further right to it, than 
 that of becoming Nymphs, like the Worms 
 which really. belong to it, in an obfcure, hidden, 
 and myfterious manner. A perfon muft ‘have 
 great experience in thefe little creatures, to be 
 able to fpeak of them with certainty in their 
 whole hiftory. 
 
 In the eleventh place, I likewife reckon of 
 this order, all thofe genuine Nymphs which are 
 to be found within the body or fkin of any 
 Worm or Caterpillar, and are the offspring of 
 Worms, which have preyed upon the fleth of 
 that Worm or Caterpillar in which they are 
 found. ‘Thus it now and then happens, that a 
 Worm or Caterpillar, not having ftreneth enough 
 to caft its fkin, becomes hard and firm, without 
 lofing any thing of its external form ; in which 
 cafe, the worms that have hid themfelves in it, 
 devour all its flefh, and being freed in this man- 
 ner from-any neceflity of altering their fituation, 
 they change there to genuine Nymphs, and af- 
 terwards to Flics, Sometimes a fingle Worm of 
 an extraordinary fize poflefles himfelf in this 
 manner, of the whole body of another larger 
 Worm, and without ever leaving it, becomes 
 therein a Nymph, and afterwards a Fly. Butif 
 the Caterpillar fhould retain vigour enough, not- 
 withftanding fuch cruel treatment, to throw off its 
 external {kin, and reach the ftate of a Chryfalis, 
 then the body of fach Chryfalis becomes the 
 fcene of all the foregoing mutations, 
 
 “What ought to be confidered as a greater 
 paradox than all, is, that thefe Worms fome- 
 times defert the body or fkin of the Caterpillar, 
 upon which they had hitherto preyed, and upon 
 deferting it, enclofe themfelves in an oviform 
 web, within which, they at length change to 
 
 real Nymphs, and afterwards into Flies. Ifhall . 
 
 have an opportunity of treating this fubje& more 
 at large, when, if it pleafe God, I come to pu- 
 blifh my {elect obfervations ; fo that at prefent, 
 I do not pretend to treat of this change in a par- 
 ticular manner. 
 
 Twelfthly, I refer to this fourth order thofe 
 genuine Nymphs, which become fuch from 
 Worms, within the fkins or bodies of Chryfal- 
 lides, in the fame manner with the Worms of 
 our third order, and firft method; but I mean 
 only fuch Nymphs as are found fingle in the 
 Chryfallides corroded by them. 
 
 I have obferved, that thofe Nymphs are of 
 many and various kinds, and indeed fo different 
 one from another, that it would be a difficult 
 task to defcribe them fo as to be diftinguifhed 
 es i eS 
 
 nc 
 
The HISTOR Y.of INSEGT Ss, 
 
 each from the reft, without the help of particular 
 figures. There is one thing remarkable in fuch 
 Nymphs, which is, that we may eafily obtain 
 a full and fatisfactory view of their change from 
 the Worm to this ftate, and of the admirable or- 
 der obferved by nature, in affe@ting this tranf- 
 mutation, {o as to trace with our eyes the mu- 
 tation hitherto confidered as a metamorphofis of 
 the creature, from a Worm to a flying Infea. 
 
 I cannot therefore fufliciently wonder, that none 
 of the authors, whofe works I have read, have 
 taken any notice of the Worms now under our 
 confideration, or given us any drawings of the 
 Nymphs of fuch Worms. Goedaert, it is true, 
 was acquainted with the Flies, to which they at 
 la{t change, and has given us pretty good figures 
 of them. To defcribe thefe Flies in a few words, 
 I need only remark, that I have already taken 
 fufficient notice of them under the name of the 
 Pfeudo-{phece in the detail of my third order, 
 to which they properly belong : in that place too, 
 J obferved, that Goedaert’s devourer or deftroyer 
 of Spiders, fhould be looked upon as a Fly of 
 the fame tribe. 
 
 I fhall now deliver the method of viewing 
 thefe moft fingular and interefting changes. Care 
 muft be taken to obferve when the Chryfallides 
 harden, and change colour ; juft at that time they 
 are to be broke open, and the enclofed Worm 
 taken out, and put into a little box, where you 
 may very diftinctly and confpicuoufly behold its 
 gradual change toa Nymph, and from a Nymph 
 toal'ly. 1 fhall, at another time, with God’s 
 permiflion, and with a view of promoting the 
 glory of the wife and powerful Creator, endea- 
 vour to fet in the cleareft light, among my fele& 
 obfervations, the manner of fuch mutation; and 
 likewife to thew what a great quantity of excre- 
 ments this Worm voids in the mean while; and 
 how it fometimes is obliged to fpin a web, with 
 many other particulars very well worth the at- 
 tention of the curious. At prefent, I have not 
 oppportunity to dwell any longer upon this fubject. 
 
 In the thirteenth place, 1 count of this order 
 thofe Nymphs which become fuch, and after- 
 wards Flies, from fifty to two hundred together, 
 in the fame manner with the Nymphs laft men- 
 tioned, within the body, or ‘skin of a fingle 
 Chryfalis, and proceed originally from a great 
 number of little Worms that have preyed upon 
 this Chryfalis. Thefe Flies alfo were known to 
 Goedaert, though he was altogether ignorant of 
 the true manner of their generation, or the real 
 nature of the Nymph, by which alone thefe hi- 
 therto fo perplexing appearances can be folved. 
 Nor fhould Ihave fucceeded any better than thofe 
 who have gone before me in this province of 
 Natural Hiftory, had I not, purfuant to the 
 advice of the immortal Harvey, called anatomy 
 to my affiftance, upon every occafion, and la- 
 boured with infuperable patience to difcover, and 
 diftin@tly comprehend, the true principles of thofe 
 
 37 
 furprifing changes, as often as there was a pofii- 
 bility of difcovering and comprehending them. 
 Without experiments, we cannot expect any 
 clear and certain knowledge in matters of this 
 kind, whether our conclufions are drawn imme- 
 diately from our own reafonings concerning the 
 things before us, or from inductions built upon 
 their refemblance to others, we are equally liable 
 to go aftray, and miftake the productions of our 
 own imagination for the reprefentations of nature, 
 as {ubfequent experiments generally prove. Def- 
 cartes therefore had great reafon to fay, that he 
 fet more value upon the folid expetiments of me- 
 chanicks, than the barren and fine-{pun contem- 
 plations of philofophers. The creatures jutt 
 taken notice of, as appearing in great numbers 
 within the fkin or body of a fingle Chryfalis, 
 may be traced through all their mutations, in the 
 fame manner with thofe that require each of 
 them an intire Chryfalis for this purpofe ; and 
 certainly a favourable opportunity of viewing, 
 though but once, fo great a miracle in the works 
 of nature, muft afford the higheft pleafure to 
 thofe who are defirous of being acquainted with 
 fuch wonders: but now they may eafily pro- 
 cure themfelves this fatisfaétion, as I have, I 
 flatter myfelf, removed, though not without great 
 pains, the many obftacles which hitherto op- 
 pofed their defires. 
 
 I place alfo in the fourth order, thofe genuine 
 Nymphs, which become fuch from Worms of 
 a particular kind, found within the bodies of 
 larger Vermiform Nymphs, in the fame manner 
 with the Worms of the firft mode of the third or- 
 der, This I had an opportunity of obferving in the 
 Vermiform Nymph of the common Fly of our 
 neceffary-houfes ; and the fame is to be obferved 
 alfo in the infects of the firft order, 
 
 In the fourteenth place, I muft add alfo to 
 this order, all thofe genuine Nymphs which we 
 find in the middle of: fruit, in the warts of 
 fhrubs *, and the leaves of plants, in rotten parts 
 of wood, and in other ob{cure and fecret places. 
 I have collected fome of thele Nymphs, and the 
 Flies into which they change; asalfo the feveral 
 fubftances in which the worms are found; all 
 which the curious are welcome to examine, that 
 the adorable Author of fuch wonders may re- 
 ceive an additional tribute of praife and glory. 
 I preferve likewife fome of thofe Flies which 
 proceed from the little Worm, that Redi found 
 within the excrefcencies of willows, without be- 
 ing ever able to difcover their changes. On open- 
 ing the bodies of thefe Flies, we meet with eggs, 
 which perfeétly refemble thofe found in the fame 
 excrefcences ; from whence, as weil as from 
 many other obfervations, we may fairly conclude, 
 that all the Worms found in vegetable fubftances, 
 are originally depofited there by the parent in- 
 fects in the form of eggs. For a particular il- 
 luftration of thefe things, I muft refer to the 
 explanations of the XLIV. and XLV. Tables. 
 
 ’ 
 
 * "Thefe all owe their origin to eggs of Flies, and principally to the feveral {pecies of Ichneumon-fly, which this author calls Pieado- 
 fphece. ~All infeéts are directed by inftin& to depofit their eggs where the young will find food. Butterflies do this on the furfaces 
 of leaves. Thefe Flies lodge them in the fubftance. They have for this purpofe a hard and fharp inftrument at the hinder part of 
 the body, and with this they bore a hole in the leaf or rind, and lay their eggs. ‘The wound and juices thrown into it by the ani- 
 mal, alter the courfe of the fibres, and hence arife gallson the oak; in each of which, there always is a worm originally, the burrs, 
 
 upon the Dogrofe, and innumerable other vegetable excrefcences. 
 
 : 
 
 In 
 
prs 
 
 38 The BOOK of 
 
 In the fifteenth place, Imuft infert in this or- 
 der, all thofe infects that change, as it were, into 
 a kind of web. To this clafs or order, more 
 particularly belong thofe little Worms, whofe 
 web is fo fine, tender, and delicate, that a_per- 
 fon muft have great practice in things of this 
 kind, to open it without breaking. Within this 
 web, the Worms change to very {mall Nymphs. 
 I therefore refer to this order Goedaert’s Flies, pro- 
 duced from the genuine Nymphs of Worms, 
 which the {aid,author tells us in his x1th Expe- 
 riment, Part I. crept out of the body of a Ca- 
 terpillar that fed upon cabbages, and then made 
 themfelves each a neft of a yellow filk, in which 
 they afterwards fhut themfelves up. But Goe- 
 daert knew nothing of the Nymphs of thofe 
 Worms, as appears by all that he fays in the 
 place already cited. Nor was accurate Mr. Ray, 
 Catalog. Plant. page 137, already mentioned, 
 happier upon this occafion than Goedaert, whofe 
 obfervations he was acquainted with. This 
 gentleman. imagined, that the Worms here 
 {poken of, lay hid within their webs in the form 
 of Worms: he even went further, and commit- 
 ted another miftake, in thinking that the eggs 
 of thefe infects, diftinguifhed by annular incifi- 
 ons, were real Nymphs, and not their ob- 
 long tranfparent eggs: for thofe alone are Ver- 
 miform-Nymphs, though both in reality certain 
 genuine Nymphs not as yet vifible. I have fome- 
 times alfo obferved Worms, which form for 
 ‘themfelves under ground an. oviform cafe or 
 {heath, which a perfon, not acquainted with 
 things of this nature, might eafily miftake for a 
 Vermiform-Nymph. 
 
 Moreover, I givea place in this order to fuch 
 Nymphs of Worms or Caterpillars, as are found 
 upon the leaves of willows, enclofed in a very 
 fine ‘and delicate covering, or web of the fame 
 kind: ‘Thefe Nymphs are changed in time to a 
 very delicate Fly, which the curious may fee 
 together, with its web or covering, among my 
 other curiofities, 
 - Laftly, I refer to this order the genuine 
 Nymphs of a kind of Worms, which having 
 made their way through the Caterpillar’s fkin, 
 
 NTU RE tier, 
 
 upon the flefh of which they had fed, not only 
 {pin themfelves a covering of white filk, but for- 
 tify it with a kind of cottony fubftance, which 
 the parent Caterpillar had formed for its own 
 ufe; and ina few days after this operation, forcea 
 paflage through both thefe enclofures in the form 
 of Flies, J preferve in my collection almoft all the 
 
 _different kinds of Flies hitherto mentioned, with 
 
 their coverings or webs, fo that I can give, ina 
 manner, an occular demonftration to thofe who 
 defire it, of every thing that I have advanced con- 
 cerning them. I have, befides thefe, many other 
 kinds of webs, which my defire of making a 
 fpeedy end of this fubject, hinders me from 
 enumerating at prefent. 
 
 I may include, in this order, in the fixteenth 
 place, all the genuine Nymphs which have arifen 
 from Worms, which undergo their changes 
 within very flender and delicate habitations of 
 their own forming, and which they conftantly 
 carry about them, as {nails do their thells, till 
 at laft they change to Flies, and again betake 
 themfelves to the open air. I preferve, in my 
 Mufeum, a great variety of fuch Flies, and their 
 Nymphs and Worms, together with the furprif- 
 ing cafes of the latter, in which they lie hid, and 
 wherein they walk about with, fome in the 
 earth, and fome in the water. Some of thefe 
 Worms are mentioned by Aldrovandus, who 
 defcribes them by the name of Xylophthori, or 
 Worms that deftroy timber. I have likewife 
 fome Flies which are produced from thefe 
 Worms, a few of which have been already de- 
 {cribed under the name of Ephemeri. — Laftly, 
 it muft be remarked here, that all the Nymphs 
 of the fourth order, may truly be reckoned of 
 the third, if we confider them in themfelves 
 alone, and without paying regard to their fkins, 
 which they do not caft, or the webs and hidden 
 cafes, in which they conceal themfelves, 
 
 Thus I fhall finifh this enumeration, and ge- 
 neral defcription of the infects of the fourth or- 
 der, which I thall hereafter more’ particularly 
 treat of, and illuftrate by juft and careful hifto- 
 ries, and convincing examples. 
 
 A fingular example of the fourth order of mutations, exhibited in a Fly; whofe 
 metamorphofis, or natural accretion into the firft form of its limbs, and other 
 
 parts, I call a Vermiform-Nymph. 
 
 Tas. XXXVHUI. 
 
 Wet. T HE Worm of the common Fly of 
 
 our privies or boghoufes, repre- 
 fented of its natural fize, and as it appears un- 
 der its firft coat or fkin, in which form it is 
 called an egg. This firft figure exhibits the 
 egg, as viewed with the afliftance of the mi- 
 crofcope. : 
 
 N°. II. The double coat or {kin of the egg, 
 which {kin or coat the Worm leaves behind it, 
 when it is hatched; or, in other words, creeps 
 out of it. This coat is reprefented as magni- 
 ana by the microfcope, to twice its natural 
 ize. 
 
 N°. II. The Worm itfelf, fomewhat bigger 
 than it really is, when it has juft crawled out 
 of the membrane, in which it was concealed 
 under the form and name of an egg. 
 
 N°. IV. The fame Worm, arrived at its full 
 growth, and crawling about. As the feet of 
 this Worm are very fhort, and narrow withal, 
 it always moves, and, as it were, draws itfelf 
 forward by the help of its head or beak: there- 
 fore, if you put it on a fmooth piece of glafs, 
 it walks with ereat difficulty; whereas, upon 4 
 coarfe cloth, it will advance pretty brifkly ; for 
 it thrufts its head into the little hollows and 
 cavities of the cloth, and very nimbly draws 
 up 
 
 a RPT CONC Se 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 up to the head, where thus anchored as it 
 were, the reft of its body, which has only very 
 thort feet about the hinder part of the belly. 
 In this refpect, therefore, the Worm, of which 
 Iam {peaking, agrees very remarkably with 
 the water Worm, from which the Afilus or 
 Gadfly proceeds. ‘The Worm of that Fly car- 
 Ties its feet, as it were, in its mouth; but I 
 cannot pretend to fay the fame thing of the 
 boghoufe Worm, as I have not as yet exa- 
 mined it fufficiently ; though I think it very 
 probable, that its principal feet are fituated in 
 
 that part. The third figure exhibits this Worm ‘ 
 
 increafed by the microfcope, to a confiderable 
 magnitude, 
 
 N°. V. I exhibit in this place the Worm 
 already reprefented under the form it has, after 
 lofing all- motion, without cafting its fkin; 
 within which, notwithftanding, it becomes a 
 genuine Nymph: and its becoming a Nymph, 
 in this manner, muft, I think, be looked upon 
 ‘as a fufficient reafon for my giving it this new 
 mame of the Vermiform-Nymph, fince, at the 
 fame time that it retains the appearance of a 
 Worm, it really changes, under fuch ap- 
 pearance, to a genuine Nymph. This {pecies 
 of Nymph, with the Worm’s {kin upon it, in 
 the fourth figure, as it appears when magnified 
 by 2 microfcope, and the Nymph itfelf {tripped 
 of its fkin, is exhibited in the fifth figure, 
 fomewhat larger\ alfo than nature: but the 
 fixth and feventh figures, next following, re- 
 prefent it magnified to much larger dimen- 
 fions. 
 
 N°. VI. Exhibits the boghoufe Fly in its 
 perfect ftate, as it appears when it has caft its 
 two fkins together; namely, the external hard 
 fkin, in which it had the fhape of a Worm, 
 and under which it continued when changed 
 to a Nymph; and the internal and more deli- 
 cate skin, proper to it asa Nymph; for this in- 
 fe&t throws off both thefe skins at the fame 
 time. We may obferve here, with what ex- 
 traordinary elegance it is cloathed, when the 
 time is come for it to appear abroad, and at- 
 tend to the great work of propagating its {pe- 
 cies! The eighth figure exhibits the Fly, as it 
 appears when greatly magnified by the micro- 
 {cope. TI fhall hereafter explain this figure at 
 large, when I come to defcribe the infect’s ex- 
 ternal ornaments. There is, it appears, a re 
 markable difference between this order of 
 changes and the firft; as, in the firft, the crea- 
 ture iffues perfect from its egg, without paffing 
 through any intermediate ftate. This order 
 differs alfo from the fecond, as the infects of 
 that order acquire certain membranaceous cafes 
 or coverings of the parts within, which rife 
 above the reft of the furface of their bodies. 
 And, finally, it differs from the third order, 
 in which the creatures caft, at different times, 
 the skins wherein they appear as Caterpillars, 
 and the covering they afterwards wear in the 
 form of Nymphs; for, in the fourth order, 
 both thefe coats come off together. On the 
 other hand, the infects of all thefe erders have 
 thus much in common: they are Nymphs un- 
 
 YF FN-SES TG. 39 
 
 der all thefe ftates, and in every otdef; arid 
 they fo long and fo often change their skins, 
 till they are become perfec and ready for the 
 work of generation. The Nymph, therefore, 
 having its place in all the four orders, is the 
 true, the only, and immutable foundation, 
 upon which the changes of all thefé infects 
 depend, as I have attentively and at large de- 
 monftrated in the beginning of this work. I 
 make only a curfory mention of it in this place, 
 the better to fix fo important a truth in the 
 memory of my readers. 
 Tas. XXXVIIIL Fic. 1, 
 
 By this figure, which reprefents the bog- 
 houfé Fly’s egg bigger than nature, we obferve 
 that it is of an oblong and angular conftruc= 
 tion, fo as to form, in a manner, an elegant, 
 chequered, and reticulated reprefentation of 
 that kind of cake known in Holland by the 
 name of Woffel. Thefe eggs are of a delicate 
 whitenefs, and they have two integuments, 
 which are eafily diftinguifhed one from the 
 other. The outer integument is the real fhell ; 
 and this is, in every refpeét, like the thell of 
 a hen’s egg, as appears by its breaking to {mall 
 pieces in the fingers. By this means it is an 
 eafy matter to feparate this outer cruft from the 
 internal covering, which properly contains the 
 embryo of the boghoufe Worm. As thefe 
 eggs are moift when juft laid, and are depo- 
 fited by the parent Fly upon the walls of bog- 
 houfes, and fometimes even in the skins thed 
 by former Nymphs, they ftick together, when 
 the air has dried the intervening humidity ; fo 
 that, on endeavouring afterwards to feparate 
 them, part of the external fhell of one ege 
 comes off, with the inner fubftance fticking to 
 it, By this means the angular form of the 
 latter acquires a kind of projecting border. 
 This was the cafe with the egg here repre- 
 fented, which I thought proper to exhibit in 
 that form, in which alone I could procure it 
 fingle, on account of its firm cohefion with the 
 adjacent eggs, 
 : Etc. 1. 
 
 I here reprefent the delicate internal mem- 
 brane which covers the egg, as it appears about 
 the fore-end of it. This membrane has been, 
 broken by the boghoufe Worm, when it crept 
 out of the egg; fo that we may fee in what 
 manner the external cruft or fhell has been 
 cracked upon this occafion, and how it has 
 crumbled off from the internal membranes. 
 It is very furprifing how thefe eggs are covered 
 with fo hard a fubftance, refembling plaifter 
 of Paris; though it feems probable that Nature 
 ordained it fo, the better to thelter the enclofed 
 embryo Worm from the putrid and tharp efflu- 
 via arifing from boghoufes, in which places it 
 is often depofited. This led me to an experi- 
 
 ‘ment, by which I have found, that the faline 
 
 acrimony of urine thakés no impreffion upon 
 thefe eggs.’ But it is not in boghoufes alone 
 thefe eggs are to be found: we meet with them 
 in feveral other places, particularly where fruits; 
 herbs, and other fucculent vegetables, lie and 
 
 rot. But they appear no where fo beautifully; 
 of 
 
4.0 The 
 
 or to fuch advantage, as in the Oviducts of the 
 female Fly, opened for this purpofe ; and, no 
 doubt, the moft certain method of invefti- 
 gating the eggs of infects, fo as to obtain fome 
 certain knowledge concerning them, is that by 
 difection of the infects; but then the open- 
 ing of thefe {mall animals at the exact time, 
 when their eggs are perfect in the Ovary, and 
 ready for laying, depends entirely upon chance, 
 
 I have a fmal! box full of infects eggs in 
 my collection, fo very curious, that I fhould 
 not think a particular treatife ill beftowed upon 
 them; for they all greatly differ from one an- 
 other in fhape and colour. Some are oblong, 
 others oval; fome again perfectly round, others 
 angular; fome pear-fhaped, fome like the feed 
 of the carduus benediétus, and others of other 
 forms. ‘There is alfo the greateft variety of 
 colours amongft them ; white, yellow, red, 
 fky-coloured, green ; and in fome is to be feen 
 a beautiful mixture of feveral colours, fo as to 
 make it almoft impoffible to give a particular 
 account of them. Some alfo are foft, others 
 hard; fome are only coyered with a flight 
 membrane, whilft others have a fhell, or firm 
 cruft, like parchment. Again, fome are thel- 
 tered by a froth that furraunds them, others 
 are covered with hair: fome are found faftened 
 by a vifcous matter to the branches of trees, fo 
 as to form aring about them ; others lie fingly, 
 and at random. Some ftand clofe to each other 
 upon their ends; others lie parallel to the ho- 
 rizon; and fome are found buried in animal 
 and vegetable fubftances, whilft others are only 
 laid in a loofe manner upon the furfaces of 
 fuch things. 
 
 F'1.G, 111. 
 
 I here lay before the reader a figure of a 
 Worm, which changes to the boghoufe Fly, 
 as it appears when magnified by the micro- 
 {cope. We may clearly difcern in it thofe an- 
 nular divifions, of which fome conftitute its 
 head, the next to them the thorax, and the 
 hindmoft the creature’s abdomen and tail, The 
 circumference of every part of the body ap- 
 pears adorned with feveral, as it were, promi- 
 nent feathered bandages. But the infect lofes 
 the advantages of thefe as ornaments, becaufe 
 it cannot but foul them, by crawling through 
 the offenfive matter upon which it feeds. For 
 this reafon it ought to be well wafhed, in order 
 to become fit for a microfcopical obfervation : 
 nor need we fear to do it any injury, by treat- 
 ing it in this manner; for it has a ftrong con- 
 ftitution. Befides, this Worm is one of the 
 fpecies of infects which have a hard fkin, the 
 better to refift the acrimony of the putrefcent 
 juices, amongft which it lives. This hardnefs. 
 of the boghoufe Worm’s fkin, is the caufe of 
 its not lofing its external form; when it changes 
 to a Nymph. Bs 
 
 # 1G; Iv, . 
 
 It muft be here very thoroughly confidered,, 
 that thefe Worms, on their affuming the fhape 
 of Vermiform-Nymphs, become motionless, 
 and foon after draw up their fnout within the 
 head; by which, and by a contraction of all. 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 the rings of their body towards each other, 
 they become fhorter, in fo confiderable a de- 
 gree, as may be feen in the fourth figure now 
 before us: which likewife thews,. that there is 
 but little difference between the Worm repre- 
 fented in the third figure, and the Vermiform- 
 Nymph exhibited in this place. The only dif- 
 ference is this, that the Nymph is without any 
 motion, whereas the Worm moves itfelf very 
 brifkly. The drawing in of the fnout in the 
 Nymph, fcarce makes any difference; for the 
 Worm itfelf is very often obferved to do the 
 fame thing. But we muft here take fpecial 
 notice, that all the Worms of this fourth order 
 are not all changed to Nymphs, in the fame 
 manner with the {pecimen of that order, which 
 I here explain: neither do all the Nymphs 
 equally exhibit the former limbs of their re- 
 fpective Worms; the only reafon of which 
 diverfity I take to be this, that fome of thefe 
 Worms have a more delicate {kin than others, 
 and confequently it is. better adapted to con= 
 form itfelf to the fhape of the latent Nymph, 
 when the infects change into that condition. 
 This I fhall demonftrate in the ninth and tenth 
 figures, by two particular and very evident 
 examples, which will fupply us with a rule to 
 judge by, in every cafe of the like nature. 
 There is one circumftance more worth our 
 notice in the Nymph, whofe figure we are now 
 confidering: this is, that I have reprefented its 
 fore-parts, about the head, fomewhat whiter 
 and brighter than the reft of the body; becaufe 
 the hidden Nymph, by the infenfible evapora- 
 tion of its moifture, gradually contracts itfelf 
 more in this part than elfewhere, {0 as to leave 
 a vacant fpace, which, by affording a free paf- 
 fage to the rays of light, thereby, in reality, 
 acquires an extraordinary degree of brightnefs. 
 This particular I took notice of in a Nymph, 
 like this Iam now defcribing, of the Mufca 
 Afilus, or Gadfly, whofe hiftory follows this. 
 It is likewife plain, that the empty part of the 
 fkin, in the foregoing Nymph, may be dexter- 
 oufly cut off with {ciffors, without wounding 
 the enclofed infect; and, upon doing fo, we 
 may fee that the Nymph’s head lies in the fore- 
 region of the Worm’s {kin ; and that its eyes, 
 
 which, in the beginning of the change, were 
 of a milky white, are at this time turned to a 
 
 purplifh red. However, this experiment ought 
 only to be tried upon Nymphs which are feveral 
 days old; for we fhould certainly injure thofe 
 that were younger, in the operation. It, hap- 
 pens in this Worm, as it does in all others of 
 the fourth order, that the thorax conftantly, 
 
 ‘continues the fame in the Nymph-ftate, with- 
 
 out any vifible alteration : in the fame manner, 
 as in Worms and Caterpillars of all the other 
 orders, the. legs, fpringing from the thorax, 
 never change their fituation. But this laft cir- 
 cumftance chiefly obtains in the fecond order, 
 of which there are a great number of infects, 
 whofe thorax, and efpecially the legs belong- 
 ing to this part, do not fuffer the leaft altera~ 
 tion; that is, they neither grow longer or fhorter 
 at the periods of the infects cafting their fkins. 
 
 5 Fic. 
 
 ORT os OPT RSL es ee eee te Eee a a Te Bet Oe 
 
 a Pe 
 
 ee ee RTD he Oke 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 Fre. 'v. 
 
 ‘There give a figure of the enclofed hidden 
 Nymph, as it appeared fomewhat magnified, 
 when cut out of the external skin, or that of 
 the former Worm, which before covered it. 
 
 Fic. vi. and vit. 
 
 Thefe two figures reprefent the fame Nymph 
 magnified by the microfcope toa proper degree. 
 We may fee in thefe in what manner it is di- 
 vided into a head, thorax, and belly, which I 
 fhall more particularly explain in the next figure, 
 which likewife exhibits the fame Nymph. 
 
 Fig. vit..ca. Are the infect’s eyes feated in 
 its head, and formed like a net ; between thefe, 
 but lower near the thorax, appears its probof- 
 cis, or trunk, : 
 
 6. Are two little horns or antenne, which 
 arife from the upper part of the head. 
 
 cc. The folded legs rifing from the thorax, 
 three on each fide. 
 
 dd. The folded wings, between which the 
 extremities of the legs are clofely arrayed. 
 
 e. The annular divifions of the abdomen, and 
 certain prominent tubercles upon the edge of 
 it, being what remains after the infect cafts the 
 skins of the feathered protuberancies of the 
 Worm and Nymph, which I have abovemen- 
 tioned. Thefe ‘tubercles difappear when. the 
 creature aflumes the form of aF ly. They are 
 either entirely deftroyed by the evaporation of 
 the humours, or thrown off by the hairs that 
 grow in this part. It is a very tedious and dif- 
 ficult task to diffec&t the real Nymph of the ten- 
 der membranaceous skin, which immediately 
 covers it under the outer integument, without 
 either hurting or difplacing its limbs. 
 
 Fig. vill. 
 
 This figure exhibits, larger than life, the 
 Nymph free from its two coverings, and 
 changed toa Fly; but it muft be obferved, 
 that it does not, on parting with its fkin, fold 
 or curl them up, as Hornets and Bees do ; this 
 creature only breaks them near the place where 
 its head lies, and leaves the cafe unimpaired 
 in every other refpect: fo that on fecing one 
 of thefe deferted coverings, one would be apt, 
 at firft fight, to take it for an entire Nymph. 
 This Fly, which from the form and condition 
 ef a contemptible and filthy bog-houfe Worm, 
 is changed to an inhabitant of the air, thus 
 making mifery its way to happinefs, is divided 
 in a very diftincét manner into the head, the 
 thorax, and the abdomen. 
 
 Fig: viir.aa. In the head are two eyes 
 formed like an elegant piece of net-work, and 
 of a purplith colour. Thefe eyes are feparated 
 by two very elegant zones of a filvery white- 
 nefs, in the part where they come neareft to 
 one another. 
 
 b Between thefefilvery zones, on the forepart 
 of the head near the eyes, are the infect’s two 
 
 horns, or antenne. 
 cc It has likewife two membranaceous wings 
 fixed to the fhoulder-blades of the thorax. 
 
 dddd Are fix legs covered with fiff hairs ; 
 
 of INSECTS, 41 
 thefe are articulated with the lower part of the 
 thorax, and they confift each of four joints : 
 that which forms the foot, properly fo called, 
 is again divided into feveral lefler joints. We 
 may, befides, fee very diftinétly, that every leg 
 has diftin@tly two claws at its extremity, and 
 that thefe claws are parted by fome hairs that 
 grow between them. 
 
 e Here we may fee the rings and variega- 
 tions by which the abdomen is divided. They 
 are covered with hair refembling briftles. In- 
 deed, the whole body is thick fet with this kind 
 of hair, and it is of a blackith gray, without 
 any other particular ornaments of colour, tho’ 
 in many other Flies we perceive a moft deli- 
 cate mixture and combination of colours ; fo 
 that the Fly now under confideration, deferves 
 only to be ranked amongft the moft ordinary 
 fort. 
 
 Presi 
 
 Finally, to give a perfect idea of this fourth 
 order of mutations, I fhall add a fucciné ac- 
 count of two particular Nymphs, which be- 
 long to it, tho’ under the fecond mode; for 
 thefe Nymphs differ greatly from thofe of the 
 fame order already.defcribed : they are altered 
 in a great meafure from the fhape they had in 
 the Worm ftate, tho’ one of them much more 
 than the other ; the reafon of which variation 
 I fhall likewife endeavour to point out. 
 
 Tab. XXXVIII. Fic..1x. A. 
 
 The Worm here reprefented, is the fame 
 with that of which Goedaert has given us a 
 defcription, and a figure in the firft part of his 
 work, obfervation 11, but without. taking any 
 notice of its feet or horns, both which he over- 
 looked. I cannot fay, that I have myfelf 
 counted thefe feet in a living Worm; but on 
 examining a preferved one, and its Nymph, 
 there appear feven on each fide, and thofe are 
 all armed with fome little claws. Thefe feet 
 are very fhort, and fcarce vifible, except when 
 the infect extends and thrufts them out. Goe- 
 daert does not deny the exiftence of thefe feet, 
 in his Dutch work, publifhed under his own 
 infpection, but his. Latin tranflators do it for 
 him: from whence it plainly appears, that 
 thofe gentlemen, who have likewife added 
 their own obfervations to Goedaert’s work, 
 have difgraced his performance by a great 
 many errors and miftakes. We have reafon 
 alfo to lament, that this induftrious naturalift 
 employed others to write, even in Dutch, the 
 obfervations which he had made in this pro- 
 vince of natural hiftory. We muft expect ta 
 find their particular opinions frequently inter- 
 mixed with thofe of the illuftrious original 
 writer. But be that as it will, one thing is 
 certain, that the original Dutch is preferable 
 in correétnefs, and other refpects, to the Latin 
 tranflation. 
 
 The two antennz, or horns of this Worm, 
 which it carries on the forepart of its head, and 
 its Jong tail, which it fometimes twifts and 
 turns about in a very furprifing manner, con- 
 tribute greatly to give it a fingular and pretty 
 ad : appear- 
 
42 The BOOK of 
 
 appearance.* Its body is divided into feveral 
 rings, which fometimes appear much rounder 
 than at others. ‘The colour is of a sky gray, 
 approaching a little to brown. It is a miftake 
 to think, this Worm proceeds from putrefac- 
 tion, as Goedaert, or rather his commentators 
 have advanced. It is produced from an egg 
 depofited in bog-houfes by a Fly like that, to 
 which it is itfelf one day to be changed. I 
 have fometimes alfo found thefe Worms crawl- 
 ing in vaft numbers, and ina ftrange manner 
 amongft one another, in meadows, in barns, 
 and among very moift cow-dung. Thefe in- 
 fects are of a very flow growth ; fo that they do 
 not change till the month of Auguft. I have 
 hitherto taken but a very curfory furvey of their 
 internal parts ; their pulmonary vefiels appear- 
 ed to me to be thofe that beft deferved further 
 obfervation. 
 B. 
 
 When thefe Worms are about to aflume 
 the appearance of Vermiform Nymphs, as is 
 reprefented in the ninth figure, under the let- 
 ter B, they remove themfelves out of the excre- 
 ments wherein they have hitherto lived, to 
 fome dry place, where they draw all their parts 
 together. I have even fometimes obferved 
 thefe Worms fixed to the walls of country 
 cottages, where they had climbed up to twice 
 a man’s height, in order quietly to go through 
 their mutations. This important bufinefs is 
 executed in the following manner. Firft, the 
 Worm’s tail is wrinkled up, and contracted by 
 drying, and fometimes it curls itfelf up, fome- 
 times not; fometimes even it grows quite flat 
 by drying, as it hardens to a greater or lefs de- 
 gree, or as it has taken up more or lefs time in 
 hardening ; then the reft of the body becomes 
 wrinkled up, and fo contracted, that its rings 
 are ina manner forced together into one. But 
 as the skin of this Worm is fomewhat foft, it 
 conforms to all the fhapes that the hidden 
 Nymph aiumes in its progrefs towards the 
 Fly-ftate ; and this is the true reafon why thisVer- 
 miform-nymph deviatesa little from the appear- 
 ance of the former Worm. I fay a little, be- 
 caufe we may ftill perceive in it, the skin of 
 the Worm, its tail and legs: but above all, the 
 antenna, or horns differ ; which in this Vermi- 
 form-nymph project more from the head, than 
 they did in the Worm itfelf; befides this, 
 from being foft and pliable, they become hard 
 and ftiff at this time. By dexteroufly opening 
 the external fkin at this period, we may ob- 
 tun the true Nymph it conceals in fuch great 
 forwardnefs towards the Fly-ftate, that it ex- 
 hibits diftin@ly the parts peculiar to that crea- 
 ture, the horns or antenne efpecially, which 
 
 are difpofed, as in a cafe, within thofe of the 
 former Worm, 
 
 7 oF 
 When the Nymph we are treating of, has 
 -thus lain hid for about fixteen or feventeen days. 
 
 NAT) RiE} oy 
 
 in the unaltered fkin of its Worm ; it is fuffi- 
 ciently grown and changed to appear abroad, and 
 fo at once forces its way in the form of a per- 
 fect and very handfome Fly thro’ the faid fkin, 
 and the internal membrane immediately in- 
 vefting it; as is common tothe infects of this 
 
 fourth order. This Fly is beautifully divided into — 
 
 the head, thorax, and abdomen; it has two 
 eyes, two little antenne or horns, fix legs, a 
 pair of wings, and its body is covered with 
 hair. Its back and tail are yellow and red, 
 delicately interfperfed with black fpots: it is 
 
 reprefented in the ninth figure, under the let- 
 
 tér C: 
 
 Some authors have fancied, that this infeé& 
 ought to be ranked amongft Bees, as appears 
 in Clutius’s treatife on Bees, where he cautions 
 the unexperienced againft fo grofs a miftake. 
 However, Dr. J. de Mey, regardlefs of fuch 
 notice, falls into this error in his notes upon 
 Goedaert, where he prodigioufly magnifies the 
 hiftory of this infect as a real Bee. Jn this he 
 gives evident proof of his little acquaintance 
 with either the Bee or the Fly-kind. Thus 
 the vain temerity of our corrupt nature makes 
 us attempt to pafs our judgment upon things 
 of which we know nothing ; with a view of 
 paffing for perfons of knowledge and wifdom 
 upon others as ignorant. 
 
 Fic. x. 
 
 I here reprefent a Worm, that has pierced 
 the fkin of a Chryfalis, like that exhibited in 
 Tab. XXXVII. N°. V. and has deferted it af- 
 terwards in fearch of a more proper place in 
 which to perform its changes. ) 
 
 This Worm is divided by a great many annu- 
 lar fe€tions. Its colour. is white ; its skin is foft 
 and tender. It moves itfelf by the annular con- 
 traction and extenfion of its rings, and it conti- 
 nues this motion in its prefent ftate, till being 
 
 quite {pent, it quietly lies down to give way to . 
 
 the fecret operations of nature, in the change of 
 its condition, 
 E. 
 
 While this is preparing, we may obferve, that 
 the head and tail of the Worm are drawn up, 
 as it were, into its body, though as yet no change 
 happens in the old fkin, except its afluming the 
 fhape of an egg, in which, foon after, there ap- 
 pears a variety of colours; firft, the body then 
 fhrivelled up grows white, then yellow, next 
 red, after this of a purple colour, which then 
 acquires a fiery brightnefs, like that, as it. were, 
 of a fparkling red, fhining like amber; and, 
 laftly, it turns toa deep brown, which it retains 
 for fome days without any further alteration. 
 
 On laying open and removing the {kin of the 
 Worm at this period, we find in it a true perfec. 
 Nymph, which exhibits moft diftinglly all the. 
 limbs of the future Fly: fo that this is a real Ver- 
 mi-form Nymph, only that it yet reprefents the 
 parts of the former Worm, though in a fome-. 
 
 * We have in England three diftin fpecies of thefe Worms; the French alfo have them as common, they call them Vers a que 
 
 de Rat. They are the offspring of three diftin@ 
 defcribed, is the largeft; and it changes into a lar 
 of the male Bee, which is alfo called the Drons. 
 
 pecies of Flies, all refembling Bees, but with only two wings. The fpecies here 
 ge Fly, which our obfervers 9. 
 
 r Infects call the Drone Fly, from its great refemblance 
 
 what 
 
 PRT, Cee eee beet ERE eR 
 
 >; 
 " 
 ‘ 
 
 3 
 
 - 
 = 
 P 
 
 ew Et eee hee 
 
 rr a a 
 
nay. 
 * ped 
 
 The: Fi E SoTOO RR: Fr ok; ENS Ee TS 4:3 
 
 what obfcure and confufed manner : this is ow- 
 ing entirely to the foftnefs and delicacy of its 
 fkin, which fticks clofe to the furface, and ac- 
 commodates itfelf to the fhape and figure of the 
 enclofed Nymph. 
 
 By duly attending to the preceding obfervati-. 
 ons, we may for the future eafily underftand, for 
 what reafon fome of thefe Nymphs retain the 
 figure of their former Worms more than others ; 
 for, it will plainly appear, that this difference arifes 
 folely from the fkins of the former Worms, be- 
 ing more or lefs hard or pliable. For thofe 
 Worms, that'have a very dry and hard fkin, as 
 the Worms of the common bog-houfe Fly, and 
 the Mufca Afilus, or Gad-fly, cannot but retain 
 their former appearance ; whilft other Worms of 
 a foft and delicate skin, cannot but lofe a great 
 deal of it; all which is made evident, by a re- 
 markable example in the tenth figure, under the 
 letter E. 
 
 Such being the nature of thefe things, we may 
 plainly perceive how much thofe naturalifts were 
 miftaken, who called the foregoing condition of 
 the limbs, and other parts, a true egg, as may 
 be feen in Mouffet, and Goedaert, in the com- 
 mentators of this laft, and many other authors. 
 But let no one imagine, that I mention this mif- 
 take, in order either to expofe the writers, who 
 have committed it, or to deferve glory from their 
 ignorance: my {ole intention is to publith truth, 
 and excite thofe who love it, to fearch after it in 
 the works of nature themfelves; for they are 
 capable of teaching us more in a fingle moment, 
 than all the written accounts of them could do 
 in a thoufand years: but then we fhould prepare 
 ourfelves for fuch an inquiry, particularly by lay- 
 
 ing afide all manner of prejudice, as it plainly 
 appears, that obfervations attempted upon a 
 wrong foundation, have only ferved to produce 
 a great number of pernicious errors. 
 
 Toconclude, I prefent the reader, under the 
 letter F. of the fame figure x. a reprefentation of 
 the Fly produced from the Nymph I have been 
 laft defcribing. It is like the common Fly, di- 
 vided into the head, the thorax, and the belly, 
 Between the eyes, which are feated in the head, 
 and are of a deep purple colour, are two filver 
 borders or zones ; and between thefe borders are 
 placed a pair of antenne, or horns, From the 
 fhoulder-blades arife two grayifh membranaceous 
 wings, and from the fore-part of the thorax, fix 
 hairy legs. The abdomen is covered with hair 
 like briftles, and is divided by feveral rings, parted 
 from each other by black rolls or bandages. This 
 Fly, like the preceding, on_ its quitting the 
 Nymph-ftate, leaves two skins behind it, 
 
 As to the manner in which this fpecies depofits 
 the eggs within the Carerpillar, reprefented in 
 No. UI. of the xxxvuith Table, and the courfe 
 in which the Worms arifing from thofe eggs, are 
 changed into Chryfallides with the Caterpillar 
 upon which they feed; or, to fpeak more pro- 
 perly the manner in which thefe fimaller Worms 
 come to be enclofed in the Caterpillars Chryfalis 
 and their management in forcing their way thro” 
 this Chryfalis, I fhall give a general account of 
 in the progrefs of my furvey of this fourth order 
 and hope I may fome time, or another, have ai 
 opportunity of handling this fubject more parti- 
 cularly, and folving the gordian knot which. it 
 contains, 
 
 The furprifing hiftory of the infeét called the Mufca Tabanus, or, more properly, 
 the Afilus or Gad-fly *. 
 
 He Fv Ope TT TON. 
 
 HE Infe@t, whofe hiftory I am about to 
 
 give under the name of the Gad-fly, is fo 
 wonderful in all its parts, that it may be well 
 ranked amongft the moft mafterly works of na- 
 ture; for, the particulars which induftrious ob- 
 fervers have difcovered in it, are moft fingular, 
 and unheard-of in other kinds. The learned 
 Mouffet inveighs feverely againft thofe authors, 
 who confound this Fly with the Tabanus or 
 Breeze-fly, as he affirms there is an effential dif- 
 ference between them, which I have myfelf alfo 
 found to be very true; for, as the faid Mouffet very 
 pertinently alledges after Ariftotle, the Afilus or 
 Gad-fly, proceeds from a certain little, broad and 
 water infe@. This author remarks alfo, with 
 equal propriety, that the Afili or Gad-flies are 
 much more fearce than the Tabani or Breeze- 
 flies, and they are not to be found except in the 
 neighbourhooud of rivers, and they have a much 
 larger probofcis or trunk than the Tabani or 
 
 Breezes. This being fettled, the Fly that I am 
 here now about to defcribe, is a true Afilus or Gad- 
 fly, and ought, by no means, to becalleda Taba- 
 nus, or Breeze-fly ; for, agreeable to the defcrip- 
 tion given of the Afilus, or Gad-fly, it proceeds 
 from a little flat water Worm ; it flies about fields 
 near waters; and, in fine, it has a larger trunk than 
 the Tabanus or Breeze-fly. Mouffet has given usa 
 true figure of the Tabanus or Breeze; and at the 
 fame time, has afligned the real difference be- 
 tween that and the common Horfe-fly ; for there 
 are many fpecies of Horfe-flies, and the Tabanus 
 or Breeze ought to be accounted one of them. 
 But Mouffet is greatly miftaken in giving the 
 Afilus a hard fnout, with a ftrong fting or acu- 
 Jeus fixed to the fore-part of it, thefe particulars 
 being obfervable in the Tabanus or Breeze-fly 
 only. He errs as much in faying, that the Ta- 
 banus grows at the end of honey-combs, But 
 it was impoflible, that this author fhould not 
 
 * The common writers have been very confufed in their accounts of the two fpecies of infects known by the names of the Gad- 
 fly and the Breeze-fly, and have applied the names at random, to one or the other. The Latin denominations of the fame infects, 
 ‘Tabanus and Afilus, have been as ill defined. The'creatures are perfeétly diftinct, bothin the Worm and Fly-ftate, and, ’tis to be 
 hoped, that, for the future, they will be fo underftood and confidered, this author having perfeétly diftinguifhed the words, and af 
 
 certained theit meaning by his figures, 
 
 pom 
 
4A, 
 
 commit miftakes; for, as he had no experience 
 of his own to go by, he was obliged to take 
 things upon traft from other writers, and confe- 
 quently was liable to adopt their errors. 
 
 I muft, on this occafion, defire my readers to 
 take notice, that in my general hiftory of infects, 
 I forgot myfelf fo far as to defcribe the Afilus, 
 under the name of ‘Tabanus; nor can I account 
 for this overfight, as I then made ufe of the 
 words of Ariftotle juft now cited. After this 
 preface and remark, I fhall briefly defcribe the 
 little creature, from which our Afilus or Gad- 
 fly proceeds. It is reprefented in Figure 1. 
 of ‘Tab. XX XIX. its Nymph in the 11 and 
 rit Figure of Tab, XLI. and laftly, the Afilus 
 Fly itfelf, in the 11 Figure, Tab. XLU. 
 
 There are feveral very uncommon particulars 
 inothefe ftates of the fame infects in the Worm 
 condition ; it lives in the water, breathes by its 
 tail, and carries its legs within a little fnout near 
 its mouth. When it becomes a Nymph, it per- 
 forms the change without cafting its fkin ; and 
 when it becomes a Fly, it can no longer live in 
 the water; fo that the element, which hitherto 
 fupplied it with life and motion, would now be 
 its immediate deftruction. 
 
 . Thefe are all no more than the external won- 
 ders; and they appear infignificant, when com- 
 pared with the hidden changes and tranfpofi- 
 tions of parts, performed within the skin, fto- 
 
 CoH &A Py 
 
 The BOOK: of NATURE; or, 
 
 mach and inteftines, but above all, in the fpinal 
 marrow, which it is impoffible to fee, without 
 being loft in aftonifhment. 
 
 There occur befides in this treble, though at 
 the fame time fingle, little creature, other parti- 
 culars, farpaffing, in a manner, all human ima- 
 gination ; fuch as its moft uncommon alterations 
 of colour, indurations of parts, loffes of limbs, 
 and acquifitions of internal organs. 
 
 Thus I fhall clofe this fhort. introduction, 
 but I cannot too often remind my readers, 
 that they will here meet with a colle¢tion 
 
 ‘of wonders, any fingle one of which, is worth 
 
 their moft perfect attention, Nor are they the 
 lines only of an Apelles, that I defcribe in this 
 place, but inimitable piCtures, and the very han- 
 dy-work of the great Creator, God himfelf, ta 
 whom we are indebted alfo for all that we have, 
 or are, and whom we ought to acknowledge in 
 the humbleft manner, as our Creator, Preferver, 
 and conftant Benefactor. Hence, judge, O man, 
 how incomparable muft be the elegance of thofe 
 miracles of his, which fhall never perifh, when 
 fo much art and contrivance is to be feen, even 
 in the corrupt nature of creatures, that are buried, 
 as it were, under darknefs, by his great ordina- 
 tions. ‘Therefore to this all-good, all-wife, and 
 all-powerful Being, and to him only, be all the 
 honour and glory of the prefent difcovery. 
 
 I. 
 
 The external figure of the Worm, from which the Mufca Afilus, or Gadfly, is pro- 
 
 duced, reprefented in its natural bignefs 5 
 by the microfcope; with the manner of its carrying its legs, 
 
 and alfo as it appears when magnified 
 by a moft wonder fub. 
 
 contrivance, in its mouth; and of its breathing by the tail. 
 
 Tas. XXXIX. Fic.1. a. 
 
 HIS Worm, viewed with the naked 
 eye, appears to confift of twelve annu- 
 lar divifions, ¢, by which it is feparated into a 
 head, thorax, and belly; but as the ftomach 
 and inteftines lie equally in the two, the thorax 
 and belly, their bounds are fcarce perceivable, 
 until the infeé&t, ftill cloathed in the Worm’s 
 
 fkin, approaches the Nymph-ftate. 
 
 The parts moft worthy of notice, that the 
 naked eye can difcern in this Worm, are its 
 tail and its fnout. The tail is furnifhed with 
 an elegant crown 4 or circle of hair, difpofed 
 quite round it in an almoft annular form; by 
 
 means of which, while the Worm moves itfelf 
 
 in the water, this tail can fupport itfelf on the 
 furface, the body all the time hanging down 
 towards the bottom ; and fometimes it remains 
 _ thus a long while, without the leaft fenfible 
 motion. The fnout is divided, as it were, into 
 the three parts, c, of which that in the middle 
 is altogether immoveable; whereas the two 
 others, which grow at the fides of the former, 
 yibrate in a-very fingular manner, and, in ap- 
 pearance, are very like the tongues of Lizards 
 and Serpents. The. greateft ftrength of the 
 5 . 
 
 Worm is likewife feated in thefe lateral parts 
 of its fnout: it is by means of thefe it crawls, 
 when out of the water, fo that one would 
 imagine it walked with its mouth. Parrots, 
 whofe upper and under jaws are both move- 
 able, enjoy; in the fame manner, the privilege 
 of ufing their beaks with fuch force, in climb- 
 ing, that they have the greateft advantage from 
 it. In the fame manner this Worm, as often 
 as it can lay hold of any thing with thofe parts 
 that Ihave been fpeaking of, appears to move, 
 as it were, entirely by the help of its fnout, 
 Thefe parts, however, do not conftitute its 
 mouth, as I thall prefently fhew. 
 
 When the Worm, being thus fupported on 
 the furface of the Water by means of its tail, 
 has a mind to fink to the bottom, it generally 
 bends the hairs of that part a little towards 
 each other in the middle, and much more 
 forcibly at the extremities, without difturbing 
 them in the leaft about the roots, By this 
 means a hollow is formed ; and the air, pent 
 up in it, Jooks like a pearl, Tab. XXXIX. Fig. 
 11. a It is by the help of this bubble that 
 the infe can again gently raife itfelf to the 
 furface of the water, and there remain fut- 
 
 ‘[pended. 
 
The H bS ‘TORY 
 
 pended: The fame thing has been obferved 
 in thofe Worms that produce Gnats. If at any 
 time the air fhould happen to efcape from be- 
 tween the hairs forming this bubble, the infec 
 has the power of immediately replacing it, by 
 a new fupply from its pulmonary tubes; and 
 fometimes even large quantities of air are feen 
 to arife in bubbles from the tail of this Worm, 
 4, to the furface of the water, and mix with 
 the incumbent atmofphere. This is owing to 
 the water's being fo much heavier than air ; it 
 being natural for things, though heavy in 
 themfelves, to afcend, in order to make way 
 for thofe that are more fo. 
 
 This extraordinary operation may be eafily 
 feen at any time, by putting the Worm into a 
 glafs full of water, and it affords a very enter- 
 taining {pectacle ; for the air-bubble, enclofed 
 in the tail, looks like a little tranfparent filver 
 bladder. Ihave four fpecies of this Worm, 
 and of the Fly that is produced from it, all 
 differing in fize and colour; but without any 
 other confiderable diftinétion. 
 
 As all I have as yet faid concerning this 
 Worm, which produces the Afilus-fly, can 
 give but an imperfect idea of it, I thall exhibit 
 it alfo as it appears through the microfcope ; 
 and, at the fame time, defcribe its external and 
 internal parts. Thus the reader will be enabled 
 clearly to comprehend the defign and ufe of 
 thofe little parts, which are fituated near the 
 tail and the mouth; as alfo, after what manner 
 its lungs receive the air, which is both admitted 
 and difcharged by the tail. Finally, I fhall 
 make it evident, that thofe are really the in- 
 fect’s legs which are feen moving near its 
 mouth, like the tongues of Serpents. 
 
 F iG. It. 
 
 On examining the external figure of this 
 Worm with a microfcope, it appears to be a 
 little pointed forwards about the head ; and its 
 thorax, or that part of it which we may con- 
 fider as fuch, is fomewhat broader. The body 
 again grows {maller, and converges at the ab- 
 domen ; till at laft it ends in a fharp tail, ele- 
 gantly furrounded with hairs, in the form of 
 the rays of a ftar. 
 
 This Worm, the head and tail included, has 
 twelve annular divifions, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; 
 8, 9,10, 15,12. Its fkin refembles the cover- 
 ing of thofe animals which Nature has pro- 
 vided with a cruftaceous habit, much more 
 than it does that of Worms, or of the naked 
 Caterpillars. It is moderately hard, and, like 
 that rough fkin called chagreen, it is thick fet 
 with an infinite number of {mall grains, pretty 
 evenly diftributed. Thefe grains lie fo clofe 
 together, that there is not to be found the leaft 
 vacant fpace between them; and they are 
 fmaller in thofe parts, where the rings of the 
 abdomen are pointed to each other, than upon 
 the middle of the rings. This difpofition ren- 
 ders the fkin more flexible, and confequently 
 facilitates the turnings, and other motions, of 
 the Worm’s body. The true conftruction of 
 thefe grains is feen, on viewing them with the 
 greateft magnifier, Fig.1v. and I give a fepa- 
 
 of IN 8 BO.T §. Ag 
 
 rate drawing of them upon a {mall portion of 
 the fkin. This figure alfo fhews us how the 
 fkin, a, looks in the interftices of thofe grains. 
 Thofe grains are very thick, and convex in the 
 middle, 4: near their edges they appear as 
 confifting of many rings, c, which join each 
 other ; and form a great many irrecular points; 
 d, fo as to add great ftrength and firmnef$ to 
 the grains themfelves. The fubftance of thofe 
 grains is avery firm horny bone; and I make 
 no doubt but the {kin of this Worm might be 
 made ufe of, in turning, to polifh the harder 
 woods, as ebony and box, in the fame manner 
 that the fkin called chagreen, juft now taken 
 notice of, is fuccefsfully applied to the fame 
 purpofe. 
 
 There are alfo nine puna refpiratoria, 
 breathing-holes, or points of refpiration, on 
 each fide of this Worm’s body ;" but I here re- 
 prefent only twelve of them, nine at one fide, 
 and three at the other. There are no fuch 
 holes vifible on the outfide of the tail, Fig. 111. 
 4; nor in the third ring,scounting from the 
 head: for the tail has, at its extremity, open- 
 ings for the admiffion and expulfion of air, as 
 already taken notice; and in the third ring the 
 breathing-holes only appear under the {kin, 
 and are very fmall, as it is hereabouts the em- 
 bryo wings of the future Fly lie concealed. It 
 is very remarkable, that this Worm fhould have 
 but. one ting without thofe breathing-holes ; 
 whereas Caterpillars always have two without 
 them. ‘The reafon of this difference feems to 
 be, that moft Caterpillars change to Flies with 
 two pairs of wings; whereas the Worm, un- 
 der our confideration, «changes to a Fly that 
 has but a fingle pair. 
 
 Above thefe pulmonary openings, there be- 
 fides appear a great many ‘black fpots; but 
 they are much fmaller than thofe formed by the 
 breathing-holes.. Thefe leffer {pots feem in- 
 tended merely for ornament. They fhed a 
 fkin, fo that they are ftill feen in the infect, 
 when arrived at the Nymph-ftate. 
 
 The fkin has only three colours: it is 
 adorned with oblong black furrows, {pots of a 
 little lighter colour, and orbicular rings; from 
 the middle of which there generally fprings a 
 hair. In the figure before us, only the hairs 
 
 ‘ that grow on the infect’s fides are reprefented, 
 
 Tab. XXXIX. Fig. mr. 64; for to exhibit 
 them all, would require too large «a drawing. 
 Befides the hairs already mentioned, there are 
 here and there fome other larger hairs, ¢c. 
 All the variety of colours perceivable in this 
 infe&t, proceeds from this; that the colour of 
 the grains is {omewhat deeper or paler in fome 
 places than in others; for there is no material 
 difference between them, in point of fize. 
 According, therefore, as the number of grains 
 is greater or lefs, or the colour of them is 
 darker or lighter, the furrows and rings are of 
 a deeper or paler colour. . 
 
 The head of this Worm, d, is, as it were, 
 divided into three parts, and covered with a 
 fkin, the grains on which are hardly dif- 
 cernible. ‘The eyes, ee, lie forwards near the 
 
 {nout, 
 
46 The- BOOK of 
 fsout, and are fomewhat protuberant. It has 
 likewife two little horns, 77, on the fore-part 
 of its head. The fnout itfelf is fomewhat 
 crooked, and ends in a very tharp point, f; but 
 what is altogether fingular and furprifing, and 
 no doubt, if 1 may fay fo, is moft wifely con- 
 trived by the Great and Almighty Architect, is, 
 that this infect’s legs are placed near the fnout, 
 between the finufes in which the eyes gg are 
 
 fixed: fo that, at firft fight, 1 imagined this 
 
 Worm made ufe of its {nout, as Parrots do of 
 of their bill, to faften upon whatever it pleafed, 
 and move itfelf from one place to another ; 
 but I have fince learned by experience, that 
 thofe parts are real legs, which is altogether as 
 furprifing as if a fmall_ pair of hands, one on 
 each fide, fhould be feen growing in a man 
 from the infide of his jaw-bones *. 
 Each of thofe legs confifts of three joints ; 
 “the outermoft of which is’ covered with hard 
 and ftiff hairs, like briftles. From the next 
 joint there fprings a little horny bone, 44, 
 which ferves the infect for.a kind of thumb: 
 the joint itfelf is likewife of a black fubftanee, 
 between bone and horn in hardnefs ; and fo is 
 the third joint. But thefe particulars cannot 
 be fo well. diftinguifhed on the outfide; for 
 which reafon the parts that form the upper 
 fides of the mouth, and the eyes, muft firft be 
 difplaced with a very fine fmall knife. This 
 done, we may plainly peréeive, by the help of 
 a microfcope, that the leg is articulated by 
 means of fome fingular ligaments, with that 
 portion of the infe@’s mouth, which anfwers 
 to the lower jaw in the human ftructure. We 
 may alfo, by this method, difcover the mufcles 
 which ferve to move the legs, and draw them 
 quite up into the cavity that lies between the 
 {nout and thofe parts of the mouth, near which 
 the horns, 77, are fituated. 
 
 I have taken the pains to draw five of thofe 
 mufcles adminiftering to the infeét’s leg, which 
 are very diftiné. Three of them, Fig. v. a, 
 are continued by their ‘tendons, in form of a 
 black fubftance between bone and horn; and 
 after this, growing fofter, are inferted 4 into the 
 infide of the greateft joint of the leg, which is 
 of the fame kind of fubftance with the tendon. 
 The other two mufcles, c, had their infertions 
 on the oppofite fide of the fame joint. The 
 mutcles which move the other joint, d, are in- 
 ferted into that large horny joint already men- 
 tioned ; and in this joint alfo are to be feen the 
 latent mufcles, which move the extreme joint 
 of the leg, e, with its briftles, and its thumb, 
 which I here likewife reprefent, f. This figure 
 fhews, at the fame time, in what manner the 
 foot is furrounded with hair. This infect not 
 only walks with the legs I have been defcribing, 
 at the bottom of the water, but even moves 
 itfelf on land by means of them. It likewife 
 makes ufe of them to fwim with, while it 
 keeps its tail on the furface contiguous to the 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 air, and hangs downwards, with the reft of its 
 body in the water. In this fituation, no mo- 
 tion can be perceived in it, but what arifes 
 from its legs. At this time alfo it plies them 
 fo elegantly, that, to the naked eye, they ap~ 
 pear like the vibrating tongues of Serpents. 
 Hence we may conclude, that the greateft 
 ftrength of this Worm lies in thefe parts; and 
 we may be likewife convinced, that it exhibits 
 in a fingular manner, and move fully than 
 many other animals, the wonderful contrivance 
 and exeeution of the Divine Power and Wif- 
 dom. . 
 
 The fnout itfelf, Tab. XXXIX. Fig. vi. a, 
 is very black, and of a fubftance between bone 
 and horn. ‘This may beft be feen by turning 
 the infeét on its back: in this fituation alfo we 
 can difcover the crooked point of the fnout, 4, 
 near which the jaws open themfelves, c, and 
 offer to our fight the gullet or throat, and all 
 the other parts of the mouth. Here likewife 
 we may obferve three membranaceous divi-. 
 fions in the fnout, two of them running tran 
 verfely, one at each fide, dd; and the third 
 ftretched lengthwife between both: by means _ 
 
 or, 
 
 of thefe divifions, affifted by the mufcles con- _ 
 tained in the fnout, the Worm can at pleafure — 
 expand or contract that part. But the back- — 
 
 part of the fnout, ¢, is quite folid, and made 
 up of a black fubftance between bone and 
 horn, and of a rounded and fomewhat globular 
 form ; whereas the fharp part that lies forward, 
 which I have before reprefented on the fore- 
 part of the head, Fig. 111. f, is hollow. 
 
 The tail is moft artfully imagined and con- 
 ftruéted. Its extreme verge, or border, is fur- 
 rounded by thirty hairs, and the fides of them 
 are adorned with others that are fmaller. Here 
 and there alfo, fome of the bigger hairs branch 
 out into others, each of which I reckon as a 
 fingle hair. Thefe hairs are all rooted in the 
 extreme fkin- of the tail, which, in this place, 
 is alfo covered with rough grains; as may be 
 feen by cutting it off, and holding it up, when 
 dry, againft the light, upon a thin plate of 
 glafs. It appears likewife, by the fame means, 
 that the hairs of this part have, at their very 
 extremities, grains alfo, like thofe upon the 
 fkin; though I could never yet get a diftiné 
 fight of them through the beft microfcopes. 
 In the middle of the tail is a little opening, 
 within which there are two fmall holes; by 
 which the infect takes in and lets out the air it _ 
 breathes. It feldom happens, that the hairs 
 of the tail are fo regularly difpofed on the fur- 
 face of the water, as] have here reprefented _ 
 them, unlefs when the Worm but juft floats 
 with its body in the water, and the tail with 
 the hairs belonging to it are a little lower than 
 the furface ; for then thefe hairs difplay their 
 
 _ extremities, in the diftin@ manner that I have 
 
 here reprefented them: and the leaft motion 
 downwards of the tail, at this time, occafions 
 
 * Thefe fingular and amazing Worms are very common with us in fhallow ftanding waters. I found millions of them this year in 
 a pond, in a field acrofs the road on the right hand of Liffon-Green, near Paddington. ‘They will live many weeks in a glafs of 
 water, and fhew all their amazing qualities; confirming, in every inftance, the accuracy and truth of this author’s accounts. A mi- 
 crofeope fhews very beautifully the motion of their inteftines; and few infects afford a more beautiful object. 
 
 4. 
 
 a con- 
 
 } 
 x 
 ; 
 ji 
 
 + sae 
 
 iby 
 
 « ~ 
 “aT 
 
 tae 
 ae A 
 D lene: - 
 
 = 
 
 ts 
 
 4 
 
4 
 
 The, AH. & SeToO; Re YS of I NS EB ET 9, 
 
 a confiderable pit or hollow in the water; 
 whilft the tail itfelf aflumes the figure of a 
 
 glafs, wide at top, and ending at the bottom 
 
 ina point. Hence it is manifeft, that this tail 
 ferves the Worm for both the purpofes of 
 fwimming and breathing. _Thus then, O won- 
 der of wonders! this creature receives by its 
 tail the univerfal principle of life and motion 
 in animals. And the better to anfwer fuch an 
 
 aS ER 
 
 47 
 
 important ufe, thofe hairs are fo myfterioufly 
 conftructed, that, let them lie under water 
 ever fo long, they never contraét any moifture, 
 the water running off of them the very mo- 
 ment they reach the furface. Another advan- 
 tage the Worm has in thefe hairs, is, that, 
 when fwimming, it can by means of them 
 immediately ftop itfelf, and fo remain quietly 
 {ufpended in the water as long as it pleafes. 
 
 IT. 
 
 Of the aétions or motions of this Worm; the places where it is found, its food, 
 and the manner of killing it for diffection. 
 
 HE motions which this Worm makes 
 
 in {wimming are extremely beautiful, 
 efpecially when it advances with its whole 
 body floating on the furface of the water, after 
 filling itfelf with air by the tail. To fet out 
 in this pofture, it firft bends its body to the 
 right or left; then contracts it in form of the 
 letter (S); and laftly, or lying flat upon its 
 belly, it ftretches out the body again to a 
 ftraight line. By thefe alternate bendings, con- 
 tractions, and extenfions, it moves along upon 
 the furface of the water; and as its motions 
 are very flow, it will hold out for a long time 
 in this manner. 
 
 Thefe Worms are no way difturbed on 
 being handled in the water; though they can- 
 not fuffer the touch of other Worms, even 
 thofe of their own {fpecies, without agitation, 
 when {wimming amongft each other. From 
 this circumftance we may conjecture, that they 
 are provided with a ready inftinct to difcover 
 whether what comes in their way is likely to 
 do them any harm. Be that as it will, I drew 
 great advantages from this quiet difpofition of 
 the infect, as it afforded me the better oppor- 
 tunities of examining it by the microfcope, and 
 making a fatisfactory figure of it. 
 
 At the time when thefe Worms float on the 
 furface of the water, it is impoffible to drive 
 them under it, fo as to make them continue 
 there, on account of the great quantity of air 
 with which they are then {welled. But on ex- 
 pelling this air by the tail, they of themfelves 
 immediately fink to the bottom; nor can they 
 again make themfelves float on the furface of 
 the water, till, having rifen to it, they expand 
 the hairs of their tail, and take in another 
 draught of air. 
 
 On taking thefe Worms out of the water, 
 all their motion feems confined to the head, 
 becaufe it is only by the help of their legs, 
 which are fituated there, that they can ftir in 
 this fituation. But as it is neceflary, for that 
 purpofe, that the head fhould bend at the fame 
 time, one, would, at firft, imagine they make 
 ufe of their mouth to walk with ; whereas, in 
 reality, their progrefs is entirely effected by the 
 feet only. 
 
 Thefe Worms are to be found about the 
 beginning of June, fooner or later, according 
 
 as the fummer is more or lefs warm, both in 
 falt and freth waters. Sometimes great num- 
 bers of them offer themfelves, as it were, of 
 their own accord to our inquiry; whilft in 
 other years, it is no eafy matter to mect with 
 them. They are common enough in the 
 ditches of grazing grounds, efpecially in fuch 
 parts of thofe ditches as here and there con- 
 tain little patches, or iflands, covered with 
 grafs and other plants, through which, and 
 upon it, thefe Worms love to crawl. They 
 are often too, to be feen in the cracks of our 
 ditch-banks, where they float upon the furface 
 of the water, by means of their tail, with 
 head and thorax hanging down: and in this 
 fituation they will turn over the clay and dirt 
 with their feet and their fnouts, as thofe parts 
 are fo near each other, in fearch of food. 
 
 It is thus thefe Worms look out for their 
 nourifhment, which is principally a kind of 
 vifcous matter, to be met with in little pools, 
 and about the fides of ditches; for thefe in- 
 feéts are never feen in large and deep waters, 
 fo that, whenever it happens that the ditches 
 are quite full, the Worms, to come at their 
 food, either betake themfelves to the bottom, 
 or venture on fhore, in queft of fomething to 
 live upon. It is very remarkable in thefe in- 
 fects, that, when they lie under water, they 
 very often drive air into the cavity formed by 
 the hairs of their tail ; which cavity, on being 
 thus blown up, looks like a tranfparent pearl 
 moving in the waters; at the fame time that, 
 by becoming the lighteft part of the infect, it 
 keeps uppermoft, and thereby affords the feet 
 and the {nout a better opportunity of providing 
 for the infect’s fupport. 
 
 This little infe@t is exceeding harmlefs ; it 
 neither bites or wounds, or otherwife does any 
 mifchief ; contrary tothe opinion, one might at 
 firft fight be apt to form of it, on account of the 
 
 _ furprifing vibrations of the legs, placed in its 
 
 head, which fo much refemble the brandifhings 
 of an envenomed tongue or fting: but fuch no- 
 tions appear altogether -wrong on further examina 
 tion; for the opening of the infeét’s-mouth, at 
 which it fucks in its food, is feated within the 
 bending of its fharp pointed and crooked fnout. 
 I find that clay and foft earth ate the food of 
 this infect; though I have likewife — 
 oun 
 
4.8 
 found in it, on diffection, little red ftones, and 
 {mal} grains of {and intermixed: I am not able 
 to explain, on account of the narrownefs of this 
 infee’s mouth, how it could poffibly take in fuch 
 large and hard fabftances. ‘This induces me to 
 think, that it only fucks in the fubtile vifcous par- 
 ticles of earth, mud, and clay, which afterwards 
 undergo various mutations in the ftomach, as I 
 thall hereafter endeavour to fhew, in the anato- 
 my of this Worm, and the Nymph produced 
 by it, where I fhall alfo relate the manner how 
 the very inteftines of this infect caft their fkins. 
 I have tried many methods of killing thefe 
 Worms, in order to examine them anatomically. 
 Spirit of wine does not fo well anfwer this pur- 
 pofe; for they live in it a day and night, or per- 
 haps longer; but I cannot affirm any thing pofi- 
 tively on this head, as I grew tired of wafting 
 my time, that I could otherwife fo well employ, 
 in watching them. Some of them that I threw 
 into rain water, after taking them out of the fpi- 
 rit of wine, together with others, continued alive 
 feveral days, till I had opened them all, while 
 living, in order to view their parts, and found 
 myfelf under a neceflity of looking out for a frefh 
 fapply. In vinegar alfo thefe infects held out a 
 long time, and they moved more brifkly in it, 
 than in water; they would fometimes alfo crawl 
 
 CHA 
 
 The anatomy of this Worm, giving an account of its teeth, fromach, inteftines, [a- 
 lival veffels, pulmonary tubes, fat, heart, 
 
 HE internal parts of the Worm, which pro- 
 duces the Afilus or Gad-fly, are the teeth, 
 
 gullet, ftomach, thick and flender inteftines, fa- 
 lival veflels, pulmonary tubes, fat, heart, brain, 
 {pinal marrow, nerves and mutcles; each of which 
 I fhall now feparately defcribe. The teeth are 
 feated in the back part of the mouth, as in many 
 fithes, fo as to enable the infec, after it has 
 taken in any food, to grind it properly before it gets 
 down into the ftomach. I have by me fpeci- 
 mens of Hermit-fifh, and large Crabs, which 
 have teeth in the very cavity of the ftomach. 
 The teeth of the infe& now under confidera- 
 tion, are of a fubftance between bone and horn, 
 and their furface is in many places rough and 
 unequal ; but thefe afperites are not confiderable 
 enough to be taken notice of in the figure. The 
 gullet isa very flender channel, running from 
 the jaws and mouth to the ftomach, through 
 a fiffure or opening in the fpinal marrow, con- 
 trived on purpofe to give it free paflage: this 
 is likewife the cafe in many other infects. For 
 this reafon, the brain of this Worm lies, as it 
 were, upon the fore-region of the ftomach.. The 
 {tomach itfelf appears as a {mall membranaceous 
 particle, and is found full of the half-digefted 
 food, on killing the Worm, in fpirit of turpen- 
 tine, as foon as it is caught, and then diflecting 
 “it, The flender inteftines alfo appear, on this oc- 
 cafion, filled with the fame fubftance. _ In this 
 {pecies of Worms, the ftomach and flender in- 
 
 The BOOK of N'A-T-U’ R-E3% ors 
 
 out of it, Some of them endured this trial for 
 
 two days and a night, and fome a longer time, 
 whilft others expired fooner. But hardy as their 
 conftitution may be, they die in fpirit of tur- 
 pentine in lefs than a quarter of an hour. It 
 is very curious to obferve, at this time, how the 
 air contained in them remains, in appearance, 
 fixed between their hairs, and the divifions of their 
 body, fo as perfectly to imitate the appearance, 
 as it were, of tranfparent filver. 
 
 The induftrious Goedaert, as far as Ican guefs 
 by his drawings, give us one of this Worm ; as 
 alfo a defcription of it in the firft part, and {e- 
 ventieth experiment of his natural metamorpho- 
 fis; but he forgets to tell us whether it belongs 
 to land or water: nor is there among all his ob- 
 fervations concerning it, any thing remarkable, 
 except its being able to live for nine months with- 
 out food. On this account he calls it the Chame- 
 
 leon, impofed upon by the vulgar opinions of —— ~ 
 
 the land-animal of that name, living entirely 
 upon air. 
 
 We have likewife, in the learned Aldrovan. 
 
 dus, a figure and a defcription of this Worm, 
 under the name of the Water Inteftine. But 
 this author knew nothing of its changing to a 
 Fly, or of the other furprifing particularities, 
 which I have obferved in it. 
 
 P.> iL 
 
 brain and mufcles. —— 
 
 teftines are about five Dutch inches in length ; or 
 to ufe Mr. Thevenot’s method, they are equal 
 to five rows of regular cells of Bees, built one 
 againft another, five in a row. Mr. 'Thevenot 
 imagined, that by means of fuch cells, an uni- 
 verfal meafure for all nations might be difcovered, 
 fappofing fuch cells were every where equally 
 regular, and of an equal bignefs. I muft here 
 obferve, that there is very little difference 
 between the ftomach and inteftines of this in- 
 fect. 
 
 Towards the extremity of the flender intef- 
 tines are four vafcula varicofa, or caca, or little 
 guts or appendages clofed at the end: thefe are 
 fituated equally in the abdomen and thorax, 
 which fometimes contain an aqueous fluid, and 
 
 fometimes a bright white fubftance, like coagu- 
 
 lated milk or new cheefe, when beginning to 
 crumble to peices. ‘Thefe four little inteftines 
 are full twice.as long asthe real guts of the crea- 
 ture, and they form a great many uncommon 
 turnings and windings in the thorax and abdo- 
 men, {fo that it requires no fmall pains and at- 
 tention to difcover and feparate them. In the 
 next place are the large inteftines, which here 
 and there {well out into nodules, as it were, and 
 are filled with clay, red particles of ftone, grains 
 of fand of different fizes, and other fimilar fub- 
 ftances, ~All thefe particulars will appear to 
 greater advantage in the figure which I propofe 
 
 to give of the Nymph’s inteftines, accompanie 
 with 
 
 DS Rtas ee TSS Te Seabees, beet kcepes Sad cas 
 
 Sees . : oa oA , 4) 
 Sere TOM EN ETS PETES p STE Peay 
 
Seo? tee ead oe kt ee 
 
 The. A PSST CORR 
 
 with a defcription of the nature of the fand or 
 gravel which are found in thofe parts, 
 
 The falival veffels, Tab. XX XIX. Fig. VII. @. 
 are two channels, clofed at their ends, They 
 are of a membranaceous tranfparent fubftance, 
 and are feated in the thorax, where they make 
 a great many windings and turnings. In colour 
 they refemble frefh curds, on account of their 
 contents which appear through them; and ac- 
 cordingly, on their being cut, nothing freely 
 flaws from them, the matter they contain being 
 quite coagulated. The falival veffels unite at 
 Jaft, fo asto form only one, 4, which terminates 
 at the mouth, to which it is inferted upon in the 
 back part of it. Near this infertion appear two 
 {mall particles, cc, which very much refemble 
 little mufcles. As I never met with any fluid 
 matter in the veflels I have been laft defcribing, 
 I cannot take upon me to fay ary thing pofi- 
 tively, concerning the ufe which the Worm may 
 make of them, though I called them falival vef- 
 felves, becaufe fuch channels are very remarkable 
 in other Worms, and alfo in {nails. They ap- 
 pear even in the Nymph of the Worm now be- 
 fore us, and afterwards in the Fly, in which 
 they are ftretched out to their full length, and 
 after pervading the thorax, they terminate in the 
 abdomen, being remarkably broad at their ex- 
 tremities, if compared with their condition, as 
 they were in the original Worms; this makes 
 me believe, that thefe veflels do really, at laft, 
 perform in the Fly, the office of falival duéts. 
 "The mouth, Fig, vir. d, at the bottom of which 
 thofe falival ducts terminate, is here reprefented 
 without the eyes, becaufe, in diffecting this 
 Worm, both the eyes, and thofe parts which 
 conititute the fides of the head, very eafily fe- 
 parate from the mouth. 
 
 There is no part of this Worm without its 
 pulmonary tubes *. They confift of two very 
 confpicuous and confiderable tubes, Tab. XL. 
 Fig.1. aa, which are compofed, as it were, of flat- 
 tifh rings, and are much wider in the middle 
 than at the back or fore extremity, which runs 
 towards the tail. Thefe tubes are feated on the 
 fides of the infect’s body, where they unite with 
 the puna refpiratoria, or breathing holes. It is 
 probable, however, that the infect does not make 
 ufe of them for breathing, till it is arrived at the 
 Fly-{tate, when it lives in the air; fo that thefe 
 channels remain clofed, till the infe€t comes to 
 live in another manner, juft as the afpera arteria 
 of a foetus continues clofed, as long as it lies in 
 the amnion, and furrounding waters, The pul- 
 monary tubes are diftributed all over the body ; 
 they even penetrate the bowels, brains and-nerves, 
 in order to fupply every part with this vivifying 
 fluid. Great multitudes of them are to be feen 
 in the fame place with the optic nerves, and the 
 increafing membranes of the eyes, 4, and they 
 gradually enlarge, in order to contribute to the 
 formation of eyes in the Nymph, and afterwards 
 anfwer all the purpofes of fuch parts in the Fly. 
 
 of INSECTS, . 49 
 
 Here and there thefe tubes meet, and unité toce- 
 ther from the parts, ¢c, efpecially about the fides 
 of the body, dddddd, where one may per- 
 ceive a general anaftomofis of them one with 
 another, by means of their common intermedi- 
 ate branches, ftretching from one breathing hole 
 to another ; from hence {pring an infinite num- 
 ber of ramifications, adminiftering to the mem- 
 branes and mufcles of the fkin, which I here 
 mark with points, eee ¢, and likewife to the in- 
 ternal parts, At laft, the principal channels end 
 at the feet, f, by two diftin& tubes opening into 
 one paflage, -where they ferve to take in air for 
 the creature’s ufe, and alternately expel it, as has 
 been already fhewn in the external furvey of that 
 part, as the faid tubes appear very plainly through 
 the tranfparent fkin of the infe&. 
 
 The largeft of thefe pulmonary tubes are fuf- 
 ficiently confpicuous ; and they are compofed of 
 crooked rings, and are alfo fomewhat flat, as I 
 already mentioned, Tab. XL. Fig.1r.¢¢. On 
 ftretching a piece of thefe tubes, thofe rings 
 which compofe them, feparate very readily, fo 
 as to roll out to the length of two or three fpans, 
 and then they look very pretty, being like an ex- 
 tended {crew, or an untwifted {piral, or a filver 
 wire that had been wound up upon a needle, 3, 
 This filver-like thread, of which the rings are 
 formed, is almoft as ftrong as the thread fpun by 
 the Silkworm, on breaking, it fnaps with a 
 crack that is very perceptible. 
 
 The fat, Fig. 111. a, is diftributed all over the 
 Worm’s body, fo as to be met with in the head, 
 as well as in the abdomen and thorax. It is as 
 white as the pureft fnow, except at the tail, 
 where it generally inclines to bea little green. As 
 to its textute, I don’t well know how to dcfcribe 
 it, on account of the ftrange variety, in point of 
 configuration of the particles that compofe it; 
 for they are round, 4, oblong, ¢, broad, d, angu- 
 lar, e, pyriform, or in the fhape of a pear, £5 
 and of almoft every other imaginable fhape. This 
 fat is moft firmly united with the pulmonary 
 tubes that run through it, g; fothat I believe ie 
 ferves, in the fame manner with the Omentumi 
 or Cawl in man, to bind together the blood-vef- 
 fels, and convey them in fafety to their feveral 
 deftinations. This fat, if laid on a piece of glafs, 
 and held to a candle, melts like oi], and imme- 
 diately flames ; this proves, that it is really what 
 I have called it. ‘Thefe particles, in regard to 
 the vefiels contained in them, might be called 
 vafa adipofa, or fat veflels; but fuch a name 
 would be improper for them. This fat in thé 
 Nymph and Fly, retains nothing of its original 
 form, as may be feen by examining it in the 
 Worm where it exhibits foentertaining a fight, that 
 it is impoffible for words to give a juft idea of it. 
 
 Not only the form of the heart, Fig. rv. a 
 in this Worm, but its pulfations alfo may be 
 feen through the fkin, under the third ring, 
 counting from the head; but this is a great 
 deal more perceptible in the Nymph, when 
 
 ; j 
 * The number of thefe pulmonary veffels in the generality of infects is aftonifhing, and it is fo alfo in plants. They not only ap. 
 pear confpicuous in all parts of them, but the greater part of the ftalk in May is compofed of them; this is particularly obfervable int 
 the ftalks of bulbous plants: and in the fame manner we fee it in the infeét-tribe moft plain, and the tubes: moft numerops, and di- 
 
 vided in the fofteft fpecies. 
 
 5 
 
 N {tripped 
 
ftripped of its outer covering ; for at that time 
 the motion of the heart appeared to me fo plain, 
 and was withal fo confiderable, that I faw it dif- 
 place a particle of fat in one of its vibrations. 
 The end of this powerful organ, when it is 
 fattened to the tail, is a little fharp and nar- 
 row, but here and there it dilates itfelf, Tab. 
 XL. Fig. 1v. aa. Towards the head it gra- 
 dually widens 44, and then clofes again into 
 a natrow channel ¢c, in which form, after paf- 
 fing through the abdomen and thorax, it pur- 
 fues its courfe towards the head, where it is 
 intimately united with the membranes of the 
 brain. ‘Thus, in regard of figure, the heart of 
 this Worm nearly reprefents the Worm itfelf, 
 except the part next the head, being a great 
 deal narrower, and that next the tail, dilating 
 itfelf here and there, as in Silkworms. 
 
 On opening either the Worm or Nymph, the 
 motion of the heart prefently ceafes ; and if 
 it did not, the particles of fat with which it is 
 furrounded, would hinder us from feeing it. 
 For this reafon, the beft time for examining the 
 heart of this infeét, is when it has attained the 
 Fly-ftate : or if we choofe to do it in the Worm, 
 
 we ought firft to leave it for fome time in fpi- 
 
 rit of wine, that the fat may gradually diffolve 
 and wafte away ; but at this time, the heart is 
 fo delicate as not to fuffer any air to get into it. 
 In the beginning, I really thought I {hould ne- 
 ver be able to difcover or difclofe this part ; and 
 T muft own, that human ignorance and weak- 
 nefs never appeared fo evident to me, as during 
 my furvey of this little infect; for with all my 
 attention and diligence, I found it impoffible 
 to examine it as minutely as I propofed, tho’ 
 I {pared no time to get the better of all the dif- 
 ficulties that oppofed my inquiry ; the won- 
 ders I difcovered in it, being but a {mall part 
 of thofe accumulated miracles I have here re- 
 lated. ‘This my infufficiency has made me 
 very often, in the courfe of my inquiries, break 
 out within myfelf into the following words :--- 
 O God, thy works infinitely furpafs the reach 
 of our feeble underftandings ; all that we ac- 
 tually know of them, or ever can know, is 
 but a faint and lifelefs fhadow of thy adorable 
 perfeGtions. The brighteft underftandings fail 
 in the contemplation of them, and are obliged 
 to confefs, that all this boafted penetration is 
 but fhort-fightednefs, when employed in fa- 
 thoming the depths of that power, goodnefs, 
 and wifdom it has pleafed thee to exert in the 
 loweft parts of thy creation ! 
 
 The truth of thefe words evidently appears 
 by the conftruction of the brain, fpinal mar- 
 row, and nerves of the Worm here under con- 
 fideration, which I am now going to defcribe ; 
 for this conftru@ion is fo wonderful, that I 
 doubt very much, whether any thing equal to 
 it was ever before obferved in. any animal. 
 The brain confifts of two globular lobes, Tab. 
 XL. Fig. v.aa. Thefe lie upon the gullet ; 
 
 ot N AGH Re of, 
 
 and for this purpofe nature has contrived a flit 
 é in the fpinal marrow for the gullet to pafs 
 through. ,On the forepart of the head appear 
 the membranaceous parts of the eyes cc, which 
 gradually expand themfelves along with the 
 optic nerves that are to ferve the fucceeding 
 Fly, and grow till they are arrived at their juft 
 period of increafe. Inthe mean time, thefe 
 membranaceous rudiments of the Fly's eyes 
 are curled and folded up, and cannot be feen 
 but very imperfectly, becaufe the infect has not 
 as yet attained its Nymph-ftate, in which at 
 laft all thefe parts unfold themfelves, and be- 
 come very difcernible. 
 
 The {pinal marrow confifts of eleven no- 
 dules dd, which form the moft elegant fpeéta- 
 cle that nature ever exhibited; for it is bent fo 
 as to refemble a {wine’s tail, and runs as it. were 
 in curls from one end toanother. This curl- 
 ing may be ftill confiderably increafed by cutting 
 the nerves. The figure I give of this part does 
 not exprefs all the windings of the origi- 
 nal, the better to exhibit the eleven nodules, 
 from whence all the other nerves take their 
 rife ; for all the nerves of the infect arife from 
 the brain, the fpinal marrow, and thefe no- 
 dules. In the firft place we are to name thofe 
 nerves which tend to the forepart of the head, 
 and running under the membranaceous rudi- 
 ments of the future eyes ee, are diftributed to 
 the gullet, the jaws, the mouth, and palate, 
 to the Worm’s eyes, the mufcles of the legs, 
 and parts thereabouts. Next are the nerves f 
 which extend to the fides of the infect’s body. 
 Laftly, there appears a confiderable number of 
 them gg, that {pring on each fide from the 
 eleven nodules of the fpinal marrow. To avoid 
 confufion, I have omitted fome of them in the 
 figure ; the laft mentioned ramificatiens go to 
 the ftomach, inteftines, mufcles of the fkin, 
 and all the other internal parts, which they 
 fupply with motion, fenfe, and life. But how 
 is it poffible to defcribe the {pirits contained in 
 thofe nerves, and the manner in which the fe- 
 cretion of fuch {pirits is performed ? For my 
 part, I freely acknowledge, that as yet I have 
 not been able to difcover for what purpofe the 
 medulla fpinalis is curled up in this infea, 
 while a Worm, in fo ftrange, but elegant a 
 manner ;* whereas in the Nymph, and after- 
 wards in the Fly, though neither of them are 
 fo long as the original Worm, it appears ftretch- 
 
 ed out to its full length. It is in the eleven no- * 
 
 dules that the alteration is moft confiderable, 
 for thefe in the Nymph and Fly (O incompre- 
 henfible wonder!) are found at a greater dif- 
 tance from each other, than they were in the 
 Worm. ‘The nerves, on the contrary, from ly- 
 ing at full length in the Worm, are curled up 
 and folded in the Nymph and Fly, and are 
 otherwife altered in a moft furprifing manner, 
 as I fhall hereafter explain by a figure of the 
 Fly’s fpinal marrow. The tranfmutation, there- 
 
 * As important as the {pinal marrow is to the animal ceconomy, we find that it does not obferve the fame courfe in all creatures. 
 - LS the generality of animals it runs through the middle of the back-bone ; but in fifhes in general, it is carried through certain pecu- 
 iar apophyfes fituated on the 5 de part of the vertebre : we fee in how ftrange a manner it is difpofed in infects. There cannot be 
 
 a better fubje& of inquiry for 
 
 ¢ naturalifts, than into the reafons of this various caufe, and the purpofes it anfwers. 
 
 fore, 
 
 we 
 
 ak? a 
 
 a 
 
 SES hee Ye eg SS 
 
 i. 1 e, 
 
 gi Dn hs oe 
 
 eS ee 
 
 ee Shea a SWANR SEES Pee, 
 
) 
 
 R = 
 : 
 ' 
 N 
 
 er ae ee ee Pee 
 
 ThsHis TORY 
 
 fore, from a Worm to a Fly, obfervable in this 
 infect, prefents us with a real miracle, and may 
 juftly be confidered as a laying down of old 
 worn-out parts, and an acquifition of new per- 
 fect ones inftead of them: in fine, as a total 
 change of an old to a new, and of an imper- 
 fect toa perfect body, infinitely furpafling the 
 utmoft ftretch of human underftanding, as on 
 reading and attentively confidering the hiftory 
 now. before us plainly appears. As for my 
 part, I dare boldly affirm, that the incompre- 
 henfible greatnefs of the Deity manifefts itfelf 
 in thefe myfterious operations in a particular 
 manner, and affords us an opportunity of ex- 
 amining, as it were, with our fenfes, the Divine 
 nature. 
 
 If thofe authors, who invented a metamor- 
 phofis, in order to folve the difficulties that 
 occur in the hiftory of infects, had {een the 
 wonders I have been juft relating, it is proba- 
 ble, that they would have made arguments of 
 them to fupport their erroneous opinions; tho’ 
 the infect itfelf, notwithftanding all its changes, 
 conftantly continues one and the fame, and like 
 a chicken, attains to a greater perfection, by a 
 mere gradual increafe of its parts, and no other- 
 wife ; for even the parts themfelves always re- 
 main the fame, whatever alterations we may 
 obferve in their figure. What I here affirm of 
 the parts, holds true even at the time when 
 they fall off or difappear, in order to make 
 room for others which fprout out to fupply 
 their places. 
 
 Job, in like manner, {peaking of the refur- 
 rection of his body, fays, ‘‘ with thefe eyes I 
 “© fhall fee God.” 
 
 Neverthelefs, I fhould be forry, that any one 
 were weak enough to imagine, that thefe our 
 mortal eyes, which are but duft and afhes, and 
 as fuch are condemned to putrefaction and de- 
 cay, are ever to appear in the fight of God. 
 By no means ; the body we now carry, 1s but 
 the feed or egg, as it were, in which another 
 
 of INSECTS, 5% 
 
 more noble body lies concealed ; and of this 
 myftery the Worm we are treating of affords 
 a moft fatisfactory example ; as it might very 
 juftly {peak of its eyes, as it were, in the follow- 
 ing manner: With thefe, my eyes, I fhall raife 
 myfelf on high, foar up to the tkies, look down 
 upon the fields, and dart with rapidity through 
 the air, in praife of my maker. Thus, I fay, 
 this Worm might boaft of its eyes in words, 
 which however are far from being true, except 
 in refpect of that perfection which the eyes 
 are afterwards to attain, on the infect’s chang- 
 ing to a Fly; for then they are to be increafed 
 in number, otherwife ennobled, and fhall en- 
 joy a fight more perfet than the former, as I 
 have already fufficiently demonftrated in the 
 eyes of bees, 
 
 The moft confiderable mufcles of the Worm 
 here treated of, are in general placed in the 
 head: of them I have defcribed and delineated 
 only thofe which ferve to move the feet. More- 
 over, in the thorax alfo, the belly and tail, are 
 feen a great number of mufcles, which being 
 extended from one of the annular incifions to 
 another, move the body various ways, by means 
 of fibres formed and difpofed in a variety of 
 manners. But as thefe mufcles do not re- 
 markably differ from thofe which I have defcrib- 
 ed in other infects, and which have been repre- 
 fented in the preceding figures, I need fay no- 
 thing of them farther, until I come to the Fly 
 itfelf. I fhall therefore clofe here the prefent 
 chapter ; adding only, that the’limbs are fome- 
 times diftorted in this Worm; fothat its body 
 is found really crooked and bent: and hence 
 we are taught, that thefe infects are liable to 
 the fame calamities that other animals are fub- 
 ject to by the law of nature, It is, however, 
 worthy of notice, that when I viewed a dif. 
 torted or deformed Worm, of this {pecies, 
 when changed into a Fly, it was no way de- 
 formed ; its body being then perfect after its 
 change, or rather its refurrection. 
 
 C.F: Ac Bea, 
 
 The wonderful manner wherein this Worm paffes into a Nymph ; and of the parts 
 that are feen in the Worm, when it is fiript of its fin; and the Jame parts 
 afterwards clearly foewn in the Nymph. 
 
 HE Worms here defcribed, are at 
 length changed into Nymphs of the 
 
 fourth order, when their limbs and other parts 
 are fufficiently grown under thefkin. Whenthey 
 are about to change, they betake themfelves to 
 the herbs that float on the furface of the water, 
 and creep gently thereon ; until at length they 
 lie at reft, partly on the dry furface, and part- 
 ly on the water: if they are about that time 
 driven off into the water by force of the wind, 
 or if they be kept in a little veffel filled with 
 water only, yet their change is not on that ac- 
 count impeded. But when they afterwards, 
 under the form of a Fly, iffue out of the habit 
 
 of a Nymph, then indeed they are very eafily 
 fuffocated in the water; as long as thefe little 
 infects are Worms, they can conveniently live 
 in water, but by no means when they are 
 changed into Flies. Indeed, man alfo, whilft 
 in the uterus, lives in the water of the am- 
 nion; but he can by no means do this after- 
 wards, when, by breaking open the mem- 
 branes, he is brought into the world. There- 
 fore thefe Worms, lying in their natural fitua- 
 tion, always feek after the floating herbs, where- 
 in at length they lie at reft ; and then they, by 
 degrees, contract themfelves, and in a manner 
 {carce perceivable, lofe all power of eo 
 
 en 
 
52 The BOO K 
 Then the inward parts of the Worm’s tail in- 
 fenfibly feparate from the outmoft fkin, and be- 
 come greatly contraéted: and this perhaps does 
 not happen without pain to the creature : for this 
 external {kin is then commonly gathered into 
 three, and fometimes into four windings, Tab. 
 XLI. Fig. 1. @@a, and its extremity is left like 
 an empty fpace, into which the air penetrates, 
 and foon fills the place which the body had be- 
 fore occupied, but has now left vacant by con- 
 tracting itfelf. If this void {pace be not filled 
 up by the fucceeding air, the {kin of the tail be- 
 comes curled into itfelf: but this I obferved only 
 once. 
 
 Thus this infect is by degrees changed within 
 its own fkin, nor does it before this time catft it, 
 or is it outwardly altered into a confpicuous 
 Nvmph; fo that this order of tranfmutations is 
 entirely different from that obferved in filk 
 Worms, and other innumerable fpecies -of in- 
 fects. 
 
 I have often feen this Worm, in the fpace of 
 twelve hours, that is from fix in the evening to 
 feven in the morning changed, into a Nymph, 
 And all thefe things are performed ina hidden, 
 ob{care, and unknown manner, inwardly within 
 the ikin, which lock them up, as it were, from 
 our view. For this reafon, this fpecies of me- 
 tamorphofis has been tortured, as a thing fo mon- 
 ftrous and incomprehenfible by thofe, who, like 
 the dog in Egypt, look only in a flight aud cur- 
 fory manner into nature *, 
 
 When the Worm, which is thus to be changed, 
 has a foft fkin; that fkin neceffarily accommo- 
 dates itfelf to the changes and contra¢tions of the 
 internal-and invifible body of the Nymph. And 
 hence it happened, that even the moft learned, 
 who have wrote on this fubject, have not fcrupled 
 to give thefe infects the name of eggs: in which 
 indeed they have committed a very great error, 
 and corrupted the natural miracles and truths of 
 God. Thus they think and infert, that one in- 
 fect is changed in this inftance into another; nay, 
 that it again becomes an egg ; and that the eggis 
 afterwards changed into aF'ly, by a rafhly imagin- 
 ed abfolute metamorphofis: others add, that all 
 thefe things are produced by chance, and from 
 putrefaction: and this indeed is the fhort path to 
 atheifm. For, if the generations of things be fo 
 fubje& to chance, what prevents man from be- 
 ing thus as eafily produced in the fame manner ? 
 This alfo fome have not fcrupled to declare in 
 their writings. God is certainly as admirable in 
 the firucture of infects, as in that of man. The 
 body of a beaft deferves as great admiration as 
 the human body, if we confider both in their 
 kind and nature. Both far furpafs the {phere of 
 our inquiry: both are incomprehenfible and im- 
 penetrable; fince innumerable divine miracles 
 are contained therein. 
 
 _ Whilft this Worm therefore is changing with- 
 in its fkin, the body, head and tail infenfibly fe- 
 
 ao WAU RB yuo, 
 
 parate from the outmoft invefting fkin. The 
 legs alfo about that time, and their cartilaginous 
 bones, are, by reafon of the joints, drawn back 
 from them, left intirely empty within; and 
 hence they are drawn backward or inward to the 
 orifice of the mouth, and there they lie unmov- 
 ed. The Worm at that time alfo lofes all its 
 fkull, and the beak, together with the horny 
 bones belonging thereto; for all thefe remain 
 fixed in the fkin of the head. From thence it 
 afterwards draws its horns, its trunk, and other 
 parts, which are there inwardly increafed, and are 
 afterwards to be feen in the Nymph, 
 
 A matter worthy of great notice here, is this: 
 the optic nerves feparate alfo from the eyes, and 
 no more perform their former office. The 
 mufcles of the rings alfo in like manner, anda 
 great part of the pulmonary points of refpiration 
 are feparated from the external skin. Thus the 
 whole body contracts itfelf by degrees, into a 
 {mall compact mafs. 
 
 But the greateft change is obferved in the hin- 
 der part about the tai! : for there the body, hav- 
 ing quitted, Tab, XLI. Fig. 4, c, d, its three ex- 
 treme rings together, rifes up into the fourth, ¢, 
 and fometimes even to the fifth ring. There- 
 fore, if you view, in the light, the Worm, which 
 hath been for fome time changed ; you will very 
 diftin@ly, and without the aid of diffeGtion per- 
 ceive, that its hindmoft rings are empty, or are 
 only filled with air: this is likewife, though 
 more obfcurely, obferved between the head, and 
 the fecond ring f Bur the place which the 
 Nymph, enclofed within pofleffes, then appears 
 black, g; becaufe it does not tranfmit a {uffici- 
 ent quantity of the rays of light. 
 
 At this time the gullet too, the inteftines, and 
 the pulmonary tubes in a manner caft a coat 
 within the fkin: this indeed is alfo very fingular, 
 and amazingly {hews the miracles of God; teach- 
 ing at the fame time, how the former body is 
 entirely caft off and renewed. In order to make 
 this evident, it is neceffary to open the fkin of 
 the abdomen : after this the Nymph, Fig. m. a, 
 and its parts, together with the caft, pulmonary 
 pipes, 44, will manifeftly prefent themfelves to 
 view: nay, it will likewife be feen, how the 
 Worm hath caft off, c, all the parts of its head 
 and beak, and is became entirely immoveable, 
 except in the tail; by means of which it ftrongly 
 moves, agitates, and draws itfe!f back even to 
 the fifth ring of the body, 
 
 The whole Afpera arteria about that time cafts 
 its fkin on each fide. For, as this confifts:of two 
 remarkable tubes; therefore they are firft turned 
 out of the body, whilft the Worm is contraéting 
 its tail, and are left fticking in the empty fkin, as 
 I fhall more clearly defcribe, when I come to ex- 
 plain the method whereby the Worm, when 
 changed into a Fly, breaks forth out of its fkin ; 
 for it then draws the exuviz from the other pul- 
 monary pipes. 
 
 * The hardnefs of the exterior fin, in this and many of the other Worms which change into Nymphs, under a covering of their 
 
 own outer fkin, which forms a kind of thell, makes it appear ft 
 nature has provided for this. ‘There is always a weak a = shit cl 
 
 at which it may eafily be burft open : 
 
 that fo feeble a creature as the young Fly can get out. But 
 ell, where the head of the Fly lies: there are certain futures, 
 
 and the means ordained for thefe, are the {welling a re? i 
 becomes inflated like a blown bladder, and then fhrinks down aaa roped eng od pee the eae ey ee 
 
 ated intervals ; and thefe motions burft the fhell. 
 n 
 
The 
 
 In order to place thefe truths the more evi- 
 dently before our eyes, we muft very cautioufly 
 draw the Worm out of its fkin, at the time when 
 it begins to harden or grow ftiff ; for, fince this 
 Worm is not yet in reality become a Nymph, 
 but has all its parts difpofed in a different man- 
 net than in the Nymph; we may fee each of 
 them in its place, and where they are refpectively 
 fituated in this ftate in the head and tail... Thus 
 Texhibit, Tab. XLI. Fig. m1. aa, the antenne 
 or horns, the head, 4, which I have delineated 
 fomewhat too large; under the latter is feen the 
 probofcis or trunk, and on each fide the firft 
 pair of legs, cc; beneath thefe appear the wings, 
 dd, and then the fecond, ee, and third pair ff of 
 legs, Then follows the abdomen, g, with its 
 rings, and then the tail, 4. In the abdomen are 
 very diftinétly feen tranfparent particles of fat ; 
 and in the tail, the pulmonary tubes come in 
 view, difplaying, or rolling out themfelves, 77. 
 It further appears how even the inteftines, 2, caft 
 a fkin; for they remain fixed to the orifice of 
 the fundament, which opens in the utmoft part, 
 and is here cut off from the feparated fkin, 7; 
 for the Worm does not difcharge its excrements 
 through the extremity of the tail, but fomewhat 
 higher, where we may likewife fee the funda- 
 ment. 
 
 What I have hitherto advanced, may be feen 
 more evidently in the Nymph; in which thefe 
 parts are difpofed in their natural order, and ranged 
 beautifully and artificially among themfelves. 
 Here then occur the antenna, Fig. iv. aa, with 
 their joints: the eyes, 66, which are now ar- 
 rived at their full fize: the probofcis, c, and 
 its appendages, fituated under the eyes on the 
 breaft: the firft pair of legs beautifully folded, 
 dd; behind thefe are likewife feen another pair, 
 ee: under the latter, again appear the wings, 
 and their artificial convolutions and beautiful 
 foidings, ff. ‘The body likewife exhibits its an- 
 nuler divifions to view, g. Under the fecond 
 
 air of legs, the third pair likewife exhibits 
 itfelf, 4. Thofe black {pots alfo that are feen on 
 the body, and which we fhew to be fituated in 
 
 CHA 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 66 INSECT 5, 53 
 the Worm, above or over the points; the pul- 
 monary pipes, are here likewile very. diftinét é7. 
 But near them are alfo prefented to our view four 
 apertures of the pulmonary tubes, £444, and 
 alfo the annular inflexions of the body, with 
 fome fmall prominences, there ftanding above 
 the furface of ‘the body, which have alfo caft 
 their fkin. The claws are tranfparent in the 
 extremities of the feet; and make a beautiful 
 figure, when the Nymph, being fome days old, 
 has loft the greateft part of the fuperfluous hu- 
 mours by evaporation, and in the integuments or 
 covers of the membrane, wherein it is invefted, 
 and in its outmoft {kin in which it is involved, 
 like a tender birth newly brought to light, be- 
 comes by degrees ftronger and more firm; fo 
 that at length jit is able to creep abroad, and 
 break open and caft off both its coats at the famé 
 time: that is, this Nymph is covered with two 
 integuments ; whereof the interior is a thin mem- 
 brane, which very clofely invefts the Nymph: 
 the other, or exterior, is conftituted by the out- 
 moft hard fkin, within which the little infe@ 
 has performed its change in an invifible manner. 
 This is the ikin which makes this infeé look like 
 a Worm at this time; and it is this fame fkin 
 which made me give this order of changes, the 
 name of a Vermiform-Nymph. 
 
 Whoever therefore defires to have a thorough 
 knowledge of thefe creatures, muft treat them in 
 all thefe ways. Ihave obferved, that in thofe 
 Worms, which I had newly drawn out of the 
 fkin, one might diftinguith plainly the mouth 
 and the points of refpiration ; even more clearly 
 than in the Worm that is ftill, creeping, fwim- 
 ming, and is no way changed. Indeed, had L 
 not refolved to be fuccinét in this place, I fhould 
 defcribe what has been hitherto faid much more 
 at large, and should have delineated all the parts, 
 and at the fame fhewn their fituation in the 
 Worm as alfo what pellucid little parts are ob- 
 fervable therein, what their ftru@ture is, their 
 motion, how the pulmonary tubes are inferted, 
 and much more; but Iam obliged to be {para 
 ing of my leifure hours, 
 
 ParVs 
 
 The anatomy of the Nymph, the fat, the pulmonary tubes, the fhomach and in 
 teftines: the wonderful changes obfervable in the ovary, mufcles, {pinal marrow, 
 
 and other internal parts which infenfibly come in fight. 
 
 HE Nymph I examined being freth ftript 
 
 of its integuments, was of a bright green 
 colour, with white tranfparent, and fome greenifh 
 particles of fat: and indeed it made a beautiful 
 appearance; efpecially as the pulmonary tubes 
 were at the fame tithe obferved to glitter like 
 pearls. The head, the legs and wings were foft 
 and fluid like water, and when but very lightly 
 touched, they immediately difcharged an aqueous 
 humour. The pulmonary tubes had become 
 confiderably fmaller, narrower and more con- 
 tracted. From the tail unto the place, next be- 
 low the wings, I counted feven apertures of the 
 
 5 
 
 lungs; all which, as well as the rings of the 
 body being clofely gathered up above eaeh other, 
 differed very much from the points of refpira= 
 tion inthe Worm ; fo that therefore the Nymph 
 was now only one third as big as the Worm had 
 appeared to be before. 
 
 If this Nymph be laid on its belly, thé heart 
 is immediately feen beating ih its back, without 
 ahy previous diffection: this indeed appears very 
 rarely fo after the incifion of the skin; becaufé 
 the heart then, by reafon of the gufhing out of 
 the blood, which is aqueous, and like an 
 ichor, prefently ceafes its palpitation. Immedi- 
 
 O ately 
 
Ae 
 
 ately under the fkin are feen alfo the mufcles 
 appointed for moving the rings of the abdo- 
 men. The next thing that comes in fight is 
 the fat: this was not much changed here ; 
 but, upon viewing it in a more adult Nymph, 
 I found it fo wonderfully altered, diminifhed, 
 and extenuated, that I thought I faw not fat, 
 but a parcel of eggs: that is, its former ob- 
 long, angulated, broad particles, were now 
 become almoft round and globular, Tab. XLI. 
 Fig. v. a. Befides, alfo, it loft fo much by the 
 evaporation, and contraéted itfelf in fuch a 
 manner, that its diminution indeed was very 
 confiderable. Hence it muft neceflarily follow, 
 that the body, on account of the great plenty 
 of the wafted fat, muft become more cony 
 tracted, and poffefs a fmaller fpace than before. 
 The colour of this fat inclined to purple; but 
 in the hinder part of the belly it was entirely 
 green. Thofe particles of fat adhered to each 
 other, and alfo to the pulmonary pipes, bb; 
 fo that, when I touched them with a fine fharp- 
 pointed knife, made like a lancet, they parted 
 from each other with the leaft motion. In the 
 Nymph that was very newly changed, the fat 
 became more green. 
 In the ftomach and inteftines alfo is ob- 
 ferved a very great and wonderful change. 
 This, however, is more or lefs obfervable, in 
 proportion to the quantity of the Nymph’s 
 fuperfluous fluids which have exhaled, and as 
 the internal humours have been more or lefs 
 diffipated. Hence it cannot, indeed, be de- 
 fcribed how much the inteftines are, by reafon 
 of their habit and figure, altered, dilated, or 
 contraéted ; that is, according as the fuper- 
 fluous moifture is more or lefs expelled by per- 
 {piration. Among all the remarkable changes 
 which I have obferved in thefe parts, I fhall 
 exhibit that which, in my opinion, is the moft 
 beautiful, and fhall begin a defcription of it 
 from the gullet, Tab. XLI. Fig. vi. 4. The 
 gullet is here obferved to be placed out of the 
 “horny parts of the head, 4, back, and con- 
 tracted legs. It appears alfo how this gullet 
 paffes ¢ through the aperture of the {pinal 
 marrow, under the brain, and extends itfelf a 
 unto the ftomach. The fuperior or,upper part 
 of the ftomach is alfo found to be contracted, 
 as it were, into five annular {mall ruge, or 
 folds, through which the pulmonary tubes run 
 very beautifully: and hence, on account of 
 that contraction, it cannot be there feen how 
 the ftomach is circumftanced on the infide. A 
 little lower, it exhibits quite another face ; for 
 it is divided by oblong grooves or furrows, 
 which, in the figure, I have marked e with 
 points. But as the {tomach is there likewife 
 inflated,’and filled with a limpid humour, it is 
 therefore-obferved f to be like an open tran{- 
 parent tube in this part; and it is the more 
 confpicuous, as it is in colour fomewhat red. 
 But it is neceflary to obferve, that the part of 
 the ftomach, juft now defcribed, eafily feparates 
 from the next inteftine. The beginning of 
 this {mall inteftine is very beautifully finuated, 
 or bent, in like manner as the fuperior or upper 
 
 The BOOK of NA BOR Ee oti 
 
 e 
 
 part of the {tomach, with fix foldings, or, as it 
 were, corrugated convolutions, g. Afterwards, 
 within this inteftine, is difcovered another 
 {maller inteftine, 4, which, being contained in 
 its cavity, and curled with many windings, 
 wonderfully twifted, defcends, 7, and again 
 terminates underneath, in an open extremity. 
 This little inteftine is of a bright yellow 
 colour, and appears very plainly through the 
 larger inteftine ; becaufe the fluid, which is 
 in that part of this inteftine that comprehends 
 it, is limpid and perfpicuous. If that {mall 
 inteftine be wounded, the little inteftine, con- 
 tained in it, may be drawn out almoft twice as 
 
 large as it appeared in the cavity of the larger. ° 
 
 Then it is manifeft, that the yellow colour, 
 
 wherewith its furface is diftinguifhed, proceeds — 
 
 from the yellow fluid contained in it, What 
 the ufe of this little inteftine is, is impoffible 
 for me to explain: in this refpect, the. works 
 of God are impenetrable. Nor fhall I, indeed, 
 {cruple to affert here, that not even one truth, 
 in refpect to the actions of the parts of animals, 
 or even of the human body, 1s hitherto fully 
 and clearly known to us. Indeed, thofe who 
 think the contrary, acquiefce in imaginations, 
 taking them for facts. From my own obferva- 
 tions I fhall here add one thing, that is, that I 
 have found this little inteftine in the gut of the 
 Werm. now preparing to undergo a change: 
 And this is the reafon which induced me to at~ 
 tempt delineating the head of the Worm to the 
 gullet, though I there reprefent the parts of 
 the Nymph. I once found that inward little 
 inteftine in an old Nymph: it was there very 
 brittle, and at the fame time fomewhat more 
 red, and in a condition as if it began to waite 
 away. And hence it likewife feems evident, 
 why I have not afterwards found it in the Fly. 
 Indeed, in thofe Flies, which are very juft ex- 
 cluded, I have {een that this little inteftine has 
 been abfolutely confumed. Wherefore one 
 may probably conceive, that this little inteftine 
 is the inward coat of the fmall inteftine in the 
 Worm; and that this coat, not being caft out 
 
 whole and entire, is by degrees confumed in 
 
 the body. But thefe are only my own conjec- 
 tures. Iremember I have feen fuch little parts 
 in Spiders too. I likewife find, that Thomas 
 Willis, that celebrated member of the Britifh 
 Society, obferved one inteftine in another im 
 the Earth-Worms. And fince I here treat of 
 the inteftines, I cannot help taking this oppor- 
 tunity of complaining of the ingratitude 
 Cafparus Bartholinus, junior, towards me: for 
 he, though I had, out of good-nature, fhews 
 him all the more uncommon preparations and 
 {pecimens, which I had procured by the help 
 of different anatomical contrivances; yet, 10 
 revenge that he did not fo far {ucceed as to 
 make me communicate the feveral methods to 
 him, and being full of indignation, he has not 
 fcrupled to object to my propofition, whereby 
 I affirmed that I would fometime reftore the 
 certainty of the office of fanguification to the 
 liver. With what eyes has this lync@an author, 
 who, in the front of his book, aflumes the 
 4 bombaft 
 
 x 
 
 Oe she wr eed i OE ee ot 
 
The HISTORY of IN S £ 6.¥ § 
 
 bombaft title, Aut Cafar, aut nibil, i.e. a man, 
 or a moufe, difcovered my thoughts fo far as 
 to know, that I had only one experiment for 
 this purpofe? Indeed; my anatomical prepa- 
 rations, which he fo much admired, could and 
 ought fufficiently to’ have taught him, that I 
 have not advanced that thefis rafhly, or with- 
 out important experiments. I would therefore 
 advife him to contain himfelf yet, and temper 
 his gall with water, until I have leifure, and a 
 more convenient opportunity, to treat this fub- 
 ject, and folve the feveral doubts which I have 
 faid hitherto occurred to me. I fhall then 
 fhew the experiments, and affign the reafons, 
 which confirm me in this opinion. And thefe 
 are the very words, wherein I propofed to the 
 public the faid thefis, in my notes on the Pro- 
 dromus of the famous Hornius. But he that 
 is bent on revenge, has in view only the mon- 
 ftrous images of his own thoughts. In the 
 mean time, however, as I have there mentioned 
 experiments and reafons, this rafh young man 
 might have concluded from thence, that I was 
 provided with more experiments, to demon- 
 {trate this thefis, than that trifling one, which 
 I really do not acknowledge to be mine, in the 
 place above cited. Nay, I join with this good- 
 natured Bartholinus, ‘who, like a Butterfly, has 
 yet fcarce crept out of his Chryfalis, that the 
 experiment, confidered by itfelf, contributes 
 nothing to ftrengthen my thefis: fo that it 
 therefore appears, that he would refute what 
 he himfelf does not underftand, and perhaps 
 is not capable of underftanding, But I return 
 to my hiftory, which I hope will be more ufe- 
 ful than a controverfy of this nature. In treat- 
 ing this fubject hereafter; I fhall only explain 
 what is pertinent to the matter itfelf, leaving 
 altercations to thofe who love them. 
 
 Below the place where the little inteftine, 
 before defcribed, is feen within the inteftine of 
 the Worm, the {mall gut is again diftended, 
 equal, fmooth, and moderately large; but then 
 a kind of fmall tube, Tab. XLI. Fig, vi. &, 
 is inferted therein, which is divided into vef- 
 fels, either vafa varicofa, or rather the cxca, 
 or clofed guts. Thefe veffels, like fo many 
 {mall inteftines, difcharge themfelves into the 
 beginning of the great guts, where the latter 
 are united with this dilatation of the fmall. 
 Thefe blind or clofed guts are of a wonderfully 
 elegant conftruction, and two of them are 
 found commonly filled with a whitifh humour; 
 which in the more adult Nymph, I obferve, is 
 by degrees fent alfo to the great guts. 
 
 This fubftance is fometimes beautifully di- 
 vided, as it were, into knots; and is likewife 
 inwardly feparated, mm, by a more limpid fub- 
 ftance, which feems mixed among it, like 
 whey ; that nothing can fcarce be exhibited 
 to the eye more artificially and beautifully dif- 
 pofed, or more confpicuous. The figure, I 
 have given, exhibits only a fmall part of this 
 elegance, and that is but rudely drawn or deli- 
 neated ; becaufe, to exprefs it accurately, there 
 would be need of a much larger figure. Thefe 
 clofed veffels cannot, but with very great diffi- 
 
 58 
 culty, be feparated from the fat that is annexed 
 to them; and this difficulty is the greater, be= 
 caufe that white fubftance is not found in every 
 part of them. Hence it is, that they are very 
 eafily broken. But this happens till eafier in 
 the Worm, becaufe the blind veffels are more 
 ftrongly connected in it; fo that it requires 
 more labour to difcover them there. They 
 difperfe themfelves, 2”, with various and won= 
 derful windings and convolutions, throu gh the 
 whole belly; for they are feen no more in the 
 thorax of the Nymph, which is all filled up 
 there with the mufcles of the legs, and other 
 parts. We at length obferve, that the two 
 {uperior or uppermott of thefe inteftines unite; 
 0; and one of them is likewife divided twice 
 on the infide, and twifted into admirable winds 
 ings, Pp: this goes towards the great gut, into 
 which it difcharges its contents. The other 
 lower pair, wherein the above mentioned divi- 
 fion of the white fubftance is exprefled, m2 ma, 
 are likewife twifted into various windings, 9g, 
 and at length terminate 7 in the clofed tube. 
 The fourth of thefe inteftines is circumftanced 
 in the fame manner, ss; for after various con- 
 volutions, it terminates at lait alfo in the blind 
 annular duét, ¢. 
 
 The colon is alfo every where uneven, with 
 many knotty dilatations, wz. Thefe are produced 
 by the white fubftance found in its cavity, 
 whilft the little inteftine hath been contracting 
 itfelf in thofe parts, where it contains a le{s 
 quantity of that fubftance. A little lower is 
 feen a larger knot x in this inteftine, filled with 
 a black fubftance.. And at length two more 
 dilatations occur y y in it, which poffefs thofe 
 places of the inteftine, which, by the help of 
 the humours that flow into them, {well into 
 very large bags. But as the little infeé, af- 
 ter putting on the form of a Fly, fecretes and 
 difcharges that colluvies of humours; hence 
 thefe windings may be properly called the 
 cloaca, or fewer. Laftly, one may fee the 
 rectum, or ftraight gut; and underneath, in 
 the tail, the podex, or orifice through which 
 the inteftines difcharge themfelves, z, in the 
 laft ring of the abdomen. I have alfo judged 
 it proper to delineate this ring, as it coheres 
 with the anus, in order to reprefent more clear= 
 ly all the things which I have mentioned. 
 
 When the Nymph is older, I have fomez 
 times found its ftomach filled with a green 
 fluid: but when it approaches to the change 
 of its fkin, in order to acquire in a hort time 
 the form of a Fly, its ftomach and inteftines 
 are found fo confiderably contraéted, and by 
 degrees become fo much fhorter, that one 
 would affirm one had diffected another animal, 
 unlefs one had obferved all thefe changes, ac- 
 cording as they gently fucceed each other from 
 the beginning. 
 
 In the lower region of the belly the cecum 
 and rectum, or blind and ftraight guts, are ex- 
 panded at that time very wide ; and are found 
 to be fwollen, glittering, and {mooth, on ac- 
 count of the white moiftures or humours which 
 are mixed with a chalky matter. Thefe hu- 
 mours, 
 
56 The BOOK of 
 mours, flowing out of the wounded cloaca, or 
 liver, render every thing muddy; and, when 
 thrown into the water, they likewife foul and 
 deftroy its clearnefs. 
 
 The double ovary *, which appears of a 
 whitith aqueous colour in the young Nymph, 
 is, in the more advanced ftate, of a pale yellow 
 
 colour. But if the Nymph is to change its 
 {kin immediately, it appears to be a beautiful 
 green. In the region of the abdomen, where 
 the ovary extends itfelf to the thorax, are feen 
 two empty curled bags. They are the two 
 pneumatic veficles, as I fhall fhew more at 
 large in the hiftory of the parts of the perfect 
 Fly. In the extremity of the body, between 
 the laft rings, appear three very beautiful 
 tranfparent knots; each of which, being fup- 
 
 orted by its own footftalk, cafts a fkin, and 
 difclofes itfelf, when wounded. What thefe 
 little parts are, I cannot determine: I have dif- 
 covered only, that they belong to the genital 
 organs of the female; for I never faw them in 
 the males, and therefore I fhall delineate them 
 in the figure of the latter. 
 
 The male part, at ‘the fame period of ma- 
 turity, became by degrees confpicuous ; and, 
 from a thin aqueous humour, having acquired 
 fofficient firmnefs, they had obtained a limpid 
 and pellucid whitenefs. The mufcles in the 
 breatt are at this time much more compact, 
 and, from a pale white, become of a purplith 
 ‘colour: In the young Nymph they were foft, 
 mucous, and like veal-jelly, and had no firm- 
 nets. 
 
 But much more remarkable than thefe are 
 thofe changes, which, by a flow accretion of 
 parts, are feen in the’ head, eyes, pulmonary 
 tubes, and fat, which may be feen there ina 
 very abundant quantity; and alfo in the horny 
 little bones, which firft confifted only of hu- 
 mours, as it were, and membranes. But I 
 now pafs thefe things by, without further no- 
 tice, becaufe I thall hereafter make mention of 
 fome of them in the Fly itfelf. . Above the 
 brain are fituated two white, foft, little parts, 
 fomewhat like knots, which rife like two horns: 
 they are annexed to the fides of the thorax, 
 and reft on the ftomach, as on a bafis or foun- 
 ‘dation. .But what thete little parts are, as alfo 
 their ufe, Iam likewife hitherto ignorant. 
 
 I afterwards likewife obferved in a Nymph, 
 which I found dead in its fkin, that the purple 
 
 _ fat was there variegated with white fpots. . The 
 little inteftine, which I before defcribed to be 
 contained within one of the inteftines, lay loofe 
 therein, without adhering any where, and was 
 curled; but that part of the inteftine, which 
 enclofed it, feemed to be very confiderably di- 
 lated. The uvea of the eyes was of a very 
 beautiful bright purple. Here and there, in 
 
 the abdomen, were feveral {mall Worms; 
 fome of which were already changed into 
 Nymphs, and appeared to me as if they were to 
 
 NAGTI UC RR Bs “or, 
 
 be transformed into Flies very foon. It would 
 require a large treatife to defcribe how fuch 
 things are produced in the bodies of other in- 
 fects, and what ftrange and unheard-of things 
 may be here further obferved. So admirably 
 does God fhew himfelf before our eyes! and 
 probably the relation would not be believed, if 
 I defcribed and delineated that a Nymph iffues 
 out of one fpecies of Caterpillars, which be- 
 longs to the fecond mode of the third order ; 
 and that out of this Nymph the Butterfly is 
 afterwards produced ; and that ont of the fame 
 
 {pecies comes a Worm alfo, which is again 
 
 changed into a Nymph, according to the firft 
 mode of the third order, and at laft affumes 
 the form of a Fly. And further, that out of 
 the fame {pecies of Caterpillars, arife two or 
 three Worms; which are again changed into 
 Nymphs of the fourth order, and thefe after- 
 wards into fo many Flies. Laftly, that thirty, 
 eighty, nay one-hundred Worms have iflued 
 thereout, which have been likewifefirft changed 
 into Nymphs, and afterwards into Flies. I 
 have feen thefe twelve changes, which are very 
 worthy of notice, diftinctly in only one {pecies 
 of Caterpillars. And now, at length, I have 
 learned that all thefe wonderful effects of Na- 
 ture obtain likewife in water-infects; but this 
 I have not yet fufliciently traced. 
 
 Though the changes of the inteftines, a lit- 
 tle before enumerated, are very fingular in the 
 Worm and Nymph of which I treat, thofe 
 which the fpinal marrow undergoes deferves 
 yet the greateft notice, and that preferably to 
 the reft. For as this marrow in the Worm 
 was twifted, as it were, into a curled lock; fo, 
 on the other hand, we find it extended very 
 ftraight in the Nymph, and almoft all its 
 eleven knots, Tab. XLI. Fig. vil. 1, 2, 3; 
 &cc. dragged or feparated from each other. 
 This is chiefly feen about the laft knots; but 
 not about the foremoft knots, or thofe next to 
 the brain, @; near or on the upper part of 
 which I have delineated the cornea of the eyes. 
 The firft knot, 4, preferved its former fituation; 
 but the four fubfequent knots, c, having fuf- 
 fered a quite different change, were prefied 
 clofer to each other than before, and expanded 
 to a confiderable bump or fwelling; and 
 therefore the nerves, fpringing from thence, 
 were now conveyed in a very different manner. 
 Nay, further, the origination of the {pinal 
 marrow is alfo feen, ftretched and extended 
 between the firft and fecond knot: and this, 
 indeed, may be perceived ftill more plainly 
 about the fixth, feventh, and eighth knot; 
 and therefore only the three loweft knots, 4 
 remain in their former fituation; though the 
 laft of them is likewife more confpicuous than 
 the two next above. If we would here follow 
 Reafon as our guide, fhe would certainly have 
 rather dictated, that the convolution of the 
 marrow in the Nymph is extended in the 
 
 ee ° : 
 _* This double conftru€tion of Hhioraty is almoft univerfal in fying infe&s, and it is the fame in almoft all the kinds of. fithes ; 
 rife 
 
 and the vaft number of egas bears” 
 
 an analogy. In many fith the body of the female is filled with this ovary, as entirely 
 
 as in infe’ts. The intent of Nature feeths to be the providing, from the abundant eggs and young of fome kinds, food for the 
 
 others ; for it never could be the intent, that all the eggs contained in thefe ovaries fhould yield perfect infects. 
 
 Worm; 
 
 z ~— a me 
 Oe ee a So OR a ers 
 
 SST ose ae 
 
 a 
 
 — 
 
The -H £S \T,O.RoYs.of 51: NS EEF 5. 
 
 Worm, fince the Worm is two thirds longer 
 than the Nymph: and hence it fhould feem 
 neceflary, that the marrow in the Nymph mutt 
 be thus twifted, by reafon of the contra¢tion 
 of the body, which, as it were, accommodates 
 itfelf thereto {pontaneoufly. But experience 
 teaches, that all our reafonings here are of no 
 confequence, 
 
 Wherefore, if any one well confiders thefe 
 changes and extenfions of the nerves, and the 
 knots of the fpinal marrow, he will clearly fee, 
 that the change of the Worm into a Nymph, 
 and of the Nymph into a Fly, the infeé, in 
 the mean time, being one and the fame, is, 
 in reality, very miraculous, and may be called, 
 as it were, a new creation, or rather genera- 
 tion; the true caufes of which we are at as 
 great a lofs to inveftigate, as the nature of God, 
 who is the author of this work. This thould 
 certainly excite us to acknowledge the offen- 
 five cloud of our own blind ignorance in every 
 thing, and afterwards to ceafe from pride and 
 arrogance. It teaches us alfo, how largely the 
 miracles of God are exprefled in thefe {mall 
 creatures: they are, as it were, {pontaneoutfly 
 
 o7 
 evident to any one, with the leaft pains, in the 
 inveftigation. However, one may obferve, 
 that fuch changes are likewife obferved in 
 the larger animals; for the {pinal marrow 
 of the embryo, which, in the beginning, is 
 hardly larger than a pea, is alfo infenfibly 
 expanded as it grows larger: yet one can- 
 not, on the other hand, deny that this is 
 only a fimple augmentation of the parts, 
 which produces fuch changes in the larger. 
 animals. But in the infects there is obferved 
 a remarkable tranfpofition of the parts, and an 
 admirable accretion of the vifcera; which, as 
 it is performed in a {mall fpace of time, de- 
 ferves to be called miraculous, nor can it by 
 any means be diftinétly explained: for our eyes 
 never difcover, nor can they ever difcover, how 
 thefe things are really executed. Add to this, 
 that the adult animal here grows young as it 
 were again, and mutt receive other additions, 
 until it is at length cloathed in a more noble 
 body: all which tend to the honour and glory 
 of God, the Supreme Deity, the Author of all 
 thefe miracles. 
 
 Gbliew\ Re i: VA. 
 
 Of the true manner in which the Nymph breaks out of its outer and inner coats ; 
 Jo that, by a kind of vifible refurrettion, the creature afterwards affumes the 
 form of aFly. Alfo of the pulmonary tubes and inteftines, the coats of which 
 
 are drawn off, and left in the exuvia. 
 
 HEN the time approaches, in which 
 
 the hidden infect, now changed into 
 a Nymph, in its outmoft uncaft coat, is to at- 
 tain the form of a Fly, which change it per- 
 forms in the fpace of eleven days, the fuper- 
 fluous humours, wherewith its members are 
 {wollen, are firft infenfibly expelled by perfpi- 
 ration. The little body of the Nymph alfo, 
 as hath been obferved before, is contracted 
 unto the fifth ring of the fkin: and hence the 
 four laft rings of the abdomen and tail become 
 empty and hollow, or are all filled with air, 
 through the aperture of the refpiratory orifice 
 in the tail. ‘The Nymph likewife yet draws its 
 breath through the fame aperture. 
 
 If you defire to fee this, expofe the Nymph 
 a little to the rays of the.fun, and afterwards 
 put its tail into water. Thus you will find, 
 that it will breathe ftronger than it did before, 
 and, by exprefling an air-bubble out of its 
 body, and again fucking it in, will manifeftly 
 perform the a¢tion of infpiration and exfpira- 
 tion. 
 
 The anterior part of the Nymph’s body 
 likewife draws back from the fkin, and having 
 partly deferted the beak, head, and firft ring 
 of the breaft, the little infect afterwards lies 
 at reft within its {kin ; until its exhaling mem- 
 bers have acquired due ftrength and firmnefs 
 to break open. thofe two membranes, where- 
 with it is now furrounded, and hindered from 
 
 coming into light. All thefe things muft be 
 here remembered, that what I fhall fay here- 
 after may be properly underftood. 
 
 If, however, the outer fkin be opened about 
 this time, very wonderful varieties of colours, 
 fuch as one can fcarce imagine, prefent them- 
 felves through the inner fkin, with which the 
 Nymph is covered. Some of the parts are 
 changed from white into black; others are of 
 a yellow, purple, brown, or very black colour, 
 like pitch ; others, from aqueous, have become 
 membraneous; and, from this latter ftate, again 
 become hard: fome become flefhy; others 
 again acquire an horny or bony hardnefs, fo 
 that, when prefled, they crack and break 
 afunder. ) 
 
 It is likewife obferved at this time, that the 
 whole body becomes infenfibly fhaggy, and 
 the feet and claws begin to move. All thefe 
 things may be diftinctly feen, provided one 
 opens one of thofe Nymphs conftantly every 
 day, until the time of change. But, for this 
 purpofe, it is neceflary to lay them on white 
 paper in an earthen difh, or glafs faucer, and 
 then to make them fomewhat moift with water, 
 and keep them under a glafs. In this cafe, 
 the paper ferves the Nymphs to fix their claws 
 in, when they come forth under the form of 
 a Fly; and I pour in a little water, to preferve 
 them from drying and fuffocation. 
 
 When the creature is at length to come in 
 be fight, 
 
58 Th BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 ht, the outmoft fkin of the Worm begins to 
 move about the third and fourth anterior ring, 
 Tab. XLII. Fig. 1. 4. This motion arifes 
 from hence, that the infec, now hidden 
 within the fkin, ufes all its efforts to promote 
 its exclufion, and to quit its inmoft coat as 
 well as its exterior fkin together, at one and 
 the fame time. This is conftantly the courfe 
 of nature, in our fourth order of changes. It 
 is obferved, on this occafion, that the fkin is 
 divided into four parts: hence it happens, that 
 the third 4 of the foremoft rings, and alfo the 
 fifth, c, are partly feparated; and even thefe, 
 as well as the fourth above, open very regu- 
 larly and orderly in the breaft. After this, the 
 infe&t inmediately breaks open its inner coat, 
 with which it is immediately invefted, and cafts 
 it off, together with the fkin, breaking forth 
 from thence under the beautiful form of a Fly, 
 Fig. 11. a. 
 
 But I would have it here obferved, that the 
 breaking open of the outmoft fkin, as now ex- 
 plained, is not at all cafual or accidental; but 
 is perfectly ordained by a conftant order, fince 
 it always proceeds in the fame manner in all 
 thefe changes. The fkin alfo is in thofe places, 
 where it is broke open, fo circumftanced by 
 the all-wife Author of Nature, that it eafily 
 opens, as if joined together by futures. 
 
 When the Fly is thus produced, its wings 
 are not immediately obvious, or diftinétly vi- 
 fible; but are curled up, and wrinkled into 
 folds, in the fame manner as J have exhibited 
 in the Nymph. However, in the fpace of a 
 quarter of an hour, which is well worth ob- 
 ferving, we fee that they are difplayed and 
 extended, and become fmooth. The caufes 
 of this fudden effect are the blood and aif, 
 which are then impelled forcibly into the vef- 
 fels of the wings and pulmonary tubes: there- 
 fore, if the wings about this time be wounded, 
 they fhed fome fmall drops of the creature’s 
 blood, like clear flowing water; and this never 
 happens afterwards, when the wings are once 
 . expanded and dried, though you wound them 
 never fo often. 
 
 When the wings are expanded, the little 
 infe& difcharges three or four {mall drops of 
 muddy water, and immediately enters into an- 
 other ftate of life: for the creature, that lived 
 before in water and mud, now wanders thro’ 
 the air, carried by very fwift wings, and vifiting 
 the grafly fields and meadows, enjoys a more 
 noble and happy kind of life. 
 
 In the fame quarter ofan hour, wherein 
 this creature is produced, it hath alfo acquired 
 the knowledge of every thing neceffary to do 
 what it ought, and to avoid what may preju- 
 dice it; wherefore it never afterwards has oc- 
 cafion of a tutor, or dire€tor for any thing. 
 Hence the birth of this infect by far excels the 
 unfortunate condition of man, after he is born. 
 He for fome years increafes or grows up, as it 
 were, in difagreeable circumftances, before he 
 ‘ has reafon, or a knowledge of thofe things 
 which he ought to do, or avoid: but, on the 
 contrary, this infect is of full maturity when 
 
 fig 
 
 born; nor does it increafe any more after the 
 quarter of an hour, in which its birth is com- 
 
 leated ; but it feeds itfelf with a moft diftin- 
 guifhed kind of pleafure, and lives on dew and 
 fugared liquors, which it finds in the meadows 
 and flowers: indeed, it fometimes nourifhes 
 itfelf with blood, to the juft punifhment of the 
 fins of Man, who is more miferable than the 
 Worm fixed to the earth, and thrown into this 
 world as into exile. - This Fly naturally tor- 
 ments cows and cattle, that ferve for the ufe of 
 man, in fuch a manner, that they run through 
 the fields mad, as it were, with pain. 
 
 Relying with juft reafon on thefe things, I 
 can at length affirm, that the aforefaid meta- 
 morphofis of the Worm into a Nymph, under 
 which change the Nymph is for fome time, as 
 it were, dead, and deftitute of motion, and, 
 after the fhort {pace of eleven days, increafes 
 into a Fly, by the wonderful alterations of the 
 internal parts; may be juftly compared to the 
 true refurrection from the dead, or, as it were, 
 to a new generation. The human underftand- 
 ing is, indeed, amazed at this; but at the fame 
 time we are taught thereby, as with a vifible 
 example, how near our refurrection and refor- 
 mation is, when we love God above all things, 
 and our neighbour as ourfelves ; in which con- 
 fifts, indeed, the real metamorphofis of the 
 human mind. This, having then caft off the 
 ancient dirt of avarice, pride, and envy, and 
 changing thofe vile paffions for the moft fweet 
 and gentle love of Chrift, lives afterwards 
 eternally in a more perfect body. 
 
 The Fly, thus produced from the Nymph, 
 exhibits two antenne, or horns, Tab. XLII. 
 Fig. 11. a, on the head. The four anterior 
 legs are jointed to the lower part of the thorax. 
 The two laft are feen 445 under the pofterior 
 part of the body, and thew very diftinétly 
 their joints, and the two claws, with which 
 their extremities are fortified. Two little ap- 
 apertures are feen in the upper part of the tho- 
 rax; but its pofterior region is girded round 
 with a beautiful margin, near which, on each 
 fide, are feen two little parts, with globular ex- 
 tremities, defigned for making a noife or found. 
 The two wings are affixed cc to the fhoulder- 
 blades. The body, d, is divided by fome yel- 
 low fpots, with black horny or bony rings, 
 which are beautifully adorned above and about 
 the fides with fine hairs. I had once intended 
 to delineate thefe things magnified; but l am 
 now {fo ftinted in time, that I cannot execute 
 this defign. 
 
 The other miracles of God, thewn in this 
 infect, muft be now exhibited to view; I mean, 
 thofe which occur in the fkin, and in the inner 
 integuments, which have been forfaken by this 
 Fly. I fhall now fhew thefe exuvia, or caft 
 parts, diffected and magnified by a microfcope. 
 In the hinder part of the outer fkin, the caft 
 off pulmonary tubes, aa, which, upon the 
 Worm’s being changed into a Nymph, and 
 contracting its body into the fourth annular in- 
 cifion, had feparated from its interior parts, 
 ftill adhere to the fecond, third, and fourth 
 
 rings : 
 
 TR ate) Pete Tbe eee ORT ET Sea oe ey) Belt ease Pt bas Same Ow 
 
The HIS FOF ¥ 
 
 rings: and as the body was wrinkled at that 
 time, it happened that thefe pulmonary tubes 
 were turned out of it, through the pofterior 
 apertures of the tail, and remained fixed to the 
 refpiratory points or breathing-holes of the 
 outer fkin. From confidering therefore this 
 polition of the exuviz, it is eafy to underftand 
 how the infect has at that time, befides other 
 changes, fuffered fo great a contraction of its 
 body. The extended extremities, or ends of 
 thefe pulmonary pipes, being protended for- 
 wards, are curled and twifted, 64; which pro- 
 ceeds from hence, that when the Worm con- 
 tracts its body upwards, from the tail to the 
 thorax, thefe pulmonary tubes are, by their 
 own infertions, and this force, thrown out of 
 the body: and hence it happens, that thefe 
 being afterwards left to themfelves, they fly 
 back, as it were, and from ftraight run into 
 curled ftrings or cords. This I once plainly 
 faw, when I opened the fkin about that time. 
 
 The like operation has place alfo, with re- 
 {pect to the inner c coat of the inteftines; 
 which then likewife feparates from the body, 
 and remains fixed to the fkin, very beautifully 
 reprefenting the complicated web of a Spider. 
 Within, in this little inteftine, which is of a 
 beautiful white colour, are found fome par- 
 ticles, like grains of fand, clear as alum, and 
 confifting of many points and divifions. I firft 
 thought thefe were fand; but I afterwards faw 
 that when they were mixed with {pirit of vi- 
 triol, they fermented very ftrongly, which is 
 not a property of fand. And, therefore, as I 
 am unable to explain the nature of many other 
 parts, fo I do not know what this fubftance is; 
 whether it be of any ufe in the body, or whe- 
 ther it probably contains the calcarious, chalky, 
 and alcaline particles of excrements? I there- 
 fore, here again, candidly confefs my own great 
 ignorance. If we invert this part of the in- 
 teftines, and the tail, we may likewife fee how 
 the feparating inteftine, Tab. XLII. Fig. tv. a, 
 inwardly detaches itfelf from the inner cavity 
 of the ftraight gut or rectum, 4; and, when fe- 
 parated, remains fixed to the external orifice of 
 the fundament, which opens ¢ within the outer 
 fkin. This I have roughly delineated, the 
 better to explain it. 
 
 of INSECTS, 59 
 
 In the anterior or fore-part of the Worm’s 
 exuvie, are feen the legs, beak, eyes, Fig. 
 mi. d, and fkull, e, left and catt off together *. 
 There is likewife feen the coat, which parted 
 J from the internal furface of the gullet and 
 ftomach. But it is neceffary to take notice 
 here, that every thing, hitherto mentioned, 
 happens when the creature firft affumes the 
 form of a Nymph. 
 
 When it afterwards, upon breaking forth 
 under the form of a Fly, quits this outmoft 
 fkin and the inward pellicle together, there are 
 again other remarkable things obferved, which 
 I fhall now defcribe. In the firft place, I ex- 
 hibit, as now caft off, &g, the hitherto hidden 
 inward coat, which had invefted all the 
 Nymph’s limbs and parts, and which is now 
 irregularly broke open in the fore-part, toge- 
 ther with its outmoft fkin. This may, indeed, 
 be eafily done, on account of its thinnefS. In 
 its hinder part, one may fee where the tail, 4, 
 or the extremity of the Fly’s body, was before 
 fituated within it. In each fide of this fkin 
 are feen the pulmonary tubes, rolled out, and 
 all terminating #7 in a pointed extremity, like 
 fo many {mall tops or points of needles, tho’ 
 each of them may be very eafily feparated into 
 many branches. 
 
 But it muft be here again obferved, that 
 thefe pulmonary tubes do not feparate or go 
 off, when the Worm is changed intoa Nymph: 
 for, otherwife, the Worm mutt have crept out 
 of its external fkin; as, indeed, is always the 
 cafe in fome other orders of tranfmutations. 
 But fince that does not hold here, therefore 
 the moft wife Creator has ordained that thefe 
 changes fhall happen, when the Worm, on 
 forfaking both its fkins together at the fame 
 time, and being cloathed in more noble orna- 
 ments, and under this form afterwards dig- 
 nified with the name of a Fly, is to come 
 to light. Thefe things, indeed, afford us mat- 
 ter very worthy of confideration. We are ex- 
 cited to induftry not only by the fmall Ant, 
 but may draw knowledge and learning from 
 the contemptible Fly. And thus all things 
 tend, at length, to the honour and love of the 
 Supreme Archite&, whofe works are evidently 
 the open books of Nature. 
 
 * It is univerfal among infects, that the creature which has put off its exuvic, or caft its fkin, immediately appears much larger 
 than it was before. This is indeed true in fa&, as well as in appearance. ‘The body has by degrees grown under the fkin, till it 
 is too large for it; and this is the very reafon of the throwing it off. As the increafe has been gradual, and the parts are foft, the 
 fkin has preffed them together, and they lie clofe; but as foon as this fkin is caft off, they diftend themfelves, fo as to appear in 
 
 their proper form. 
 
 CHAP, 
 
? 
 
 60 The 
 
 CHAP... VE- 
 
 BOOK of. NA BUR #5, or, 
 
 Treating very particularly of the Afilus, or Gadfly, and its external and internal 
 
 parts, as well male as female. 
 
 OW that we have feen the order in 
 N which the Worm grows or increafes into 
 a Nymph, and how this latter is at length 
 changed into a Fly, and confequently appears 
 under three different forms, though it always 
 remains one and the fame infect; it is necef- 
 fary, for my purpofe, to exhibit particularly 
 the parts of the Fly. This I thall now _at- 
 tempt to do, and I fhall begin with the male ; 
 and afterwards defcribe thofe parts in the fe- 
 male, which cannot be feen in that fex. 
 
 The male Gadfly, confidered externally, 
 thews itfelf divided into the head, the thorax 
 or breaft, and the abdomen or body. Thefe 
 three parts are joined together, as it were, by 
 a {mall filament; and this makes a moft beau- 
 tiful figure in Wafps. This is the reafon why 
 thefe creatures are called infects. | 
 
 In the head the eyes, horns, and probofcis 
 or trunk, are very confpicuous. The eyes are 
 {mooth, of a dark brownifh-green colour; and 
 they feem fpotted, upon a tranfparent gold- 
 coloured ground. Their ftructure is like that 
 of the Bee’s eyes; for each confifts of a col- 
 le@tion of many lefler eyes, between the hexa- 
 gonal divifions of which fome hairs are feat- 
 tered up and down. A fmall, black, horny 
 
 ‘ margin divides thefe eyes one from the other. 
 
 The hinder part of this margin, which lies 
 upwards towards the thorax, is likewife adorned 
 with three larger eyes; the two hindmoft of 
 which are fomewhat fmaller, and the two fore 
 ones as large again. In the neck, or where 
 the beginning of the medullary fubftance is 
 joined to the cerebellum in us, there are ob- 
 ferved two yellow fpots. : 
 
 In the foremoft region of the head, where 
 the margin juft mentioned reaches towards the 
 mouth, two very beautiful horns, of an ob- 
 {cure blackith colour, are placed in the middle, 
 'Thefe are divided each into eight joints, where- 
 of the lower are longeft, and are fet with fine 
 hairs. About the mouth are likewife feen a 
 confiderable number of hairs, of a glittering 
 deep gold colour. The mouth has no open- 
 ing, as in other infects; for the probofcis or 
 trunk, like an hollow little tongue, is here 
 placed in the mouth; and through it, as 
 
 through an hollow tube, the Fly, when eating, » 
 
 conveys its food into the ftomach. 
 
 By preffing the thorax with the fingers, this 
 probofcis will come in fight out of the mouth: 
 in its fore part appear two oval bubbles, Tab. 
 XLII. Fig. v. a; the middle parts of which 
 are applied to each other lengthwife, and be- 
 tween thefe the food paffes to the ftomach. 
 Their upper part is beautifully divided with 
 various pulmonary tubes, which, like fo many 
 femi-circles, run from. one fide to the other. 
 The probofcis alfo has briftly hairs 44 on each 
 5 
 
 fide of it, which, arifing out of the outer fkin 
 of the mouth or lips, hide the trunk itfelf, 
 when drawn back by the Fly. The inferior 
 or lower part of the probofcis has two {mall 
 cc appendages; out of the ends of which, 
 confifting of a black horny bone, likewife arife 
 fome hairs. ‘They are jointed into a fingular 
 kind of black d horny triangular bone, which 
 gives confiderable ftrength to the membranous 
 parts of the tube, which fupports the probof- 
 cis. Beneath this is afterwards feen another 
 horny bone, which is of a different figure, e. 
 I have not yet been able to difcover the acu- 
 leus or fting in this Fly, though it thews itfelf 
 very vifibly in the Horfefly, which carries it 
 enclofed in a {mall fheath. Whether the great 
 tendernefs and finenefs of the fling prevented 
 my finding it, or whether I miffed difcovering 
 it, I cannot fay. Neither can I explain in 
 what manner this little infect fucks the blood, 
 fince I have never learned this from obferva- 
 tion. Ihave faid, indeed, in my general hif- 
 tory of infects, that thefe little creatures hada 
 {ting or point in their mouth; which, I believe, 
 
 to this time is the general conftruction, tho’ I 
 
 cannot at prefent demonftrate it. 
 
 The fhape of the thorax on the upper fide, or 
 
 in the back, is oblong, and it is moderately hard 
 like a horny bone. It is in {ome of thefe Flies, 
 covered very thick with fine hairs, Its upper 
 part is bent a little inwardly at each fide: and 
 hence it happens, that two holes, as it were, 
 are there formed; befides, each fide of it is fet 
 with thin hairs. In the loweft region of the 
 thorax are feen fix legs; they are articulated to. 
 the thorax. Each of thefe legs confifts of five 
 joints ; the laft of which is again fubdivided into 
 five fingle joints, and is armed with two redith 
 claws, having their extremities as black as pitch. 
 All thefe joints have alfo briftly hairs, and are 
 conftructed or formed of a horny or bony mat- 
 ter, fomewhat hard like lobfter-fhells : within 
 this the mufcles, veflels and nerves are placed. 
 On the upper and. hinder part of the thorax are 
 two wings, of an even and generally fmooth 
 furface; though they have fome few hairs dif 
 perfed over them. A confiderable number of 
 pulmonary pipes is alfo diftributed through thefe 
 wings, and thefe divide them as fo many {mall 
 nerves. ‘The membranous parts of the wings 
 are fomewhat wrinkled, or plaited with fmall 
 folds, and they are of a colour approaching to a 
 pale red. The wings are, by the help of their 
 joints, connected with the back; where the 
 mufcles, which move them, are inferted therein. 
 Four {mall folds of the wings are likewife feen 
 there ; whereof the lower are beautifully {ur- 
 rounded with hairs ; and where the contracied 
 wing refts, they are received by a kind of hole 
 or pit, confpicuous in each fide of the thorax A 
 an 
 
 ; eee PR ee 
 
 . 
 ’ 
 : 
 4 
 . 
 ; 
 : 
 
Thee HISTORY of INSECTS 
 
 and this likewife has fome fetaceous hairs, but 
 not placed fo regularly. Near thefe appear two 
 globules, each of which is fapported by a bent 
 or crooked {mall foot or peduncle, and thefe re- 
 femble the iron head of a hammer. All the 
 little parts, juft_ now enumerated, ferve for mo- 
 dulating the air; for, as this is driven out of the 
 thorax into thefe cavities, hence is produced 
 that crafhing noife in the fides of the body, made 
 by the Fly when it difplays its wings in flying. 
 The malleolt, or little hammers, in particular, are 
 very beautiful, and fuch are found almoft in all 
 Flies: but I never faw them in any fpecies of 
 Bees; that is, the Bees have four wings: and 
 therefore they produce their found or noife in a 
 quite different manner. The fame may be alfo ob- 
 ferved in Locufts and Grafhoppers. Indeed every 
 kind of infect has particular inftruments to vi- 
 brate and modulate the air. The part of the 
 back oppofite to the abdomen, is adorned with 
 a yellow margin; out of which arife two fharp- 
 pointed little parts, like fharp needles, terminated 
 by black points. However, you may more ea- 
 fily difcover thefe little parts by the touch than 
 by the fight, becaufe they are furrounded with 
 a great number of hairs, 
 
 The abdomen, in like manner, confifts of a 
 horny or bony fubftance, and being fet all 
 round with hairs, has five yellow fpots on each 
 fide, which are here and there as if folded 
 up, and laid fmooth, and without hairs, It is 
 moreover divided into feveral rings, which are 
 difpofed in the fame manner in the male as in 
 the female: though, in refpeét to the particular 
 ftructure, there is fome difference between them, 
 as far as they conftitute the Fly’s tail; but this 
 difference cannot be feen, unlefs when thefe 
 parts are prefled backwards. 
 
 As to the external parts, there is no difference 
 between the male and female, except with re- 
 gard to the bignefs of the body: the male is a 
 full third part lefs than the female, which is like- 
 wife the cafe in the Worm alfo, and the Nymph ; 
 for thofe which are to produce males, are lefs 
 than thofe which are to yield females. The fe- 
 male muft carry in it an ovary, which, as it 
 contains fo great a number of eggs, that it can- 
 not be comprehended in a narrower compats, 
 it is therefore neceflary that fhe fhould have a 
 larger body. ‘To make this the more evident, I 
 fhall now defcribe the inward parts of the Fly, 
 and their difference in the male and female. Let 
 it be here obferved, that it is a female I have 
 delineated here, and defcribed in general. 
 
 Before I proceed to the internal parts, I muft 
 obferve, that all the Flies which belong to this 
 {pecies, do not exactly agree with one another, 
 in regard to their fpots, colours and hairs, which 
 is alfo the cafe in their Worms ; between which 
 there is great difference in regard to their paler 
 or fuller colour. 
 
 Now, if, in order to fettle the diffection of 
 thefe Flies, you defire to kill them in fucha 
 manner as not to hurt any of the parts, there 
 is nothing fo proper for this purpofe as fpirit of 
 wine, in which they die immediately : however, 
 I could not entirely kill the Worm in this liquor. 
 
 bf 
 
 Ihave killed a young Fly in the {pace of three 
 hours, by the fmell of Brafil tobacco, put neaf 
 it in a flask: and this indeed I have often done 
 fince. 
 
 In the head of a male Fly of this fpecies, two 
 days old, I obferved that little particles of fat be- 
 came confiderably {mallet than [ before defcribed 
 them in the Nymph. When I had afterwards 
 removed the cornea from the eyes, the colout 
 of the uvea, which ftill lay within that, appeared 
 of a bright red. I obferve alfo, that the colour 
 of the uvea is very different in proportion to the 
 age of the Flies: for thofe that have very re- 
 cently caft their skin, fometimes fhew the uvea 
 of a very beautiful and full orange colour, 
 
 All the mufcles of the legs and wings, which 
 are inferted in the horny or bony inveiting coats 
 of thefe parts, were in this Fly entirely perfect. 
 I found little fat here. But the belly, when 
 opened, appeared to be very full of it. ‘This fat 
 was of a purple colour, and its particles globular; 
 fo that at farft fight I took them foreggs. Thefe 
 fat particles very eafily feparate at this time from 
 the pulmonary pipes. ‘Thefe tubes were become 
 much lefs, and more contracted, on account of 
 the great lofs of the confiderable coats which they 
 had caftoff; but I could not find any tube among 
 them dilated into veficles, as is the cafe in many 
 other infects. I further obferved alfo, that the 
 largeft branches of the pulmonary tubes, which 
 I have before defcribed inthe Worm, were here 
 in the Fly compreffed, and infenfibly worn away, 
 as it were, or abolifhed: and the fame thing is 
 true with refpect to the bags, out of which the 
 Silkworms {pun their filken threads. 
 
 I obferved alfo two confiderable pneumatic 
 bladders of a pear-like fhape; one of which I 
 here delineate, Tab, XLVI. Fig. vi. 2. They 
 were large, and very much dilated, and were 
 fomewhat curled in the curvature of their tops, 
 in the mauner of thofe little purfes, in which the 
 earth Spiders carry their eggs about them: this 
 happens probably, becaufe thefe bladders have not 
 been extended as much as they might. Each of 
 thefe was terminated by a clofer tube, 4, com- 
 pofed of orbicular rings; out of the fides of this 
 other fmall branches, cc, iffued here and there ; 
 two of which I here exhibit magnified. Thefe 
 pulmonary tubes are principally conveyed to- 
 wards the fides of the body, under the wings, 
 and there forming {mall orifices, they afford the 
 air by which the Fly makes or produces its noife. 
 
 The ftomach and inteftines were in this Fly 
 very much contracted, I found a little air in the 
 ftomach, and in its hinder part near the pylorus, 
 a brownifh yellow fluid. The little inteftine 
 found in the other inteftine, was wanting in this 
 fubje&, having been wafted away. The four 
 convolutions of the four clofed or blind intef- 
 tines, were here found forced out of the breatt 
 into the belly. The reGtum fhewed itfelf di- 
 lated to a confiderable width, and filled with a 
 white moift fubftance like chalk, 
 
 Below, in the abdomen, were feen the genital 
 parts; the penis, the tefticles, and the feminal 
 bladders. The penis is fituated underneath, 
 
 within the laft ring of theabdomen, thro’ which 
 it 
 
. 
 
 st erects and ftretches itfelf. Its forepart is divided 
 into three horny or bony points, ‘Tab. XLVIL. Fig. 
 VII. 4, variegated with a palith yellow colour, 
 {omewhat approaching to red : the middle one 
 of thefe is properly the penis, which can erect it- 
 {elf internally, and pufh through the horny little 
 bone, wherewith its hinder parts are invefted. 
 It is conneéted as by two joints, 56, with black 
 horny little bones, twifted into ferpentine wind- 
 ings, which I here reprefent, joined to the hin- 
 der part of its horny fheath. Moreover, this 
 can bend itfelf in fome degree about the middle, ¢; 
 its cafe, or fheath, being there a little more mem- 
 brancus: hence the penis feems to exhibit a 
 joint in that part. The laft or extreme ring of 
 the belly, wherewith the penis is articulated, is 
 likewife adorned with two margins or verges, 
 which are fmall, horny, or bony, black, and 
 confiderably ftrong, dd; and in the fore- 
 
 art, are, as it were, jointed with the horny 
 little bones, which are bent in a ferpentine man- 
 ner ee. I have here delineated that ring open: for 
 all thefe horny little bones are clofely joined to- 
 gether, and cover, as it were, the penis. 
 
 The foft and nervous part of the penis, 
 twifted in a ferpentine f manner, runs inwardly 
 into the cavity of the abdomen, and is there at 
 length dilated into a confiderable knot, g; into 
 which the tefticles, 6b, and feminal veficles, 72, 
 difcharge their {perm through four orifices, and 
 thus convey it to the penis, Thetefticles, when 
 difleGted, thew themfelves to be compofed of 
 very numerous, fmall, very fhort and tender && 
 tubes, with their ends clofed ; all which threw 
 their {perm into the vas diferens, /, by which it 
 is conveyed on further, ‘The feminal veficles 
 are not fo confiderable; but they deferve notice, 
 on account of fome bendings and curlings, mm; 
 they terminate in delated extremities. Their 
 fperm, as well as that of the tefticles, is white ; 
 though the tefticles are not fo white as the femi- 
 nal veficles. 
 
 The fpinal marrow is here difpofed in the 
 fame manner as it is in the Nymph, . 
 
 I find the fame parts in the female as in the 
 male; only that an ovary is found in that fex, 
 inftead of the male genital organs, This ovary 
 is divided into two parts, Tab. XLII. Fig. viir. 
 aa, and being 4 faftened to the laft rings of the 
 abdomen, it opens there by a large orifice, and 
 difcharges its eggs; thefe the Fly always drops 
 into the water: this is likewife the practice of 
 the Perla or Dragon-fly. Thefe hinder rings of 
 the body, are here and there very beautifully va- 
 riegated with black, horny, or bony {pots of dif- 
 ferent figures, ccc, and are likewife beautifully 
 adorned all round with hairs d. 
 
 The eggs in the ovary feem to be exactly fphe- 
 rical, and to exhibit each an opening in the 
 middle of it, eee: but this is only a falfe appear- 
 ance, produced from their too obfcure colour. 
 In reality thefe eggs, are oblong ; andthey become 
 the longer and more acute, f, as alfo larger and 
 
 more confpicuous, the longer time has pafled 
 fince the Fly’s change; fo that they infenfibly 
 
 5 
 
 The End of the Hiflory of the Gadfly. 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 fill the body more and more, But if thefe eggs 
 be laid before a microfcope, that magnifies in a 
 great degree; then their real figure is difcovered, 
 together with the pulmonary tubes, g, which 
 connect them every where, and which furnifh- 
 ing many f{hoots, 4, diffufe 77 themfelves through 
 the whole ovary in feveral beautiful branches, 
 No veins or arteries are feen here ; becaufe thefe 
 little creatures have white blood, as alfo on ac-~ 
 count of their great fmallnefs. 
 
 In the young Fly thefe eggs are very tender, 
 and of a beautiful colour; which becomes the 
 ftronger or fuller, in proportion to its age. In 
 one ovary of this kind, I have diftinétly counted 
 about four hundred and forty eggs: hence it is 
 evident, what a great number of Worms one 
 Fly may produce. 
 
 I have placed water, fweetened with fugar, be- 
 fore {ome of thefe Worms ; but they did not touch 
 it, and died the fourth day. Others lived much 
 longer, and the more fo, the more they were 
 expofed to the cold and rain; for then almoft 
 all infeéts abftain from eating. 1 have neglected 
 to offer them blood. 
 
 In one of thefe Flies, which I opened alive, 
 all the fat was confumed, fo that no part of it 
 remained, but thofe purple littke membranes, 
 with which I had obferved it before furrounded, 
 
 Laftly, near the orifice of the ovary, which 
 difcharges, Tab, XLII. Fig. vir. 4, itfelf, thro’ 
 two duéts, I have difcovered thofe three very 
 beautiful little knots, whereof I have before made 
 mention in the Nymph. The extremities of 
 thofe Nymphs are twifted, /, or turned like a 
 {nail-fhell : and they are then inflected or bent, m7, 
 in a fingular manner, then curled, 7, and run 
 towards the laft ring of the belly, and are placed @ 
 near the ovary. Where thefe knots form m their 
 bending, fomething like a common membrane 
 joins them together. But if they be diflected, 
 there are as many pulmonary tubes feen enclofed 
 therein, as they are in number. The coat of 
 membrane, which invefts thefe pulmonary tubes, 
 entirely dries away and perifhes, if thefe are put 
 on a glafs, and leaves the tubes bare with open 
 cavities. By opening the faid knots alfo, one 
 may turn the air-tubes out of them unhurt. 
 
 The ufe of thefe little parts is utterly unknown 
 
 tome; I cannot even conjecture for what purpofe 
 they are formed. There are alfo many other parts 
 of this infe@t, concerning which Iam as much at 
 a lofs. Wherefore, all who read thefe matters, as 
 well as myfelf, being convinced of our igno- 
 rance therein, are obliged fubmit to before God; 
 who hath fhewn himfelf fo incomprehenfible 
 and adorable in this infect. We are obliged to 
 extol him with praifes, for that he hath been 
 gracioufly pleafed to difcover to us fo many, and 
 fuch great things in this creature. If we cultivate 
 and exercife together thefe two duties under fuch 
 refearches, the vifible things will ferve to excite 
 and encourage us to know and fee God, from 
 thofe objects which he created, and to love him 
 cordially, and like children, as the fupreme ve- 
 nerable Deity. 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS, 
 
 63 
 
 A Letter written by the author to Mr. Thevenot, on the nature and anatomy of the 
 
 Worm bred in rotten cheefz, or the Acarus, 
 
 the Fly produced from it.* 
 
 SiR, 
 
 Doubt not, but at the time when you held 
 
 weekly conferences at your houfe in Paris, 
 and thereby made it a general place of meet- 
 ing for the learned, fome of your inquiries 
 turned of the nature of Mites, their fingular 
 difpofition, and furprifing manner of their 
 fpringing up into the air. I therefore take 
 the liberty of fubmitting this little treatife to 
 your judgment, which I refpeéct and value in- 
 finitely more, than the opinions of many of 
 the profeffed literati of the prefent age, whofe 
 inquiries into natural things, feldom go deeper 
 than the furface. 
 
 Iam not ignorant, that the illuftrious Redi 
 has wrote with great knowledge and accuracy 
 concerning Worms, which are bred in cheefe ; 
 but I know alfo, that he could not poflibly be 
 thoroughly acquainted with all the circum- 
 ftances remarkable in thofe infects ; and that 
 the great number of uncommon experiments 
 
 and called by us the Mite, and of 
 
 which he propofes, could not but hinder him 
 from applying himfelf thoroughly to all parts 
 of the fubject, efpecially as he, at the fame 
 time, paid his attendance at the court of the 
 great duke of Tufcany. 
 
 I have therefore taken upon me to lay be= 
 fore you, moft illuftrious philofopher, a full 
 account of this little Worm, and its F ly, their 
 external appearance, their difpofitions, and their 
 internal ftru€ture ; for I can take upon me to 
 affirm, that the limbs, and other parts of this 
 Worm are fo uncommon and elegant, and con- 
 trived with fo much art and defign, that it is 
 impoffible not to acknowledge them the work 
 of infinite power and wifdom, to which no- 
 thing is hid, nothing impoffible. You will 
 fee thefe minute creatures have, as well as the 
 greateft, a brain, nerves, mufcles, lungs, falival 
 ducts, a ftomach, fmall and large inteftines, ceca, 
 or blind guts, pinguiferous or fat membranes, 
 and the feveral other vifcera. 
 
 The external paris of the Mite. 
 
 Lthough this Worm is very common, I 
 have thought it not amifs to give a figure 
 of it at its full growth, and of its natural fize, 
 Tab. XLII. Fig. 1. as names are equivocal, 
 and there are many who know but little of it. 
 Thefe fmall creatures being generally held in 
 deteftation, though fome eat them voluptuoufly 
 with the reft of the cheefe, from a vulgar no- 
 tion, that they are formed out of the beft parts 
 of it; whereas in reality, they proceed folely 
 from the eggs of a common Fly, as I fhall 
 prefently demonftrate. But before I under- 
 take to explain the difpofition of this Worm, 
 and give fome account of its internal parts, as 
 they appear on diffection ; I thall defcribe its 
 external parts, as well as {uch internal ones, as 
 the tranfparency of the outer ones affords _us 
 an opportunity of examining, without being 
 obliged to diffect, it. 
 
 The Mite, when viewed with the micro- 
 fcope, appears divided into twelve feétions or 
 rings, Fig. 11. 1,2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9,10, 11, 12. 
 The firft of thefe rings, properly {peaking, forms 
 the head a, the {kin of which, as likewife that 
 of every other part, is tough and firm like a 
 piece of parchment ; fo that it is no eafy mat- 
 ter to break or wound it, though the Worm 
 leaps with a furprifing violence, on being ever 
 fo gently touched. The forepart of the head 
 is, in a manner, divided or feparated into two 
 tubercules, from which arife two very fhort 
 
 antenne, or horns. Between thefe two divi- 
 
 fions of the head, there conftantly appears, 
 
 through the tranfparent fkin that covers it, a 
 
 {mall particle, which, like the head, confifts 
 
 alfo of two divifions. This little particle really 
 
 contains the organs conftituting the mouth, 
 
 which are of a fubftance between bone and 
 
 horn, and produce on their forepart two little 
 
 black claws, which ferve the Worm not only 
 
 as fuch, but likewife for feet, and in the place - 
 of teeth. We may alfo clearly perceive thro’ 
 
 the infect’s tranfparent skin, that it can move 
 thefe claws in and out, together with the al- 
 
 ready-mentioned parts of the mouth, in ‘the 
 
 fame manner as the Snail thrufts out, or draws 
 
 in, its head and horns. 
 
 The next ring is very remarkable on this ac- 
 count, that the pulmonary tubes of the infect 
 fcarcely open any where elfe, except in the 
 hindermoft ring of the body, where there are 
 two more: I could never difcover any other 
 breathing-holes, or apertures, in this infect. 
 Thofe in the front ring next to the head, are 
 very large. Thefe extremities, or rather the 
 beginnings of the lungs, Tab. XLIII. Fig. 11. b. 
 are curioufly contrived, and elegantly conftruét- 
 ed. On the forepart, where they are thruft out 
 beyond the skin, they are of a membranaceous 
 fubftance, fomewhat white, and very delicate ; 
 a little lower they fwell, as it were, into a {mall 
 belly, and grow yellowith, and in fome mea- 
 
 * Tt has been a cuftom to call any fimall creature found in cheefe, in Latin, Acarus, and in Englifh, Mite. This author takes the 
 the accuftomed liberty of {peech, and gives, in the prefent account, the name Mite to the Maggot of a fmall Fly; but the creature 
 we commonly call Mite in England, and which is moft univerfally called Acarus in Latin, is of a different kind ; it is made fimaller 
 than this Maggot, and appcars like a moving particle of duft. ‘This is the Acaris of the antients, which Ariftotle obferved in de- 
 cayed Bees-wax, and was called the leaft obje&t of the human fight. This Mite has fix legs, an oval or rounded body, with a hard 
 fkin, and very diftinguifhable eyes. The Maggot here treated of under the fame name, is a creature altogether diftinét. 
 
 fure 
 
64 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 fure to appear of a golden brightnefs. After 
 this, they grow narrower towards the third 
 ring, where we may plainly perceive, through 
 the infe@’s clear skin, that after acquiring a 
 filver whitenefs, like mother of pearl, they unite 
 with the branches of the trachea, ferving as 
 larynxes.’ One great advantage the infec 
 draws from thefe openings, being placed fore- 
 wards, near the beginning of the third ring, is, 
 that when it draws in its head and legs, as it 
 burrows in the moift cheefe, thefe larynxes are 
 covered by the folding of the skin. A contri- 
 vance worthy of its great Author, the fole 
 fountain of every thing good and wonderful. 
 Within the third ring there plainly appears, 
 through the tranfparent skin, the two great 
 branches of the wind-pipe, which communi- 
 cate about the beginning of the fourth ring, by 
 avery confpicuous anaftomofis or inofculation. 
 There are alfo many other {maller branches of 
 the trachea iffuing from the two great branches, 
 
 which are placed within the third ring; and, 
 
 thefe fmall branches afcend towards the fecond 
 ring, and toward the head. I have omitted 
 thefe ramifications in the drawing, for fear of 
 rendering it confufed. There appear befides, 
 tho’ fomewhat obfcurely, fome other internal 
 parts, through thefe rings. In the fourth ring 
 there are feen two more branches of the tra- 
 chea, iffuing on each fide of the breaft from 
 the two main trunks cc. Of the two {mall 
 branches laft mentioned, one goes to .the 
 fourth, and the other to the fifth ring, where 
 they join the branches {pringing from the tra- 
 chea in this place by a double inofculation, or 
 anaftomofis, that is eafily difcernible. 
 
 I do not find, that the greater branches of 
 the wind-pipe form a mutual inofculation, or 
 anaftomofis with each other, any where, ex- 
 - cept about the beginning of the fourth ring ; 
 but the fmaller branches arifing from the fides 
 of the greater, and which appear very diftinctly 
 on each fide of the body extended all over 
 the annular divifions, communicate with each 
 other in a very obvious and confpicuous man- 
 ner. This.may be beft feen on the declivity of 
 the breaft and belly, above the borders vifible 
 in thofe places, as alfo in the rings of the left 
 fide, marked in the figure with the numbers 
 
 5, 6595 Sys 00; T1;,, 18; Aod the letters, Tab. 
 XLII. Fig. 1. ddd, &c, There appear, be- 
 
 fides many other, {maller branches in the fame 
 
 places, which {pring from the greater, and ex- - 
 
 tend to the vifcera' within. 
 
 All the other rings, from the fifth to the 
 eleventh, are conftructed alike; and the rami- 
 fications of the pulmonary tubes, which fhew 
 themfelves thro’ thefe rings, are nearly of the 
 fame form: the principal difference, and that 
 too is only accidental, as it is called, is, that the 
 other internal parts of the Worm thew them- 
 felves a great deal more plainly thro’ fome of 
 the rings, than they do thro’ others. In the 
 fifth ring fome particles of fat may be dif- 
 cerned thro’ the skin e, and fome more, tho’ 
 very faintly, in the fixth. In the feventh and 
 eighth, I could perceive fome of the ceca, or 
 blind guts, or clofed inteftines f/f, Thefe, on 
 account of their contents, appear of a very pale 
 colour, in fome degree’ approaching to green; 
 the fame alfo I could fometimes perceive, pretty 
 diftindlly, thro’ the ninth ring, tho’ at other 
 times very little or not at all. In the tenth 
 ring, and between the principal trunks or 
 branches of the wind-pipe, which extend 
 themfelves along the back of the Worm from 
 one end of its body to another, there gene- 
 rally appears a confiderable branch of the tra- 
 chea g, running to the internal parts. ~In the 
 eleventh ring, there is feen a very remarkable 
 particle of fat #, refting upon two branches of 
 the wind-pipe ; but it has been only in fome 
 Worms that Icould perceive this: it is not 
 univerfal. 
 
 The twelfth ring differs in conftruction from 
 all the others; for the two greater branches of 
 the trachea terminate there, projeCting at their 
 extremities in the fame manner as the lefler 
 branches of the trachea do beyond the fur- 
 face of the body. The projecting. parts are, 
 like the other breathing holes near the head : 
 they are ofa pale colour, but formed in a dif- 
 ferent manner, as may be feen by looking over 
 the figure. - 
 
 To conclude: the furface of this twelfth 
 ring, is covered with a variety of prominent 
 tubercles, and little cavities like wrinkles ; the 
 ufe of which I fhall hereafter deferibe. 
 
 Of the difpofition of the Mite. 
 
 HUS, Sir, I have defcribed, in a few 
 words, the external parts of this Worm, 
 and fuch of the internal ones as appear thro’ 
 its tranfparent skin. But all thefe particulars 
 will appear of little confequence, when com- 
 pared with the wonderful contrivance that is 
 feen in every part, when more minutely ex- 
 amined: fuch a contrivance, as the great Archi- 
 tect of nature alone can thoroughly underftand, 
 or could form; the moft ingenious inventions 
 of man being, in compatifon with it, lame and 
 defective. ee 
 The figure I here give of this Worm, which 
 is furprifingly ftrong, and has a moft vigorous 
 
 conftitution, reprefents it lying on its back, and 
 
 feizing its tail with its teeth or claws; but this 
 pofture is not, as you may guefs, the natural 
 condition of this Worm, nor is it ever found 
 lying on its back, when alive ; fo that my only 
 defign in giving it thus, is to be better able to 
 explain the manner of its leaping, in the moft 
 fatisfactory terms. By turning the figure, you 
 will have a moft exact and natural reprefenta- 
 tion of the little infect, preparing to make a 
 {pring. 
 
 When this creature intends to take a leap, 
 it firft erects itfelf upon its anus; in doing 
 which, it is greatly aflifted by the prominent 
 
 tubercles 
 
 ae on nk ee Pe eae, Se eT eer ee 
 
The 
 
 tubercles of the twelfth ring, which enable it to 
 maintain an equilibrium, by projecting more or 
 lefs at its pleafure, from the body. Immediately 
 after this, the creature bends itfelf into a circle, 
 and having brought its head, Tab. XLII, Fig. 
 111. towards its tail, it prefently ftretches out its 
 two black crooked claws, and dire&ts them to 
 the cavities formed between the two laft or hind- 
 moft tubercles of the body, where it fixes them 
 in the {kin ; as the fecond figure, done from na- 
 ture by the help of a microfcope, accurately re- 
 prefents. 
 
 The Mite having thus made itfelf ready, con- 
 contracts its body with fuch force, that froma 
 circular, it becomes of an oblong form, Fig, rv. 
 the contraction extending in a manner to every 
 part of the body. This done, it again reduces 
 itfelf with fo prodigious a force to a ftraight line, 
 that its claws, which are feated in the mouth, 
 make a very perceiveable noife on parting from 
 the fkin of the laft ring of the body: and thus 
 the Mite, by firft violently bending, and after- 
 wards firetching out its body, leaps to a moft ex- 
 traordinary height, if compared with the {mall- 
 nefs of the creature, in confequence of the ftroke 
 the body gives in recovering its place on the 
 cheefe, or wood, or any other fubftance upon 
 which it was before lodged. 
 
 I have indeed feen a Mite, whofe length did 
 not exceed the fourth part of an inch, leap out 
 of a box fix inches deep, that is, to a height 
 twenty-four times greater than the length of its 
 own body *; others leap a great deal higher. 
 But this Worm does not always erect itfelf per- 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 od. INS E€ T §, 64 
 pendicularly to take a leap; it very often prepares 
 for this when lying on its fide, though the firft 
 is the commoneft method ; but whether it erects 
 itfelf, or lies on its fide when about to leap, it 
 never fails to bend its body intoa circle, and af- 
 terwards to reduce it toa ftraight line. 
 
 If, Sir, you thould be defirous of examining 
 with your own eyes, thefe furprifing miracles 
 of God’s power and wifdom in this abject crea- 
 ture, you need only place the Mite in a drop of 
 Water, upon any white furface, and adapt it to 
 the microfcope in this fituation; for, though it 
 cannot leap in the water, you may diftinélly 
 perceive it endeavouring to do fo, by feizing its 
 anus with its claws, and making every other 
 pofture, exhibited in the fecond, third, and fourth 
 figures, 
 
 This may alfo be feen in another manner, by 
 faftening the Mite with a little pafte, made of 
 {tiff ftarch, on the point of a very {mall needle 
 made for the microfcope, as it cannot loofen it- 
 felf, fo.as to perform its leap in this fituation. 
 Another method is, to roll the Mite about a little 
 upon a table, and handle it till it has loft a great 
 deal of its ftrength; for, in this condition, it 
 takes hold of its anus very irregularly, and fome- 
 times fixes its feet into the pulmonary tubes 
 placed about that part; you may then very con. 
 veniently fee in what manner it extends its claws 
 upon this occafion. Our common friend, Dr. 
 Matthew Slade, will confirm all thefe particu. 
 lars, he having had the pleafure of admiring, 
 together with me, all thefe prodigies of nature; 
 
 An anatomical defcription of the internal parts. 
 
 O kill fotne of thefe Worms for diffeCtion, 
 
 _ ‘T threw them into rain water, where they 
 died, but not till after fix or feven days: they are 
 fitteft, however, for anatomical diffeGtions, at the 
 end of two or three days, lying in water ; for 
 though fliil alive, they are benumbed. On 
 being taken out of the water, at the end even of 
 five days, they will crawl, however, and fome- 
 times leap about as brifkly, in a manner, as ever, 
 and fometimes live after this to become Nymphs, 
 and afterwards Flies, 
 
 I could difcover no eyes in the Mite’s head ; 
 butthe firft things that prefented themfelvesin that 
 part, on difiection, were the claws, which I be- 
 fore mentioned by the names of teeth and legs, 
 as indeed 1 have found by experiment, that they 
 will anfwer the feveral purpofes of all thofe parts. 
 The infeét makes ufe of them as teeth, in {crap- 
 ing off the cheefe, and afterwards {wallowing 
 it, fo that it is but reafonable to call them by 
 that name: next the Mite employs them to 
 walk with, fo that one would imagine it walked 
 upon its nofe. This may be feen, by placing it upon 
 a piece of fine linen, or paper ; for it fixes thefe 
 two parts into the pores of the linen, or paper, 
 
 and then draws after them the reft of its body. 
 Thus they deferve the name of feet: but this is 
 not the only manner in which this creature 
 crawls; it can likewife move itfelf by an undula- 
 tion, or waving motion, of its body. Finally, 
 thefe parts, may be juftly confidered as claws, 
 not only upon account of their refemblance to 
 thofe parts in other animals, but alfo, becaufe it 
 is with them that the Worm takes hold of the 
 laft ring of its body, fo as to bring its mouth and 
 anus to meet together. 
 
 Thefe teeth or claws are very fharp on their 
 fore part, and they are moderately crooked, al- 
 moft like thofe of hawks and eagles, Tab. 
 XLII. Fig. v. aa, Nearer the root they grow 
 broader, and they have two apophyfes or {well- 
 ings, wherein the mufcles, that ferve to move 
 them, are inferted. Thefe teeth are articulated 
 with the mouth and palate, which are two 
 little black, oblong, hollow, horny bones, with 
 which the pharynx is alfo connected. Thefe 
 little bones, from a flender beginning, 44, after= 
 wards become broad, and at laft terminate in 
 four appendages, ¢c, which are in a manner of 
 a membranaceous fubftance; but in the fore 
 
 * We may admire in this inftance the powers nature has given todifferent creatures, and their limitations, to anfwer neceflary pur. 
 ane and not for mifchief to mankind. If nature had [ae this power to the ferpent kind, how terrible would it have been! A 
 . 
 
 iper would have thrown iffelf from a concealed place, 
 being the proportion tothe length of their bodi 
 
 5 
 
 Se 
 
 enty-two foot at the traveller ; a Rattlefnake an hundred and fifty: this 
 R part, 
 
BOOK of 
 
 part, they are connected in the middle, with 
 two other horny, and very fingular bones, d, 
 which ferve to keep them in their places, and at 
 a proper diftance from each other. 
 
 The gullet, which lies between thefe appen- 
 daves of thofe little bones I have been deferibing, 
 aa ‘a their hollow part, becomes confiderably 
 wider in the Wotm’s thorax, °¢, where it, in a 
 manner, forms an inglavies or large hollow. 
 
 Under this are feen four appendages, clofed at 
 their ends, ff; which are, as it were, cluftered 
 about and furrounded by little globular particles 
 of a fatty matter, but of a peculiar nature. They 
 are indeed properly made up of thefe. As yet I 
 cannot determine what thefe particles fhould be 
 called, or the ufe of them may b2, unlefs, per- 
 haps, they may ferve to moiften the food of the 
 Worm, in its paflage through the cefophagus or 
 gullet, and thereby render it of eafy digeftion. 
 
 The ftomach, ggg, offers itfelf next to our 
 confideration, It is very long, as is the cafe in 
 all other infeéts, while they continue in the 
 Worm or Caterpillar ftate. It is fupplied with 
 a great number of ramifications from the wind- 
 pipe ; but I have omitted them all in the figure, 
 except two principal, and fome other {maller, ra- 
 mifications diftributed over the furface, b bd. 
 The length of this ftomach is fo very confider- 
 able, that one might eafily miftake it for a gut, 
 and deferibe it as fuch; and no doubt, I fhould 
 have been myfelf of that opinion, had I not had 
 an opportunity of comparing together the con- 
 {truétion of this, arid of the ftomachs of other 
 infe@ts. This ftomach is of a membranaceous 
 fubftance, in which there appear fome mufcular 
 fibres through its tran{parent Coats. All the con- 
 tents of the ftomach were white: I have en- 
 deavoured to reprefent them in the figure by fome 
 dots, as {een through the coats of the ftomach, 2. 
 The ftomach appeared alfo invefted with nume- 
 rous particles of fat ; but I did not difcover this 
 lait circumftance in the ftomach, till after 1 had 
 dried it ona thin piece of glafs, 
 
 Lower down, towards the end of this chan- 
 nel, there rife from it two little flender inteftines, 
 kk, like thofe found in all other Worms or Ca- 
 terpillars, that I have yet diffected, and even in 
 the Loufe. I call thefe caca, or blind inteftines, 
 In the Mite, thefe two inteftines divided, each 
 
 into two others; two of thefe contained a greenifh 
 yellow fubftance, HH; and the two others, a mat- 
 ter that was partly green, and partly white, and 
 looked as if it was coagulated, mm; but what 
 was very furprifing, the motion of this fubftance 
 through the inteftines was fo quick, that my 
 eyes could not keep up with it; and, on my cut- 
 ting one of the inteftines in two, it flowed from 
 it with great'rapidity. This I obferved in a live 
 Worm, that I diffected ; but in another, which 
 began to putrify, 1 found the coat of this intef- 
 tine diffolved into an infinite number of little 
 fatty lumps. In both, thefe-inteftines were of a 
 prodigious fmallnefs; but from the motions of 
 the matter contained in them, we may reafon- 
 ably conclude they are furnifhed with mufcular 
 fibres, though I could by ‘no means obtain a 
 fight of them, as they evade by their extreme 
 
 66 The 
 
 NA OCU RR BE oy 
 
 delicacy, the fharpnefs of both our eyes and in- 
 {truments, which are at beft only fit to examine 
 vifible and fenfible objects, and even thefe very 
 imperfectly. How much therefore are we bound 
 to humiliate our hearts, when, on account of 
 our great weaknefs, we cannot thoroughly fearch 
 into any one of God’s creatures! Thefe intef- 
 tines had alfo their pulmonary tubes, 7 And 
 who can tell how many more wonders may yet 
 remain hid in them! 
 
 The pylorus, 0, or opening of the ftomach, 
 appears below the infertion of the four inteftines 
 I have been juft defcribing, and near to this is 
 the gut colon, pp, which is followed by the 
 rectum, g. I could difcern the very extremity 
 of the rectum, #: it was of a fomewhat diffe- 
 rent form from that which I have given it in the 
 figure ; for I there reprefented it as it appeared 
 on my fqueezing it at the fundament out of the 
 Mite’s body. : 
 
 It is extremely remarkable alfo, that two of 
 the caca or blind guts, were fo united with par- 
 ticles of fat, ss, that their clofed extremities ap- 
 peared firmly fixed in them, and connected with 
 them by means of a great number of pulmonary 
 tubes. In the figure I have only reprefented this 
 circumftance in one of the inteftines, There are 
 inthis creature a great number,of thefe particles of 
 fat. They are of an oblong oval form, fometimes 
 double, and fometimes hung about with appen- 
 dages, round, hollowifh, and flat, as may be feen 
 in the two little portions of this fat, which I 
 have here reprefented, ss. ; 
 
 On examining this fat with a powerful magni- 
 fier, every divifion or lobe of it appears wrapped 
 up in its own particular membrane. We may, 
 
 even by this means perceive, that every fingle par-_ 
 
 ticle of this kind, contains an infinite number of 
 globules of fat, Fig. v1. aaa, which flow out 
 of the lobe as foon as it is opened, and mix con- 
 fufedly together; fo that, a variety of branches, 
 compofing, as it were, a little tree, are formed 
 by the combinations of the concurrent lobes. 
 
 The particles of this fat are of a dufky white, and, — 
 
 by this means, they exhibit in the Worm a 
 fpectacle, whofe beauty no words can properly 
 defcribe; but we need not think this extraordinary, 
 as it is effected by the Omnipotent Being, who, 
 with a word, produced all things. 
 
 It is very entertaining alfo, to confider in what 
 manner the pulmonary tubes, which are of a 
 bright filver whitenefs, Fig, vi. 0, run every 
 where, and in every poflible direction, through 
 thefe pinguiferous or fat veffeis, fo as to diftribute 
 theméelves principally over the particles of the 
 fat, where this fubftance is laid up in little round 
 lumps; at the fame time, that in the interftices 
 of thefe lumps, they run into one another with- 
 out-any apparent order. ; 
 
 On one fide of the gullet, there lay a very 
 delicate and {mall tube, ftretching to the jaws, 
 and the horny bones conftituting the palate and 
 mouth; but I have not as yet been able to trace 
 this tube perfectly to its origin, 1 found that it 
 divided itfelf, in the breaft, into two {mall chan- 
 néls, each of which widened again into an ob- 
 long globular bladder, Fig. v. #7, and then be- 
 
 came 
 
 L. 
 ; 
 i 
 : 
 7 
 
‘The 
 
 came again contracted into a narrow tube, which 
 reaflumed once again the form of a bladder, beau- 
 tifully adorned with a great number of pulmo- 
 nary tubes running over the whole furface, z xz. 
 Some particles of fat very regularly placed, and 
 moft curioufly contrived, furrounded one fide of 
 thefe glandular veflels, x, and underneath, ex- 
 tended into a kind of blind or clofed appendages, 
 yy, foch as I had never obferved before in the 
 fat of any creature. 
 
 Nor can I tell the ufe of the particles laft de- 
 {cribed, though I have reafon to think they per- 
 form the office of falival glands and ducts. For, 
 as the Mite {pins no web, and thefe baggs are 
 clofed behind, I do not think any other fervice 
 can be fo properly attributed to them. 
 
 The pulmonary tubes, which are diftributed 
 through all the parts we have been furveying, 
 are conftructed in the Mite after the fame man- 
 ner as they are in other infects. That great 
 anatomift Malpighi, has given an inftance of 
 this in his account of Silkworms; and I have, 
 miyfelf, frequently done the like in this work. 
 But the rings compofing thefe tubes, are not fo 
 very numerous; for which reafon, they are of a 
 more membranaceous and flexible ftructure, 
 
 The motion of thefe pulmonary tubes is feen 
 very evidently through the fkin, on examining 
 with a microfcope the Mite, held on the point 
 of a pin run through its head; for, as the infec 
 in this condition tarns and twifts itfelf a great 
 many ways, the pulmonary tubes aflume, in con- 
 fequence of its motions, a variety of appearances. 
 Sometimes they are ftretched out to their length, 
 at other times they are bent in a ferpentine man- 
 ner, or coiled up in form of a circle; but not- 
 withftanding fo many diftortions, the rings com- 
 pofing them always retain their form, and never 
 collapfe. Thus has the Omnipotent Architect 
 given us the fpecimen of a tube, fo perfectly 
 flexible, that the moft violent contortions cannot 
 do it the leaft injury. 
 
 The brain: is fituated in the neck, near the 
 horny bones, that form the mouth and palate of 
 the infe&t. This fituation of the brain makes 
 it fall Jower in the neck, on the Worm’s. pull- 
 ing its feet into its mouth; and, on the contrary, 
 it ig drawn forward, as often as that creature 
 thrufts out its fnout: this is very much the cafe 
 alfo in Snails. What atheift is there, who would 
 not be confounded and ftruck dumb, on examin- 
 ing attentively the wonderful contrivance in the 
 vifcera of animals? For my part, I dare challenge 
 mankind to defcribe properly the fmalleft por- 
 tion of the meaneft creature that crawls upon the 
 earth, ‘Whoever fhould undertake fo bold a 
 tafk, would lofe his eyes in the attempt. For, 
 there is no doubt but any one, who, in this vale 
 of tears and ignorance, fhould fully and imme- 
 diately behold the divine fun of thefe truths, 
 which God has treafured up in his creatures, 
 would forfeit fight for his prefumption. Such 
 has been the unhappy, though deferved fate of 
 all thofe, who have attempted to difprove and 
 overturn by human reafonings, and fenfible ex- 
 periments, the:divinity of the Creator, :fo clearly 
 fhining forth in the whole nature of things. 
 
 HF SFTS OS RKY 
 
 of INS E GT §. 64 
 
 Whatever isa fenfible objet, muft lie within the 
 {phere of the fenfes; but our fenfes are coarfe, 
 and cannot of themfelves teach us any truth, un- 
 lefs prior ideas of it have been imprefied upon 
 us by him, from whom we derive our exiftence, 
 This, father Malabranche has moft inconteftably 
 provedgin his inquiry after truth. 
 
 The brain in the Mite confifts of two glo- 
 bular parts, which in a manner conttitutes its 
 right and left portions, Tab. XLII. Fig. vit. 
 aa. Near the brain is fituated the beginning 
 of the {pinal marrow, which in this place is 
 always opened, fo as to give a paflage to the 
 gullet. From the fore region of the brain 
 there iffue fome confiderable nerves, which 
 dilate a little, at the diftance of half their 
 length from their origin, 4. But this parti- 
 cular is not obfervable in every Mite. Thefe 
 nerves at length fwell into two diftin® and 
 very confpicuous nodules, ¢, from which arife 
 two fmaller and very delicate nerves, dd. I 
 
 could not trace thefe far enough to know what 
 
 parts they run to: I believe it is to the mufcu- 
 lar parts of the mouth, palate, and feet. Next 
 under the brain, and from the beginning of 
 the {pinal marrow, there arife two pair of very 
 flender nerves, ee, which adminifter to the 
 vifcera:in the abdomen, and to the mufcles 
 moving the rings of the body. Under thefe 
 appear two confiderable nerves, which, after 
 dilating into two oblong globes, ff clofe again, 
 and then form two other globes, fmaller than 
 the former; from which there arife again two 
 nerves: but what thefe nerves are, or what 
 purpofes they ferve in this infe&, I cannot tell. 
 I believe, indeed, they exift ufelefsly in the 
 Worm, and are to work the mufcles of the 
 wings, when it becomes a Fly. From each 
 fide of the fpinal marrow there iflue a great 
 many other delicate and {mall nerves, gg, 
 which are all diftributed to the inner parts of 
 the creature, and to the mufcles of its body ; 
 and many of thefe nerves fubdivide into vari- 
 ous ramifications, bb A. 
 
 The fpinal marrow will appear very fhort, if 
 we compare its length with that of the entire 
 infect; and the fame may be faid of the body 
 of the Fly into which the Mite turns. It is 
 therefore neceflary, that the nerves, which are 
 extended to fo great a length, fhould contra& 
 themfelves, and become fhorter, at the time 
 that the Worm begins to change to a Nymph. 
 In animals, whofe blood is of a red colour, 
 fuch as Dogs and Calves, I have often obferved, 
 that the nerves fhrink up, as Serpents do, into 
 rings, or like a fpiral, as often-as the part to 
 which they are fixed undergoes any contrac- 
 tion: and this is chiefly obfervable in the nerves 
 of the mefentery; whereas in the Worm now 
 before us, the nerves are in every part equally 
 contracted. This likewife happens in the Cof- 
 fus, or Worm of the Beetle, where this con- 
 traction affords a very uncommon and very en 
 tertaining fight. 
 
 The {pinal marrow of the Mite confifts of 
 twelve divifions, or, as it were, nodular fec- 
 
 tions. ‘Thefe, however, are fcarce difcernible, 
 on 
 
68 The BOOK 
 on account of their {mallnefs, being no larger 
 than grains of fand. This partis invefted with 
 a mott delicate coat, through which are {fpread 
 a great many pulmonary tubes : it is befides 
 covered with particles of fat, which I have en- 
 deavoured to reprefent by dots on the figure of 
 the marrow. lll the nerves iffuing fag. the 
 ipinal marrow are covered with a continuation 
 of the fame coat, which invefts the marrow 
 itfelf; and they are likewife furnithed with 
 pulmonary tubes, which accompany them in 
 their moft delicate ramifications. 
 
 The {pinal marrow, viewed fideways, has 
 quite a different appearance from that which 
 the figure here given of it reprefents ; for, on 
 looking at it in this manner, it appears fituated 
 lower than the brain, Tab. XLII. Fig. vit. a, 
 and looks fomewhat crooked, 4. This form, 
 Tam inclined to think, was purpofely contrived 
 to allow a freer paflage to the gullet, where 
 it runs down, like an inteftine, from the jaws 
 to the inglavies, or fwallow. \ This is the rea- 
 fon why the brain is placed above the gullet, 
 and the gullet, together with the ftomach, refts 
 upon the fpinal marrow, and its neryous rami- 
 fications: fo that, properly {peaking, the {pinal 
 marrow refts upon the mufcles of the rings of 
 the body in the under part, and is cufhioned 
 up with particles of fat on every fide. 
 
 The conftruction of the mufcles, which in 
 this infe@t move the rings of the body, is very 
 fingular and furprifing. I difcovered three dif- 
 ferent kinds of them, without examining far- 
 ther than the foremoft part of the thorax ; fome 
 defcending obliquely with two bellies, Tab. 
 XLUI. Fig. 1x. aaa; fome broad ones run 
 
 uncommon observations. 
 
 T HE parts I have hitherto mentioned and 
 defcribed, are all I have been as yet able 
 to difcover in this minute infect. And now let 
 the fharpeft geniufes, and men of greateft pe- 
 netration and learning, judge if a creature, in 
 the fabrick of which there plainly appears fo 
 much art, order, contrivance, and wifdom; 
 nay, in which is feen the hand itfelf of the 
 Omnipotent God; could poffibly be the pro- 
 dution of chance or rottennefs! Is not the 
 light of human underftanding alone, unaflifted 
 by divine revelation, fufficient to convince us, 
 that it cannot be fo? Certainly.it is fufficient. 
 The illuftrious Redi as evidently proves, that 
 this fyftem of the production of animals from 
 putrefaction, affifted, as they would have it, 
 by heat and moifture, is a. mere idle imagina- 
 tion, founded on the erroneous maxims of 
 heathen philofophers, unacquainted with any 
 fuperior origin of exiftence. 
 
 of YNHAOT IW Re’s tt, 
 
 An account of the manner in which Mites get into cheefe, and caufe it to rot, in- 
 fread of being caufed by or formed themfelves out of rottenne/s; with many other 
 
 crofiways, 4; and others again afcend oblique- 
 ly, cc. All thefe mufcles are fo elegantly 
 fituated, that the greateft adepts in defigning 
 and painting, Iam certain, muft confefs their 
 inability, were they to go about reprefenting 
 them as they deferve to be figured. To exhi- 
 bit exactly every thing worthy of notice con- 
 tained in thefe parts, we fhould be obliged to 
 make ufe of figures twenty times larger than 
 thefe now before us. And, after all, the muf 
 cles which I have called the obliquely defcend- 
 ing, and which have two bellies, do not, pro- 
 perly fpeaking, deferve that name; for they 
 appear to have five tendons, of which one is 
 inferted into the mufcle that lies next to it, and 
 the other four into the tough rings of the body, 
 which they ferve to move, as I have endea- 
 voured to reprefent, if the unfpeakable magni- 
 ficence of God’s works can at all be repre- 
 fented by human art. An infinite number of 
 pulmonary tubes are diftributed all over thefe 
 mufcles; but, as yet, I have not been able to 
 difcover in them any infertions of the nerves: 
 fo that I muft, in this point, own myfelf as 
 much at a lofs, as I have upon many other oc- 
 cafions. 
 
 As to the heart, which fends the white or 
 aqueous blood of this little creature, in a due 
 circulation, through the body, I could by no 
 means difcover it; and this I attribute to its 
 {mallnefs, and to its being of a thin and deli- 
 cate ftructure. But I am perfuaded, that it 
 lies in the upper part of the back, like that of 
 Silkworms; for 1 could plainly difcern pulfa- 
 tions in that part. 
 
 That ingenious naturalift moft accurately 
 explains: in: what manner Mites proceed from 
 Flies, which have depofited their eggs in the 
 cracks and holes of cheefes*: and I can add to 
 his account, that the body of thefe Flies ter- 
 minates in fo fine a point, that they are able to 
 thruft it into, and penetrate very deep in, the 
 {malleft openings. I cannot but alfo take no- 
 tice, that the rottennefs of cheefe is really oc- 
 cafioned by thefe Worms; for they crumble 
 the fubftance of it into fmall particles, and 
 void their excrements in it, and foul it with 
 their faliva, or the moifture of their mouths; 
 fo that the fmalleft {pot of rottennefs, produced 
 by thefe infects, cannot but immediately {pread 
 itfelf.. I once obferved a cheefe, which I had 
 purpofely expofed to this kind of Flies, in order 
 that they fhould lay their eggs in it, grow moift 
 in a fhort time, in thofe parts of it where thefe 
 eggs had been depofited, and had afterwards 
 
 * This fpecies of Maggot, though altogether different from what we call the Mite, is not uncommon in large cheefes, particu- 
 
 Jarly in fuch as have not been well made, and have fermented. 
 
 In fuch cheefe, where it is moderately foft and damp near the fur- 
 
 face, thefe Maggots are frequent; and if they fall off, on being difturbed, they will leap about, upon dith or table, in a furprifing 
 
 manner, f 
 
 been 
 
 of RT ee Ce he oe 
 
The HIS TORY 
 
 been hatched into Worms, though before the 
 cheefe was perfectly found and entire. I have 
 likewife obferved, that this putrefation in 
 cheefe is confiderably augmented by the car- 
 cafes of the Worms that happen to die in it; 
 for there always die fome of them: and it is 
 impoflible there fhould not, as it is a certain 
 death to them not to be able to harden into 
 Nymphs, and all of them cannot efcape out 
 of the moift part of cheefe to a drier fituation, 
 which is neceffary to fucha change. Further, 
 I have obferved, that fome of thefe Worms 
 contained other Worms within their bodies, 
 but fo minute as to be fearce difcernible. But, 
 on extracting thefe {maller Worms from:their 
 places, I found they were almoft of the fame 
 form with the larger Worms, though they move 
 themfelves from place to place in quite a dife 
 ferent manner. I could even difcover, in the 
 tranfparent bodies of thefe {maller Worms, 
 that, by examining with the microfcope, not- 
 withftandine their almoft incredible miutenefs, 
 they were furnifhed with pulmonary tubes, and 
 other parts in common with the greater. 
 
 It is certainly very difficult to explain in 
 what manner Worms are bred in living ani- 
 mals; as, for inftance, in the livers of Oxen; 
 im the kidneys of Dogs, and even in the blood- 
 vefiels, as is obferved ‘by that celebrated ana- 
 tomift and profeffor of furgery at Amfterdam, 
 Ruyfch. For my part, I freely own, that I 
 want fufficient experiments to form any folu- 
 tion of this furprifing phenomenon; though I 
 have met with great numbers of different kinds 
 of Worms, in the living and healthy bodies 
 both of land and water animals, and even of 
 fowls and flying infects. However, on this 
 occeafion, I cannot as yet advance any thing 
 certain, or fatisfactory. 
 
 I muft not omit a circumftance which I 
 heard from Otto Marfilius, the late famous 
 painter of flowers and infects. It was this, 
 that he had feen, at the time when Caterpillars 
 were bufy in divefting themfelves of their fkins, 
 or when they had juft performed the operation, 
 and were grown faint and weak with the fa- 
 tigue of it, a great many Flies, fome bigger 
 and others lefs, piercing the bodies of fach 
 Caterpillars, and depofiting in the wounds, fo 
 made, quantities of little eggs; from which 
 proceeded the Worms, that are every year fo 
 commonly found in Caterpillars. As yet, I 
 muft own, I never faw myfelf this ftrange 
 operation : but allowing it-to be fact, it would 
 perhaps greatly help us in explaining the ge- 
 neration of Worms found in the vifcera, or 
 bowels, of larger animals; provided efpecially 
 fuch Worms were found afterwards to turn to 
 Flies, or other winged infects, which as yet I 
 have not been able to determine experimental- 
 ly, notwithftanding the pains and attention I 
 
 of IN SEICH'S. 69 
 have beftowed on the obfervations of changes 
 in this kind. Admitting Marfilius’s account 
 to be true, and that fone of the perforations 
 he obferved were made into veins and arteries, 
 and eggs were depofited in fuch perforations, 
 there can be no difficulty in conceiving how 
 the circulating blood might have difperfed 
 thefe feeds of animals all over the body. It 
 muft however be owned, after all, that thefe 
 things are as yet baried in a cloud of darknefs, 
 which obfcurity, nothing but the brighteft light 
 of experiments can ever difpel. In the mean 
 time, we may fee, by the manner in which we 
 are affected by the ftinging of a Bee, how an 
 animal, without getting into our bodies, may 
 convey a matter into it, capable of producing 
 great alterations; for the Bee, at the fame time 
 that it gives the wound, infinuates by it into 
 the body a drop of poifon. This is not a place 
 for explaining how eggs come to be found in 
 the fubftance of plants; befides, that I have 
 already fufficiently treated of that fubject. 
 
 As to the opinion of fome people, that the 
 Worms found in our inteftines proceed from 
 the eggs of animals which we have fwallowed; 
 it only deferves contempt, being altogether 
 contrary to found reafon; unlefs the favourers 
 of that fyftem would at the fame time allow, 
 that the eggs fo fwallowed are thofe of Worms 
 bred in the inteftines of other animals. This 
 Opinion cannot by any other means be admit- 
 ted, as it is quite inconfiftent with the nature of 
 things, that an animal fhould live for any time 
 in a fituation fo different from that in which it 
 naturally fhould live, and on fo different a food. 
 Befides, for this to be true, it is requifite that 
 fuch Worms, intended for living in other 
 places, fhould alfo be able to endure the heat 
 of the inteftines, and of the fluids pafling thro’ 
 them. A thing which no man in his fenfes 
 can admit. 
 
 The generation of animals, or the laying 
 and hatching of their eggs, is by no means a 
 thing which requires little care or attention. 
 Every creature has its own feafon, its 6wn 
 haunts and element, its own manner of living, 
 and its own food. Every year we obferve the 
 fame renewals of the feveral fpecies, per- 
 formed in a manner limited by a conftant and 
 inviolable law and order of Nature; as the 
 illuftrious Redi, before mentioned, has, on an- 
 other occafion, likewife obferved. For this 
 reafon we always fee, that Worms of the fame 
 kind, found in the inteftines of animals, have 
 conitantly their blood of the fame colour, be it 
 red, yellow, green, or white. 
 
 In regard to Caterpillars, indeed, I have ob- 
 ferved four different ways in which Worms lie 
 hid within their bodies, and afterwards creep 
 out of them *. The firft is, when one or 
 more Worms make their way into the Cater- 
 
 * The cafe in thofe Flies; which we fee hatched out of Chryfalis’s, from which we expeCted Butterflies, is exattly the fame with 
 thofe produced from galls, and the other excrefcences of vegetables, The parent Fly is guided by inftinét_to lodge her eggs “a 
 the body of the Caterpillar, piercing its fkin, for that purpoie, with a fharp infirument at its tail. I have feen the operation ; _ 
 the mifery of the Caterpillar, which can no way efcape from its winged enemy, is terrible. All the variation in namber of the 
 young, andother accidents, is owing to the different {pecies of the Flies. 
 
 S pillar, 
 
79° 
 
 ar, kill it by their corroding, and afterwards 
 <i their any out again through, the fkin. 
 The fecond way is, when two or three Worms 
 lay hold of a Chryfalis, and, after killing the 
 enclofed animal, efcape in the fame manner. 
 In the third way, the Worms, after depriving 
 the Caterpillar of life and motion, eat up all 
 its infide; and, this done, they bore or gnaw 
 themfelves holes to creep out at in Its hardened 
 (kin. Fourthly, when one or many Worms 
 treat a Chryfalis in the fame manner exactly, 
 in which the Caterpillar is treated in the third 
 way. 
 There are feveral other things to be confi- 
 dered in this place. 
 pillar happens to be killed by a fingle Worm, 
 which afterwards fixes its refidence between 
 that creature’s body and its web, then the 
 Worm fpins itfelf another white oval web, in 
 which it changes to a Nymph, and afterwards 
 toaFly. But if the Caterpillar is deftroyed, 
 and perforated by a number of Worms, then 
 thefe Worms fettle themfelves under the belly 
 of the dead Caterpillar; where each of them 
 makes itfelf a gold-coloured web, in which 
 they caft their ikins, then become Nymphs, 
 and at laft aflume the form of Flies. 
 
 Secondly, when two or three Worms eat 
 into a Chryfalis, and afterwards creep out of 
 it, they do not, immediately after fo doing, caft 
 their fkins, but only contract their bodies 5 and 
 while they are in this ftate, they affume, in an 
 orderly manner, and with a conftant regular 
 fucceffion, thirteen different colours; the laft 
 of which, alone, they finally retain. At laft, 
 they turn to Nymphs within their old fkins, 
 and then to two or three common Flies. 
 
 Thirdly, the Worm which fingly takes pof- 
 feflion of a Caterpillar, and, after having eat 
 up all its infide, remains within the fkin; 
 fometimes makes itfelf a web within this {kin, 
 and then becomes a Nymph, and at laft changes 
 to a Fly like the baftard Wafp, Pfeudo-{pheca, 
 or Ichneumon-fly. In this cafe, we always 
 find fome excrements within the Caterpillar’s 
 fkin; as likewife the two fkins which the en- 
 clofed Worm has feverally thrown off, on turn- 
 ing to a Nymph, and then toa Fly. But the 
 minute Wornis, which remain in the Caterpil- 
 lar they have deftroyed, make no web in it; 
 though they grow to Flies, in the fame manner 
 with the Worms producing that kind of baftard 
 Wafp juft fpoke of, and then gnaw themfelves 
 holes to make their efcape. 
 
 In the fourth place, the Worm, which re- 
 mains fingly in a Chryfalis, makes alfo a web 
 within it, voids its excrements there, and then 
 changes to a kind of baftard Wafp, in the 
 fame manner with the Worm juft now men- 
 tioned, as living fingly within a Caterpillar. 
 If you open the fide of this emptied Chryfalis, 
 before the enclofed Worm changes to aNymph, 
 it immediately fpins a patch againft the broken 
 part. But when many Worms are placed to- 
 gether in a Chryfalis, they neither make them- 
 felves webs, nor do they even contract them- 
 felves, but only change to a great number of 
 
 Firft, when the Cater-. 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 {mall Nymphs, which afterwards turn to as 
 many Flies. Thefe Flies, which are of a moft 
 elegant ftructure, fometimes gnaw themfelves 
 one, and fometimes more holes, for their 
 efcape, in the dried fkin of the Chryfalis. 
 
 All thefe things proceed every year in fo 
 conftant, certain, and regular a manner, that 
 no accident whatfoever can alter the courfe of 
 the operation. One very fingular inftance of 
 this unchangeable order in nature, is, that even, 
 the Caterpillars and Chryfallides, which are to 
 become the fcenes of the laft mentioned 
 changes, may be eafily diftinguifhed from the 
 other infects of the fame kind. In the firft 
 mode of thefe mutations, when the Worms, 
 which have lodged, many together, in a Cater- 
 pillar, place themfelves under its belly, the 
 Caterpillar raifes that part, to make way for 
 them; and though, by this time, it has re- 
 ceived its death’s wound from thofe cruel in- 
 vaders, it notwithftanding, with the greateft 
 care and attention, enclofes and connects all 
 their particular webs, within one of its own 
 fpinning, for fear they fhould be {cattered 
 abroad and loft, and after this expires. 
 
 From hence we may reafonably conclude, 
 that if the Worms had thus lodged in the Ca- 
 terpillar, and killed it, merely by accident, in- 
 ftead of doing both, in confequence of an im- 
 mutable decree of the All-governing Power, 
 the Caterpillar, when it found itfelf fo roughly 
 treated by them, would by no means take this 
 regular care to fecure them from rain and 
 winds, and thereby infure the renewal of that 
 particular {pecies of infects; for they generally 
 turn to Flies the year following. Sail 
 
 The fame order is obfervable in -all the 
 other perforations, deftructions, and excava- 
 tions of Caterpillars and Chryfallides, which I 
 have already taken notice of, fo that we can 
 only afcribe to our own rafhnefs and ignorance 
 that erroneous notion, of putrefaction being 
 able to perform wonders worthy of the Deity, 
 and to which the power of the Deity alone 
 can be rationally deemed equal. It is there- 
 fore in the higheft degree {urprifing, that all 
 mankind, the learned as well as the ignorant, 
 fhould have fo readily adopted, and fo long 
 entertained, fo grofs an error; efpecially as the 
 leaft degree of reflexion muft have convinced 
 them, it arofe from prejudice ; at the fame time 
 
 ‘that the fmalleft diligence, in examining the 
 
 works of Nature in themfelves, would have put 
 them in the way of obtaining more juft ideas 
 on this fubject. 
 Let us then be wifer than thofe who have 
 gone before us, and accurately furvey and exa- 
 mine the fenfible wonders of the Deity, with 
 all their conditions and circumftances, if we 
 intend to obtain a true and folid knowledge of 
 them. Let us not fervilely fubmit our judg- 
 ments to the doétrine of Ariftotle, and the reft 
 of the heathen philofophers, who afcribe to 
 putrefaction, works that contain vifible marks | 
 of an all-perfect Contriver and Maker; tho’ 
 at the fame time we are, as men, convinced ~ 
 by daily experience, and, as chriftians, are 
 I taught 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 taught to believe, that all the things we fee 
 are liable to decay and deftruction. God’s 
 power and wifdom is not to be feparated from 
 his juftice, fince, according to the unerring tef- 
 timony of his holy fpirit, he has entered into 
 a covenant with his creatures; and thefe, un- 
 der their corruption, groan and figh after 
 liberty. 
 
 That vulgar opinion, more worthy of brutes 
 than of rational beings, which afcribes the 
 birth and growth of animals to putrefaction 
 and chance, is diametrically oppofite to found 
 reafon, and favours rankly of atheifm. It has 
 not even the leaft fhadow of experiment or 
 obfervation to fupport its truth ; but is founded 
 altogether upon floth, prejudice, ftupidity, and 
 error; all which is the more obvious, as in the 
 {malleft animals we conftantly every where find 
 as much order, contrivance, beauty, wifdom, 
 and omnipotence in the Great Architect, as are 
 fhewn in the vifcera or bowels of the largeft 
 animals. For to thefe greater animals all 
 others, however contemptibly minute, if their 
 minutenefs can make them contemptible, are 
 fimilar in the great refpects of brain, nerves, 
 mutcles, heart, ftomach, inteftines, and parts 
 fubfervient to generation, and to every other 
 ufeful purpofe; fo that one might in a manner 
 afirm, that God. has created but one animal, 
 though divided into an infinite number of kinds 
 or fpecies, differing from each other in the 
 figures and inflexions, and extenfions of their 
 limbs; as likewife in their difpofitions, food, 
 and manner of living. 
 
 As Caterpillars, which turn to Butterflies, 
 often contain in them Worms which change 
 
 The manner in which Mites 
 
 HESE Mites, when they are about to 
 become Nymphs, generally defert the 
 cheefe in which they had hitherto lived, by 
 leaping up and down, till they find, if poffible, 
 a more favourable fituation. In three or four 
 days after this they loofe all motion, grow {tiff, 
 and harden. I have remarked alfo, that the 
 change of thefe Worms may be forwarded by 
 enclofing them, when well grown, in a dry 
 box, without any thing to feed upon. In try- 
 ing this experiment I have obferved, that fome 
 fmaller Mites remained alive in this confine- 
 ment, without any food, for two or three weeks 
 together; when they at length died, without 
 turning to Nymphs; the embryo member hid 
 under their fkin not having attained the growth 
 and firmnefs requifite for that ftate, which is 
 obtained by the reft in the following manner. 
 Firft, the Mite draws up together the rings 
 of its body, fo as to make the interftices appear 
 full of wrinkles; and this contraction is fo 
 great, that the Worm becomes twice as fhort 
 
 of INSECTS. v1 
 tocommon Flies; fo the Worms, which change 
 to Beetles, very often contain in their vifcera 
 alfo certain Worms, that turn to Beetles of a 
 fmaller kind: and, in thefe changes, Nature 
 obferves the fame conftant order and method, 
 as in the firft. From hence I again conclude, 
 that nothing is produced by putrefaétion; but 
 that the bufinefs of generation unalterably pro 
 ceeds in a certain and regular manner. And 
 certainly, if our little philofophers would atten~ 
 tively examine what is the nature of putrefac- 
 tion, when it breaks out in an animal, or in 
 any part of one,*which thereby rots, and is 
 refolved into its conftituent principles ; and 
 would withal confider that {pecies of putrefac- 
 tion which Worms occafion, and which they 
 cannot but occafion, in other bodies, or in fome 
 parts of their own; they would foon free them- 
 felves from the yoke of fo abfurd and flavith 
 an opinion. 
 
 As yet, I cannot by any obfervation deter- 
 mine, whether the Mites, which are found to 
 contain other Worms, are perforated by them, 
 while they remain in the cheefe, or after they 
 forfake it, and turn to Nymphs. It is only 
 within thefe fix or feven weeks, that I have 
 made the experiments concerning thefe infects, 
 which I have juft now related, having never 
 exprefly examined them before that time. 
 However, in this time I could difcover in the 
 cheefe a great number of dead and rotten 
 Worms, of a red, purple, and livid colour, 
 whofe carcafes not a little contributed to in- 
 creafe the ftench and putrefaction of the cheefe 
 in which they lay, and likewife the acrid and 
 peculiar tafte found in fuch parts. 
 
 are changed into Nymphs *. 
 
 as it was before, Tab. XLII. Fig. x. This 
 alfo renders the rings lefs difcernible: however, 
 the fore part of the head, Fig. x1. @, may be 
 {till diftinétly perceived, as well as the tuber- 
 cules, 4, at the other extremity of the body. 
 As to the form of the little animal at this pe- 
 riod, it fcarce affords any thing worth particu- 
 lar mention; for the fkin lofes its tranfparency. 
 In this ftate the Worm gradually changes its 
 colour, till from white it becomes red, and in 
 the end refembles pure red lead. 
 
 The moft experienced naturalift fignior Redi, 
 who has favoured the world with a fhort hiftory 
 of the Mite, tells us, that its mutation agrees in 
 nothing with that of Chryfallides, and other 
 Nymphs, but he does not acquaint us wherein 
 they really differ. Other authors 'confider Mites 
 at this period as eggs, though they have no other 
 reafon for thinking fo, than a bare fuppofed re- 
 femblance. This indeed, is fo far from being even 
 a fuperficial one, in proper terms, that it can only 
 be found in their own extravagant imaginations. 
 
 * Let the reader be cautious not to extend what is here faid of the Nymph of the Mite, and its change into a Fly, to the common 
 
 little infe&, ufually called a Mite by us; that is, an infect which is hatched perfect from the 
 
 egg of its parent, and undergoes no 
 
 change, but only grows larger. This ftate of change belongs to the offspring of all winged infects, and to no others. Therefore 
 it is neceflary, according to the univerfal law of Nature, that this Maggot fhould undergo {uch a change; and that the Mite fhould 
 
 not. 
 
 They 
 
72 
 They pretend to fee things, which never exifted, 
 and they well deferve to be compared to thofe 
 perfons, who, fometimes, with equal truth, think 
 they difcover armies in the clouds, which were 
 never formed but in their own difturbed imagi- 
 nations. 
 
 For my part, I call this change, by the name 
 of the Vermiform-Nymph ; becaufe, in this fate, 
 the creature externally refembles a Worm, and is 
 at the fame time really a true Nymph, and not a 
 Chryfalis, under the former Worm’s fkin, which 
 it till retains together with the internal figure of 
 a Worm. And accordingly, the limbs of a latent 
 Nymph, appear, in fome meafure through, toa 
 careful examiner, this fkin. But I have already 
 fafficiently explained this fourth order of muta- 
 tions in its proper place. 
 
 The Nymph, thus concealed under the fin 
 of the Mite, is of a moft elegant form. But to 
 have a diftin@ view of it, ’tis neceflary to break 
 this fkin, and then ftrip it off from the Nymph. 
 This muft be done with great dexterity and cir- 
 cumfpeation. By this means, we at laft obtain 
 a fight, and a beautiful one it is, of the head, 
 thorax, and abdomen of the future Fly, as 1 
 have reprefented them of their natural fize, 
 Tab, XLII Fig, x11. But to perceive them di- 
 ftin@ly, we muft ufe a microfcope; with the 
 affiftance of that ufeful inftrument, we difcern its 
 two little horns, Fig. x111.4, growing out of the 
 forepart of its head, and under them its two eyes, 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; cor, 
 
 bb, which take up the greateft part of the head, 
 Under the eyes lies the probofcis or trunk, ¢ 
 with all its parts. Near the probofcis appear ve 
 firft pair of legs, dd, and under the firft pair the 
 fecond, ee, difpofed in a very beautiful order, 
 The rings neatly folded up, 7/, prefent them- 
 felves next, and under them, we may fee in 
 what manner the hinder pair of legs, eg, lie 
 ftretched againft the abdominal rings of the bedy 
 hb: thefe, with the extremity of the anus, ie 
 very diftin@ly to be feen, In fine, all thefe 
 parts are arranged together, with fo much art 
 and beauty, that it is impoflible to give a jut 
 defcription of them. They will be feen yet a 
 great deal more ‘diftinétly, by divefting the 
 Nymph of the fkin that immediately enclofes it, 
 
 At firft all thefe parts are of the colour of co- 
 agulated milk, but as fluid as water, which makes 
 it very difficult to feparate them ; nor can they; 
 after all, be accurately diftinguifhed one from ans 
 other, becaufe they are at this period, all of the 
 fame colour, In ten or twelve days, they acs 
 quire fo much confiftency, and-fo much of their 
 peculiar colouring, as to aflume the form of a 
 complete Fly, on throwing off the internal mem. 
 branes that cover them, within the former 
 Worm’s fkin, which they ftill retain for twelve 
 days longer; when the new infect, having acs 
 quired fufficient ftrength to appear abroad, breaks 
 this external enclofure likewife, and launches 
 into the air, in the following manner. 
 
 The manner in which the Nymph of the Mite breaks from its membranes, and af. 
 
 fumes the form of a Fly, 
 
 Eo HE firft thing obfervab!e in this change is, 
 that the Vermiform-Nymph lofes its deep 
 red colour, and ‘grows much darker; then the 
 Nymph itfelf breaks that part of the fkin, which 
 covers its head into two parts, Tab. XLIII. Fig. 
 xvi. a, 6, and at the fame time throws off from 
 every part of its body a very flight membrane, 
 which it leaves within the old fkin. When this 
 is done, there breaks out from under this fkin, a 
 little infect like a gray Fly, without wings, but 
 fo nimble, that it runs immediately about as if 
 it were feveral weeks old. 
 
 . Sometimes after this, the new born Fly rubs 
 with its forefeet, that part of its head which lies 
 immediately over its horns; for, on this {pot, 
 there arifes a confiderable fwelling, with a vio- 
 lent pulfation in it. The Fly never gives over 
 rubbing, till it has difperfed the {welling, and 
 made it entirely difappear. ’°Tis probable, that 
 it was in this part, the fore-legs lay while the in- 
 fe& remained in the Nymph-ftate. The next 
 thing the Fly does, is to-rub very gently with 
 its hinder-legs, the furface of its two fhort little 
 wings, which are as yet folded up, till it tho- 
 roughly expands, and difplays them. ‘This ope- 
 ration may be very diftinétly feen, and I have 
 reprefented the great folds, Tab. XLII. Fig. 
 xii, ff, which the infe&t thus expands. The 
 Fly, after this labour, takes a little reft, remain- 
 ing quiet until the wings fully difplay themfelves, 
 
 which is performed very fuddenly, for their ve- 
 ficles are no other than ramifications of the wind. 
 pipe, which run up and down through them; 
 fo that we may eafily conceive how they may be 
 fo fuddenly expanded by an injection of blood 
 and air from the main trunk. ‘The infe@, how- 
 ever, cannot as yet fly; its wings yield fome 
 blood if they be wounded at this time ; whereas, 
 when they are once perfectly dried, which is 
 done ina quarter of an hour, it is impofiible to 
 obtain the leaft drop of blood from them, even 
 by cutting them off, the vefléls being in that 
 time perfectly dried up and clofed; for my part, 
 I firmly believe that all the membranes of anis 
 mal bodies are no other than a kind of webs, 
 confifting of vefiels confolidated.in this manner, 
 as may be {cen in the blood-vefiels of the epiders 
 mis, which dry up as foon as the fectus comes 
 from the womb, and ceafes to draw nourifhmen 
 
 from that part of its covering. 
 The Fly produced from the Mite is one of 
 the common kind; and it affords very few things 
 worth our notice; this may be {cen by the two 
 figures, in which I have reprefented it of its na= 
 tural fize, Fig. xiv. The wings, when they lie 
 on the body, extend beyond the extremity of it, 
 I give alfoa figure of the male, after a drawing 
 taken with the microfcope, in which the head, 
 thorax, and abdomen are feen very diftin@ly. On 
 the forepart of the head, there arife two fhort 
 horns. 
 
The HAST: 0 RY 
 
 horns, Fig. xv. a, each with a ftiff hair growing 
 out of it. Nearthe horns appear the eyes, which 
 are red, pretty large, and of a reticular net-like 
 form ; between thi eyes, there ftretches along the 
 middle of the head, a black zone or prominent 
 ftreak, in which are placed three feparate and 
 diftin& eyes in the form of a triangle. Thefe 
 are much more difcernible on the Fly’s fief ap= 
 pearance in the air, than afterwards, as the ftreak 
 or zone juft mentioned requires fome time to 
 grow black, and has, befides, fome hairs on it, 
 which do not erect themfelves, till, by drying, 
 they become fufticiently firm for that purpofe. 
 The thorax is covered with ftiff hairs, of a 
 brown colour, but of a polifhed and fhining fur- 
 face, like a looking-glafs. From its lower part 
 rife fix legs: the firft or fore-pair of them, 4 4, 
 are almoft black: in the fecond pair only, the 
 joint near the breaft is of this colour; and the 
 other two extreme joints, ¢c, of a dark brown, 
 The third pair, dd, very nearly refemble the 
 firft: but thefe colours are not exa¢tly the fame 
 in all the Flies of this {pecies, All thefe legs are 
 covered with ftiff hairs, and are each of them 
 armed at their extremities with two claws, by 
 means of which the infect runs very nimbly 
 upon glafs, by darting them into the pores of it, 
 not but that it can walk. very well when. thofe 
 
 Of the genital parts of the male and female Mite-Fly, and the manner 
 
 of INSECTS, 7 
 nails are cut off; but then, though its feet 
 moift, it cannot hang itfelf to fo fmooth a 
 face. The wings are two; they are of a be. 
 tifal conftruCtion, and arife from the flope of the 
 breaft, ¢¢;-they- are bordered with fine hai 
 and the filaments which run through them like 
 fo. many little nerves, are no other than-ramife 
 cations of pulmonary tubes. The membrane 
 which fills up the {paces between thefe ramifica= 
 tions, ‘is likewife elegantly conftructed : it is co- 
 vered with little prominent papilla, but a draw- 
 ing ten times larger than this, would hardly be 
 fufficient to do juftice to this and other wonde: ¥ 
 difcoverable in the wings of flying infe&s. The 
 hinder part of the thorax is, by way of orna- 
 ment, furrounded with a little prominent ‘bor- 
 der; near which appear two very {mall oblong 
 particles, with round heads, refembling mallets 
 or hammers: itis by ftriking thefe little hammers 
 again{t its wings, that the Fly makes the hum- 
 ming or buzzing noife that is peculiar to it *, 
 
 The body confifts of feven rings ; it is covered 
 with delicate hairs, f, and is of the fame re. 
 {plendent dark brown colour with the thorax. 
 
 The female differs from the male externally, 
 in nothing but fize: but the genital parts of the 
 two fexes are very different, as I fhall now en- 
 deavour to demonftrate, 
 
 of their 
 
 coupling. 
 
 T TLE Mite has a penis, two tefticles, feminal 
 veflels, and proftate ; and the female its 
 Ovary, its womb, and the parts naturally be- 
 longing to it. The penis of the Mite is fo art- 
 fully contrived, that the feven wonders of the 
 world together, cannot compare with it; nor is 
 it furprifing they fhould not, they being the 
 works of men, whereas this little organ is the 
 conftruction of an Almighty and all-feeing Ar- 
 chitect. It is partly membranaccous, and partly 
 of a fubftance between bone and horn; the 
 length, and inflexions of it alfo, are fo uncom- 
 mon, that itis impoffible to confider it, without 
 being loft in aftonifhment. 
 
 That part of the penis, which confifts of a 
 fubftance between bone and horn, is black, and 
 extends only along one fide of it, Tab. XLII. 
 Fig. xvii. @; but this is enough te give the 
 penis great ftrength and firmnefs, and to keep it 
 always open, in readinefs to perform its duty. 
 ‘The other fide of the penis is membranaceous, 4, 
 and confifts of many tranfparent rings and glo- 
 bules, The fore-end of the penis is alfo mem- 
 branaceous and obtufe, c, though I have fome- 
 times feen it pointed with fomething like an ar- 
 ticujation at its extremity. It generally, how- 
 ever, appears blunt and open. I cannot tell whe- 
 ther or no the penis can erect itfelf through this 
 opening; but I know of a certainty, that the 
 vulva of the female paffes into the faid opening, fo 
 
 as to form a kind of copulation, quite different 
 from that of other animals, in which the penis 
 is received into the female external organ of ge- 
 neration. It was by meer accident that I dif- 
 covered this fingularity in the copulation of the 
 Mite-Flies: on examining a female, which had 
 died fot want of food, in the very a& of copu- 
 lation, I found the penis of the Mite withered 
 round the vulva of the female, where it had 
 been applied ; but was then fo loofely engaged, 
 that I eatily feparated them. 
 
 The penis lies on the outfide of the body, and 
 is very eafily difcerned, as it extends along the 
 body, with only its right fide covered by the Jaft 
 ting. It is elegantly coiled up, and refembles 
 very much the penis of Drakes, which is like- 
 wife folded up in the fame manner. This bird, 
 it feems, does not ejaculate its feed through any 
 perforation within the penis, but by a furrow or 
 channel on its outfide, This I have likewife 
 found to be nearly the cafe in fome other ani- 
 mals, 
 
 The other parts of the male Fly fubfervient 
 to generation, are likewife very well worth our 
 attention, but they lie hid within the body. The 
 firft that offers itfelf to our confideration, is the 
 nervous root of the penis, ¢d, which is of a very 
 bright white, and reaches to the latt ring of the 
 infect’s body, where the external part of the 
 penis is covered with very fine hair. This white 
 
 *. The French call thefe two parts Balanciers, Balancers ; and their fyftem is, that they affift in flying; and in fome meafure make 
 
 amends for the want of another pair of wings. 
 one that have four wings. ‘Thefe fyfems are not contradictory, 
 
 There is probability in this opinion, 
 
 becaufe all two winged Flies have them; and 
 
 for they may anfwer both thefe purpofes. 
 
 a 
 
 root 
 
BOOK of 
 
 7 he The 
 
 root of the penis is bent in a very wonderful 
 
 manner, and grows broader at its extremity, ¢, 
 > 
 
 where it unites with feveral other parts, amongit 
 
 ff deferve our particular 
 
 which the tefticles 
 hotice, on account of their fingular figure and 
 
 conftru@tion. ‘They are of a pale brown colour, 
 variegated with red; but the {perm contained in 
 them is white, and that, as well as the coat of the 
 tefticles, appears thro’ the microfcope, as if made 
 up of little globules. The vafa differentia, gg, 
 next prefent themfelves. Thefe vefiels widen 
 confiderably at a little diftance from their union 
 with the tefticles, and refemble, as it were, the 
 two globofe appendages of thefe parts, bb. There 
 is fo little difference between the other parts, 
 that I cannot diftinguifh them from one another, 
 though I take the longeft of them, as appears by 
 my drawing, 773 forthe feminal veffels, and the 
 others, which are more globofe for the proftate, 
 ke. All thefe parts are of a delicate whitenefs, 
 and they convey a feminal matter of the fame 
 colour to the cavity of the penis, ‘Thefe are all 
 the parts I have examined in the male Fly, as it 
 was the Worm alone, of which I propofed to 
 take a full and accurate furvey. 
 
 The female, on the other hand, is furnifhed 
 with a double ovary, conftruéted nearly in the 
 fame manner with that of Herrings. But I thall 
 defer fpeaking of thefe organs, till the external 
 parts of the uterus are defcribed. The female 
 hides its vulva, and the extremity of its uterus, 
 under the two laft rings of its body, Fig. xvii. 
 aa. The vulva confifts of three joints, the 
 firtt of which is oblong, and hairy at its extremi- 
 ty, 44, and is furnifhed in the middle with two 
 little black horny bones, which help greatly in the 
 protruding of this organ out of the body. ‘The 
 fecond joint lies entirely within the firft, as within 
 its prepuce.’ It is naked, or free from hairs, and 
 it ends in a horny bone, cc. The laft joint, 
 which, properly fpeaking, conftitutes both the 
 vulva and anus, is perfectly black, and is com- 
 _ pofed_of a horny bone, and a membranace- 
 ous fubftance, with here and there a few hairs, 
 d. 'Thefe parts of the Fly, generally hang out 
 of its body, on its quitting the Nymph-ftate, in 
 order that they may dry to a proper confiftency ; 
 they then void a drop or two of a fluid, which 
 looks like water mixed with chalk, The ex- 
 crements afterwards, thrown ont from thefe 
 parts, look little balls with tails to them, and 
 confifting of a fubftance that very much refembles 
 plaifter of Paris. 
 
 In difleting this Fly, I found it contained 
 an ovary divided into two partitions, each con- 
 fifting of thirty-two oviducts, with four eggs 
 in each, one pretty large, Fig. xIx. a. and three 
 imperfect ones 4; fo that the ovary of this fin- 
 gle little creature contained no lefs than 256 
 eggs. Thefe eggs were white, oblong, and 
 
 crooked ; the colour of the {malleft was wa- 
 
 NATUR E; 
 
 tery. When viewed with a microfeope, they 
 appeared to confift, as it were, of little glow 
 bules, and the oviduéts fhewed themfelves in 
 the fame manner. All thefe oviducts difcharged 
 their eggs into the uterus by two common paf- 
 fages, and the uterus conveyed them out of the 
 body by a fingle channel. I furveyed the other 
 vifcera, or entrails lying thereabouts, but very 
 flightly ; fo that I could only fee that the fat 
 that had exifted in the Mite, was now almoft 
 totally wafted away, and that the inteftines 
 formed a great many more folds than they had 
 formerly done, though they were grown con- 
 fiderably fhorter, and lay now entirely'on the 
 abdomen. Nor were the eggs yet perfect, 
 tho’ the Fly I diffected was four days old. 
 
 Flies are by nature of a very warm and luft- 
 ful conftitution; fo that the female, imme- 
 diately after its firft appearance in this form, 
 and before it has changed its gray colour, in- 
 vites the male to copulation. In this aé&, which 
 lafts for a confiderable time, the male always 
 gets upon the female; and in this fituation he 
 is carried by her up and down like a man on 
 horfeback. All this time the fernale keeps her 
 wings expanded, and extending her vulva to 
 that part of the male’s body, where the penis 
 lies, thrufts it into the cavity of this organ, 
 which does not, upon this occafion, fuffer any 
 erection. And this manner of copulation ob- 
 tains in many other kinds of Flies, and likewife - 
 in fome kinds of Hornets. . It is very fingular 
 to obferve how the male gently pats the fe- 
 male during this operation with his body, and 
 prefles himfelf upon her juft as a Cock does 
 with the Hen, tho’ the copulation of thofe 
 fowls is very {peedily performed, and that with- 
 out any abfolute corporal conjunction, 
 
 The Flies under our confideration, are very 
 ftout and vigorous; fo that it is no eafy matter 
 to deftroy themby drowning: after lying in the 
 water a confiderable time, fo as to appear quite 
 deftitute of life and motion, they will imme- 
 diately recover on being expofed to the fun, and 
 fly off as brifkly as if nothing had happened to 
 them. They have two methods of flying; in 
 the one their motion is flow and regular, and 
 in the other it is rapid and diforderly. I fed 
 fome of thefe Flies with new milk-cheefe fteep- 
 ed in water, which they fucked up thro’ their 
 trunk, or probofcis. This ufeful and curious 
 organ is placed on the lower part of the head, 
 a little below the horns, or antenne, and it con- 
 fifts of three hairy joints. I likewife had the 
 pleafure of fecin'g them lay their eggs inva 
 piece of cheefe, and I found in a few days af- 
 terwards a number of Worms which had 
 fprung from thofe eggs, perfectly refembling 
 thofe of the firft brood that had produced the 
 parent-fly. 
 
The .H £S)TrO: Rey 
 
 of INS EG T §, va 
 
 The manner in which thefe Flies lay their eyes; with an account of the membrane: 
 they throw off on leaving the Nymph-fiate. 
 
 Ee appears, at length clearly, by what I have 
 
 obferved concerning thefe infects, how rea- 
 dily the females can lay their eggs in the fmall- 
 eft cracks of a cheefe ; and I have feen them 
 myfelf thruft out their tails for this purpofe, 
 to an amazing length, and by that method bury 
 the eggs in the deepeft cavities. Thefe eggs 
 in time produce Worms, which afterwards 
 turn to Nymphs, and then to Flies: and this 
 bufinefs conftantly proceeds according to the 
 immutable decrees of providence, in one uni+ 
 form circle of production, without the leaft va- 
 riation in time or place, unlefs it be when the 
 Flies cannot find cheefe to receive their eggs, 
 for then they look out for fome other kind of 
 food, as much refembling cheefe as _poffible, 
 in its nature and qualities. Thus has this fpe- 
 cies of little creatures been kept up from the 
 time of Adam to our days, thro’ a fucceffion of 
 many thoufand generations. 
 
 After having made the obfervations already 
 related, I thought it worth my while to exa- 
 mine the skin which is fhed by this infect, on 
 its appearing abroad in the Fly-ftate ; and up- 
 on infpection, I found that it contained a very 
 delicate tranfparent membrane thrown off at 
 the fame time. In this membrane I could dif- 
 cern a great many of the pulmonary tubes 
 
 which had likewife pecled off from the body ; 
 and what was ftill more furprifing, the {nout of 
 the Worm, with its teeth or claws, remained en= 
 tirely with it. Thefe unfeemly organs, with 
 
 longer neceflary in the Fly-ftate. Thefe crea- 
 
 far out of the reach of ftench and putrefac4 
 tion. 
 
 I heartily with you, illuftrious friend, a fimi- 
 lar change and refurrectioh, of which that now 
 we have been confidering, feems to be an 
 earneft ; for I am firmly perfuaded, that by 
 treading courageoufly to the end of this mor- 
 tal life, in the footfteps of our Divine Matter; 
 we fhall then change it for a better; and lay 
 down this corrupt body, to which we are now 
 confined, in order to aflume a far more per- 
 fect one. God, the giver of all good things, 
 grant us this neceflary perfeverance, thro’ the 
 infinite merits of his only Son, our Lord and 
 Saviour. Amen; 
 
 The End of the furprifing bifory of the Acarus, or Mite, and the Fly produced from it: 
 
 The hiffory of the Worms found in the tubercles and fwellings of the leaves of 
 the Willow. 
 
 PAN Rosi ee; 
 
 S in enumerating the Infe&ts which be- 
 long to my fourth order of changes, I 
 have affigned there the place for all thofe 
 Nymphs which are found enclofed in fruits, 
 tubercles of plants, trees, and their leaves ; I 
 fhall now propofe fome of thofe Nymphs, by 
 ‘way of a particular example. In. treating of 
 the Worms found in the tubercles of Willow 
 leaves, I thall defcribe the Tubercle itfelf, the 
 Egg, the Worm, its Web; the Nymph, and 
 the Fly. 
 
 The warts or tubercles of the leaves of the 
 Willow, Tab. XLIV. Fig. 1. are fo obvious to 
 the view, that there would be no neceflity to 
 defcribe them, provided each of us had the 
 fame ardent defire, ‘and equal curiofity. But as 
 all men are not delighted with the fame thing, 
 the moft common objects in nature forhetimes 
 remain unknown, and affect the ignorant with 
 a rapturous admiration. For this reafon, I 
 fhall briefly, in this place, explain the con- 
 ftruction, figure, colour, fituation, bignefs, ten- 
 detnefs, hardnefs, and fmallnefs of thefe tu- 
 bercles. 
 
 That the conftruction of the feveral fwell- 
 ings that are obferved in the leavesof the Wil- 
 
 3 
 
 low trees may be diftin@ly known, we mut 
 firft confider particularly the leaf itfelf on 
 which they arefound. The leaf of the com- 
 mon Willow confifts of three coats; the inter 
 nal as well as external, are very thin, and are 
 fet with light hairs, or a ‘kind of down; but 
 the middle coat is nervous and flefhy, if I may 
 be allowed the expreflion; fince the nerves, 
 or rather the veffels which convey the nutri- 
 tious juice to the leaf, are placed in that part. 
 Thefe veflels are, indeed, extremely numerous, 
 and are divided into fo many fcarce vifible 
 branches in this coat, that they may be pro- 
 perly called the parenchyma, and compared to 
 the flefhy fubftances in the vifcera of animals: 
 this may be feen moft diftin@ly in thofe kinds 
 the leaves of which are thick and {pungy. 
 The outward coat, or external fide of the 
 leaf; I call that part wherein the nerves or 
 ribs are prominent, Tab. XLIV. Fig. 1. a. bes 
 yond the reft of the furface: the external or 
 outer coat, and the inner coat, or inward fide; 
 I call that part of the leaf which exhibits thefe 
 nerves, not fo diftinctly confpicuousdd. Be- 
 tween thefe two coats the tubercles of the 
 leaves, whereof we are treating, are oe 
 : an 
 
and they are nothing elfe but the dilatation, 
 ‘or more remarkable, yet irregular excrefcences 
 of the inmoft and nervous part of the Willow 
 leaf. Thefe tubercles, therefore, are properly 
 compofed of a collection of the very fine veflels 
 of the leaf, which, concreting together into a 
 mafs, form an extuberant little knot ; to which 
 the two coats of each fide are fo ftrongly joined, 
 that they cannot, but with difficulty, be fepa- 
 rated ; nay even, thefe too are fo much dilated 
 by force of the tubercle, as to lofe their down 
 or hairs in that part. 
 
 The external figure of thefe verruce, or tu- 
  bercles, is very irregular: they are fometimes 
 roundith or ovalc, fometimes oblong d, and 
 they are wrinkled e, fmooth, and of many other 
 farfaces and forms. ‘Their internal ftruCture 
 confifts, as it were, of little grains, refembling 
 broken free-ftone of a large grain, and is filled 
 with {mall chinks and corners, vifible only 
 with a microfcope.* The outward furface is 
 of a (fometimes faint, and fometimes full) green 
 colour, and is variegated with purple, red and 
 yellow, all together or feverally : there are 
 likewife fome rufty, fmall and blackith {pots 
 obferved in fome of them, which are like marks 
 of vermiculation f. Thefe tubercles are with- 
 in of a full green, and at the fame time fome- 
 what yellowifh here and there : this yellownefs 
 probably arifes from hence, that the Worm 
 hath confumed the inward fubftance about 
 thofe places. 
 
 Thefe warts occupy various parts of the 
 leaf: they are fometimes found g in the mid- 
 dle region, adjacent to the nerve ; they lie b 
 fometimes near the extremity of the leaf; fome- 
 times they are on the nerve 7; fometimes more 
 {wollen or depreffed, and again are fituated at a 
 greater or lefs diftance from each other ; and 
 therefore nothing certain or regular can be de- 
 termined, in this refpect, about them. They 
 are conftantly extuberant beyond the furface of 
 the two coats of the leaf: but in that fide of 
 the leaf where the nerves run, they commonly 
 proje& more than in the inward fide ;.tho’ I 
 have found fome which rofe to an equal height 
 on each fide & I thave* likewife feen fome 
 which occupied the footftalk.of the leaf/; but 
 thefe were fewer. | 
 
 There is great difference between the warts, 
 in regard to bignefs and fmallnefs, and alfo 
 with refpect to their greater or lefs number. 
 In fome leaves there are feen only one or two, 
 in others ten or twelve. They differ alfo great- 
 ly in fize. The reafon of which is, that fome 
 of them are riper than others ; or they are older, 
 or have begun to increafe afrefh. I fhall here- 
 after treat of this matter in the hiftory of the 
 ege, and fhall then likewife defcribe their hard- 
 neis and_ tendernefs. 
 
 When I opened fome of thofe warts of thefe 
 leaves, on the 34th of June, I met with quite 
 
 different things therein. In fome, which were. 
 
 NATURE; of, 
 
 fhut very clofe, I found a Vermicle, or Worm, 
 like the Caterpillar of the Bindweed, together 
 with its excrements, and a caft {kin near it, 
 In another, which opened outwardly, with a 
 round or orbicular orifice, I found another Ca- 
 terpillar, of the fame fhape with the former, 
 but confiderably larger. In others that were 
 not perforated, and ftill contained their Ca- 
 terpillar of the fame kind within, I cb- 
 ferved this was fuffocated, or had been killed, 
 by fome other Worms, which likewife lodge 
 themfelves in the warts. I obferved that 
 the rain had fallen into fome others, that 
 had holes, and were deftitute of an inhabitant. 
 In others again I found other infects, which 
 had caft their eggs there. Nay, I fometimes 
 found the little caverns of thefe tubercles occu- 
 pied by {mall Spiders, which had fhut up the 
 orifice with one of their webs. I fhall treat of 
 all thefe things more particularly hereafter. 
 
 Thefe differences, obfervable about one and 
 the fame kind of tubercle, may, no doubt, 
 lead ignorant perfons into error. Indeed, lam 
 firmly perfuaded, that all who apply them- 
 felves to experiments will be deceived, unlefs 
 they thoroughly inveftigate them, and endea- 
 vour to find out their firft principles. Where- 
 fore, as I had at different times obferved what 
 is before related, I have again, at length, exa- 
 mined thefe excrefcences with all the care 
 poflible. And thus I have, at length, difco- 
 vered the real eggs out of which thofe firft Ca- 
 terpillars, which IJ faid I found in the tubercles, 
 are produced. At the fame time alfo, I difco- 
 vered the reafons why other infects alfo go 
 into thefe warts, 
 
 On the faid 14th of June, I opened a great 
 number of tubercles, of all kinds and figures: 
 in the fmalleft of them I found real and per- 
 fe& eggs, fo circumftanced in every refpedt, as 
 if they had been laid there by the infect. The 
 leaf of the willow, in which I found fuch an 
 egg, had but very lately budded, and was {till 
 tender, though it had obtained its full fize and 
 form. I found in this leaf the rudiments of 
 feven fuch excrefcences, which I reprefent in 
 each fide of it, Tab. XLIV. Fig. 1, m. Some 
 of thefe were a little larger, others {mallers; 
 but the minuteft of them were fo fmall, thas 
 they could be obferved only by reafon of th¢ 
 {mall change which was obferved in the colour 
 of the leaf. The largeft of the tubercles, 
 which began to fwell a little, were of a yel- 
 lowith green colour; but the fmalleft of all 
 which did not yet projeét beyond the furface 
 of the coats of the leaf, was diftinguifhed from 
 the leaf itfelf only by a paler yellow colour, 
 
 We mutt here obferve, that the egg was alfo 
 f{maller in the fmalleft than in the largeft ex- 
 crefcences; in which I conftantly, found it 
 much larger, and more advanced and forward. 
 This egg was of an oblong figure, Fig. 11. a, 
 without any rings, having one end thicker, 
 
 * Thefe tubercles and warts, like galls, and the tufts on the dog-rofe, all arife from the puntures of infeéts; and as there are 
 many kinds of thefe infeéts, it is not ftrange that the tubercles are of various forms. They are all produced by wounds, at which 
 the eggs of the parent-animal are introduced ; and the yours Worm conftantly appears within them. ‘Thefe Worms are, in gene= 
 
 ral, very weak and defencelefs; and this feems a provifipn 
 om 4 
 
 nature to hide them from their enemies. 
 
 the 
 
 4 
 
The 
 
 the other more acute. It appeared tinged with 
 a watery colour, and had an extended fmooth 
 furface. Thefe eggs lay loofe and difengaged 
 in thefe tender tubercles. There was no par- 
 ticular little cell; but they were every where 
 equally furrounded with the inner fubftance of 
 the tubercle. But when the wart afterwards 
 becomes larger and harder, and by degrees 
 lofes its ftiffnefs and tendernefs by accretion, 
 then it is obferved, that it infenfibly opens on 
 the infide ; and in procefs of time is divided, 
 as it were, into two diftin@ parts: in one of 
 which only an egg is placed, Fig. 1. 0, and is 
 gradually increafed and augmented. 
 
 About that time one may very diftinétly fee, 
 that the egg is no where fixed or annexed to 
 any thing, nor has any veflels, filaments, fibres, 
 or any other ties, by the help of which it may 
 cohere with the wart, and receive nourifhment 
 from it. Indeed, it never has any certain place 
 in the tubercle; for it is fometimes fixed in 
 this, fometimes in that fide: it is fometimes in 
 the middle: it is fometimes at a greater or lefs 
 diftance from the chink, which is naturally ob- 
 ferved in the body of the tubercle. There 
 are as yet no excrements found in the wart; 
 but all things appear pure and clean. 
 
 It is very certain, that this egg is then in a 
 ftate of nourifhing; for one may plainly fee, 
 that it is confiderably increafed, from time to 
 time, and augmented. But the moft obvious 
 figns of this are obferved chiefly in thofe Worms 
 which are a little older; for in fuch the fore 
 part of the egs is confiderably fwollen, fo that 
 even the head and two eyes of the Worm or 
 Caterpillar, enclofed in it, are gradually feen 
 through its integuments, and are objerved, 
 Tab. XLIV. Fig. 11. p, to grow continually 
 blacker. 
 
 If therefore it be afked, how this egg 1s 
 nourifhed? I anfwer, it may conveniently have 
 all neceflary food from the effluvia and tran{- 
 mitting liquids, which perfpire into the cavity 
 of the divided and broken excrefcence, and 
 likewife may eafily penetrate the coat whereby 
 the egg is invefted; fo that they may be fucked 
 in, and fwallowed_by the Worm that lies 
 within. All membranes ferve to illuftrate what 
 I have here afferted ; for thefe being put into 
 a damp place, are likewife affected by the 
 moifture: but when they are fufpended wet in 
 the air, or are expanded, again they exhale, by 
 a contrary action, all the moift humours: which 
 they contain. Nay, it is plainly feen that gum 
 tragacanth, though tied up in a membrane, is 
 notwithftanding confiderably fwollen, when put 
 in a moift place. But here it deferves particu- 
 lar notice, how powerfully falt of tartar at- 
 tracts water to it. In the roots of trees and 
 herbs, wherein open pores are not yet demon- 
 ftrated, no other mode of nutrition can indeed 
 obtain or prevail. However this matter be; T 
 think the juice, perfpiring from the fubftance 
 of the warts, feeds the Worm that is thus con- 
 tained within it. 
 
 Now, as an egg is nothing elfe but a Nymph 
 enclofed in the pellicle, not yet having the firm- 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 off INSECTS, 
 
 “J 
 
 ¥ 
 nefs and ftrength neceflary to break open this 
 coat with which it is furrounded, one may 
 eafily comprehend how the Worm, ftill con- 
 tained in the fhell of its egg, may fuck the 
 nutritious juice which penetrates into the ca- 
 vity of the egg. And indeed this obfervation, 
 by which it is evident that the egg is nourifhed, 
 and becomes bigger, whilft it is and remains 
 an egg, moft ftrongly proves, that the egg is 
 really the infect itfelf; nor is there any other 
 difference between this and that, only in refpect 
 of the invefting coat, which prevents our {ee- 
 ing the contained infect; though, in fome 
 cafes, one may diftinétly enough obferve it 
 tranfparently through the fkin of the egg. 
 The egg, of which we treat in this place, is, 
 in this refpect, different from thofe of many 
 other infects, becaufe the latter never increafe, 
 but for fome time only cover the contained 
 little infects; juft as the membranes of the 
 Nymphs furround or environ the enclofed in- 
 fects for a time. 
 
 When this little creature afterwards has 
 broken out of its egg, it has the form of a 
 thin and {mall Caterpillar, and is twice as long 
 as the egg wherein it had been hid a little be- 
 fore.. It is then always found within the 
 tubercle, that the fkin caft off by the little 
 infect lies near to it. This little Caterpillar 
 is at this time fo fmall, that, if it were deli- 
 neated according to its natural fizey it would 
 fcarce be as big as a point: wherefore I repre- 
 fent, Tab. XLIV. Fig. 1. g, it rather at its full 
 maturity, as it appears when it hath bored its 
 way through the tubercle, and crept out through 
 the hole rv it made. 
 
 This little Caterpillar properly belongs to 
 what are called the Bind-weed kind. If you 
 view it with a microfcope, you will fee it com- 
 pofed of fifteen annular incifions, which con- 
 ftitute the head, thorax, abdomen, and tail. 
 The head is of a raven-black colour, and ex- 
 hibits, Fig. 117. s, the eyes placed on each 
 fide. In the fore part, in the lower region of 
 the head, are feen two hard horny or bony 
 jaws; the extremities of which are divided into 
 many fmall “harp-pointed teeth. With thefe 
 the infect, when provoked, is not afraid to 
 bite even at a fteel-needle. Thefe teeth are of 
 a brownifh red colour, and tranfparent fub- 
 ftance. The fix firft legs, ¢#, each of which 
 confifted of five joints and one claw, were ar- 
 ticulated with the three foremoft rings of the 
 thorax. The two rings immediately follow- 
 ing had no legs affixed to them. But twelve 
 other legs, Tab. XLIV, Fig. 111. uw, adhered 
 to the lower part of the fix rings of the body. 
 Finally, the tail was alfo furnifhed x with two: 
 fo that this infect has in all twenty legs. In 
 the pofterior part of the head, and in the neck, 
 as alfo about its tail, there are fome black fpots. 
 This Caterpillar, like the Coffus, or Worm of 
 the Beetle, had a wrinkled fkin, here and there 
 fet with hairs. It twifted and gathered ‘toge- 
 ther the pofterior part of “its body, like the 
 Bindweed Caterpillar. It did not frequently 
 make ufe of its middle, or laft feet, except 
 
 U when 
 
78 
 
 when it endeavoured to wind and twit the 
 pofterior part of its body about the extremities 
 of leaves; for then it faftened itfelf in the place 
 with its fect, making no ufe of its fore legs at 
 the fame time. When it walks, it ufes only 
 the fore legs, and then draws after them the 
 hinder part of its body. This is likewife the 
 cafe in regard to the Caterpillars, before men- 
 tioned, which have many legs; and which 
 likewife change into Butterflies fo conftantly, 
 that I have hitherto obferved no example to.the 
 contrary. The points of refpiration were feen 
 to open in the furface of the body, and the 
 pulmonary tubes were tranfparent through the 
 {kin. In the hinder part of the body, the heart 
 thewed itfelf alfo, beating. 
 
 While thefe little Caterpillars are {mall, they 
 are of a colour mixed of a yellowifh white and 
 pellucid green, which by degrees improves and 
 grows ftronger. Even while they are, as it 
 were, ftill in their cradles, a narrow line of a 
 deep green colour, which denotes the aliment 
 contained in the ftomach, is feen through their 
 fkin ; and this becomes of a more and more 
 dufky green, the more the Caterpillar ap- 
 proaches to maturity ; and the Caterpillar itfelf 
 then alfo gets a much greener colour all over, 
 only that it continues of a yellowifh white about 
 the belly. Thefe little creatures feveral times 
 change the fkin within thefe warts, and grow 
 whitith for a time, on cafting it. 
 
 _ The inner fubftance of the wart is their food, 
 
 which they immediately begin to eat, as foon 
 as they come out of their eggs. About that 
 time their excrements alfo are found in the 
 tubercles; and there is the greater quantity of 
 them accumulated, the more the Caterpillar is 
 grown. I have fometimes found fo great a 
 quantity of thefe excrements in the tubercles, 
 that it was three times bigger than the body of 
 the infect. This principally proceeds from 
 rain, which {wells thefe feces, and fometimes 
 kills the little Caterpillar.. This moft com- 
 monly happens, when it has already bitten 
 through and perforated the coats of its wart, 
 or tubercle. Thefe habitations are commonly 
 pierced through by the Caterpillars, when thefe 
 infe@ts are arrived to their full fize; for then 
 they always eat a hole through their tubercle, 
 and then thruft the hinder parts of their body 
 through the hole, fo that they may caft out 
 their excrements, Tab. XLIV. Fig.1.y. The 
 Caterpillars behave in this manner chiefly in 
 rainy weather ; for then their excrements {well 
 vaftly by the force of the wet, and would oc- 
 cupy too large a fpace, being otherwife not 
 bigger than {mall grains of fand. 
 
 In procefs of time the whole fubftance of 
 the wart is fo clearly eaten out by the Cater- 
 pillar, that abfolutely nothing remains of it 
 but the two outmoft coats of the leaf. After 
 this the creature ceafes to eat, though it fome- 
 times alfo abftains fooner. It is indeed very 
 worthy of confideration, that the Worm in this 
 excrefcence finds “its aliment in fuch plenty, 
 that it is never in want. On June 29, I ob- 
 ferved that many of thefe Caterpillars had crept 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 out of the mouths or orifices of the verrucles, 
 or little warts; nor could I, notwithftanding, 
 find any of them either on the tree, or under 
 it on the ground. In another tubercle, which 
 I then opened, I found a dead Caterpillar. In 
 another, the little creature had been entirely 
 confumed, its remains refembling only a thin 
 fkin; and near it lay a Worm without legs, 
 which had probably confumed the entrails of 
 the Caterpillar, and afterwards had crept out 
 of the tubercle, in order to undergo its proper 
 change. As I had unluckily given this Worm 
 a little wound, I could not further profecute its 
 changes. I fhall not prefume to affirm, as a 
 certainty, that the vifcera of the dead Worm 
 were confumed, or had been pierced, by this 
 creature. 
 
 In order to inveftigate further what is done 
 by thefe little Worms, I brought fome leaves 
 and little branches of Willow-trees into my 
 chamber, and there put them in moift fand. 
 But fo it happened, that the Worms of thefe, 
 having quitted their tubercles, got into the fand 
 out of my fight. As I imagined it was the 
 want of food that made them leave their abode 
 fo quickly, I put fome leaves and entire warts 
 of them upon the fand: nay, I likewife offered 
 fome of them a mafs or lump, prepared of 
 fome bruifed tubercles, in order to invite them 
 to eat; but all was to no purpofe. I therefore 
 finally enclofed fome of them in a dry box, 
 into which I had before put fome rotten wood, 
 that I might fee whether they would make 
 their webs there. All thefe died likewife, 
 pining away, fome fooner, fome later: where- 
 fore I at length learned, that they could not 
 live naked or uncovered in the air. 
 
 On the sth of July I obferved, that fome of 
 thefe little Worms had dug into the fand, and 
 there began to weave webs; and this was the 
 firft opportunity I had of difcovering any ap- 
 proach toward their change. For, when I di- 
 ligently examined the fand on the infide, I 
 found a great number of them in it, fome of 
 which lay much deeper than others. And 
 thus I at length difcovered, that thefe little 
 creatures, after they have eaten fufficiently, 
 quit the Willow-leaves, and fall; and then dig 
 into the earth, in order to weave their webs 
 there, and fuffer other changes. 
 
 Out of this fand likewife I took fome per- 
 fe&t webs. They were of an oval figure, Tab. 
 XLIV. Fig. 1v. 2; fo that if they were ex- 
 pofed on the furface of the earth, the moifture 
 or rain could not do them great harm. I have 
 likewife obferved fome Spiders woven up in 
 webs. Thefe webs were of a bright purple, 
 approaching to fcarlet. I afterwards opened 
 one of thefe webs, woven by the infects; but 
 found that the Caterpillar, in the infide, was 
 not yet changed. On the 6th of July I cut 
 open fuch another web ; and in this alfo there 
 the infect fill lived, in full vigour. In the 
 third web which I opened, I found the crea- 
 ture juft on the point of fuffering its change. 
 
 Its green colour began by degrees to difap- 
 pear. The body became a faint yellow, and 
 
 decreafed — 
 
Th HISTORY of INSECTS, 79 
 
 decreafed very much in bulk, becoming at the 
 fame time clear and perfpicuous; as is likewife 
 the cafe in Silkworms. The little line on the 
 back, produced by the contents of the fto- 
 mach, became likewife obliterated by degrees ; 
 fince the Worm had now cleared its inteftines 
 of all their grofs contents, afterwards lying in 
 its web without any remarkable motion. 
 
 July 13, I found fome dead in their webs ; 
 but others had by that time aflumed the habit 
 of real Nymphs. Therefore it is evident, that 
 thefe infects ftri@tly belong to the firft mode of 
 the third order of natural changes; though I 
 fhall not here refer them to it, becaufe they 
 weave their webs, and are changed in a very 
 obfcure manner under the earth. 
 
 Some days after, that is July 18, I obferved 
 many little black Flies ifluing, Tab. XLIV. 
 Fig. tv. 6, out of thofe webs which I had taken 
 out of the fand, and put into a dry box. This 
 little Fly, being viewed with a microfcope, 
 fhews itfelf divided as ufual into a head, thorax, 
 and belly. Out of the fore part of the head 
 arife two black horns, Fig. v. c. Thefe are 
 placed before the eyes. The thorax is ele- 
 gantly divided, and fhews four membranaceous 
 wings fixed to its {capule, whereof the lower 
 pair are covered by the upper, and all together 
 cover the body. The upper wings are pro- 
 vided with many pulmonary tubes, pafling 
 through them, and near their extremities are 
 marked dd with two blackith {pots. Six legs 
 adhere to the loweft region of the thorax, ee, 
 that are divided by joints and two claws: they 
 are of a colour approaching to black. The 
 abdomen alfo is black, and is divided into 
 rings. Some of thefe Flies alfo had a tail, 
 others not. 
 
 The males I found had tails, but the fe- 
 males none. If the laft rings ef the females 
 abdomens were preffed out, Fig. v1. ff, towards 
 the hinder extremity, a fharp-pointed part was 
 forced from thence; which being carefully 
 examined with a microfcope, exhibited an in- 
 ftrument like a faw, g fituated 4h between two 
 pointed horny or bony little parts, and confe- 
 quently fit for piercing the coats of leaves ; as 
 I fhall relate hereafter. On viewing the under 
 part of the female’s body, I obferved that it 
 grew white about the breaft, but that the legs 
 were ruddy there. 
 
 But when I afterwards opened the female's 
 abdomen, I found perfeé eggs there, exactly 
 like thofe, which I before deferibed to be found 
 in the. tubercles of the leaves: fo that doubt- 
 lefs, they are eggs of this Fly, which are found 
 in the tubercles. This Fly is of the fame dif 
 pofition with thofe which proceed from con- 
 fumed Chryfallides. Nor did Flies break out 
 of thofe webs only, which I had put into the 
 box: they likewife iffued out of the webs, 
 which were yet buried in the moift fand. 
 Hence I faw fome fuch little Flies lying dead 
 in the fand, and others that had grown faint 
 and weak with the moifture. 
 
 In fome other webs I found living Flies 
 which iffued from thence fo quickly, that I 
 could not catch them. I likewife opened fome 
 males of this kind, and therein found the male 
 organs of generation : however, I cannot now 
 fay much of them ; becaufe I did not commit 
 my obfervations thereon to writing, Thefe 
 little infects are changed in a double manner : 
 for when it happens, that their Worms, at the 
 end of the year, creep into the ground, and 
 there form webs ; Flies do not proceed from 
 them before the {pring of the following year. 
 
 I cut open alfo the webs that were forfaken 
 by thefe Flies; which indeed, they break in a 
 very fingular manner : they -make a round 
 hole z, Tab. XLIV. Fig. 1v. in each, like that 
 in a barrel. In thofe webs I found a fkin, 
 which the little creature caft off, when it be- 
 came a Nymph, and alfoa tender fkin, which 
 the Nymph, on being changed into a Fly, had 
 afterwards caft. 
 
 After the creatures forfake the tubercles; 
 thefe latter grow dry entirely, and in fome 
 days become contracted together. But as my 
 curiofity had proceeded fo far as to keep all 
 thefe little infects, as they are circumftanced 
 in all their changes; hence I learned, that thefe 
 tubercles could not be otherwife kept in the 
 Willow leaves, than by filling them with a 
 fufficient quantity of dry fand, and then leav- 
 ing them to themfelves, until they grow dry : 
 after this, the fand may again be eafily taken 
 out of their cavity. Let this fhort defcription 
 of this great and unheard-of natural miracle 
 fuffice ; in which the wifdom and providence 
 of God are clearer than the meridian fun. 
 
 In what manner the eggs of thefe little creatures come into the leaves of the 
 WV illow-tree. 
 
 ANY who call themfelves fearchers into 
 nature’s fecrets, agree, that all obfcurer 
 modes of generation muft be attributed to pu- 
 trefaction as their caufe, which is the effect of 
 moifture joined with heat. And this opinion 
 extends even to ftones; for they obferve, that 
 fome infects iffue from them. It is however 
 very remarkable, that they cannot prove or il- 
 luftrate that affertion by any one folid argu- 
 ment, or fair experiment. They rely only on 
 their own erroneous opinion, occafioned by an 
 
 univerfally prevailing error. I except only 
 Dr. Francis Redi, who has pointed out a very 
 different and much better way: for he, having 
 firft, by irrefragible arguments and reafonings, 
 deftroyed the fyftem of generation by putre- 
 faction; yet not improbably infers, that thefe 
 little infeéts, which are found in leaves, fruits, 
 and the like fubftances, are generated there 
 from the very foul and natural vigour of the 
 vegetable which produces the fruits and plants. 
 I fay, the opinion of this gentleman is not al- 
 
 together 
 
80 
 
 together imp 
 may be mad 
 
 robable ; for the experiments that 
 e concerning the matter, are in- 
 volved in fo many difficulties, obfcured by fuch 
 thick darknefs, and are fo inextricable, that 
 one may be eafily induced to think thefe little 
 creatures are really generated from the plants 
 them({elves. : ‘ 
 
 This induced me to inveftigate, with much 
 labour and difficulty, the origin of the Worm 
 in the tubercles of Willow-trees. Dr. Redi 
 fays, he could never fee that the Worm itfelf 
 is changed ; and, I confefs, I fhould eafily have 
 concurred in opinion with this gentleman, if I 
 had not, though he did not fucceed, difcovered 
 the abfolute change of this Worm into a Fly, 
 and had not obferved the eggs in the Fly's body 
 to be like thofe which are found in the tu- 
 bercles. I cannot agree with this very learned 
 author, that the Worm has only fix feet, as it 
 is reprefented by him; for I find, on the con- 
 trary, that it is provided with twenty. 
 
 Thefe are errors into which each of us may 
 eafily fall. And, indeed, Ihave not advanced 
 what I have hitherto faid with defign to con- 
 fate a gentleman who is my friend ; for Ithink 
 none ought to be cenfured with the rod of 
 correction, but thofe petulant perfons, who, 
 fwollen with vain-glory, bark like Dogs at all 
 writings whatfogver, and feek laurels for them- 
 felves by defaming others, which Bartholinus 
 endeavours to do on every occafion; and hence 
 even his thefes are debafed by railings. In- 
 deed, all our writings out to be directed to find 
 out the truth with our beft ftrength: I fay, the 
 truth, to which we all ought to adhere, whe- 
 ther it favours or oppofes our own opinions, 
 fince there is nothing really amiable but its 
 beauty only. . Therefore, though the opinion 
 has an air of probability, I fhall not agree with 
 the celebrated Redi, that any creatures are ever 
 produced from vegetables, in the fame manner 
 that leaves and fruits iffue therefrom. 
 
 Iknow indeed fome learned men, and fome 
 of very eminent rank alfo have been brought 
 into this opinion. But I know too, that it will 
 never be proved by experiments, however fair 
 it may appear. For Iam really obliged to con- 
 fefs, that opinion feems to be fo confonant to 
 truth, that, unlefs thefe Worms had increafed 
 into winged and ftinged animals before my 
 face, I could fearce have faid any thing to the 
 contrary. * Finally, in order to give my own 
 opinion, with which I obferve the very excel- 
 lent phyfician Dr. Francis Redi formerly con-. 
 curred, I think, indeed, that all thofe tubercles 
 
 of plants, leaves, fruits, and excrefcences in © 
 
 the which infects are found, are of no other 
 ufe, nor do they grow for any other end or 
 purpofe, but to give a fafe habitation to the 
 animals in them, in order to preferve them, 
 and likewife to ferve for food *. Indeed, ex- 
 treme neceflity, in this cafe, required fuch pro- 
 vifion ; for many of thefe Vermicles have no 
 feet, by the help of which they might move 
 
 Th BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 about, and get food for themfelves. This is 
 particularly remarkable with refpect to the 
 Worms of Bees and Ants, which have no feet; 
 fince the former are, for this reafon, very care- 
 fully nourifhed by the Bees themfelves; and 
 the latter are, for that reafon, continually re- 
 moved into different places, in which they can . 
 get food without affiftance. ‘Tho’ the Worms 
 which we have above defcribed have feet, they 
 make moft ufe of them when they feek for the 
 habitation, wherein they weave their webs ; 
 but they by no means ferve them to find out 
 their food. Therefore, both in the conftitution 
 of the parts, and in the food, which the Worms 
 found in the tubercles, there feem t6 appear 
 reafons of great moment, why thefe tubercles 
 are produced. Thefe are perhaps, however, 
 mere conjeGtures ; while Nature herfelf never 
 intended, in her works, any thing to verify 
 them. God fhews himfelf every where equally 
 adorable and immentfe. 
 
 I think thefe Worms, which are found yearly 
 within the fame kind of tubercles, and are pecu- 
 liar and natural to them, are produced only from 
 eggs of infects of the fame nature, or conge- 
 nial with them; that is, fuch infe@s as depofit . 
 their eggs on the plants, leaves, or fruit, and 
 convey them thither from without. ‘This is in- 
 deed evident from what I have before obferved, 
 with refpect to the eggs that lie in the tubercles of 
 Willows, and thofe that are found in the bodies of 
 Flies produced from thence: for thefe two kind 
 of eggs do not in the leaft differ from each other, 
 
 Now, then nothing further remains but to ex- 
 plain the method whereby thefe eggs are conveyed 
 into the leaves of the Willows. Nor do I fee 
 much difficulty in this matter: for, fince the 
 mother Fly is armed with one or two weapons, 
 proper to pierce fuch fabftances, and with an- 
 other inftrument, which is fitted for directing 
 and guiding the eggs ifluing out of her body; 
 fhe may very eafily pierce the tender leaves, 
 when recently {pringing out, and may caft her 
 {mall, and almoft invifible eggs, into the little 
 holes that are thus made: that this really happens, 
 and in this manner, is the more manifeft; be- 
 caufe, in the new leaves that have juft appeared, 
 the little egg is found every where loofe and dif- 
 engaged ; and only a part of it is fituated be- 
 tween or under the coat of the leaf: may, I have 
 forhetimes thought I faw the little holes, thro’ 
 which the eggs were conveyed into the fubftance 
 of the leaf. 
 
 I own, this hiftory would at length be com- 
 pletely perfect, if I could fee all I have ad- 
 vanced, as my opinion, which, I think, I fhalk 
 hereafter be able to do. But though I have not 
 hitherto done that, the experiments which I 
 have now propofed, to confirm my opinion, 
 fee to me fo ftrong, that no body can defire 
 more convincing. I willingly confefs, I have » 
 not accurately and diftin@ly feen the perforation 
 of the leaf in all its circumftances: but I fhould 
 think, thatit is not poffible for it to come withinthe 
 
 oe : : sy PS ie pa i 
 Reaumer, indefatigable in his fearches into the infe€t-world, has given us an account of a peculiar race of creatures, which he 
 
 calls Mineurs des Feuilles, miners of leaves. 
 
 I 
 
 Thefe burrow between the outer rind and fubftance of the leaf, feeding as the 
 and leave a tract of white behind them, fo that the leaf feems -variegated. aot : 2 aa 
 
 cognizance 
 
The 
 
 cognizance of the eye-fight. For, who can fee 
 the wound in his fkin, made by the ftroke of a 
 Gnat or Flea, immediately after it is infli@ted? 
 Surely no one. What one fees in the fkin, is 
 nothing elfe but a change of colour: and this is 
 likewife obferved in the leaf of Willows ; that 
 is, the place through which the egg is conveyed 
 and joined to the leaf, is diftinguifhable in no 
 other manner but by a fimall difcolouring. To 
 which we may add, that the little wound, given 
 to the fucculent leaf, by fo {mall a creature, ea- 
 fily clofes up again, and is {topped and filled up 
 by the impelled humours. 
 
 It will be afked, why are tubercles produced 
 in the Willow leaves, for the benefit of thofe 
 eggs conveyed into them? And how are thofe 
 rare and admirable excrefcences generated in 
 other plants and trees? I confefs this queftion is 
 very difficult to explain. Nor do I know what 
 other anfwer to make to it, but that the frit 
 ftroke, which the infect mother gave the plant, 
 fruit or leaf, into which it endeavours to put the 
 egg, is the real caufe of the tubercles produced 
 afterwards, whatever form or figure it may af- 
 fume. Do not we thus on Pompions, and other 
 fruits, and even on trees, by the help of a knife, 
 or bodkin, cut letters and characters; the: vefti- 
 ges whereof infenfibly {welling with the hu- 
 mours, raife themfelves up confiderably beyond 
 the common furface ? 
 
 I do not think this is done by chance, but by 
 a previous defign of nature, which has ordered, 
 that this generation of infects, and the tubercles 
 which ferve for nourifhing them, fhould be pro- 
 duced in this, and in no other order. Therefore 
 alfo, the generation of thefe infects is plainly re 
 gular, and is not fubject to any fortuitous change. 
 The great Harvey, in his book of generation, 
 fully demonftrates, how much the ftrokes, ftruck 
 with one and the fame external inftrument, dif- 
 fer from one another; when he fays, from ex- 
 perience, ‘ That-the fleth itfelf diftinguithes the 
 « poifoned ftroke of a fting, from that which is 
 ‘not poifoned:’ and further proceeds: ‘ And 
 ‘therefore, from the poifoned wound, it is 
 ‘ {trained and condenfed, and therefrom arife 
 ‘tumours and inflammations. I once, fays he, 
 ‘ for the fake of the experiment, pricked my 
 “hand with a needle, and immediately after, in 
 ‘another place, with the poifonous tooth of an 
 * African Spider; I could not difcover any dif- 
 * ference between thefe two little wounds in feel- 
 ‘ing; but there was a great difference fhewn in 
 “the fkin ; for when the poifoned punéture had 
 ‘been made, it fuddenly {welled.’ Who can 
 prefume to deny, that plants have this kind of 
 fenfe? I fhould indeed think they would exhi- 
 bit manifeft figns of fenfe, if they had mufcles; 
 the want of which feems to be only the caufe, 
 that prevents their being .able to fhew us their 
 faculty of fenfation. This is evident in the ce- 
 lebrated fenfitive plant; which, in my opinion, 
 has a certain {pecies of mufcles, by the help of 
 which, it extends and contraéts its little boughs, 
 almoft like arms. 
 
 As to the different figures of thefe tubercles, 
 which are never found on plants, but they are 
 
 HIsTOryY 
 
 of INSEEGTS Sr 
 
 Pregnant with little infects, to be nourithed 
 within them ; I think they are caufed principally 
 by the variety of the ftroke; whereby thofe crea- 
 tures perforate plants, and fix; and, as it were, 
 inoculate their eggs in them: this may be like- 
 wife feen in all inoculations. For the fame rea. 
 fon, the Flea forms with its ftroke in our flin 
 a {welling altogether different from that of the 
 Bug: and the latter differs alfo from that of the 
 Bee. All thefe things are far from being fab- 
 ject to chance; they proceed in a certain order, 
 and they are obferved to be always fimilar: ex. 
 cept when the plants, or bodies of animals, have 
 different figures ; as the celebrated Redi hath ac- 
 curately and clearly obferved in regard to the bites 
 of ferpents, 
 
 I have often feen the legs of infects fo ftrongly 
 imprefied upon the tender branches of trees, that 
 they could not be taken off without injuring them, 
 But, principally, the Dutch phalzna, which 
 proceeds from the Worm, found chiefly in the 
 bark of Willow-trees, and of the Maple, which 
 it corrodes in fome meafure, and imprefies its 
 eggs outwardly on. the bark: hence it follows, 
 that the Worms produced therefrom, afterwards 
 make a paflage for themfelves inwardly towards 
 the wood. Nay, if you pull thefe Worms out of 
 the tree, they firft weave and cover them{elves 
 with a web; and then having afterwards broken 
 it, they pierce the wood with their teeth ; and, in 
 fo doing, reft upon the web on their back fide, 
 in order to get fufficient power and ftrength to 
 penetrate. 
 
 This winter, I obferved in turnips many warts 
 and tubercles of various fizes, in which lay fo 
 many Worms without feet, but furnithed with 
 eyes and hard teeth. In the fmalleft of the-warts 
 or tubercles, I found a little egg; and in the 
 larger fort, a tender and foft Worm. In regard 
 to thefe Worms without feet, that are found in 
 tubercles cn plants; it is worthy of notice, that 
 they can by no means be kept alive, when they 
 are drawn out of the cells, which they have 
 formed for themfelves, in proportion to the bulk 
 of their body within the excrefcences, and in 
 which they are nourifhed. The cavity, wherein 
 that wonderful Worm is lodged, which lives 
 enclofed in the young buds of Willow trees, as 
 in a rofe, which will be afterwards particularly 
 defcribed, exactly anfwers to the bulk of its 
 body. The Worm that lies in Turnips, has a 
 cavity fomewhat larger than its body. I have 
 obferved alfo, that thofe little cells, which the 
 Worms, without feet, form themfelves with 
 wonderful art in dry timber, ‘are nicely fitted to 
 their bodies ; and they can therefore, with fuf- 
 ficient quicknefs, move through thefe cavities, 
 They perform this motion by drawing in, and 
 fixing their hinder parts to the wood, and ftretch- 
 ing out their forepart: and thus they move 
 forward with great fwiftnefs in thefe burrows. 
 
 When thefe little infects are deprived of their 
 cells or caverns, and the nourifhment they have 
 there ready ; they cannot move any more; they 
 ftiffen with the heat and drynefs of the air, and 
 perifh by innumerable other ways. Many feet- 
 lefs infects alfo, that live under the earth, and in 
 
 the 
 
82 The BOOK of 
 the water, are noutifhed and fuftained in the 
 fame manner. For thofe that have no feet, and 
 live in the water, change place by the help of 
 their tails and certain appendages, which ferve 
 them inftead of oats. But the Worms that live 
 under the earth, advance forward almoft in the 
 fame manner as the Worms of Beetles, and creep 
 in this manner between the cracks ‘and fiffures 
 of the mould. What happens to the feetlefs 
 vermicles of Flies, Ants and Bees, may be feen 
 in the hiftories I have already given of thefe in- 
 {efts. As to the Caterpillars, and other of the 
 many-leged infects; the matter is clear, and 
 without all difficulty. Nay, itis mo way repug- 
 nant to my propofition, that fome infects are ob- 
 ferved to iflue, after fome years, out of rotten 
 wood: for, we know, that thefe infects arife 
 there alfo from Worms, and that thefe draw their 
 origin from eggs; the females regularly betaking 
 themfelves yearly to fuch wood, and cafting their 
 eggs into it, It is often neceflary, that fuch 
 Worms fhould receive increafe for fome years 
 before they arrive at their time of change; as is 
 manifeft in the ‘Coffus, and in that Worm alfo, 
 from which the Holland Cantharis, commonly 
 called the Golden Beetle, is produced, The 
 fame thing likewife holds in the Aquatic Worms, 
 that live in the tubular cells, as I have already 
 remarked in the hiftory of the Ephemerus. 
 
 We mutt further obferve, that many crea- 
 tures that are faid to want feet, are really pro- 
 vided therewith. ‘Thus the Earth-worms indeed 
 have many feet, but they are conftituted in an- 
 other manner than feet commonly are. I have 
 
 clearly feen the fame thing in ferpents: thefe 1 
 
 have indeed obferved, have five forts of feet. 
 Some of them have a thorny or {pinous excref- 
 
 ie the preceding pages I have obferved, that 
 
 when I opened the tubercles of the Willow. 
 
 tree, 1 found various other infects befides the 
 Caterpillars there mentioned ; and this may im- 
 pofe upon, or deceive, the unexperienced, who 
 are accuftomed to make experiments only flight- 
 ly: fince it may be poffible, that one animal 
 fhould be taken for another, and wrong conclu- 
 fions drawn from thence. For this reafon, I 
 fhall now explain that matter more fully. I 
 have before obferved, that in fome animals not 
 yet. perforated, I found fome other animals, from 
 which the infect before defcribed hath been 
 fuffocated and killed. But in order to make this 
 underftood, we muft obferve, ‘that the leaves of 
 Willows are frequented by various fpecies. of in- 
 fe&ts, which indeed lay their eggs either in or 
 upon thefe leaves; and thefeeggs at length grow 
 into vermicles, fome with, others without feet. 
 The unperforated tubercle, whereof I now 
 treat, contained two kinds of animals; the Ca- 
 terpillar, which I have defctibed above, and a 
 Worm without feet, both which lay together in 
 the fame cavity. But as both were nourifhed 
 with the fubftance of the tubercle, and both dif- 
 charged their excrements into it; it happened, 
 
 Of other infects found in the tubercles 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 cence in the middle of their body, with two 
 heads, almoft like the military Caltrops, and con- 
 tain in the middle a little bone, which is articu- 
 lated in the os pubis, and covered with a tkin; 
 by the help of this, they can move quickly over 
 the rough furface of the earth ; and in cracks of 
 rocks, I have feen others again provided with two 
 fach machines for their greater {wiftnefs. Two 
 feet of a certain third fpecies were prefented to 
 me, which being compofed of diftiné articulated’ 
 bones, likewife carry claws on their extremities, 
 which may be drawn out of them, like the hol- 
 low claws of hogs feet. I myself have examined 
 a fourth fpecies, which had four articulated, but 
 very fmall feet; the foremoft of which confifted 
 of three joints, and two toes; the tops of which 
 werearmed with claws: another fhorter joint alfo, 
 or, asit were, {mall thumb, armed with a claw, 
 projected alfo out of their infide. The hindfeet 
 alfo were made in the fame manner, ‘only that 
 they had one toe more than the forefeet. Laftly, 
 D. Frederick Ruyfch, profeffor of furgery in Am- 
 fterdam, made mea prefent of a fifth {pecies, 
 furnifhed with very tender feet; each of which 
 
 or; 
 
 confift of three joints, but they are not diftin@ly 
 
 vifible; becaufe they are covered even to the ex- 
 
 tremities with the fcales: at the extremity of 
 
 them, is feen only a fimple claw, without any 
 divifion into toes. Therefore, that little ferpent- 
 feems capable of making ufe of thofe feet, only 
 on certain conditions or occafions; fince, on ac- 
 count of their great tenderne(fs, they are not able to 
 fupport the body, tho’ they may often contribute 
 to move it with the greater {peed. Behold, how 
 admirable God fhews himfelf in all his works! 
 the fmalleft of which moft clearly expofe to view 
 his Magnificence, Majefty, and infinite Wifdom. 
 
 of Willows ; and how they come there. + 
 
 that the Caterpillar was fuffocated, and fo de- 
 flroyed by its companion. ° . 
 
 When I firft faw fome of thefe feetlefs Worms 
 in the tubercle, I took them for the Caterpil- 
 lars I defcribed before, thinking, that thofe 
 fprung from their eggs without feet; and after- _ 
 wards, when they grew fomewhat bigger, that 
 their feet appeared. But at length I difcovered, — 
 by repeated obfervations, that thefe feetlefs 
 Worms are of a different {pecies: though, not- 
 withftanding I am very certain, that their eggs — 
 are thruft into the leaves of the Willow tree, in 
 the fame manner as the Caterpillar ; and that the 
 Vermicle that is to fpring from thence, is there 
 nourifhed, and undergoes a change. The feet- 
 lefs Worm here mentioned, had already grown - 
 a little more than the Caterpillar, It has a paler , 
 head, and difcharges a great deal of excrements: 
 But becaufe, I never obferved a confidéerable 
 number of thefe Worms, in the warts or tu- 
 bercles of Willow-leaves, which they only oc- — 
 cafionally inhabit ; therefore the opportunity © 
 inveftigating their change to the Fly-ftate failed 
 me. Perhaps I (hall hereafter take farther pains’ 
 in this inquiry. 
 
 I 
 
 Tn 
 
The 
 
 In another excrefcence, I found a third {pecies 
 of Worms, which were likewife without feet, 
 and were twice as little as the former. Their 
 head was formed almoft in the fame manner : 
 but it was thicker, where it is joined to the tho- 
 rax. I obferved alfo, two black {pots in the 
 head, which probably were the eyes: thefe 
 Vermicles changed their fkin alfo, and crept 
 pretty quick. Sometimes two of thefe are found 
 in one tubercle ; and they then live feparated by 
 their "excrements, as by a wall between them: 
 this very thing I have likewife fometimes ob- 
 ferved, when their tubercles touched each other. 
 Thefe Vermicles or Worms, likewife feem to 
 undergo their changes within the excrefcences ; 
 but at this time, the excrefcence afflumes a ruity 
 colour all over it. I have not yet diftinély feen 
 their change; becaufe they are not found to be 
 very common. It muft be good fortune, if any 
 one fhould happen to difcover the order, in which 
 the limbs and parts of thofe anima!s increafe. 
 I made thefe obfervations on the 28th of June. 
 
 When thefe feetlefs Worms have undergone 
 their tranfmutation, or the Caterpillars, which I 
 have defcribed, have left their tubercles; fo that 
 thefe are open and empty, then various other 
 little Worms with feet, vifit and hide themfelves 
 in them, or caft their eggs there, in order after- 
 wards to nourith their young in thofe cells. The 
 {maller Spiders alfo frequent!y betake themfelves 
 to thefe warts on leaves, that they may lie in 
 wait, and catch the lefler infects that pafs by, and 
 when caught, feed on'them. For the Willow- 
 leaves feed an infinite number of very {mall in- 
 fects ; fo that a whole treatife. might be wrote on 
 the different {pecies of minute infects that are 
 found about thefe trees. 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 of INSECTS, 83 
 
 Among other infeéts, I found on thefe leaves 
 a very fimall Cicada; which, as to its changes, 
 and its manner of living, is altogether like the 
 larger Cicade of France and Italy. Very {mall 
 Caterpillars are likewife found there, affixing an 
 oblong and gold-coloured web to the leaves ; 
 out of which fome remarkable {pecies of fmall 
 Flies are ufwally afterwards produced.) When 
 thofe Flies iffue out of their little cafes, they like- 
 wife throw out of them an operculum or cover, 
 which is exaétly round, as I have related of the 
 web of the Caterpillar, which I have defcribed 
 before and delineated. 
 
 Among the little infeé&ts which come from 
 without, into the tubercles, I have obferved a 
 very {mall one, that was white, oblong, Tab. 
 XLIV. VIL and has very great vital firength, 
 It had two black eyes, fituated in the loweft re- 
 gion of its head towards the thorax. Out of 
 the forepart of its head proje@ted two antenne, 
 It had fix legs, over which were feen four wings, 
 enclofed in litle knots. The body appeared to be 
 divided into rings. This little animal was changed 
 afterwards in to a black oblong Fly, with Wings as 
 long as the body. But when this change hap- 
 pened, the infect was not at all deprived of its 
 motion ; therefore it belongs to the fecond order 
 of changes... The reafon why I defcribe it under 
 the fourth order, confifts in this, that its change 
 is inwardly perfeGted in a concealed manner in 
 the hollow tubercles of the Willows. It is fo 
 {mall, that it can hardly be delineated in its na- 
 tural fize. One muft therefore firft know thofe 
 different modes of changes, and what infeés vifit 
 the excrefcences of the Willows, before one 
 
 ‘can, without-error, make experiments on this 
 
 matter. 
 
 particular defcription of certain infe4s, which live between the firft and fecond 
 coat of the Willow leaves, and are changed into Beetles. 
 
 ESIDES the tubercles hitherto delineated, 
 which contain the Caterpillar before deferib- 
 
 ed, there is likewife another {pecies, Tab, XLIV. 
 Fig. vii. of Worms without feet, obferved to 
 he between the outmoft and inmoft coat of the 
 Willow leaves: thefe I thall now defcribe, and 
 delineate them magnified, but I fhall firft treat 
 of the leaf itfelf. The Willow leaf, as I have 
 obferved before, confifts of three coats; whereof 
 the inmoft is the moft fucculent; and may there- 
 fore ferve many infects which eat the entire leaf 
 for their proper food :, but the Vermicles whereof 
 I now treat, eat only the inmoft part of the 
 leaf, leaving the inward and outward coat en- 
 tirely untouched: they do not indeed devour the 
 little nerves of the inward flefhy {ubftance, but 
 only the matter in their inteftines. Since thefe 
 Worms therefore confumed only the middle of 
 the Willow leaf, hence it is, that they are al- 
 ways found lying immediately under the inmoft 
 coat of that leaf; for this they eat and confume 
 by degrees on the infide, until they come to the 
 external coat, which very ftrongly fupports the 
 nervous filamenis of the leaf. Thusat length it 
 happens, that the infide of the Willow Jeaf is 
 
 hollow underneath, and becomes feparated from 
 the external: this is the reafon alfo, why the 
 two coats of this leaf grow dry in that part, and 
 aflume arufty colour: and this thews plainly, 
 that the little animal lies'between thefe two coats. 
 I fometimes have found feventeen fuch Worms 
 in one Willow leaf, which then indeed appeared 
 to be divided into fo many rufty coloured {pots. 
 In order:to underftand thefe matters more clear- 
 ly, I have judged it proper to reprefent two of 
 thefe {pots in the natural fize; whereof the one 
 is clofed, and the other open, Tab, XLIV. Fig. 
 1.2%. In the open {pot, it may be obferved, that 
 the inmoft coat of the leaf is entirely removed 
 from the middle larger nerve. It likewife ap- 
 pears there, that the fmaller nerves of the one 
 fide, are entirely naked, and the matter that had 
 filled their interftices is confumed, In the op- 
 pofite fide, befides fome excrements, there is feen 
 the naked head of the Worm, together with the 
 body, tranfparent through the elevated coat: 
 That what has been hitherto faid, as well as 
 the method whereby the Worms performs all 
 thefe.‘matters, may be more -clearly compre- 
 shended ; I thall now delineate the infect itfelf 
 mag- 
 
$4. 
 
 maenified, and fhall defcribe its external parts. 
 This Worm, or Vermicle, has no feet ; but it 
 confifts of fourteen annular incifions, which 
 conftitute its head, breaft, belly, and tail. In 
 the forepart of the head are feen two teeth a. 
 "The thorax, in that here reprefented, was very 
 much expanded in breadth 64, and fhewed in 
 its firft ring two fpots of a rufty colour, ap- 
 proaching to brown. The head alfo appeared 
 to be of the like colour, 
 there were alfo, very many tranfparent pulmo- 
 nary tubes feen in the breaft. The reft of the 
 body was formed ce nearly like the thorax. 
 Out of the fides of each ring of the thorax and 
 belly there {prung hairs like flaxen threads. 
 The laft rings of the body alfo, were variegated 
 with fome black fpots. ‘This whole Worm 
 was of a beautiful white colour, fomewhat ap- 
 proaching to green. It moved a flow pace, 
 going forward by the affiftance of the rings of 
 its body ; which it fometimes contracted, and 
 again expanded : and this it did more readily, 
 whilft it lay between the coats of the leaf, than 
 when drawn out of it. The exuvie, or skin 
 which it cafts, was left between the coats of 
 the leaf; where likewife lay the excrements, 
 which the Worm had even thruft into the hol- 
 low interftices of the little nerves. 
 
 Ihave not yet feen the egg of this Vermi- 
 cle, though I have very diligently fearched for 
 it; but I had begun that obfervation on the 
 2oth of Auguft, when the Summer draws to 
 an end. ILafterwards obferved, that the Ver- 
 micles were too far advanced for me to be able 
 to find out their proper conftrudtion and hiftory. 
 The inveftigation of that matter mutt there- 
 fore be deferred to another opportunity. How- 
 ever, even at that late feafon of the year, I 
 found, in a Willow-leaf, a very {mall kind of 
 orbicular fpot, which I have figured therein, near 
 the former {pots, Tab. XLIV. Fig.1. zz. I ex- 
 _ pected to have found an egg in this 5 but when 
 T opened it, I found a very {mall oblong, black 
 Nymph; which, I found on examining it with 
 a microfcope, would at length change into a 
 {mall Beetle. But I could not then difcover 
 either the worm or the egg of this Nyrnph. 
 When I attempted, and was defirous to keep 
 the Nymph, it was loft from my fight, on ac- 
 count of its extreme fmallnefs. Confider, rea- 
 der, therefore, how minute that egg mutt be ; 
 the Nymph of which was almoft invifible. I 
 began this obfervation on the 3oth of Augutt. 
 
 It is evident from what I have faid of the 
 teeth of thefe Worms, with what inftruments 
 they gnaw and break open the inmoft coat of 
 the leaf. For the Worm, in a very irregular 
 manner, hollows the leaf, forming a finus 
 which runs into various angulated and ferrated 
 borders ; by which means it widens its habita- 
 tion by degrees, eating the fubftance of the 
 leaf fometimes round it, fometimes length- 
 ways, and at other times through the angulated 
 curvatures. It is very admirable, that the Worm 
 never eats even the fmalleft hole in the coats 
 of the leaf. It feparates the internal from the 
 external coat fo carefully, and without injury, 
 
 5 
 
 but fomewhat paler: ° 
 
 The BOOK of NN ASTUAR EES .. oF, 
 
 that the method whereby it is done would in. 
 
 deed be incomprehenfible ; unlefs we confider . 
 
 its fine teeth, by the help of which it confumes 
 the middle fubftance of the leaf. Hence itis 
 
 likewife evident, that the orifice muft be very ® 
 
 fmall, by which the egg of this Worm is:firft 
 conveyed through the inward coat into the fub- 
 {tance of the leaf, that it may live, be-nourfh- 
 
 ed, and perform its metamorphofis there. 
 
 On the 24th of Auguft, I faw @ Fig. x. one 
 of thefe Vermicles put on the form of a Nymph . 
 in my chamber. This may be feen very exactly, 
 by holding the leaf to the light of the fun or 
 candle. I obferve, that this Nymph properly 
 belongs to the firft mode of the third order ; 
 fince it very clearly, and without impediment, 
 exhibit its limbs to view. In the beginning of 
 this change, the Nymph is white ; but it after- 
 wards becomes gray, and by degrees black. It 
 very ftrongly moves its tail; by the help of 
 which it can go between the coats of the leaf. 
 
 On Auguft the 26th, it became as black as 
 
 pitch. 
 
 The head, thorax, abdomen, and all the 
 other limbs of the future Beetle were now feen 
 in it. In the forepart of the head were fituated 
 two crooked, Tab. XLIV. a briftly hairs. In 
 the lower part of the head, its mouth or 
 trunk lay hidden in an oblong cafe. On each 
 fide, near the head, appeared the horns 48, 
 elegantly compofed, as it were, of little joints 
 or knots. Near thefe was feen the firft pair of 
 legs ; and under the latter another pair, out of 
 which projefted cc two briftly hairs like two 
 crooked prickles. Below thefe legs appeared 
 the theaths or cafes of the wings ; which pro- 
 ceeding from the back and bending, lay along 
 upon the belly, and were beautifully divided 
 with ribs dd. Underneath them lay the mem=-— 
 branous wings themfelves, enclofed in a mem- 
 brane ; immediately under the cafes, the bend- 
 ing of the third pair of legs fhewed itfelf: and 
 
 this pair alfo was armed ee with rigid briftly 
 
 hairs. Next followed the rings of the body, 
 
 and fome prickles f projecting out of the tail; — 
 
 by the help of thefe the Beetle probably pierces 
 the leaves. But this is merely conjectural ; nor 
 have I obferved it, being then engaged in other 
 bufinefs. . 
 
 On the 30th of Augutt, one of thefe Nymphs 
 was changed into a Beetle, Fig. x11. after it had 
 fome days worn the appearance of a beautiful 
 Nymph. When at the fame time, I opened 
 fome other fpots of the Willow-leaves; a great 
 number of Nymphs prefented themfelves on the 
 infide; which when, after cafting their skin, they 
 were changed into Beetles, I obferved, eat thro’ 
 the leaves, and made very confpicuous holes. 
 
 I have been informed by many travellers, 
 that in hot climates, Worms are found in leaves 
 an inch long: on thefe many fine experiments 
 might have been made, if the inhabitants of 
 thofe places had not laboured under the curfed 
 thirft of gold, and prematurely broken the 
 thread of life with intemperance. This Bee- 
 tle is divided into a very beautiful head, thorax 
 
 and tail. The eyes are very black, of a reticu- — 
 
 lated 
 
 0) eae, 
 wrens 
 
 Bad 
 
 St eb al 
 
 tae 
 
The HLS 'T O Ray to ENS EG. Ts. 
 
 lated conftruction, Tab. XLIV. Fig. x11. a, 
 and fituated in the head at avery little diftance 
 from one another: under the eyes is feen a 
 black, crooked f{nout, full of little cavities, and 
 of a fub{tance between bone and horn 4, and 
 on the forepart of the fnout are placed the teeth 
 of this Beetle. The little horns are very difcer- 
 nible, and are of the fame colour with the fkin 
 of people who have been much expofed to the 
 fun : they arife very gracefully from about the 
 middle of the fnout cc. They are each com- 
 pofed of eight joints, and are fo thick at their 
 ends, that they may very properly be called 
 prepilata, or knobbed horns. The thorax 
 confifts of a very black horny bone, and is 
 full of white hairs, and little cavities ; from 
 the lower part of it arife fix legs ddd; they 
 are of a moderate thicknefs, but flenderer at 
 their extremities. Thefelegs are covered with 
 hairs, and with little irregular eminencies ; in 
 colour they refemble the horns. Each leg con- 
 fifts of fix joints, and each foot of four, of 
 which the laft are armed with two nails. The 
 fecond joints of the two hinder feet are fome- 
 
 Qs 
 Ot 
 
 what blackith, and much thicker in propor- 
 tion, than the fame joints in the fore legs. 
 
 The reafon of this difference feems to be, 
 that the former contain fome very ftrong muf- 
 cles, by means of which this infect can fpring 
 on its hinder feet in the fame manner as Flies, 
 but fomewhat flower. I faw one of them 
 make a leap of three inches anda half, which is 
 about twenty-eighttimes the length of the crea- 
 ture’s body. ‘The cafes of the wings are like- 
 wife black ee, but covered with a fine white 
 down, and are furrounded with a.fmall bor- 
 der; they are alfo ribbed, and full of cavities ; 
 notwithftanding which, they fhine like the beft 
 polithed looking-glafs. ‘The wings are mem- 
 branaceous, and twice as long as the cafes, fo 
 that to defend them, they muft be folded 
 up, which they accordingly do in a moft ex- 
 quifite contrivance. Tho’ I could eafily pro- 
 cure infects enough of this kind, I could. not 
 find time to diffect them ; for which reafon I 
 have nothing to fay of their eggs, or of their 
 genital, and other internal parts. 
 
 An account of ome Jmall Worms that are bred within the new and tender leave 
 of Willows, and afterwards change to Flies. 
 
 N the twenty-eighth of June I obferved, 
 in looking over fome Willows, that fome 
 of their young leaves, which had but jutt 
 made their appearance about the tops of the 
 branches, began already to dry up and wither, 
 Tab. XLIV. Fig. x1v.a.. This was enough to 
 engage my curiofity ; and accordingly,-1 im- 
 mediately fet myfelf to difcover the reafon of 
 fo fudden a decay. On feparating thefe wi- 
 thered leaves from one another, I found be- 
 tween them many collections of living Worms, 
 to the number of eighteen or twenty together 4, 
 and as it were, in the moft friendly and fociable 
 manner. Thefe infects were of an oblong 
 figure, but fomewhat broader in the middle 
 than at the extremities, and of a moft delight- 
 ful bright orange or faffron colour. Some of 
 them had already begun to make their webs, 
 and others were employed in preparing them- 
 felves for it. 
 
 On this difcovery I fearched fome other new 
 leaves, and found in them a great variety of 
 Worms of the fame fpecies, fome more grown 
 than others. I found alfo in fome of the leaves 
 the eggs from which thefe Worms had been 
 hatched ; but they were lodged only between 
 the folds of the leaves, and not within their 
 fubftance, as was the cafe in the laft obferva- 
 tion. 
 
 Thefe Worms lived merely upon the juices 
 flowing from the leaves where I found them ; 
 but as this juice is very tough or vifcous, it may 
 naturally contain fufficient nourifhment for 
 them, and fo render unneceflary their preying 
 on the fubftance of the leaf itfelf. Whether 
 this juice flowed {pontaneoufly from the leaves, 
 or whether they made incifions in them to ex- 
 tract it, is a thing which I cannot take upon 
 
 me to determine. I never faw any of thefe 
 Worms ftir from under the folds, and wrin- 
 kles of the leaves, but obferved, that they con- 
 {tantly crawled under cover, from one cavity to 
 another, till they had attained their full growth, 
 and the embryo limbs contained under their 
 fkins,; were arrived, by the due degrees, at a 
 proper fize, to prepare for their fucceeding 
 appearance. 
 
 When the leaves, whofe greennefs and 
 growth is deftroyed by thefe Worms, begin 
 to harden and dry up, the Worms, without 
 ftirring from under cover, form themfelves 
 webs, in which they at length become Nymphs. 
 They make their webs ftronger and thicker 
 about the head and thorax, than elfewhere, as 
 thefe parts are to be the chief fcene of the en- 
 fuing changes, and of the growth of new 
 limbs ; and therefore require an extraordinary 
 bulwark to defend them, efpecially as the 
 leaves about this time grow very hard and 
 rugged, and therefore more apt to crufh, and 
 otherwife hurt the enclofed infects. As thefe 
 communities of Worms live under one cover, 
 and in a kind of brotherly ftate,.on the fame 
 {pot, they form their webs one clofe to another, 
 without any difturbance and encroachment one 
 on another. 
 
 The Nymph of this Worm is very 
 but it exhibits, notwithftanding in its parts, the 
 figure of the future Fly. It lofes all manner 
 of fenfible motion, except in the tail, which it 
 is {till able to ftir with great violence. On the 
 fourth of July, I obferved that thefe infects were 
 turned to Flies, which appeared through the 
 microfcope, of a moft delicate conftruction, 
 Tab. XLIV. Fig. xv. The head refembling 
 that of a pin, was joined to the thorax by a 
 
 Y very 
 
 foalt 
 imali, 
 
 & 
 
86 
 
 very fine and flender neck. On the forepart of 
 the head, were placedtwo oblong horns. It had fix 
 long black legs, and wings longer than the body, 
 which glittered like mother of pearl. The body 
 {carce differed in colour from that of the Worm. 
 This Fly, when moving through the air, ap- 
 pears no bigger than an atom of duft. Itis very 
 furprifing how ingenuous thefe little animals 
 
 The BOOK of NATTV REF a; 
 
 are in depofiting their eggs within the tender 
 buds of fuch Jeaves as are fit to afford fhelter and 
 nourifhment to the Worms that are tovrife from 
 them, that, by thismeans, they may be able, in 
 obedience to the immutable laws of nature, to 
 renew their fpecies from year to year, and :con- 
 tinue it even to the end of the world. 
 
 Of Worms which are found enclofed in tubercles like Rofes, that appear on the taps 
 in many of the dwarf Willows that grow upon 
 
 of Willow branches ; and likewife 
 
 heaths and commons. 
 
 E not unfrequently fee a tubercle formed 
 
 at the ends of Willow branches, in the 
 fhape of a Rofe *, and which the learned Mouf- 
 fet accordingly calls by that name, Fig. xvi.a. 
 In fome feafons, thefe tubercles appear in great 
 numbers, and in others, they are fcarce. I once 
 obferved, in company with Meffieurs Thevenot 
 and Henon, that there was hardly a fingle Wil- 
 low branch in all the open country, that lies near 
 a little fea-town called Egmont, which had not 
 one of thefe tubercles at its extremity. 
 
 After breaking off the external leaves of this 
 tubercle, there appears in the middle an affem- 
 blage of other tender leaves, in form of a pear, 
 Fig, xvi. 4; which lie one over another, in the 
 fame manner with the innermoft leaves of 
 the Cinara or Artichoke, fo as to make it necef- 
 {ary to pull them‘off one by one, Fig. xvit. ¢. 
 in order to obtain a fight of the Worm, d, which 
 lies hid within them, wrapped up in a tender 
 and delicate membrane, or kind of web, e. 
 This Worm lies there in an inverted pofture, with 
 its head the loweft, and its tail the higheft part 
 of its body ; and it isfo narrowly confined within 
 its web, and in the furrounding leaves, that it 
 feems very probable, it cannot either move at all, 
 or, at moft, not without great difficulty: in this 
 refpect, it differs extremely from all the other 
 Worms that have been before defcribed. On 
 extracting it from the place of its birth, f, its 
 body appears compofed of various rings, and is 
 fomewhat flenderer towards the tail, than the 
 head. Its colour is of a florid red, and by no 
 means unhandfome. 
 
 The food of this Worm is no other than the 
 juices of the Willow, flowing to the extremities 
 of the branches, where the infect is moft conve- 
 niently placed to receive them. There is not 
 the leaft excrement to be found with this Worm, 
 nor indeed with thofe laft defcribed, which 
 makes it probable, that, like the foetus, while it 
 lives in the mother’s womb,. and is there fub- 
 fifted by nourifhment, taken in after a peculiar 
 manner, thefe infects retain their excrements till 
 they appear in the Fly-ftate. I omitted unfor- 
 tunately difle@ing this infe&t, though, by doing 
 fo, 1 might have attained perhaps a fatisfactory 
 folution of this uncommon circumftance. I could 
 not have found any difficulty in inveftigating the 
 
 ‘matter that way, as I could eafily have procured 
 what number of thefe infects I pleafed: but our 
 negligence and inattention are fo great, that we 
 generally defpife thofe things that are under our 
 hands, to fatisfy an inordinate curiofity of know- 
 ing and poffefling thofe which lie at a greater di- 
 ftance, and are hard to be obtained. The bet 
 of us muft own himfelf fo far the flave of vani- 
 ty, as to be more defirous of producing any 
 thing foreign and unheard of, than that which 
 is {pontaneous in our own country. Though 
 the Majefty and Wifdom of God, the fountain 
 of all revealed wonders, moft evidently thew 
 themfelves the obje&s of our love, praife, and 
 adoration, equally in every creature, 
 
 A fault of the fame inexcufable kind, made nie 
 forget myfelf fo far, as to neglect examining the 
 egg of this infect, though the little rofe, which 
 had firft engaged my attention, is produced 
 merely to cherifh it. This is plain from the Wil- 
 low branches never bearing any fuch excrefven- 
 ces, unlefs thefe Worms are inthem; for, when 
 the parent infe@ts happen not to depofit their eggs 
 at the extremities of the branches, they hoot 
 into feparate leaves of the common form. Thefe 
 Worms perform their changes for the Fly-ftate 
 at two different periods, namely about mid-fam- 
 mer, and in fpring, when the Willows begin to 
 bud. Thofe which affume the Nymph-fiate, | 
 Tab. XLIV. Fig. xvii. g, in famnier, without 
 ftirring from the place of their birth, in a few 
 days after become Flies, 4. But fach’as happen 
 not to be changed to Nymphs till autumn, con- 
 tinue enclofed in their covertures till the enfuing 
 fpring; when, on the fun’s nearer approach, they 
 likewife become Flies: all thefe Flies immedi- 
 ately betake them{felves to the Willows, where 
 they may be fare their offspring will find conve-_ 
 nient food and lodging. oo eo — 
 
 The Fly is of a middle fize, but of a very des 
 licaté conftruciion. © Phe extretnity of its body 
 is armed with an aéuleus or fharp weapon, by 
 means of which, it may open a paflage for its 
 eggs into the tender tops of the Willow branches. 
 It has. two horns on the forepart of its head, two 
 membranaceous and confiderably long wings, and 
 fix long flender legs, formed very like thofe of the 
 common Gnat. As to its colour, I forgot to 
 obferve it particularly. Thofe Flies which I 
 
 * This peculiar excrefeence of the Willow, we have very common in the fenny counties in England. I have feen them on the 
 edge of Lincolnthire, as large as a common red rofe, and very double. _ In this flate they make a very beautiful, as well as peculiar, 
 appearance : and our old Englith botanifts, who were not acquainted with this part of natural hiflory, fappofed the tee a diftin€ fpe- 
 
 cies, and called it Salix Rofea, the Rofe-Willow. 
 
 dried, 
 
Th HISTORY 
 
 dried, in order to keep by me, are of a dark 
 gray. I have fometimes obferved four Flies to 
 proceed from one of thofe Willow rofes, but 
 they were four times lefs than thofe kinds, 
 which require each a whole rofe'to itfelf. Thefe 
 {maller Flies were of a refplendent jetty black 
 colour, had fix legs, and fhorter horns than the 
 other kind. Their two wings were adorned 
 with a biack fpot, each in the middle of its ex- 
 
 of INSECTS, 9, 
 
 U 
 / 
 
 tremity: fome of them alfo were provided With 
 a fharp aculeus or weapon at the tail *, 
 
 At prefent I can fay no more of thefe Flies, 
 being fo much taken up with other bufineh at 
 the time of my writing thefe obfervations, that I 
 have not leifure duly to revife them. I mutt 
 therefore refer ‘this tafk to another opportunity, 
 if it fhould pleafe God, the difpofer of all things 
 
 - ° 2 td 
 to offer me the means of performing it, 
 
 Of certain Worms without feet, found in the Haxel-nut. 
 
 FLESE-: Wormsare fo common, and fo eafily 
 to be had, that a defcription of them may 
 feem in fome degrees fuperfluous, Their bodies are 
 white, foftand hairy, their heads arered,and armed 
 with two fharp teeth, with which, in autumn, 
 they bore themfelves a paflage through thofe 
 nuts in which they had hitherto reGded; but 
 which they then forfake. Thefe Worms may be 
 found fometimes lying in hundreds together, at 
 the bottom of drawers and bafkets, in which 
 hazel nuts have been kept. I have often formed 
 a refolution of examining accurately the nature 
 and difpofitions of thefé Worms, but have not 
 as yet an opportunity of doing fo. Neverthelefs, 
 I fee no reafon to doubt, but that they, as well 
 as all other animals, derive their origin from an 
 ego, thruft from abroad into the fubftance of 
 the young nut, ot perhaps into the bud or flower, 
 out of which it is to be formed, as has been al- 
 ready‘obferved, of many other little animals of 
 this kind. 
 
 There is no keeping thefe Worms in dry 
 boxes; for they will live in this confinement but 
 a few weeks. - But in pretty moift fand, fome of 
 them have furvived with me the rigour of a 
 whole winter, and lived to the 24th of March; 
 
 and all that time without any food. Some of 
 them, after undergoing this fevere treatment, 
 were yet vigorous enough to fet about their mu- 
 tations: but, by digging continually into the fand, 
 in otder to fatisfy my curiofity, in feeing what 
 they were doing, I- wounded fo many of them, 
 that as yet I have not been able to difcover what 
 kind of creature they finaily become, 
 
 T obferved befides, that fome of them bur- 
 rowed much deeper into the fand than others; 
 and T even found fome at three inches under the 
 furface, I never could perceive any web about 
 them, nor do I believe that they form any, as they 
 always appeared lying in the fand entirely naked. 
 Neverthelefs, I do not think there is any reafon to 
 doubt, but when thefe Worms efcape from the 
 huts, and leave the hazel thrub to live in or tn- 
 der the ground; they, in this laft fituation, 
 change to Nymphs, and afterwards, in the en- 
 fuing fpring, to a kind of Flies, which again 
 depofit in the tender radiments of young nuts, 
 eges, like thofe from which themfelves origi- 
 nally were produced. It would be no difficult 
 matter to afcertain, by experiment, the truth 
 of this conjecture, 
 
 Of Worms found between the two coats of the Llder-leaf. 
 rein. ! OPpoeER TY ATS oN 
 
 N examining fome Alder-leaves on the 20th 
 of Auguft, I obferved the fubftance lying 
 under the furface, formed by the internal coat of 
 the leaf, was in many of them irregularly gnawed 
 away in little angular cavities, without any paf- 
 fage to the outfide of the leaf, that I could dif- 
 cover; nof had the léaves, in which thefé cavities 
 appeared, loft any thing of their greennefs or frefh 
 hue, as the Waillow-leaf juft{poke of had done. 
 The internal coat; hollowed in this manner, rofe 
 confiderably above each. hollow, into a kind of 
 little canopy, Tab. XLIV. Fig. xvr11. a2, whereas, 
 on the oppofite parts, the other fide of the leaf, 
 which is covered by the external coat, was only a 
 little altered by a few {malt wrinkles, 54; this no 
 doubt was the true caufe of the extraordinary 
 roundne{s and convexity of the oppofite tumor. 
 On opening one of thefe fwellings, I dif- 
 covered between the two coats of the leaf now 
 fpoken of, a perfect web, formed exactly like 
 that of the Moth in its Worm-ftate; and, on 
 opening this web, I difcovered a Chryfalis, c, in 
 
 “* The females have all of them this weapon at their tail; the m 
 
 point of fhape and conftruétion, plainly belong- 
 ing to the fecond mode of the third order of 
 changes. _The fkins under which this infe@ 
 had lived in the Worm-ftate, Jay near it under 
 the fame web. T could alfo difcern that it was, 
 by means of this web, the Worm had reduced 
 the furface of its cavity, formed by the external 
 leaf, to the appeararice already defcribed. On 
 each fide of the web lay the Worm’s excté- 
 ments. The method ufed by this Worm, to 
 form itfelf, between the two coats of a leaf, a 
 cavern or neft in which it may conveniently 
 perform its mutations, is cértainly one of the 
 moft ferprifing objets that natural hiftory offets 
 to our confideration. 
 
 As to the Worms themfelves, I could not dif- 
 cover any of them, or any of the egos, out of 
 which they muft have been hatched, Jn ‘all the 
 leaves | examined for this purpofe; there appeared 
 nothing, only webs; fo that the feafon, for 
 finding eggs or Worms was certainly elapfed, at. 
 the time when I looked for them, The Chry-" 
 
 ales never. The reafon is very plain, for its ufe is to bore a hole 
 
 in which to lodge the eggs; therefore only the female has occafion for it, This author has obferved the fame on other occafions. iy 
 
 arjous fpecies of Flies, 
 
 alis, 
 
88 The BOOK of 
 falis, viewed through a microfcope, plainly ex- 
 hibited the form of the Butterfly, to which it was 
 thereafter to be changed. It was oblong, fome- 
 what flatted and broad on the fore part, where it 
 terminated in a point, Tab. XLIV. Fig. x1x. 2, 
 whilft its hinder part grew gradually narrower, fo 
 as to refemble a pyramid or cone, 6, Each fide 
 of the body was covered with a few, very deli- 
 cate hairs, cc. Its furface was of a pale brown 
 colour. The eyes appeared on the head, dd, 
 and under them a double trunk e.. A little lower 
 down, and juft by this, the firft and fecond pairs 
 of legs were feen, ff. The antenne or horns, 
 which were of an extraordinary length, extended 
 from the eyes to the very extremities of the two 
 firft pairs of legs, ggg. Near thefe lay the 
 wings, 54. The hinder pair of legs was placed 
 between the antennz, and ftretched beyond the 
 extremities of thefe parts, 7, The body confifted 
 of feveral rings, £4. This Chryfalis looked as 
 if it had caft its fkin but a few days, and it 
 moved its tail very vigoroufly, making ufe of itto 
 turnitfelf, and indeed to move from one place 
 to another. 
 
 On the 26th of Auguft, two of thefe Aurelie 
 yielded two very elegant Butterflies, lefs. than 
 Moths of cloaths; but like them in colouring 
 and ornaments, as may be feen by the draw- 
 ing I have given of them, where they are re- 
 prefented of their natural fize, Fig. xx.. It 
 is hardly poffible to conceive a more beau- 
 tiful little animal, than what this Butterfly ap- 
 peared to be, when viewed with a microfcope, 
 Fig. xx1. It confifted of a head, thorax, and 
 abdomen. The head was furnifhed with two 
 antenne or horns, aa, and a fhort and crooked 
 double probofcis or trunk, 4. From the fhoul- 
 der blades of the thorax fpring four wings, 
 and from the under part fix legs. ‘The wings 
 were partly of a mere membranaceous fub- 
 ftance, and partly compofed of delicate fea- 
 thers, or fcaly hairs. The upper pair fhone 
 and glittered moft glorioufly with crefcents of 
 gold, ‘filver, and brown, ¢¢, furrounded by 
 borders of a delicate black: befides this, they 
 had a black fpot at the extremity of each. 
 
 $-B-C O-N_D=-0-B 
 
 HE 3oth day of Auguft I found, between 
 the fame coats of Alder-leaves, a flattifh 
 
 Worm, of the fize and form reprefented at 
 the letter d, Fig. xv1il. as it appeared on re- 
 moving from it a part of the coat belonging 
 to the leaf on which it had fed. The body 
 was oblong, and fomewhat broader about the 
 
 thorax than at the belly or tail. The head 
 was large, of a pale brown colour, fomewhat 
 flattifh or deprefled ; and on its fore part fur- 
 nifhed with two eyes, and a pair of fharp teeth. 
 From each fide of the lower part of the thorax 
 there arofe three legs. In the tranfparent body 
 there appeared a little green ftreak, produced 
 by the Worm’s food. Counting the head and 
 * tail, this Worm confifted of twelve rings. 
 
 I difcovered alfo, that this infe@&t had caft a 
 fkin, in the fame place where I found it. ‘The 
 
 N Art’ U ‘Ri Es ‘or, 
 
 Moreover, thefe extremities were edged with 
 little feathers, which made them look like a 
 creft, when they lay clofe upon the body, one 
 folded over the other. The lower wings are 
 likewife in a great meafure covered with fea- 
 thers, dd, and are of a pale colour, and fil- 
 very brightnefs. Along the middle of the 
 wings there runs a membranaceous little ftem, 
 from which iffue the feathers that, in a man-. 
 ner, compofe them; and even this ftem has, 
 as it were, its own fcaly feathers to defend and 
 adorn it. ' 
 
 All the ornaments beftowed with fuch pro- — 
 fufion on the wings of this little infect, confift 
 in reality of feathered fcales of different lengths, 
 and various diverfified colours; and they are 
 divided, more or lefs, into lateral branches, 
 like the feathers of the larger winged animals. 
 The colours are more lively or faint, according 
 as the fcales forming them lie together in 
 greater or {maller quantities; and from the 
 fame conftruéction, and contrivance alone, re- 
 fults all that ftriking variety in the wings of 
 Butterflies: for, on rubbing of their feathers, 
 they appear entirely even and plain, like the 
 furfaces of all other membranes. 
 
 The legs of this Butterfly are entirely co- 
 vered with the fame kind of plumage, and 
 they are divided into joints: every extreme or 
 loweft joint is armed with two little claws. 
 The hinder legs have, befides thefe, three little 
 white prickles, or {purs, Tab. XLIV. Fig. xx1. 
 ee. The body is divided into rings, and co- ~ 
 vered likewife with feathered fcales of a bright 
 filver whitenefs. This little animal, being put 
 in a box that had ferved to keep Brazil-{nuff, 
 began immediately to tremble, and in lefs tham 
 two minutes expired in a convulfion that feized © 
 every limb. As yet Ihave made no more ob- 
 fervations of this infect. The furprifing man- 
 ner wherein the Worm, from which it is pro- 
 duced, neftles and feeds between the coats of 
 the Alder-leaf, will, I hope, alone be judged 
 fufficient to recommend to the curious what I | 
 have faid upon this occafion. 
 
 SERVATION. 
 
 internal fubftance of the leaves, where it re- 
 fides, ferves it for food; and it had accordingly 
 gnawed this fubftance away, without offering 
 to touch the adjacent coats, into a great many 
 windings and turnings. As this parenchyma, 
 or pulpy matter, had been but lately devoured, 
 the leaf, even in the fpot where the devafta- 
 tion had been made, ftill retained its verdure; 
 but foon after it withered, and changed to the © 
 colour of the leaves of the Alder that fall in_ 
 Autumn. ‘The external coat of the leaf, in 
 which the ribs appeared, was very ftrong and 
 thick; but the other fide, or internal coat, was 
 very thin and delicate. The excrements, which 
 were at firft green, and then grew black, rolled 
 freely backwards and forwards within thefe 
 two coats. I could not difcover in thefe leaves 
 the fmalleft opening, by which the enclofed 
 Worm 
 
The 
 
 Worm might be fuppofed to have infinuated 
 itfelf into their fubftance.. Some of the Worms 
 within thefe coats were dead, which I attri- 
 buted to the ftriking of the leaves againft one 
 another with the wind; or to their withering 
 and wrinkling up, for want of nourifhment ; 
 or, finally, on account of other external inju- 
 nies. As yet I have had no opportunity of 
 
 EAM RY eB S 
 es the 31ft of Auguft I found, within the 
 
 fame coats of certain Alder-leaves, a third 
 {pecies of Worms which had no feet, and were 
 divided into twelve rings. This fpecies had a 
 much rounder body, ‘Tab. XLIV. Fig. xviit. e, 
 than the firft, with a very fmall head and teeth. 
 The back and belly were diverfified with va- 
 rious white {pots, which appeared through a 
 yellowith green tranfparent fubftance, and 
 feemed to me to be fo many particles of fat. 
 The neft which this Worm had gnawed itfelf 
 within the coats of the leaf, was not fo {pacious 
 as thofe of the two Worms lait treated of ; and 
 fometimes one neft contained two Worms, 
 which lived and fed together in common; but 
 in this cafe, the neft was fomewhat larger. . In 
 another leaf I found two of thefe Worms, 
 that had each formed. itfelf an oblong web, f- 
 In the fame place I alfo found their excrements, 
 and the fkins they’ had caft off. 
 
 Thefe webs were red, as were alfo the 
 fhrivelled coats of the leaf that contained 
 them. On opening one of thefe webs, in 
 hopes of finding a Nymph, I met with a 
 Worm, which.as yet had fuffered no change, 
 except that of being grown a great deal fmaller 
 
 BM RST Oey 
 
 of INSECTS, 8g 
 tracing this infec through its changes, fo that 
 I have nothing more to fay here concerning it, 
 but that it was very delicate, and mioved itfelf 
 but weakly. On taking it from within the 
 leaves, it died in a day or two. - The Alder ig 
 not the only tree inhabited by thefe Worms: 
 they are to be found alfo on the Pear and 
 Apple, and many other kinds. 
 
 ERVATION. 
 
 than before; and it was impoffible it thould 
 not have loft fomewhat of its bulk, confider- 
 ing the great quantity of filk it had drawn 
 from its body, to form itfelf a covering. Four 
 weeks after this, I opened another web, little 
 thinking that I fhould meet with a fecond dif: 
 appointment, yet fo it happened; for there was 
 no Nymph even yet, but only the Worm lay 
 there quite unaltered. I have therefore laid 
 by fome of thefe webs, in order to difcover 
 next year, if poffible, what kind of an infeé& 
 they produce, which is poflefied of the fur- 
 prifing art or power, as a faculty of burying 
 its eggs thus {ubtilely within the two coats of 
 leaves. When thefe Worms are very fmall, 
 their nefts, which they gnaw themfelves, are 
 very {mall likewife, Tab. XLIV. Fig. XVIII. 2; 
 but they widen proportionably by degrees, 7; 
 as their inhabitants grow bigger and bigger. 
 From .whence I conclude, that the holes in 
 which they have been originally depofited, in 
 form of eggs, muft have been of a minutenefS 
 almoft beyond conception. © But, as yet, I have 
 no experiments or obfervations to enable me: to 
 fay any thing certain on this head, 
 
 The Jame /ubjeét continued. Hiftories of infeéts that are found in fruits, tubercles 
 
 or warts, and leaves of plants. An obfervation on the common Thiftle grow- 
 
 ing in the fields of Folland. 
 
 Alking about the middle of furnmer into 
 
 the country, in order to find leaves for 
 Caterpillars I was at that time feeding, I hap- 
 pened to obferve on a common Thiftle, not as 
 yet arrived at its full growth, a yellowifh flen- 
 der Fly, Tab. XLV. Fig. 1. a, with a large 
 head, red eyes, two fhort antennez, and wings 
 very elegantly coloured. ‘This infect had thruft 
 out, toa very great length, the extremity of 
 its uterus or womb; and was employed in en- 
 deavouring to bore, by means of this part, a 
 hole into.the fubftance of the leaves, wherein 
 it might depofit its eggs. This curious fight 
 could not fail of engaging my attention, and 
 accordingly I {pent a long time in viewing it, 
 equally aftonifhed at its novelty, and overjoyed 
 at having an opportunity of feeing, with my 
 own eyes, the manner in which this kind of 
 
 infects attack the plants, which are proper to 
 afford their Worm-offspring a never-failing 
 food and fhelter: as likewife to obferve their 
 method of conveying into thefe plants the eggs 
 from which their Worms are ‘to proceed. In 
 that part of the plant where thefe eggs have 
 been depofited, there afterwards grows a large 
 globus, or round tumour, in fubftance not un- 
 like the calix or cup of the Hazel-nut, which 
 by degrees becomes ligneous, and hardens to 
 amore compact fubftance, refembling wood: 
 Within thefe {wellings there appear, here and 
 there, certain white Worms, which change 
 firft to Nymphs, and then to Flies. Some 
 pretend this Worm, carried in a purfe, along’ 
 with its tubercle or fwelling, is good againit 
 the piles. 
 
 Of 
 
go The 
 
 BOOK of. 
 
 N-A\T UCR EF; 
 
 or, 
 
 Of Worms found within the tubercles or fwellings of the fringing WVettle. . 
 
 T is very remarkable, that even in fome 
 
 ftinging Nettles we meet with Worms, 
 which are deftitute of feet, and derive their 
 origin from a very {mall but yet difcernible 
 egg. Thefe excrefcences are found on the 
 Nettle, in a great variety of forms. Some are 
 produced upon the ftalk, Tab. XLV. Fig. 1. 
 a; others on the ribs of leaves, or the tender 
 buds, 3: fome again lie confufedly, here and 
 there, all over the furface of the leaves, ¢. 
 The fubftance, of which thefe fwellings are 
 formed, is very hard and compact, which 
 makes it an eafy matter to crack them. In 
 colour they are fomewhat of a yellowifh green. 
 On the 28th of June I found a great many, 
 both eggs and worms, in thefe fwellings. The 
 fmalleft of them contained each one egg; 
 thofe fomewhat larger, a worm; and the 
 largeft of all, which were compofed of two 
 or three of thefe fwellings growing together, 
 afforded fhelter to two, threé, or even four 
 Worms of different fizes, and all this at one 
 time. 
 
 The largeft of the Worms I difcovered at this 
 period, were exactly of the fame fize with that, 
 whofe form, taken from the life, I exhibit in this 
 figure, Fig. in. d. This Worm, viewed with 
 a microfcope, appeared fomewhat broad, and de- 
 prefled in the middle, e, and armed on its fore- 
 part with a delicate flender fnout, f; its body 
 was almoft white, but a yellow ftreak appeared 
 within it, which the Worm’s tranfparency ren- 
 dered very difcernible. I found afterwards that 
 this was an inteftine, and that the colour of it 
 was entirely owing to its contents. The fkin of 
 
 thefe Worms had fome delicate hairs fcattered 
 loofely here and there over its furface, g. 
 
 On opening fome more of the {wellings on this 
 plant on the third of July, I found fome of the 
 enclofed infects were changed into Nymphs. Such 
 of them as had lately caft their fkins were white, 
 but the older Nymphs exhibited a variety of 
 colours. Thefe Nymphs belong to the firft mode 
 of the third order; for it was eafy to difcover in 
 their limbs the form of the future Fly. They 
 very plainly appeared to confift of a head, thorax, 
 and belly.” In the head, I could difcern two re- 
 markable eyes, Fig. 1v. &, of a reticular form, 
 which were beginning to look red; and on the 
 fides of the head the horns, legs, and wings, 
 
 were curioufly folded up, and might be feen 
 fpringing from the thorax. The rings of the 
 body were very confpicuous, and it had a little 
 tail bent back, fo as to lie over them in a very 
 elegant manner, 7, All thefe parts, the legs and 
 wings excepted, were changed by degrees from 
 white to yellow, which they afterwards loft, to 
 aflume a deep brown colour, and finally a perfect 
 black. 
 
 On the ninth of July, many of thefe tubercles 
 were burft open; and they no longer contained 
 any infects, but only fome of the caft-off fkins. 
 This gave me room to judge, that the Nymphs I 
 had obfervedon the third of thismonth, had paffed 
 in the interval from that time, into the Fly-ftate, 
 and my conjecture was confirmed by what hap- 
 pened in the tubercles I kept at home in boxes, 
 To me it appears probable, that all thefe tu- 
 bercles open of themfelves *, at the time when ~ 
 the enclofed infect has its wings, and is in rea- 
 dinefs to launch out into the air; and this may ~ 
 ferve to account for my finding Nymphs at this 
 very time, in fome other tubercles which re- 
 mained unopened, which had not as yet acquired 
 their proper colouring, nor firength enough to — 
 caft their fkins. 
 
 The Fly thus produced 4, is furnifhed on 
 the forepart of its head, with two longith black 
 horns. The head is of a dusky brown, with 
 a fine tinge of blueifh green : and the eyes are 
 red: from the upper part of the thorax arife 
 four membranaceous wings, and from the 
 lower fix legs of a colour between red and 
 white. In the males the body ends in a little 
 tail, divided into two ftiff hairs, or in a forked 
 manner ; fo that this Fly is to be referred to 
 the order that takes its name from this circum- 
 ftance, Bifete ; but in the females, this part 
 terminates in a pointed weapon. ‘The breaft 
 and body of thefe Flies is of a very delicate and 
 refplendent green, like that of Spanifh Flies, 
 or Cantharides, fo as to afford, when viewed 
 with the microfcope, a moft entertaining and 
 elegant fpetacle. I unfortunately omitted dif- 
 fecting thefe infects. To preferve thefe Flies 
 and their Nymphs, I extend their limbs on 
 white paper, and there faften them down with 
 a little moift ftarch, for they are too delicate 
 to be fixed upon pins. 
 
 * So far as [have obferved in thefe cafes, the Fly, when perfe&t, gets out of the tubercle two ways, but both are by violence, ndt 
 by the natural opening of the tubercle. Sometimes the fubftance is fo hard, that the Fly is forced with great labour, to gnaw its 
 way out: in other inftances, the covering is by this time become nothing more than a thin, dry, and brittle membrane 5 and the 
 
 fucceflive fwellings of the Fly’s head, which have been mentioned on a former occafion, 
 
 ” 
 
 burft the rind and let it out. 
 
The 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 of> INGE eT & OX 
 
 Of the Worms that are found in fome downy excrefcencies of Oak-trees. 
 
 HE Oak-tree affords thelter and nourith- 
 
 ment to as great a variety of infe€ts as the 
 Willow ; of this, at prefent, I fhall produce 
 only two inftances. The firft I take from the 
 infects which breed within a kind of downy 
 or foft excrefcence at the extremities of the 
 branches; the fecond from certain other kinds 
 which we find enclofed in a moft remarkable 
 and furprifing manner, within the tubercles 
 arifing on the leaves. This woolly or downy 
 excrefence, of which I now intend to fpeak, is 
 found in the form of a ball, Tab. XLV. Fig. 
 vi. aaa, and is made up of a foft thready mat- 
 ter, like wool or cotton: it is compofed of very 
 delicate hairs, running in every diretion fo as 
 to form a very firm and fubftantial web; but 
 the hairs are not very {trong in themfelves, for 
 they are hollow, and look as if they confifted 
 of fmall globules. They arife from the foot- 
 {talk, or from tops of ,the Oak branches 4, and 
 fometimes from the leaf, which in many in- 
 {tances fhoots, as it were, from the central 
 part of the excrefcence ¢, fo as to appear en- 
 tirely furrounded with this down. But the 
 principal foundation of thefe hairs is no other 
 than fome little oblong hollow bags or tubes, 
 Fig. vir. d, if I may give them that name, 
 which are at firft foft and tender like purfes, 
 but afterwards harden to the firmnefs, as it 
 were, of wooden pipes. 
 
 Each of thefe cavities is conftantly found to 
 contain one Worm, which lies hid, and grows 
 in them, till it changes in the Summer months 
 to a Nymph, properly belonging to the firft 
 mode of our third order. Neverthelefs, as I 
 have already often hinted, I rank thefe infects 
 in the fourth order, becaufe they perform their 
 changes in a dark and myfterious manner, 
 which nothing but the indefatigable diligence 
 and attention of the curious can bring to light. 
 It is owing to this that thefe infects have been 
 hitherto treated, not according to the laws com- 
 mon to other animals, in which the great 
 Creator has been pleafed more openly to ma- 
 nifeft his glory, but according to falfe notions, 
 fuggefted by our human ignorance and preju- 
 dice. I muft here, however, do juftice to the 
 illuftricus Redi, who’ has treated the works of 
 . nature in a very different manner, and thereby 
 refcued the operations of that great but fubor- 
 dinate agent, from thofe thick clouds of dark- 
 nefs which human error and ignorance had 
 raifed about them: by what other name can 
 we call that abfurd opinion, which attributes 
 everv thing to chance and putrefaction. Cer- 
 tainly, whatever allowances we may make on 
 this occafion, to the generality of mankind, 
 thofe among them, who would be thought 
 
 people of fenfe and learning, are altogether in 
 excufable in countenancing fuch a thought: 
 This grofs error is the natural confequence of 
 mens manner of proceeding, when contented 
 with fitting quietly in their ftudies, and look- 
 ing over books, they neglect to trace the ways 
 of God, the great Author of all things, in his 
 works, which furround us on every fide, neg- 
 leCting them, to follow the delufions of theit 
 own feeble imaginations. 
 
 The cavities now mentioned, are fometimes 
 found to the number of ninety, or even a hun- 
 dred, or more, growing through one another, 
 and wrapped about in the woolly down, or cot- 
 tony matter that islodged in the fame place. 
 When the Worms, enclofed in them, have 
 changed to Nymphs, and afterwards acquired 
 their proper degree of ftrength, they each throw 
 off a delicate fin, and are thus turned to very 
 {mall Flies ; then they bore with their teeth 
 through both the little tubes in which they 
 hitherto have lain concealed, and the down that 
 furrounds them, and then iffue forth at a great 
 many openings, Tab. XLV. Fig. vi. ee, in a 
 very entertaining manner. On this occafion, 
 ignorant {pe€tators are loft in wonder, and form 
 to themfelves variety of fyftems to explain fo 
 unufual an appearance ; but when they cdme 
 to relate their opinions, we generally find them 
 void of reafon, and altogether ridiculous, 
 
 The Fly produced from thefe Worms, is di+ 
 vided into a head, thorax, and body, Fig.virr. 
 The head is furnifhed with eyes, and it has 
 two long antenne. From the upper part of 
 the thorax {pring four membranaceous wings, 
 that fhine like mother of pearl, and the upper 
 pair are adorned alfo with two black fpots, and 
 with feveral very pretty ramifications of thé 
 nerves, To the under part of the thorax are 
 fixed fix tranfparent legs of a delicate redith 
 brown colour. The body confifts of feveral 
 rings, and is armed, at its extremity, with a 
 weapon of an oblong form that is plainly dif= 
 cernible: no doubt, this is the inftrument with 
 which the infect pierces the Oak branches, in 
 order to depofit its eggs within their fubftance. 
 This Fly is altogether black in the body. I 
 have not yet had the good fortune of difco= 
 vering its eggs, either in the excrefcencies 
 wherein they are hatched, nor in the body of 
 the female, as I never have diffected any of 
 them. I made the fotegoing obfervations on 
 the 26th of June, when a great many of thefe 
 furprifing Flies iffued from their nefts, which 
 they likewife continued to do, till the 8th of 
 July. The males were fmaller than the 
 females. 
 
 of 
 
92 The 
 
 Of /ome little infects that are found concealed in the 
 Oab-leaves, in (0 artful and wonderful a manner, 
 
 BOOK of NA TURE; oF, 
 
 tubercules, or fwellings of 
 that the foregoing relations 
 
 muft yield the preference to their hiftory. 
 
 5 ie E obfervation I am now about to exhi- 
 bit, is fo uncommon in its kind, that na- 
 ture perhaps cannot furnifh any thing to excel 
 it. On this occafion the infinite power and 
 wifdom of the Great Sovereign of the univerfe 
 ftrikes our eyes with its full luftre, and indeed 
 fo plainly fhine forth in his creatures, that we 
 mutt confider the meaneft of them as fo many 
 voices engaged in publifhing his praife ; and 
 thereby putting us in mind to yield him that 
 tribute of love and adoration, which we owe 
 on fo many accounts: us, I fay, on whom he 
 has beftowed the ineftimable faculties neceflary 
 to inveftigate and confider him in his works. 
 _— proceed with due order in this relation, 
 I hall firft defcribe the excrefcences of the 
 Oak-leaves, in which thefe wonders are 
 found *, and add a figure to render the de- 
 {cription more intelligible. I fhall then, in 
 the fame manner, give a {atisfactory account 
 of the infect bred in thefe excrefcences, as it 
 appears in the Worm, Nymph, and Fly-ftate. 
 ‘As to the excrefcences themfelves, the parti- 
 culars in them moft worthy of our attention, 
 are their fituation, conftruétion, figure, colour, 
 and fize. Their fituation is irregular, and it is 
 pretty like that of the excrefcences on nettle- 
 leaves already defcribed. Some lie on the fore 
 part of the leaf, upon or clofe along the fides 
 of its nerves or ribs, Tab. XLV. Fig. x11. aa, 
 Others appear in the middle of a leaf, feated 
 upon the main rib, 4. And fome, in fine, are 
 {cattered confufedly about the edges, ¢¢. 
 Thefe tubercles confift of a hard, knotty, 
 and compact, but brittle, fubftance, without 
 the leaft toughnefs; fo that, in this refpect, 
 they very much refemble a cartilage. But, 
 upon the whole, I know nothing to which this 
 fubftance may be more juftly compared, than 
 to the cup or covering of the hazel-nut or fil- 
 bert, before it ripens, or has been pulled. 
 Thefe tubercles, or fwellings, are formed be- 
 tween the two coats of the oak-leaf, and ac- 
 quire their hardnefs when the delicate parent 
 Fly has buried its eggs there. Thefe tuber- 
 cles are fometimes round, fometimes oval or 
 oblong; and we often meet with two, three, 
 or four of them growing into one, fo as, ina 
 manner, to compofe but one continued body. 
 ‘Their colour is generally a deep green, fome- 
 times a watery {ky-blue, and in fome inclining 
 to white and yellow. In point of fize they 
 differ greatly, according to their age, or per- 
 fection of growth, and their joining two or 
 more into one tubercle, d. 
 
 * The Worms found in tubercles of leaves, and other parts of plants, 
 
 I have not as yet had the fatisfaction of fee- 
 ing the firft rudiments of thefe tubercles, which 
 firtt I took notice of by mere chance, in com- 
 pany with my much honoured friends, the 
 principal magiftrate of Niewenrode and his 
 lady, in the Hague-wood, from whence I took 
 many of them home to examine at my leifure. 
 I fhall, therefore, now defcribe thofe wonders 
 I obferved in them, in the courfe of a moft 
 diligent inquiry. In one of the largeft of thefe 
 tubercles, which I opened by paring off its up- 
 per part, Fig. x11. d, I found a pretty large 
 cavity, in which there again appeared three 
 other peculiar or feparate excrefcences, e. As 
 to the manner of their coming there, it is more 
 than I can conceive. Thefe fmaller excref- 
 cences lay fingly each within a kind of hollow, 
 but without any partition between them. On 
 taking out thefe three feparate excrefcences, f, 
 I found that in figure they greatly refembled a 
 kidney-bean, which has one fide more convex 
 than the other. On infpecting them with a 
 microfcope, they looked as if they had been 
 connected by the middle to a kind of pod, by 
 means of a petiolus, or little ftalk. 
 
 Thefe fingularities ferved only to make my 
 curiofity more eager, to examine attentively the 
 other tubercles that I had taken home with 
 me; and I found them all filled with the mi- 
 racles of the Great Creator. On feparating in 
 the middle a tubercle, that wanted a great deal 
 of being arrived at the fize and perfection of 
 that already defcribed, I found no hollow or 
 void fpace within it; but only two {uch pea- 
 fhaped fubftances as I have before taken notice 
 of, and two little Worms, which I had cut in 
 two, along with thofe fubftances. All this is 
 plainly fhewn in the figure I give of them, 
 Tab. XLV. Fig. xiv. little larger than na- 
 ture; in which may be feen the two diflected 
 or cut fubftances, fituated in the middle, and _ 
 about them the fubftance of the tubercle, by. 2 
 which they are clofely furrounded, like the — 
 feeds of an orange by its pulp. I could like- 
 wife obferve, that the external coat or fhell of 
 the tubercle was much more compaét, and of 
 a greener colour, than the infide ; which dif- a 
 ference I have endeavoured to reprefent in the 
 figure, as if there had been a feparation 
 between the differing fubftances, though, in 
 reality, there is no feparation in this ftate of — 
 the production. ee 
 
 On opening a third tubercle, that was fome-_ 
 what mote grown, I could difcern that its in- 
 ternal fubftance was drying up by degrees, and — 
 
 are all owing to the eggs of winged infe&ts. ‘Their parents 
 
 are of three kinds: 1. Butterflies. 2. Beetles. 3. Flies. We may know, at fight, to which of thefe kinds any Worm belengs 
 
 by its form. 
 and will be changed to one. 
 er Moth. 
 
 4 
 
 bts 
 | 
 
 If it have no feet or legs, it is the Maggot of a Fly. If it have fix legs, and no more, it is produced. from a Beetle, 
 If it have more legs than this number, it is a Caterpillar in miniature, 
 
 and will change to a Butterfly 
 
 feparating 
 
The 
 
 feparating from the enclofed kidney-bean-like 
 fubftance; by which means this came at lait 
 to lie in the tubercle as within a hollow, and 
 to reft againft one fide or another of this hol- 
 low. In this manner I plainly difcovered, that 
 the three detached fubftances, in the tubercle 
 I firft opened, had obtained, by evaporation, 
 that wonderfully elegant fituation in which I 
 found them. This difcovery was afterwards 
 confirmed by all the other tubercles, and their 
 internal fubftances. On my firft obferving 
 thefe furprifing changes, without knowing the 
 ends which Nature intended to anfwer by them, 
 I looked upon the whole as a moft inexplicable 
 riddle; as did likewife the ingenious perfons 
 then in my company: for our walk was made 
 merely with a view of regaling ourfelves, toge- 
 ther with a contemplation of the ftupenduous 
 miracles of the Univerfal Parent. 
 
 ‘We find in nature many other things, which 
 agree and correfpond with what I have been 
 juft now relating. The feeds of apples and 
 pears, buried within the fleth of their refpec- 
 tive fruits, fall off, little by little, from their 
 coats and cups. The fame thing is obfervable 
 in the kernels of filberts when they grow dry, 
 and even in the nut itfelf or filbert, which at 
 laft drops from its cup. But what is altogether 
 fingular and uncommon, in the tubercle now 
 under confideration, is, that this fubftance, 
 which feparates from it, and lies loofe within 
 its body, fhould contain a living Worm. 
 
 When thefe fubftances, in confequence of 
 the hollow occafioned in the tubercle by a 
 large evaporation, have newly become. loofed 
 from it, their circumference is fomewhat rough 
 and uneven; but as it dries, it grows even and 
 {mooth to the naked eyes: but the microfcope 
 always difcovers on the furface the remains of 
 the former ruggednefs, Tab. XLV. Fig. xv. g. 
 In the fame manner the fpot, at which this 
 fubftance received its nourifhment, never en- 
 tirely difappears ; but remains difcernible to 
 the laft, in the form of a little cicatrix or 
 {car, A. 
 
 The fubftance of thefe internal nodules is 
 at firft foft and tender; but it afterwards 
 hardens and dries up, and affumes a brownifh 
 red colour, which it never afterwards lofes; fo 
 that, when viewed within the hollow of its 
 green tubercle, it affords a moft pleafing {pec- 
 tacle. When thoroughly dried, it is of a 
 pretty compact and firm texture ; and in re- 
 {pect to its coat or cruit, it greatly refembles 
 the rind of a chefnut, only this laft is much 
 thicker. But neither thefe fubftances, nor 
 the Worms they contain, are all of the fame 
 fize. 
 
 Likewife the number of thefe contained 
 ‘within the tubercles, varies greatly. In fingle 
 tubercles, every one lies by itfelf in its own 
 particular hollow ; but it is the reverfe in the 
 double or more compofed tubercles. Somer 
 times alfo, though three or four tubercles grow 
 in one, all their inner fubftances have notwith- 
 ftanding each its own little cell, feparated by a 
 
 Has TD OB tt, ENS Ess Bo. 
 
 93 
 
 kind of diaphragm or divifion. The {pots on 
 which thefe fubftances grow within the tuber- 
 cles, is generally a little moift or damp, which 
 keeps them from rolling about... The cavities 
 alfo of the tubercles differ in fize, which I at- 
 tribute to the tubercles themfelves having been 
 fome bigger than others, or to their having 
 been dried up in different degrees. But, in 
 general, there is found only one detached fub- 
 {tance in every tubercle. 
 
 On opening one of thefe fubftances, that I 
 had taken out of its tubercle, I found in it a 
 living Worm, compofed of many rings, as I 
 have reprefented it, larger than nature, on the 
 middle of the Oak-leaf, Tab. XLV. Fig. xii. 
 m. The figure of this Worm was oblong, 
 and its colour white. On its back appeared a 
 gray ftreak, approaching to black; which I 
 afterwards, on difleéting the Worm, found to 
 be no other than one of its inteftines, which 
 appeared through its tranfparent fkin, and 
 owed its colour to the half-digefted food 
 which it contained. In other Worms this 
 {ftreak was fometimes brown, fometimes red, 
 yellow, or green, owing to the canfe already 
 affigned. This little Worm lay in its bean- 
 like fubftance in the form of a crefcent, quite 
 free and loofe on every fide. I could not even 
 difcover in it any umbilical veffels, or other 
 connecting filaments, by which, according to 
 the vulgar opinion, it might have drawn in 
 its food. It moved and turned itfelf about at 
 pleafure in this little habitation, being very 
 vigorous and lively. There appeared no ex- 
 crements in the cell, nor yet the leaft open- 
 ing by which it could empty them.. The 
 hollows of the tubercles were equally free 
 from any foulnefs of that kind: every place 
 was perfectly neat and clean. 
 
 Neverthelefs I fhall not deny that this little 
 infect received nourifhment within its co- 
 vering, fince the contrary is plainly feen 
 from the altered food which appeared in its 
 inteftines, in the form of excrements. Hence 
 I conclude, as a certainty, that this Worm 
 fubfifted on the juices of the Oak-leaf, which 
 were conveyed into the cavity of the fubftance 
 by its ftalk, and that it took in thefe juices 
 with its mouth. As this aliment, no doubt, 
 is of the moft refined kind, there is the lefs 
 reafon to wonder at the Worm’s not voiding 
 any excrements, in confequence of its ufing fo 
 fine a nourifhment. On the contrary, retain- 
 ing within its body the little that was fecreted, 
 till an opportunity offered of difcharging it 
 all together, when it fhould be turned to a 
 Fly in due courfe of time, and freed from its 
 confinement. It is common with feveral in- 
 fects, produced from Nymphs and Chryfal- 
 lides, to evacuate their excrements very copi- 
 oufly, within the firft quarter of an hour after 
 their appearing in the Fly-ftate. Nor is there 
 any reafon to wonder at a creature’s being able 
 to grow without difcharging any excrements, 
 fince new-born Lambs and Calves furnifh us 
 daily inftances of this kind. Thefe animals 
 
 Aa never 
 
o4 
 never void any eae at a a till 
 ed from their mothers *. 
 OY paauaeer seat that the fubftance of the 
 tubercles does not begin to dry up, till the en- 
 clofed Worm, having attained the full term of 
 its growth, becomes mature and ready for the 
 Nymph-ftate ; and even at this time, the lower 
 part of the fubftance {till continues moitt, fo that 
 the enclofed infect may, at this period, alfo draw 
 nourifhment through it, from the afcending 
 juices of the tree, in cafe it fhould happen to re- 
 wire any. Thus we have another inftance 
 of God’s all-feeing providence, which, with fo 
 much goodnefs, watches incefiantly over his crea- 
 tures; and this inftance is the more ftriking, as 
 the lower part of the bean-like fubftance grows 
 loofer and drier by degrees, on the Worm’s ac- 
 tually entering into the Nymph-ftate; fo that 
 the moifture F have been {peaking of, begins 
 little by little to. dry away, when the time ap- 
 proaches for this Nymph to appear abroad in the 
 Fly-form. Sometimes indeed the detached fub- 
 ftances, atthis period, are found quite loofe in 
 the cavities of their tubercles. 
 
 One of thefe Worms, whichI had extracted 
 from its bean-like fubftance, lived, notwith- 
 ftanding, from the fifth of June to the fifth of 
 July. When the Worm has received fufficient 
 nourifhment, it draws the rings of its body clofer 
 to each other, Tab. XLV. Fig. xyz. It after this 
 cafts a delicate fkin, and at length affumes the 
 form of a Nymph, which is at firft white all 
 over, but grows blacker and blacker by degrees, 
 in the fame proportion as the enclofed limbs of 
 the future Fly acquire fufficient ftrength to ex- 
 pand and produce themfelves. At this time, 
 there very plainly appear on the Nymph’s head, 
 two reticulated or net-like eyes, Tab. XLV. 
 Fig. xvii. aa, and underneath in the thorax, the 
 two teeth, which were before difcernible in the 
 Worm. “Along the body lie the antenne, 5 4, 
 and between them the fix legs, and the wings 
 neatly folded up. The rings of the body fhow 
 themfelves very diftin@lly in the lower part, ¢. 
 T refer this Nymph to the firft mode-of the third 
 order of natural mutations, as it clearly reprefents 
 the limbs of the future Fly, in the fame manner 
 with the Nymph of the Ant. 
 
 ~The two figures I give of this Nymph repre- 
 fent it, one of its natural fize, Fig. xviiz. the 
 other as it appeared through the microfcope, Fig, 
 xix. It is divided into the head, breaft and body, 
 The eyes are feated in the head, and before 
 them are placed two moderately long antenne, 
 aa. The breaft bears four wings, bd; the upper 
 pait, which are the largeft, are ftretched over 
 the body ; tothe under part of the breaft, are ar- 
 ticulated fix red legs, each armed at its extremi- 
 ty with two claws, cc. ‘The belly of the fe- 
 males is thick, fwollen, or diftended ; but it ter- 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 minates ina fharp point, d, which perhaps the 
 creature makes ufe of as a weapon, to bore the 
 Oak leaf, and afterwardsasa channel to convey 
 the eggs into the hole made in that manner, 
 The furface of the body is fmooth all over, as if — 
 polifhed, and is of a thining deep black, which 
 gives the Worm a pretty appearance. Thefe Flies 
 broke from their confinement the 28th of June; 
 but I diffected none of them, fo that I can fay 
 nothing of their eggs, or of their genital parts, 
 
 We are now to confider another wonder, equal 
 to any of thofe I have yet related; and this is 
 the fingular and uncommon manner in which 
 the all-wife, and all-powerful Archite@ has pro- 
 vided for the delivery of thefe Flies, without 
 their meeting with any oppofition, At the time 
 the Worm has attained the Nymph-form, the 
 enclofing tubercle begins to grow thinner and 
 thinner by degrees, at a certain determinate and 
 fele& fpot. This circumftance I have endea- 
 voured to reprefent in a tubercle, where I found 
 two detached fubftances, Fig. xx. 77; nor is Na-. 
 ture content with only reducing the thicknefs of 
 the tubercle in this manner; but the likewife or- 
 dains things, fo that it dries up and hardens in 
 the fame place, in order to make the perforation 
 of it, by the teeth of the Fly, eafier than it other- 
 wife would be. The little prifoner, on its be- 
 coming a Fly, firft gnaws. through the inner 
 fabftance, and then through the tubercle itfelf, 
 a round hole, Tab. XLV. Fig. xi. 2, jut 
 large enough toafford it a free paflage to its new 
 element. 
 
 We may know of a certainty, when thefe in- 
 fects are about to turn to Flies; for the dry fpots 
 at which the Flies are to make their way, ap- 
 pear very obvioufly on the furface of the tu- 
 bercles, //. On infpecting thefe tubercles again, — 
 a few days after the 28th of June, I found many 
 of them perforated, and that the Flies bred in 
 them had made their efcape, fo that nothing re- 
 
 mainedin them butthe detached fubftances, which 
 
 were likewife perforated. The tubercles wrinkle 
 and wither away, for the moft part, on their inha- 
 bitants quitting them. Thefe wonders all’ return 
 with the fucceeding year, and thus call upon us 
 without ceafing, to publifh the praifes of their 
 Author, who has openly manifefted Himfelf in 
 all his creatures, and has given to man alone, i 
 amongft all fublunary beings, the faculty of 
 knowing Him, In what a bad light therefore 
 
 muft thofe appear, who, unaccountably blinded 
 by their ignorance, dare to oppofe the exiftence 
 of that all-watchful and adorable Providence, by 
 foolith arguments! Behaving in this manner, and 
 working their own deftruction, they debafe them- 
 felves below the rank even of beafts, and deferve 
 to be confidered as monfters in the nature of 
 things, . 
 
 -* Befide thofe Worms which proceed from eggs let into the fubftance of the leaf by the parent Fly, there are fome, both of the 
 Fly and Butterfly kind, which only-drop their eggs upon the furface of the leaf, and faften it on by a glutinous matter. The 
 Worms and Caterpillars hatehed from thefe, the moment they burft from the egg, make their way through the outer coat of the 
 leaf, and get into the fubRance, "They thus live under cover till they change, 
 
 of 
 
na” 
 %. 
 
 The HF STORY 
 
 Of certain Worms that feed within the. fpongy excre/cence of the Dog-rofe 
 
 HE excrefcence of the Dog-rofe, as to its 
 external appearance, is not altogether un- 
 like that of the Oak reprefented in Fig, vi. of 
 this plate, though it is not of a woolly, but on 
 the contrary, of a fpungy fubftance, in fo much 
 that it may, with great propriety, be called the 
 fpunge of this fhrub. The colour, when dried, 
 is a blackifh gray; and in the fame ftate, the 
 furface of it is full of little cavities and prominen- 
 cies, Fig. 1x. aa. It grows as the other, at the 
 extremities of the branches, where it ftands 
 upon the center, juft as the bud. of the Rofe 
 does upon its ftalk 4. On opening this ex- 
 crefcence, we find in it a great many cells, 
 Fig. x. c, full of little white Worms of diffe- 
 rent fizes and ages. Thefe Worms aflume, 
 by degrees, the Nymph-form, in the fame 
 manner with all the Worms living in excref- 
 cences, that I have hitherto mentioned; and 
 under this form they moft manifeftly exhibit 
 the limbs of the future Fly: this happens 
 about the end of fummer. 
 I had the pleafure of obferving two fpecies 
 of Flies iflue out of thefe fpunges, thro’ holes 
 
 of INSECTS. 
 
 O 
 in 
 
 they had made in them for that purpofe. The 
 firft. fpecies.was not.unlike the Flies that had 
 been produced, at my houfe, from the tuber- 
 cles of the Oak, only, that they had fomewhat 
 thicker bodies, Tab. XLV. Fig, x1. d, with 
 black eyes, and all the reft of them was of a 
 redifh brown colour. The other fpecies e were 
 of the Bifeteus kind, or had two. hairs at the 
 tail, though this character was peculiar to the 
 males. They had likewife, in common with 
 the firft {pecies, four wings and -fix red» legs. 
 Their bodies were oblong ; and. their Heeds, 
 which hung to the thorax by a very flender 
 neck, were furnithed with a pair of redith eyes. 
 Their bodies all over thone like thofe of the 
 Cantharides; or Spanith Flies,: with a gilded 
 green, fo as to afford a very entertainine {pec-~ 
 tacle.. .Thefe Flies did not all appear ‘abroad 
 at the fame time, but were employed for feve- 
 ral days fucceffively in making themélves open- 
 ings in their habitations : this they effected by 
 gnawing the {pungy fubftance with their teeth, 
 into a great variety of holes and. cavities, Fig. 
 
 EMaif. 
 
 Al careful and exatt obfervation which I made on the tenth of Fuly 1674, on the 
 
 os 
 
 black Poplar, in prefence of the principal magiftrate of INieuwenrode, and bis 
 lady ; both very curious in examining the natural wonders of the creation. 
 
 HOUGH all the works of the Almighty 
 are wonderful, we may obferve, that fome 
 publith his praifes more manifeftly than others. 
 This appears moft eminently in the various or- 
 gans of generations beftowed upon animals, 
 and the different manner in which they ufe 
 them ; for fome declare, by evident and intel~ 
 ligible characters, the power and contrivance 
 of the great Architeét, whereas others repre- 
 fent it by marks that are fomewhat obfcure 
 and myfterious. 
 
 On the tenth of July, 1674, as we were go- 
 ing in a chariot to Scheveling, we faw fome red 
 fruit like Cherries hanging from the leaves of 
 the Poplar-tree, in fuch numbers, that they 
 could not but ftrike the eyes of all that paffed 
 by. When we viewed them near, it appeared 
 to us, that they were fo many rough tuber- 
 cles, or extuberances, on the leaves. of thofe 
 trees, Tab. XLV. Fig. xx1. a, each of which, 
 when opened, fhewed a great number of living 
 infects, to the amount of 60 or 70. Thofe 
 warts, or protuberances, which projected above 
 the furface of the external coat of the Ieaves, 
 were fituated exaétly under the middle of the 
 nerves.or ribs; fo that thefe nerves pafled 4 over 
 them ; being fometimes a little higher, and 
 fometimes lower, according as the warts them- 
 felves projected, more or lefs, without any or- 
 der from the leaf. Two warts were likewife 
 fometimes found, but very feldom, on the 
 fame leaf. Their fize greatly differed; fome 
 of them, as if young, were {maller; others larger 
 
 and more fwollen; a third kind alfo grew ftill 
 larger and higher than all the others. When 
 we firft faw thefe tubercles, we thought they 
 wete every way fhut up or inclofed : but upon 
 a more accurate examination, we found, that 
 each of them had, on the infide of the leaf, 
 where they were fmooth, an orifice c fome- 
 what long, thro’ which the infeét pafied at 
 pleafure. 
 
 Itis. worth notice, that the leaf always {welled 
 under its largeft nerve, which it conftantly ele- 
 vated ; and likewife, that this tumor was onl 
 found about the nerve, and in the middle of 
 the leaf. The reafon of thefe circumftances 
 feemed to us to confift in this ; that the eggs 
 of the infect-inhabitants had been imprefied on 
 that place only, and that the nutritious juice of 
 the leaf was for the moft part conveyed thi- 
 ther. Thus it might eafily happen, that the 
 leaf might be there increafed and inflated by 
 the nutritious juice accumulated by the irrita- 
 tion which had been produced by the lodging 
 of the eggs in the fubftance. And hence alfo 
 we obferved plainly, that the whole wart on 
 the leaf was nothing elfe but a larger dilatation 
 and expanfion of the leaf itfelf; which caufed 
 the nerve, puthed out at the fame-time, to be 
 twifted into various bendings: and windings, 
 which were very confiderable dd in fome “of 
 them. 
 
 It deferved great confideration to. obferve 
 how regularly all thefe things-aré done. For 
 when the leaf is*newly firuck and begins to 
 
 {well, 
 
06 
 
 - 
 
 fwell, it firft. grows yellow, and thence in- 
 fenfibly red, and is at length expanded like a 
 bag, or a hollowed Cherry. In the mean 
 time, the two edges of this extuberance grow 
 fo exactly oppofite to each other on the infide 
 of the leaf, and are, as it were, fo united toge- 
 ther, that the opening, or chink can fcarce be 
 perceived. This is regularly appointed in that 
 manner by the Almighty, in the nature of 
 things, left the eggs or the young Worms 
 fhould fall out of this their cells, or lodgings, 
 or fhould creep out before they have attained 
 their full perfection, and are become able to fly. 
 We have now faid enough of the external 
 form of thefe tubercles. 
 
 When we afterwards opened them, we found 
 in the infide the following very obfervable cir- 
 cumftances : in fome we faw Flies full grown ; 
 in others, Worms with fix feet, which were 
 real Nymphs of the fecond order ; and alfo 
 fome Worms, which, not yet exhibiting the 
 limbs of a Nymph, were only in their firft 
 growth. We alfo difcovered there a downy 
 white fubftance, and fome tough fluids, which 
 {eemed to be enclofed in the membrane. 
 
 To treat of each of thefe in their order, I 
 thall firtt obferve, that we found the inner fur- 
 face of thefe warts more fmooth and flat, than 
 the outward. We thought the reafon of this 
 difference was, that in the external furface of 
 the warts, the fmaller nerves, which are there 
 diftributed thro’ the leaf, were dilated and ex- 
 tended with the reft. As to the palenefs of 
 the colour, we conceived, that the reafon of it 
 confifted in this, that the whole inner furface 
 appeared fprinkled, as it were, with meal and 
 fmall white grains of bran formed like down. 
 From whence this downy matter draws its ori- 
 gin, we fhall examine prefently. We fome- 
 times obferved fomething, tho’ but little, and 
 that not frequently, of a roughnefs in the cavi- 
 ties of the warts : but whether the caufe of this 
 was, that the old Flies, remaining there for 
 fome time, had fcratched the furface with the 
 claws on their feet, we could not certainly 
 affirm. 
 
 The {malleft Worms we found within thefe 
 warts, were each divided, like perfect Flies, 
 into the head, thorax and belly, Tab. XLV. 
 Fig. xx11. In the head were feen two eyes 
 and two antenna. To the lower part of the 
 thorax fix legs were articulated. The reft of 
 the body was fomewhat fhort. They appear- 
 ed to the naked eye of an azure or fine blue, 
 but greenifh under the microfcope. They 
 caft a fkin in like manner as the other fpecies 
 of Worms, They alfo moved very quick, and 
 were much more vigorous than the larger 
 Worms, or than thofe that were already 
 changed into Flies. 
 
 What deferves moft obfervation in thefe lit- 
 tle infects, is a heap of flocks or down, which 
 each very beautifully and admirably carries e on 
 the hinder extremity of its body. Whether 
 that down grows out of the very body of the 
 infect ; which indeed is very likely, or whe- 
 ther it be produced from the tubercle or wart, 
 
 2 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 and afterwards is lodged in the hinder part of 
 the body of the Worm, we could by no means 
 difcover ; tho’ we were moft inclined to think, 
 that the down grew from the body of the in- 
 fect, becaufe we no where faw it fticking to 
 the bodies of the more mature ones. 
 
 In certain Worms, with foft bodies, that live 
 expofed to the {un upon the leaves of the Lilies, 
 I have obferved, that they heap together all 
 their excrements on the hinder-part of their 
 body. 
 
 In others that lived among the leaves of 
 Thiftles, I have obferved two {tiff briftly hairs 
 ftanding in the hinder-part of the body; on 
 which was always fixed the fkin which the in-. 
 fec&t had caft off, together with fome execre- 
 ments. ~Thus they lie under their fkin, as un- 
 der a pent-houfe, free from the fun’s heat, and 
 walk up and down with it among the leaves. 
 The firft {pecies of thefe Worms, at length, 
 changes into a Beetle, of an orange red colour, 
 with black horns and legs; but the other into 
 a large Tortoife-beetle, in like manner, with 
 black legs and a black body. Thefe two very 
 extraordinary contrivances do not much differ, 
 with refpeét to the down, from that which the 
 infel, whereof we here treat, carries on the 
 hinder part of the body. We may likewile fee 
 from hence what miferies all creatures are fub- 
 ject to in this vale of filth and calamities, finifh- 
 ing their lives continually under unhappinefs 
 and misfortunes. 
 
 The whole inner cavity of the wart, as I 
 have. already mentioned, is fet as it were, or 
 rather fprinkled over, with that farinaceous 
 down. And this, doubtlefs proceeds from the 
 exuvie, which the infeét contained in it has 
 caft off. At the time they caft the fkin and this 
 down together, they diffufe it every where 
 about by running up and down. 
 fubftance is very elegantly divided into branches, 
 and greatly refembles that {pecies of nitre which 
 rifes out of walls newly built in fome parts of 
 Holland: when viewed with a microfcope, it 
 feems like the {maller or branched mofs of trees. _ 
 
 As to the food of thefe Worms, it is very 
 hard to demonftrate what it is : however, it is 
 very certain, that they are nourifhed within the — 
 cavity of their warts. Probably, that white, 
 tenacious, and glutinous moifture which Ihave _ 
 before fhewn to be fecreted within the warts. — 
 Hence, that humour is fo admirably ordered by 
 the all-wife Creator, that it never flows away, 
 
 nor does it wet, nor can-it fuffocate thefe lit € Secs 
 
 creatures. As it is ropyand clammy, the down 
 immediately adheres to it, and performs the 
 bufinefs of a membrane or bag, in which, as 
 
 in a clofe veflel with a fpout, it lies enclofed, 
 
 and cannot run out of it. 
 
 I compare them to thofe clofe veffels, be- 
 caufe there are fome of thefe bags of that 
 figure, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxir1. f. and by means 
 of a hollow footftalk, are fixed to the furface of 
 the wart, where the humours, juft now de- 
 fcribed, probably flows out of that excrefcence. 
 Therefore, this is probably the real and only 
 ufe the faid down is of to thefe warts, and = 
 
 the 
 
 Thisdowny 
 
The 
 
 the little creatures, it ferves to confine the moi- 
 {ture. When this moifture is confumed, the 
 downy integuments, which furrounded it out- 
 wardly, become curled g into each other like 
 prefied flocks of cotton ; and therefore feveral 
 fuch downy clufters are found gathered toge- 
 ther in the warts. 
 
 The bags juft now mentioned, containing 4 
 fluid, are all furnifhed with a petioli, or foot- 
 ftalk, by means of which they adhere to the 
 inner furface of the tubercle: bat whether that 
 fluid be the real aliment with which the Worms 
 are nourifhed, according to my opinion, or whe- 
 ther they are there fed with fome other matter, 
 hasnot hitherto appeared to us from’ experience. 
 But this is certain, that thefe Worms have nei- 
 ther a trunk, nor any teeth. Nature -hath gi- 
 ven them only an acute and delicate converging 
 beak, not unlike that of the Cicada, which fucks 
 the dew: by this beak they can penetrate eafil 
 enough thro’ the downy coat of their bags, 
 and fuck the moifture before defcribed. But 
 whether thefe creatures do really nourifh them- 
 felves in this manner, or not, I cannot yet af- 
 firm, tho’ it is very probable. 
 
 We poured a {mall drop of water into the 
 cavity of thefe warts ; and it was immediately 
 covered round with that farinaceous down, and 
 was deprived of its fluidity to fuch a degree, 
 that when it was afterwards fhaken on dry pa- 
 per, it did not wet it, but flipt and rolled over 
 it, and did not ftick to it: this was a very 
 agreeable fight. 
 
 There is not fuch a great quantity of that 
 down about the largeft, as about the {mallet 
 Worms. On thefe indeed there grew four buds 
 or rudiments of coverings of legs, on each fide 
 near the fhoulder-blades. I have reprefented 
 them h/ on each fide of the thorax, above the 
 hinder legs. The principal cafes, or firft buds 
 of the limbs are, in reality, a kind of covers, in 
 which the wings lie folded up. Therefore, 
 thefe creatures may then be properly called 
 Nymphs belonging to our fecond order of natu- 
 tural tranfmutations ; for in that order, the infects 
 do not at all lofe their motion during the time 
 whilft they are changing into Nymphs; but on 
 the contrary, walk, ftand, eat, and move about, 
 until they change their skin; and having at 
 length caft their exuvia, they aflume, as it were, 
 another ftra€ture, and acquire only wings. This 
 mutt be well obferved. I would likewife have 
 it remembered, that I have ranked thefe Nymphs 
 
 BP LISST OGRE Y 
 
 of INSECTS. 97 
 
 in the fecond order, becaufe they perform their 
 change in fo ob{cure a manner, in the warts of 
 the leaves. 
 
 Thefe Nymphs, which ate to change, caft 4 
 very fine skin or integument, which is left in the 
 cavity of the wart *. When this is caft, they 
 acquire, Fig. xxv. the form of delicate {mall 
 Flies, with four wings. Thefe Flies are of a 
 blackith colour, except the membranaceous wings, 
 which have brown nerves, and elfewhere ap- 
 proach fomewhat to réd. \ The limbs, and other 
 parts, that-is, the head, thorax, abdomen, an- 
 tenne, eyes, legs, and the reft, may be now feen 
 much more diftinétly in the infe@, now per- 
 fectly mature, than when it appeared in the 
 form of a fix-footed Worm, 
 
 The horns appear to be divided into fix joints, 
 and are very beaatiful; they are compofed, as it 
 were, of grape-ftones, or are like a {mall piece 
 of cinnamon, incruftated or rough-caft with fu- 
 gar. ‘The eyes are confiderably large, and reti- 
 culated ; they appear very diftinétly when the 
 creature lies on its back. The beak is clofely ap- 
 plied to the lower part of the thorax, and is there 
 {een extended downwards between the firft pair 
 of legs, juft in the fame manner as the Cicada. 
 The wings, befides their nerves, and the veffels, 
 wherewith they are elegantly diftinguifhed, ex- 
 hibit two oblong black fpots, with which they 
 are ornamented, 
 
 This creature flies very flow ; indeed it does 
 not move with fo much {wiftnefs as the fmall 
 Worm, out of which it is produced. JI have 
 not yet difcovered, by diffeétion, the difference 
 between the male and female; nor have I ever feen 
 the eggs of this Fly. I am inclined, however, 
 to think, that they are lodged by the parent, on 
 the inner coat of the Poplar-leaf: and that the wart 
 or tubercle here defcribed, is afterwards formed 
 there by nature, in order to hatch and nourith 
 them, and to keep them in fafety. But how all 
 thefe things are performed, we can yet only con- 
 jeture: fince they muft be known, not by rea- 
 foning, but from folid experiments, I ‘hall 
 here therefore furl my fails, and in amazement, 
 celebrate the great Creator, who hath hidden fo 
 many, and fuch inexhau(tible natural and im- 
 portant miracles, full of true knowledge and 
 erudition, in hiscreatures; fo that the air, the wa- 
 ter, and the earth; the plants alfo, that vegetate 
 therein, abound with them ; and all vegetables 
 and animals, however {mall, proclaim the glory 
 of the Supreme Being. 
 
 * The modern term for all Worms bred from the eggs of winged infeéts in tubercles, or parts of vegetables, is Afcarides. 
 Reanmer is the author who eftablithed this. Some of them burrow deeper, others very flightly ; all get under cover of the upper mem- 
 brane. ‘The manner of their getting through it, when their parent infeéts have lodged them on the furface, is various; the Cater-~ 
 pillar kind eat their way; the Worms of Beetles get in by breaking the furface with blows of their head. 
 
 Bb 
 
 of 
 
The’ Bao = Of 
 
 98 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 or, 
 
 Of che footle/s Worm of Cabbage-leaves, which properly belongs to the fourth or- 
 der or clafs of natural changes. . 
 
 O N the 15th of Auguft, I found on Cabbage 
 leaves feveral footlefs Worms, and fome of 
 their Nymphs. The body of the Worms, was 
 in the fore part fomewhat pointed, but in the 
 hinder part a little thicker, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxvi. 
 They were alfo divided. into annular fegments, 
 which appeared in the fkin like fo many {mall 
 incifions. They were of a pale green colour; 
 but they appeared variegated, by means of cer- 
 tain white vifcera, which were feen through the 
 tranfparent fkin. This creature was by nature 
 very flow and heavy, though, when touched, 
 it fhewed greater agility and {prightlinefs. Whe- 
 ther it ufes Cabbage leaves for food, or hunts 
 there after fome green little fix-footed infects, 
 which are at length changed into Nymphs of the 
 fecond order, and from the latter into Flies; I 
 have not accurately inveftigated: I know fome 
 are of this laft opinion. This Worm ufually 
 firetches aloft the fore part of its body,in the fame 
 manner as an Elephant does its trunk, when it 
 firft begins to move and go forward. Therefore, 
 I do not doubt, but it is the very creature which 
 Goedaert defcribed, Exper. XI. part 11. 
 When this Worm hath at length fed enough, 
 and its internal parts have acquired fufficient 
 ftrength to put on the form of a Nymph, itis 
 then changed, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxv. and 
 xxviii. intoa real Nymph of the fourth or- 
 der; which change is performed in the follow- 
 ing manner: We firft obferve, that the Worm, 
 before it cafts any fkin, becomes infenfibly thor- 
 ter; that its head is entirely contracted on the in- 
 fide, and at the fame time it becomes thicker ; 
 but the hinder part, by degrees, grows {maller, 
 --and more flender, the body thus lofes its former 
 figure. For the blood, and all the fluids, are 
 propelled forward to the new parts, which are 
 “now increafed, and {wollen under the Worm’s 
 -uncaft fkin, and appear divided into the head, 
 eyes, thorax, legs, wings, and body: this may 
 be clearly feen, if this Nymph be artificial- 
 ly ftript of its yet uncaft fin. One may like- 
 wife fee the feveral particulars beforementioned 
 through the fkin itfelf,; when the Nymph, be- 
 ing fome days old, begins to acquire its proper 
 colours. 
 As the colour of the Nymph, on the change 
 ‘is white, and is afterwards altered into a green, 
 _mixed with a pellucid white; the red eyes in the 
 head appear, Fig. xxviti.¢ a, gradually through 
 the tranfparent fkin. The fame thing holds, 4, 
 in regard to the thorax, which exhibits fome 
 pellucid hairs on its furface. In the hinder part of 
 the body, the abdomen is feen through the fkin, 
 divided ¢ce into feveral rings, which are like- 
 wile fet with fmall hairs. On one fide of the body 
 is feen a wing d fomewhat pellucid. ‘Towards 
 the hinder parts, and near the tail a curled little 
 veflel, Tab. XLV. Fig, xxviit. e, which indeed 
 feemed to me to be a pulmonary tube rolled 
 out. 
 
 When this Nymph is grown older, and at 
 length becomes all coloured, then thefe parts 
 
 appear moft diftinctly, if the fkin be taken off; _ 
 
 this will be evident from the magnified figure 
 thereof, which I have given here. In this are 
 difcovered, Fig. xx1x. a, the Nymph’s reticulated 
 eyes; above and between which are two fhort 6 
 
 horns. The probofcis or trunk is laid along the — : 
 
 breaft c, and near it, the firft and fecond pair of 4 3 
 the fore legs, are feen to be beautifully difpofed” 
 
 On each fide of the breaft lie the folded wings, 
 
 dd, and under them the laft pair of legs, e 
 What deferved the greateft notice in this creature 
 
 was, that the extremities of the genital parts, 
 were placed, ff, as it were, beyond the rings 
 of the body, and terminated in thaggy points: 
 which are at length drawn into the body, when 
 the Nymph puts on the form of a Fly. | 
 
 This Nymph is therefore a very uncommon 
 one; and though properly referred to the fourth sa 
 order, yet it undergoes. confiderable changes, “la 
 
 and exhibits no more of its former fhape than the 
 {kin only, which it does not caft, but retains. 
 The reafon why this Nymph fo much differs 
 from others, of the fame order is, becaufe it is 
 invefted with a tender and thin fkin, which ob- 
 
 fequioufly accommodates itfelf to the growing % a 
 and protuberant limbs within. All this I have » 
 explained in the preceding pages, where I treated 
 
 exprefly of the nature of the fourth order. We 
 muft further obferve, that this Worm, when 
 changing, is not difengaged from the Cabbage 
 leaf, as is the cafe in regard to many other 
 infeéts: on the contrary, it firft glues itfelf thereto 
 
 _by a vifcous matter, which appears Fig. xxvii. 
 
 Fi, Nike a thin membrane on the leaf. 
 The Worm having had this form fixteen or 
 feventeen days, the hidden Nymph then breaks 
 open, and cafts off the outward fkin, and at the 
 fame time draws a thin film off from the whole 
 body, and from all the limbs, which is left on 
 the infide in the old fkin. Thus the Nymph ap- 
 pears, Fig.xxx. at length under the form of a 
 Fly. ‘The young Fly is much fmaller at firft, 
 than in a quarter of an hour afterwards ; for its 
 parts are in that time infenfibly extended, parti- 
 cularly about the head and belly, fo that the 
 becomes almoft twice as large, in fo fhort a tim 
 after it is produced; after which it never in- 
 creafes any more. If any one would know the rea- 
 fon how the body of this Fly is fo remarkably 
 
 diftended, it will appear, on examination, that 
 it confifts in refpiration, which fills all the pul- 
 monary tubes, and pneumatic bladders’ with 
 air; and thefe, on the other hand, expand the 
 hitherto foft body of the creature, and give it @ 
 
 firm and durable figure. 
 
 ia *". 
 
 pS 
 
 iG 
 
 This Fly is beautifully divided into the head, 
 
 thorax and abdomen, and has fix legs and two 
 wings. Behind thefe, two little parts are obferved 
 to be fixed to the thorax, fupported, as it ‘were, 
 
 by two fine footftalks, with their extremities — 
 
 headed ; 
 
 if 
 
The HiS$ TO R-¥ 
 
 headed ; fo that they refemble two little ham- 
 mers, which, the Fly ftriking againft the wings, 
 forms the noife peculiar to it. The eyes are 
 ruddy, the thorax is greenifh; the abdomen, on 
 the contrary, is yellowifh, and is variegated with 
 blackifh hairy wreaths. 
 
 I have often feen inftead of the Fly, which 
 is commonly produced trom the Worm before 
 defcribed, eight other Flies iffuing out of its 
 
 Nymph, which had indeed drawn their ort- . 
 
 Of the Worms 
 
 HOUGH the Moth isa very common crea- 
 ture, yet few know it; for it lies hid, and 
 does not exhibit itfelf to open view; for that rea- 
 fon it is the more mifchievous. Moths are in 
 reality Vermicles, or Worms that live in woven 
 cells, at all times, except when they build their 
 nefts, in wool, fkins, or birds feathers : in thofe 
 cafes, they ufually build themfelves irregular 
 cells, becaufe they have both the habitation and 
 food, which they then irregularly grind with 
 their teeth, always ready. 
 
 They build their habitations very artificially, 
 fo that they are always larger in the middle, and 
 narrower, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxxr. a, on each fide, 
 where the paflage is: and. that ftracture does 
 this fervice to the Moth, that it can the more 
 conveniently turn itfelf in the middle of its habi- 
 tation, and go out through either orifice when 
 neceflary. It is alfo obferved. fometimes, that 
 the Moth {pins a fine thread, efpecially when it 
 creeps near the walls and beams of houfes, feek- 
 ing its food there; for this is of various kinds. 
 
 - In that cafe it forms this thread, to prevent falling 
 
 down, when it ceafes working, and goes into 
 its cell ; for at that time only it hangs fufpended, 
 b, from the thread. I have likewife often feen, 
 that the Moth fpins this thread, when the ante- 
 rior or forepart of its body has firft crept ¢ out of 
 its little cafe, and endeavoured to fix itfelf fome- 
 where by means of it: but when the creature 
 was afterwards inclined to proceed further, it 
 broke this thread, and going out of either open- 
 ing of its cell, fixed it. again in another place : 
 and when this is done again{t a beam or wall, it 
 forms a very beautiful fight. 
 
 In order to defcribe more particularly the little 
 Moth, which I here exhibit in its natural. fize ; 
 I mutt obferve, that with refpe& to its ftructure, 
 it is not unlike a {mall Caterpillar. It has a glit- 
 tering raven-black head, in which its eyes, and 
 two fharp-pointed teeth are placed. ‘The reft of 
 the body is of a whitith or flefhy colour. Six 
 legs are fixed to the breaft, eight in the middle 
 of the body ; and two are fituated in the extre- 
 mity of the abdemen under the tail. The Moth, 
 however, never creeps out of its habitation, but 
 by the fix fore feet; by the help of the other ten, 
 it lies fixed in its little cafe: that is, when that 
 Worm advances forward with -its fix fore feet, 
 then it takes hold of its cell within, with the 
 others : and this too is the reafon, why it always 
 catries its cafe with it, not difiering much in this 
 re{pect from tortoifes. 
 
 af ISS B86 TS. a) 
 
 gin from the Worms that feed on the internal 
 parts of that Nymph, and were changed within 
 It, into fo many {mall Nymphs. When thefe 
 little Nymphs had at length grown into Flies, 
 they flew out, after piercing the fkin of the larger 
 Nymph. hefe Flies had each fix red legs, four 
 wings, and a body that glittered with a golden 
 and very lively green, excelling the light of the 
 fun’s rays. 
 
 called Moths. 
 
 But the Moth, while growing, always entirely 
 forfakes its cafe, when it is become too little for 
 its body, being on account of the increafe of 
 bulk, obliged to form itfelf an intire new cell, 
 into which, as into a new habitation, it after- 
 wards repairs, after leaving the old one. The 
 Moth never undertakesthat office, until compelled 
 by neceffity ; that'is, when the old habitation is 
 not fufficient.to cover its body. The inftiné& 
 and pradence of this creature, ate moft evi- 
 dent from hence, that in preparing an habitation 
 big enough for its body, it does not defire large 
 and magnificent buildings, which the folly of 
 mankind fo much feeks after. Man, whom God 
 created with'an upright countenance, over-bur- 
 thens himfelf with heavy labour, nay, he fome- 
 times perifhes under a multitude of houfes and 
 apartments; the tapéftry and hangings of which 
 are expofed to this Moth, only to be gnawed and 
 eaten for food. 
 
 When the Moth leaves its former cafe, in or- 
 der to form for itfelf an entire new cell, it does 
 not get for that purpofe beams of cedar, nor 
 Italian -marble: it prudently and ingenioufly 
 makes ufe of that matter which it finds neat 
 about it. When it lives in green cloth, it makes 
 the outfide of its whole cell of a green matter ; 
 that is, the wool which it bites off the cloth, and 
 artificially interweaves with its web: it lives on 
 the fame fubftance, and ufes it for food; and 
 therefore its excrements are alfo green. It does 
 the fame when it refts or pitches on white, yel- 
 low, red, blue or black cloth; or. when it finds 
 in its way any coverlid, garment, or cap, that 
 lies unufed and neglected ina corner. If it can 
 find none of thefe materials, it remains in old 
 old houfes, atmories, repofitories, and even 
 in ftone walls; it eats duft and Spiders-webs, 
 whereof it makes an habitation in the fame man- 
 ner. I have, on thefe occafions, feen it inter~ 
 weave {mall bits of broken cement with its habi- 
 tation, in order to make it ftronger; fo that this 
 creature makes every foil its country, and yield- 
 ing to neceflity, leads a happy life amidft the 
 miferies to which we are fubject. 
 
 The. Moth never brings any foreign matter 
 into the inner furface of its cell, where its body 
 lies ; confequently nothing elfe is obferved there, 
 only the Moth’s proper web, which being of a. 
 foft, fmooth, and even texture, ferves both for 
 a habitation and bed. In this maniier that Worm 
 lives, till its parts are increafed to their due per- 
 felion under the fkin: and at that time, it 
 
 4 covery 
 
The 
 
 covers both the orifices of its little cafe, and caft- 
 ing of its old (kin within, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxx1.¢, 
 is changed into a Chryfalis, which is properly re- 
 ferred to the fecond mode of our third order ; 
 ecaufe it does not very clearly exhibit the limbs 
 of the infect to be produced from thence : this is 
 a nocturnal Butterfly, or Moth. When this in- 
 fee is firft changed, all its parts are beautifully 
 white, but they afterwards grow infenfibly yel- 
 lowith, and at length acquire a faint red, which 
 they finally preferve. In the head, particularly 
 the eyes, which are feen through the fkin, firft 
 acquire their colour and perfection ; afterwards 
 the whole body finally appears through the fkin, 
 of the fame colour with the nocturnal Butterfly, 
 to be produced from thence. 
 
 July 13th, the Butterfly appeared, f, after it 
 had lain twelve or thirteen days under the form 
 ofa Chryfalis, without, food or motion, and its 
 tender limbs had, by the evaporation of the fu- 
 perflaous humours, infenfibly acquired fufficient 
 ftrength to break open the outmoft fkin. This 
 Batterfly was provided with four wings, fix legs, 
 two horns, and two black eyes. Its wings and 
 body had many fuperb {caly feathers, which very 
 beautifully adorned the creature with various and 
 agreeable colours. Thefe colours being viewed 
 witha naked eye, refemble fine flour, and may be 
 eafily reduced to {uch a powder with the fingers : 
 
 IOO 
 
 Of certain 
 
 OBSERVATION I. eee 
 on its body; but when the Worm rétted 2 the F 
 
 i Preferve, in my colleétion, various and par- 
 ticular fpecies of thefe Worms, fome of 
 which form their cells of bits of wood, which 
 they bite off; and hence are properly called 
 Ligni perde: but of thefe I fhall hereafter 
 treat in another place. The firft {pecies of 
 
 thofe, of which I am to treat here, was fhewn 
 me on the leaf of a Cherry-tree, by the very 
 ~ experienced and celebrated Dr. Luke Schaght, 
 srofeffor of the Materia Medica in the univer- 
 fity of Leyden. I afterwards found it likewife 
 on the leaves of the Willow and Alder-tree. 
 ~The cell which this Worm inhabited was black 
 as pitch, Fig. xxxill. 43 and confifted of a 
  fubftance,.as it were, of bark, and woven into 
 wrinkles. Its hinder part was thicker than the 
 fore part, and divided, as it were, into two 
 lobes. Its foremoft extremity terminated fome- 
 _ what acutely, and out of it crept its inhabi- 
 tant, carrying this little cafe entire, obliquely 
 
 BROOK of NATURE? of, 
 
 and therefore, frail man, as mentioned in fcrip- 
 ture, is very properly compared to a Moth, 
 This little creature, the Butterfly, 1s com- 
 monly called a Moth; though it is noxious on 
 no other account, but that it lays thofe {phe- 
 
 roidal eggs out of which the real Moths, or aa 
 
 eating Worms, are at length produced, in 
 hangings and cloaths, in like manner as th : 
 Flies producing Maggots lay theirs in meat, 
 fith, cheefe, and meal. When thefe creatures. 
 fly or flutter about, thofe who would preferve 
 treafure from Moths, muft be careful to keep” 
 them from it; for otherwife their negle@ will 
 be a great hurt to them, and caufe much lofs 
 andconcern. Thefe are the confequences th 
 commonly attend floth and negligence. 
 
 When this Moth hath broken out of i 
 woven cell, it is always obferved, Tab. XLV. 
 
 Fig. xxx1. g, to hang a little out of one ex 
 
 tremiiy of the fkin, which the Chryfalis had = 
 
 caft. But if the cafe itfelf be then opened, 5 
 one may diftinétly fee how even and {mooth it” 
 I fhould never finifh, if I ata 
 
 is woven, A. 
 tempted to defcribe and delineate all the f{oecies 
 2 ct 
 
 of Moths, fince there is a great number and — 
 
 variety of them. I fhould think, that what 
 hath been hitherto faid is fefficient, fo th 
 there is no need of more; for it is eafy to kn 
 
 a Lion by his paw. , 
 
 Worms that, like the Moths, live in cells, feeding on the leaves 
 Pear-trees, Apple-trees, Plum-trees, and Cherry-trees. 
 
 cafe ftood perpendicular on the leaf. 
 
 This Worm was, in regard toi 
 
 eat enough, it fixes itfelf to the leaf, near the” 
 opening of its cell, and is changed within 
 into a Nymph of the firft mode of our t 
 order, which 4 grows at length into a | 
 beautiful Fly. On the head of this Fly, whi 
 is black, are placed two redifh horns. Its th 
 rax and abdomen are partly red, and part 
 black. It has four beautiful membranaceo 
 wings, which fhine like very fine Mother 
 Pearl; and are likewife variegated, nearly 
 the middle, with two black fpots. It has mor 
 
 over fix red legs, which are divided into joints, a 
 
 each having two claws at its extremity.“ 
 
 creature is alert and fprightly, and fies very” a 
 
 {wift. 
 
 OBSERVATION IL 
 
 if mind a fecond fpecies of thofe Worms, 
 which carry their cell with them, on the 
 leaf of the Alder-tree. This creature fed. on 
 the inward coat of the leaf, and therefore con- 
 famed it all unto the nerves of that external 
 coat. It does not differ much from the former, 
 except in refpect of its habitation, which it car- 
 
 ries every where on its body : but in this there 
 is a confiderable difference ; that is, it is of t 
 
 colour of the leaves that fall in autuma; tho 
 fome of thefe cells are alfo found of a ftronger 
 
 colour. ‘This cell is triangular, Tab. AL Vs 
 
 Fig. xxxiv. ¢, at the upper extremity: it {wells z 
 
 con- 
 
 a little in the middle ; but the part that 
 tains 
 
 ts ftru@ure, 
 fearce different from the Moth. When it has — 
 
 te 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS 
 
 tor 
 tains the body of the creature, is again con- the fecond mode of the third order. Whether 
 » Cted, and therefore it is formed like a big- this be common, and conftantly happens an- 
 er ley lind nually, as is the cafe in other Caterpillars ; or 
 bellied cylinder. eae § only ta thofe that ins 
 
 a ae Heculiane 
 
 Lae : 3 pe 2s 
 og: ; i hat all their divifions or plates were fe- 
 r . thers, was, that a 
 Nymphs were very white; but in o ) iat : a 
 a “ older in eyes were turned black, verally jointed together. This 5 paella 
 = rd = hole Nymph from white, infenfibly a very beautiful fight, and clearly dem 
 anc 1 ’ y! ? 
 
 : : t of tor. This is ftil} 
 ; ith vari rs; and the wifdom and art of the Crea 
 became tinétured with various colours ; . no 
 
The B O O K of N A fa R , oe OR 
 
 man, as mentioned in fcrip- 
 
 100 
 covers both the orifices of its little cafe, and caft- and therefore, 
 ing ofits old fkin within, Tab. XLV. Fig. XXXI.¢, ture, is very properly compared to a Moth, 
 is changed into a Chryfalis, which is properly re- 
 
 ferred to the fecond mode of our third order 
 
 This little creature, the Butterfly, is com 
 2 ” : 2 Lee FF Sed 
 
 WW 
 
 Oat. ec nec iffer . : i : 
 pe ze sar iy es much from the former, Fig. xxxIv. ¢, at the upper extremity : it {wells 
 cept in refpect of its jabitation, which it car- a little in the middle ; but the part that con- 
 
 tains 
 
 A 
 2, 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS. 
 
 tains the body of the creature, is again con- 
 tracted, and therefore it is formed like a big- 
 bellied cylinder. 
 
 I have feen three forts of creatures produced 
 from thefe Worms; for as one of thefe {mall 
 creatures had, according to the fecond mode 
 of the third order, been changed intoa Nymph, 
 which affumed the form of the future Butter- 
 fly, I at length obferved a pretty little noétur- 
 nal Butterfly or Moth, not much different from 
 the Cloaths-Moth, f{prung d out of it. I faw a 
 black Fly e with two horns, four wings, and fix 
 legs, produced from another fimilar Nymph, 
 which however fhewed before the form of a 
 Fly, according to the firft fpecies of the third 
 order. But the moft fingular event of all was, 
 fix or feven very {mall f Flies, which, from 
 more tender Worms, had. been firft tran{- 
 formed into Nymphs, iffued out of another 
 ‘Chryfalis of fuch a Vermicle as belonged to 
 
 1of 
 
 the fecond mode of the third order; . Whether 
 this be common, and conftantly happens an- 
 nually, as is the cafe in other Caterpillars; or 
 whether it be peculiar only to thofe that in- 
 habit the bright brown cells, in which only I 
 obferved it, I have not indeed yet learned from 
 experience. And, indeed, what man can per- 
 fectly inveftigate all the changes of parts which 
 happen, even in one creature. [| am, in- 
 deed, every moment taught by experience; 
 that nature is, in regard to thofe real caufes, 
 by which animals and their parts increafe, in 
 many particulars, perfectly impenetrable to 
 man. However, a firm and conftant diligence 
 hath, by degrees, difcovered to me more than 
 one could eafily believe ; though what we are 
 ignorant of is, and will remain, much greater 
 than all we know. Hence, indeed, we have 
 knowledge of many things; but our ignorance 
 {till prevails and predominates. 
 
 Of certain Vermicles or W ors, whofe eggs are lodged in the bags wherein 
 mufe is brought to us. 
 
 Should never make an end, if I attempted 
 
 even to enumerate all the hidden changes 
 of the Caterpillar and Worm kinds into winged 
 infects ; fo fruitful and manifold is Nature in 
 her genera and {pecies! For this reafon I fhall 
 only add the following obfervation, and after- 
 wards finifh this hiftory of the fourth order 
 with accounts of two Worms which live in 
 tubes, one in the earth, and the other in the 
 water; fer the water abounds as much with 
 thefe infects as the land. 
 
 On the roth of July I found a great many 
 {mall white Worms, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxxu. 
 in a bag, wherein mufk comes to us. All 
 thefe had a reddifh brown head, and black 
 teeth. Six legs adhered to the breaft. The 
 body was covered with fine hairs, ftanding 
 erect. This mufk-bag was in a little box, not 
 very clofely fhut, the bottom of which was 
 covered with white paper, through which thefe 
 
 Worms penetrated into the wood of the box, 
 ~ by various holes which they gnawed through 
 it. And indeed thofe holes, which are as con- 
 fpicuous in the paper as in the wood, moved 
 the admiration of the perfons who viewed 4 
 them. As they were bit regularly into a round, 
 oblong, or oval circumference. I further ob- 
 
  ferved, that many of thefe Worms made them- 
 
 felves in their caverns a pretty thick, oval, 
 lemon-coloured web, whereon they had weaved 
 - many cotton-threads, after the bag of mufk 
 had been placed in the cotton. 
 
 When I opened thefe webs, I found real 
 
 = _ Nymphs in them, Tab. XLV. Fig. xxxur. d, 
 
 which belonged to the firft mode of the third 
 order; for each very diftin@ly reprefented the 
 ‘limbs of a future Beetle. “Some of thefe 
 Nymphs were very white; but in others, 
 which were older, the eyes were turned black, 
 and the whole Nymph, from white, infenfibly 
 became tin¢tured with various colours ; and 
 
 was, at length, changed ¢ into a very beautiful 
 little Beetle, after cafting its kin. When thefe 
 Beetles have newly caft their fkin, in which 
 they appear like Nymphs, they are of a {nowy 
 white colour: they afterwards grow yellow by | 
 degrees, till at laft they become of a dufky 
 purplith hue, and afterwards always continue 
 fo: fome of them, however, conftantly pre- 
 ferved a colour between yellow and red. 
 
 They are diftin€tly divided into the head, 
 thorax, and belly. ‘They have two black eyes” 
 in the head, juft over which proje&t two redith 
 horns, thick fet with fine hairs of the fame 
 colour. The thorax is likewife adorned with 
 yellowith hairs, that glitter almoft like gold, 
 and exhibit fix hairy legs of the fame colour 
 with the horns, affixed to its lower region. 
 The cafgs or covers of the wings are divided 
 with ribs; and the latter, together with feyeral 
 little depreflions, are every where fet,.as it were; 
 with fine hairs. This obtains chiefly about 
 the fhoulder-blades, and on the hinder part, 
 where thefe cafes or covers are bent, near the 
 extremity of the abdomen; for they have a 
 tuft of whitith hairs in the fore and hinder- 
 moft parts. The under wings are membrana- 
 ceous, and they very expeditioufly fold them= 
 felves under the fheaths or cafes with which 
 they are covered, notwithftanding their being 
 twice the length of the abdomen. 
 
 This {pecies of Beetles may, on account of 
 the conftruétion of the horns, be referred to 
 the flying Capricorn kind. Ihave feen Beetles 
 produced from fome other fpecies of Worms, 
 that live on rotten and hollow wood; the herns 
 of which were formed in the fame manner as 
 the Silkworm Butterflies. The only difference 
 was, that all their divifions or plates were {e~ 
 verally jointed together. This ftru€ture formed 
 a very beautiful fight, and clearly demonftrated 
 the wifdom and art of the Creator. This is ftill 
 
 Cc more 
 
102 The BOOK of 
 
 more evidently confpicuous in the Fullo-Beetle, 
 
 whofe female is delineated in Mouffet; but it 
 wants thofe ornaments, which are found in 
 many {pecies of infects, peculiar to the males, 
 
 wherein they are more beautiful than the fe- 
 
 males. 
 
 The Worms here defcribed feed on birds 
 
 Of certain Worms which 
 OBSERV 
 
 Preferve feveral fpecies of tubes in which 
 Worms live *; but I fhall not, in this place, 
 defcribe them all. The firft which There ex- 
 hibit is formed by a Worm, refembling a Ca- 
 terpillar ; which makes, Tab. XLV. Fig. XXXV. 
 a pyramidal tube or pipe for itfelf, to which 
 it afterwards faftens, for greater firmnefs, vari- 
 ous little parts, bitten off from plants and leaves 
 
 I 
 
 NADU EK BEror, 
 
 feathers, and therefore do a great deal of mif- 
 chief. They are found in feveral places in 
 Holland, and may be reckoned among the 
 fecond fpecies of Worms that gnaw fleth clean 
 from bones; and therefore are very proper to 
 prepare fine fkeletons. 
 
 lie in little tubes or cells. 
 
 A:T EO Ae 
 
 of trees; fo that the furface of the tube re- 
 fembles thofe chequered works, with which 
 the doors of armories and caftles were former- 
 ly adorned and with this beautiful cell the 
 Worm walks and goes about, till it is changed 
 into a winged creature, being difengaged then | 
 from the burthen of its houfe and bed, which — 
 
 it was hitherto obliged to carry. ‘s 
 
 OBS ERYAT1O.N iL 
 
 HE tube, whofe figure I here add, Fig. 
 xxxvi. to the former; is not lefs beau- 
 tifal or artificial in its ftru@ture. I found it 
 in the falt water, on the coaft of the German 
 fea. It is inhabited by a tender Worm with- 
 out feet, having many gold-coloured_briftly 
 hairs in the fore part of its head; by the help 
 of which it can gnaw innumerable grains of 
 fand, and join them fo accurately together, 
 that even the moft nice artifts muft be afto- 
 nifhed at it. The inner furface of this tubu- 
 lated and pyramidal cylinder is fmooth and 
 equal; but the external part is, on the con- 
 trary, uneven. This difference proceeds from 
 hence, that the creature can turn all the plain 
 and polithed furfaces of the fand inward, and 
 leave the angulated and rough furfaces on the 
 outfide. ‘The figure, by which I reprefent this 
 tube, exhibits only the third part of igs natural 
 fize: it could not be all delineated otherwife, 
 for want of room in the plate. Ihave not yet 
 obferved what kind of metamorphofis this in- 
 fect undergoes. 
 It merits great confideration, what kind of 
 - faliva or glutinous moifture that is, by which 
 this Worm can faften the grains of fand toge- 
 ther in fuch a manner, that the whole con- 
 texture dries and hardens in the falt water. I 
 
 muft ingenuoufly confefs, I am doubtful in 
 this as well as many other matters; fince I-can 
 by no means conceive how this piece of art is 
 executed. Ihave obferved, that many other 
 aquatic infects alfo frame a web or covering, — 
 under the water; the thread whereof hardens — 
 in the midft of the fluid, in the fame manner 
 as the Silkworm-webs in the air. 
 
 In regard to the other aquatic infects, I have 
 obferved, that fome of them form their cells 
 of {mall fragments of ftones; others of larger 
 pieces joined together; fome of fnail-fhells, — 
 which they have gathered up and faftened to- 
 gether; others again are made of pieces ol 
 rufhes, various parts of plants, wood, and 
 other materials: nay, I have feen fome, which, © 
 when they were preparing for their change 
 into tne winged ftate, could weave very heavy 
 ftones into their cells, and fortify them, as it — 
 were, with a lattice-work of mafonry. The 
 dived to the bottom of the water by 
 means, and, being there frée from all dang 
 they changed and renewed their bodies. G 
 is therefore admirable, wherever he 1s manl- 
 fefted: he hath reprefented his omnipoten 
 and wifdom in all his creatures; therefore, 
 him only be honoured and glorified to all eter- 
 nity. Ae a e: 
 
 The End of the Hiftory of Infeéts that inhabit fruits, tubercles, leaves, and the like. 
 
 "® "The name by which this kind of infeé is generally called, at this time, is’T 
 obferves, that their origin and manner of life are the fame with th 
 that thefe feed upon maift, the other upon dry food. : 
 
 gave them ‘this name, 
 only difference being, 
 
 Tinea Campeftris, the Field Moth. Reaumer, w! 
 fe of the common Cloaths Moths; the 
 
The. H1¢$:T O-R ¥ 
 
 abe. EN Soe TS. 
 
 103 
 
 A particular treatife on the Frog and its young, exhibiting its hiftory, and com 
 paring it with infects. 
 
 Tas. XLVI. . 
 
 Comparifon of the metamorphofis, and, 
 
 if I may be allowed the expreffion, a 
 
 tranfcretion of the parts, happening in young 
 
 Frogs, with that obferved in the Nymphs,of 
 infects. 
 
 As, in the preceding fheets, I have occa- 
 fionally, though flightly, touched on the like- 
 nefs of the change of limbs in the larger or 
 fanguiferous animals, to that which infects un- 
 dergo; I fhall here delineate and explain this 
 fubje@ more at large, in order. to make the 
 knowledge of it ‘diftinét and clear. For this 
 purpofe *, 
 
 Tab. XLVI. N°. 1. exhibits the Frog’s real 
 egg, or the Worm of the young Frog, enclofed 
 in its firft coat. It reprefents a fmall a black 
 globule, furrounded bb by another globe, con- 
 fifting of a clear, clammy, and glutinous mat- 
 ter. This matter is the real food of the Worm 
 of the Frog, which now lies within, covered 
 as yet with its proper integuments: therefore 
 the Frog’s Vermicle or Worm may be confi- 
 dered as the yolk, and the food the white of 
 this egg. 
 
 N°. ir. I lightly exprefs the invefting coat 
 or integument before mentioned. It is here 
 caft off c, and rolled back dto the hinder part of 
 the Frog. It likewife appears, in this figure, 
 how much the furrounding aliment is now 
 dilated, eee. Hence the young Frog is cir- 
 cumftanced exactly in the fame manner as all 
 Worms and Caterpillars of each of the four 
 orders are, when they have caft their firft coat, 
 or their egg-fhell; in which I call them Ovi- 
 form-Nymph-Animals, or Oviform-Nymph- 
 Vermicles, as may be feen particularly in the 
 fourth order, where the egg is confidered. 
 
 N°, 111. It is delineated to the life how the 
 young Frog, called a Tadpole by authors, 
 fwims in the middle of its food, and alfo in 
 what manner that food appears in the water 
 like a difperfed cloud, f/f, The Vermicle or 
 Worm itfelf is here delineated much larger 
 than it was, when it firft began to fwim into 
 its food, immediately after quitting its fhell, or 
 firft membranaceous integument. Therefore 
 one may now very diftinally fee its head, breaft, 
 and body. But becaufe the perfon, who I fhall 
 defire to diftinguifh thefe parts, ought to have 
 a thorough knowledge of them, thofe who 
 inveftigate nature but fuperficially, look into 
 that globe only for the young Frog’s head, 
 though it really comprehends the whole body; 
 as the incomparable Harvey has before juft ob- 
 ferved. At the extremity of this young Frog’s 
 body is feen a long continued tail, Tab. XLVI, 
 N°. 1. 4, by the help of which it fwims ; 
 
 * There is{carce any animal which has the principle of life fo ftrong as the Frog. ; 
 guts are taken out. An Eel is celebrated for this ftrength of life; but the Frog exceeds it greatly. 
 bious; for it will live for a length of time equally well on land without water, and abfolutely immerged im water. 
 
 fince the Frog is; whilft it wears that form, 4 
 real footlefs Worm, and, in this refpect, re- 
 fembles the feetlefs or apode Vermicles or 
 Worms of the farft mode in our third order. 
 
 Here it muft be well obferved, that the 
 young Frogs never confume their food entirely; 
 which, for that reafon, is diluted by the im- 
 bibed fluid, and gradually attenuated ; {fo that, 
 at laft, it refembles a little cloud floating in the 
 water. Indeed, that gluy cloud is infenfibly di- 
 lated to fuch a degree, that it feemsdefigned for 
 the young Frog as a place to reft in, when it fhall 
 think proper: for which reafon it is likewife 
 obferved, that, when tired with {wimming, it 
 quickly penetrates into this cloud, and there 
 remains without motion. 
 
 And here I fhall beg leave to obferve fur- 
 ther, that as the infects which are found in 
 cheefe, putrified flefh, and many fruits, and in 
 tubercles, lie furrounded with their nourifh- 
 ment; fo, in like manner, the young Frog 
 {wallows its food, at this time, through its 
 mouth, as they do. There is however this 
 difference, that the young Frog is nourifhed 
 while it yet lies in the integument or coat of its 
 eggs; and this I could neyer obferve with re- 
 {pect to any other infects. ‘The infects, in ge- 
 neral, lie in the coats of their eggs, in the fame 
 manner as Butterflies do in their Caterpillars, 
 and only increafe in ftrength. Therefore, I do 
 not doubt but the young Frog is provided with 
 umbilical veflels, of which matter I fhall after= 
 wards treat in its place. 
 
 N°. iv. I reprefent how the hinder legs 72 
 are obferved to increafe in the Tadpole, or 
 young Frog; that is, whilft they infenfibly 
 {pring out of the body, as the cups of flowers 
 from out of their footftalks, or as the cafes 
 wherein the wings of infects are at firft repo- 
 fited: fo that the young Frog is, in this re- 
 {fpect, very like thofe little creatures defcribed 
 under the fecond order ; though it again differs 
 from them, in that it is produced from the 
 egg in form of a footlefs Worm. 
 
 I likewife obferve, that about this time the 
 young Frog’s fore legs are infenfibly increafed 
 and augmented, under the fkin, in fuch man- 
 ner as [have before explained, in regard to the 
 Worms and Caterpillars of the third order: 
 For this reafon one may likewife plainly dif- 
 tinguith, with the naked eye, the rudiments 
 of the legs, if the kin be then opened in that 
 part. And this is likewife the cafe in all the 
 Worms and Caterpillars juft mentioned, as I 
 have occafionally exhibited in the former 
 tables. 
 
 Tab. XLVI. N°. v. I here reprefent, to the 
 life, how all the limbs of the young Frog have 
 
 It will continue moving many hours after the 
 No creature is fo truly amphi- 
 A Frog has 
 
 been tied down under water many days, and received no hurt, nor fuffered amy feeming inconvenience. 
 
 4 
 
 at 
 
of 
 
 arrived to perfection, by a flow in- 
 oe he two * feet are {een kk full 
 lying under the fkin; but the two hinder legs 
 project beyond the fkin, /l, though they are, in 
 reality, ftill invefted with the fkin of the Tad- 
 ole, which they afterwards are to caft off. 
 This {kin is dilated and ftretched ont with the 
 growing feet, as is likewife the cafe in injects 
 of the fecond and third order. Hence it 1s, 
 that [really very properly give the young Frog, 
 in this form, the appellation of the Frog's 
 Nymph, which it feems may be likewife re- 
 ferred to the fecond or third order. But as the 
 young Frog, while it is under this form of a 
 Nymph, {till feeks its food, and moves about, 
 it therefore approaches much nearer to the in- 
 feé&ts of the fecond order, than to thofe of the 
 third; for this reafon, it likewife cafts its fkin 
 in moving and fwimming, and brings to view 
 its fore legs, then refembling thofe of a perfect 
 Frog ; though it ftill, for a long time, keeps its 
 tail, which afterwards fhrivels up by degrees, 
 and, finally, dries away. 
 N°. VI. I fhow how the Frog, having gra- 
 dually gone through the forms of an, Egg, 
 Worm, and Nymph, at length has attained its 
 
 104. The BOOK 
 
 Man him/elf compared witb 
 
 B is evident from comparing the Frogs, as 
 
 we have juft now done, with the infect tribe, 
 how the fanguiferous animals, or fuch as have 
 red blood in their veffels, are, in repect to their 
 changes, like thefe fmaller creatures. Indeed 
 this likenefs proceeds fo far, that it extends under 
 many names, even to man himfelf: for all the 
 works of God feem to proclaim, only one foun- 
 dation of propagation and increafe, 
 
 I firft obferve, that it is clearer than the light 
 at noon, that man is, like infects, produced from 
 a vifible egg, which, after being impregnated, is 
 brought forth: that is, it is by a local motion 
 conveyed out of the ovary through a tube into 
 the uterus, which is the place wherein man, 
 that rational animal, finds his firft nourifhment, 
 and reprefents, as it were, a Vermicle or Worm, 
 or, to ufe Harvey’s words, a Maggot lying in 
 the ege. 
 
 Secondly, The membranes which then inveft 
 the Infant-Man, are there likewife dilated, in or- 
 der to receive an aqueous humour conveyed from 
 without to the Man-Vermicle. Therefore, the 
 human egg likewife refembles the eggs of infects, 
 in that the latter dilate, nay, break open their 
 coats, in order to get elfewhere the nourifhment 
 - which they do not find in their egg. | 
 
 Thirdly, We obferve, that the Vermicle or 
 Maggot of Man, as well as the Vermicles or 
 Worms of other infeéts, have not completely 
 perfect limbs ; therefore it is increafed in fize, 
 even from the beginning, till its limbs project 
 at length out of the fkin, and its umbilical cord 
 is divided into two arteries and one vein, which 
 take root in the internal furface of the uterus, and 
 conftitute the placenta, or after-birth, 
 
 N A 2 OE & sor; 
 
 perfect maturity, and appears fit for propa- 
 gating its {pecies, in the fame manner as in- 
 
 fects and vegetables, and thus is able to con- _ 
 
 tinue its generation. It muft be obferved here, 
 that the Frog is not abfolutely perfect, or fit 
 for generation, immediately after its metamor- 
 phofis. By no means; for, unlefs lam greatly 
 miftaken, this creature does not acquire that 
 degree of perfection until two or three years. 
 The Frog, therefore, differs in this double re- 
 {pect from the fanguiferous animals, and from 
 infects; moft of which are perfect in one or two 
 hours after their birth, or after their metamor- 
 phofis from Nymphs, and then likewife imme- 
 diately obtain their full fize and maturity, and 
 at the fame time become fit for the office of 
 generation. ‘The Frog which I here exprefs, 
 of full age, is the male; as One may very cer- 
 
 tainly know from thofe two veficles, Tab. — 
 
 XLVI. N°. vi. mm, which are fituated behind 
 
 its eyes, and are never to be found in the fe- _~ 
 
 male. ‘There is moreover another certain fign, 
 whereby the male may be diftinguifhed from 
 the female; but that I thall defcribe and deli- 
 neate in a particular hiftory, which I fhall fub- 
 join to this general account. 
 
 infe&ts, and with the Frog. 
 
 Fourthly, It is very clearly obferved, that thefe 
 parts of the Man-Vermicle grow by degrees into” 
 a head, thorax, belly, and limbs. In the head, 
 the coloured eyes are very diftin@tly feen through 
 the {kin ; but they are more confpicuous in the 
 beginning thanafterwards, when thefkin becomes 
 thicker; for then they can be no longer feen. 
 
 But it is indeed very admirable to obferve, how — 
 
 the limbs {prout about the fhoulder-blades, and 
 
 at the lower parts of the body: for, in the begin= ~ 
 ning, they refemble the fmall cups of flowers — 
 
 ju budding, or the bags and cafes of the parts” 
 of infects; the former enclofing the flowers, and 
 
 the latter the wings; and then, by degrees, juft __ 
 as the legs of Frogs, they grow out of the body, — 
 
 and are divided into joints. 
 Fifthly, We obferve further, that all the limbs 
 of the Man-Vermicle, in time, acquire their due 
 
 perfection, and are ftrengthened to fuch a degree, 
 
 as to be able to break out of the uterus, and to 
 difengage themfelves from all their integuments. 
 And hence this firft ftate of man likewife re- 
 
 fembles an infect, in that it hath, under the 
 form of a Chryfalis or Nymph, acquired all the — 
 
 ftréngth requifite to change its skin, and appear 
 like a perfect creature. Man therefore, as on 
 
 the point of his birth he does, like infects, throw 
 off and lofe feveral very confiderable parts, may 
 indeed be defervedly called, at that time, @ 
 Nymph ; fince he then isto caft off his umbeli- 
 cal veffels and placenta, together with the skin 
 and the amnion. 
 
 Sixthly, This tender and new-born creature 
 leaves the uterus, in the fame manner as the 
 Ephemerus and Libella, that have caft their skin, 
 and leads a new life, and hasa different nourifh- 
 ment, 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 ment. The infant-man, who lived before in 
 the water of the amnion, now breathes the vital 
 air, which rufhes into his lungs, and dilates and 
 extends them. But this miferable creature is very 
 far from meeting with fuch good fortune, as 
 the Ephemerus and Libella, which are in an 
 inftant brought forth abfolutely perfect. On the 
 other hand, his appendage of misfortunes and 
 
 of INSECTS. 10g 
 trouble, like the tail of the Frog; yet adheres for 
 along time to hith, for he is full of mifery, and 
 is born in tears; and it is very long before he 
 comes to maturity of underftanding, and full 
 growth of body. It is now time tocome to the 
 fingular hiftory of the Frog; which is highly 
 worthy of confideration. 
 
 A particular treatife on the Leneration of Frogs. 
 
 HAVING hitherto premifed only general ob- 
 
 fervations, and fuch as tended to explain 
 the figures in Tab. XLVI. I fhall here treat par- 
 ticularly of the generation of Frogs, and defcribe 
 the genital parts of the male and female, and 
 fhall add fome other obfervations, I hope, of forne 
 ufe. I would, on firft fetting out, inform the 
 reader, that there is a much greater number of 
 miracles, and natural fecrets in the Frog, than 
 any one hath ever before thought of or difcover- 
 ed; as I fhall evidently demonftrate, when I 
 fhall have opportunities to defcribe particularly 
 the whole hiftory of that animal; and Iam now 
 here to explain a great part of it, 
 
 The genital organs of the male are the tef- 
 ticles, the vafa deferentia and feminal. veficles. 
 The tefticles, Tab. XLVII. Fig, 1. a a are placed in 
 the loins, and being there fituated over the kid- 
 neys themfelves, 644 4, are furnithed witharteries, 
 veins, and f{permaticveflels, Their figure: is not 
 conftantly the fame, but is fometimes. obferved 
 to be more oblong, fometimes more round, and 
 fometimes lunated. Some yellow appendages 
 always adhere ¢ to the upper part of the tefticles ; 
 and. thefe. appendages are fometimes fingle, d, 
 fometimes double, ¢; and at other times triple or 
 quadruple. Thefe little parts likewife have their 
 blood veffels; and confift of feveral bags joined 
 together, and containing an oily or fatty mat- 
 ter; and enclofed in fo many oblong common 
 membranes, produced like appendages. I have 
 likewife fometimes obferved, that this oily mat- 
 ter was joined to the coat invefting the tefticles, 
 and diffufed through half their furface. A kind of 
 fimilar, but white fatty matter, is obferved: in 
 Rats, and feveral other animals. 
 
 Thefe appendages may be examined. with 
 great eafe in Frogs, that are not. bigger than the 
 firft joint of one’s thumb; for, by the help of a 
 microfcope, we then diftinétly perceive, that they 
 confift of a congeries of minute {pherical and 
 membranaceous particles, full of a yellow, oily, 
 or fatty fubftance ; but thefe particles are too 
 fmall to come under the cognizance of the naked 
 eye, to which they only appear as a bright heap 
 of tranfparent gold daft. ; 
 
 The tefticles are generally yellow, with many 
 blood veficls elegantly variegated with black, 
 beautifully running through the coats that inveft 
 them, Tab. XLVII. Fig. 1. f. On ftripping this 
 coat from off the tefticles, they appear to confift 
 
 F 5 e oes or ale Fro 
 £ Sh alcules in femine, are feen more eafily and diftin@ly in the fperm of the m re 2s 
 the exifienos oF fach animalcules, (for it is at prefent a fafhion to doubt them) have not examine 
 
 entirely, aS it were, of {mall globules, zg, but 
 by making this feparation flowly, and by careful 
 degrees, we may clearly perceive, that thefe ap- 
 Parent globules are no other than the heads of {6 
 many feminal duéts; fome of them double, 4, 
 or divided into branches, that rife all to the cen= 
 ter of the tefticle. In Frogs, therefore; the tef- 
 ticles is compofed of feminal veffels ; and I have 
 difcovered the fame to be the cafe in many other 
 animals, as the cuts 1 have occafionally given 
 demontftrate. 
 
 Some pretty confiderable feminal veffels, 7 7, rife 
 from the internal fide of the tefticles 3 part of them 
 fingle, and part divided into branches, which 
 convey the {perm, as it were, by fo many diffe- 
 rent ftreams from the tefticles: this may be ea- 
 fily feen, on compreffing or {queezing thefe laft 
 parts ever fo little; for then the feminal vefiels, 
 frft mentioned, fill with a pale white {perm 
 Thefe feminal veffels, or natural divifions of the. 
 paraftata, run by degrees towards the kidneys, 
 upon which the tefticles lie, and, after paffing 
 through the coats of the kidneys themfelves, and 
 forming a variety of divifions, & , they at length 
 difcharge themfelves into the vafa deferentia, 
 which are feated near the internal edge of the 
 kidneys, 7///, and_are there united with the fe~ 
 minal veflels already taken notice of. 
 
 We muft here duly obferve, that the kidneys 
 difcharge their urine by the vafa deferentia, thro’ 
 which the tefticles, in copulation, eject their 
 {perm : as. in man, the {perm and urine are dis 
 charged through the fame urethra. In man, ins 
 deed, there is but a fingle vas deferens, diftin@ 
 from the ureters; nor has this urine any fuch 
 paflage ; whereas, in Frogs, the great Architeé 
 has thought proper to make the fame veflel ferve 
 both thefe purpofes; and this, perhaps, he or= 
 dained, becaufe it was proper to contraét of 
 abridge the number of parts that were to be 
 placed in fo fmall a body, and likewife becaufe 
 the Frog was to evacuate its fperm only once a 
 year *, 
 
 In the midft, between the two kidneys, are 
 to be feen the arteries, and emulgent or kidney 
 veins, Tab. XLVII. Fig. 1. mm; thefe I have 
 but rudely defigned. They are diftributed all 
 over the furface, and through the fubftance of 
 the kidneys, by fo many ramifications, that great 
 circumfpection is neceflary, not to confound the 
 ferninal veffels, juft defcribed, with thefe blood 
 
 than any other way. They who doubt 
 the male fperm ofthis creature. 
 
 ‘The proper feafon in England is the firft week in April. The veffels are then full of the fluid, and thefe animals are innumerable in it, 
 
 Dd 
 
 vefle]s. 
 
The BO O'K of 
 vefiels. Beneath the tefticles, and under the 
 skin of the kidneys, there lie two other fingular, 
 and ftrange bodies, ””, but I neglected duly 
 examining them. 
 
 The vas deferens grows {maller by degrees, fo 
 as to form but one trunk, 00, but foon agein it 
 dilates confiderably, and’ in this part’ we may 
 diftinétly fee the feminal veficles lying againft it, 
 
 "Thefe veficles do not differ in conftruction 
 from the correfpondent veffels in man, and other 
 animals, except in regard to their being of a 
 more membranaceous fubftance. They open 
 into the vafa deferentia, and convey to them from 
 a great many little cells, an aqueous feminal 
 fluid, which is perhaps the vehicle of the true 
 fperm. In fine, both thefe veficles, and the vafa 
 deferentia are inferted into the furface of the rec- 
 tum, gg, directly under the bottom of the urina- 
 ry bladder, where I have reprefented both their 
 snouths, by two openings 7 that appear through 
 the ftraight gut. Upon this laft inteftine lies a 
 double urinary bladder, ss, into which the urine 
 is conveyed by thofe ureters, which at the fame 
 time perform the office of the vafa deferentia. 
 When firft I difcovered thefe vafa deferentia, I 
 immediately fearched for the ureters, with a 
 great deal of attention, as I could hardly think, 
 that a veflel of fuch importance could ferve two 
 fach different purpofes. But I afterwards found, 
 that the ureters of the female Frog, were con- 
 ftruéted in the fame manner as thefe veficles in 
 the male ; and by this difcovery, I became tho- 
 roughly acquainted with all thefe parts. I have 
 
 106 
 
 accordingly exhibit them, as they appeared in the’ 
 
 {maller Frogs, as may be’ feen by infpecting the 
 fécond figure. re 
 
 It is now time to fay fomething of the genital ’ 
 
 parts of the female: thefe are an ovary, uterine 
 tubes, or horns of the uterus, and the uterus itfelf. 
 
 The ovary lies upon the uterus, with which it is © 
 
 abways united; and near the fame place are the 
 fatty appendages, which I deferibed in the male 
 Frog, when F treated of the genital parts. The 
 ovary, which is always double, equally occupies 
 
 thé right and left region, and is conftantly found ' 
 
 fabdivided into lobules. Ihave feen them, to the 
 namber of five, on a fide in fome Frogs. Na- 
 ture, however, does not always obferve the fame 
 order in this particular, except that the ovary 
 never appears, but divided into mote or lefs of 
 thefe parts; The blood vefiels are principally 
 diftribated through thefe divifions of the ovary, 
 Tab. XLVII. Fig. 111. a, and afterwards they 
 diffufe themfelves all over it. Each lobule is 
 hollow, and wrapped up in its own particular 
 coat; fo that, by fixing in alittle tube, f it'may 
 _ be eafily diftended with air, and feparated from 
 the neighbouring lobules, 4. This muftbe done 
 very cautioufly, becaufe this coat is fo tender, 
 that anything of a rough blaft would burft it, We 
 may then plainly perceive, that all thefe lobules 
 are confined, each to its own limits, and have 
 not the leaft communication one with another. 
 As the coats invefting the lobules of the ovary 
 are fo very delicate, the eggs may be feen thro’ 
 them diftinGly, cc: aperfon that was not very 
 cautious, by directing his eyes and hands to this 
 
 NAW URES or, 
 
 part, might eafily fancy to himfelf, that the eggs 
 lay on the outfide of the ovary. Thefe eggs are 
 black, and perfeétly round, and generally they 
 have a white or yellow fpot in the centre. They 
 lie clofe to the internal furface of the coats or 
 membranes that conftitute the lobules of the 
 ovary, and are fixed there by the blood veffels, 
 as it were, by fo many fhort little ftalks. This 
 circumftance is very vifible, in cutting off one or 
 two of the lobules of the ovary, ¢, for then the 
 enclofed eggs fhew themfelves moft diftin@ly, 
 But this experiment cannot be conveniently 
 made, unlefs about the beginning of March, or 
 a little afterwards, as it is chiefly at that feafon 
 that the ovaries abound with perfect eggs: this 
 is moreover the propereft time for examining the 
 genital organs. On examining carefully the ovary 
 at this period, we may likewife find in it a fpe- 
 cies of eggs different from thofe I have now de- 
 feribed. ‘Thefe are fmaller, white at firft, and’ 
 when pretty well grown, yellowith. Thefe laft 
 
 eggs, however, are only the rudiments, not 
 yet perfected; and therefore, they remain in the 
 
 ovary, after it has difburthened itfelf of all the 
 perfect eggs. But before I treat of this opera- 
 
 tion, I think proper to defcribe the uterine tubes’ 
 
 or horns. 
 
 In Frogs, thefe tubes arife very high in the 
 
 breaft, from whence they ftretch in the middle, 
 from one end of theabdomen to the other,and ter- 
 minate in theuterus, with which they lie concealed 
 in the lower part of the belly, but fo as to be’ 
 
 able to move higher, according as the uterus di-' 
 lates or contracts itfelf, Every Frog has two 
 
 fach tubes, which are placed, one at one fide 
 of its body, and the other at the other fide. 
 
 Properly fpeaking, the fuperior part of the’ 
 
 tube lies near the heart, and is connected on each 
 
 fide by the ligament, by which the liver alfo is’ 
 
 fufpended. In the fame place, where part of 
 
 the peritoneum _paffing freely over the heart and” 
 pericardium, forms with the liver a diftiné ca- 
 vity, in which the heart, wrapped up in its peri- 
 
 carditim, lies under the breaft bone, as in the hol- 
 
 low of the mediaftinum or diaphragm. To fee all 
 thefe particulars diftinétly, itis neceffary to layopen 
 
 the Frog’s belly a little higher than the extremity 
 
 of the breaft-bone, where this bone degenerates ~ 
 
 into a cartilage; then cut off the membranaceous 
 
 parts; and laftly, turn over the breaft-bone upon 
 
 the head, and fecure it in that pofture with a pin, 
 
 Tab. XLVII. Fig.1v.a. Thus we difcoveracon-" — 
 fiderable cavity above and about the point of the” 
 heart, , in which the heart lies hid with its peri- 
 cardium, under the breaft-bone, as within the dia- 
 phragm. At the fame time, we may fee on each” 
 fide of the heart, the extreme ends or natural - 
 openings of the tubes, cc, which moft firmly and ” 
 
 immoveably grow there to the peritoneum, and to 
 the ligament, by which the liver is fufpended, 
 fo that they cannot reach to the ovary, which 
 
 ‘lies at too greata diftance from them, Befides, © 
 thefe tubés are very flender and delicate. They ’ 
 
 bend a little, efpecially where they lie upon the 
 lungs; for they ftretch over the lungs and the 
 liver, where they arife from very flender mem- 
 jbranaceous beginnings. For this reafon, they 
 
 always 
 
 —~ 
 
The 
 
 always are ready to collapfe, and are only dif- 
 cernible by thofe who have accuftomed their 
 eyes to fuch inquiries by frequent difletions. 
 Such perfonscan readily demonftrate, or produce 
 them, even without blowing them up. 
 
 The remainders of the tubes are moft elegantly 
 curled, and folded up, ‘as it were, in a great 
 many wonderful plaits, dd. And indeed, the 
 fhortnefs of the animal’s body could not admit of 
 any other conftruction, thefe tubes being fo very 
 long, that, on meafuring a fingle one, feated on 
 one fide of the body, I found it to be upwards 
 of two feet. All thefe beautiful foldings and 
 windings of thefe tubes, are connected by means 
 of a flight membrane, through which there run 
 a great number of blood veflels, ¢, in a very or- 
 derly manner. 
 
 The extremities of thefe tubes open by wide 
 mouths, ff, into the two fides of the uterus. 
 Thefe mouths appear circular when diffected, af- 
 ter they they have been inflated and dried; but 
 they are oval when the parts are any ways moift, 
 as they then collapfe. The uterus itfelf is double, 
 &g: it is of a membranaceous fubftance, and is ele- 
 gantly overfpread with blood veffels, When full 
 of eggs, it wants very little of being {pherical in 
 fhape; but when inflated, it is rather oblong, 
 and fhaped like a pear: the introduced air gives 
 it a* fomewhat different figure. Finally, the 
 uterus terminates at each fide of the body, in 
 the rectum, about half an inch from the place 
 where the tubes are inferted into the uterus. In 
 all Frogs, the ftraight gut 4 is placed between the 
 right and left portions of the uterus, and fhews 
 on its forepart the bladder, which is likewife 
 double in this place, 7. I have here mentioned 
 nothing, that I have not diftinguifhed with my 
 own fenfes in a Frog, which had difcharged 
 its eggs, about half an hour before I diflected 
 it. 
 
 The fame figure likewife reprefents the con- 
 tracted ovary belonging to the left fide, 4, feated 
 at a great diftance from the mouth of the tube, 
 with one imperfect egg, which had not as yet 
 difengaged itfelf, but remained entangled with 
 the ovary. One of the kidneys likewife may be 
 here in part feen, /, together with the pinguife- 
 rous appendages of the ovary, m. I alfo exhibit 
 two eggs which I found loofe in the abdomen, 2, 
 on account of their ftraying from the mouth of 
 the tube, in the a&t of copulation. ‘The tube it- 
 felf alfo ftill contained another egg, 0, fallen into 
 it, after all the others had been conveyed into 
 the uterus. This was very plain from this egg’s 
 not as yet having any white. The ftomach, 9, 
 and alfo the {mall guts appear in their natu- 
 ral fituation; and a portion of the liver, 9, 
 and fome of the fineft blood veffels, are diftri- 
 buted over the furface of the ftomach. On the 
 fide of the liver, I reprefent the gall bladder, r, 
 and the lungs with their vefiels, ss. I made an 
 incifion into one of the parts, to let the air in it 
 efcdpe, that I might the mote clearly exhibit the 
 courfe and opening of the tube; the other, on 
 the contrary, being the tight, I exhibit as it ap- 
 peared diftended with air. The auricle of the 
 heart is reprefented, ¢, divided by a membrane 
 
 HIS T O KX oh 
 
 INS EC T'S. 
 
 not unlike a valve; it is tranfparent. 1 next 
 thew, in the fame place, the feparated parts of 
 the abdomen and breaft, u wu, inter{perted with 
 fome mutcles, having endeavoured as much as 
 poflible to thew all thefe parts in one and the 
 fame figure, and of their natural bigness. 
 
 Here I cannot omit the opportunity of illuf 
 trating the account of Oligerus Jacobeus, who 
 owns he could not difcover the opening of the 
 tube, and of fhewing him at the fame time how 
 much he was miftaken in thinking, that the tube 
 was inferted into the ftraight gut, which he has 
 reprefented in an imperfect drawing. I fhall 
 tranferibe his words, efpecially as he has thought 
 proper to charge me with the error which him- 
 felf committed, a proceeding to which he was 
 perhaps prompted, by the flatteries beftowed on 
 him by the younger Bartholin, who extols, in 
 the moft difguftful manner, this author, and his 
 treatife on Frogs. But his panegerick ferves 
 only to prove, that he underftands nothing of 
 the moft curious branches of anatomy ; other- 
 wife he would be more cautious, not to cenfure 
 in fo fupercilious and dictatorial a manner, per- 
 formances which he bas not fufficient abilities to 
 underftand. For this reafon alfo, he appears 
 a great deal more folicitous about the external ap- 
 pearance, than about the real nature of the fub- 
 jets he takes in hand. This may evidently ap- 
 pear by his treatife on the diaphragm, in which 
 he has been at more pains to exprefs neatly, his 
 own face and hair, than to make the figures of 
 the things he treats of plain and intelligible, as if 
 the learned were in love with his countenance. 
 
 The words of the illuftrious Jacobeus, in his 
 obfervations upon Frogs, are as follow: ‘* This 
 tube, in the upper part, hides itfelf in the re- 
 gion of the heart, liver, and lungs ; but where it 
 afterwards ftretches its courfe, I cannot tell, as I 
 could not get the air I ejected for that purpofe, 
 to afcend any higher than-this part. Below, 
 where it runs under the ovary, it dilates into a 
 pretty wide oval mouth, and branches into fibres 
 that unite with the kidneys and ovary, whilft 
 the reft of it is inferted into the ftraight gut, . 
 about a thumb’s breadth from the oval mouth 
 jaft now mentioned.’ He afterwards adds, 
 “ Swammerdam, thongh very clear fighted 
 upon every other occafion, does not feem to 
 have taken notice of this oval mouth, when in 
 his treatife on the conftruction of the womb in 
 women, he fays, that in Frogs, the motion of 
 the egg from the ovary, to the tubes and arte- 
 ries, is'more ob{cure, as he tells us, the orifice of 
 the horns of the uterus, or of the tubes, are about 
 two fingers breadth diftant from the ovary, and 
 that not only their orifice is very narrow, but the 
 part alfo is unmoveable ; and further, he denies. 
 that it lies clofe to the ovary, as in the females 
 of the human and feathered fpecies.” 
 
 We may reafonably imagine, this learned au- 
 thor did not fo much as think of any part of the 
 uterus ; for he does not, in his whole treatife, 
 make the Jeaft mention of that part, and affirms, 
 that the tube is inferted into the ftraight gut; 
 whereas, on the contrary, it is the uterus itfelf 
 that is inferted. into that inteftine, and by no 
 
 Se means 
 
 107 
 
The BO.O/K of 
 ~mmeans the tube. Befides, the ovary of Frogs is 
 never found to have naturally that figure, which 
 
 Jacobeus very rafhly gives it, though it is to be 
 
 obferved, that the uterus, when loaded with 
 
 os. is found on-diflection to have, in fome de- 
 aaa? ape Therefore, the oval 
 
 gree, fach an appearance. nererore, J 
 
 éftium, or mouth, which this author mentions, 
 
 is, in my account, really the opening of the tube 
 into the aterus, which, properly fpeaking, fhews 
 itfelf where the tube ends, and the uterus com- 
 mences; See Tab. XLVIL Fig,,1v. letters //, 
 where I have at large defcribed all thefe parts. 
 Such being exactly the cafe, and it being at the 
 fame time certain, that the inferior extremity of 
 the tube has no communication with the ovary ; 
 and that no eggscan enter there from the lobules 
 of the ovaty, which are perfectly clofed; and 
 as likewife M. Jacobeus could not. difcover .the 
 upper orifices of the tubes, I would be glad to 
 know in what manner this author can explain the 
 paflage of the eggs ftom the ovary, into and 
 through the tube, _I really cannot conceive how 
 he can acquit himfelf of this tafk; fo that he has 
 in good earneft made the motion of the egg, from 
 the ovary more obfcure, than he is pleafed to 
 fancy I had done, But I, by no means intend 
 to enter the lifts with this gentleman, or impru- 
 dently treat him with rough language; for it is 
 not in fearch of glory to ourfelves, but the great 
 Creator, that we ought to furvey and examine 
 his works. For this reafon, I rather look upon 
 myfelf as under an obligation to this illuftrious 
 naturalift, for having condefeended to criticife, 
 and bring to the teft my experiments concerning 
 Frogs; and, in the fame {pirit, I muft tell him, 
 that he can never mifs finding the opening of the 
 tubes near the heart, provided he looks for it a 
 little after the Frogs have depofited their eggs. 
 At this time, even the whole uterus may be dif- 
 tended with air through the tube; and, on the 
 other hand, from below, upwards, the tube thro’ 
 the uterus. What is ftill more, thefe openings 
 of the tubes may be then difcovered without any 
 diffections, by only blowing flightly through a 
 pipe in the adjoining part of the heart. But 
 none of thefe experiments will fucceed, whilft 
 the eggs are only in their paflage through the 
 tube, at which time, perhaps Jacobus furveyed 
 thefe parts. . Thus the natural opening of the 
 tube becomes very difcernible to thofe who take 
 a tight method to difcover it., But is it not fur- 
 prifing, that the defcription given by me, and 
 which Jacobeus muft have feen, as he quotes it, 
 did not open his eyes; for, though fhort, it is 
 very plain and intelligible. Mankind is liable to, 
 etror; but, to perfift in it, after friendly admo- 
 nition, fhews a perverfe arrogance, that will not 
 fubmit toacknowledge its miftakes, 
 
 “It is now time.to {peak of the ege’s paflage 
 thraugh the tube, from the ovary into the ute- 
 rus, which is indeed not only difficult to exprefs 
 in words, but even to conceive, fo that in the 
 whole {fcience of anatomy, equally abftrufe and 
 myfterious, 1 muft own, that this is very ob- 
 
 108 
 
 NA BUR Es; 
 
 fcure’in, many other animals, but in Frogs, it is 
 altogether incomprehenfible ; for the ovary, as 
 Iremarked above, and am ready to demonftrate 
 in the Frog itfelf, does not in any way commu- 
 nicate either with the tube or with the uterus. 
 The opening of the tube cannot by any means 
 move itfelf towards the ovary. Befides, there 
 are no other mouths at which the eggs can be 
 received, than the narrow membranaccous ori- 
 fices of the tubes, which above grow to the 
 membranes of the heart; fo that there does 
 not appear in this place the leaft trace of any 
 eval mouth, by which it is faid, that the tube 
 opens itfelf about the inferior region of the 
 ovary ; for it is yery eafy to feparate the tube 
 and ovary from one another: and the oy 
 afterwards extracted from the body, may by 
 itfelf be diftended with air, and dried, not 
 having the leaft aperture to let the air efcape, 
 or the leaft mark of ever having had one. 
 Thave fometimes diftin@tly obferved in breed- 
 ing Frogs, that whereas the ovary of one that I 
 diflected, about the beginning of April, ftill 
 contained all its eggs; that of another, open- 
 ed a few days afterwards, had loft the greateft 
 part of them, Tab. XLVII. Fig. v.¢. I could 
 likewife, at the fame time, eafily difcover a 
 great many of the eggs that had efcaped out 
 of the uterus, and were broken, lying here 
 and there. in the abdomen 444, between the 
 lungs, and under the finufes of the ftomach 
 and inteftines, among the membranaceous parts 
 of the vifcera, and elfewhere. Some alfo ap- 
 peared near the opening of the tubes. Others 
 were ftill adhering to its infide ddd, part in its 
 higher, and part in its lower region. I even 
 difcovered an egg lying at the very mouth of 
 the tube ¢, and in what manner the eggs were 
 leifurely forced thro’ the extremity of the tube 
 into the uterus ff. I obferved alfo, that the 
 greateft part of the eggs ftill adhered to the 
 uterus ; which I here reprefent two ways. 
 Firft, I exhibit the uterus as it naturally a 
 pears g, with the contained eggs vifible thro’ it, 
 but very faintly ; and on the other fide I re- 
 prefent it as it looks, after having been mace- 
 rated in water, or on its beginning to dry, after 
 being expofed to the open air for fome time; 
 in both which cafes it very diftin€tly fhews the 
 eggs {hut up in its cavity 4. I reprefent befides, 
 lower down, the extremity of the double ute- 
 rus 7,which is inferted into the ftraightgut, about 
 half an inch from the opening of the tubes into 
 the uterus. Near the heart appears the begin 
 ning of the great artery, with two {maller arte- 
 ries fpringing from it & On each fide, near 
 the heart, are openings of the tubes //; and I 
 have reprefented the lungs as bearing upon 
 thefe openings mm, in order to render their 
 fituation next above the lungs more diftinély 
 perceivable. It is very remarkable, that living 
 Worms are almoft always found in the lungs 
 of Frogs; Ihave often met with fix in one 
 Frog.* 
 
 or, 
 
 * Naturalis have been perplexed extremely to account for the Worms found in the inteftines ; but thefe are much more flrangely 
 fituated. ‘They cannot have been fwallowed in food by the Frog, for this would not be their place. ‘The opinion of Vallifnieri is, 
 
 that the Werms found in our inteftines, were created with the human frame; 
 
 of living : it is much more ftrongly probable here. 
 
 and that the bowels are their natural and proper place 
 The 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 Thefe Worms are, on their fore part, pretty 
 like Lumbrici terreftres, or common Earth- 
 worms, but on their hinder part they are fome- 
 what thicker, and they generally lie in plaits 
 and folds within the lungs. In fize they differ 
 but little from the Worm that enaws or cor- 
 rodes the fhell of the common Wilk. Their 
 colour is a yellowith white, except that they 
 are black towards the tail, which variety in co- 
 lour proceeds ftom that of the food they have 
 taken into their bodies. They have their 
 mouths conftantly fixed to the internal mem- 
 branes of the lungs, from which they fuck the 
 blood. On feparating them cautioufly from 
 thefe membranes, we may difcover in the mem- 
 branes a little opening made by thefe inféCts, and 
 even a {mall quantity of blood difcharged from 
 that aperture : the mouth alfo of the piratical 
 Worm appears bloody, if immediately in- 
 fpected. Thefe Worms appear to have an- 
 other aperture in their breaft, which however 
 I did not fufficiently examine. I omitted alfo 
 taking a furvey of their infide, except that I 
 obferved fome great and {mall guts, and fome 
 diftinct particles; but the infect’s fkin being 
 tranfparent, thefe particulars could be feen 
 without diffection. 
 
 Other kinds of Worms are often found alfo 
 in the lungs of Frogs. Thefe are like briftles, 
 with fharp heads and tails, and they coil them- 
 felves up. In colour they differ little from the 
 firft kind, only that on the infide of their bo- 
 dies they fhew thro’ their tran{fparent {kins, 
 fome of their inteftines in the form of a little 
 thread or line of a dufky brown. On opening 
 both thefe fpecies of Worms, immediately ta- 
 ken from the Frog, I found in them a great 
 number of fmall particles wrapped up in an 
 oblong membrane. On obferving that thefe 
 particles were not only all of the fame fize, 
 but were likewife regularly placed as in an ovi- 
 duct, my curiofity led me to examine them 
 with a microfcope, by which I at length con- 
 vinced myfelf that this prodigious number of 
 particles was no other than fo many roundith, 
 ot oblong eggs, in which alfo there was a very 
 difeernible motion. This induced me to open 
 fome of them. But how great was my {fur- 
 prife on finding, that very egg contained a 
 minute but perfect Worm lying folded up in 
 it, like a young ferpent in its egg ! Even thefe 
 little Worms, when extracted from their eggs, 
 moved themfelves exactly in the fame manner 
 with the parent-infe&t. This was an undeni- 
 able proof, that this Worm was both ovipa- 
 rous and viviparous; thus propagating its {pe- 
 cies in the moft furprifing manner. But I re- 
 turn to my proper tafk ; for this little animal, 
 tho’ no longer than a young Frog ten days old, 
 contained too many miracles to be publifhed in 
 
 ew pages. 
 
 : me air therefore to the Frog itfelf, what 
 ‘Thave faid fufficiently fhews, how the eggs 
 are difperfed, when they break the ovary, and 
 from thence roll into the cavity of the abdo- 
 men. But I would fain know, by what art, 
 regular motion, or contrivance an egg lying 
 
 of INSECTS. 
 
 1Og 
 
 thus loofely in the body, can be conveyed into 
 a narrow tube, whofe opening is placed very 
 high up near the heart ? Certainly, the beft 
 thing we can do on this occafion, is to own 
 {uch a conveyance utterly inconceivable by hu- 
 man underftanding, and humbly to acknow- 
 ledge the narrow limits of our faculties. It can- 
 not be denied, that at this time, the ovary is 
 diftended very much towards the upper parts 
 of the belly, by the great fize and number of 
 the eggs itcontains; neverthelefa, the egos which 
 poffefs the lower part of the Ovary, never lie 
 nearer than within two fingers breadth from the 
 opening of the tube ; and in the largeft Frogs, 
 they are ata greater diftance. Let us fuppofe 
 them ever fo nearthetube, who will tell us how 
 they can get into the opening of it, which fome 
 of the beft anatomifts could not difcover. The 
 eggs have no motion of their own; nor are 
 there any mutcles in the way to move them. I 
 therefore conclude, that this motion of the eggs 
 of Frogs lies hid ina mytfterious darknefs, too 
 thick for human underftanding to penetrate. 
 
 But however incomprehenfible. this motion 
 may be, we may derive from it great light into 
 the motion of the eggs in women, in whom 
 this tube is moveable; fo that it-can apply its 
 mouth to the Ovary, in order to receive the egg 
 falling from this lat part, a thing which 
 that. induftrious anatomift Bidloo faw, and 
 procured a drawing of. I have myfelf ob- 
 ferved more than fifty times in Frogs, that the 
 eggs which had broken loofe from the lobules 
 ot the ovary, had infinuated themfelves into 
 the tube, and thro’ the tube into the uterus ; 
 nor do I fee any manner of difficulty in con- 
 ceiving how in any animals the egg once got 
 into the tube, thould from thence pafs to the 
 uterus, the difficulty entirely lies in the paf- 
 fage of the egg from the ovary to the tube. 
 In the Frog there is all the reafon in the world 
 to call this motion a miracle; indeed, there is 
 nothing to hinder us from giving it the fame 
 appellation in all other animals. The caufes 
 of wonder are the fame in all; and in general, 
 the motions of eggs ferve moft manifeftly to 
 prove, that the human underftanding is con- 
 fined within very narrow bounds. 
 
 I have fometimes counted upwards of ele+ 
 ven hundred eggs in one Frog, all which are 
 to pafs thro’ the narrow, immoveable mouths 
 of thefe two tubes; nor can fuch pafiage be 
 looked upon as an eafy matter, as thefe tubes 
 fcarce deferve to be confidered as fimple chan- 
 nels, but rather as the horns of the uterus, 
 which other animals exhibit. The white of 
 the egg is formed in them, to furround the 
 Frog’s egg, or foetus, and afford the young ani- 
 mal nourifhment for fome days in the fame 
 manner as the colliquamentum, or white, does 
 the Chicken. On this account alfo, it is im 
 poflible to diftend thefe tubes with air at this 
 time ; it is even a difficult matter to alter, even 
 by fqueezing with the fingers, the fituation of 
 the eggs at that time faftened within the tubes, 
 the matter fupplied by them, for the nourifh. 
 ment of the Frog’s foetus, which it moft regu- 
 Ee larly - 
 
The BOOK of 
 larly furrounds, being very clammy and glu- 
 tinous. For this reafon the eggs do not pafs 
 fatt, or eafy thro’ the tubes, but very leifurely, 
 and by flow degrees, and chiefly by the action 
 of the mufcular fibres adminiftring to the tubes, 
 which little by little puth the egg and its nou- 
 rifhment into the uterus. 
 
 I find this white of eggs to be a very nou- 
 rifhing fubftance ; for which reafon, when I 
 had young Frogs to rear, I ufed, as often as I 
 wanted, other food that was proper for them, 
 to take a tube from the body of a female Frog, 
 and give it to them cut into pieces, which they 
 immediately faftened upon, fucking eagerly the 
 juices that flowed from thence. ‘This matter 
 even diffolves, and diffufes itfelf in water, like 
 the white of the Frog’s egg, being of a fimi- 
 lar compofition and fubftance: hence the tube 
 itfelf, on being juft thrown into water, be- 
 comes by degrees eight times as thick as be- 
 fore ; but this experiment muft be made within 
 a few weeks of the eggs paffing thro’ the tubes, 
 as afterwards they contain no more of the white 
 or albumen. 
 
 This tube, no doubt, is furnithed with its 
 glands ; tho’ as yet I have not had the fatisfac- 
 tion of feeing them diftinctly. I obferved, how- 
 ever, that the tube on its infide is thoroughly 
 lined with a regular reticulated glandulous 
 coat; from whofe pores the albumen, or white 
 is fecreted. Behold what, and how many 
 wonders appear in the Frog only! But we 
 ought not to content ourfelves with a fingle 
 experiment ; we ought to try every thing that 
 appears, and in every manner in which it can 
 be tried, to acquire a perfect knowledge of any 
 thing we defire to be thoroughly acquainted 
 with. 
 
 It is no eafy matter to determine whether 
 the uterus contributes alfo to the generation of 
 the white of the egg, and the full perfection 
 of the egg itfelf, or only ferves to collect all the 
 eggs, and cjeét them at one and the fame time. 
 To me it appears probable, that the uterus 
 ferves merely as a receptacle for the eggs. It 
 differs greatly from the tubes, as it is mem- 
 branaceous, and in part fibrous, or compofed 
 of, or furnifhed with many fibres ; but it is no 
 ways glandular, for which reafon it is always 
 found in a contraéted ftate, and never exhibits 
 itfelf diftin@ly, but when naturally diftended 
 with eggs, blown up with air, or injected with 
 fome kind of liquid. It is even impofiible to 
 diftend it by macerating it in water; fo that 
 upon the whole, no two things can be more 
 different than the tube and the uterus. 
 
 ‘The eggs, as I {aid before, at the time that 
 the Frog is to difcharge them, break loofe from 
 the lobules of the ovary, to the infides of which 
 they adhered, and are forced by I know not 
 what motion thro’ the cavity of the abdomen 
 into the open mouths of the tubes ; but I can- 
 not exactly determine how much time may be 
 requifite for this paflage, as the Frog is very 
 far from being tranfparent like fome other 
 animals. It may not, perhaps, be impoflible to 
 obferve this procefs in fome other fpecies : ne- 
 ea 
 
 110 
 
 NA TU R/UES oF 
 
 verthelefs, the knowledge of this truth could 
 then be only analogically obtained. 
 
 About the fame time we find that the tefti- 
 cles and fpermatic veffels in the male Frog All 
 with fperm. Thefe animals become then fo 
 eagerly intent on the bufinefs of propagation, 
 that they take no care in a manner of their 
 own fafety ; fo that they may be eafily caught 
 with the hand. I believe that they eat no- 
 thing, or very little, during this fit of luft, which 
 lafts more or lefs time, according to the heat 
 of the weather. 
 
 To carry on the intercourfe of the fexes, 
 which this great work requires, the male 
 Frog leaps upon the female, and when feated 
 on her back, he faftens himfelf to her very 
 firmly. For this reafon, the Dutch coun- 
 try boors, with great propriety, tho’ in their 
 vulgar way, call this manner of copulation, the 
 riding feafon of the Frogs, as the male is car- 
 ried about, riding, as it were, by the female. 
 
 It is neceflary, thofe who intend to diffec this 
 infect, fhould know how to diftinguifh the male 
 from the female. I have obferved two marks 
 by which this diftinion may be made, In the 
 firft place, the male has two air bladders, which 
 he expands in croaking ; and the mouths of thefe 
 bladders are feated on the fides of his jaws. 
 Thefe bladders confift of two membranes, which — 
 may be eafily parted, and feparately diftended 
 with air, and fo preferved. One of thefe mem- 
 branes is a continuation of the external fkin; 
 the other a continuation of the membrane of the 
 palate; and this laft is furnifhed with blood vef- 
 {els and mufcular fibres, which ferve to contra& 
 and dilate thefe bladders. Properly fpeaking, the 
 orifices of thefe bladders lie in the upper region 
 of the mouth, where the gums are feated in men ; 
 
 ~and near them, within the mouth likewife, are 
 to be feen the orifices of the organs of hearing, 
 or of the animals ears. ‘The tympanum, or drum 
 of the ear, lies withoutfide, immediately under 
 the fkin. The fame conftruction obtains alfo in 
 the Chameleon. 7 . 
 
 The other mark of the male Frog is furnifhed 
 by the animal’s thumb, which is very thick in 
 the males, Tab. XLVII. Fig. vi. a. perfectly 
 black in fome kinds, and covered with a great 
 number of papille, 4, which are likewife of an 
 extreme blacknefs, and conftruéted in the fame 
 manner with the papillz on the tongues of oxen. 
 Thefe papilla become rough in drying, and, like 
 the rough fkin called thagreen, feel very ruggids 
 their ufe I thal! prefently. defcribe.. 
 
 The males, at the time of copulation, leap on 
 the females, and they continue fometimes on their 
 backs, for forty days fucceffively, according as 
 the feafon of the year is more or lefs cold, and 
 the eggs take up more or le{s time in their paf- 
 fage to the organ that is to fhed them, Some- 
 times thefe animals continue together in this man- 
 ner even for a much longer time ; as when the fe- 
 male is weak or fickly, and the eggs on that ac- 
 count defcend more flowly through the tubes to 
 the uterus, or when they meet with delays in 
 the abdomen or uterus, as I obferved in fome 
 
 Frogs, whofe intercourfe lafted a very long ee 
 The 
 
The 
 
 The very moment the female has depofited her 
 eggs, the male forfakes her, having performed 
 the tafk, for which this luft was fo wifely de- 
 figned. 
 
 This wonderful copulation is perfomed in the 
 the following manner. As foon as the male has 
 leapt upon the female, he throws his forelegs 
 round her breaft, Tab. XLVIII. Fig. 1 and 11. 
 aa, and clofes them fo firmly, that I found it 
 impoffible to loofen them with my naked hands 
 without wounding them; fo that I found myfelf 
 under a neceflity of introducing an iron fpatula, 
 between the female’s breaft and the male’s legs, 
 the better to feparate them. The male moft 
 beautifully joins his toes between one another, in 
 the fame manner as people do their fingers at pray- 
 ers. His head refts on that of the female, 44, 
 but in the hinder part, his body hangs a great 
 deal lower than her’s, as he lies fo much more 
 backwards than fhe does: this pofture has its 
 ufe, which I fhall hereafter relate. The thumbs 
 of the male’s forefeet prefs with their thickeft 
 fides againft the breaft of the female, and the 
 extreme joints of the thumbs are bent a little. 
 
 Let the female fhake herfelf ever fo much 
 at this time, the male never lets go his hold, 
 even tho’ fhe fhould get out of the water, fo 
 that one may ‘carry them any where in this 
 pofture; which is likewife the cafe of garden 
 Snails, when engaged in the fame bufinefs, 
 Such is the male's eagernefs to act his part, 
 that he is not to be parted from his mate, even 
 by pulling him forcibly from her by his hind 
 legs. Thus thefe little animals fwim, creep, 
 and live together for many days fucceflively, 
 till the female has fhed her eggs, which, at 
 length, the does in a manner inftantaneoully. 
 T obferved, that when they breathed, during 
 this intercourfe, the external fkin, which im- 
 mediately covers the drum of the ear that lies 
 under it, near the eyes, Tab. XLVIII. Fig.1. 
 cc, continually heaved up, and then fell again 
 againft that organ of hearing; and this alter- 
 nate elevation and depreffion affords a pretty 
 fpectacle, when they both breathe, and open 
 and fhut their noftrils by turns. 
 
 It may be afked, at what time the male 
 leaps upon the female ? Whether it be before 
 the eggs have paffed through the tubes, or after 
 this, when they are already heaped up in the 
 uterus? But this circumftance I omitted to 
 examine. However, Icannot help delivering 
 it as my opinion, that the male afcends the 
 female when the eggs have been taken up by 
 the tubes, and fome of them have begun to 
 adhere to the uterus. My reafon for thinking 
 fo is, that otherwife the male might defeat all 
 his endeavours, by compreffing and clofing with 
 his arms the mouths of the tubes. Perhaps, 
 alfo, it is for this reafon, that fometimes fome 
 of the eggs remain in the abdomen, after the 
 others have been ejected. But a certainty, in 
 thefe cafes, might be eafily obtained by dif- 
 fection. 
 
 Hist F O22 
 
 mt: EN SoBiG-T'is. Iit 
 
 When, therefore, all the egos of the female 
 are got together in her uterus, the tubes are 
 quite empty; and when every egg has received 
 its coat of white in thefe tubes, or in the horns 
 of the uterus, fhe throws them all out together 
 by a fingle effort; and, while this is doing, it 
 may be obferved, that the male aéts the part 
 of a midwife, and promotes the expulfion of 
 the eggs by working with his thumbs, and 
 comprefling the female’s body harder with his 
 fore legs. Thus, at laft, the eggs are difcharged 
 at the female’s fundament in a long ftream, d; 
 and the male, who has no penis, immediately 
 fecundifies, fertilizes, or impregnates them, by 
 an effufion. of his {fperm, which he likewife dif- 
 charges at the anus, ¢, *. But as the eggs, 
 rendered very clammy and glutincus by the 
 white that invefted them, have grown together, 
 had been comprefied in the uterus, they imme- 
 diately, on being caft into the water, expand 
 themielves into their former round form, fi 
 Hence appears the neceffity of the hinder part 
 of the male’s body hanging more backwards 
 than the female’s. As foon as thefe egos have 
 efcaped from the female’s body, between her’s 
 and the male’s hinder legs, and have been im- 
 pregnated by the male’s fperm, the two Frogs 
 abandon each other. ‘The male fwims off, 
 and works his fore feet as before, though. they 
 had continued fo many days fucceffively, with- 
 out the leaft motion, in the moft violent ftate 
 of contraction. 
 
 The eggs thus dropt, immediately fink to 
 the bottom of the water, unlefs hindered by 
 weeds that grow in ditches, or the like; and 
 in a few days they return to the furface again, 
 if not {topped in the fame manner. I opened 
 a female about two hours after fhe had dif- 
 charged her eggs in a glafs veflel, where I had 
 kept her for that purpofe, and found the ovary 
 perfectly contracted, as I have reprefented it in 
 the fourth figure of the forty-feventh plate, 
 under the letter %.  Befides, there ftill re- 
 mained fome eggs in the abdomen, one in the 
 ovary, and one likewife in the tube. 
 
 Upon my proceeding, after this, to examine 
 the ovary, which was emptied of its eggs, I 
 difcovered, in diffecting the body, three dif- 
 ferent f{pecies of mufcles; namely, ftraight 
 ones, interfected by four lines, and oblique 
 defcending and afcending mufcles, lying under 
 the former. When I had laid open the abdo- 
 men, I obferved a very remarkable fingularity 
 in the ovary. In the firft place, I could difcern 
 in it eggs of four different fizes and colours. 
 Some of thefe were very fmall and white, Tab. 
 XLVIUI. Fig. 11. aa; others a little bigger, 
 and yellow, 4; a third kind was a good deal 
 bigger ftill, c, and of a dufky colour. There 
 were likewife in this part a great many black 
 little fpots, ¢, which, at firft fight, I took for 
 fo many eggs; but the microfcope proved they 
 were irregular particles, or eggs beginning to 
 
 decay. 
 
 * Ithad been fuppofed that this method of impregnation was peculiar to Fifhes ; but this is one inftance of thecontrary. Some- 
 thing nearly analogous is the cafe with the Water-Newt, and probably future experiments will thew it in other water animals. 
 
 On 
 
The BOOK 
 
 On opening afterwards fome of the lobes, 
 all the foregoing particulars appeared ftill more 
 diftinétly; the caufe of the blood-vefiels a- 
 mongft the eggs being very difcernible, ¢, as 
 likewife the manner in which the eggs were 
 placed upon the fmaller ramifications of thefe 
 veftels. When Ihad attentively furveyed and 
 confidered all thefe things, I judged them to be 
 the rudiments of the eggs, that were to be fhed 
 the enfuing feafon; tho’ afterwards the irre- 
 gularity of their figure, and their difference in 
 fize, made me alter my opinion. 
 
 Finally, I found at the bottom of the mem- 
 branes, which conftituted the globules, and 
 amongft the eggs I have juft now mentioned, 
 fome empty and very delicate membranes, Fig. 
 1v. aaa, which had ferved to inveft the eggs that 
 had been already difcharged from the ovary; in 
 the fame manner as it appears in the clufter of 
 eggs in Hens, which ftill retain, after the yolks 
 have left them, the little membranes and cells 
 which furrounded thofe yolks; though, in 
 courfe of time, thefe traces contract them- 
 felyves by degrees, and entirely difappear. 
 
 112 
 
 Of the manner in which the young Frogs or Tadpoles grow in their 
 and are in due time hatched or delivered from them. 
 
 gee very next day after the eggs had been 
 - difcharged, being the 18th of April, 
 they were of the bignefs reprefented at (1) ; 
 and the albumen, or white, which furrounded 
 them, was very inconfiderable: but I could 
 fee they grew from one minute to another, fo 
 that the day next following they were of the 
 fize at figure (2). The white, in proportion 
 as the water gradually penetrated it, grew on 
 every fide more and more clear and tranfpa- 
 rent; but the infide, which immediately con- 
 tained the embryo Frog, rather looked like an 
 agate. As to the fcetus itfelf, I could difcern 
 _ no alteration in it. But not content with ex- 
 ternal appearances, I refolved to examine tho- 
 roughly thefe eggs; but the furprifing tough- 
 nefs of the white threw fuch obftacles in my 
 way, that all my endeavours ended in nothing: 
 and though I, at laft, ftripped the embryo of 
 the coats and other fubftances in which it was 
 wrapped up, it was fo crufhed, and otherwife 
 difturbed by my handling it in the operation, 
 that I could not by any means fatisfy my cu- 
 riofity. 
 
 This difappointment obliged me to take 
 another method. I put a large number of 
 thefe eggs into different liquors, in hopes fome 
 of thefe fluids might prove a fufficient men- 
 ftruum to diffolve the white. At the fame 
 time I boiled, with the fame view, fome of 
 thefe eggs in water; by which means I indeed 
 fucceeded, but not as perfectly as I defired. 
 However, I could fee that the fkin of the en- 
 clofed Frog was regularly wrinkled, as in boil- 
 ing it had loft by evaporation fome of its hu- 
 mours. - 
 
 of NA OD RR Eiior, 
 
 Thefe particles were moft beautifully inter. 
 woven with blood-veffels, to which they were 
 fixed as to fo many ftalks, 54; as I have en. 
 deavoured to fhew both one and the other, and 
 at the fame time one of the largeft blood. 
 veffels, cc; but all of them confiderably mag- 
 nified. 
 
 This obfervation gave me reafon to think, 
 that the eggs I have been laft {peaking of, 
 might be, as it were, like fruits, which had 
 not as yet attained their due point of perfe@tion, — 
 and might wither and drop off, before they 
 did fo; and I found this to be the cafe, even 
 with perfect eggs, that had remained in the 
 ovary and abdomen, as I have in part repre- 
 fented under the letter f, of the third figure. 
 Thefe little membranes, which I have been 
 defcribing, were torn, as it were, and fo col- 
 lapfed as to form a fmooth plain furface; for 
 which reafon I exhibit only a few of them. 
 
 _ But it is time to fee now what becomes of the 
 
 eggs, when they are difcharged by the crea 
 tures now under confideration. eee 
 
 parent's eggs, 
 
 On furveying the next day the eggs I had 
 put into the other liquids, I found that the 
 whites had been coagulated by the liquor, 
 whofe effects I firft attended to, fo as to appear 
 of a beautiful roundnefs, like bunches of grapes. | 
 In colour they ina manner refembled an agate, 
 or the boiled egg of a Lapwing. ‘The little 
 enclofed animal was alfo coagulated, fo as not 
 to fall afunder on diffeCtion, though I could 
 then more eafily diveft it of the yolk. 
 
 In another liquor the eggs had acquireda .° 
 
 purple colour; but very little of the white was 
 diffolved. I therefore paffed to a third liquor, 
 in which I found the white of the eggs was 
 become more milky, and was a little diflolveds 
 and it had befides loft a great deal of its clam- 
 minefs and tenacity. The little Frog itfelf was 
 increafed to twice its fize, and all its contents 
 had in fome meafure contracted a colour: both 
 which circumftances afforded me a very con- 
 venient opportunity of examining thoroughly, 
 and with great care, the firft rudiments of this 
 little animal. as 
 
 The whites of the eggs in the fourth liquor 
 had affumed a greenifh hue, and wanted little 
 of being entirely diffolved; fo that here alfo ® 
 could very conveniently furvey every part of 
 the young Frog, efpecially as this was alfo en-- 
 tirely coagulated in the fame manner with the 
 yolk of a boiled egg. Thefe were the different 
 effects, on various parts, performed by one and 
 the fame liquor. On examining, therefore, 
 with a microfcope, the enclofed young crea- 
 ture, I found it to confift entirely of minute 
 grains, which were in a manner uniformly 
 divided, and were yellow and ‘tranfparent, 
 without 
 
The 
 
 without any other contents or vifcera, that I 
 could difcover. The little animal was alfo 
 divided throughout, as it were, into two parts, 
 by a very confiderable furrow or fold, Tab. 
 XLVIII. Fig.v. aa. In the upper part there 
 ftill remained fome traces of a little yellow fpot, 
 that appeared there by {ome little openings, 
 cracks, or crevices, 6. But on opening after- 
 wards the egg, according to the courfe of the 
 furrow juft now mentioned, I could difcern 
 that, on one fide of the feetus, this furrow 
 reached almoft to the middle of its body, 
 where this body was alfo fomewhat convex, 
 Fig. vi. a, in one part; and in the other part, 
 to which that furrow equally penetrated, it was 
 hollowed into a cavity, 4, which received the 
 convexity of the firft. On the oppofite fide of 
 the foetus the furrow was not, by a great deal, 
 fo deep, ec, fo that it juft looked like a fuper- 
 ficial cut on the fkin. The broken fubftance 
 of the young Frog’s body, compofed of grains, 
 dd, fhewed itfelf in the place where thefe fur- 
 rows terminatéd within. 
 
 I afterwards difcovered in a perfeé& Frog alfo 
 this parting or divifion, which I at firft obferved 
 by mere chance in the embryos of this animal ; 
 and this new difcovery procured me great faci- 
 lity in accounting for that fudden expanfion 
 and elongation of the young Frog’s body, on 
 the fourth day, when it explicates or unfolds 
 itfelf. Hence I believe, that one part of the 
 anfolded embryo forms the head and thorax of 
 the future perfect animal, and the other part 
 the abdomen and tail, which grows larger and 
 larger by degrees. 
 
 In the fifth liquor, where I had put fome 
 of the eggs, their whites were grown a little 
 redifh, and were almoft diffolved ; but the en- 
 clofed embryos had fhrunk up a little: by 
 which means I obtained a fight of a very lim- 
 pid humour, that furrounded the young Frogs, 
 and was itfelf enclofed in a delicate diftinét 
 coat or membrane. On examining thefe ap- 
 pearances with a great deal of attention, I dif- 
 covered, that, on orie fide, this membrane 
 looked like the allentoies, Fig. vir. a; and I 
 could even difcern, in the cavity of it, a little 
 white coagulated particle, floating in the en- 
 clofed liquor. The furrow, already men- 
 tioned, was likewife vifible in the midft of this 
 egg, 5; and, on the other fide, the little yellow 
 fpot, difcernible in the foetus, fhewed itfelf 
 through the tranfparent membrane which in- 
 vetted it, c. This yellow {pot differs in nothing 
 from the other parts of the embryo Frog, ex- 
 cept that the folds of the body are here larger 
 than elfewhere; and for the fame reafon, in 
 proportion as the Frog grows, this yellownefs 
 gradually wears away, and changes to black. 
 
 This fecond difcovery gave me room to 
 fufpect, that the Frog’s egg might likewife 
 leave its amnion and its chorion; and I had 
 afterwards the pleafure of difcovering thefe 
 membranes, though J cannot take upon me to 
 fay, that they can be diftinguifhed one from 
 another. But I know for certain, that the 
 Frog is wrapped up in a coat or membrane, 
 
 Hid FOR ¥ 
 
 of INSECT 8, 113 
 which is very diftintly confpicuous ; and that 
 it floats, moves, and turns itfelf in a moft 
 limpid fluid contained in this coat, juft in the 
 fame manner as the Chicken does in its colli- 
 quamentum, or white. 
 
 This fingular obfervation made me excef- 
 fively eager to fearch, to the bottom, thefe 
 wonderful and furprifing myfteries of Nature, 
 I therefore examined this egg again, touching 
 it a little more roughly. By this means the 
 allentoies dilated itfelf by degrees, Fig. vill. a, 
 as I thus forced into that membrane all the 
 liquid contained in the amnion; from which 
 however, on removing the little inftrument 
 with which I had preffed it, it returned to its 
 proper fituation. 
 
 At length, by treating this egg ftill more 
 roughly, I fucceeded fo far as to make the al- 
 lentoies fall off from the Frog; and as, in fo 
 doing, I wounded the creature, I could difcern 
 its black fluid particles flowing into the allan- 
 tois, and at the fame time difturbing the liquor 
 of the amnion, which it diftended, thereby 
 giving it the fhape of a Pear, Fig. 1x. a; I 
 therefore continued this operation, till every 
 part of the allentoies was thoroughly expanded 
 by the fluid particles of the wounded feetus ; 
 as may be feen in the tenth figure, done after 
 nature, but enlarged. With all this harth 
 ufage, I had not as yet broken any of the mem- 
 branes. 
 
 I next took a furvey of the Frog’s infide; 
 but I difcovered nothing diftinét enough to de- 
 ferve mention. I could only difcern the little 
 grains I have already defcribed, and from 
 which, as from a congeries of coagulated and 
 united globules, this little animal feems to de- 
 rive its origin. The menftruums had pro- 
 duced in this granulated fubftance a beautiful 
 variety of colours, as yellow, white, purple, 
 and many others. 
 
 The obfervations already mentioned, had 
 thrown fo much light upon the fubject of my 
 prefent inquiries, that the third day after-the 
 eggs had been difcharged, Tab. XLVIII. (3), 
 I could pretty clearly difcern the young Frog 
 floating in the liquor of the amnion, and fee 
 that it was now gradually expanding itfelf. 
 The whole egg alfo was grown much larger, 
 by the water and food it had imbibed. The 
 albumen that lay next the Frog was fomewhat 
 whiter than before; and I even thought that I 
 could perceive in this fubftance fome white 
 veflels, which, as I fufpected, might ferve to 
 encreafe the white of the egg, and convey it 
 to the embryo. We may therefore reafonably 
 conclude this has its umbilical veffels, though 
 too fmall to be difcerned. I unhappily ne- 
 glected this day to put any eggs into the men- 
 ftruums I had prepared to coagulate them, and 
 thereby to obtain an opportunity of looking for 
 thefe umbilical veffels. 
 
 On the fourth day 44 4 4, all thefe parti- 
 culars were fo vifible, even without the affift- 
 ance of a microfcope, as not to leave the leaft 
 room to doubt of their exiftence ; efpecially as 
 the colliquamentum, or white, and the coats 
 
 Ff inveft- 
 
 7 
 
iid The BOOK 
 
 4 
 invefting the embryo, were likewife greatly in- 
 creajed in fize, and the Frog had unfolded and 
 diiplayed itfelf under a variety of forms; as 
 may be {een in the figures I have given, to re- 
 prefent them of their natural dimenfions. 
 
 The fame was to be feen on the fifth day, 
 and formed a moft furprifing and beautiful ap- 
 pearance. I could now alfo difcover by what 
 means the chorion and amnion dilate them- 
 felves gradually, in the middle of the white. 
 The ring alfo, formed by the white veflels of 
 the chorion growing round its circumference, 
 was now extending itfelf; but with all this, 
 no umbilical veflels yet appeared in the colli- 
 quamentum of the amnion, though this liquor 
 was as tranfparent as chryftal. I could now 
 alfo moft diftin@ly difcern the divifion of the 
 young Frog into head, thorax, belly, and tail, 
 as well as the manner in which it was beauti- 
 ' fully adorned about its thorax, and near its 
 head, with fome black fpines, difpofed like a 
 border, and highly worth our notice, as I fhall 
 hereafter explain. All thefe things may be 
 feen in the figure, number 5, Tab. XLVIII. 
 
 I muft here obferve, that I could not now 
 any longer difcover the allentoies ; but whether 
 the fight of it was intercepted by the dilatation 
 of the chorion or amnion, or whether it had 
 only confifted originally of the folds of thefe 
 membranes, or in what other manner this dif- 
 ficulty may be explained, I cannot take upon 
 me yet todetermine. It was matter of great 
 entertainment to me, this day, to fee the em- 
 bryo Frogs rolling and tumbling about, almoft 
 perpetually, in the furrounding amnion. 
 
 On the middle of the fixth day I could per- 
 ceive, that fome of the young Frogs had dif- 
 engaged themfelves from the chorion and am- 
 nion, and deferted the albumen, or white of 
 the eggs; whilft others were only preparing to 
 break loofe, and others again had not even at- 
 tained fo much ftrength and perfection as thefe. 
 I obferved alfo, that fome of the eggs had in- 
 - creafed in fize, without unfolding themfelves ; 
 and thefe, I believe, were fuch as had not been 
 impregnated by the male’s fperm. I after- 
 wards met with two albumina, or whites, 
 which did not now contain, and never had 
 contained, any Frogs, though I could difcern 
 in them a white fpot; fo that perhaps thefe 
 were imperfect eggs, which had dropt from 
 the ovary with the reft, and had received 
 equally with them their proportion of albumen, 
 in pafling through the tubes. Thus did I, in 
 this fubject, difcover a great many of Nature’s 
 miraculous operations. 
 
 The tenth day (10) I had the pleafure of 
 feeing the young Frogs, which had deferted 
 their albumina, in an almoft perpetual motion, 
 {wimming alternately to this their primitive 
 habitation, and then from it again, for the fake 
 of reft and food. Thefe Frogs were of the 
 form reprefented by the figure, number Jo, 
 and they were grown very little larger; but I 
 thought it very remarkable, that the little black 
 appendages, like borders, before mentioned, 
 were greatly increafed in bulk. Thefe fpines, 
 
 a, 
 
 of NATURE; or, 
 
 it is probable, were intended by Nature to 
 aflift the little animal in fwimming, as well as 
 in remaining quiet and repofing itfelf in the 
 white. They greatly added to the beauty and 
 fingularity of its appearance, according to the 
 judgment I had at firft fight formed of them. 
 
 On the 15th J diligently furveyed, through 
 the microfcope, the external parts of the young 
 Frog, as I have reprefented in two feparate 
 figures, of its natural fize, in Fig. x1. and 
 in Fig. x11, a, of the fize given by the micro- 
 {cope, when laid upon its back. I could now 
 mott plainly difcern its divifion into head, tho- 
 rax, belly, and tail. The eyes Jay on each 
 fide of the head, Fig. x11. aa, and were be- 
 ginning to project a little, though they ftill 
 appeared as if they were fhut. On the fore 
 part, between the eyes, appeared the animal's 
 wide mouth, 4. A little lower than the head, 
 there were fixed to the thorax feveral particles 
 in two arrangements, twelve on a fide, very - 
 much refembling, in form, the little fimbriated 
 appendages already mentioned ; which I here 
 reprefent as rifing from the fides of the body, 
 cc. Tobferved, that the little Frog could ex- 
 pand thefe particles at pleafure, and draw them 
 up towards the abdomen, and afterwards re- 
 duce them to their former fituation. The 
 divifion of the thorax and abdomen was pretty 
 diftinét. In the belly lay an inteftine, which 
 {welled beyond the external furface ; and, tho’ 
 not completely coiled, formed a great variety 
 of windings in its way to the root of the tail, 
 where it at laft feemed to terminate, d. ‘The 
 ee tail on each fide was fomewhat tranfparent, 
 but more opake in the middle, owing to its 
 being thicker thereabouts, and to its having 
 alfo there a great many cartilaginous parts, 
 each furnifhed with its peculiar mufcles for 
 moving the tail. I could therefore plainly dif- 
 cern, that this cartilaginous and mufcular por- 
 tion of the tail, extended to its very extremity, 
 J, in the midway between the two membra- 
 naceous lateral one. The fkin of this young 
 Frog, viewed with the microfcope, looked ex- 
 aétly as if it was thick fet with black fpots, 
 upon a lighter ground, which appeared in their 
 interftices. 
 
 On my diffecting this animal, and opening 
 its abdomen for the firft time, the inteftine ap- _ 
 peared very confpicuous; but fo delicate, that, 
 with the flighteft handling, it diffolved into a 
 great many globular particles; as did likewife 
 the appendages, which were difpofed with 
 great art, like beautifal round {pots, on each 
 fide of the thorax. Even the fkin itfelf, when 
 handled, fell into particles of the fame form. 
 I could not difcover the ftomach, on account 
 of this wonderful tendernefs of the auimal’s 
 internal parts. I thought, indeed, I faw the 
 heact ; but I could not perceive either blood or 
 veffels. The contents of the thorax fell alfo 
 into little globules, in the fame manner with 
 the other parts already taken notice of. The 
 eyes exhibited themfelves much more diftinclly 
 within the head, than in its outfide.. The car- 
 tilaginous rudiments of the tail were grown to 
 
 fuch 
 
Thes Hot SD O'R ¥ 
 
 fuch a degree of firmnefs, that I could but jutt 
 feparate them from the adjacent parts. Tho’ 
 the tail moved about pretty violently, I could 
 not clearly notwithftanding difcover its mufcles, 
 as well becaufe they were extremely minute, 
 as becaufe the fame wonderful fluidity and 
 {pherical configuration fhewed itfelf in the 
 parts of thefe organs of motion. However, 
 I could plainly perceive them growing in an- 
 other little Frog, near the root of the tail. 
 The colour of the animal’s internal parts was 
 a dark gray. This proved another obftacle to 
 my anatomical inquiries, by caufing, in all 
 their appearances, an immediate confufion. I 
 could difcover nothing more than I have al- 
 ready anentioned in fome of thefe Vermicles of 
 Frogs, which Ihad fet apart as larger, and 
 confequently fitter for diffeCtion than others. 
 I could only obferve, that thofe round particles 
 or grains, of which I faid, at my fetting out, 
 that the eggs confifted, went likewife to com- 
 pofe the {kin and internal parts of the Frog. 
 A circumftance that could not fail of furprifing 
 me greatly, and the more fo, as they were con- 
 fiderable and diftin¢ct enough to be feen with 
 a common microfcope. 
 
 At this time, namely, on the 2d of May, I 
 caught a Frog, which had not as yet difcharged 
 her eggs; for which reafon I opened her, and 
 fed with them my young Frogs. This ani- 
 mal’s miffing the ufual feafon for this opera- 
 tion, might be owing to her wanting a male, 
 or to her being in a fickly condition. Be that 
 as it will, her eggs did not unfold themfelves 
 on being thrown into the water, like the 
 others. 
 
 On the twentieth day of thefe experiments, 
 which was the 7th of May, the fimbriated 
 appendices, Tab. XLVITI. Fig. x11. cc, had 
 begun to difappear; and were no more to be 
 feen on one fide of a Frog, fomewhat bigger 
 than the reft. This made me eager to invef- 
 tigate the caufe of fuch a change, efpecially 
 as the appendages of the left fide, which had 
 not as yet totally vanifhed, {till continued in 
 motion. In the courfe then of my inquiries 
 for this purpofe, I obferved, that the fkin of 
 the body, which lay between thefe particles, 
 had grown over fo as to cover entirely that of 
 the right fide ; and had already begun to take 
 in, after the fame manner, the particle on the 
 left. I afterwards difcovered, that the two 
 particles I have exhibited as lying on the ani- 
 mal’s thorax, under its head, with a direction 
 downward, had each of them a paflage to 
 that part under the fkin,) which appeared to 
 extend towards the fimbriated appendages ; 
 but I could not be fure of this circumftance, 
 on account of the extreme tendernefs of all 
 thefe parts in the young Frog. However, I 
 hence, with great reafon, fufpected that thefe 
 particles might afterwards poffibly grow into 
 the young Frog’s branchie; for I alfo obferved, 
 that the particle, which the fkin had already 
 
 "te 
 
 oc INSECTS. 11é 
 a 
 
 over-run on every fide, had likewife loft fome- 
 
 what of its original appearance and form. 
 
 The protuberant inteftines might now be 
 more eafily difcerned; and their termination, 
 at the place already thentioned, Tab, XLVIH. 
 Fig. x11. d, was become much more con{pi« 
 cuous. The pulfations of the heart, at this 
 period very ftrong, weré likewife very vitible 
 through the tranfparent {kin *. In the tail 
 the cartilaginous vertebra, and the mutcles 
 fixed to them on each fide, fhewed them- 
 felves very diftinétly, and, in a beautiful man- 
 ner, refembled a goofe-quill branching on both 
 fides into {maller feathers; for thus, nearly, 
 thofe mutfcles hung to the cartilages which 
 they were to move. 
 
 In diffeGting the little animal, I found its in- 
 teftines were increafing every way by degrees, 
 but in length efpecially ; to favour the increafe 
 this way, they were rolled up into coils, on ace 
 count of the fhortnefs of the body in which 
 they lay. But they were, however, as yet ten- 
 der, and their external coats {till confifted of 
 little elobules, I could now juft difcern the 
 ftomach, as likewife the liver and gall-bladder 
 of an aqueous or watry colour, and compofed 
 likewife of {pherical particles. .The entire liver 
 confitted alfo of grains of the fame form, and 
 the very heart itfelf, which I took panting out 
 of the body, and at every fyftole ufed to fill 
 with thofe grains, the little tide of whitith 
 blood it drove into the arteries. 
 
 Upon the whole, it was manifeft, that the 
 heart was formed in the little Frog, in much 
 the fame manner with that of Chickens, ac- 
 cording to the account given us of them, by 
 that illuftrious anatomift, Marcellus Malphigi. 
 The blood-veffels alfo, now fhewed themfelves. 
 The eyes, and all their humours ftill confitted 
 of little globules; as did even the black part 
 of the uvea. The mouth, contracted like the 
 mouths of Fifhes, was grown a great deal 
 more wide and fpacious, tho’ not fo large in 
 proportion, by many degrees, as that of a Frog, 
 arrived at its full growth; or even of a young 
 Frog that has juft thrown off its tadpole {kin ; 
 as fhall be illuftrated with a figure in its pro- 
 per place. As to the particles which formerly 
 lay on the outfide of the thorax below the 
 mouth. I could no longer fee any thing of 
 them ; nor have I made any other obfervations 
 concerning thefe appendages, befide thofe al- 
 ready mentioned. 
 
 May the twenty-third, which was the twenty- 
 fixth day after the young Frogs had left their 
 white fubftance, I received a fupply of little 
 Frogs from the country, in a flat-bottomed 
 earthen pot. 
 
 Having before diffected all thofe that I had 
 hatched and and raifed myfelf, left the little 
 animals fhould be killed in the paflage by the 
 continual tofling of the water ; and in order to 
 afford them refting places, I ordered, by way 
 of prefervation, that the pot fhould be nearly 
 
 . ° . . y rm = . o. g sates 
 * No creature affords more entertainment or inftrndtion, by the microf ope, than the Frog. The animalcules in the men of 
 the male we have already mentioned. The circulation of the blood is feen in the mefent ry, by the help of the folar microfcope, 
 
 more beautifully than in any other creature. 
 
 filled 
 
r16 The BOOK of 
 Filed with duckweed: and have with this foft 
 matter, only a little water. This contrivance 
 anfwered fo well, that I received all the Frogs 
 in good condition. The {malleft fpecies of 
 them was of the fize exhibited in the the thir- 
 teenth figure, ‘Tab. XLVI. Fig. xin. and 
 thefe were the Frogs I now took under my 
 confideration, as I had fet out by confidering 
 thofe of the fmalleft kind. This pot contained 
 a good many Frogs of twice the fize of the 
 
 former, but they were the offspring of a larger 
 
 {pecies ; fo that I only made ufe of them to ob- 
 tain better notions concerning fuch parts of the 
 animal, as I had before difcovered them in the 
 {maller fpecies. It is now time to defcribe the 
 many curious things that occurred in the courfe 
 of my fuperficial furvey and anatomical in- 
 qui'y. : 
 
 The firft thing that appeared worth notice, 
 without difleGtion, was the wonderful contri- 
 vance and conftruétion of the mouth, Fig. 
 xit.a. But as thefe parts of the young Frog 
 are too {mall to be properly reprefented in 
 figures of their natural fize, I fhall rather ex- 
 hibit them as they appear thro’ the microfcope, 
 on laying the creature upon its back, with its 
 vifcera feparated one from another. The ex- 
 ternal opening of young Frogs mouths, is by 
 no means placed in the anterior extremity of 
 the head, as it is in moft Fifhes, and even in 
 grown up Frogs, but opens in the thorax 2 
 little deeper under the head, as in the Shark, 
 fo that the young animal is obliged to turn 
 itfelf on its back, in order to feize any thing 
 that floats upon the furface of the water ; and 
 T have often feen it throw itfelf into this po 
 ture, either when it happened to be very hun- 
 gry, or intended to difcharge the air from_ its 
 lungs: upon thefe occafions, it turned fo nimbly, 
 that my eye could fearce follow it. 
 
 The aperture of its mouth confifts of an un- 
 der jaw aa, Tab. XLIX. Fig. 1. and a upper 
 one 4, both moveable, of an extreme black- 
 nefs, and armed with very fmall teeth like a 
 faw, with which, confidering its ftrength and 
 fize, the little animal is able to bite exceeding 
 hard. Thefe parts feem to be made of a flen- 
 der, horny, and pretty flexible bone. There 
 are, moreover, both above and below the open- 
 ing, a great many little horny bones of the 
 fame kind, furnifhed with a multitude of little 
 black teeth. All thefe little bones are placed 
 upon fome mufcular and very white plaits, 
 which ferve the animal like fo many lips, and 
 fhut its mouth, or keep it fhut; they firft feize 
 the prey it aims at, and then help it to draw 
 gradually into its mouth the food it has taken 
 hold of : for this reafon the young Frog can 
 move open and clofe all thefe mutcular parts 
 In a great variety of ways. The fkin lying on 
 each fide beneath the mouth, confifts of a 
 great number of white papille cc; fo that it 
 affords in the Frog itfelf a very beautiful ap- 
 pearance. A little lower down are the protu- 
 berant eyesdd. The fkin that covers thefe and 
 every other part of the body are moft neatly 
 coloured like variegated marble with gold ftars 
 
 3 
 
 NADU EE si or; 
 
 and {pots asit were upon ablack ground. This 
 animal, when turned fo as to lic on its back, 
 fhews on the forepart above the cyes, its noftrils, 
 thro’ which it breathes, lifting the head for that 
 purpofe, a little above the furface of the water ; 
 and on this occafion it moves thofe parts, which 
 it alternately expands and contracts, in a very 
 elegant manner. 
 
 On opening at this time the little animal’s 
 thorax, ‘there appear very diftinétly in this part, 
 and a little below the piace where the bone of 
 the breaft grows, the branchiz, or gills, di- 
 vided on each fide into four primary orders, 
 or rather ranges ee. We may even fee how 
 each of thefe orders is again, as it were, fub- 
 divided into a great many globular prominent 
 parts, along which the blood-vefiels run in vaft 
 numbers, and in an uncommon and very beau- 
 tiful manner. At the fame time the lungs are 
 alfo feen lower down in the abdomen ff, and 
 they are almoft always found {welled with air, 
 in the manner I have reprefented the right por- 
 tion of them; where I have likewife taken oc- 
 cafion to exhibit the blood-veffels difpofed over’ 
 this organ. The left portion is reprefented as 
 it appears when collapfed; for then there re~ 
 mains in it but a very inconfiderable portion of 
 air, which, on account of the extreme delicacy 
 and tranfparency of the membranes confti- 
 tuting the pulmonary lobes, appears no other- 
 wife than as a naked bubble of air, lying exs 
 ternally on the part whofe continuation really 
 enclofes it. 
 
 This is a moft curious obfervation, as it in-. 
 forms us there is an animal, which, at one and 
 
 the fame time, has both gills and lungs, both 
 ferving to circulate, cool, alter, and purify the 
 blood. It is probable the air, in this creature, 
 mixes with the blood in its paffage through the 
 lungs; and that afterwards, in company with 
 this fluid, it vifits every part of the body; whilft 
 the water, by pafling thro’ the mouth at the 
 
 gills, has at the fame time the very fame — 
 
 effect. 
 Thefe gills are no other than the little fim- 
 . briated appendages, which I reprefented bigger 
 
 poem 
 
 ‘than the life, in Tab. XLVIII. Fig. x11. as 
 
 hanging on the outfide of the body; and 
 which, on being taken in by the creature in its 
 growth, are now advanced to the important 
 office of gills. It is in this manner exactly, 
 that the vitellus of the Chicken, which at firft 
 lies without the abdomen, comes afterwards 
 
 by degrees to be fhut up in the belly, as Dr. 
 Steno firft defcribed this natural procefs, which — 
 
 he likewife illuftrates with an accurate figure; 
 and immediately after him, that curious Eng~ 
 lifhman, Walter Needham: for thefe two 
 gentlemen, who were quite unacquainted with 
 each other, made this difcovery at the fame 
 time, in different countries. 'Thefe borders or 
 edgings are very difcernible on the little Frog’s 
 firft appearance from within its albumen, and 
 while they continue on the outfide of the body. 
 The learned Oligerus Jacobeus was acquainted 
 with thefe particles, as appears by his being 
 the firft who gave a figure of them, with a 
 
 ' fhort 
 
 - om, oe 
 an 
 
Ha 6 TO RY 
 
 fhort explanation, in which he juft takes notice 
 of their difappearing in time; but this circum- 
 {tance might be eafily known, and without the 
 help of diflection, and I took notice of it myfelf 
 more than twelve years ago. The gills hereto- 
 fore defcribed, may be likewife {een within in the 
 ' Frog’s mouth, through which the water flows 
 upon them, and is then difcharged, after aiter- 
 ing the blood that paffes through thefe organs, 
 
 Nor could I ever yet difcover, that thefe bran- 
 chiz or gills, have any openings on the fides of 
 the body, as is ufually the cafe in fithes. 
 
 Here it may be probably afked, whether the 
 blood circulates in the young Frog, both through 
 the gills and lungs? This I cannot abfolutely de- 
 termine; for whilft 1 was engaged in thefe ob- 
 fervations, I was difturbed with the cafes of 
 many who were dangeroufly fick, which pre- 
 vented my having time and leifure for examining 
 this matter in the largeft young Frogs, one of 
 which I have reprefented, Tab. XLVi. under 
 No. V. otherwife I had refolved to render thefe 
 obfervationson the generation and change of young 
 Frogs as completeas poflible. I muft therefore de- 
 fire the reader to accept what I now exhibit on 
 this fubjeét, as the prelude only of a more per- 
 fect work, to be hereafter publifhed. Though 
 I have already obferved many things concerning 
 this matter, I have not fuch confidence in my 
 memory, as to prefume to publifh, before I re- 
 examine them. 
 
 In order to make fome anfwer from my for- 
 mer ob{ervations to the queftion I have juft now 
 propofed, I am thoroughly perfwaded, that the 
 greatef{t part of the blood circulates in the young 
 Frog through the gills; and that only a {mall 
 part of it is conveyed through the lungs; and 
 this defigned probably only to nonrifh them, and 
 to fupply the remaining mafs of blood with air. 
 The reafon why I propofe this opinion is, that 
 only a very {mall portion of the blood circulates 
 thus in full grown Frogs, in which the gills, be- 
 ing probably thrown off with the laft {kin which 
 the Tadpole cafts, wholly difappear; and, on 
 the other hand, the greateft part is after this dif- 
 tributed into the whole body, out of the heart 
 through the arteries, without touching the lungs, 
 This is made evident in a letter, which I formerly 
 wrote to the celebrated Oldenburg, fecretary to 
 the royal fociety of London, and which is to be 
 found in the philofophical tranfactions of that fo- 
 ciety. I hope alfo, that by this obfervation, I 
 have at length proved it, againft the opinion of the 
 famous Malpighius and Needham, who think 
 the blood is perfected in the lungs; that fan- 
 guification, or the making of blood, muft be 
 wholly attributed to the liver. I am perfuaded, 
 that I can demonftrate it very eafily: though 
 fome, ftimulated with envy and vain glory, bark 
 againft it, like dogs againft the glittering bright- 
 nefs of the moon. My experiments concerning 
 this matter, indeed, penetrate further than any 
 perfon hath ever probably thought. But I return 
 tothe Tadpole or young Frog, 
 
 The heart, Tab. XLIX. Fig. 1. g, is placed 
 between the gills in the Tadpole ; and out of it, 
 one may very diftinétly fee produced the great 
 
 bl 
 The 
 
 artery : this is divided into two branches; and 
 thefe are further divided into very con{picuous 
 {prigs or thoots, which have all gills annexed to 
 them: but whether fome of thofe branches are 
 likewife tranfmitted to the lungs, as.is the cafe 
 in fall grown Frogs, 1 could not at this time, 
 for the reafons beforementioned, examine: Iam 
 ftill doubtful alfo, whether all thefe fhoots are 
 diftributed to the gills alone. 
 
 Near the heart is placed the auricula , which 
 has not yet fuch a fituation or figure, as it has in 
 full grown Frogs. But in the examination of 
 the auricula, and its vefiels, I have not yet ar- 
 rived fo far as to fatisfy myfelf: therefore, I 
 cannot exacily declare, whether thofe two veins, 
 which I delineate under the Auricula, reach to 
 the gills, and carry back the blood from them 
 to the heart, or whether they communicate with 
 the veflels of the lungs. All thefe matters fill 
 remain to be inquired into. But for this reafon, 
 I do not {cruple to delineate thofe parts, as they 
 appeared tome, without examining them more 
 exactly. 
 
 Below thofe two veins is fituated the vena 
 cava and liver, 7; this I obferved to be divided. ag 
 it were, into four lobes: it is at this period 
 whitifh, and fomewhat redith, It is plainly 
 difcovered, that the liver is compofed of very re- 
 gular glandulous granules, which one may take 
 for very fmall glands. Near the liver in the 
 Tadpole is placed the gullet, 4, which defcends 
 from the mouth to the ftomach, and is deline- 
 ated here in that form. But, in order to avoid 
 confufion, I delineate the gall-bladder, 4 near 
 the other fide of the gullet, That little bag of 
 gall was at this time of a white, diaphanous hue: 
 nay, the bile itfelf was limpid and perfpicuous, 
 and without any bitternefs; though in the full 
 grown Frogs, it is fometimes fo green and fluid, 
 that it may be ufed to draw lines. The fluidity 
 of the gall feems to me to depend on its piercing 
 bitternefs, which is manifeft fome months after- 
 wards, if paper, rabed over with fuch gall, be put 
 into the mouth, The fpleen in the Tadpole ig very 
 {mall, triangular, but fomewhat irregular, and 
 much more red than the liver: this is likewife 
 the cafe in full grown Frogs. 
 
 There was nothing more beautiful to obferve 
 in this diflection, than the courfe of the gullet, 
 ftomach and inteftines ; for thefe parts were ob- 
 ferved to be very admirably convoluted in the 
 body of the Tadpole. The firft finus, into which 
 the gullet was twifted, vas about the liver, Tab. 
 XLIX. Fig. 1. , under which I have delineat- 
 ed, ”, acertain portion of the mefentery, toge- 
 ther with its blood veffels. The ftomach was 
 in the beginning, and in its ftate of accretion, 
 like a piece of red fleth, which being partly fitu- 
 ated over the gullet and fmall guts, began o to 
 {well and grow thick. But there was likewife 
 obferved a great number of blood veffels, which 
 diftributing themfelves through the ftomach, 
 formed as it were a beautiful net. 
 
 I here difcovered moft clearly, that the fto- 
 mach in the beginning of the young Frog’s ac- 
 cretion, did not yet perform its office, which was 
 in the mean time performed by its guilet and 
 
 Gg 
 
 mteitinpe 
 inteftines 
 
118 The BOOK of 
 inteftines, which were for that reafon made pro- 
 portionably larger and longer in the young Frog, 
 than even in the full grown one. On meafur- 
 ing the length of the inteftines in this little crea- 
 ture, I obferved it to be five inches. When I 
 thoroughly viewed the contents of the gullet, . 
 ftomach and {mall guts, I cbferved they were all 
 of the fame nature, and contained fome parts, of 
 aquatic plants, little grains of fand, clay or mud. 
 Therefore, when I fed thefe young Frogs with 
 Duckweed for fome time in my chamber, in 
 ftone bafons, 1 obferved that they eat all the 
 roots of it fo clean, that none remained ; but not 
 the round little part or leaf, which is full of air, 
 and {wims on the furface of the water, But af- 
 terwards, when they had nothing to eat under 
 the water, I obferved them continually rolling 
 about on their back for hunger, and conftantly 
 catching the refidue of the Duckweed in their 
 mouth, though it was too big for them to {wal- 
 low. 
 
 At the fame time, I obferved alfo, that the 
 orbicular leaf of the Duckweed is not only full 
 of air-bubbles, and for that reafon neceffarily 
 floats on the furface of the water; but that even 
 its very root of the plant, contains air, tho’ not 
 in a proportional quantity: this is probably the 
 reafon why the root fubfides. I further obferved, 
 that the extremity of the peduncle, or root of 
 the Duckweed, is thicker in proportion, and 
 more porous than the ftalk itfelf: and confe- 
 quently the nourifhment feemed to me to pene- 
 trate through that extremity to the leaves. I 
 likewife obferved, that when I nurfed up one 
 plant of Dackweed ina ‘bafon of water, and ex- 
 pofed it to the rays of the fun, it infenfibly put 
 forth many roots; nay, that the very leaf of 
 thefe little plants multiplied and increafed into 
 two, three, or four other leaves; the leaft of 
 which, afterwards feparating from the parent, 
 formed feveral other {mall ones; fo that this 
 little plant feemed to multiply itfelf without feed, 
 in a very fhort time. I had indeed refolved, yet 
 more accurately, to inveftigate and delineate thefe 
 things: but the reafons before mentioned, have 
 likewile diverted me from this refolution. 
 
 Some years ago, examining the tubercles, 
 which are found on the back of Fern-leaves, I 
 obferved that they confifted of fome thin plates, 
 or lamine, in which the pods, containing the real 
 feeds of the plant, were enclofed: though many 
 authors deny that this, and fuch like fpecies of 
 plants have any feed *. Since the art and ftruc- 
 ture obfervable in thefe pods is admirable, I thall 
 
 * Every part of natural hiftory is greatly improved of late time. 
 
 N Ae Ue ee aes 
 
 give a brief defcription of them, until I have 
 time to delineate them magnified ; as I have for. 
 merly done to oblige Dr. Arnold Syen, profeffor 
 of botany, to whom I freely communicated this 
 uncommon obfervation, fince it regarded his 
 profeflion: of which, however, no iurther no- 
 tice need be taken here. 
 
 Thofe pods are of around figure, and are 
 compofed, as it were, of two hemifpheres, 
 placed clofe to each other; but they may be 
 parted in the middle. About this joint or feam 
 is beautifully twifted a little herbaceous cord, 
 which keeps the two fegments of the pod in 
 their fituation. One extremity or bafis of this 
 little rope grows to the fern-leaf ; but the other 
 is affixed to the lower hemifphere of the pod; 
 and at length, after f{urrounding the whole pod, 
 it terminates in the upper part of it. 
 
 In the cavity of this pod the Fern-feed lies, 
 and it is indeed fo f{mall, that it is with great 
 difficulty to be difcerned by the naked eye; 
 and when blown upon, it vanifhes into the air 
 like fine duft. 
 
 But this is only a {mall part of thofe beauties 
 that are obferved about the pod, and its cord. 
 I beg leave to obferve from hence, that when 
 the feed grows ripe on the infide, and the pod 
 dries away, then the cord, twifted round the 
 pod like a rope, is fo ftrongly curled, on ac- 
 count of its contorfions, that it makes the pod 
 fly into two parts, and forces a paflage for the 
 feed to difperfe itfelf. 
 
 This may be feen clearly and diftinly, if 
 the feed be examined in autumn with a micro- 
 fcope: for as the head is, under this infpection, 
 very near this feed, I have often obferved, that 
 a great number of thefe pods, burft afunder 
 by force of the twifted cords, which are con- 
 tracted by the breath and heat of the body, 
 and the feed, is by this means thrown out. 
 But thefe things are only faid occafionally in 
 this place +. 
 
 The pancreas in the Tadpole was obferved, 
 Tab. XLIX. Fig. 1. p, to be fituated near the 
 ftomach, and compofed of diftin@tly confpi- 
 cuous glandules. Below the ftomach appeared 
 g the {mall gut, with its blood-veffels and con- 
 tents, which were of a greenifh tranfparent 
 colour. But the convolutions of the inteftines 
 exhibited the moft beautiful fight of all; for 
 thefe were orderly and regularly rolled 77 into 
 two diftin& ferpentine forms. One of their 
 extremities was joined to the rectum, s, which 
 at length conftituted the fundament between 
 
 This author firft difcovered the feeds of Fern, unknown to for- 
 
 mer writers; and we have fince difcovered thofe of Duckweed, which were unknown to him. This little plant is now known to 
 roduce its like in the manner of all others. Small as the whole plant is, it produces flowers of all kinds from the fame root. In 
 ome of them are the filaments, two in numter, and a fingle ftyle rifing from a {mall oval rudiment of a fruit: in others, there are 
 no filaments, but only the rudiment of a fruit with its fyle. ‘he cap which contains thefe, is alike in both kinds; it is rounded, 
 and fplits on one fide: there are no petals in either flower. ‘The rudiment of a fruit decays, and comes to nothing in thofe flowers 
 which have the filaments with it; but in the others it becomes a globous feed veflel, terminated by a point, and contains feveral ob- 
 long feeds. This is eftablifhed on the opinions of Micheli, Dillenius and Buxbaum, and is confirmed by Linnaeus, and by expe- 
 
 rience. 
 + The world owes 
 
 at acknowledgments to this author for many difcoveries; and he with juftice claims that diftinGion, in 
 
 egard to the feeds of Fern, of which he treats more largely hereafter. The fcience of Botany is fo far improved fince his time, 
 that we have difcovered ditin@ly the feeds, and their peculiar diflribution on the leaves, in all the capillary plants. In Ofmund they 
 are enclofed in diftin® globular capfules, which burft fideways; in the Louchilis they are laid in lines, like crefcents, under the 
 hollows of the leaves; in Hartitongue and Trichomanes they are difpofed, in firaight lines, under the difk of the leaf; in Polypody 
 they are arranged in round dots; in the true Maidenhair in oval afemblages, at the t ps of the leaves: the Horfetail has them in 
 
 oval {pikes ; and the Adderftongue in cells, placed in two rows along the fpike. 
 to the four kinds; and in the Rutta Muraria they cover the whole under-part of the leaf. 
 
 Thefe plants are now found to belong diftin@ly 
 the 
 
 wee. 
 
The 2H -2S :‘T: O8R=Y 
 the two hinder legs, 4. The difference, how- 
 ever, between the {mall and great guts was not 
 very confiderable in the Yadpole ; nor is it very 
 remarkable in the human fetus, in which 
 there is, at firft, very little difference between 
 the {mall gut, colon, and rectum; as I can 
 demonttrate in a human feetus fix months old. 
 The moft remarkable thing in this little ani- 
 mal was, that only the rudiments of wa the 
 two_hinder feet of the Frog were yet feen ; 
 and from them the toes, not yet ftrengthened 
 inwardly with bones, began to fwell, as a 
 branch does out of a tree; though the figure 
 and conftruction of the feet was, however, 
 pretty perfect and evident. But as to the two 
 fore legs, not even the leaft veftige of them 
 yet appeared outwardly, becaufe they lay xx 
 hidden, covered and enclofed under the {kin: 
 nor did they come in‘ view before the fkin was 
 cut open in that part, and then they were feen 
 fituated above the lungs and below the gills, 
 though they were not fo perfe@& as the hinder 
 
 fase 
 
 it is evident, from what has been faid, that 
 i may and ought to be confidered, 
 as a real infect, fince it hides its 
 under the fkin, and thefe increafe there 
 until the change of the Jaft fkin is near at hand; 
 at which time it is obferved in infe&ts, that they 
 are, as it were in an inftant of time; tranf- 
 formed into other creatures, and exhibit to 
 fuch limbs as they did not before appear 
 t The fame thing likewife holds in 
 young Frogs or Tadpoles: wherefore this ani- 
 > placed in the fecond order or 
 natural changes, unlefs the juft 
 laws of method had commanded me to treat 
 of it at the end of this work, in order to make 
 the likenefs between animals which have a red 
 blood, and thofe which contain white, yellow, 
 or green blood in their heart and veffels, the 
 more evident. 
 
 As we fee infects lofe many parts with their 
 old fkin, this is likewife the cafe in the Frog ; 
 which, befides other things, plainly cafts off its 
 mouth and tail: fo that, however admirable 
 the art, order, conftruction, and parts of its 
 members may appear to be; yet the nerves, 
 arteries, veins, cartilages, mufcles, and many 
 other remarkable parts, which gradually vanith, 
 and are, as it were, become infenfible, are de- 
 ftroyed at once, ceafe their motions, and ftop 
 their feveral functions, on the change. Are 
 not thefe changes admirable? And do not they 
 lay before our eyes the omnipotent hand of 
 God, confpicuous in his inacceflible radiancy 
 and infinite majefty? He, in this cafe, forms 
 another out of one and the fame animal, which 
 though different in appearance, yet remains one 
 and the fame creature. May not the refurrec- 
 
 p anima 
 tilis aAllilii: 
 
 in its original, 
 
 VIEW 
 
 = 
 a rf 
 > 
 _ 
 
 4 
 
 (@) 
 
 Oo Wi ui 
 
 tion of the dead be exemplified in this illuftri- © 
 
 of s.I N S$. BAG 
 
 a: 11g 
 ous inftance? All this is very elegantly mani- . 
 fefted in various infe4s. 
 
 As the want of fubje&s now prevents my 
 being able to invefticate further the moft arti- 
 ficial compofitions and changes of the limbs 
 in the Tadpole, I fhall here defcribe only the 
 mufcles, which are moft regularly placed in the 
 middie of the tail, and merit very particular 
 notice. Thofe mufcles are laid fomewhat 
 obliquely, and converge, Tab. XLIX. Fig. 1. 
 ¥J3jy to cach other from the two fides of the 
 tail towards the middle; and each of them is 
 likewife divided into many moving fibres, That 
 this may appear the clearer, I have delineated 
 them as if they lay outwardly on the fkin. On 
 each fide of the mufcles is feen zz the mem- 
 branous fkin of the tail, marked with beauti- 
 ful points: by the help of this part the Tad- 
 pole moves its tail, and {wims, fince it ufes it 
 like an oar, to puth its body forward, with a 
 ferpentine motion. 
 
 Before I proceed to other obfervations, which 
 I have made on the full-grown Frog, I thall 
 give the method whereby the Frog changes its 
 fkin. I would have it obferved, that 1 here 
 treat of the largeft {pecies of Tadpoles, fince 
 the other kinds are much fmaller. To which 
 I muft add, that I increafed it a little above 
 its natural fize, in order to explain more in- 
 telligibly the metamorphofis of the fkin. The 
 time when the young Frogs begin to caft 
 their fkin, and to put on the form of a Nymph, 
 is with us about the middle of June, or 
 fomewhat later; that is, a little more than 
 two months after they come dut of their eggs. 
 When this time approaches, the fkin of the 
 young Frog is firft ufually burft in the back, 
 near the head, and through this chink the 
 young Frog immediately puts forth its head. 
 Then is feen the mouth lying, Fig. 11. @, in 
 the Tadpole’s exuvie ; and this is obferved to 
 differ much, 4, from the wide opening of the 
 Frog’s mouth. Then the Frog turns out its 
 firft pair of legs, which lay till now hidden 
 under the fkin, ¢c, and at the fame time it 
 preffes back the fkin towards the hinder parts. 
 Thus the reft of the body, the hinder legs, 
 dd, and alfo the tail, are ftript of their fkin : 
 after which we fee the tail contra¢ted more 
 and more every day, until at laft no vettige of 
 it appears. If the Frog thus produced be a 
 male, two pneumatic kidneys ee are difco- 
 vered on each fide of the head, behind the 
 eyes; and the great toes of the fore feet appear 
 alfo thicker and longer ff than in the female. 
 But what parts in particular are left in the 
 exuviz, and whether the gills be difcovered 
 adhering to them, I have not yet examined. 
 After the fame manner Toads and Water- 
 Newts caft their fkin. 
 
 Of 
 
The BOOK of 
 
 120 
 
 Of the circulation of the blood in a full-grown Frog. 
 
 7" HE manner in which the blood circulates 
 
 i in the full-grown Frog, is not a point of 
 -fmall moment: indeed, it very much recom- 
 mends comparative anatomy, fince, when that 
 is not thoroughly known, it feems that one 
 cannot arrive at the real knowledge of the ufe 
 of the vifcera. The famous Malpighius, 
 Needham, and many others, fay that the Frog 
 has vifible lungs and refpiration. Nay, they 
 alfo think that the blood circulates through the 
 lungs, is there elaborated, leffened in the 
 globules, and brought to its full perfection : 
 and hence the office of fanguification, which, 
 in former ages, was fuppofed to be done by 
 the liver, is now transferred from thence to 
 the lungs. Befides, fince the fame gentleman 
 has obferved gills in Fifth anfwering the pur- 
 pofe of lungs, thro’ which all the blood circu- 
 lates ; and as they faw the water {trike againft 
 thefe in the manner as the air does againft and 
 into the lungs, in other animals, they have 
 therefore made the gills perform the office of 
 making blood. 
 
 I confefs, this opinion is very ingenious ; if 
 it be fuppofed, that the liver does in no wife 
 contribute to make blood. But from whence 
 fhall fanguification be derived in this animal, 
 which has lungs; but at the fame time they are 
 fo circumftanced, that the blood does not pafs 
 thro’ them, but is immediately diftributed all 
 over the whole body, out of the fingle ventri- 
 cle which their heart hath, without touching 
 the lungs? This plainly is the cafe in Frogs. 
 The fame thing, probably, holds in Toads, 
 Water-newts, Lizards, Chameleons, Tortoifes, 
 Serpents, and other creatures of that kind ; 
 all which I have obferved to be provided with 
 membranaceous lungs: tho’ I have not yet 
 accurately examined their blood-veffels. We 
 {hall certainly be obliged to return to the liver, 
 and réftore it to its former degree of dignity. 
 Nay, this holds more ftrongly in the Frog, 
 which is deftitute of the laéteal veins: fince 
 its chyle muft, for that reafon, neceflarily en- 
 tér the great numbers of its meferaic veins, and 
 be thus conveyed thro’ the vena porta to the 
 liver. In the extremity of this vein, the blood, 
 which is to pafs from thence into the cava, is 
 broken and divided ; and it feems to me to 
 acquire its laft perfeCtion in the cava itfelf. 
 As, Iam confident, I fhall, at fome time, more 
 fully demonftrate, with refpect to thofe ani- 
 mals, which have lacteal veins. But I cannot 
 now, for want of time, finifh the experiments, 
 which Ihave began, concerning this fubject : 
 and which, tho’ not many in number, are yet 
 fo important, as to promife great difcoveries. 
 
 Having premifed thefe things, I fhall now 
 briefly defcribe the principal arteries and veins 
 in the Frog, and {hall thew the manner in 
 which the blood circulates thto’ them. The 
 Frog’s heart, Tab. XLIX. Fig. mu. @, as is the 
 cafe in moft Quadrupedes, is found fituated in 
 
 3 
 
 N A- TAO Roe, Sor, 
 
 the cavity of the breaft, which is indeed very 
 fmall. To the upper part of the heart, the 
 auricle 5 is obferved to be joined : but it has, 
 like the hearts of Fith, only one ventricle, out 
 of which likewife there iffues only one artery ; 
 which is in the beginning confiderably mufcu- 
 lar, and fufficiently dilated, and immediately 
 
 ‘afterwards dividing into two trunks; one of 
 
 which is detached to the right region ¢, the other 
 to the left region of the breatt d. Each of thefe 
 arteries, which are like the fubclavian veins, is 
 further divided into three principal branches. 
 The farft of thefe, which is the leaft ee, ftretches 
 on each fide to the lungs, and gives them nou- 
 rifhment : and therefore I call thefe the pul- 
 monary arteries, and they are of the nature of 
 thofe called Bronchials in man and _ brutes, 
 
 Thefe, in their courfe to the lungs, are com- ~ 
 
 monly divided into three branches, which I 
 here exhibit as cut off; and after this ftretching 
 to the coat that furrounds the lungs, thereon 
 form a very admirable piece of net-work, and 
 communisate with each other by feveral ana- 
 ftomofes: hence they alfo pafs down by very 
 {mall thoots, into the inward irregular veficles 
 of the lungs, among which the pulmonary vein 
 is diffufed, and with the latter they form a very 
 confpicuous anaftomofis, vifible even to the 
 naked eye. This is manifeft, if thefe veins 
 and arteries be filled with quickfilver. I keep 
 fome prepared in this manner. Out of the 
 pulmonary arteries likewife proceed two {mall 
 branches, Tab. XLIX. Fig. 1. ff on each fide, 
 turning upwards, which are diftributed thro’ 
 the parts of the mouth. 
 
 The fecond pair of the principal branches, 
 arifing out of the trunk of the great artery, are 
 obferved to be dilated into two remarkable 
 wollen knots ; thefe are of a grayifh black co- 
 lour gg, in the living Frog. Both thefe arte 
 ries are after this extenuated, and, together with 
 the little branches iffuing from them, feem de- 
 figned only to ferve the mufcles of the mouth, 
 and thofé of refpiration. But as each of them 
 afcends higher, it is again dilated into a knotty 
 little bladder. I thould think thefe arteries are 
 duplicates of the nature of thofe which before 
 ferved for conveying the blood to the gills. 
 This I cannot affirm for certain ; but it may be 
 hereafter examined into by repeated diffections. 
 
 The third pair of the primary branches are 
 particularly worthy of confideration ; fince 
 thefe properly conftitute the trunk of the ar 
 teria magna in the region of the loins, and are 
 there for that purpofe united by a very con{pi- 
 cuous anaftomofis. They rife out of the trunk 
 of the arteria magna, then they bend 4 circu- 
 larly under the lungs; and, after fending out 
 fome branches, they likewife emit 7# the axilla- 
 ry arteries from off their fides. We obferve, that 
 a little deeper beneath the heart, the carotid 
 arteries arife from them; and that thefe afcend- 
 ing && from thence towards the head, bury 
 
 themfclves 
 
 v 
 
 " 
 ne Fe ow BS a ee POR 
 
The 
 
 themfelves in the bones of the fkull. The ar- 
 teries of the vertebra, alfo arife // from thefe 
 branches ; and at length uniting together by 
 a manifeftly confpicuous anaftomofis, they con- 
 ftitute the trunk of the loins; out of which 
 rifes the czliac artery, which afterwards fends 
 out from it m, the mefenteric artery. Some ar- 
 teries alfo, as thofe of the loins 27, and thofe 
 that are detached to the tefticles, ovary oo and 
 reins p, have their origin from the fame trunk ; 
 and this fame trunk is itfelf afterwards divided 
 in the laft place into the iliac gg branches. 
 The blood being driven out of the heart 
 through all thefe arteries, to the circumference 
 of the body and vifcera, at laft returns by a 
 manifeft circulation through the veins to the 
 heart, as to its center; whilft in the mean time 
 only a part of it circulates through the lungs, 
 and indeed exactly in the fame manner in 
 which it circulates through the mufcles and 
 the reft of the vifcera. Therefore, the blood 
 in the Frog circulates in a quite different order, 
 than is obferved in other animal quadrupedes, 
 or in fifhes; in which all the blood pafies 
 either thro’ the lungs, or thro’ the gills: that 
 is, the upper trunks of the vena cava, which 
 are united to the auricle of the heart, and are 
 here delineated under both trunks of the great 
 artery, do not in the Frog deduce their blood 
 from the lungs; but they imbibe it directly 
 from thefe veins, which run in the upper part 
 of the body, and from fome others that are 
 fituated next to the ikin in the fides lower 
 down, and they likewife get a fmall portion, 
 that returns from _nourifhing the lungs. The 
 blood, on its return from the lower parts of 
 the body, does not touch the lungs, but dif- 
 charges itfelf thro’ the porta and cava, into the 
 auricle of the heart, without coming near the 
 lungs. ‘Therefore, by inflating only one vein 
 of the Frog’s body, the arteries may be all in- 
 Hated alfo. 
 The diftribution of the Veins differs here 
 confiderably from that of the arteries; for 
 the two trunks of the the cava, are confpicuous 
 above at the auricle, Tab. XLIX. Fig. iv. aa; 
 where I have opened 4, the arteries, cmit pul- 
 monary veins out of their lower fide, (here cut 
 off ) cc, which are twice as large as the arte- 
 ries. ‘Thefe veins are properly placed in the 
 cavity of the lungs, and particularly in the ex- 
 tremities of the pulmonary veficles, and in the 
 loins ; and they diffufe. their capillary, and al- 
 moft invifible branches all over the cells ; nay, 
 even thro’ the coat which invefts them. Here, 
 therefore, in the lungs of the Frog; a confi~ 
 fiderable blood-veffel, namely, the arterial vein, 
 is wanting: the animal has no need of this ar- 
 tificial canal ; fince Nature did not intend that 
 all the blood-fhould pafs thro’ the lungs. Be- 
 fides, the two upper trunks of the cava pafs 
 above the arteries in the Frog, and are alfo di- 
 vided into various branches. Some little veins 
 are from thence detached dd, to the parts about 
 the mouth : others, which bend very beauti- 
 fully in their paffage, go towards the head ee, 
 and give a part of themlelves ff, to the mufcles 
 of the firft pair of legs. ‘The axillary veins 
 
 Hits T ORY 
 
 of INSECTS. i2i 
 alfo, {pring gg, from the fame. trunks, and 
 emit two very confiderable 44 branches, which 
 in the ilia beautifully bend themfelves back 
 under the fkin above the muftles of the belly ; 
 and from thence afcending again towards the 
 thorax, and being there confiderably dilated, 
 they communicate, by a mutual anaftomofis, 
 with the reft of the veins that are fGtuated about 
 thefe places. The trunk of the cava, which 
 is fituated beneath the heart, is fimple 2, and is 
 there divided into three branches, which are 
 difperfed thro’ && the liver. A little lower, the 
 mefenteric vein rifes / out of the liver: under 
 which the trunk of the cava very beautifully dif- 
 fufes m itfelf, by many branches over the kid- 
 neys ; and at length, after dividing into two 
 parts, conftitutes, the iliac 2 2 branches, from 
 which the epigaftric vein is obferved to rife 00 
 very beautifully. This vein goes back along the 
 ftraight mufcles into the liver; where I repre- 
 fent it cut off. But if this little veffel, and all 
 the integuments of the belly, be diffeéted near 
 the liver, and then turned above the hind legs ; 
 all the veins of the body may be conveniently 
 inflated through-it. By this means veins are 
 difcovered in theliver, the kidneys, and all the 
 vifcera;. And from thence I took an oppor- 
 tunity of making, with very little labour, the 
 following very remarkable experiments. Let 
 what hath been hitherto faid, fuffice in regard 
 to the circulation of the blood; and the bloods 
 veffels in the Frog. 
 
 Having finifhed the obfervations now re- 
 cited, as quick as poffible, I afterwards ex- 
 amined fome mufcles, and alfo the fkin, eyes, 
 and blood of a full-grown Frog. I found it 
 eafy to divide the moving fibres of the mufcles 
 fo {mall, that they refembled a Spider’s web. 
 But when I put them divided in this manner 
 inder the microfcope, I found they confifted 
 of {till fmaller fibres, and thofe of very minute 
 globules. I firft difcovered the epidermis in the 
 {kin ; it fupported the real fkin, the latter be- 
 ing adorned with beautiful colours and black 
 fpots, and appearing compofed, as it were, of 
 globules; 1 further feparated the {kin into a 
 glandular fubftance, which was compofed of 
 very numerous globular glandules. Thofe glan- 
 dules fecreted that vifcous or flimy matter, 
 which is obferved to be {pread over the furface 
 of the Frog’s fkin; and rendered the latter very 
 {mooth and flippery. This fpecies of mucous 
 matter taftes bitter, and offends the eyes with 
 its acrimony; nay, it caufes a fenfible pain, if 
 rubbed to our fkin when wounded a little; fo 
 that we muft be cautious in the ufe of it. I 
 next examined the aqueous humour of the eye 
 in a glafs tube; but I perceived nothing more 
 than the clearnefs of the liquor.. And hence, 
 then putting both extremities of that tube to a 
 lamp, I boiled that and the whole Frog’s eye in 
 water: but there were no globules con{picuous 
 in it from this procefs. Both the white part 
 of the cryftalline humour, which refembles 
 chalk, and furrounds it, and the other fibrous 
 diaphanous portion, which is divided into feveral 
 lamellz or plates, confifted entirely of globules, 
 I faw a ferum in the blood, in which were 
 
 Hh a vaft 
 
The BO’ O'K of 
 
 a vaft number of orbicular particles, of a. flat 
 oval but regular figure. T hefe particles feemed 
 alfo to contain another fluid: but when I viewed 
 them fideways, they refembled cryftalline clubs, 
 d feveral other figures; that is, according as 
 
 122 
 
 an 
 
 NAY U-RiB, © oe, 
 
 they were turned about in various dire@tions in 
 the ferum of the blood. I obferved befides, 
 that the colour of objects always appeared the 
 more faint, the more they were magnified with 
 a microfcope. 
 
 Experiments om the particular motion of the mujfcles in the Frog’; which may be 
 alfoy in general, applied to all the motions of the mufclesin Men and Brutes, 
 
 lain the real caufes of mufcular motion, 
 is fufficiently evident from numerous experi- 
 ments; which though made by very ingenious 
 men, yet have not hitherto difcovered its true 
 nature. The great utility and foundation of 
 further knowledge, which we fhould acquire 
 from that difcovery, lie yet involved in the 
 thickeft clouds of obfcurity. This is the rea- 
 fon which now induces me to publifh the ex- 
 periments I made concerning the matter ; 
 which, as they feem to me to have great weight, 
 and to contain fome ufeful confequences, I 
 would therefore advife my readers to confider 
 ferioufly, and examine them by the touchftone 
 of truth. 
 
 In the conftru€tion and motion of the muf- 
 cles, it merits particular confideration, in what 
 manner the nerve is actually joined to the 
 mufcle; how it is conftruéted in the mufcle ; 
 what is its courfe, entrance, middle, diftribu- 
 tion, and end; as alfo how it communicates 
 with the moving fibre, and what effect it pro- 
 duces in it; alfo what that very fubtle matter 
 properly is, which is undoubtedly conveyed to 
 the mufcle through the nerve. ‘The know- 
 ledge of all thefe particulars is not fufficient for 
 our purpofe : one muft likewife know the con- 
 ftruction of the membranes, that inveft both 
 the furface of the mufcle-and its inward parts, 
 and the delicate leffer fibres that reach from 
 one moving fibre to the other, and, like a very 
 fine web, diffufe themfelves through the inter- 
 ftices of the latter. It would be likewife ne- 
 ceflary to know the ftructure of the vein and 
 artery belonging to the mufcles, and their real 
 conftitution or difpofition in the mufcle, and 
 to underftand accurately what belongs to the 
 compofition of the moving fibres. But all 
 thefe things are ftill obfcure and unknown, 
 and will not be probably difcovered till we 
 employ all our time, and the greateft diligence, 
 in inveftigating them: but all difficulties are 
 conquered by induftry, and an unwearied ap- 
 ‘plication. As to myfelf, I candidly confeds, 
 that I have not brought every fubject, which I 
 have advanced, to the greateft perfection pof- 
 fible; for, in order to attain this, I fhould have 
 {pent my whole life in difcovering one thing, 
 and this courfe is not agreeable to me: for I 
 am thoroughly perfuaded, that, if I came to 
 the utmoft extremity, I fhould at laft difcover 
 nothing but my own ignorance. For this rea- 
 fon, I thought it better to employ my time 
 rather on various things than on one; left, 
 whilft I was too intent on a thorough know- 
 ledge of one or two particulars, many of God’s 
 work fhould lie hidden from me: for, indeed, 
 
 5 
 
 Ho” important and difficult it is to ex- 
 Ls 
 
 all the knowledge we are capable of, confifts 
 only in this, to love God as we ought. 
 
 With refpeét therefore to all the fubjects 
 hitherto recited, I ftill find many indiffoluble 
 difficulties. And though the excellent ana- 
 tomift, Dr. Steno, hath difcovered many cu- 
 rious things relative to this matter, yet he ftops 
 alfo in the middle of his courfe. . Befides, how 
 far are we from knowing the motion and effe@ 
 produced by the fubtle {pirit, that continually 
 pafles through the nerves into the muicles! 
 This matter lies buried in impenetrable dark- 
 nefs. Since I have made many experiments, at 
 different times, on the motion of the mutcles, 
 I thail now, however, fet forth the chief of 
 them, and fubmit them to the examination of 
 the learned. 
 
 It is a matter eternally certain, and of great- 
 eft moment, that whenever the nerves of living 
 
 bodies are handled, there is immediately ob-— 
 
 ferved a confiderable motion in the mufcles to 
 which they are fent, and this motion does not 
 at all differ from the contraction of thofe muf- 
 cles. If we lightly pinch or prick the nerves 
 of the diaphragm in a living dog, opened for 
 the experiment, with the point of a very fine 
 needle; or if we ftimulate them by putting 
 them near the fire, or by pouring acrid liquors 
 into them; we immediately fee the diaphragm 
 performs its natural function : it contracts itfelf, 
 from being arched becomes fmooth, raifes itfelf 
 from the thorax, pufhes out the vifcera of the 
 abdomen, and the cavity of the thorax is en- 
 larged in proportion as the diaphragm contracts 
 itfelf and becomes more fmooth, and is more 
 ftretched out of the breaft. : 
 
 This experiment is very fine and elegant, 
 
 fince the motion alfo, which is then obferved 
 
 in that compound mufcle, appears admirable; 
 and the fame experiment may be often re- 
 peated in the fame fubjeét, if the nerves of the 
 diaphragm be firft irritated, where their begin- 
 nings run near the pericardium. In order to 
 irritate them a fecond, third, and fourth time, 
 we mutt defcend by degrees, and choofe a lower 
 part of them, until we come to the very place 
 where they are inferted in the diaphragm. 
 This experiment on the nerve may alfo be 
 very eafily made, not only in this but all the 
 other mufcular parts of the animal’s body, with 
 the fame fuccefS. Hence we often obferve, on 
 diffeCting living animals, that when the nerves 
 
 are wounded with a knife, confiderable motions _ 
 
 arife in the mufcles to which they belong. 
 This the celebrated Steno hath likewife ob- 
 ferved in his Myolog. Specim. p. 78 and 79, 
 after Thad fhewn him my old and common 
 experiment on Frogs, ‘This is obferved to 
 
 happen 
 
Theos Bt FE. S&TI Ore: y 
 happen not only in quadrupedes, but in birds 
 and fifhes, but efpecially in the Wray-fith ; in 
 the mufeles of which there are very {trong 
 motions, when the nerves are irritated. 
 
 On the foundation of thefe motions, which 
 are produced in the mufcles, when their nerves 
 are only difturbed or ftimulated, I determined 
 to provoke the nerves of the entrails in the 
 fame manner, in which I found very remark- 
 able flefhy fibres. I had a mind to make the 
 fame experiments on thofe nerves which reach 
 to the kidneys, liver, fpleen, lungs, and genital 
 organs; for I would fcarce prefume to affirm, 
 that any remarkable contra¢tions are produced 
 in thofe parts, efpecially in the kidneys, by fuch 
 irritation; and therefore one may penetrate 
 much deeper, by that experiment, into the real 
 ufes of thefe parts. But I have not yet been 
 able to execute my purpofe, for want of time. 
 It is therefore fufficient for me here to have 
 hinted at thefe things in a few words, that 
 others may have an opportunity of labouring 
 further in the difquifition of them; for Nature 
 muft be inveftigated by the joint labours of 
 many. One man can make no great advance- 
 ment in matters infinite. 
 
 I beg leave to obferve here, that the motions 
 of the mufcles, now mentioned, are not fo 
 confiderable in animals which have warm 
 blood, or rather they do not laft fo long, as in 
 thofe that have the blood cold; as fifth, and 
 many other aquatic creatures, which have few 
 or no feet, and in amphibious creatures in 
 general. Hence I chiefly made my experi- 
 ments on the Frog; for the nerves are very 
 conipicuous in thefe animals, and may be 
 eafily difcovered and laid bare. The fpinal 
 marrow and the brain have this peculiarity in 
 the Frog, that, like a fluid falt, they lie en- 
 clofed in coats, and, being interwoven with 
 blood-veffels, are every where adjacent to them; 
 fo that they are to be difcovered plainly even 
 in the cavity of the vertebre, and in the fkull. 
 The {pinal marrow glitters like pearl, and is 
 difpofed, in the form of knots, all down the 
 back, along the vertebre, where it appears 
 very confpicuous. This native falt, mixed 
 with an acid liquor, ferments very ftrongly. 
 Its fubftance anfwers very nearly to that gra- 
 nulated and gravelly powder found in the head 
 of the Shark, and fold im the thops, and erro- 
 neoufly taken by the ignorant, for the brain of 
 the fifh; but this is nothing more than a ftony 
 and gravelly fubftance, which is placed in the 
 head of the Shark, as what is called the Perch- 
 fone is in the head of the Perch. Ihave like- 
 wife found fuch a powder in the Wray-fith’s 
 head, which fermented very ftrongly with an 
 acid: and, therefore, I think that the alcaline 
 falt, obfervable in the little ftones called Crabs- 
 eyes, is like this. But though that faline fub- 
 itance in Frogs is fluid, like water, it will not- 
 withftanding be dried immediately by the heat 
 of the hand or fingers; but it never hardens 
 to fuch a degree, but it may be very eafily re- 
 duced to fine powder with the tips of the 
 fingers. The fame thing likewife holds with 
 
 Gio l KS fH: t ek 123 
 refpect to that calearious fluid matter in the 
 Wray-fith. Whether this falt has any medicinal 
 virtue, I cannot yet fay; nor can it be known, 
 except from experience. I return to the muf- 
 cles. 
 
 Another very delicate and ufefal experi- 
 ment may be made, if one of the largeft muf- 
 cles be feparated from the thigh of a Frog, 
 and, together with its adherent nerve, prepared 
 in fuch a manner as to remain unhurt, For if, 
 after this, you take hold, Tab. XLIX. Fig. v. 
 aa, of each tendon with you hand, and then 
 irritate 4 the propending nerve with {ciffors, or 
 any other inftrument, the mutfcle will recover 
 its former motion, which it had loft. You 
 will fee that it is immediately contraéted, and 
 draws together, as it were, both the hands, 
 which hold the tendons. This I formerly (in 
 the year 1658) demonftrated to the moft illut. 
 trious the now reigning Grand Duke of ‘Fut 
 cany, when he gracioufly vouchfafed to pay me 
 a vifit. This experiment may be repeated in 
 the fame mufcle, as long as any part of the 
 nerve remains unhurt; and we can thus make 
 the mufcle contract itfelf, as often as we 
 pleafe. 
 
 If we have a mind to obferve, very exactly, 
 in what degree the mufcle thickens in its con- 
 traction, and how far its tendons approach 
 toward each other, we muft put the mufcle 
 into a glafs tube, Fig. vi. a, and run two fine 
 needles 44 through both its tendons, where 
 they had been before held by the fingers; and 
 then fix the points of thofe needles, neither 
 too. loofe nor too firmly, in a piece of cork. 
 If afterwards you irritate, Tab. XLIX. Fig. vi. 
 c, the nerves, you will fee the mufcle drawing 
 dd the heads of the needles together out of 
 the places; and that the belly of the mufcle 
 itfelf becomes confiderably thicker e in the 
 cavity of the glafs tube, and ftops up the whole 
 tube, after expelling the-air. This continues 
 till the contraction ceafes, and the needles then 
 move back into their former places; and the 
 belly of the mufcle, parting again from the 
 tube, affords a free paflage for the air through 
 its cavity. But if the mufcle be left to itfelf, 
 or put into cold water, with all the apparatus 
 juft now defcribed, we obferve it contracts it- 
 felf by degrees not long after; and is finally 
 fo remarkably bent, as to fill the whole cavity 
 of the middle region of the tube. 
 
 Having therefore duly confidered thofe expe- 
 riments, which I have hitherto fet forth, and at 
 the fame time attentively weighed. the force of 
 contraction or mufcular motion, which the mufcle 
 refumes every moment, when its nerve is again 
 and again irritated: one may afk, whether any 
 other communication be neceflary between the 
 nerve and the mufcle, but only that fimple irri- 
 tation on the touch or commotion? Butas a fimi- 
 lar motion is likewife excited in the mufcles of 
 animals which have hot blood, whofe nerves are 
 ftimulated; the fame queftion indeed may be 
 likewife afked here, that is, whether in this clafs 
 of animals alfo, any other communication be ne- 
 ceflary between the brain and marrow, the paar 
 
 an 
 
BOOK of 
 
 The 
 
 xcept this flimulus? for I have 
 
 t24 
 
 and mufcles, € : 
 conftantly found, by all the experiments that I 
 made, that the mufcles are contracted when the 
 beginning of the marrow, or the nerves iffuing 
 from thence, are moved. 
 
 Hence I propofe it; as a matter wotth confi- 
 dering, whether we fhould not reject that opt- 
 nion, which fappofes a fpirituous matter to be 
 neceflary to excite mufeular motion, and that it 
 flows out of the brain; and that this influx hap- 
 pens with fuch great rapidity and velocity, that 
 thefe new {pirits conftantly propel the former, 
 and in an inftant of time, at the leaft intimation 
 of the will, or otherwife {pontaneoufly fhould, 
 and may, be in the moft remote extremes of the 
 body. 
 
 Iam perfuaded, thofe who derive the con- 
 traGion of the mufcles from inflation, fermenta- 
 tion, or a kind of explofive motion, will differ 
 from meas to this matter: they will object, that 
 the inflation or expanfion of the moving fibres, 
 is evident even to the eyes, in the contrac- 
 tion of the mufcles; and befides, that all the 
 mufcular parts are filled with fpirits: and there- 
 fore, that only a fmall quantity of animal {pirits 
 is requifite to inflate either thefe, or thofe mutcles, 
 and to expand them by contraction, as is evident 
 to the fight. 
 
 But all thefe opinions are certainly deftroyed, 
 if it be confidered, how often the motion of each 
 mutcle is reftored by only ftimulating, provok- 
 ing, or irritating the nerve in my experiment be- 
 fore mentioned; and this, when the nerve hath 
 been for a long time cut off, and the requifite 
 animal fpirits diffipated, or grown weak, after 
 many times difcharging their duty ; and when 
 there is no further communication between the 
 nerve, brain, and marrow. Therefore, I would 
 have it ferioufly confidered, that it cannot be 
 demonftrated by any experiments, that any mat- 
 ter of fenfible or comprehenfible bulk flows 
 through the nerves into the mufcles. Nor does 
 any thing elfe pafs through the nerves to the 
 mufcles: all is a very quick kind of motion, 
 which is indeed fo rapid, that it may be pro- 
 perly called inftantaneous. T herefore the fpirit, 
 as it is called, or that fubtile matter, which flies 
 in an inftant through the nerves into the mutcles, 
 ‘may with the greateft propriety be compared to 
 that moft fwift motion, which, when one extre- 
 mity of a long beam or board is ftruck with the 
 finger, runs with fuch velocity along the wood, 
 that it is perceived almoft at the fame inftant at 
 the other end; nay, that it is further propagated 
 through the nerves into our mufches ; and thus 
 
 ‘produces various motions in them, as thofe who. 
 
 attentively confider this fingular, though plain 
 experiment, well know. 
 
 Add to thefe another argument of yet greater 
 weight, which is, that the mufcles themfelves, 
 when contracting, are not in the leaft inflated or 
 {wollen, but rather they lofe their thicknefs ; 
 though the moving fibres in the mean time ac- 
 quire a different fituation; or, to exprefs the 
 matter more exactly, they are prefled clofer to 
 each other. We obferve fomething like this in 
 a long piece of fpunge, made even and fmooth, 
 
 1 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 OF; 
 
 which becomes thicker and more folid by foree 
 of compreflion; though in reality it poflefies a 
 much lefs fpace. Therefore, for the many rea- 
 fons which fhall be mentioned hereafter, I think 
 it may be rightly inferred, that the fhortening 
 and clofer compaction of the moving fibres, by 
 reafon whereof they are contrafed into a lef 
 fpace, is really the true action or contraction of 
 the mufcle; and which is therefore erroneoufly 
 called inflation, tumefaction, &c. 
 
 For what reafon can any one imagine it pof- 
 fible-for the mufcle to be inflated? fince it con- 
 fitts of fach fubtile filaments, as are almoft invi- 
 fible ; though even thefe are finally compofed of 
 globules. What matter can effet this inflation 2 
 Is it not neceflary, that it fhould pafs through 
 thofe very fine fibrilla, which conftitute the 
 nerves, and when curioufly examined, without 
 huriing them, are likewile fo {mall as to be al- 
 mott invifible ? Certainly, if the nerves be con- 
 fidered to have their origin from the marrow, it 
 is very evident, that they are fo fubtile there, 
 and fo clofely furrounded by the meninges, that 
 the fmalleft briftle, or thread of {pun glafs, cam 
 
 {carce pafs through the aperture. How fine 
 
 therefore muft that fpirit be, which can penetrate 
 into this very cavity, which is likewife ftopt up 
 by the nervous filament that iffues out of, and is 
 contained in, it? Yet authors eftablith fuch no- 
 tions; nay, they proceed fo far,. as to imagine, 
 that the nutritious matter, to which fome attri- 
 bute the thicknefs of the white of an egg, patfles 
 through thefe very nerves: but this opinion is fo 
 idle and abfurd, that it does not defervea ferious 
 refutation. In the fame light I confider the 
 imaginary fermentation between the {pirits and 
 blood, by which the mufcle is faid to be in- 
 flated; though the very method of this infla- 
 tion is contrary to the known confiruction of the 
 mutcles. . 
 
 Another thing that plainly contradidts the in- 
 flation and influx of the fuppofed fpirit into the — 
 mufcles, is that we clearly fee, tho’ the mufcle — 
 be cut, and its moving fibres feparated from each 
 other, all thefe parts move again, as it were na~ 
 turally, as foon as the nerve which belongs to 
 them is irritated: and this experiment, as well 
 as others, may be made on the Frog, and feveral 
 other water-animals, and it fucceeds very parti- 
 cularly in the Duck. 
 
 From thefe experiments therefore, it may, I 
 think, be fairly concluded, that a fimple and 
 natural motion or irritation of the nerves alone is 
 neceflary to produce mufcular motion, whether 
 it has its origin in the brain, or in the marrow, 
 or elfewhere. ; 
 
 Therefore, we likewife obferve in many ani- 
 mals, that as foon as the beginning of the fpinal 
 marrow is moved in the brain, all the fubjacent 
 mufcles are fuddenly contrafted. And this hap- 
 pens in the fame manner with refpect to all thofe — 
 branches of the nerves which arife out of the 
 marrow, at leaft whilft they are handled; tho’ 
 only fome of the mufcles, or perhaps that only, 
 throtgh which the irritated nerve is diftributed, 
 are put in motion, We mutt alfo take particu- 
 lar notice, that in this experiment, it is never ob- 
 
 ferved, 
 
The HOS TORY 
 
 ferved, that the part of the nerve above the ir- 
 ritated region, contract alfo thofe higher mutcles, 
 that have their nerves from thence. We very 
 clearly find alfo by experiments, that the motion 
 produced in the mutcle by irritating the nerve, is 
 always propagated out of the larger into the 
 fmaller branches, and goes afterwards continu- 
 ally defcending. The nerves defiened for the 
 fenfes are circumftanced in a quite different man- 
 ner; for in thefe, the fenfitive motions, doubt- 
 lefs, tend upwards. In order to contract any 
 mufcle, it is neceffary that its nerve be irritated 
 in the region above the mufcle, or at its infer- 
 tion into it; fince that motion never tends up- 
 wards, but always downwards. 
 
 It may now be probably afked, wherein I 
 think the beginning of that natural irritation, fti- 
 mulus or provocation of the motion, thus com- 
 municated to the mufcles through the nerves, 
 confifts? Since I deny, that any vifible flowing 
 and inflating fpirits, are locally moved through 
 the nerves; and, on the contrary, think that a 
 certain inftantaneous irritation is much more fub- 
 tile, and ‘capable of the effort, than the {pirits 
 fuppofed by fome neceflary to move the mufcles: 
 and that, from thence, it follows, that this irri- 
 tation fhould not only have its origin elfewhere, 
 but that.a force is likewife wanting, by which 
 that motion is transferred through the nerves intc 
 the mufcles. I confefs thefe things are requifite, 
 fince experience demonftrates it even to the eye. 
 
 To give a proper anfwer to this queftion, I 
 think, the beginning or principle of that motion 
 lies in the fpinal marrow, and is alfo in all the 
 nerves of the body ; fo that the marrow, and all 
 the nerves, are conftantly and perpetually irri- 
 tated to give motion to every mufcle of the whole 
 body. I would have it particularly obferved, 
 that I admit no effential difference between the 
 natural and fpontaneous contraction of the 
 mufcles, and that performed by the will. I con- 
 fider this difference as merely accidental ; but, 
 becaufe we move all thefe mnfcles, which we 
 move voluntarily, in a contrary direction; that 
 what is faid to be effential in the contraétion of 
 all mufcles, is a natural contraction. For this 
 reafon, voluntary motion ceafes, or is changed 
 in us, as well asin all other animals; when ei- 
 ther the antagonift mufcles are wanting, or when 
 one of a pair is more powerful than the other, 
 as I have formerly demonftrated in my treatife 
 on Refpiration. And indeed we cannot move 
 mufcles at will, unlefs we have the power of de- 
 termining the natural motion of the antagonifts 
 to the contrary fide. But if all the motions of 
 our mufcles are Continual and natural, when the 
 antagomifts are wanting, asis the cafe with re- 
 fpect to many mufcular parts of our body, which 
 we have not power to move at our pleafure ; 
 only fo far as thofe mufcles are firft dilated by 
 their contents. Thefe perform the office of an- 
 tagonift mutcles, and give us the power of mov- 
 ing them in a contrary direction at the command 
 of our will: but otherwife, allthings acquiefce 
 in the perpetual contraction, 
 
 In order further to explain the origin of this 
 natural and perpetual contraction of the mutcles ; 
 
 of: FEN} S2EIC STIS. 12% 
 I think indeed it arifes from the continual im- 
 pulfe of the arterial blood upon the marrow and 
 nerves: for, by means of this blood, all thofe 
 parts feem to be continually moved, excited, 
 and irritated to convey that motion pepetually 
 and uniformly to the mufcles, and to prepare 
 the latter for their perpetual contraGtion. For 
 this reafon, all the nerves without exception, 
 have not fewer arteries in proportion, than the 
 brain itfelf, and the fpinal marrow have. I 
 fhould think indeed, that this matter might be 
 eafily afcertained by experiments: for which pur- 
 pofe, I once thought of inje@ting a peculiar li- 
 quid through an artery into the marrow, by a 
 {mall fiphon, and then to obferve carefully, whe- 
 ther any motion was thereby excited in the 
 mufcles. But I would again advife the reader, 
 to confider well that wonderful motion and 
 power of the mufcle, when its nerve is in the 
 leaft difturbed or ftimulated. 
 
 It is now time to proceed further; and I thall, 
 by a curious experiment, demonftrate to the eye, 
 that the mufcle is not at all fwollen in its con- 
 traction, or becomes thicker by inflating it, 
 and therefore occupies the larger fpace ; nay, on 
 the contrary, that its {welling decreafes: and 
 therefore, in its contraction or ation, fills lefs 
 {pace than when it refts flaccid. I fay refts, be- 
 caufe I cannot obferve that the mufcle in the 
 living animal, ever abfolutely ceafes from all 
 motion. . And therefore it fhould be rather faid, 
 that it is lefs ftrongly moved at the time of its 
 relaxation; or then only recolledts its elaftic 
 {trength, that it may be able, the moment after, 
 to make the ftronger effort to contract itfelf. 
 This may be feen very clearly in regard to the 
 motion of the heart and auricle in the Frog; 
 for the blood is there brought back from the 
 circumference of the body, according to the laws 
 of circulation, and being driven in to the auricle, 
 it may be confidered as the auricle’s antagonift 
 mufcle, which dilates it: but the auricle itfelf is 
 the antagonift of the heart, fince by means of 
 the blood, which it protrudes into its cavity, it 
 likewife dilates its fubftance, fo that the won- 
 derful, repeated, and continual pulfe of the 
 heart, has its origin from this alone: that 
 pulfe is therefore perfectly natural and necef- 
 fary ; for thofe two mufcles, that is, the heart, 
 and its auricle, are unequal in fize and ftrength, 
 and therefore their motion is neceflarily varied. 
 If the auricle were as firm and as ftrong as the 
 heart, the motion of each would abfolutely ceafe ; 
 for, wherever the power of the antagonift is 
 equal, there is obferved no motion of the mufcles, 
 and all things are in both in equilibrio, until there 
 arifes another determination, which, caufing one 
 mutfcle, to be contracted fomewhat more ftrong- 
 ly than another, at length moves our limbs. Such 
 a determination may proceed from various caufes. 
 
 If, for example, a man’s {kin be very gently 
 rubbed and irritated with a hair doubled feveral 
 times; I often obferved, that the motion of the 
 antagonift mufcles of the arm and hand was im- 
 mediately determined ; fo that the perfon inftan- 
 taneoufly, as it were, unknown tohim, has put 
 his hand to the place where he felt the titillation, 
 
 Li and 
 
126 
 
 and then {cratched the fkin until he made it 
 red, imagining that it was probably oceafioned 
 by a Flea, or fome other infect. But when I 
 ftopt, his hand and arm refted likewife, becaufe 
 the natural contraction was then equal in all the 
 mufcles, If the fame experiment be made on 
 fleeping dogs or cats, it is likewife obferved, 
 that a determinate motion is produced in the 
 mufcles which move their fkin; and therefore 
 it is pleafant to fee them faddenly draw it up, 
 pricking up their hairs, and fometimes fkaking 
 them in their fleep. By this familiar inftance, it 
 is evident how our mufcles are in like manner 
 voluntarily moved without any great attention of 
 the wiil, by fomething of this kind, which is 
 proper to determine the natural motion of the an- 
 tagonift to the contrary fide. 
 
 Now, in order to make it certain from expe- 
 riment, that the mufcle is not inflated in its con- 
 traction, but on the contrary poflefies lefs {pace, 
 we are to take a very lively and found Frog, and 
 diffeét it, uncover its heart, and carefully take 
 away the pericardium from it. After this, we 
 muft choofe one or two veins or arteries, which 
 are large enough to be conveniently opened, 
 and to admit a thin glafs tube. By this tube, 
 all the veins and arteries of the body, and con- 
 {equently the heart, may be very eafily inflated ; 
 fince, as 1 have before hinted, the lungs are in 
 this animal no obftacle. 
 
 When the heart is filled with air, it muft be 
 dexteroufly, together with its auricle, tied with 
 a fine thread, and cut away from the body: then 
 let a glafs fiphon be ready, one end of which 
 mutt be a narrow and fmall tube. Let the heart 
 thus inflated, and its auricle, be put into the flat 
 end of this tube, and let all be immediately put 
 into that glafs fiphon; the long tube of which 
 muft, in the mean time, be ftopt with a very 
 fmall drop of pure water, or, that it may be the 
 better diftinguifhed, water coloured with blood, 
 
 Having duly obferved thefe direétions, it will 
 manifeftly appear, that at the time the heart, 
 Tab. XLIX. Fig. viz. a, contracts itfelf within 
 the little fiphon, 44, the drop of water adher- 
 ing near the extremity of the tube, ¢, defcends 
 in a very remarkable and furprifing manner to the 
 other end of the tube, d, where it {prings from 
 the fiphon ; and, on the contrary, it will like- 
 wife diftin@lly be feen, that the drop thus fallen 
 down, d, will, on the heart’s dilating itfelf again, 
 rife to its former fituation, ¢. 
 
 This experiment furnifhes us with an evident 
 proof, that when the mufcle of the heart con- 
 tracts itfelf, not only all the fibres which ferve 
 to move it, are preffed clofer to each.other, but 
 that the heart itfelf alfo, occupies a {maller {pace 
 in its fyftole, than it did before in its diaftole. 
 
 This alfo is the reafon why the drop of water 
 ¢ moves downwards, d, as it cannot but follow 
 the heart, when this contracts itfelf, But if at 
 the very inftant of the heart’s contraction, any 
 inflation, tumefaGtion, or dilatation, had been 
 produced by the animal fpirits on the infide of 
 this organ, the drops, inftead of defcending to- 
 wards the belly of the fiphon, ¢, would infal- 
 
 The BOOK of NAC URE, on 
 
 libly have rifen towards the extremity of the 
 tube, e. 
 
 As the former never happens ; and the latter 
 the very reverfe of it, is conftantly the cafe, i 
 may fairly and plainly conclude, that the mufcle 
 of the heart requires lefs room by a great deal in 
 its contraéted, than in its dilated ftate; and that 
 hence the fuppofed fpirits, by which it hes been 
 hitherto believed, that the heart, or its mufcle 
 was puffed up at the time of its fyftole, has not 
 the leaft fhare in producing that effect. 
 
 Moreover, if we open a living Frog, and care- 
 fully attend to the motion of its heart and the 
 auricle, we fhall find, that in this experiment, 
 every thing proceeds exactly in the fame man- 
 ner as it didin the former. For, when the au- 
 ricle contraéts itfelf, it very fenfibly grows fmaller, 
 and more compact, ; but when the heart is again 
 contracted, it undergoes the fame alteration; and 
 this obfervation is fufficient to convince us, that 
 there is no manner of difference between the two 
 contraétions of the heart, one of which takes 
 place within the fiphon, and the other naturally, 
 except that the heart, out of the fiphon, is in- 
 flated with blood, and with air in the fiphon. 
 
 As to the other experiment made in the 
 fiphon, we muft here particularly obferve, what 
 happens in the heart during its dilatation, and 
 what change is feen afterwards during its con- 
 traction, When the heart dilates itfelf, we plainly 
 perceive that the auricle begins firft to contract, 
 and while it does this, the air is forced from it 
 into the heart; by which means it is confiderably 
 expanded, and appears in the fiphon as if full of 
 bubbles or bladders of air. It even becomes 
 pale and tranfparent on this occafion, and ap- 
 pears irregularly affected, This is owing to its 
 moving fibres, and flefhy columns, not being 
 every where of the fame thicknefs, fo that fome — 
 of the parts of the heart lying between thefe co- 
 Jumns, are more diftended by the impelled air 
 than others. Thus at length is effected, the 
 afcent of the drop of water adhering to the glafs 
 tube. 
 
 When the moving fibres of the heart again con- 
 traét themfelves, we obferve that the heart draws 
 itfelf in, and becomes fmaller, and immediately 
 after, we fee the air forced from it, in its turn 
 into the heart; upon which this laft immediately 
 becomes more red and opaque, and fhrinks up fo 
 as to put on an unequal appearance: but as the 
 heart at this time cannot return to the auricle, 
 all the air it had thence received, its moving 
 fibres approach towards each other with fo vio- 
 lent an effort, that they likewife condenfe the 
 air contained in them: and thus is the drop of 
 water adhering to the tube of the glafs fiphon 
 prefled downwards, on account of the heart be- 
 ing then reduced to a lefs fize. ; 
 
 This is likewife the cafe with the heart, which 
 is naturally full of blood; for when this organ 
 in its fyftole is diftended by the blood, it draws — 
 away the circumambient air ; but when it again 
 contra@ts itfelf, and difcharges its blood, it grows 
 lefs, and yields to the air in proportion as it 
 
 fhrinks up, a thing which ought to be well at- 
 ‘tended 
 
The HIS TOR W 
 
 tended to, as it is very confpicuous in a living 
 animal. The blood itfelf undergoes fome con- 
 denfation, when violently comprefied by the 
 contraction of the heart, and forcibly expelled 
 out of it; but fs alfo on the other hand fome- 
 what rarified, when the heart is dilated by a 
 new intromiflion of blood, fo that this natural 
 action of the heart and blood correfponds exactly 
 with that artificial one of the heart and air in 
 the foregoing experiment. 
 
 It may be objeéted, that naturally in the live 
 animal, the,air by no means approaches the heart, 
 and therefore cannot be repelled by it. But the 
 contrary is plain in the cafe of Tadpoles, in 
 which we fee the external fkin fenfibly afte@ed 
 by the pulfations of the heart, and {well out and 
 fink in alternately, as that organ dilates or con- 
 tracts itfelf, which is the fame as if the air prefied 
 immediately againft the heart itfelf. It cannot 
 be denied, but that the fame thing. muft happen 
 in all animals that have lungs and gills, and a 
 moveable breaft; nay, it muft, without doubt, 
 take place in fome motions of the mufcles. 
 
 If you cut a Frog’s heart out of the body, and 
 place it in the glafs fiphon, in the manner before 
 defcribed, without firft blowing it up; you will 
 plainly fee the drop of water move in the fame 
 way it did before, though not fo much as if the 
 experiment were made with an inflated heart. 
 In the mean time, the water alfo will fink in 
 like manner, when the heart contracts itfelf. 
 Experience teaches us, that the defcent of the 
 drop of water in this experiment becomes fome- 
 times fo inconfiderable, that it cannot be per- 
 ceived, even by the help of the microfcope, 
 which is owing to this, that the heart then con- 
 tinues partly contracted, and is not dilated by 
 the auricle, which is now become infufficient to 
 produce that effect, as it neither propels any 
 blood, or air, with which the heart could be di- 
 ftended. Hence, of courfe, the contraction of 
 the heart muft become proportionally weaker, 
 and the motion of the water in proportion lefs 
 difcernible. But if you blow into the auricles 
 at this time, that this auricle, by contrating it- 
 felf, may force a quantity of air into the heart; 
 the fuccefs of the experiment will immediately 
 become much more confpicuous, 
 
 If, inftead of the heart, we fhould chufe to 
 make ufe of fome other mufcle, we may pro- 
 ceed in the manner reprefented in the eighth 
 figure, where the glafs fiphon, Tab. XLIX. Fig. 
 VIII. 2, contains within its hollow the mutcle, 4, 
 and the nerve hanging from the mufcle is faf- 
 tened, without being cut or bruifed to a flender 
 twifted filver wire, cc, that runs ‘at the other 
 end, an eye made in a piece of brafs wire, fol- 
 dered to the embolus or pifton of the fiphon, d. 
 Things being thus made ready, a drop of water, 
 e, mutt be let into the flender tube of the fiphon 
 by a very fine funnel. Now, if after this, the 
 filver wire be cautioufly drawn with a liefurely 
 hand / through the ring or eye of the brafs wire, 
 till the nerve is irritated by the compreflion, it 
 muft by this means undergo, the mufcle will 
 contract itfelf in the fame manner with the in- 
 fated heart, whofe alterations, upon a fimilar 
 
 2 
 
 of PN SE:C-T'S, 
 
 occafion, I have already defcribed, even the 
 drop of water will in fome meafure fink, though 
 afterwards it never rifes again. But this experi- 
 ment is very difficultly fenfible, and requires fo 
 many conditions to be exa@ly performed, that it 
 muft be tedious to make it; for which reafon, I 
 have bethought myfelf of another that may be 
 more eafily underftood and performed. 
 
 You muft-have ready a little glai fiphon, Tab. 
 XLIX. Fig. 1x. 2, cut through with a diamond 
 near the extremity of its flender tube, 5; then 
 pafs through the hole thus made, the nerve of 
 the mufcle ¢: but as the air ean eafily make 
 its way through this hole, while the nerve is ir- 
 ritated, till it contraéts itfelf, fo as to keep the 
 water from finking ; it is abfolutely neceflary to 
 ftop that paffage on the outfide, which may be 
 eafily done with a little ifing-glafs and ftarch. 
 But I muft own, that in this experiment, the 
 finking of the drop is fo inconfiderable, that it 
 can fcarce be perceived: for this reafon, the 
 heart is fitter for this experiment than any other 
 mu{cle, as it continues and keeps up for a confi- 
 derably long time, and with fufficient ftrength, 
 the motion it has once received, 
 
 There are fufficient reafons why this experi- 
 ment fhould fucceed better when tried upon the 
 heart, than upon the other mufcles; the princi- 
 pal feems to be this, that in the other mufcles, 
 there is no antagonift to dilate them externally, 
 nor any blood, which introduced into the blood- 
 vefiels,can extend them, and difpand the mufcle 
 itfelf from withinfide ; though all thefe condi- 
 tions are abfolutely neceflary to affect a perfect 
 contraction in any mutcle, 
 
 The experiments which were fome time ago 
 publifhed with a view of proving, that a quan- 
 tity of blood is requifite to contract the mutcles, 
 do in reality no fuch thing. Their principal 
 weight lies in the conftri@iion of the aorta, ef- 
 fected after D. Steno’s method ; but this is truly 
 nothing to the purpofe, and can only impofe, at 
 firft fight, even upon thofe who examine mat- 
 ters of this kind with the leaft circumfpection. 
 For, by only confidering with a {mall degree of 
 attention, that the vertebre, many nerves, and 
 even the fpinal marrow, which are all fattened 
 by the ligament, directed by D. Steno, to be 
 ufed on this eccafion, undergo thereby a violent 
 compreflion, it muft plainly appear, that no con- 
 clufions can be fairly drawn from fuch a trial. 
 Much lefs can we infer any thing from the other 
 experiment, in which the blood is expelled from 
 the mufcles, to make room for water introduced 
 into them by a fiphon; fince the moving fibres 
 of the mufcle are confiderably injared by this 
 rough procedure ; fo that this coarfe experiment 
 can only fupport a weak argument with unthink- 
 ing people, being calculated merely to confirm 
 the experiment of D. Steno juft now defcribed. 
 Stronger proofs may be reafonably infifted upon, 
 to demonftratea thing of {uch importance, and 
 the ligatures of the arteries of the thigh, parti- 
 cularly, in Frogs, muft be allowed to bea great 
 deal more to the purpofe. 
 
 We ought, however, greatly to commend 
 D. Steno’s circumf{pection, in not taking sep 
 
 lim-~ 
 
 127 
 
 7 
 
128 
 
 himfelf to determine the manner in which 
 the motion of the mufcles is performed; 
 neither was he bold enough to pronounce, for 
 certain, that this motion proceeded from the 
 influx or afflux of any new matter. But after 
 I had, fome years 2g0, made him acquainted 
 with the experiments I had made on this occa- 
 fion, as already related, he made no difficulty 
 of telling me plainly, that he was in no mea- 
 fare afraid of abfolutely denying the acceffion 
 of any new matter in the contraction of the 
 mufcles ;. fo that our opinions of this important 
 operation perfectly coincide. 
 
 Even I myfelf, relying on the propriety and 
 certainty of the experiments I have propofed, 
 can now, without any difficulty, maintain, 
 that a mufcle, at the time of its contraction, 
 undergoes no inflation or tumefaction, from the 
 afflux or effervefcence of the fuppofed animal 
 fpirits ; but that, on the contrary, it in this 
 ftate becomes fmaller, or collapfes ; or, to ex- 
 prefs my meaning more clearly, it takes up 
 lefs room than it did before. 
 
 Nothing can be more evident than this al- 
 teration, when a heart filled with air in- 
 ftead of blood, or one quite emptied, is made 
 ufe of ; in the firft of thefe experiments, there 
 occur many other things worth our notice, 
 which may all have place and force in the 
 contraétion of the mufcles : firft the enclofed 
 air in the heart is condenfed, and forced toge- 
 ther ; fecondly, the circumambient air is di- 
 lated ; thirdly, the fibres of the heart are moft 
 violently comprefled and {trained in this action, 
 and the little cavities within, or between them, 
 are comprefled ; fo that whatever has. lain in 
 thefe cavities muft be difcharged. And all 
 thefe things appear chiefly at the time the 
 heart relaxes, as it were for a moment in its 
 contraétion : fourthly, the internal air is af- 
 terwards again rarified in the heart: fifthly, 
 the external air ison the contrary condenfed, 
 and driven from its place: and fixthly, the 
 fibres of the heart are again extended or di- 
 lated. 
 
 If any one object, that the air in this cafe is 
 out of the courfe of Nature in its place, I can 
 readily anfwer, by affuring him, that I have 
 found air in the hearts of human fubjects, 
 opened immediately after their death. Butas 
 this is not a common cafe, I am content, that 
 blood may be fubftituted to the air which I 
 fuppofed to be found in the heart: the blood 
 contained in the cavity of the heart, is on that 
 cavity’s contracting, thaken, condenfed, and ex- 
 pelled ; the fame thing alfo happens to the 
 blood which then flows through the coronary 
 veins of the heart, and fhaken, or violently 
 driven out of them; upon which account alfo, 
 the fubftance of the heart grows confiderably 
 ‘paler at this particular time. Now, while 
 the heart is thus contracted in its fubftance, 
 
 the circumambient air is likewife rarified ; and 
 
 laftly, the fibres which ferve to move the heart 
 violently, become powerfully contracted in the 
 fame manner with the inflated heart, as already 
 mentioned. But the laft appearances I took 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; or, 
 
 notice of on the fame occafion, and which 
 were the reverfe of the firft, deferve to be here 
 likewife confidered, as they act in the enfuing 
 dilatation of the heart, when in its natural fitua- 
 tion, and when it is moved in its natural 
 manner. 
 
 From all thefe particulars it evidently ap- 
 pears, that there occur in the contraction of 
 the mufcles, a great many more things to ex- 
 ercife our reafoning and induftry, than authors 
 have hitherto confidered. And above all, we 
 ought moft carefully to obferve,, with what 
 ftrength the moving fibres of the mufcles draw 
 themfelves up while the fibres are contraéted. 
 This power is fo great, that 1 have feen them 
 in fome animals become three times fmaller 
 than in their natural ftate of conftant con- 
 traction. And on this account, all their con- 
 tents, being all the blood and juices which had 
 flowed into the blood-vefiels running through 
 them, were moft violently forced out by this 
 powerful motion. Hence alfo it happens, that 
 the mufcle of an animal, whofe blood 1s red, 
 is much paler in a contracted, than in an ex- 
 panded ftate. This D. Steno likewife has 
 obferved. 
 
 By this obfervation we are enabled alfo to 
 account for the confiderable heat caufed in the 
 body by the determinate and reiterated motion 
 of the mufcles. For as the mufcles propel 
 the blood from themfelves by their violent 
 contractions, it is impoffible the motion and 
 circulation of the mafs of blood fhould not 
 be thereby confiderably increafed ; a circum- 
 ftance which furgeons, who are informed of it 
 merely by experience, have contrived in blood- 
 letting, to take proper advantage of it ; for at 
 this time they give the patient a cafe of inftru- 
 ments, or fomething of that kind, to employ 
 his hands, that the mufcles being thus put in 
 motion, the blood may more freely iffue from 
 the veins: the imagination alone is often power- 
 ful enough to have the fame effect, as, our muf- 
 clés are at that time varioufly influenced ac- 
 cording to the lively or gloomy nature of the 
 thoughts which then poffefs us, and propor- 
 tionably contraét and fhut, or expand our 
 hearts. 
 
 I faw myfelf, in the hofpital of Leyden, a 
 boy from whofe feet the fkin and flefh had 
 lately fallen off in a gangrene, who by the 
 bare motion of his mufcles, without retaining 
 his breath, could contrive to difcharge. at will 
 a confiderable quantity of blood from the 
 wounded part. AndI have likewife obferved 
 the fame in the motion of many animals, 
 whofe blood, tho’ they:wanted lungs, flowed 
 much more freely from them in motion, than 
 when at reft. 
 
 This cafe even extends fo far, as to account 
 for laffitude or wearinefs itfelf, which is occa- 
 fioned by the mufcles being too much diftend- 
 ed by blood, and confequently rendered lefs fit 
 for contraction, as I firft obferved, in fhaping » 
 with my breath a piece of glafs melted with a 
 
 lamp heat ; for the mufcles called Buccenatores 
 
 came at laft to be fo violently dif- 
 
 in my face, 
 tended 
 
TLhes: Hatis.T OR: ¥ 
 tended with blood by this operation, that 
 entirely loft the power of contracting them 
 again, fo as to be able to difcharge the air at 
 my mouth, in a manner requifite for the bu- 
 finefs I was about. 
 
 It is very wonderful, how infects in winter, 
 when all their blood and humours are con- 
 gealed, as it were, in their veffels, lofe likewife 
 all power over their mufcles; fo that if their 
 legs and other limbs be extended without do- 
 ing them violence, they will remain in that 
 pofture till the creature recovers the power of 
 moving them, on the return of warm weather, 
 or by being placed near a fire; fora very {mall 
 degree of warmth communicated to them in the 
 beft manner, is fufficient to reftore them to life 
 and motion, to enable them to turn about, 
 run, and even fly, till their blood and humours 
 congeal again, which they do ina very fhort 
 ‘time ; and the little animal is thereby reduced 
 to its former ftate of inaction. I have like- 
 wile obferved that famous vegetable called the 
 Senfitive plant, is much lef fenfible in autumn, 
 than in the fummer feafon. 
 
 It may be afked how is the effet of the na- 
 tural determinate irritation of the serves, or 
 even of that which is produced from without, 
 and by art produced; fince it is not poffible to 
 prove, or reafonable to fuppofe, that any fen- 
 fible matter is at that time conveyed, or locally 
 carried into the mufcle ; but, on the contrary, 
 it muft be allowed, that the mufcle difcharges 
 the matter it contained, fo as to fill a lefs com- 
 
 afs i 
 
 I muft confefs it a very difficult tafk to an- 
 {wer this queftion, and perhaps impoffible, till 
 the true contraction of the mufcles thall be 
 exadily known. For this reafon I fhall enter 
 upon a method for attaining fome certainty in 
 this matter, like that purfued in acquiring juft 
 notions concerning the ufe of the eye; for the 
 manner in which vifion is performed, was dif- 
 covered without any true knowledge of the 
 ftruCture of that curious organ, by which we 
 enjoy that great blefling. Hence, were 1 per- 
 mitted to make ufe of a coarfe fimilitude, I 
 might conceive it effected in the fame manner 
 with the alterations vifible on handling, or 
 touching ever fo gently the parts of the Herba 
 Impatiens, called Touch me not, or podded 
 Ars Smart, orthe Balfamita alteria of FabiusCo- 
 lumna ; the parts of which plant being extend- 
 ed according to the courfe of two or three ner- 
 vous or herbaceous fibres, in confequence of 
 any momentarry irritation, moft fuddenly con- 
 tract, and the pods burft.* And certainly, 
 if thefe fibres, which cannot fo expeditioufly 
 contract themfelves, before the feed of the 
 plant to which they belong has arrived at its 
 due maturity, did not curl up and fall off, but 
 
 - eS ere rm 
 
 abs) Jt Ny SORSGige ss: 129 
 a 
 
 initead. of thus perithing, could be again dis 
 
 La Se A ey DG eee va : 3 
 
 lated iike leather, when forcibly bent, and ex- 
 
 . na is A = . - a . x a ¢ . 
 
 cited by 4 new irritation to a new contraction, 
 
 we fhould have in them a mof curious exam- 
 ple. of the ation of the mufele , the princi- 
 pal of which confifts in a contra@ion following 
 a dilatation ; fo that itis the contraCtion of the 
 muicles, and not the dilatation of them, that 
 we ought to confider as their principal office; 
 fince even when the animal is dead, they will 
 ftill endeavour to contract themfelves. { have 
 even feen a mufcle contract itfelf, when boiled 
 in the fame balfam in which I had preferved 
 it for feveral years. 
 
 Let people think what they pleafe of the 
 above-mentioned fimilitude, or comparifon ; 
 at leaft the experiment informing us that the 
 mufcle contracts itfelf as foon as its nerve, is 
 put in motion, refts upon a mott folid founda- 
 tion: but as I demonftrated at the fame time, 
 that a mufcle takes up lefs room in its con- 
 tracted, than in its dilated, ftate, it moft evi- 
 dently follows, that there does not 
 
 S 
 t 
 
 flow into 
 it at that time, as has been fuppofed, any ex- 
 panding or rarefying matter, but that that fub- 
 {tance muft be inconceivably fine and delicate, 
 which at that moment of time can produce in 
 the mufcle fo wonderful a motion ; tho igh we 
 are not certain that this effect differs in any 
 thing from that which the wind, a finger, a 
 ftick, or a briftle, has in contracting the little 
 fibres in the contractile pod of the Touch me 
 not plant. 
 
 I therefore think, that, as I faid before, it 
 may be from hence fairly inferred, that when- 
 ever the nerve is immediately irritated, the 
 mufcle, to which it belongs, muft be in a ftate 
 of perpetual contraction, or at leaft in a ftate 
 of perpetual effort, and endeavour to contrac- 
 tion. This is a circumftance, which I former- 
 ly obferved in my treatife of Refpiration, and 
 fhall hereafter more clearly explain, as I in- 
 tend to publifh a new method, in which we 
 may in fome meafure confider the conftant mo- 
 tions of the mutcles. 
 
 But before I undertake this tafk, and there- 
 by make an end of the prefent treatife, I muft 
 confider in what {tate or condition the mufeles 
 were before they exercifed any motion. This 
 may be very eafily feen in infeéts, and even in 
 the rudiments of the mufcles belonging to 
 larger animals, whofe mufcles at that time are 
 
 » 
 
 _ generally compact, white, membranaceous, and 
 
 feem compofed at their very firft appearance of 
 a kind of glutinous humour. In infects, it is 
 very remarkable, that at the time of their 
 changes, their mufcles become in a menner in- 
 vifible, and afterwards inereafe in fize to a pro- 
 digious degree; nay, even their limbs difap- 
 
 pear, and grow in the fame manner, but more 
 
 * he plants here mentioned by Swammerdan, may be added feveral others, in the feed-veflels of which- there is this elaftick - 
 othe p y y 
 
 power, which he 
 be bett diftovered. 
 
 The Wood-{ 
 bie, Jufticie, R 
 
 > 
 
 ¢ 
 
 K k 
 
 fuppofes in fome degree analagous to the mufcular motion in animals : in the multitude of examples, the trath will 
 
 particularly 
 
BOOK of 
 
 The 
 
 their legs, and the muicles of thofe 
 parts, which {well and extend every way ina 
 farprifing manner, by means of the blood and 
 humours driven into them, juit as if they had 
 been injected with additional liquors ; fo that 
 in courfe of time, they are as it were unnatu- 
 rally ftretched, and bent in the manner of a 
 bow. But this alteration obtains chiefly in in- 
 feéts, whofe mufcles alfo move much longer 
 than thofe of any other fpecies of animals ; and 
 even retain their motion, in many fpecies, after 
 the head has been feparated from the body. 
 We obferve alfo, that as foon as infeéts break 
 from their old fkins, their bodies grow larger 
 every way, almoft inftantaneoufly ; and the 
 fame thing happens, in proportion, to animals 
 whofe blood has an extraordinary degree of 
 heat in it. Hence it is, that their mufcles en- 
 deavour the more violently to contract and draw 
 themfelves together. In fine, we likewife very 
 plainly fee that the mufcles, when firft they 
 begin to exert their powers, grow much redder, 
 en account of the blood penetrating at that 
 time into their fubftance, and in fome degree 
 expanding it; and they become likewife much 
 larger, by means of the blood-veffels which 
 ran through them, and extend their moving 
 fibres. 
 
 From thefe particulars it evidently follows, 
 that every contraction of a mufcle mutt be pre- 
 ceded by fome degree of dilatation ; and this 
 dilation I fuppofe to be of three kinds.. The 
 firft is performed in the natural and voluntary 
 contractions of the mufcles, by the blood forced 
 into, and thereby partly dilating them. The 
 fecond, which obtains, in natural contractions, I 
 attribute to the contents, which byextending and 
 dilating the moving fibres, and thereby drawing 
 the blood more copioufly to them, occafions a 
 relaxation of their contractile powers. The 
 third kind of dilation is that which precedes 
 the voluntary contractions, and feems to be 
 produced by the determination of the antago- 
 nift mufcles; for thefe act upon the mufcles, 
 oppofed to them, in the fame manner that 
 the contents act upon mufcles, whofe motions 
 are natural. 
 
 Now what does that fubtile matter, which 
 conttantly flows through the nerves into the 
 mufcles, contribute to their contraction? Is it 
 derived to the moving fibres, ferving to open 
 fome of the blood-veffels that furround the’ 
 nerves lying within the mufcle? Or does it, by 
 mixing with the blood, make it fuddenly effer- 
 vefce and ferment, and fo excite that motion, 
 by which the mufcles may again thake off fuch 
 fubtile matter, fo as to caufe an immediate 
 contraction of the moving fibres? I muft own 
 myfelf unable to give a fatisfactory anfwer to 
 any of thefe queftions, and therefore leave 
 them, as a moft fruitful matter of contempla- 
 tion, to the difeuffion of others. 25, 
 
 As to the other things which I have hitherto 
 propofed, I think I may thence moft fairly con- 
 clude: Firft, That all the mufcles are naturally 
 contracted ; that is, they are in a ftate of con- 
 traction before they have performed any mo- 
 
 130 
 
 particular] y 
 
 NM A Show Wilks; om, 
 tion. Secondly, That their contration is, in 
 part, deftroyed by the blood, and fuch other 
 humours as flow into them from their particu- 
 lar veffels ; and that this is, as it were, the firft 
 caufe of the dilatation or expantion of the muf 
 cles, though they {till perfift in a ftate of con- 
 traction in a leffer degree. By this power alfo, 
 the circumambient air is driven out of its place, 
 and becomes condented, in the fame propor- 
 tion wherein the mufcles are expanded. Third- 
 ly, The contents of the vifcera, cavities, and 
 little tubes of the body, about which the 
 moving fibres are difpofed, contribute greatly, 
 as a fecundary caufe, which obtains in natural 
 motions, to the complete diftention or dilata- 
 tion of the mufcles; whereas, in voluntary 
 motions, fuch complete diftention and dilata- 
 tion muft be attributed chiefly to the contrary 
 determination of the antagonift mufcles: for 
 the moving fibres in thefe two fpecies of muf- 
 cles, which are differently fituated, are confi- 
 derably expanded by thefe two caufes, which 
 likewife difpofe the blood-veflels, belonging to 
 the mufcles, to receive a far greater quantity of, 
 blood; fo that the dilatation being once arrived 
 at its higheft pitch, the returning contraction 
 may be the more powerful. Fourthly, The 
 air, already repelled and condenfed, contributes 
 greatly to produce this effect; for, by being 
 immediately urged to dilate itfelf by the equi- 
 librium of the atmofphere, it, in its turn, acts 
 with the greater violence upon the mufcles, to 
 oblige them to return into their late {tate of 
 contraction; which is befides fo natural to 
 them, that they would reaffume it of them- 
 felves, fooner or later, without any fuch com- 
 pulfion. Fifthly, We muft add to the caufes 
 already affligned, the perpetual and natural ir- 
 ritations which the nerves are conftantly excit- 
 ing in the moving fibres of the mufcles them- 
 felves, and which are continually engaged in 
 urging them to contraction. I would here be 
 underftood to mean thofe ftimuli, which are _ 
 produced by the blood in its circulation, andin 
 its paflage through the arteries to the origin of 
 the fpinal marrow, and all the nerves; or elfe 
 
 thofe ftimuli which are communicated to the 
 
 beginning of the {pinal marrow, and the nerves, 
 
 by external objeéts, which make an impreffion 
 
 upon the blood. Hence therefore, in the fixth 
 
 place, the mufcles, as well the natural and 
 
 moveable ones as thofe fubje@ to the dittates 
 
 of the will, are neceflarily difpofed, and in a 
 
 manner conftrained, to return to their original 
 
 and natural ftate of contraction. Hence, fe- 
 
 venthly, I may reafonably conclude, that in 
 
 all the reciprocal contractions of the mufcles, 
 
 their contents are again forcibly difcharged, 
 
 fince the moving fibres, which were before — 
 extended, at this time come nearer again to 
 
 each other, and become very compact, fo as 
 
 to recover the fituation they were in, previous _ 
 to their being dilated. For this reaton alfo, 
 
 they muft then take up lefs room, though we 
 
 may fee fome tumours arife at this time on the 
 
 furface of the mufcles; thefe tumours being 
 
 produced by the extraordinary compactnefs of 
 
 the 
 
Then: He B.Se TuOeRny 
 the fibres, of which the mufcles are compofed, 
 and confequently by the fubfiding of the adja- 
 cent parts, rather than by any inilation of thofe 
 parts of which they themfelves confift; as the 
 authors, who have hitherto treated this fubject, 
 have falfly imagined. \Seventhly, and laftly, 
 therefore, I from hence conclude, that all the 
 actions of the mufcles confift in contraction, 
 or in a return to that form and difpofition they 
 had before they were dilated ; fo that the muf- 
 cles, as often as they are again dilated, or de- 
 termined a contrary way, by the caufe already 
 afligned, or by means of their contents, or by 
 the action of the antagonift mufcles, conftantly 
 return afterwards to their former ftate of con- 
 traction, whether the motions they are to give 
 be natural or voluntary. 
 
 Though this be ufually the cafe, and prin- 
 cipally with regard to the natural motions of 
 the mufcles, it neverthelefs is obferved to take 
 place in their voluntary motions alfo; though, 
 to effect thefe laft, the confent of the will is 
 likewife neceflary. For we find, that, in all 
 the voluntary motions of the mufcles, there is 
 likewife abfolutely required fome internal or 
 external caufe, by means of which a contrac- 
 tion of the antagonift mufcles may be deter- 
 mined another way. 
 
 Therefore, fince all the mufcles are in a 
 perpetual ftate of contraction, it is eafy to con- 
 ceive, that the leaft degree of determination, 
 whatever caufe may ferve to produce it, is fuffi- 
 cient to difpofe them to move the body, make 
 it advance, remove it from place to place, and 
 actuate it in a thoufand other different ways. 
 
 Nor is it in natural motions alone, that 
 things are obferved to proceed in this manner, 
 as plainly appears by the contraction of the 
 pupil of the eye, which inftantaneoufly ex- 
 pands and dilates itfelf, by means of its muf- 
 cles, as the eye is more or lefs irritated by the 
 particles of light. The fame may be obferved 
 of the moving fibres of the inteftines, which 
 conttantly alfo contract and expand themfelves, 
 in proportion to their contents; fo that their 
 motion perfectly refembles that of the fea, 
 whofe waves follow and mutually prefs upon 
 one another. 
 
 We often obferve, that a natural contraction 
 takes place in thofe mufcles, which are faid to 
 move as the will direéts; as is manifeft in our 
 walking, ftanding, and making ufe of our 
 hands: for we certainly move our limbs almoft 
 every moment, without reflecting in the leaft 
 upon what we do. ‘Thus, with regard to ex- 
 ternal objects, we often falute a perfon we 
 meet, merely becaufe another in our company 
 takes off his hat, or becaufe we are affected by 
 fuch external object, though we do not know 
 who the.perfon is we have faluted, nor fo much 
 as think of our faluting him. For this reafon 
 therefore itis plain, that as our memory is 
 local, and is affifted by the image of one thing 
 in paffing to that of another, and fo on without 
 end, the contractions of our mufcles are in like 
 manner natural; and the mufcles themfelves 
 are urged by one caufe of motion to another, 
 
 LN 6 E G-T.3; i 
 
 and from this to a third, and fo on without any 
 lnteri uption. 
 
 It is for a fimilar reafon, that, when we find 
 ourfelves too near the fire, we retire to a greater 
 diftance from it, and put our limbs, by means 
 of various motions, into their former pofture, 
 without attending in the leat to what we do ; 
 but merely in confequence of the imprefiién 
 made upon us by the irritating objet. From 
 hence it appears, that we can. never be 
 faid to move voluntarily, unlefs when t 
 itfelf is put in motion by the obje@ and then 
 by its own motion produces a third; for when- 
 ever the light happens to be too {trong, we fhut 
 our eyes, turn our head afide, and give our- 
 felves many other motions, as we are varioufly 
 excited to them by the objects that prefent 
 themfelves. 
 
 All thefe faéts abundantly prove, that thof 
 very mufcles, by whofe affiftance we perform 
 our voluntary motions, are no withitanding 
 always themfelves moved in a natural manner, 
 not only becaufe an internal or external prin- 
 ciple, caufe, or object is alone requifite to de- 
 termine them; but likewife becaufe a volun- 
 tary motion is never produced, unlefs fuch a 
 determining principle, whatever that may be, 
 precedes it, though it fhould be but a thought 
 merely cafual, let alone one previoufly excited. 
 Cannot a fimple dream, or fome abfolute phan- 
 tom, prefenting itfelf before us in the nicht, 
 fo affect us? Even in this cafe, we immediately 
 {tart, tremble,. and perhaps get out of bed, 
 fhriek, and call for affiftance. And all this 
 we do merely becaufe we then juft determine 
 another way our mufcles, already prepared for 
 action. We may obferve the fame things alfo 
 in our fpontaneous or natural motions, though 
 fuch motions can be but very feldom deter- 
 mined by us, and that alfo under certain con- 
 ditions only. For our will, as I took notice in 
 the beginning, has very little power in deter- 
 mining fuch of the mufcles as have no anta- 
 gonifts; and indeed, if nature had not be- 
 {towed upon us fuch antagonift mufcles, we 
 fhould have been little better than vegetables, 
 which cannot ftir from the place wherein they 
 have taken root. 
 
 It is evident, from the foregoing obfervations, 
 that a great number of things concur in the 
 contraction of the mufcles; and that we fhould 
 be thoroughly acquainted with that wonderful 
 machine our body, and the elements with 
 which we are furrounded, to defcribe exactly 
 one fingle nvufclé, and explain its action, in a 
 fatisfactory manner. On this occafion, it would 
 be neceflary for us to confider the atmofphere, 
 the nature of our food, the blood, the brain, 
 marrow, and nerves, that moft fubtile matter 
 which inftantaneoufly flows to the moving 
 fibres, and many other things, before we could 
 expect to attain a fight of the perfe@ and cer- 
 tain truth. For my part, I own that I have 
 endeavoured to offer fomething on this impor- 
 tant. fubject worth the publick’s acceptance ; 
 but yet I am fenfible, that all this time I have 
 been, as it were, reprefenting with a coal the 
 
 fun's 
 
 he will 
 
 . 
 
The 
 
 132 
 fan’s meridian rays: fo that this my little effay 
 can pretend to no merit, on any other account, 
 but that of its conformity to Nature, which I 
 hope I fhall, in time, be allowed not to have 
 mifreprefented. And that time will be, when 
 happier geniufes fhall have made all thefe 
 things clear and evident ; for this may certain- 
 ly be attained by laying afide all little thoughts 
 of our own glory, in inveftigating the works 
 of Nature, and thinking of His only, without 
 whofe affiftance we could not even know any 
 thing of them. At that happy period, the 
 defire of writing for the fake of being talked 
 of, will no longer prevail : we fhall not then 
 be anticipating our own praifes, fince all our 
 intentions being dire@ted to the honour of the 
 Creator, we fhall of courfe refift the corrupt 
 
 BOOK of NATURE; 
 
 Or, 
 
 motions of our hearts, apt to be delighted with 
 flattery, and fond of obtaining the title of 
 learned and ingenious men: all which I only 
 confider as vanity of vanities, fince truth is the 
 only thing upon which we ought to depend, as _ 
 on a firm foundation, and for which we ought 
 to value ourfelves. Whois it amongft us, that 
 fhall difcover the truth, -confidering our blind- 
 nefs_in judging even of the vifible objects that 
 furround us? . Hence therefore, to conclude 
 this effay, I fhall obferve, that every true and 
 valuable difcovery is the gift of the Divine 
 Grace, which God diftributes as he pleafes, 
 and makes manifeft at his own time. My ob- 
 fervations, concerning the nerves, may be found 
 in my hiftory of the Rhinoceros Beetle. 
 
 The End of the Natural Hiflory of Frogs. 
 
 A comparifon of the changes in ‘the Clove-Fulyflower, with thofe in infects during 
 their Nymph-frate. 
 
 TAB. XLVI. 
 
 Exhibit in the figure of this Table, 
 
 k = N2@. I, The garden Caryophyllus, or Clove- 
 Julyflower,, under its firft coat or tunick, with- 
 in which it goes by the name of the feed of 
 the plant. 
 
 Il. The faid coat or tunick fallen. off from 
 the latent rudiments. 
 
 Ill. The little new germen, or firft fhoot of 
 the plant. : 
 
 IV. The faid germen opened into a few 
 leaves. 
 
 V. The fame germen or bud, when its fol- 
 liculus or flower-cup is called a gemma, oF 
 bud; in which condition I confider it as a 
 Nymph, 
 
 VI. The Caryophyllus or Clove-Julyflower 
 itfelf, after it has burft open its gemma or bud, 
 - and is become ready to thew its feeds. 
 
 Having fhewn in general, in the firft part 
 of this work, the fimilitude there is between 
 the changes of vegetables and thofe of infects, 
 I thall now, to make it the plainer, give a par- 
 ticular inftance of it in the Caryophyllus or 
 Clove; adding figures, to make every thing 
 the more intelligible *. 
 
 Tab. XLVL Fig. 1. Firft then I give a 
 figure of this plant’s feed, as it appears to the 
 -haked eye; and then, at the letter A, I repre- 
 
 fent it as it appears through the microfcope. 
 Near the middle of it there appears a white 
 protuberance ; by which, while it remains in 
 its cell, it receives life, nourifhment, and in- 
 creafe, in the fame manner with the eggs of 
 infeGts in the ovary; fo that we may confider 
 
 * In the courfe of vegetable nature, if the iyfen of vegetable 
 
 in all other plants as in the inftance there propo’ 
 
 ; u ed, the origin of t I fimpl 
 thing of that incomprehenfible do€trine of invigorating atoms, or a feminal air; bat the whole operation is a contt 
 
 this firft principle, which is likewife found in 
 other feeds, as the cicatrix of the navel-ftring, 
 after it has been cut and tied up. There ap- 
 pear alfo, on the furface of the feed of theClove- 
 Julyflower, fome very pretty little jagged un-_ 
 evennefles, interfperfed with black {pots; by 
 means of which it looks not unlike that 
 rugged fkin called chagreen, and may indeed 
 be very aptly compared to that kind of fkin. 
 Fig. 11. Secondly, I exhibit the coat, fkin, 
 fhell, peel, rind, or tunick, which the Clove- 
 {eed throws off, in order to appear under the 
 fhape of a germen, or firft fhoot, 111, juft as 
 infe@ts caft their fkins at the time of their — 
 changes. . | 
 After having reprefented the external ap- 
 pearance of the Clove- Julyflower-feed, N°. 1 
 and A, I give the form of the fkin it has caft 
 off under N°. Il... At the letter B, I give the 
 true appearance of the feed contained within 
 that fin or coat, drawn after nature; and at 
 the letter C, as it appeared through the micro- 
 fcope, that my readers may be able to form 
 
 jutter notions of it. There are two things in this 
 
 feed which deferve particular regard; namely, 
 its prominent apiculus, or point, and that bivalve 
 divifion or parting which is to be deen in the 
 reft of its body. On the feed's being com- 
 mitted to the earth, we obferve that the point 
 or cone bends downwards, and divides into 
 roots at its extremity, N°. III. whilft the reft 
 of the body of the feed, opening more and 
 more, at laft throws off its external coat, N°, 
 IL. and conftitutes the two firft leaves of the 
 
 future plant. 
 
 eneration, juft publifhed by Dr. Hill, be found to anfiver equally 
 
 There remains no- 
 
 is part of Nature’s produéts is very fimple. 
 nued growth. 
 
 'The fibres of the root are compofed of five fubftances, laid over one another, and thefe terminate in the feveral parts belonging to 
 
 the flower. The flefhy fubftance of the ftalk terminates in the anthera, and each termination of it is in a minute plant, which is 
 lodged ‘jin a grain of farina, and defended by a watry fabftance : it is with this carried down the ftyle into the feed-veffels, and 
 lodged in the feeds.. Thefe cover it with new membranes; and when put into the ground, it cafts off thefe membranes, and 
 
 acquires its growth, juft as this author obferves of the Clove; confirming all his obfervations. 
 
 Fig. 
 
The HOPS 'T ORY 
 
 Fig. 111. As reprefented after nature, under 
 the third number. I here exadtly exhibit the 
 two firft leaves of this plant, with its root, and 
 the fibres belonging to that part, and all the 
 tender little rudiments of the infant Clove- 
 Julyflower, which at this period exaétly re- 
 fembles an infect; that has juft crept out of its 
 firft coat or fkin. 
 
 Fig. 1v. Fourthly, I exhibit the germen of 
 the Caryophyllus, or Clove-Julyflower, fome- 
 what more grown, and adorned all round with 
 excrefcent leaves, which may very well be 
 compared with the little bundles of hair fpring- 
 ing from the fkins of Caterpillars, 
 
 Fig. v. I fhew in what manner the germen, 
 or firft hoot, has at laft grown to a gemma or 
 bud, calyx or cup, which contains the latent 
 Clove-ilower, neatly folded up; in the fame 
 manner that the Nymyh or Chryfalis contains 
 the future flying infect. But there is this dif- 
 ference, that the parts of the Clove are uni- 
 formly furrounded with one continued coat or 
 fkin, like the embryo Chicken in the fhell of 
 its egg; whereas all the limbs of Nymphs or 
 Chryfallides are wrapped up each in its own 
 
 ecular covering, without being ever found 
 under one common coat, unlefs it be in fuch 
 infeéts as never throw off their laft fkin; as is 
 the cafe in the fourth order. 
 
 Fig, vi. Laftly, I give a drawing of the 
 Clove, at the time when it is in flower: when, 
 after having burft its calyx, gemma, or bud, in 
 the fame manner that the new Butterfly breaks 
 from its Nymph or Chryfalis, and acquired its 
 full fize, and age proper for fhedding its feed; 
 it feems to wait, in its gay attire, for the com- 
 ing of its mate, juft as infects do for an inter- 
 courfe with theirs. But as the Great Architect 
 has not allowed plants a power of motion, and 
 has ordered that they fhould propagate the 
 {pecies without copulation, this little flower by 
 degrees breathes forth its life, by a continual 
 evaporation of the moft fragrant odours, re- 
 
 of NP SE GIES, 13% 
 
 O° 
 
 fembling the breathing forth of fo thany amo- 
 rous wifhes; and finds only in its death the 
 means of making itfelf immortal in its off= 
 {pring. 
 
 There are likewife infects; as I have elfe- 
 where obferved, which, though diftinguithed 
 into males and females, propagate their fpecies 
 without any venereal intercourfe. Of this 
 kind is the Ephemerus. Even animals that 
 have blood, as: fithes, for example, are found 
 alfo to perpetuate themfelves’ in the fame 
 manner. 
 
 If, therefore, we attentively confider the ot- 
 der in which the parts of infects, larger ani- 
 mals, and vegetables increafe; and alter from 
 one form to another, and the other particulars 
 belonging to fuch increafe and changes, we 
 fhall evidently fee, that all God’s works are 
 really founded upon the fame rules, and agree 
 together with an inconceivable reetilarity. But 
 who is it, that, after ferioufly reflecting upon 
 fuch an agreement, dare maintain, that the 
 meaneft being under the heavens can owe to 
 meré chance its effence, exiftence, perfervation, 
 and rank in the creation? 
 
 As the generation, breeding, increafe, and 
 changes obfervable in the Loufe, the Dragon- 
 fly, the Ant, Butterfly, and common Fly, how 
 often foever repeated, are obferved to obey 
 conftantly the fame laws, remain within the 
 fame limits, and: proceed in one uniform and 
 certain manner; what reafon can there be to 
 fuppofe, that the other parts of the creation 
 fhould be governed with lefs wifdom, power, 
 and goodnefs ? What grounds for the leaft dif- 
 fidence in the Great Lord and Mafter of fach 
 an univerfe? What powerful motives rather 
 have we not, to acquiefce humbly in his coun- 
 fels, adore his omnipotent hand, and praife 
 his works, whofe exquifitenefs infinitely fur- 
 pafles the ftrongeft efforts of the moft fubtile 
 and daring imaginations ? 
 
 The Conclufion. 
 
 Cosas this work, I cannot but obferve 
 that the manner in which the infects I 
 have treated of, and all others, efcape the in- 
 juries of the cold and rainy feafons, is of too 
 much importance, and too furprifing in itfelf, 
 not to deferve fome fhare of our attention. 
 Experience has taught me, that they do this 
 in four different ways. 
 
 Firft, I have obferved that the infects them- 
 felves, which have acquired their full growth 
 and perfection, outlive the rigours of winter ; 
 at which feafon they fo entirely lofe all power 
 of motion, that when taken from the little 
 places of retreat they had chofen for them- 
 felves, during the autumnal months, as beft 
 agreeing with their feveral natures and difpofi- 
 tions, they cannot by any means reinftate them- 
 felves. But if you cherifh them gently with a 
 warm hand, or hold them at a proper diftance 
 to the fire, they not only foon recover the 
 
 power of nioving thenifelves, but likewife the 
 ufe of their wings, with which they fly about 
 as before, till the coldnefs of the circumam- 
 bient air has again numbed them, or they have 
 found other convenient winter-quarters. _That 
 all infects do not equally lofe this power of 
 moving themfelves, is plain, among many 
 others, in the cafe of Bees; for thefe not only 
 open and fhut the doors of their hives in the 
 winter feafon, but tenderly and diligently nurfe 
 and rear their young offspring in the very depth 
 of it, Hence it is, that not only young Bees 
 may be found in the hives at the firft dawn of 
 {pring ; but that even it is a common faying 
 amonett thofe that delight in this ufeful infect, 
 that young Bees and Swallows make their ap- 
 pearance at the fame time. 
 
 Swallows feed upon Bees and other infects, 
 which they feize in their moft rapid flights. 
 For this reafon, in rainy weather, when no in- 
 
 Ll fects 
 
134 The BOOK 
 feéts are to be found in the air, thefe birds, in 
 order to take them, fly near the ground ; a cir- 
 cumftance which has given a handle for that 
 very abfurd notion of fome people, that Swal- 
 lows can forefee an impending ftorm; where- 
 as, as I have been juft faying, they fkim the 
 earth in heavy, cloudy, rainy, or ftormy wea- 
 ther, merely to come at the infects, upon 
 which they prey, and which, at thefe times, al- 
 ways betake themfelves to reft. For the fame 
 
 reaton I believe Swallows conftantly follow the 
 
 -courfe of the Sun; and when winter comes 
 upon us, retire to the other climates which 
 enjoy at that time a pleafant fpring, a fruitful 
 fummer, or a temperate autumn, and are there- 
 fore qualified to fupply them with a fufficiency 
 of food. 
 
 I have obferved, that fome infects can only 
 endure the winter in the worm-ftate. ‘Thefe 
 are found not only above and under ground, 
 in the hollows of trees, between the leaves of 
 plants, in the hearts of fruits, and in vegeta- 
 ble excrefcences, but even in the water, and 
 are often enclofed in ice. But then it is ob- 
 fervable of thefe infects, that moft of them are 
 much ftronger at this period, than ever they 
 are afterwards, when they have gone through 
 their changes, and are become capable of pro- 
 pagating of their fpecies. Thus we find that 
 the Water-worm, which changes to an Ephe- 
 merus, is fo tenacious of life, that it can live 
 many days after being run through with a pin; 
 whereas in the Fly-ftate it lives even without 
 receiving the leaft injury, but four hours at 
 longeft. However, we likewife know by ex- 
 perience, that thefe creatures, tho’ vigorous and 
 robuft, perifh very fuddenly, if they do not 
 happen to find quarters adapted to. their na- 
 ture. Of this the Worms found in Hazel- 
 nuts and filberts, are a ftriking inftance; for 
 unlefs you place them in moift fand, where they 
 dig themfelves holes to ferve them for winter- 
 quarters, not only they die very foon, but even 
 in the fpace of one fingle night, will harden, 
 and dry to fuch a degree, that they will in a 
 manner fall to duft between the fingers. I 
 have obferved alfo, that this is the cafe with 
 the Worms bred in the tubercles of Mal- 
 low-leaves, tho’ they never make holes for 
 themfelves iu the earth, in whicn they may 
 pafs the winter, but defend themfelves again{t 
 its rigours, by {pinning a commodious covering 
 
 ' for their bodies. . 
 
 Thirdly, I find that other infects pafs the 
 winter in the Nymph-ftate, in which they may 
 be found as well on the furface of the earth, as 
 buried under ground; and even in the water, 
 where they will live for fome months without 
 any food ; for at this time, they want ftrength 
 to take any, as well thro’ the weaknefs of their 
 limbs, as on account of the great quantity of fu- 
 perfluous moifture with which their bodies are 
 - charged. I have likewife remarked, as I al- 
 ready mentioned, that the greateft part of thefe 
 infects, which outlive the winter in a perfect 
 flate, require no food from one end of that 
 feafon to the other; for at that time their 
 
 of NA TU RE; or, 
 
 juices move very flowly, and are in a manner 
 condenfed by the coldnets of the circum am- 
 bient air; both which are fufficient to account - 
 for fo long a faft. 
 
 Hence it is alfo, that thefe little creatures, 
 when cherifhed with the leaft warmth, recover 
 their former’ fenfes and motion ; whereas, be- 
 fore, they were fo entirely motionlefs, as even 
 not to void any excrements. And this circum- 
 {tance affords us another proof of their not tak- 
 ing any food at that time ; for where there is 
 no lofs, there can be no neceflity for any nou- 
 rifhment to repair the waite. 
 
 Fourthly, and laftly, I have found infeGs to 
 furvive the winter in their eggs ; in which, as 
 I have heretofore obferved, they often wear the 
 form of Nymphs. 
 
 But I fhall hereafter explain the advantages 
 that accrue from this condition of Infects ip 
 the Nymph, and other ftates, when I come to 
 defcribe after what manner they bufy their eggs 
 in fpring, on the approach of warm weather, 
 in the tender germina or buds of plants, and in 
 the leaves of trees; a thing which I mightily 
 long for the fatisfaction of feeing with my 
 own eyes. Perhaps I>may at laft find the 
 means of fatisfying my curiofity, And, as no 
 defcriptions or drawings can impart full and 
 juft notions of the form and external appear- 
 ance of thefe little creatures, I have formed a 
 refolution of collecting fome hundreds of them, 
 in order to preferve them in balfam, after hay- 
 ing fufficiently dried them. 
 
 I could prove by the teftimonies of people 
 of all ranks, that I have in my mufeum {peci- 
 mens of all the infects I have fpoken of in the 
 foregoing treatife, to the number of more than 
 twelve hundred, with their Nymphs, Chryfa- 
 lides, and Vermiform-nymphs. But here, in 
 
 order to do myfelf juftice, appeal to that moft = 
 
 curious and learned gentleman the Abbe Bou- 
 caud, who, after he had been firft to fee me, 
 in company with the celebrated Olaus Bor- 
 richius, Profeflor of Phyfick in the Univer- 
 fity of Copenhagen, thought it not beneath him 
 to return often to my houfe to examine the 
 great number of natural curiofities I have there 
 treafured up. 
 
 I might likewife appeal to the moft noble and 
 accurate Paul Falconier, who fome time ago 
 did me the honour of a vifit, and was pleated to 
 approve my occupations and ftudies. But 1 
 would not have the readers imagine, that I have _ 
 minutely examined every fingle infect of my col- 
 lection ; I have only reduced a great many of them 
 to my four orders, as may appear to any one, 
 that will be at the pains of confidering what I 
 have faid of thefe orders. And this caution I gave 
 in the fame place, for fear of deceiving others, and 
 perhaps my(elf, with expectation of more being 
 done in this branch of natural hiftory than there 
 really is, Though, let us do as much as we 
 can, I believe it fo far from poffible to know 
 every fpecies of infects, and the changes of each, 
 that I believe the labour of ages would not be 
 fuilicient to difcover all the kinds of them, In 
 the mean time, I challenge any one to produce a 
 
 fingle 
 
The HIS FOR ¥ 
 
 fingle infe&, that may not be referred to one of 
 the four orders of mutations which I have propof- 
 ed; for to me, if I may here truft my reafon, the 
 thing appears impoffible. I leave it to time to dif- 
 cover the truth of this aflertion ; and do not de- 
 fire any credit to be given to my relations, unlefs 
 the things I fpeak are found to agree exadtly 
 with the originals, as I have defcribed them after 
 nature with all the exactnefs and perfpicuity I 
 was matter of. 
 
 Having thus produced every thing, which in 
 my opinion could be faid in general, or in par- 
 ticular, concerning infects, I had refolved to add 
 another differtation on their eggs, worms, and 
 Nymphs: but I muft defer this to fome other 
 opportunity. 1 had even flattered myfelf with 
 the hopes of being able to prefent the public 
 with a feparate account of the little infets found 
 in the bodies of others of a ‘larger fize ; but as 
 yet I want fufficient experiments for that pur- 
 pofe, though I am firmly perfuaded that no- 
 thing is to be attributed to chance in the gene- 
 ration of them. 
 
 I fhall now fay no more on this fubject, as it 
 is moft evident that all God’s works are g0- 
 verned by the fame rules; and as the true and 
 primitive origins of them are infinitely beyond 
 the reach of our comprehenfion, fo that we can- 
 not be faid to know more than the bare outlines 
 of that infinite Being’s image, to whom they 
 owe their exiftence; fo I may hence, for certain, 
 conclude, that all the knowledge and wifdom of 
 philofophers, confifts merely in an accurate per- 
 ception of thefe elegant appearances or effects, 
 which are produced by firft caufes, and are 
 often themfelves, in their turn, the caufes of 
 other effects, For this reafon, we fhould ftre- 
 nuoufly endeavour to make ourfelves well ac- 
 quainted with thefe appearances, and then draw 
 from them firm rules and principles; otherwife, 
 as I have hinted in my preface, we may eafily 
 lofe our way, and ftray into the paths of error, 
 as difputing on nature, which is quite inexhauft- 
 ible, without fufficient experiments, which, on 
 fuch an occafion, are as neceflary to find us a 
 path, confidering with what darknefs of igno- 
 rance we are furrounded, as a ftaff is to the 
 blind. It often happens, through our own fault, 
 that thofe things, of which we might acquire 
 competent notions with very little trouble, be- 
 come not only dark, but quite incomprehenfible 
 to us, fo as to encreafe our blindnefs, by the er- 
 roneous inferences we draw from them, rather 
 than add to our knowledge. Of this our great 
 * weaknefs, Goedaert alone is a fufficient example ; 
 for that author, by falfely imagining to himéelf, 
 for want of proper experiments, that Caterpil- 
 lars, degenerated into crippled and imperfect in- 
 fects, as oftenas they performed their mutations, 
 without being properly grown and fed for that 
 purpofe, not only in confequence of this falfe 
 pofition, involved all his other experiments in 
 the moft perfect darknefs, but contracted himfelf 
 fuch a blindnefs, that he could not perceive one 
 of the moft excellent principles of natural hifto- 
 ry, though it lay directly under his eyes. I omit 
 naming many other naturalifts, who, too lazy, 
 
 IN SVR C-F tS. 
 
 of 135 
 or too proud, to make experiments, and guided 
 only by their we.k reafon, or weaker imagina- 
 tion, have argued on the mutations of infects, 
 with juft as much propriety, as a blind man may 
 be {uppofed to fpeak of colours; infomuch that I 
 fhould be afhamed to put my readers in mind 
 of their empty and chiidith reafonings. Nor is 
 there the leaft fhadow of excule, for the unwar- 
 rantable boldnefs of fuch perfons, who were not 
 afhamed to fpeak without any hefitation or doubt 
 of things, whofe caufes and principles they were 
 utterly unacquaintéd with, But, to {peak my 
 mind with freedom and candout: if we are to 
 regard as idle and vain, all thofe reafonings of 
 ours, which cannot be primarily demonftrated 
 by experiments, and do not ultimately terminate 
 in them, no reafonings can be fo ftrong and 
 certain, as thofe which are drawn from the very 
 obfervations and experiments, in which they 
 may likewife be found to terminate. All fuch 
 arguments, therefore, as want this frm and im- 
 moveable bafis of experiments, are to be greatly 
 fufpected of error, whatever fyllogifms and enu- 
 merations people may think proper to build them 
 upon ; and when they do not exactly agree with 
 experiments, they deferve to be rejected. OF 
 this opinion was likewife the illuftrious Des Car- 
 tes, who, in his effay upon method, has the fol- 
 lowing words. <* For I was always of opinion, 
 that more truth is to be found in thofe reafon- 
 ings, which men make ufe of in the com- 
 mon affairs of life, whofe bad fuccef may 
 prove a kind of punifhment for their reafon- 
 ing ill, than in thofe which fome idle doétor, 
 cooped up in his ftudy, has invented concern- 
 ing this evtia rationis, and fach other empty 
 queftions, that conduce nothing to the eafe and 
 happinefs of life, and from which he expeds 
 no other advantage, unlefs that of reaping fo 
 much the greater harveft of empty glory from 
 his arguments ; as they contain lefs. of truth 
 and common fenfe, on account of the extra- 
 ordinary ftrength of genius, and application 
 requifite to give an impofing air to fuch ab- 
 furdities.” 
 
 If we duly confider the words of this able phi- 
 lofopher, and the great weight and importance 
 of experiments, I believe we fhall find it not un- 
 juft to dignify with the name of reafon that 
 faculty of our minds, by the afliftance of which, 
 we form clear and diftin&- notions of things, 
 whilft we make proper ufe of our fenfes in fuffi- 
 cient experiments, fo as to be able afterwards to 
 effect exact copies of the originals we have thus 
 endeavoured to be thoroughly acquainted with. 
 For this reafon it is, that our idea of any thing 
 is faid to be more or lefS clear and diftin®, ac- 
 cording as we can produce another thing more or 
 lefs like it; and are therefore faid to have more or 
 lefs the power of it. This being granted, it 
 fhould follow, that we have no clear, diftinét, 
 or perfect knowledge of any things, except of 
 fuch as we can truly and effectually produce, ac- 
 cording to the notions we have of them: fo that 
 folid and perfect knowledge muft be allowed to 
 be a very uncommon thing in man, and to be 
 confined within very narrow bounds. ‘This is an 
 2 : im- 
 
 ~ 
 
 a 
 “ 
 
 n~ 
 n 
 
e The BOOK 
 we fhould readily confefs, if a prin- 
 ciple of vain glory, cherifhed by that very igno- 
 rance, did not prevent us. To give an inftance 
 of thefe things, which are 1n fome fort under- 
 ftood by us, I believe phyficians, if they had 
 Jear and diftin ideas of the ftructare of our 
 bodies, and of the motions of the blood, and 
 other juices belonging to them, would be able to 
 mend radically any unnatural difpofition in thefe 
 parts, as they could then prove the validity of 
 {uch clear and diftin@ ideas, by reducing them 
 to the te(t of experiments, which is allowed in 
 every country to deferve credit, more than reafon 
 itfelf, But as hitherto they are very unhappy in 
 their attempts to cure our diforders, and are al- 
 ways perplexed by crofs events, from the weak- 
 ne(s of their reafonings; we cannot but allow 
 from this, and all, that the great Defcartes has 
 beftowed no commendations on experiments 
 which they do not highly deferve. 
 
 It is plain, from what has been faid, that 
 fomething may exift-in the underftanding, which 
 never before had been taken notice of by the 
 fenfes, tho’ we cannot comprehend them clearly 
 and diftin@ly, unlefs they terminate in the fenfes, 
 or at leaft may effectually terminate in them. 
 Befides, our underftanding becomes at length 
 {o difcerning, as through a frequent and atten- 
 tive cbfervation of experiments and fenfible ef- 
 fe&ts ; fometimes we are enabled to judge truly 
 and folidly, without any previous experiment of 
 things, which have never fallen under the cogni- 
 zance of our fenfes. To this purpofe, is what 
 Ariftotle fays in the tenth chapter of his third 
 book concerning the generation of infects. “‘ We 
 « mutt truft our reafon, if what it demonftrates 
 “ be found to agree with the informations of 
 “ our fenfes,” : 
 
 All things therefore duly confidered, it does 
 not feem unreafonable to determine, that if we 
 had clear and diftin@ ideas of the ftruCture of 
 the human body, the motions of its juices, and 
 every thing elf relating to that wonderful fabrick; 
 not only we fhould be able, by making a pro- 
 per ufe of fuch ideas, to mend it when impair- 
 ed, but might even fo far go beyond the bounds 
 of nature, as to reftore its health and vigour, 
 when entirely loft and decayed. For our in- 
 duftry fucceeds the better, in producing things 
 the more clearly and diftinétly it comprehends 
 them ; whilft ignorance, on the other hand, is 
 attended with a proportionable degree of weak- 
 nefs, 
 
 But as it is not always in our power to make 
 ~ accurate experiments or obfervations, fo neither 
 are fuch experiments always fufficient to give us 
 clear and diftinét notions of the things themfelves, 
 Such, for example, as on account of their ex- 
 treme minutenefs or remotenefs, elude the fharp- 
 nefs of our fight. Let therefore no one be 
 childifh enough to perfuade himfelf, that we can, 
 by the bare efforts of our reafon, ever thoroughly 
 underftand the genuine cauf2s of fuch things ; 
 not to fay the true effects produced by them. 
 
 For the higheft degree of wifdom we are 
 capable of attaining, does not confift, as I ob- 
 ferved before, in the knowledge of caufes, but 
 
 imperfect ion 
 
 of .N A ©. WR Eero 
 
 only in the clear and diftin® comprehenfion of 
 the true appearances or effects, by which fuch 
 caufes difcover themfelves to our fenfes ; but 
 we afterwards make ufe of thefe effects, as fo 
 many fteps by which we may climb to the firft 
 caufes, and by the juft notions we thus ac- 
 quire, we are enabled to produce an infinite 
 number of things requifite to make life ealy 
 and happy. Nay, even this knowledge reaches 
 no higher than the perception of thefe effects, 
 as they are made known to us by a circum- 
 fpect, ufe of our fenfes. . And therefore, all 
 our reafonings that are drawn from experi- 
 ments already made in one cafe, and then ap- 
 plied to another, in which we have not as yet 
 made any, are to. be held as dubious and 
 fufpectible till they end in, and are confirmed 
 by immediate experiment. 
 
 For this reafon I. am greatly pleafed with 
 the illuftrious Harvey, when in the preface to 
 his treatife on the generation of animals, he 
 {peaks of the methods of finding truth, in the 
 following words: ‘ The prefent method 
 ‘‘ therefore, of inveftigating truth, is alto- 
 
 gether erroneous and childifh, whilft the 
 
 generality are taken up.in inquiring not what 
 things are, but what others fay of them, and 
 then drawing an univerfal conclufion from 
 fingular premifes, to which they often af- 
 terwards add analogical reafonings, and al- 
 moft always palm upon us for true, things 
 that are feldom more than at the utmoft 
 probable. Hence it is, that many fophitts, _ 
 after ranfacking the inventions of others, 
 prefent them to us as their own, though 
 they have done no more than change the 
 original author's order and words, and made, 
 perhaps, fome few inconfiderable additions ; 
 by thefe means they render philofephy, 
 which ought to be certain and perfpicuous, 
 dark, intricate, and confufed. . For thofe, 
 who whilft they read an author’s words, do 
 not abftraét the images of things, compre- 
 hended in their words from their proper 
 fenfes, inftead of furnifhing their minds 
 with true ideas, fill them with falfe idols 
 and empty fancies, which they work up in 
 their imagination, into fhadows and chime- 
 ‘ ras; fo that all their fine theories or con- 
 templations which they dignify with the 
 name of knowledge or fcience, ought ra- 
 ther to be confidered as the dreams of men 
 awake, or the ravings of lunaticks.” And 
 a little before, he fays, “ For the images of 
 *« things that come under the cognizance of 
 our fenfes, remain when the things them- 
 felves have difappeared ; and thefe images 
 
 conftitute memory, which, by taking in a 
 
 great number of objects, forms in its turn, 
 
 what we call experience ; and from expe~ 
 rience we derive univerfal reafon, definitions, 
 and maxims, or common axioms, which 
 ‘© are the certain principles of knowledge.” 
 He again fpeaks to the fame purpofe in his 
 forty-fourth exercitation, and in the following 
 terms. ‘ It is therefore, no fuch wonder, 
 « that fo many errors fhould have defcended 
 “<-6yCn 
 
The: 23 1-3-1-0 Bax 
 
 t* even to our times from the remoteft anti- 
 * quity, with the unanimous confent and ap- 
 ** probation of mankind; or that men of great 
 ‘* abilities in fome refpects, fhould have com- 
 «« mitted miftakes, as they thought it fufficient 
 “to be wife with the wifdom of others, or 
 ** Jearned with their learning, and to fill their 
 «memory with the opinions.of learned men. 
 But thofe who philofophize in this manner 
 «< by traduction, if I may thus exprefs myfelf, 
 
 books through which they come at their 
 *« ill-digefted notions.” 
 Thus alfo, the great Defcartes fpent his 
 
 whole life in endeavouring to make philofo- 
 
 phy a practical fcience, inftead of a merely 
 
 theoretical one, as it had been to his days, that 
 thereby he might make it fubfervient to the 
 moft important purpofes of life and health. 
 But as he confidered he might not perhaps 
 live long enough, or be able to make enough 
 of experiments to accomplith fo noble a defign, 
 he warmly exhorts men of fuperior abilities to 
 fuch a tafk, and to lofe no opportunity of 
 making experiments, and reducing every thing 
 to that fure and infallible teft. ‘To this pur- 
 pofe he {peaks as follows, in his effay on me- 
 thod. ‘ Butas I had propofed to {pend my 
 “ whole life in the acquifition of fo neceflary 
 “< a fcience, and fell upon a method, which I 
 *< thought would enfure me fuccefs in the en- 
 *< terprife, unlefs death, or a want of expe- 
 “< ments fhould interpofe; I judged the beft 
 “< thing I could do.to remove thefe obftacles, 
 *< would be to lay before the publick a faith- 
 «¢ ful account of all the advances I had made, 
 «¢ however inconfiderable ; and at the fame 
 *< time endeavour to perfuade men of extra- 
 “* ordinary genius to purfue what I had be- 
 ““ gun, and make each of them in particular 
 «© as many experiments as he could, and then 
 «< inform the publick of every difcovery made 
 «‘ this way, that by the laft beginning where 
 “‘ their predeceffors in this ufeful undertaking 
 << had left off, and then joining together the 
 «© lives and labours of a great many, we might 
 << fooner obtain our purpofe, than could be 
 « done by the unaffifted endeavours of: fingle 
 « perfons. I have always found the more any 
 ‘«< perfon knew, the more he ftood in need of 
 «© making further experiments.” 
 
 The illuftrious Boyle, to whom mankind is fo 
 
 highly obliged for his admirable writings, not - 
 
 only conftantly endeavoured, and that with 
 reat labour and expence, to add to the num- 
 ber of ufeful experiments already made, and 
 thence derive certain, and folid conclufions, 
 but likewife ftrenuoufly, tho’ candidly, endea- 
 youred to prove by the weightieft arguments, 
 
 > 
 are not a whit wifer than the inanimate 
 
 moe N SR G28, I 
 
 “I 
 
 the great ufefulnefs and neceffity of experi- 
 mental phyfiological. Thefe are his words, in 
 his proemial eflay to certain phyfiological eflays. 
 
 “< If men could be perfuaded to mind more 
 “ the advancement of natural philofophy, 
 “than that of their own reputations ; it were 
 
 “© not, methinks, very uncafy to make them 
 “ fenfible, that one of the confiderableft fer- 
 *« vices that they could do mankind, were 
 “ to fet themfelves diligently and induftri- 
 ‘* oufly to make experiments, and collect ob- 
 “ fervations, without being over-forward to 
 
 eftablith principles and axioms, believing it 
 unealy to erect {uch theories as are capable to 
 explicate all the phenomena of Nature, be- 
 fore they have been able to take notice of 
 the tenth part of thofe phenomena that are 
 “* to be explicated. Not that I at all difallow 
 the ufe of reafoning upon experiments, or 
 the endeavouring to difcern as early as we 
 can, the confederations, and differences, and 
 tendencies of things: for fuch an abfolute 
 ‘« fufpenfion of the exercife of reafoning were 
 ‘“* exceeding troublefome, if not impoffible.” 
 But thatI may at length conclude, the fuccefs 
 of my labours fo apparent in every page of this 
 work, proves abundantly all that I have ad- 
 vanced on this occafion. For when I confider 
 within myfelf, that by the help of experi- 
 ments, I have here been able to difcover 
 things, which not only men of. moderate 
 parts, but even the greateft geniufes, from the 
 age of Ariftotle, to the prefent, during an inte~ 
 tval of about two thoufand years, have in vain 
 endeavoured to find out, I cannot but look up- 
 on this happy refult of my labours as the beft 
 proof of the fuperior excellency of experimen- 
 tal philofophy. Nor is there here any occa- 
 fion for a great parade of words to demon- 
 ftrate the abfolute neceflity of diligently ex- 
 amining things in themfelves ; for if our jufteft 
 reafonings ought to terminate in experiments, 
 to be built upon experiments, and purfue the 
 courfe prefcribed us by experiments, who is 
 there, that would not, in forming his judg- 
 ment of things, much rather truft to expe- 
 rience, then to the idle fancies of his imagi- 
 nation ; nay, I may afk, who will hereafter 
 dare to affirm, that we may depend upon our 
 reafon alone, to come at the knowledge of 
 every kind of truth ? whereas it is moft cer- 
 tain, that by making a proper ufe of our fenfes, 
 we may from the things we fee, gather fuffi- 
 cient information concerning thofe that we 
 cannot: the end of the general and particu- 
 lar treating of infects, all which I have re- 
 duced to four orders, and proved to reft upon 
 one fingle foundation, which is the Nymph. 
 
 A General 
 
©} UOIIpuoo &v UT pur 
 ‘umois-[[ny snppAyd 
 oA) ONL "IA 
 ‘yduiAyy JO ayo 
 -I]JO.q & OJUT posueys 
 snjpAudofieg oy} jo 
 sway OUT ‘A 
 ‘UMOIS JJOUL 
 snyjAydodieg 94) Jo 
 owIIy WL ‘Al 
 “JOO prey s}I JO poyoa 
 -1p snqpAydodseg ay} 
 josmie® oC ‘Til 
 
 ‘yO UMOJYY 
 yoo prey OWL, ‘II 
 “pogy 
 “B poy[ed st WW Yor 
 UIYM ‘vod YAY su 
 ur snydydodieag ayy 
 jo auey oy], ‘I 
 
 sramoy-A{nf{ aaojd 
 Jo ‘sntydodseg 
 
 ‘TATX “SVL 
 
 SN 
 
 *podj sit UIIOJ . 
 
 *soroody sit 
 avSedoid 0} uo0lIp 
 -u0d & UI pue ‘UMOIS 
 
 -TIDF Sos oq 1, TA 
 
 ‘ojodpr y, v 0} 
 -ul posuvys Sor, 943 
 JO: BOM OG A 
 
 ‘UMOIS 9JOUI SOI.JOU} 
 FOPHOM SCL At 
 oe Es Se 
 JO poyoarp Sor oy 
 se OM OL “TIT 
 
 “YO UMOIY} 30d JO 
 
 ‘upp prey ONL “Il 
 
 ‘SSq uv pay[eo 
 st 3 yprya urea 
 ‘un YAY swt ur org 
 BJO WIOAA OUT, ‘| 
 
 ‘SO1g OU 
 
 TATX “2V LE 
 
 ‘soroody 
 sjt oyeSedoid 03 uonip 
 -u09 v UI pur ‘UMOIs 
 “nj AUT UL “TA 
 
 -yuduiiny 
 -UNIOJIMIIDA BO} 
 -ur pasueys Apz oy 
 jo WIOM OT, “A 
 
 ‘uMOIS oJoU ALJ UY 
 JOA LM OLS At 
 Big is ary 
 suf Jo poyoap ATq ous 
 JOON OUT Te 
 
 “fo UMOJYY 3ye€09 JO 
 “Uy prey OUT, “IT 
 
 ‘S3q Uv payyeo st 
 YOY UTYIA “URI 
 yy su our APT om 
 JO OM, “ae 
 
 ‘udduQ HLUNOT 
 
 “HTAXXX *2 YL 
 
 *sotoody s3t a3ed 
 -vdoid 0} uonrpuos 
 v UI pue “UMOIS [fy 
 Coed SULA 
 
 “STpey 
 ~k1yg ® oyu paSurya 
 eueleyd 94} JOrsey 
 -yidiaeg on, “4A 
 
 ‘UMOIS oJ0UE 
 euxeyg Yd Jo iy 
 “[diaw— OUL “AT 
 "UTE PIE} SIt JO poyoa 
 “Ip CUS|eUd ota F0 4H 
 “[droqwD ONL, “TIT 
 
 “YO UMOJY} vod JO 
 "BPE Pep on Ee 
 
 ‘33 uv parvo 
 
 SEU SNA See 
 
 “Uy YIY SI Ul TOYA] 
 
 JO vUR[eY WY} Jo sey 
 Pdiwy UL ‘] 
 ‘satsadg puosag 
 ‘uIdug auXIHy, 
 
 "TIXXX “€VL 
 
 *sorsady sit 
 oivsedoid 03 uonrp 
 
 “-u09 v UT pur ‘uMoIs 
 
 “T95 8V OWL “TA 
 
 ‘ydurhyy & 
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 JO WOW UL “A 
 
 *UMOIS DIO! JUY OU} 
 JO. WHOM OU AT 
 “UR Pre ot 
 Jo PeyParp Wyse 
 JO UIOM OUT, “IIT 
 
 "Yo UMOIUY 3e09 JO 
 “UIE ple} OWL, “IT 
 
 “‘S3q uv paleo sI 
 VST UIEIA “UST 
 yay su url uy oy 
 
 JO COM PAS 
 ‘saioadg YsLJ 
 
 ‘addug Aun], 
 
 TAX ‘IVD 
 
 ‘MOIA DUO J payiqnyxs Apreaps ayquieseA, 
 % pur ‘saisodg poojq-pes oy} jo [eUTUY Ue UT dAII;GO 2M YOTIYA suoaIDOY pue ‘sUONTIN|Y I3OY2 Ul OV 
 : SaAjayway) Suowe syojuy ur se ‘syduikyy pure ‘suropy ‘sodq Ut a sy 
 
 SadWI] pues Luvd & SV 
 
 OILAUYOOVPRHSNOTLVLIOAW 
 
 sy3 jo uoyueduiog Jo ‘AZoyeuy eioueyn Wy 
 
 ‘soroody su axe 
 -edoid . 03 uoyTpuos 
 © UL pur “UMOIS-Tny 
 
 PPT UL TA 
 "ydurk yJ-w0 AA vOut 
 
 pesuryo eypeqry ous 
 
 JOUOM OUT “A 
 
 ‘uMOIS 
 oJOUI VI[OqI'Y 2y} Jo 
 WIOM ML “AI 
 
 "UII prey sit JO 
 payaarp eyoqry ow 
 JO WHOM PULL “IIT 
 
 ‘YO UMOIY} 1v09 JO 
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 OT Fae 
 
 *ydurAgy. 
 
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 /-Woo ayno'T eU,L" A 
 
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 ‘MAGNO LSU 
 
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A PP of 
 
 weal) “he xX: 
 
 The anatomy of the* Sea-Sepia or Cuttle-Fifh. Inferibed to the moft excellent Francis 
 Redi, phyfician to the great Duke of Tufcany, a moft indefatigable fearcher into 
 
 the miraculous works of Nature. 
 
 THE INTROD UCT LO 
 
 HERE is not among the foft fithes, 
 which are faid to have no blood, any 
 that claims our attention fo much as 
 the Sepia or Cuttle-fith ; as well on account of its 
 external figure, which is wonderful beyond all 
 defcription, as for the ftru€ture, order, ‘and dif- 
 pofition of its internal parts, which moft evidently 
 fhew themfelves the work of infinite wifdom. T 
 fhall not {peak of the common miftakes and errors 
 of the generality of mankind concerning this crea- 
 ture, much le{s attempt to cenfure thofe eminent 
 writers, who before me have treated of this fub- 
 ject ; for every one of them wrote of natural hif- 
 tory according to his own genius and fancy. I 
 chooferather to exhibit in a few words the external 
 and internal parts of this extremely fingular ani- 
 mal. And whilft I do this, I appeal for the 
 truth of my relation to the reader’s own eyes, by 
 defiring him to infpeét the creature itfelf. Cer- 
 tainly, thofe who would avoid being impofed 
 upon, fhould ftudy nature in herfelf; for fo 
 many fallacies and errors have crept into the 
 writings of preceding ages, that people cannot 
 but be led aftray by them, as often taking 
 things upon truft, they negle& to fee for them- 
 felves, This will evidently appear by the fol- 
 lowing hiftory, which, tho’ a new relation, does 
 no more than exhibit in a new drefs the truth it- 
 felf, than which nothing can be more ancient, 
 The Sepia or Cuttle, is a creature that has 
 eight legs, two long arms or claws, a fhort 
 head, very large eyes, and the beak of a Parrot, 
 The body is fomewhat oblong, confiderably 
 broad and thick; and the back is prettily marked 
 with feveral whitith furrows, and elegantly dot- 
 ted. The Sepia or Cuttle is frequently found 
 dead on the Dutch coafts in the fummer months; 
 
 it was there I firft met with fome of them, and. 
 
 made drawings of their vifcera. But the hiftory 
 I am now about to give, is no more than a bare 
 narration of what I obferved in two of them, 
 which were brought me from the fea about the 
 middle of May, and of which I took fhort notes 
 and drawings, in great hafte, during four days that 
 I fpent in this inquiry, 5 
 The moft confiderable parts of the Sepia, 
 
 . ; . . Cc, - +. . 1 T 
 
 * The Sepia or Cuttle-fith is one of the animals of the fixth clafs in the 
 der the fecond order, to which he has given the name Zoophyta, and 
 the genus are thefe; the hody is oblong and deprefied, the feelers or tentac 
 
 others, and have akind of foot-ftalks. Befide the Cuttle-fith, this genus cc 
 
 which firft offer themfelves to our view, are its 
 legs and arms or claws. The legs to the number 
 of eight, are feated round its mouth. The two 
 forefeet, Tab. L. Fig. 1. aa, are very thick, and 
 appear broad, when the fith lies flat upon its belly. 
 The other fix are very like one another in fize and 
 form. One fide of all thefe feet is covered with 
 acommon fkin, which is pretty ftrong, and of 
 a purple colour interfperfed with many black 
 {pots ; befides which, the two larger legs are 
 marbled as it were with fome white furrows 4. 
 
 But the moft remarkable thing in thefe legs, is 
 their being all thick fet witha prodigious number 
 of particles like flattith but hollow globules, and 
 each fixed toa kind of ftalk ccc; Yet the extre- 
 mities of the arms or claws, to which authors 
 have given the name of Promutcides, are {till 
 more largely furnifhed with thefekind of tubercles. 
 Thefe brachia or arms are very long, if compared 
 with the legs, and they are placed near the bill 
 or beak, in the midway between the broadeft 
 pair of legs, and the pair next to it dd, They are 
 of a cylindrical figure, and of a white colour inter- 
 mixed with black and purple {pots, The fub- 
 ftance of them, as well as that of the xx legs, is 
 foft; and they have the fame kind of fkin, but it 
 covers them all over, which is more than it does 
 in the legs. The extremities of the legs and 
 atms are pretty much of the fame form, only 
 that the tubercles of the arms are larger, and the 
 ftalks upon which thefe tubercles grow much 
 longer and ftronger than thofe of the legs e. The 
 extremity of one of the arms is always larger than 
 that of the other, 
 
 As thefe globules are hollow, authors have 
 thought proper to call them Acetabula or fawcers, 
 Rondoletius tells us, that this ftrange fifth can 
 faften itfelf by its arms to any body it meets with, 
 in the fame manner as cupping-glaffes ftick to the 
 fin by a kind of fu@tion. And certainly: this is 
 a very juft comparifon, as appears from the moft 
 wonderful contrivance of thefe parts, which I 
 fhall prefently defcribe. 
 
 It is to be remarked, that the fame kind of 
 fkin which covers the under furface of this ani- 
 mal’s eight feet, does not extend to the upper ; it 
 
 innean fyftem, which he entitles Vermes : it comes un- 
 
 the Star-fifh and Pelype. Thecharasters of 
 » and two of thefe are much longer than the 
 
 e Lolico, which the French call the Cala- 
 1 
 
 : Cri ; Tey ee ye ‘2] P + as tia ee eresle Ss } rankvnw 
 marie, and the Oftopedi defcribed in the Upfal-tranfa@tions. Of the Calamary we thail have occafion to fpeak largely hereafter, 
 
 4 
 
 goes 
 
40 The BOOK of 
 
 goes no further than the globules //f, and there 
 + forms a loofe border to the feet, which when 
 the creature {fwims, floats in the water. For this 
 reafon, that loofe fkin can cover all the furface of 
 the feet, and their acetabula at the creature’s plea- 
 fare, as the edges and corners of a cloth, may 
 fold over any thing that is laid upon it. Nor is it 
 to the middle and bafis of the legs only that it 
 performs this office, but even to their fharp ends, 
 where the acetabula gg are {maller than in any 
 other part. But thefe borders are more con{pi- 
 cuous about the extremities of the arms than elfe- 
 where; for which reafon I have reprefented thofe 
 belonging to one of the arms bb, as they appear 
 when they cover the globules, except its being a 
 little turned back. 
 
 The kin which fpreads itfelf over the intervals 
 of the globules, and covers the infide of their 
 ftalks, and even the external fkin’s borders which I 
 juft now mentioned, is in fome meafure as it were 
 mufcular, and is of a much more delicate texture 
 than the other skin. It muft likewife be obferved 
 that the parts fupporting the acetabula tho’ called 
 ftalks, are not really fuch, but pretty con{picuous 
 mufcles adminiftring to the acetabula. 
 
 I have obferved alfo, that thefe little mufcles 
 are here and there diftributed over the infide of 
 the borders of the external, fo as to be abie to 
 move thofe parts as well as the acetabula. For 
 this reafon I confider what is called the skin in 
 thefe places as a mufcular fubftance. 
 
 I have reprefented fome of the mufcles belong- 
 ing to the acetabula of their natural fize,in order to 
 give the reader a more juft jdea of them. Tab. L. 
 Fig. 11. N°. 1. fhews, how the mufcle is in- 
 ferted underneath into the bafe of the globule, 
 where it is fomewhat hollow; and how by ex- 
 panding itfelf, and then contracting againa little, 
 and afterwards expanding itfelf again, it in a 
 manner entirely forms the globule. For as far 
 as I could inform myfelf by diffection, the aceta- 
 bula are altogether mufcular, and the tendons of 
 thofe mufcles are inferted into a ring of a fub- 
 {tance between horn and bone, which lies be- 
 tween the moving fibres of every acetabulum. 
 
 It appears, on examining the upper fide of the 
 acetabulum, and the ftructure of its hollow, 
 N°. 2. that it is likewife mufcular in thefe 
 places; the little ring now mentioned fhews it- 
 {elf very plainly on this occafion. The upper 
 edge of this ring is generally black, but this black- 
 nefs is only fuperficial, being no more than a 
 portion of the external coat of the globule, and 
 therefore it may be-eafily removed. 
 
 By taking out this ring, and placing it on its 
 fide, N®. 3. we obtain a good view of its conftruc- 
 tion, and the blacknefs of its upper edge ; we 
 even difcover by placing it in this fituation, in 
 what manner it is perforated in the middle, and 
 its upper and lower edges waved in a ferpentine 
 manner. | This conftruction, fo well contrived 
 for receiving and holding the mufclar fibres, 
 wonderfully contributes to keep the ring firm in 
 its fituation. 
 
 The better to thew the black edge of this 
 ring, and the manner in which it is turned, I 
 have reprefented it; N°. 4. in a convenient fituation 
 
 NATURE; 
 
 to thew all its upper circumferences: and have 
 added a {mall fegment of it, N°. 5. to make the 
 conftruction of this part as intelligible as I poffli- 
 bly could ; for it would be extremely difficult to 
 underftand the ufe of this ring, without knowing 
 exactly in what manner it is formed. 
 
 The advantage of this fingular conftreGion 
 confifts in this, that the mufcular fibres of the 
 acetabulum can by contracting themfelves raife 
 the ftalk or mutcle of the globule very high 
 within the cavity of the ring, and thereby of 
 courfe ftreighten the cavity of the acetabu- 
 lum, whilft on the other hand the mufcle of 
 the ftalk, by exerting itfelf at the fame time, again 
 raifes itfelf and its fibrous parts out of the globule 
 fo as to make its cavity much wider and more 
 {pacious than it was before. 
 
 Nor do I in the leaft doubt, but all the Cuttle. 
 fith’s power of faftening itfelf to bodies, or taking 
 hold of, and conveying any thing to its mouth 
 depends entirely on the fingular conftrudtion, and 
 exertion of the part juft now defcribed. When- 
 ever this ftrange animal applies to any body that 
 prodigious number of globules, with which its 
 arms and legs are furnifhed, and then immediately 
 withdraws the mufcular ftalks of thefe globules, 
 from within the hollows of the acetabula, taking 
 care at the fame time, not to let any water into 
 thefe cavities, the water repelled in this manner 
 mutt prefs fuch parts againft the body, againft 
 which they lie, with an extraordinary force: 
 And this end is the more’ certainly obtained, as 
 the borders of the fkin which covers the arms and 
 legs are likewife mufcular ; and by containing and 
 enclofing the globules at the time of their action, 
 contribute greatly to hinder any water from in- 
 mreee itfelf within the ‘cavities of the aceta- 
 
 ula. 
 
 We muft therefore be more than blind, not 
 to difcover by this fingle inftance, how wonder- 
 ful God is in his works, feeing he has here effec- 
 ted, by means of repelled water, fuch a fuction (to 
 make ufé ofa common expreffion) as he has pro- 
 duced by means of repelled air in the vital ele- 
 ment we breathe. Hence alfo we may eafily un- 
 derftand, what Rondoletius fays of the brachia or 
 arms of this animal ; and of the manner wherein 
 it remains in the moft {tormy weather immoye- 
 ably fixed, and as it were at anchor at the bottom 
 of the fea ; for at fuch times no doubt it dilates 
 its acetabulum to the utmoft breadth, and faftens 
 itfelf in its poft, by their means with an extraordi- 
 nary degree of power, 
 
 The beak, Tab, L. Fig. 1 2, which lies in the 
 center of the legs, is like that ofa Parrot, and con- 
 fifts as it wereof two maxille or jaws, both move- 
 able. Thefe maxille join each other in the fame 
 manner with the body and the lid of a box, when 
 the former flides up within the latter. The flefh — 
 which furrounds this beak, inftead of lips 4, is re- 
 gularly orbiculated and fometimes appears plaited 
 or folded back in wrinkles, like a purfe that has a 
 border to it. 
 
 Under the beak and legs appears the head, in 
 which the eyes //are very confpicuous. The moft 
 remarkable part of thefe is the cornea, which lies 
 
 upon 
 
 of, 
 
Thess 1S Tis RS 
 
 upon them fo loofely, that it may in a manner be 
 moved backwards and forwards like the mem- 
 brana nidtitansor winking membrane in birds. The 
 operculum mm of the pupil, makes its appear- 
 ance very elegantly thro’ the cornea, which is 
 tranfparent: but this operculum does not ap- 
 pear any where to fo much advantage as in the 
 Ray-fith, as Stento has moft exaétly defcribed 
 it. J] have likewife difcovered this operculum 
 of a black colour in the eyes of horfes; at one 
 fide of the eye, the pupil projects a little, nor is 
 it exactly round in this place. On drawing this 
 operculum over the pupil, the eye lofes its fight. 
 Some time ago, I obferved that the crocodile has 
 a cat’s eye, having an aperture to its pupil, which 
 in the day-time refembles a long flit. 
 
 The Cuttle-fith’s neck is very fhort, and like 
 the head is elegantly covered with black {pots 
 upon a purple ground, The upper extremity of 
 the back  rifes by a remarkable procefs over the 
 neck; fo that the creature can hide its head un- 
 der it, in the fame manner that the naked Snail 
 hides its head under its verge or border, 
 
 All the parts of the Cuttle-fith, yet mentioned; 
 are foft, except the beak, and the cartilaginous 
 rings of the acetabula. But the back is hard, 
 firm, and incapable of motion, as the bone of 
 the creature lies here, running quite thro’ the 
 back to the tail, without any vertebra or like 
 divifions. The mufcles of the creature are in- 
 ferted into this bone. That part of the body 
 which lies at the two fides of the bone, is foft 
 and mufcular 0 0 00, which makes it probable, 
 that this extremity, which terminates the back 
 and belly of the Cuttle-fith, may be of great ufe 
 to it in fwimming. The back-bone alfo is well 
 contrived to aniwer the fame purpofe, for it floats 
 on the furface of water, even when it is juft taken 
 out of the fea, and before it has had time to lofe 
 by drying any of thofe pieces, which may be 
 fuppofed to make a confiderable part of its 
 weight. 
 
 The colouring of the back afforded a very en- 
 tertaining fight, for its furface was raifed with a 
 great many white {treaks and furrows like fo 
 many veins interfperfed with very {mall black 
 {pots ; but between thefe ftreaks the {kin was of 
 a deeper colour, and marked with larger black 
 {pots. Where the ftreaks ended, there appeared 
 a great number of white fpots, which were either 
 round or oval, even the extremities of the ftreaks 
 were either round, or fhaped like a pear, The foft 
 margin of the body was of a fomewhat deeper 
 purple, {prinkled with fmaller black fpots, and 
 fome others that were round and white ; but it 
 then grew whiter towards its extremity, where 
 it ended'in a deep purple edge. On the hinder 
 
 art, where in other animals are feated the arms 
 and tail, the margin was fomewhat divided or 
 dented in, ~; fo that from this nick, the body of 
 the Cuttle-fith appeared naturally divided into a 
 right and left fide. 
 
 On handling the beak alittle; it fell from the 
 head, which gave me a very convenient oppor- 
 tunity of examining its fubftance, colour, and 
 conftruction, The fubftance of this part is be- 
 
 Ob © ISNYS5Esc -Txs. TA 
 
 tween bone and horn, and thicker and more 
 compact on its upper part, with which the ani- 
 mal bites, bat on the lower, to which the mufeles 
 of the beak are fixed, more tendinous and mem- 
 branaceous, In figure it refembles the Hawk’s or 
 Parrot’s beak, and has many things in commori 
 with it. The upper part, which, as I {aid before, 
 in the thickeft, is of a deep brown colour, which 
 grows redder and redder in proportion as the 
 beak grows more and more membranaceons, 
 But asthe beak confifts of two maxillz or jaws, an 
 upper and a lower, which meet together, and 
 move one upon and towards the other, fo like- 
 wife they differ in conftruétion. The lower part 
 {preads as it were into two wings Fig. 11. aa, 
 between which the upper part finks, and fo meets 
 this lower. The lower maxilla, or jaw, is on its 
 hinder part folded back within itelf 64, not un- 
 like a paper tube bent back, by which means its 
 fharp extremity becomes twice as thick and 
 {trong as it would otherwife be, On the lower 
 part it bends itfelf back, fo as to forma hollow 
 furrow ¢,.. This beak appears altogether fibrous, 
 and feems to be compofed of membranaceous 
 tendons, hardened by degrees into a horny 
 bone. The upper jaw of the beak d, is of 
 the fame fubftance with the lower, from 
 which it only differs in its curvature and form ; 
 befides, its internal finus is much more deep and 
 broad ¢e, to afford the tongue, which lies in 
 this finus, the greater liberty to move itfelf. The 
 mufcles alfo find better infertions in the hollow 
 finufes of this horny bone, in whofe membranace- 
 ous expanfions they are fixed. 
 
 The tongue, which is thought to be a fungous 
 fubftance, confifts of feven little cartilaginous 
 bones, which lie very clofe to each other, and 
 are befides united by means of a particular mem- 
 brane. The upper extremity or point of the 
 tongue is fomewhat crooked Fig. 1v. a, but the 
 lower part is united with fome mufcular and 
 fungous flefh, in which it lies, as in a hollow 
 tube. This flefhy portion of the tongue is full 
 of wrinkles and elegant folds 4, which feem to 
 contain a great*many {mall falival duéts, I have 
 found by difleCtion that a very confiderable falival 
 duct ¢ opens and difcharges into this flefhy part. 
 
 This falival duét defcends by a long tube, d, 
 through the animal’s neck into its breaft, where 
 it divides into two branches, that terminate in 
 two very confiderable glands, ee. Thefe glands 
 feem, on nice infpeftion, to ‘be of the kind 
 called conglobate, or by anatomifts, thongh ex- 
 ternally, they appear of the other kind, known 
 by the name of conglomerate. On opening 
 them, I found a kind of hollow in them, made 
 to receive the faliva, fecreted by their fungous 
 fubftance ; but I-could not difcern the ramifica- 
 tions of thefe two parts, which, no doubt, {pread 
 themfelves through the parenchyma or flefhy 
 fubftance of their glandules; but the coloured 
 liquors I injected, fhewed nofuch thing. _Thefe 
 g'ands Jie within the breaft, on each fide of 
 the gullet or throat, in fuch a manner, that this 
 laft channel runs above and between them: this 
 
 beft appears on opening the body of the fith, af-~ 
 
 Na ter 
 
142 
 
 ter turning it upon his back. The tongue and 
 parts belonging to it, when taken out of the 
 beak, generally bring along with them fome of 
 the mufcles, two of which, ff 1 have here 
 ‘yen acut of. But I return to the tongue. 
 
 The contraction of the tongue, which, as I 
 have faid, confifts of feven cartilaginous bones, 
 becomes very vifible on parting it from the fun- 
 
 ous fleth to which it is faftened, and in which it 
 is wrapped up; but it may be made ftill more 
 confpicuous, by drawing off the membrane, Fig, 
 v. a, with which the inferior part of the tongue 
 is covered, and afterwards feparating from each 
 other with a fine knife, at the extremities, the 
 little cartilaginous bones, of which it confifts, 2. 
 After treating the tongue in this manner, we may 
 fee by the microfeope, that every one of thefe 
 bones is furnifhed with above fixty crooked car- 
 tilaginous papilla, Fig. vr. 4, in form of teeth, 
 and in fome meafure refembling the papilla on 
 the tongues of black cattle. By thefe the Cuttle- 
 Fifth, when feeding, is the better enabled to 
 move its food, and difpofe it for an cafy {wal- 
 Jowing. The fore-part of thefe papilla, is of a 
 clear and tranfparent amber colour, but the hin- 
 der-part, which conftitutes the bafe, or root-of 
 the tongue, is of a tranfparent white. The beft 
 way to examine the tongue, is to invert it, and 
 then farvey it with a microfcope on the under or 
 lower fide, where its bafe or reot lies; for, by this 
 means, we difcover, that in ftructure it exactly re- 
 fembles the moft regular web, Fig. v1. @, from 
 the frame, or combination of the cartilaginous 
 bones already defcribed. The fight of this ad- 
 mirable contrivance, induced me to take out the 
 tongue and dry it; but all its beauties vanifhed 
 almoft entirely in the operation. 
 
 The body of the Cuttle-Fith, when laid on 
 its back, appears much whitgr, and has by far 
 fewer fpots. But the moft remarkable thing in 
 this animal, is an opening in this under part of its 
 body, in which an expanded hand may be entirely 
 buried : this is between the body and the mut- 
 cular partition that covers it on its fore-part. 
 
 On opening this lower part of the body, Tab. 
 LI. Fig, 1. aa, ina right line through the middle 
 of the belly, 4, from the beginning of the 
 breaft to the tail,c, and this without injuring the 
 contents; there immediately appear feveral re- 
 matkable internal parts, fome quite plain and 
 naked, and others appear more faintly, as lying 
 deeper in the breaft and belly, and only fhew- 
 ing themfelves through fome interpofing tran- 
 fparent membranes. 
 
 The firft thing which prefents itfelf here, is a 
 bag or bladder lying in the fuperior region of the 
 breaft, which I call the common excretory 
 bag, or bladder. The colour of this part is 
 white, its fubftance is mufcular, and its fhape is 
 like that of an inverted funnel, very fpacious and 
 broad at the bottom, d, and flender at top, ¢, it 
 joins on each fide with two oval cartilaginous, 
 mufcular and hollow little bodies, ff, which 
 ferve to receive thefe two greater papilla, or car- 
 tilaginous eminencies, g g, which I have repre- 
 
 fented, one on each fide of the mufcular partition, 
 loofely furrounding the contents of the belly, and 
 
 Th BOOK of NATUR Ejior, 
 
 cut away by me upon this occafion. By. this 
 junction of the excretory bladder, and thete ova} 
 bodies, itis provided, that nothing fhould move 
 foon, or be difcharged by the inferior parts of the 
 body, without pafling through this excretory 
 bag ; and the fame wife difpofition of thefe parts, 
 keeps the Fith’s eyes from being injured by the 
 excrements, fperm, eggs, and black liquor. 
 
 which all make their way through this funnel ie 
 they certainly would, if thefe difcharges were to 
 be made between the funnel, and the mufcular 
 partition of the body: for this reafon alfo, nature 
 
 has formed this bag or bladder of a mafcular 
 
 {ubftance, the better to difcharge its contents at 
 the creature’s pleafure. 
 
 As yet, I cannot fay for certain, whether or 
 no the papilla juft {poken of, are naturally and 
 conftantly united with the oval acetabula, which 
 I have defcribed; for I have fometimes found 
 them independent and disjoined. But as I could 
 never find in thefe parts, the leaft mark of any 
 rupture or fraction, the acetabula, on the con- 
 trary, always appearing quite fmooth, and the 
 papille of a bright polith; Ithink it very pro- 
 bable, that the Cuttle-Pith has a power allowed 
 it by nature of joining and feparating thefe 
 parts, as neceflity requires. | s 
 
 The office of thus joining and feparating thefe 
 parts, I am inclined to attribute toa pair of com- 
 pact, oblong, white mufcles, Fig. 1.4, which at 
 their upper extremities unite with the acetabula, 
 and are contained within the lower edge of the 
 excretory bag or bladder. ‘Thefe mufcles are 
 among the parts, which appear naked in the 
 breaft, without any previous diflection. Nor do 
 I fee any ufe they can be of except that which 
 I have affigned them, of joining and feparating 
 the acetabula, and the papilla, by doing which, 
 
 the excretory bag or bladder is at the fame 
 
 time dilated, fo as to facilitate the difcharge of 
 its contents through the funnel. already men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Hence, it is impoffible to thruft all the hand 
 in the manner beforementioned, into the Cuttle- 
 Fith’s body, without ‘firft feparating the papille 
 from their acetabula. , 
 
 On opening this excretory part, it appears 
 compact and mufcular, and forms withinfide, on 
 its lower part where it joins the breaft, a kind of 
 lobe in the fhape of a broad tongue. 
 
 The other parts that appear in this place, with- 
 out further difleGtion, are the gills, 72, of a foft 
 fpungy fubftance, placed on the two fides of the 
 body, and forming a very agreeable appearance, 
 on account of the extreme whitenels of a great 
 number of blood-veflls, with which they ate 
 provided ; and the colour of thefe vefiels: is 
 greatly heightened by the greenith hue of the 
 gills through which they run. ae 
 
 Examining one of thefe gills, I found im only 
 half of it more than forty divifions or ramificar 
 tions of the greater blood-veffels; that is more 
 than eighty to a fide, But if we confider alfo 
 the prodigious number of thefe ramifications, 
 
 which penetrate into the fubftance of the gills, — 
 
 Fig. 1.4, where the mufcles. adminiftring to 
 
 thefe parts likewife run, we fhall have reafon to 
 think 
 
 ' 
 
 et Baers 8S ON a 
 
The Hil S TORY 
 
 think the number of thefe ramifications is almoft 
 infinite. 
 
 Words. cannot do juftice to the contrivance, 
 order, invention, and moft elegant conftruétion 
 of thefe parts ; fo that my figures deferve only to 
 be confidered as the faint fhadows of their per- 
 fection. The gills are membranaceous under- 
 neath, near the roots, where they end in a flen- 
 der ftalk, as it were, and are faftened, as ap- 
 pears, by a pretty ftrong ligament, //, though 
 as yet, Iam not fure but this ligament itfelf, 
 may be compofed of blood-veflels, not having 
 had fubjeéts enough to examine thefe parts fo 
 much as they deferved. On opening the divi- 
 fions of the gills, this ligament makes a pretty 
 appearance ; at the fame time, that we may dif- 
 cover how thefe parts grow more and more flen- 
 der towards their roots, 7, 
 
 Indeed the conftruction of the gills is more ap- 
 parent in other kinds of fith, whofe blood is red; 
 for in fome we meet with cartilages, and in others 
 real bones, over whofe furface the blood veflels 
 are diftributed, This circumftance I formerly 
 moft evidently difcovered in the Sturgeon, the 
 Whiting, and other fithes, by injecting their 
 blood veffels according to a method peculiar to 
 myfelf, and of my own invention. This I 
 could difcover, and I faw it with the geeateft 
 aftonifhment, that the contrivance, ftructure, and 
 order difplayed in thefe parts by the fupreme 
 Architect, and difcoverable by thofe who love to 
 contemplate Him in his works, were infinite in 
 perfection and number, as I fhall hereafter en- 
 deavour to prove by defcribing and delifieating 
 fome of them by way of fpecimen of the reft. In 
 the mean time, I can fhew the curious the parts 
 themfelves injected by me with wax of feveral dift 
 ferent colours. 
 
 In that part of the Cuttle-fith’s body, which 
 I confider as the thorax, there is a protube- 
 rance, Tab. LI. Fig. 1.2, by naturalifts called 
 mutis. Upon this part there is always found 
 lying an open pipe, quite loofe, fo as not to 
 be confined to any one place 0, but floating 
 freely in the body. This pipe is, properly 
 fpeaking, the animal’s rectum, or ftraight gut. 
 It has alfo a remarkable aperture at its end, by 
 which the fith difcharges its inky liquor from 
 the bag contrived by nature to contain it.. This 
 bag lies in the lower region of the belly, where 
 it fhews itfelf thro’ the tranfparent interpofing 
 parts p. Near the lower part of the ftraight gut 
 there are two more fhort, open-mouthed tubu- 
 lar channels gg, for the difcharge of the fe- 
 minal matter, the veflels of which lie under 
 thefe channels, with an extuberant membrane 
 between them 7. Lower down in the fto- 
 mach s, and under the ftomach, a certain lit- 
 tle particle or body ¢, belonging to the {per- 
 matick veffels, thews itfelf thro’ the tran{pa- 
 rent parts that lie over it. 
 
 In that part of the body where the extremi- 
 ty of the ftraight gutfloats loofely on the right, 
 there is on the left another loofely-floating tu- 
 bular aperture ~, thro’ which the tefticle itfelf 
 difcharges its fperm, which is afterwards to 
 be carried off into the water, thro” the com- 
 
 i 
 
 - 
 
 of INSECTS, 143 
 
 mon excretory duct. This tefticle is placed 
 with its vas deferens, on the left fide under the 
 gills x, and” fhews itfelf faintly without diflect- 
 ing the parts that cover it. 
 
 It is now time to give a more complete enu- 
 meration of all the parts hitherto mentioned, 
 with a fuller defcription of them; and the fi- 
 gures will make it {till more intelligible :. this 
 I fhall ‘do, after having firft taken fome notice 
 of the parts of the Cuttle-fith belonging to its 
 head, which lies upon the back. It is here 
 
 hat we fee its beak, and the mufcular circum 
 
 ference of its mouth a, which I have here re- 
 prefented a little lefs than nature; but in every 
 thing elfe perfectly agreeable to the life. But, 
 not to make my drawings too large, I have taken 
 the liberty of curtailing the legs, and the two 
 arms in this figure ¢@, which I have exhibited 
 in their natural fituation and pofture. I have 
 likewife taken great care to thew exaCtly in what 
 order the acetabula are placed on the two fore- 
 legs, when the mufcles of thefe acetabula are 
 contracted ; for it isan eafy matter to procure a 
 fight of them in this ftate, even in a dead fith. 
 This is done by cutting fome of them off, 
 with part of the leg to which they belong, 
 and then dipping the whole in boiling water ; 
 for in lefs than a minute they become perfectly 
 contracted. 
 
 I likewife give a drawing of thefe mufcles 
 with their acetabula, as they appeared at the 
 extremity of one of the arms, which I had 
 {tripped of its internal fkin ; fo that their in- 
 fertion and conftruction, Tab. LI. Fig. 11. a, 
 may, by this means be very diftinétly feen, as 
 likewife the order in which the acetabula them- 
 felves are united with their mufeles 4. It like- 
 wife appears by this figure, that both the aceta- 
 bula and their mufcles, are much larger about 
 the middle of the arms than at either of their 
 extremities ¢ ¢. 
 
 I have thought proper to reprefent in a feg- 
 ment of one of the larger legs, that lie over the 
 head, Fig. I. v7, the internal {tructure of the legs 
 themfelves. Their texture on the outfide is 
 fibrous and mufcular; but within-fide it is a 
 little more fungous. In the middle of them 
 there appeared fomething that I took for a 
 blood-vefiel, and I have here reprefented by a 
 black dot?. 
 
 To take a furvey of the Cuttle-fith’s infide, 
 it is neceflary to cut away the common ex- 
 cretory duct, and the mufcles which move its 
 two acetabula, and then very cautioufly to open 
 that part which.1 call the thorax, and raife 
 from it its membranaceous covering. This 
 done, there appears the loofe fungous body, 
 called mutis by naturalifts, and thought by 
 them to have a great refemblance to the liver, 
 Ihave always found this mutis regularly di- 
 divided into very diftinét parts. The upper 
 part is very thick, and with gentle treatment 
 it may on each fide be ecafily parted into two 
 lobes, Fig. HI. a. Otherwife, on wounding 
 the coat that invefts it, its fubftance readily 
 flows off, being exceeding foft, and like a liver 
 bruifed by an anatomilt, in order to extract its 
 
 parenchyma, 
 
144 
 
 parenchyma, or pulpy fubftance. In the mid- 
 dle this mutis is very thick and {pungy, and at 
 its lower extremity conftantly ends’on each fide 
 in an obtufe appendage 64, which extends to 
 the belly. The upper end of this organ lies 
 in part on the throat, which lies itfelf alfo on 
 the falival glands, Pig. V. 4,4, and thus runs 
 under the mutis to the ftomach. Under the 
 throat appears the great artery, which rifing 
 upwards from the abdomen (where this ani- 
 mal’s heart lies) fends to the mutis two confi- 
 derable branches, Fig. Ill. ce, that iffue from 
 thence, as if they defcended from the thorax. 
 The greateft part of this body lies upon the bone 
 of the fith, on each fide of the bone, and of 
 the great artery, and it is only divided from 
 the bone by a kind of fibrous membrane. 
 After this, the courfe of the blood-veffels 
 running thro’ the mutis, is difcovered by open- 
 ing and turning over, Fig. II. d, the mem- 
 brane that enclofes it. But the fubftance of 
 this part is fo very foft, that by expanding it- 
 felf like a liquid, it intirely hinders the view. 
 This makes it neceflary to feparate with a fpa- 
 tula this pulp from the vefiels that go thro’ it, 
 and afterwards thoroughly wafh the vefiels 
 themfelves with water. Thus, at length, a 
 fatisfactory fight may be obtained of the diftri- 
 bution of the blood-veffels, Fig. IV. e. By this 
 procefs we likewife difcover that the fubftance 
 of this part is in a manner entirely compofed 
 of an infinite number of little grains, being 
 loofely connected with the blood-veflels /; 
 but then a good microfcope is requifite to 
 diftinguith thefe {mall corpufcles. ‘The colour 
 
 of the mutis is between red and yellow, fome- 
 
 what inclining to a brown. I cannot deter- 
 mine what the ufe of it may be; it lies en- 
 irely by itfelf, within a peculiar membrane, 
 and confifts of two diftint bodies, without 
 having the leaft refemblance to the liver, as 
 heretofore idly pretended. Neverthelefs, I can- 
 not take upon. me to deny its performing the 
 fame office with the liver, as the wonders of 
 nature are inexhauftible, and God the mafier 
 of nature has, in different animals, formed in 
 a various manner organs fubfervient to the 
 fame purpofes ; this will evidently appear by 
 the furprifing ftru€ture of the genital parts of 
 this animal, which are contrived with an art 
 and elegance that furpafies all defcription. 
 
 The throat, as I faid before, runs under the 
 mutis, and has its origin in the fame place 
 nearly where the fauces terminate. By the 
 fauces, I mean that wrinkled and mufcular 
 part of the fkin, which reaches from the beak 
 and mouth, Fig. V. a, to the beginning of the 
 gullet, or that tube which runs from the 
 mouth to the ftomach. This gullet pafles 
 under the brain, and then defcending into 
 that part of the body, which I call the 
 thorax, it there lies foftly upon the falival 
 glands 44, and is connected with the two al- 
 ready taken notice of; from whence it runs in 
 a ftraight line to the abdomen, where it opens 
 ‘into the ftomach c. The ftomach refembles 
 in a manner a fpherical bag; but it is fome- 
 
 The “Bape of MARA: oy 
 
 what indented in the middle. There run 
 thro’ it a great many blood-vefiels d, which 
 are feen the better by injecting the arteries 
 with fome coloured liquid. ‘This organ con-, 
 fifts of three coats; the external coat is mem-. 
 branaceous ; the middle coat mufcular ; and, as 
 to the internal coat, it readily feparates from the 
 middle coat with the food it immediately en- 
 clofes, and fo may be eafily taken out of the. 
 ftomach with all its contents. 
 
 The Cuttle-fith, I could obferve, feeds upon - 
 Shrimps ; for there remained in its ftomach 
 the eyes, legs, and tails of Shrimps, with fome 
 of therings of their bodies. I could difcern al- 
 among thefe, remains of the back-bones and 
 ribs of fome very {mall fithes. ' 
 
 The ftraight gut, Fig. V. e, iffues immediate- 
 ly from the ftomach, and is the only inteftine 
 1 could difcover in this animal; fo that the 
 veins muft take the aliment immediately from 
 the ftomach, and then convey it to the heart, 
 whofe bufinefs it is to diftribute it over the 
 whole body. 
 
 Under the ftraight gut lies an appendage of 
 the ftomach, into which it opens by a parti- 
 cular orifice, after twifting like a fnail in a 
 very remarkable manner /. I cannot fay for 
 certain what this part may be; tho’ to judge 
 anatomically of it, I fhould take it for the pan- 
 creas, which, except its not being twifted, ap- 
 pears of the fame conftruction in a great va- 
 riety of fithes, as may be feen in a treatife of 
 mine on that part of the creation, adorned with 
 figures, printed by Commelyn of Amfterdam, 
 and dedicated to the College of Phyficians of 
 
 that city. This organ is very fmooth and 
 
 flippery on its infide, and contains a matter . 
 like the pancreatick juice of other fithes. ; 
 The white bag which contains the Cuttle- 
 fith’s ink g, lies principally in the left fide of the - 
 body, and communicates by a flender channel 
 with the upper extremity of the ftraight gut 4; 
 fo that both the feces and the ink are difcharg- 
 ed thro’ the ftraight gut by one and the fame 
 orifice. This bag is in part membranaceous, 
 and in part mufcular; and is furnifhed with 
 blood-veflels, which run over its furface 2. 
 Within I difcovered a little glandulous body, 
 or mafs, which perhaps ferves to generate or 
 prepare the ink ; for 1 had not opportunity to 
 examine it thoroughly, on account of the ink’s 
 
 ' flowing fo con{picuoufly, that it was impoffible 
 
 to wath it off faft enough to obtain a fatisfac- 
 tory view of this organ. 
 
 It is therefore neceflary not to wound this 
 part on diffecting the Cuttle-fifh, as by pour- 
 ing out its contents it would infallibly render 
 all the other parts invifible. The ink contained 
 in one bag is fafficient to communicate a black- 
 nefs to feveral pails of water, fo intenfe is its - 
 colour. I fhall not pretend to fay abfolutely 
 what the ufe of this ink may be; or whether 
 or no it may ferve to ob{cure the furround- 
 ing waters, and thereby fecure this animal 
 from other fifhes which would devour it ; for, 
 as yet, I have had no experience in this matter. 
 
 But it is certain that the Cuttle-fithes I found 
 dead 
 
Th Hts T ORY 
 
 dead on the fea-fhore contained a greater quan- 
 tity of this ink than thofe which were brought 
 to me alive. The liquid is infipid to the tafte, 
 without the leaft fowernefs or bitternefs ; fo 
 that I cannot fee how this infipid fubftance, by 
 being boiled with the Cuttle-fith, can in the 
 leaft contribute to give it an extraordinary re- 
 lifh, as thofe pretend who feed upon it; tho’ 
 the moft general manner of ufing this fith, is 
 barely to give it a drying in the open air. 
 
 The ink taken out of its bag, and poured 
 into a glafs coagulates and grows hard in a few 
 days, when it feparates into a great many little 
 pieces, which, ground upon a ftone, afford the 
 moft elegant black paint. This convinces me 
 that the Indians prepare their ink with nothing 
 but this juice. I have even obferved that this 
 fubftance, while in a liquid form, ftruck fo 
 ftrong a black, that no wathing could get it 
 out; as particularly appeared in a black coat 
 made of a flight dutch cloth, which had fome 
 yellow ftains from aqua fortis: near the fto- 
 mach, and between the folds of the pancreas, 
 there lies a glandulous body, which runs to the 
 throat, Tab. LI. Fig. V. £244; but lam as much 
 in the dark, as to its ufe as to that of the ink- 
 bag; tho’ I think it belongs to the organs of 
 generation, which I thall hereafter take notice 
 of, having firft defcribed the heart, brain, and 
 nerves ; and likewife faid fomething of this 
 creature in particular. 
 
 The heart of the Cuttle-fith, contrary to 
 what we obferve in moft other animals, lies in 
 the abdomen, Tab. LI. Fig. 1.4. It is of an 
 oblong triangular form, and in colour very like 
 a muicle that has neerly loft all its blood. Its 
 external furface is tolerably fmooth and éven, 
 and its internal one fibrous, and divided into 
 little hollows, and prominent colunins. I 
 could difcover but one ventricle in this organ. 
 
 The Cuttle-fith’s heart has two. auricles ; 
 for as the gills in this animal are placed on 
 each fide of the body, and at a great diftance 
 afunder, nature it feems, has thought pro- 
 per that, inftead of one, this fith fhould have 
 two auricles 64, which J have here reprefented, 
 as they appeared on feparating them from the 
 blood-vefiels of the gills cc, They are of a 
 membranaceous texture, and, when blown up, 
 aré of the fame figure exactly with the defign 
 I give of them. I have no more at prefent to 
 fay of thefe parts ; for they had almoft efcaped 
 my notice when I happened to difcover them ; 
 fo that to acquire a thorough knowledge of 
 them, I fhould have had more fubjeéts; which 
 are not to be obtained without great trouble 
 and expence, on account of the brutality and 
 avarice of the fifhermen, who fell the produce 
 of their hardeft labours for nothing in a man- 
 ner, whilft they fix an extravagant price on 
 fuch things as come in their way without their 
 being at the pains to look for them. In the 
 mean time I muft obferve, that this fith’s heart 
 having but one ventricle, at the fame time that 
 it has two auricles in common with other ani- 
 mals, is altogether fingular, and may well de- 
 ferve to be confidered as a paradox. The blood 
 
 ef IN VEC F's: 145 
 
 of the Cuttle-fith is white, which is all T can 
 fay of it, as I never examined it; tho’ I had 
 refolved to fave fome of it ih a olafs tube fer 
 microfcopical in{pection, and in order to findout 
 its analogy to the red blood of other animals: 
 
 The great artery, which firft rifes' from the 
 heart d, is of the fame conftruction with that 
 of fith ; but it grows fomewhat {mallet in its 
 courfe, and fends forth two pretty confider- 
 able branches, which immediately difpatch 
 lefs ones ee to the mutis, whilft the others 
 run to the mufcular parts of the reft of the 
 body ; fo that fome of thefe ramifications aré 
 feen plainly thro’ the tranfparent fkin under 
 the two mufcles, which move the acctabula of 
 the common excretory dud, Tab. LI. Fig. 1, 
 y; from whence they extend to the gills and 
 feveral other parts. After this the artery 
 formed into one trunk, ftretches to the bafe 
 of the brain, Tab. LIT. Fig. 1. f, where it 
 divides into various branches, forne of which 
 run thro’ the cartilages, that enclofe the brains 
 in place of a fkull, whilft the reft diftribute 
 themfelves to the legs and other parts of the 
 body. But it is yet unknown what is the 
 courfe of the veins in this crédture, and 
 whether it has like fithes a firft and fecond ar 
 tery, thefe are things I have not yet been able 
 to difcover ; neither can I tell for certain, whe- 
 ther or not the two veffels {fpringing from the 
 lower region of the heart itfelf gg, and here 
 moft exatly reptefented by me after life, are 
 really veins, as I think they are. But.all thefe 
 doubts may be cleared up by repeated dif- 
 fections. 
 
 The brain of the Cuttle-fith is very fmall, and 
 is plainly divided into a tight and left portion, 
 Fig.11.@ To {ee this conveniently, itis proper to 
 turn the animal on it’s bélly, then open its head, 
 and cut away with a vety fharp knife the car- 
 tilages that contain the brain, ufing great cau- 
 tion for fear of injuring the nerves which iffue 
 from it. The brain lies on the back part of the 
 head, in a manner entirely buried in fat, which 
 T have here for diftin@tion fake reprefented by 
 dots 4. Itis no eafy matter to feparate this 
 fat on every fide without hurting the brain on 
 account of it’s exceeding foft and délicate 
 texture. The optick nerves cc are likewifé at 
 their origin furrounded-with fat; but in their 
 progrefs, after running thro’ the cartilages of 
 the brain, they dilate into a confiderable 
 knot dd, which feparating into two tubercles, 
 as it were, fends thence towards the eyes a 
 great number of nerves eee ¢, as I have en- 
 deavoured to reprefent them one fide. This 
 numerous body of nerves is interfected bya con- 
 {picuous blood-veffel f, before they can reach 
 the choroide tunic, or coat of the eye ; which is 
 remarkable for its great vatiety of beautiful co- 
 lours ; and is fo invefled with thefe little fibres, - 
 which embrace ahd furtound the eye on every 
 fide g, and have a gteat flare in compofing 
 it, that this ufeful organ mutt receive great 
 ftrength from fuch an acceffion: About the 
 upper region of the é¢yé, where the itis fhews 
 itfelf in other animals, this coat fortis in this 
 
 Oo a 
 
“4b The BOOK of 
 
 a globular prominence b, from which a cryftalline 
 lens partly projects 2. 
 
 Ihave thought proper togive a feparate draw- 
 ing of the pupil’s covering or lid, continued to 
 the extremity of the choroide tunic ; I firft re- 
 prefent it on that fide where it was cut from the 
 eye Fig. 111. 4, and looks ofa deep green colour, 
 
 which by degrees grows paler, and is interwoven 
 with delicate veffels, I then exhibit its other fide, 
 by which itmay be {aid to float freely in the aqueous 
 humour, and reft againft the cryftalline lens, 
 In this part it is of a filvery whitenefs, and inter- 
 fperfed with very delicate ftreaks or fibres. Thefe 
 fibres look as if they were continued not only to 
 the filaments of the iris, but likewife to thofe of the 
 choroide tunic, which I have already reprefented., 
 This covering or lid of the pupil is of an extreme 
 blacknefS in that part of it, which lies over the 
 fuperior region of the cryftalline lens. 
 
 I could find but \ very little of the aqueous 
 humour on the infideof the eye, whereas that con- 
 ftituting the cryftalline lens was in confiderable 
 quantity, and wastolerably compact. But there 
 was fomething fingular in this laft part, namely, 
 its coat’s being of an extraordinary thicknefs, and 
 likewife its ciliary ligaments penetrating fo deep 
 into the cryftalline lens, that it in fome mea- 
 fure as it were divided this part of Tab. LII. 
 Fig, rv. m, the eye; thismay be beft feen on the 
 fore part. On boiling this eye, and then pealing 
 off the ciliary ligament, along with the coat of 
 the cryftalline lens; and likewife the fore fegment 
 of this lens from its back fegment, the lens itfelf 
 appears exactly like a globe contained in a femi- 
 globe, or like a fphere in a hemifphere. 
 
 The vitreous or glaffy humour was in a man- 
 ner fo perfectly fluid, as rather to deferve the 
 name of an aqueous than vitreous humour. I 
 could not difcern exactly the retina, as the black 
 juice of the avea happened to get out of its mem- 
 brane, and thereby fpread an impenetrable ob- 
 {curity all over the adjacent parts. This accident 
 for want of fubjeéts, obliged me, to put an end 
 to my anatomical furvey of the eye; and there- 
 fore I fhall return to the brain, and the nerves 
 that iffue from it. 
 
 From the fore region of the brain, there arife 
 three confiderable pairs of nerves, which, after 
 making their way thro’ the cartilages of the 
 brain, run in a moft beautiful manner to the 
 mufcles of the head, beak, legs, and adjacent 
 parts. But the conftruction of the middle pair is 
 more admirable than that of the lateral ones, as it 
 
 _ {wells into a node or globule Fig. 11. 2, from 
 which the nervous branches iffue in a moft ele- 
 gant manner, like rays of light of the fun’s 
 body, 
 
 The better to thew the fituation of all thefe 
 
 3 
 
 NATURE; or, 
 
 of the common excretory du@. I could count - 
 more than twenty little nerves; which {prung 
 from each ganglion; and were diftributed to 
 the region of the gills; after ranning on each fide 
 of the acetabula, of the common excretory dug 
 
 where they in part fhewed themfelves through 
 the tranfparent fkin, Tab. LI. Fig. 1. 2, 
 
 The genitals of the male Cuttle-Fith may be 
 divided into three parts, one tefticle, and two 
 glandulous parts, between which there lies ano. 
 ther glandulous body, divided intoa great Many 
 lobules ; and laftly, a peculiar glandulous and 
 {pungy body, in fhape like a heart, feated under 
 the animal's ink bag. 
 
 That part, which I call the tefticle, on ac- 
 count of its external appearance, is fo admirably 
 contrived, that it greatly {urpafles all the wonders 
 I have hitherto related of the Cuttle-Fith. Jt 
 ends in a particular open-mouthed tube, which 
 floats loofe in the body, like the end of the 
 ftraight gut, w. It is through this tube the tet 
 ticle difcharges its fperm, fo that it may very pro= 
 petly be called the vas deferens of this organ, J 
 could fometimes obferve fome very tender and 
 delicate white fibres hanging from this part, 
 Tab. LI, Fig. v. a; but 1 cannot fay whether 
 they were natural, or were occafioned by fome 
 diforder in the animal, as I never examined 
 them in a live one. ‘This fingle tefticle is oval, 
 but it ends at the bottom in a kind of a point, 
 b. In the centre of it there is a little body, 
 which very nearly anfwers the paraftate, or cor- 
 pora variaformia of quadrupedes, and even of 
 man, ¢; but I have not yet been able to difcover — 
 where this veffel begins or ends. The nearer 
 this little body, juft taken notice of, approaches — 
 the tefticle, the broader it grows: this circum- — 
 ftance may be beft feen, by turning the tefticle — 
 upfide down, and then divefting it of the great _ 
 number of membranes which cover it, e. I have 
 fome reafon to think, that the whole tefticle 
 may be unfolded, and wound into one long vef- 
 fel, fomewhat flenderer at its beginning and at 
 its end, than in the middle, and terminating in 
 a curious curled little tube,d. The texture of the 
 genital parts already mentioned, is glandulous. 
 In the narrow parts of the channel juft now 
 fpoke of, there is found a white f{permatick 
 matter, which, on wounding this part, iflues 
 forth in form of coagulated milk; but the fub- 
 ftance contained in the fomewhat wider parts, is" 
 tranfparent: the wideft parts of all are full of an 
 infinite number of little delicate white parts, 
 fomewhat crooked, which are altogether free and 
 loofe at their hinder ends, Tab. LII. Fig. vr. f; 
 but at their fore ends, they terminate each ina 
 very delicate filament, g, by which they are in a 
 manner linked to each other. Thefe delicate fine 
 threads may be unwound, to double the length 
 of the other parts to which they adhere; and on 
 taking both the threads and thefe parts into the 
 open air, the former immediately harden like 
 the threads drawn from filk Worms, and thine 
 and glitter like a looking glafs. . 
 
 The moft furprifing circumftance in this part 
 is, that on throwing fome of thefe into water, they, 
 after alittle time, begin to move, and then open- 
 
 . ing 
 
The HISTORY of INSECTS 
 
 ing at their hinder, and fometimes at their fore, 
 extremity, they fuddenly difcharge a little white 
 body, which, on its efcape, rolls and curls itfelf 
 up in a ferpentine manner, 4, the larger part, all 
 the while continuing in its former ftate, without 
 the fides of it falling together. This furprifing 
 little body, when viewed with the microfcope, 
 looks like a very white Earth-worm, divided 
 into a great many exceeding {mall rings; and if 
 left in the water for fome time, it expands and 
 grows bigger by degrees, by the water it imbibes, 
 which makes me imagine, that the water may 
 poflibly be the caufe of that wonderful motion 
 obfervable in thefe parts, on their being put intoit, 
 
 Thefe particles, when thrown into fpirit of 
 Wine, remain perfectly quiet, without any open- 
 ing. 
 
 Thefe parts may be very diftin@ly feen thro’ 
 the tranfparent coats of the tefticle; and they ap- 
 pear divided into a great many rows. Sometimes 
 even they may be obferved to have rolled them- 
 felves into ferpentine coils, and difcharged their 
 white particles, before the tefticle has been 
 opened, Fig. v. 77. 
 
 147 
 
 On examining with the microfcope one of 
 thefe minute parts, we may plainly perceive ‘its 
 conftruction, and can fee a tran{parent {pace, like 
 an air bubble, at its hinder end, Fig. vii.a A 
 little higher up is the region, within which lies 
 the little furprifing moving white particle, juft 
 now {poke of, 4. But I have here reprefented 
 it much fhorter than it appears through the mi- 
 crofcope, for fear of enlarging the drawing to too 
 great a fize. This little part grows tranfparent 
 again near its fore end, Fig. VII. c. But the 
 fore end itfelf is very neatly curled, d, and it is 
 from this extremity that the filament iffues, which 
 hardens in the air, like the Silkworm’s thread, ee. 
 
 Whether thefe filaments be hollow, and whe- 
 ther the {perm be generated in the cafes which 
 contain them, as in fo many kind of feminal 
 tubes, or whether all the cafes themfelves, with 
 their contents, be ‘difcharged by the animal 
 at the time appointed by nature, for its fhedding 
 its {perm, are very obfcure queftions, which as 
 yet Lam not able to anfwer*. Let it therefore 
 fuffice, that I have juft exhibited, to the glory of 
 the Great Architect, the admirable beauty and 
 con- 
 
 * The public received fome few years fince, an account of thefe veffels in a fpecies of Cittle-Fith; from the ingenious Mr. Tur- 
 berville Needham : but we fee the firft account of them is owing to this author; and much is yet to be expected in the perfecting 
 their hiftory, from fome future philofopher accuftomed to thefe inquiries, who fhall have opportunities of obtaining the animal alive, 
 
 The fpecies mentioned by Mr. Needham is, as we have before obferved, the Loligo of authors ; 
 
 tion and action of thefe particular parts, is this 
 
 and his obfervations on the conftruc- 
 
 The outward tranfparent cafe is cartilaginous and elaftick: its upper extremity is gathered into a round head, whieh is in reality 
 nothing more than the top of the cafe involuted into itfelf, and by that means clofing the orifice, through which the interior apparatis 
 
 fprings in the time of action. 
 
 Within this is contained a tranfparent tube, elaftick, as it appears from the phenomena, in all direétions, and forcing its way where- 
 
 ever it finds a paflage, which tho’ the continuation of it is not equall 
 periments to inveft the {crew, fucker, barrel, and that {pungy fubftance, which imbibes the femen. 
 
 y fenfible in all parts, may be eafily difcovered in a courfe of ex- 
 
 The ferew is inferted in the up- 
 
 per part of it, and throws out of the head of it two flender ligaments, which faften it with the whole annexed apparatus to the top of 
 the outward cafe; the fucker, and barrel or cup, are lodged in the middle of the tube, and the fpongy fubftance containing the femen. 
 
 diftends the lower part. 
 
 I fhall now proceed to the feveral phenomena’s that appeared in the aétion of this minute machine, which to me at leaft feemed fo 
 
 furprifing and inexplicable, that I think myfelf obliged to premife, 
 
 that I am in no wife anfwerable for any feeming contradictory 
 
 confequences, which may poflibly be drawn from matters of faé I dont pretend to account for: all I can affure the public of, is, that 
 
 they are literally trie, juit as they are related, and were {een by feveral perfons, 
 
 as well as myfelf. ‘The objects I have now by me 
 
 preferved in fpirit of wine, which, though they retained their activity for more than twenty days after they were taken out of the 
 
 body of the fifh, and immerfed in fpirits, without any fenfible diminution, 
 
 main to all appearance in the microfcope perfeétly the fame. 
 
 yet now have in a manner totally loft it, though they re- 
 
 If therefore any of my readers defire to verify the faéts I have menti- 
 
 oned, they muft apply in the feafon for freth objets, and do their utmoft to procure the milt-veffels when perfeCily ripe for aétion ; 
 for thefe only will anfwer to all the phenomena I have taken notice of, though the lefs mature will fuffice for moft of them. 
 
 Tho’ many of the milt-veffels, when they are ripe for ation, and difengaged from that glutinous matter which {urrounds them while 
 they are in the milt-bag, will act immediately in the open air, for which perhaps the flighteft preffure during extraction may be fuffi- 
 cient, yet the generality of them will not only bear a tranflation to the object-plate, and lie quiet for obfervation, but alfo require a 
 drop of water to moiften the upper extremity of the enclofing cafe, before they begin to operate. 
 
 Upon application of this, the extremity begins to evolute and unfold itfelf, and the two flender ligaments, which emerge out of the 
 cafe, turn and twift themfelves in various directions: at the fame time the {crew moves upwards with a flow motion, the {pires at the 
 
 } 
 
 top gathering clofe tog 
 be continually fucceede 
 
 her, and acting againft the head of the cafe, while thofe at the bottom advance proportionably, and feem to 
 d by others out of the head of the pifton; w 
 
 hich fucceffion I believe to be apparent only, and not real, the ap- 
 
 pearance being owing to the nature of the motion inthe {crew: in the interim, the fucker and cup, or barrel, move gently on in the 
 
 fame direétion ; and the inferior part of the apparatus, which contains the femen, 
 tion at the fame time upwards, which may be perceived by an increafe of the vacuity at the bottom of the cafe. 
 
 extends itfelf in length proportionably, with a mo- 
 Soon after this, the 
 
 top of the fcrew, with its enclofing tube, appears out of the head of the cafe, and as it is there faftened by its ligaments begins to bend : 
 the motion of the whole continues thus flow and gradual, till the {crew, fucker, and cup have forced their way, and emerged totally, 
 when at that inflant the remainder of the apparatus fprings out at once, the fucker feparates from the cup, the feeming ligament below 
 the cup {wells out to the diameter of the inferior part ; the inferior part, though dittended confiderably in breadth, more than it had 
 been in the cafe, extends itfelf to five times its original length; two knots, between which the tube contraéts itfelf in diameter, form 
 themfelves, each at about the diftance of one third of the whole from both extremities, and the femen flows out of the cup, confifting 
 of fimall opake globules {wimming in a fort of ferous matter, juft in the fame form, and without any appearance of life, as I had feen 
 it before, when diffufed at large in the milt-bag. After the Operation, it is to be obferved, that the fringed edges between the two 
 knots appear upon examination to be nothing more than the interior {pongy fubftance broke and disjoined at almoft equal diftances, as 
 
 will be clear from the fubfequent phenomena. 
 
 . 
 Sometimes the ferew, together with the tube, breaks juft above the fucker, and the fucker remains in the cup; of which I have alfo 
 given a drawing: in that cafe the invefting tube clofes inftantly at the extremity of the fcrew, as far as it will permit, and contracts 
 
 atfelf nearly in a cone, which plainly indicates its great elafticity in this, 
 
 upon the leaft change does in every other part. 
 
 as its conformation to the fhape of the enclofed fubftance’ 
 
 At firft view, an obferver would be inclined to think; that the ation of the whole machine is to be derived from the fpring of the 
 fpiral {crew ; but the following experiments, which I tried with a view of fatisfying myfelf in that particular, not only evince the falfe- 
 hood of that fuppofition, by demonftrating that the fcrew can at moft act but as a counter to a force entirely latent, but afford a 
 train of phenomena fo furprifing, that they totally filenced all the hypothefes I was capable of forming. The experiments were 
 tried upon milt-veffels, which though not fufficiently mature for the eje€tion of the fucker, dilatation of the feeming ligament below 
 the cup, and the expreffion of the femen, had already attained the full force requifite for the exertion of the interior apparatus out of 
 the enclofing cafe ; thus they completely anfwered my prefent purpofe, as well as the moft mature could, and remedied the misfor- 
 tune I had of lofing the only parcel of mature milt-veffels I have found in the courfe of my inquiry, which I had laid by for further 
 
 obfervation. 
 
 if 
 
The BOO K of 
 
 contrivance of thefe parts ; contented as I am in 
 being thought ignorant of every thing elfe be- 
 longing to them. ; f 
 
 As to the other parts, compofing in my op!- 
 nion, the organs of generation, the conftructi- 
 on of them is very remarkable ;. for they feem 
 as it were to confift of two diftinct glands, 
 
 Jaced at the fides of the abdomen, and therecon- 
 neted with the gills, F ig. VIII. 22, from which 
 I feparated them. Thefe glands are white, and 
 there adheres to each of them another glandu- 
 lous body, by means of a glandular tube, in 
 form of a ftalk 24. ‘Thefe corpufcles are of a 
 fomewhat grayer colour than the reft, and have 
 each of them a confiderable flit, with a great 
 many little openings at the bottom, through 
 which iffues the feminal matter formed in thefe 
 and the inferior particles. 
 
 This feminal matter, after flowing from its 
 elands, is conveyed to a bag that lies at one 
 fide, and is reprefented under the letter r of 
 Figure 1. Tab. LI. from whence it is dif- 
 charged out of the body by two diftinct tubes. 
 The mouths of thefe tubes appear very plain at 
 the fides of the ftraight gut; and the matter 
 they contain, may even be {queezed out of 
 them. Thefe tubes are exhibited in the figure 
 and table laft mentioned, under the letters gq. 
 But I cannot as yet take upon me to fay whe- 
 ther or no they ought to be called the proftafte, 
 or what other organs they may properly be. 
 
 Among the parts I am defcribing, there lies 
 ‘a glandulous body divided into lobes Tab. LI, 
 Fig. cc, vist. and connected by means of 
 fome delicate membranes dd. Thefe lobes 
 are again moft beautifully divided, as it were, 
 into a great many branches, covered with ten- 
 der, and in fome fort membranaceous, glands, 
 which in the animal itfelf forms a moft enter- 
 taining {pectacle. From this body there arifes, 
 on prefling,, another kind of fpermatic mat- 
 ter. The lobes laft mentioned, and their 
 glands, are of different colours, partly white, 
 and partly inclining to gray ; the glandulous 
 body itfelf alfo, which I heretofore reprefent- 
 ed as adhering to the ftomach, feems to have 
 a communication with thefe glands; for as 
 
 148 
 
 NA TUR E; ‘or, 
 
 yet I cannot take upon me to affirm pofitively, 
 that it has any. I muft have more fubjects to 
 examine, before I can determine any thing in 
 regard to this and feveral other particulars re- 
 lating to this Cuttle-fith. The beft time to 
 take a thorough furvey of the creature, would 
 be when the {perm is not as yet arrived at its 
 full maturity. But fuch a furvey would re- 
 quire a great deal of attention and leifure. 
 
 The third part belonging to the fpermatic 
 veffels has been already exhibited, as it appears 
 through the tranfparent fkin under the letter 7, 
 in the firft figure of Tab. LI. Fig. 1. It lies 
 in the lower region of-the abdomen, under the 
 ink bladder. It is of a glandulous fpungy fub- 
 ftance, and contains a feminal matter, which 
 may be eafily preffed out of it. Its fuperior 
 tegion is fomewhat broad, flattifh, and de- 
 prefled, Tab. LII. Fig. rx. @; the inferior ter- 
 minates in a manner in a double or forked 
 point 4, fo as in fome degree to refemble the 
 fhape of a heart. I cannot fhew the channel 
 by which this part difcharges its {permatic 
 matter, as I tore and broke it, on -ftriving to 
 take it out of the creature’s body. 
 
 I could not at this time narrowly infpec the 
 genital organs of the female Cuttle-fith, be- 
 caufe I wanted a fufficient number of fub- 
 jects ; and thofe, in which I obferved all the 
 particulars hitherto related, were both males. 
 For this reafon I cannot now take upon me to 
 give a fatisfactory account of the parts vifible 
 in the female, or to fay whether or no it has 
 any genital organs anfwering to thofe, I have 
 already defcribed and delineated, as belonging 
 to the other fex. I fhall therefore attempt no 
 more at prefent, than juft to give a drawing 
 of the genitals of a female Cuttle-fith, which] 
 fome years ago took care to prepare and pre- 
 ferve, referring to fome other time, when I 
 fhall have inclination and leifure to perform 
 fuch a tafk, a thorough furvey of thefe parts. 
 
 The firft thing I here reprefent, is the ftraight _ 
 gut a, Tab. LII. Fig. x. to the fide of which 
 adheres the channel by which the ink is dif- 
 charged 6. The ink bag itfelf c, lies upon the 
 ovary dd. At the other fide of the ftraight gut 
 
 If the milt-veffel be divided juft below the cup, that part which contains the femen extends itfelf inftantly ; and though a part 
 -only, and not the whole of it {prings out at the opening, as it does not when fevered from the reft of the apparatus, yet upon appli- 
 
 cation of water, it works itfelf out by degrees with a flow motion, 
 
 andemerges almoft entirely out of its cafe. 
 
 If the lower extremity of the outward cafe be cut off, it diftends the feeming ligament below the cup to an inconceivable tenuity, 
 
 breaks it without deranging the {crew, or caufing any alteration in the fuperior part of the apparatus, 
 In one of thefe experiments, the feeming ligament breaking ait 
 
 and goes out at the opening. 
 
 er diftention, ftrack with fuch fmartnefs the fide of the enclofing 
 
 cafe, thet, though cartilaginons, its extremity forced its way through by its elafticity, and retired twifting itfelf again into the cafe; 
 which can be accounted for no other way, than by fuppofing it extremely elaftick, and its force upon this occafion fomething anala- 
 gous to that of a filken thread, which, if fuddenly emitted after diftention, with a certain direction that it receives from a peculiar 
 flight of hand, will open itlelf a paffage through a fheet of ftrong paper. 
 
 Tf the milt-veflel be divided both above and below the femen, it emerges at the two extremities, by extending itfelf in both di- 
 fe&tions, which being contrary to each other, detain it in the cafe with this additional effect, that it renders the enclofing tube confpi- 
 cuous, by fevering afander at fome of its divifions the fpongy fubftance which contains the femen. I mean by divifions the rings 
 
 throughout its whole length, refembling thofe of a Worm, 
 
 ough not fo regular, as they appear through the greatelt magnifier of 
 
 the common double reflecting microfcopes; yet, with the third magnifier, from which thele drawings were taken, they are feen as ex- 
 
 hibited in the figures, like a fringe invefling the —= 
 
 I have fometimes upon this occafion counted no lefs than nine feparations, 
 
 though no more than four appear in the drawing ; for in this particular, there is no determinate regularity- 
 If the leaft orifice be opened with a lancet in the fide of the outward cafe, it inftantly conforms itfelf to it, and comes out double. 
 ’Tis obfervable alfo, that the fcrew, upon feparation, ceafes in every refpeét to operate, and lofes irrecoverably its activity, which 
 
 is an evident proof, that the whole force of the milt-veffel is to be derived from the aétion of the inferior part. 
 "The application of water is for the moft part neceflary, and yet the milt-veffels will often a& without it: fpir 
 fuffice, though the effe&t is confiderably flower, and the {pring, with which the inferior 
 lar, faddenly ftarts out, is totally impeded ; but this was underftood of a fingle milt-veffe ; 
 even fo that the liquid has free accefs to the whole collection, it caufes no other alteration, than that 
 
 whole bag 1s immerfed in fpirits, 
 
 the inferior part is fomewhat extended in length, and recedes fome little from the bottom of the outward cafe. 
 effect im any refpeét whatfoever, though more lubricating than any other liquid. 2 
 
 irit of wine will alfo 
 art at the clofe of the operation, when regu- 
 placed upon the objeét-plate;_ for when the 
 
 Oil has no manner of 
 
 1% 
 
The f + FO RY 
 
 is An open-mouthed tube or duéte, by which 
 the eggs are voided. I here exhibit three of 
 thefe eggs f, one half lefs than the ‘natural 
 fize. Upon the ovary and ink bladder ‘are 
 placed two very beautiful giandulous bodies, 
 reprefented at gg; but I cannot now fay an 
 thing certain concerning them, as moft of my 
 former obfervations are only recorded by draw- 
 ings, with a bare explanation. Above thefe 
 two bodies, or rather in the midway between 
 their appendages, appears a remarkable little 
 bladder orbag, which contained a red juice b. 
 Laftly, I exhibit at one fide all the parts al- 
 ready mentioned, and the gills 77, together 
 with their veffels and divifions, in their natural 
 fituation. 
 
 I fhould here finith this effay, if for order 
 fake I did not think it proper to add fomething 
 concerning the Cuittle-fifh’s bone, being the 
 only one to be found in the body of this won- 
 
 derful animal. The fleth clofely furrounds - 
 
 this part on every fide, in the manner obferv- 
 able in man and other animals. ©To obtain a 
 fatisfactory fight of it, no more is requifite than 
 to make an incifion in the fith’s back, and fe- 
 parate the bone itfelf from its membranes, and 
 other integuments ; all which may be very eafi- 
 ly performed 
 
 This bone, when newly cut out of the ani- 
 mal, is of a middle nature between a dry and 
 a moift fubftance ; it floats upon the water, if 
 immediately thrown into it. And this, no 
 doubt, is the reafon of its having been called 
 {puma maris, or fea-froth. Hence alfo it hap- 
 pens, that fo many of thefe bones are feen 
 during the fummer months‘ floating near our 
 coa{ts, upon which they are at laft thrown, in 
 proportion to the number of Cuttle-fithes that 
 have died fince the preceding feafon. The 
 fifhermen gather thefe remains, and fell them 
 to the different trade{men, who have occafion 
 for them. It would take me up a large volume 
 to defcribe all the wonders obfervable in this 
 bone, in regard to its figure, colour, texture, 
 and other qualities ; I fhall, therefore, only juft 
 account in a few words for its floating on the 
 furface of the water. 
 
 This bone which lies in the animal’s back, 
 on breaking it, after having firft cut with a file 
 thro’ the hard cruft that covers it, fome inches 
 from its fore end, appears to confift of feveral 
 teftaceous plates a, Tab. LI. Fig. vr. Of thefe 
 the upper ones are the longeft, and moft crook- 
 ed; and they lie clofer to each other than the 
 lower ones, which being applied to the hard 
 cruft of the bone that had been filed off, yield 
 fomewhat in length to the former. ‘The rea- 
 fon why the lower plates fhould lie loofer, or 
 at a greater diftance afunder, than the upper 
 ones, feems to bethis ; that the former have 
 received more nourifhment during the fith’s 
 time of growth, than the latter, and therefore 
 increafed in bulk a great deal fafter. Befides, 
 the hard cruft of the bone, by lying nearer the 
 upper plates than the lower ones, is fufficient 
 to make the former full amends for fuch a 
 deficiency. 
 
 of INSECTS. 149 
 
 Between thefe plates there are a gréat many 
 filaments reaching from one plate to the other; 
 like fo many props or columns, fo as to hin= 
 der the plates from clofing together. And'the 
 great lightnefs of the Cuttle-fith’s bone, in con- 
 fequence of which it cannot but float like 2 
 froth upon the water, depends entirely upon 
 this conftruction. 
 
 To make’ this very confpicuous, nothing 
 more is neceflary, ‘than to feparate two of thefe 
 plates which lie at the ereateft diftance afun- 
 der, from the adjacent ones; and_this may be 
 very eafily effected, by breaking with the point 
 of a {mall pin, the filaments which unite thefe 
 plates together, at the fame time that they keep 
 them at a proper diftance afunder; for their 
 filaments are fo fine and delicate, that they 
 yield to the leaft impreffion. 
 
 On viewing with a microfcope the plates 
 prepared in the foregoing manner, the difpo- 
 fition of the columns or props c, between-the 
 upper and lower plates de immediately ap- 
 pears,’ as. likewife their figure, and how they 
 confift of a great many very {mall fibres which 
 are compofed, as it were of minute globules. 
 We may even obferve fome tranfverfe fibres, 
 {tretching from one column to another, and fo 
 {trengthening them, and connecting them to= 
 gether. Befides, many of thefe props have a 
 deepet foundation than the reft ; and there is 
 likewife a great variety in their figures. 
 
 To comprehend thoroughly the conftruction 
 of thefe parts, and their admirable contri- 
 vance, it 1s proper to take a piece of the bone 
 prepared in the manner juft now explained; 
 and having faftened it in a fafe place, witha 
 little ftarch pafte, leave it~ there till it dries. 
 After this, care muft be taken to feparate the 
 upper plate from the props fupporting it; with- 
 out doing them any injury, which however 
 difficult, I have often accomplifhed with per- 
 fe&t fuccefs. By this means it-will at length 
 appear, that thefe columns are fo many hollow 
 flender tubes,'Tab. LI. Fig. vrir. g, naturally 
 full of air, which is a fufficient reafon, why 
 the Cuttle-fith’s bone, when thrown into the 
 water, fhould always {wim on its furface. 
 
 In this ftate, fome of the columns appear like 
 perfect tubes, others of a lefs regular form,’ and 
 many are beautifully bent, like paper folded in a 
 variety of forms. This inflexion is very like that 
 which we obferve within the noftrils of hunting 
 hounds, in the bone upon which the {cent aéts ; 
 as alfo, in horfes, This conftiudtion of the props 
 cannot be perceived with the microfcope, till one 
 of the adjacent plates is removed, otherwife they 
 all appear cylindrical, becaufe they are tranfparent. 
 For it is the property of that kind of glaffes to 
 give almoft all hollow tranfparent bodies a round 
 appearance. 
 
 The fubftance forming the cruft of thefe plates 
 and their props, is in a manner of the nature ‘of 
 an alcaline falt; it ferments violently with acids. 
 But on feparating from it the membrane, that 
 covers the back part, it appears entirely com- 
 pofed of the fame matter with the plates them- 
 felves, and the interjacent columns, which makes 
 
350 
 it not improbable, that this ftony and faline bone, 
 found in the back of the Cuttle-fith, is originally 
 compofed of hardened membranes, and this con- 
 jeCture is confirmed by confidering attentively 
 that part of the Cuttle-fith’s bone, which lies 
 within its tail, and the membranes invefting it ; 
 for thefe laft when examined with the microfcope 
 appear of the fame conftruction with the plates 
 and columns themfelves, But it is no eafy matter 
 to feparate thefe membranes; they are fo firmly 
 conneéted in that part with the hard cruft cover- 
 ing the bone. When cautioufly picked of, they 
 leave a view of the manner in which this animal’s 
 bone grows at this place into a fharp tale Tab. LI. 
 Fig, x1. 4, which in full grown Cuttle-fithes is 
 much longer and more pointed, than in young 
 ones, as in thefe laft the membranes are not yet 
 hardened. It may therefore be fairly concluded 
 
 The BOOK of NATURE; o, 
 
 from all the foregoing particulars, confidered to. 
 gether, that this ftony bone of the Cuttle-fith, is 
 formed in the fame manner with the bones of 
 men and quadrupedes. Nay, we can very plainly 
 fee that the blood veflels not only run over the 
 furface of this bone, but penetrate into its fub. 
 ftance. 
 
 To clofe this treatife, I muft offer my mot 
 humble praifes to the great Creator, for having 
 made known tous fo many fpecimens of His in. 
 exhauftible wifdom, power, and goodnefs, all 
 the glory of which we ought to give to his Di- 
 vine Majefty, praying Him at the fame time to 
 make us truly obedient to his will; fo that wemay 
 henceforward do nothing but what is agreeable 
 to Him, for in this exa& conformity to His plea- 
 om our prefent anc future happinefs entirely con- - 
 ifts, 
 
 ;.FLE, END 
 
 A treatife on the Phyfalus*. 
 
 T HI1S creature, which Rondolet defcribes 
 from his own obfervations, and from Aélian, 
 is found in the German fea, and fometimes is 
 thrown afhore on its coafts in the fummer 
 months, I can produce one of them, which 
 ftuffed with tow, by a hole made in its 
 back, and afterwards fowed up, has its fkin 
 changed toa kind of real leather. I many times 
 this f{ummer fpoke to the fifhermen to get me one 
 of thefe animals frefh, as they gave me to un- 
 derftand they often caught them alive in their 
 nets, but as yet I have not had the good fortune 
 to obtain any of them; I can therefore do no 
 more at prefent than defcribe it, and illuftrate my 
 defcription with figures from fome flight notes 
 and-drawings I formerly took of this creature ; 
 thefe obfervations, however, may throw great 
 lightupon what Rondolet has wrote concerning it, 
 efpecially what he has affirmed after Atlian of its 
 furprifing infleion. ‘The Phyfalus when turned 
 on its back, Tab. X. Fig. viir, appears fome- 
 what broad in the middle, on the forepart toward 
 the head it is a little narrower, and at the tail it 
 ends ina point. The abdomen is full of wrinkles, 
 and is covered witha very delicate kind of biflus 
 or cottony matter. This creature has on each 
 fide of its body twenty eight protuberances, called 
 by Rondolet dorfal warts, from which there 
 fpring very ftiff briftles @a@, The learned Oli- 
 gerus Jacobeus, when here in Holland, made me 
 a prefent of a creature of this kind, and called 
 thefe briftles its legs ; but 1 cannot fee any reafon 
 he could have for giving them that name, as the 
 creature cannot ufe them as fuch, tho’ perhaps 
 it may employ them as oars in fwimming-+. The 
 Phyfalus has other protuberances befides thofe 
 
 already mentioned; and except their being fmaller 
 and fharper they are of the {ame conftrudtion. 
 
 In fome of thefe warts, which I cut from the 
 creatures fides, Fig, 1x. 4, I could count fixteen 
 briftles difpofed inwardly into three rows, and 
 united together in each row, by a particular 
 ligament Fig, x. ¢, and all the fixteen by another 
 common one. The firft row confifted only of 
 two moderately ftiff but very large briftles d. The 
 fecond confifted of fix ¢, and the third of eight f 
 differing in length, ftructure, and firmnefs; all 
 thefe briftles were of a fhining black, but there 
 are other fpecies of this creature, whofe briftles 
 are of a bright gold colour. Such arethefe men- 
 tioned by Jacobeusin the 4é4a Danica Medica; and 
 I have myfelf feen fome of this kind. There are 
 alfo Phyfali with green briftles, if we may believe 
 Rondolet, who calls thefe briftles green hairs. 
 Some of thefe: briftles, which give the creature a 
 refemblance to the Porcupine or Hedge-hog, ap- 
 pear thro’ the mifcrofcope flattith and fharp 
 Fig. x1.g, whilft others appear cylindrick, and 
 fomewhat thicker about their fore parts, Fig. x11. 
 h, where they at laft terminate in a blunt point. 
 
 Under the parts laft mentioned, there grows on 
 each fide of the body a prodigious number of de- 
 licate gold coloured downy hairs, I have only 
 reprefented thofe on one fide Tab. X. Fig, virt. 
 iii, where the briftles are omitted, to afford a 
 better view of them ; thefe delicate hairs {pring 
 likewife from the centers of certain warts, over 
 whofe furface they afterwards fpread themielves, 
 Fig. xit1 & The laft warts lie clofe under the 
 others {upporting the briftles, with which the 
 hairy down growing in the form of flocks of 
 wool is naturally intermixed, efpecially om the 
 
 ae This fingular creatute which former naturalifts have univerfally called Phyfalus, and have been perplexed in what clafs to arrange 
 it, Linnzus refers to his clafs of Worms, Vermes, he arranges it under the fecond a ; thecreatures of which he entitles Zoophyta, 
 
 and to this genus he gives the name of Salacia; by this denomination the creature is 
 
 no other known fpecies of the fame genus. 
 + Thefe are not legs, norintended for its office : 
 
 nown at préfent among naturalifts, and there is 
 
 y they approach more to the nature ofarms with d ; andare pro erly 
 ‘Tentacula of the creature } their ufe is in finding and Bene the crear prey. PSH MR mae 
 
 upper 
 
The HISTORY 
 
 spper part of the body, and on the fides. The 
 opening of the mouth lies forward near the head 
 Pig. viti./, and over it isa little body refembling 
 in figure and conflruction one of the beards that 
 are to be feen in fome fithes, 
 
 What has been faid, is fufficient to give the 
 reader fome notion of this infects conftruction on 
 its upper part or back, Fig. xiv. where it ap- 
 pears as if entirely compofed of an afiemblage of 
 downy hairs and briftles, the furface of this part 
 alfo is rounder, and more convex, and the warts 
 growing on it are fhorter and flenderer than thofe 
 already {poken of, as lying upon the parts, to 
 which the name of feet has been given. 
 
 On opening the back of this creature, I found 
 the {kin in that part lay quite free and loofe overthe 
 adjacent fleth. I likewife difcovered in this place 
 on each fide of the body, a prodigious number 
 of holes Fig. xv. aaaaaa, which by running a 
 probe into them, I found to extend under and 
 between the briftly tubercles, furrounding each 
 fide of the body, with openings on the outfide, 
 thro’ which the creature by an alternate dilatation 
 and contraction of its upper skin, takes in the 
 water requifite to moiften its gills 6644, which 
 are all the other parts to be feen within this hol- 
 low of the skin, and are conftructed like the 
 {cales on the lower part of the bellies of Serpents. 
 As to their texture it is membranaceous, witha 
 fmooth furface; and they are difpofed in the moft 
 beautiful order, forthe upper ones, tho’ moving 
 freely over the lower, always cover fome part of 
 them. 
 
 If we duly confider this conftruction of the 
 body, we cannot be at a lofs to account for the 
 manner in which the Phyfalus, is able to {well 
 and bloat itfelf up with air, and afterwards burft, 
 or as think I may more properly exprefs my(elf, 
 collapfe into its former fize and figure; to do all 
 this, it need only firft dilate the upper portion of 
 its skin, that, on its floating to the furface, as it 
 muft neceflarily do when its bulk is thus increafed, 
 the air may get into the cavity fo formed, and 
 then contract the fame part, fo as to make it ex- 
 
 of INSECTS, Lor 
 
 pell the air contained therein ; it then falls flat 
 againft the lower part fo fuddenly, as to imitate 
 the noife as well as appearance of a real burfting. 
 Hence we may allo fee why the Phyfalus, during 
 this laft operation thould appear quite tranfparent, 
 as the fubtile air impelled at this time under the 
 skin, cannot but open an eafy paflage thro’ it, 
 for the rays of light. 
 
 As to the vifcera of this creature, there 
 are many and remarkable fingularities in 
 them; but as I have yet beftowed little notice 
 and few defigns on them, I cannot fay much 
 of them at prefent. I only remember to have 
 obferved that the parts about the mouth of the 
 Phyfalus are moveable ii the manner of thofe 
 of the Snails, and are of a pyramidical form, 
 and of a very wonderful contrivance ; its heart 
 alfo, and blood-vefiels thew themfelves in a very 
 beautiful manner. In the middle of the body I 
 found a part which feemed in its upper portion 
 to anfwer the purpofe of a ftomach, and towards 
 the tailthat of inteftines. This veflel was divided 
 into agreat manyramifications, which wereunit- 
 ed, as it were, by mutual anaftomis’sor inofcula- 
 tions, Tab. X. Fig.xvr.c, and were full of, and 
 turgid with, excrementsof akind of earthy clayey 
 colour, divided into little lumps. 
 
 As I never faw this creature alive, and even 
 dead, only after it had been toffed about by 
 the waves from one part of the fhore to ano- 
 ther, I can propofe but few things of it as cer= 
 tain. I don’t know whether it is to be ace 
 counted venomous, as Rondolet feems to 
 entertain that opinion; neither can I take 
 upon me to determine among what {pecies of 
 animals it is to be clafled, tho’ it feems to de- 
 ferve a place amongft Echini, or Sea-Urchins: 
 Rondolet reckons it among hisSea-Caterpillars ; 
 but I cannot difcover in it the leaft refemblance 
 to thefe creatures. JI thall therefore, for the 
 prefent, conclude this hiftory ; but fhall endea- 
 vour to complete it, if an opportunity offers, 
 at fome other time, when I may have leifure 
 fufficient to beftow on fo interefting a fubject: 
 
 The end of the Hiftory of the Phyfalus: 
 
 An epiftolary differtation on the Felix Mas, or Male Fern of Dodonens: 
 
 SIR, 
 
 OU dome no more than juftice in attri- 
 buting to me the firft difcovery of Fern; 
 
 for which reafon I fhall now lay before you a 
 very curious obfervation on this fubject, with 
 drawings to illuftrate it: Were this a proper 
 feafon to obtain one of thefe vegetables freth 
 and in good order, I fhould erideavour to fend 
 you more particulars worthy of your attention ; 
 what I now offer being only the refult of a fut- 
 vey taken of it in a dead and dry condition: 
 I may fay, however, that it is now {everal years 
 fince, on examining by chance the tubercles 
 growing on the under-furface of the Fern- 
 leaves, | difcovered in them certain little capfules; 
 
 containing the true feed of this plant ; tho’ many 
 celebrated writers had denied that it had any, 
 whilft others, who believed the contrary, knew 
 not how to convince the former of their miftake. 
 The Male Fern of Dodoneus is a plant too 
 comronand well knownto require adefcription ; 
 fo that Ifhallonly give a drawing of it, Tab. LIT. 
 Fig. 1. @a, and the tubercles 64; which grow 
 uponits leaves. Thefe tubercles, which theigno- 
 rance and negligence of writers had confidered 
 as little collections of fine duft and dirt; when 
 carefully viewed, exhibit the moft wonderful 
 conftruction that the mind of man can ima- 
 gine, and fo eminently difplay the contrivance, 
 orders 
 
162 
 order, providence, and wifdom of the Great 
 Author of all things, that perhaps a more ftrik- 
 ing fpecimen of thefe His adorable perfections 
 is not to be fou 
 
 fible creation. 
 Every tubercle confifts of certain {mall leaves, 
 
 which contain the pods, or true capfules of 
 the feeds. At prefent I cannot tell the num- 
 ber of thefe little leaves, as 1 have none but 
 dry plants by me, in which thefe appear in a 
 diforderly manner, and curled up like the Fun- 
 gus we call Jews Ears. dee = 
 The pods juft fpoken of lie within thefe lit- 
 tle leaves in the fame manner as the flowers of 
 the Moly are dipofed within the globule fcab- 
 bard, or cup which furrounds them, before it 
 burfts and expands itfelf into leaves: at this 
 period, thefe flowers refemble fo many round 
 balls placed upon ftalks; and the fame con- 
 ftruGtion obtains in the’ pods of the Fern- 
 feeds, which ftand within the leaves furround- 
 ing them, each upon its own ftalk or pedicle, 
 and look in a manner like fo many flender 
 ftems with large heads. . 
 To give you, Sir, a ftill better idea of this 
 fubject, I lay before you a drawing of thefe 
 pods, with their foot-ftalks, and I fhall add a 
 defcription of them. Thefe ftalks are fome- 
 times fingle, Tab. LID. Fig.11. ccc, and 
 fometimes double, dividing at a little diftance 
 from their roots d; in this cafe each branch 
 carries its own feparate pod. 
 - That end of the ftalk next the pod, is of 
 the moft fineular conftruction that can well be 
 imagined ; it there refembles in that part a 
 furrowed or fluted cord eee, which beautiful- 
 ly encompafies the pod in form of a crown, 
 and furrounds it like an herbaceous zone ; 
 fo that the two hemifpheres of the pod {well 
 beyond it on each fide ff. The colour of this 
 little cord, when the feed is ripe, is of a very 
 pale brown, within the flutings ; but the ob- 
 long intermediate protuberances are of a fome- 
 what deeper brown, 
 thefe protuberances, befides fome certain ones, 
 which fometimes fpread over the furface of the 
 ' pod itfelf. 
 The pod is membranaceous, and very de- 
 licate g ; and it is conftantly of the fame colour 
 with the feed-it enclofes. Near the middle of 
 it there is a kind of furrow or flit, which di- 
 vides it into two portions. When the feed is 
 full ripe, the pod which till then, was of a tranf{- 
 parent whitenefs, turns to a blackith brown. 
 As foon therefore as the feeds. have acquired 
 their perfect degree of maturity, and the little 
 cord is contracted, by drying into the form of 
 an extended line, by a kind of elaftic power, 
 — endeavours to form a ftraight line, Tab. LIII. 
 Fig. 1 bh, ‘and by that means, on a fudden, 
 
 nd in any other part of the vi- 
 
 very exattly divides the pod into its ori-- 
 
 ginal, two hemifpheres 7777, fo as to {catter 
 with fome violenee the enclofed feeds into the 
 air. And when this has juft happened, we 
 may fee the cavity of the pod divided by lit- 
 tle partitions into a number of cells where all 
 the feeds have been feparately formed, 
 
 There are twelve of. 
 
 Th BOOK of NATURE; of, 
 
 All thefe particulars, Sir, may be very clearly 
 and diftinétlly feen, by examining~the feeds: 
 with a microfcope towards the end of fummer, 
 In doing this myfelf, I found it neceffary to 
 bring my head very near them, and I very often 
 had the pleafure of feeing a great number of the 
 pods burft, and fcatter their feed by the force of 
 the furrounding cord, at that time endeavouring 
 to extend itfelf, in confequence of the contrac- 
 tion or crifpation caufed in it by the breath from 
 my mouth, and the heat of my body. 
 
 As to the fize of thefe pods, it is a hard mat- 
 ter to give a drawing of them after nature, on ac- 
 count of their extreme minutenefs, which ren- 
 ders them almoft imperceptible to the naked 
 eye. Nay, a dot of fo {mall extent can {carce 
 be made on paper with the fineft . pencil: but 
 the feeds themfelves are of fo amazing a minute- 
 nefs, efpecially when dry, that the fharpeft eyes 
 cannot, unaflifted, difcern them at all. I rec- 
 koned above forty-one of thefe feeds in one pod, 
 though it had before fhed a great number. 
 
 Who then, Sir, can pretend to fhew in this 
 feed, as may be done in. fome others, the ger- 
 men or bud, the rind or bark, and leaves of the 
 future plant? No one certainly ; here therefore, ' 
 the Great Creator gives us a complete fpecimen 
 of His excellent work ; to exhibit which proper- 
 ly; is far beyond the reach of the greateft genius 
 for defcripticn and drawing; and it is {catcea: 
 wonder, that the greateft naturalifts were fo far 
 miftaken, as to affirm, this plant was quite de- 
 ftitute of feeds. 
 
 ' I cannot at this time give you a drawing to 
 reprefent the true figure of this feed, as what I 
 have by me are dried up, and fome of them ap-: 
 pear larger than others ; however, I cannot help 
 letting you have one made as well as I could,) . 
 from fuch a dried feed in this cloudy winter fea-’ 
 fon. Its furface is fomewhat irregular and angu-! 
 lar, with certain tubercles on the upper part; 
 which, under the microfcope, appear of a net 
 work form, Tab. LIJI. Fig. m1. 2; but itis very 
 difficult to examine thefe feeds when expofed to 
 the air, or turned to the light, becaufe they are 
 
 ‘of a deep brown colour, as I difcovered, by en- 
 
 deavouring to view them in the open air, fixed to 
 a hair of my head, which, in comparifon with 
 thefe feeds, appeared like the maft of a firft rate 
 fhip. 
 
 Neither can I at prefent determine what the 
 number of the pods may be, though I believe 
 every tubercle contains more than fixty, from 
 whence it would follow, that every tabercle con- 
 tained at leaft 2460 feeds. ‘Fhe pods, when 
 opened in the middle, plainly fhew the little feeds 
 diftinctly ftowed up in them, Fig. 11. /; and as 
 thefe grains have then acquired the utmoft de- 
 gree of maturity, and confequently lie loofe, 
 they may be eafily fhook out of their cells: but 
 this is a fight we muft expect to obtain rather by 
 chance, than certainly procure by diffection; it~ 
 fo f:ldom happens, that any attempt to open a 
 pod regularly is attended with fuccefs. I can at 
 all times fhew the feeds and cords, and every 
 thing befides, which I have here defcribed, as 
 I did fome time ago to Mynheer Arnold Syen, — 
 
 pro- . 
 
mh 
 
 The 
 
 profeffor of botany, and Doéctor Juftas Schrader 
 of Amfterdam, who both took great pleafure in 
 contemplating thefe wonders of Ged in the ve- 
 getable kingdom. It is my real opinion, that 
 the Fungi or Mufhrooms, Corals, and other na- 
 tural productions of that kind, have alfo their 
 feed like the Fern, as I fome time ago endea- 
 voured to demonftrate in the Coral in particular, 
 in two letters wrote to Monfieur Boccone upon 
 that fubject. 
 
 I cannot, Sir, find words to inform you with 
 what wonderful order, and in how regular a 
 manner, thefe pods burft under the micro- 
 fcope; with what force they then fcatter their 
 feeds; or with what a furprifing motion the 
 cords extend themfelves ; and with what incom- 
 
 rehenfible wifdom and contrivance, the fupreme 
 Architect has fo difpofed every thing, that each 
 part or portion of the burfted pod, fhould re- 
 main fixed to its cord at a particular place. But 
 I hope the drawings I fend, may be found fuf- 
 ficient to give you fome notion of all thefe things. 
 
 I have found the fame conftruction to obtain 
 in the pods, feeds, and cords, of feveral different 
 fpecies of Ferns.: and I make no doubt, but it 
 may be found in the Spleenwort, Hartftongue, 
 Hermonites, and other plants of that kind. 
 
 Hence you may conceive, with what rapidity 
 thefe feeds may be wafted about by the wind, fo 
 as to account for thefe plants being found on the 
 tops of the higheft trees, and on walls, where- 
 ever they can find mould enough to take root 
 Mm,” 
 
 Bed 6° Oe 
 
 of 
 
 The great ob{curity of the AWirian underftand- 
 ing, is clearly proved by this obfervation ; fof 
 was it not very dark indeed, how could it, dur- 
 ing fo many ages, deny that this plant had eithet 
 feed or flowers? infomuch that it was one of the 
 firft errors taught young people in books, as well 
 as heard in converfation. We ought there- 
 fore to thank the fun of divine grace, and 
 true fountain of all ufeful knowledge, that wé 
 are at laft fo happy as to attain more jut notions 
 of this matter. Should not this miftake teach us 
 modefty in our opinions and our judgment upon 
 many other occafions, feeing, upon this, the 
 moft penetrating geniufes have all gone aftray? 
 If we are fo liable to miftakes in regard to things 
 that lie open to our infpection, what are we to 
 fay of our opinions of things which are invifible? 
 How many idle notions are formed on fuch fub- 
 jets? how many fenfelefs conceits, with which, 
 however, we fometimes fo far fuffer ourfelves to 
 be deluded, that we make nothing of injuring 
 both in character, and perfon thofe who happen to 
 be of a contrary opinion? It is therefore abfolute- 
 ly neceflary we fhould always diftruft ourfelves, 
 and aét with the greateft cireumfpection. In our 
 prefent wretched condition, we are furrounded 
 with ignorance on every fide, and have no other 
 true knowledge than that of our own weaknefs 
 and imperfections. Of ourfelves we can do no- 
 thing; all we have, we receive from the gra- 
 cious hands of the Supreme Being, the munifie 
 cent rewarder of good actions, of whofe divine 
 favour, I with you an uninterrupted enjoyment, 
 
 INSECTS, i53 
 
 A SHORT 
 
A 
 
 Shot EXPLANATION of the TABLES, 
 
 Which are more fully illuftrated in the 
 
 BOOK of NATURE, 
 
 Oo 
 
 7 AB. 
 
 R, 
 His TORY of IN $:-8:°¢£-s. 
 
 By J. Swammerpam, M. D. 
 
 I. 
 
 Explains the changes of the firft order or claf:, which are reprefented to the eye, by the afiftance of 
 Sigures ; for which purpofe the Loufe is exbibited as an example, 
 
 N. B. The numeral letters diftin@ly thew, after what manner the feveral changes fucceed each 
 other; fome of the figures are reprefented as they are magnified by the microfcope; the 
 reader muft obferve in general, that the fame method is alfo obferved in the examples which 
 belong to the fecond, third, and fourth orders or clafles of the changes of infects. 
 
 No. S HEWS the nit or {mall egg of a 
 
 Loufe, delineated in its natural big- 
 nefs, in which the Loufe is contained; being 
 yet clothed in its firft {kin or coat. The fame 
 may be feen fig. 1. as it is magnified by the 
 microfcope. 
 
 No. II. Is the empty fhell of the egg, or the 
 coat or fkin of the nit, caft off by the Loufe; 
 after it has crept out of it. 
 
 No. II. Shews the Loufe juft excluded from 
 its egg, where it plainly appears, how the crea- 
 ture has crept out of the membrane wherewith 
 it was furrounded, in a perfect ftate; and is 
 not obliged to undergo any further change, 
 tho’ afterwards it increafes in bignefs, and often 
 changes its kin. Therefore we have named 
 the Loufe in this ftate, an oviform-nymph- 
 animal: becaufe it iffues from its coat or fkin, 
 perfect in all its limbs. 
 
 No. IV. Is reprefented the fame Loufe fome- 
 
 » What bigger, and invefted as it were in its third. 
 
 or fourth fkin; which alfo foon after is to be 
 caft off, 
 
 No. V. The Loufe, having now attained to 
 the full period of its increafe, in which ftate 
 we called it a nymph-animal; from its being 
 then in its laft fkin that it fheds, and indeed we 
 meet with fome infeéts in the firft clafs, which 
 are alfo fomewhat changed about the time that 
 
 they caft their laft kin, which plainly appears, 
 
 among other inftances, in the Longipede, or 
 long-legged Spider, the legs of which increafe 
 in length when it is cafting its laft kin. After 
 that is caft, the infeéts which belong to this firft 
 order grow no more, neither are they changed 
 in any refpect ; as may be more plainly under- 
 ftood from the figures of the following exam- 
 ples of the four orders, undernumber V.and VI, 
 
 No. VI. The Loufe, having attained its per= 
 fect ftate, and being fully grown, {0 that it is 
 now capable of generation ;_ is reprefented Sigs 
 III. as magnified by the Microfcope, 
 
 Bet. G,. oa, 
 
 The egg, or nit of the Loufe, as magnified by the 
 Microfcope. 
 
 a The oviform border or margin, with which 
 the head of the nit is furrounded, within 
 which are vifible certain little cups or uvula, 
 of no regular or determinate figure. Thefe 
 cups appear a little bent, and then again {well 
 out in the middle, as it were into a whitith 
 top. It is obfervable that thefe cups do not 
 ,wholly fill the internal parts of the border or 
 margin with which the head is furrounded. 
 5b Are two tender fwellings or extuberances, 
 wherein are placed the eyes of the Loufe 5 
 
 whilft its limbs yet remain moift and foft. 
 . Thefe 
 
il A Short Explanation 
 
 Thefe eyes, by imperceptible degrees, grow 
 
 browner, and appear through the fkin, and “ 
 
 at laft become entirely black. 
 ¢ Is a certain white tranfparent part, in the 
 middle of the ‘nit, which we have‘dften feen’ 
 beating regularly in the fame manner as the 
 heart. This litfle part is reprefented in jg. 
 VI. by letter, and called by us the pan-° 
 creas, becdufe it moves up and down with 
 the ftomach. of 
 
 Ti he fell of the egg, or the empty mit, and the firft 
 Skin which the Loufe cajts. 
 
 a The border or margin of the head burft 
 opens” with its Jitfle cups of uvallz, and 
 turned back by the Loufe’s creeping out at 
 the upper extremity. 
 
 6 The other part of the empty and caft fkin of 
 the nit, from which the border of the head 
 is feparated, by which means it has the ap- 
 
 > pearance of a tankard without its cover, 
 
 Se Be age) 
 
 Shews the Loufe placed on its belly, and magnified 
 by the microfeopes 
 
 There appears a fhining fkin on its head, 
 with fome little holes and divifions. Upon its 
 breaft or back there’is an elegant delineation of 
 a‘fhield, which ‘is ‘as it were painted in the 
 middle; and this fhining fkin is' ornamented 
 with little holes. ‘To the breaft are fixed the 
 legs, whichvare full of little fwellings or extu- 
 berances, like thofe on the fhagreen fkin ; but 
 they become by degrees imperceptible at the 
 extremity of the legs. By the afliftance of the 
 microfcope it has been difcovered, that at the 
 margin of the abdomen, the fkin there appears 
 alfo painted and rough, with little grains like 
 fhagreen as before deferibed ; but by the help 
 of the beft microfcope, I have at laft found that 
 the {kin is ‘really formed of irregular chequered 
 work, globules, and fuch like appearances. 
 
 N. B. In fig. IV, next to be explained, will 
 be pointed out by letters all the remaining parts 
 of the Loufe, one after another, 
 
 \ 
 
 FIG. Iv. 
 
 The external and internal tranfparent parts and 
 limbs which are feen-in-the Loufe, as lying on 
 its belly.” 
 
 @ The Aculeus or fucker. 
 
 46 Theantennz or little horns. ¢c The eyes. 
 
 dd The fixlegs.  e eee The claws. 
 
 F The cloven tail, in which the anus is feen. 
 
 §& The white tranfparent veffels in the belly 
 and breaft, which are properly the ramifica- 
 tions of the trachea. 
 
 1 2 3 4 Gc. The feven orifices of the pulmonary 
 
 pipes, on one fide of the body, which with 
 
 / The Loufe, lying-4nits back, delineated according 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 feven others on the oppofite fide make tg. 
 gether XIV. ix Boe 
 hb The large branches of the afpera arteria, 
 , 4p. their fist begining wheresthey , . 
 fpreading’ branches into -the “extr ies “of 
 the belly, and afterwards communicate to- 
 gether by an,anaftomofis, or inofculation, 
 
 FIG vi 
 
 to its natural fixe. 
 F LGoavi. 
 
 The Loufe delineated with’ the affiftange of the mi- 
 - erofcope, in which thofe partswhtch could not 
 be fhewn in fig. 1V, are here reprefented. 
 
 a A brown tranfparent part of the abdomen, 
 which is obferved to be in continual motion, 
 with its double tranfparent appendages, which 
 are ftretched far into the breaft. This brown 
 part with its appendages, is properly the 
 {tomach; in the middle of them is placed 
 the {pinal marrow. 
 
 6b A white {pot in the middle of ‘the ‘belly, 
 tranfparent, which I imagine to be the pan- 
 
 -creas. Ina live Loufe it appears to be united 
 with the ftomach, and, together with it, i¢ 
 moved up and down. , 
 
 Further, in this Loufe, the articulations 
 of the legs with the breaft may be plainly feen, 
 alfo the bright tranfparent pulmonary pipes, 
 together with the black coloured contents of 
 
 the ftomach. Attheextremityofthe abdomen __ 
 
 appear the double claws, like crefcents, which — é Mis 
 cover the vulva. 1a 
 
 EF Ie@ Vil. 
 
 The branch of the afpera arteria of the Loufey 
 confiderably magnified, yet reprefented im ts 
 natural form. ‘6 
 
 a The rings of the trachea, by which it is al- 
 ways kept open. iaieaia= 
 
 b The ferpentinewindings of thofe rings. 
 
 ¢ The part where thofe windings appear to be 
 interrupted. 
 
 d The part where the rings are largeft, 
 
 e The part where the rings become fmall again, 
 when the afpera arteria fhoots out into ano- 
 ther branch. . : a 
 
 f A fmall membrane in the middle of the rings , 
 which properly contains the air. jm 
 
 BiG. VIL 
 
 The feven orsfices or re[piratory points of ome fidey 
 Separately delineated. ae 
 
 1234567 Thefe figures fhew the natural 
 fituation of the refpiratory points or one ; 
 oO a 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES, 
 
 of the afpera arteria, in one fide of the hu- 
 man loufe. 
 
 @a The refpiratory points in the belly, which 
 appear with little protuberances like fmall 
 nipples ; beyond the margin of the belly. 
 
 & The refpiratory point in the breaft. 
 
 Sree ws ake 
 
 es ae 
 The blood of the Loufé. 
 aa A fmall glafs tube, in which the blood of 
 
 the loufe afcends. 
 6 The globules of the blood as they appear 
 through the microfcope, 
 
 - 
 
 FJ 4G. Ib. 
 
 The mufcles of the Loufe. 
 
 @ Abroad mufcle. 4 Another narrower. 
 ¢ A double-bodied mufcle. 
 
 FIG. II. IV. and V. 
 
 The fheath or cafe of the aculeus, or fucker, 
 the aculeus, the throat, the fomach, the pan- 
 creas, and inteflines. 
 
 a The cafe of the aculeus fwelled out. 
 
 6 The aculeus or fucker. 
 
 ¢ The cafe of the aculeus delineated a little 
 larger, and the whole of it reprefented. 
 
 d Certain claws which are placed at the end of 
 the cafe of the Aculeus. 
 
 e The Aculeusa little bent. 
 
 JS The gullet beyond the jaws. 
 
 g The fame a little dilated. 
 
 b The fame part where it becomes narrower 
 
 ~ again, and is joined to the ftomach. 
 
 772 The ftomach, which appears to be com- 
 pofed of certain globules. 
 
 k k The two hidden appendages of the ftomach. 
 
 111 The pulmonary pipes of the ftomacn, 
 
 m The fituation of the pancreas, 
 
 12345 Five different delineations of the 
 pancreas. 
 
 nm The Pylorus. 00. The {mall gut. 
 
 pppp The four {mall guts. 
 
 q The inteftine colon. 
 
 rr The dilatation or extenfion of the inteft- 
 ines, or Cloaca; where the excrements ac- 
 quire their figure. 
 
 s The ftraight gut. ¢ The anus. 
 
 v ‘The part where the blood firft paffes through 
 the aculeus into the mouth. 
 
 x A remarkable extenfion, occafioned by the 
 blood’s extending the jaws ; there it becomes 
 vifible, beyond which the, gullet is after- 
 wards feen, which conveys the blood into 
 the ftomach ; as has been already fhewn at 
 letter f. 
 
 il 
 FIG. Vi. 
 
 The various motions which the fomach makes. 
 
 1 The ftomach dilated. 
 
 2 The manner in which the flomach contracts 
 itfelf, 
 
 3 The fame contractions changed, 
 
 F 2G Val 
 
 The fpinal marrow. 
 
 aaa Three knotty dilatations, 
 the fpinal marrow, 
 
 666 Six nerves-which arife from the marrow; 
 and extend to the mutcles of the legs, 
 
 cc The nerves which {pring from the hinder 
 patt of the marrow, and are diftributed 
 through the reft of the vifcera. 
 
 dd The pulmonary pipes in the membrane of 
 the marrow. 
 
 e The beginning of the marrow iffuing from 
 the brain. ff Phe brain. 
 
 gg The Dura Mater, with its pulmonary 
 pipes. 4 The optic nerves. 7% The eyes, 
 
 of fwellin gs of 
 
 FIG. VII, : 
 
 The ovary of the human Loufe, 
 
 aa The vulva, or outward aperture of the 
 Ovary, Opening into the lower pact of the 
 abdomen, clofed. with double plain claws ; 
 under which are fome hairs. 
 
 6666 The five double extremities of the pipes 
 which form the oviduét of the Ovary, €x- 
 plained in the figure of one fide, and are alfo 
 fhewn in the figure on the other fide; as they 
 are naturally joined together in one point in 
 the body. 
 
 ¢ One of the ten oviducts of the ovary, 
 
 d A perfeé& egg placed in it. 
 
 é. The rudiments of four eggs. 
 
 J f The divifion of the ovary into common 
 double pipes. 
 
 gg The five oviduéts of one fide, nearly. re- 
 prefented in their natural fituation. 
 
 hb The uterus. 
 
 « The egg or nit almoft at its perfection, re- 
 maining in the uterus. 
 
 && ‘The facculus, or bag which contains a glu- 
 tinous matter. 
 
 / The neck of the uterus. 
 
 m ‘The manner by which the eggs are clofely 
 embraced in the oviduét. 
 
 # Certain pulmonary pipes which are feen in 
 the oviduct. 
 
 |e a EF 
 
 The firucture of the external fein, with its vae 
 rious appearances under the microfcope. 
 
 IX. and X. 
 
 a Globular particles vifible in the kin. 
 46 Long channels or pipes. 
 ¢ Another 
 
iv A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 c¢ Another kind of globular particles is feen 
 among the channels or pipes where the fkin 
 is membranaceous. 
 
 d Irregular fquares in the margin of the fkin. 
 
 e Circular grooves. ia Globules. 
 
 g Globules and grooves. 
 
 bb The tkin marked with points or dots. 
 
 The end of the explanation of the figures of the 
 Loufe. 
 Obfervations on Scorpions, reprefented in 
 Figures. 
 TAB. 
 ET Ay. 
 
 Ill. 
 A 
 
 The common Scorpion, and the particular parts 
 of it. 
 
 a The head jointed to the breaft like as in a 
 lobfter, is confpicuous in the fore-part, in 
 which are two fmall forceps or pincers, and 
 above are feen four eyes; in the middle of 
 the breaft there are alfo two eyes, there be- 
 
 __ ing fix in all: which may be plainly known 
 
 ‘ to be the number of the eyes. 
 
 bb Its eight hairy legs, each divided into fix 
 joints. 
 
 ¢¢ Twocroeked arms with pincers, each com- 
 pofed but of four joints, if you except that 
 by which each arm is joined to the breaft. 
 Thefe forceps or pincers are fometimes found 
 broken. 
 
 d The feven divifions or rings of the belly. 
 e The briftly part, compofed of fix joints. 
 f The aculeus or fting. 
 
 FPGA 
 
 Another kind of Scorpion. 
 
 aa Thecrooked arms with their forceps, which 
 differ very much from thofe reprefented at 
 letters cc. Thereare in this Scorpion eight 
 diftin&t eyes, in other refpects it agrees with 
 the former. 
 
 FiG. a. 
 
 A large kind of Scorpion brought from the Eaf- 
 Indies, in which the parts that were de[cribed 
 in the two former are more clearly feen, par- 
 ticularly the following. ; 
 
 @ The two forceps or pincers placed foremoft 
 
 under the head and breaft. 
 
 6 Above which there are, on each fide, fix 
 _€yes, fome much larger than others: befides 
 thefe there are, in the middle, as it were 
 above the breaft, another pair of eyes. 
 There is alfo a remarkable difference in the 
 tail; but I am doubtful whether it was fo 
 naturally, — 
 
 Pra MG. it Ve eT 
 A {maller kind of water Scorpion, which be- 
 longs to the fecond clafs or order of chan- 
 ges, reprefented in its natural fize. 
 
 a The crooked probofcis. 
 
 66 The upper pair of wings. 
 
 ¢ ¢ The lower pair of wings. 
 
 dddd The four legs, with two claws at the 
 end of each of them. 
 
 ee The arms. J The double tail. 
 
 g One of its nits or eggs reprefented in its na« 
 tural fize. 
 
 F LG gives 
 
 The water animalcule in its egg, delineated as it 
 
 appeared under the microfeope, which in Fig. 
 
 IV. setter g, was reprefented in its nit of its 
 natural fixe. 
 
 a The head. 6 The eyes. cc The legs. 
 dd ‘The animalcule, with its legs, laid on its 
 back, 
 FIGs VE 
 
 The parts of generation of the male water 
 Scorpion. | 
 
 a The nervous body of the penis cut off. 
 
 b The vas differens, as it is elegantly formed 
 by nature. 
 
 c Another vas deferens, unfolded. 
 
 d The true vafa deferentia. 
 
 ee The tefticles, confifting each of five fmall Ee 
 glands. | . eo 
 Sf The veflels of the tefticles united with the 
 
 ert) 
 
 {mall glands of the tefticles. _ . 
 g One of thefe veffels, unfolded. 
 hb The {mall feminal vefiels. 
 
 F 1G, Vit 
 
 Po 
 
 P 
 ae 
 Fae 
 ; 
 
 A particular part of one of the oviducts, with : 
 
 its eggs, cut out of the ovary of a female wa- 
 ter Scorpion, reprefented as magnified. 
 
 aa A particular part of one of the oviduéts. — 
 
 i 
 
 6 The briftly appendages of the firft and loweft — 
 
 egg. 
 c The fame fhewn in the fecond egg. . 
 d The like appearance about the third egg. 
 
 F 1G. VIIl. 
 
 The egg feperately reprefented, more confider ab) 
 
 magnified. 
 
 a Thelower fmooth and round part of the egg. 
 6 The part where the feven briftly appendages 
 
 of the egg begin to grow of a red colour. — 
 c Where they change to a white colour. 
 
 FIG. IX 
 The largeft kind of water Scorpion. 
 a Its long and flender body. 
 
 bo The | 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLE S; ¥ 
 
 56 The two fharp {mall points to which the 
 two crooked claws of the arms are united. 
 
 cc The flender legs fet with rough imall hairs. 
 
 d The membranous ornaments of the upper 
 wings. 
 
 T-A’B. IV, 
 This table exhibits the covered or common Snail. 
 F iG... I. 
 The Snail with all its parts entire, without its 
 foéll. 
 
 aa The two upper antenne or horns, with a 
 certain black {pot ; which is the eye. 
 
 5 The two lower horns ; without eyes. 
 
 ¢ The outermoft lips and the mouth. 
 
 d The aperture, through which the parts of 
 generation iffue ; which is very wonderful. 
 
 e ‘The border or lip of the fnail. 
 
 f The opening through which the excrements 
 are excluded. 
 
 g Theaperture through which the Snail breathes. 
 
 bbb The extreme fringes of the Snail, which 
 ferve it inftead of a foot. 
 
 k The foft part of the body of the Snail, on 
 which appear the fame windings as in the 
 fhell, in which the liver is placed in the lar- 
 geft part. 
 
 / The tranfparent heart; furrounded with dots. 
 
 m The Sacculus or alkaline bag {welling tindet 
 the fkin. 
 
 ¢ Tranfparent particles formed like a chain. 
 
 he 6 
 The hard fkin or fhell of the Snail. 
 
 2 The fhell or habitation of the Snail in which 
 it hides itfelf. 
 
 s The incifions or divifions on the furface of 
 the hell. 
 
 FT Aa Se 
 
 The Operculum or Cover. 
 
 m The operculum of the fhell of the fnail, 
 which fhuts up the fhell in the winter, but 
 is again opened in the fummer. 
 
 E.1-G._ IV. 
 A boiled Snail reprefented of a lefs fize. 
 
 o The alkaline bag {welled quite out. 
 
 p The extreme convolutions or windings of 
 the liver. 
 
 q The border of the Snail contracted. 
 
 r The teeth as they appear under the fkin 
 which is drawn back, and the internal lips. 
 
 FIG. V. 
 A part of the firft pair of horns, reprefented as 
 
 magnified, 
 
 a The eye in the middle of the extreme point 
 of the horn, placed a little on one fide. 
 
 5 The optic nerve. 
 
 ¢ The extreme point of the mufcle of the eye. 
 
 d An interfection of the eye in the middle, be- 
 tween the mufcle and the nerve; where the 
 eye is firft drawn in. 
 
 eee Small glandulous grains in the outermoft 
 {kin of the horn. 
 
 Jf The inner cavity of the horn, which is faid 
 to be poffefled of a mufcle and nerve, 
 
 PEG. Wa 
 
 The brain; nerves, and mufcles: 
 
 1 234 The four horns inverted: 
 
 aa The mufcles of the larger horns. 
 
 64 The two fmall mufcles of the leffer horns: 
 
 cc The four horns of the lips, from which the 
 two little ones fpring. 
 
 d The brain. 
 
 e The fkin drawn off the head, by which the 
 hinder brain is moved when the Snail rolls 
 the {kin out again. 
 
 The part in which the teeth are fixed, de- 
 {cribed by dots, which are of a fub{tance be- 
 tween horn and bone, and formed like a pear, 
 
 g The parts of the jaws, mouth, palate and 
 tongue, which are all moveable, and drawn 
 within the body. 
 
 b A particular part of the ftomach and gullet. 
 
 22 The falival veffels. 
 
 kk The optic nerves of the upper horns. 
 
 1/1 The membranes which extend, and are 
 fixed to the opti¢ nerves. 
 
 m The part of the mufcle in which the optic 
 nerve is inferted. 
 
 n-The {piral windings of the optic nerve. 
 
 0 The mufcle,which involves thofenerves, open, 
 
 p The extreme {welling of the optic nerve. 
 
 q The eye placed in the extremity of the op- 
 tic nerve. 5 
 
 r The nerve of the lower horn of one fide, 
 
 s The origin of the nerves of the lower horns, 
 
 t Two nerves which are difpatched to the lar- 
 ger horns. 
 
 v The two nerves of the mouth, jaws, and 
 palate. 
 
 x Part of a mufcle which draws the nerves of 
 the mouth together with the jaws, tongue, 
 palate, and brain, inward, at once ; in a very 
 wonderful manner. 
 
 FI o® VII. 
 
 The eye, with its particular parts, reprefented 
 as magnified, 
 
 a The external figure of the eye. 
 
 546 A mufcle which embraces the optic nerve; 
 unfolded, like a gray-coloured membrane. 
 
 c The nerve itfelf, in which the eye is fixed. 
 
 d A part of the inverted horn. 
 
 e The inverted cavity of the horn. 
 
 f The part where the mufcle is faftened in the 
 nerve. 
 
 FIG. 
 
A Short Explanation 
 F 1G... 3a 
 The three humours of the eye. 
 
 a Two needles with which the tunica uvea, 
 lying under the microfcope, is pricked. 
 
 b The aqueous humouriffuing from the wound- 
 ded eye. 
 
 c The vitreous humour flowing out in the 
 fame manner. 
 
 d Thecryftalline humour iffuing like the cthers. 
 FAB: V. 
 Pa See 
 The open parts of the mouth and jaws. 
 
 a The external fkin in the form of teeth. 
 
 @ The tooth, placed high in the mouth, cut, 
 with the ikin, from one fide, expcfed to 
 view. 
 
 c The tooth {pread out into horny bony points, 
 like needles. 
 
 d The falival véflels, with their openings. 
 
 ¢ The inner lips, behind which the mouth is 
 folded together. 
 
 f Acartilage which covers the tongue, when 
 the Snail fwallows its food, under which the 
 tongue may be fheltered in the cavity. All 
 thefe parts are fhewn, unfeperated, Fig. IV. 
 
 . Letter.z; 
 
 Src. it 
 The Tooth. 
 
 a ‘The whole horny bony coalition of the teeth. 
 6 The eight prominent teeth of it. 
 ¢ The crooked crefcent form of the teeth. 
 
 F1Gacii. 
 
 The tongue, and certain mufcles. 
 
 a The tongue, taken out of the mouth. 
 
 6 The ret oP te tongue, — with its fituation ; 
 
 ~ the tongue itfelf, as it appears, where all the 
 parts of the jaws and mouth are reclined to 
 the other fide. 
 
 t The two horny bony teeth in the acute ex- 
 
 * tremity of the tongue. 
 
 d The three mufcles, which move the parts of 
 the gullet and mowth forward. 
 
 FIG. Iv. 
 
 The heart, its auricle, and the blood and falival 
 vefels, * 
 @ The reins, which are vifible in the internal 
 
 membrane. of the border of the Snail, as 
 they are derived from the trunk of the vena 
 cava, 
 
 b The aperture of the border. | 
 
 ¢€ The heart with its two valves, and fibrous 
 columns, . ; 
 
 of the TABLES, 
 d The auricle of the heart. uA 
 e The alkaline bag, in its proper place, near 
 the heart. diy D9 
 J The ftraight gut, near which’ runs the pipe of 
 the alkaline bag. Sie 
 g The fpreading branch of the great artery, 
 6 Certain large branches and {prigs of the 
 great artery. . ‘ 
 zzz2z The circumvolution and fhape of the 
 body reprefented by dots ; that the fituation 
 of thefe parts may be the more exactly de- | 
 montftrated. Here may be further obferved : 
 n The oblong grooves or channels of the fto- 
 mach. 
 oo The falival veffels. 3 
 pp The trunk from which the falival vefiels 
 {pring. : a 
 q A {mall veffel which runs over that trunk. ~ 
 rv All the parts of the mouth. 
 
 ce gy © ca ge 
 The alkaline bag. 
 
 k That part of the alkaline bag which is con- 
 nected with the Pericardium. | 
 
 ! The angle where the alkaline bag is con- 
 nected with the inteftine and liver. 
 
 m Another part of the alkaline bag adjacent to 
 its own pipe, and of a waterifh colour, == 
 
 N. B.We have joined in oneTable the Fig. FV. 
 and V. the explanations of which are here 
 feperated, becaufe though we found, in the 
 
 author’s manufcript, the explanation of Fig. 
 V. by itfelf, yet we could not meet with the 
 
 figure itfelf apart in theTable; but that does Be 
 not fignify, as it may be underftood by the 
 fourth figure. ae 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 The fiomach, inteflines, and liver 
 
 a The extreme winding of the liver. 3 
 666 The lobes of the liver, where it ap- 
 
 pears at-once, after what maiiner the in- 
 teftines are wound about ; a certain part of 
 
 it, with the ftomach, is reprefented out of 
 its place. og 
 ¢ The ftomach. 
 
 d The Pylorass = 
 e The ftraight gut. 
 
 Ff The paffage of the inteftine into the border. a 
 
 g The part where the biliary duéts empty them- 
 felves into the inteftine. eee eee 
 
 The fame parts reprefented, as reviewed from the 
 __other Side. De 
 & The inteftines. 
 
 d The ftomach 
 
 F I G. HT pe eR er a 
 
 @ The liver. 
 
 c The ftraight gut. 
 f-2G. VIL ex 
 The. biliary duéts. 
 
 a The naked biliary ducts, with a fmall part 
 of the liver, : ; Shc: 
 io b The 23 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES 
 
 & The ftomach. 
 
 ¢ The fmall guts. 
 d The ftraight gut. 
 
 PoP GCG: ER: 
 
 The veffels of the liver: 
 
 @ Several veffels of the liver feparately repre- 
 fented. 
 
 FFG... X. 
 The genital parts of the male and female, 
 
 @ The penis. 
 
 4b The length of the penis, and the extreme 
 point of it. 
 
 ccc The uterus. dd The ovary. 
 
 e The tefticles, which are {mall filaments that 
 {pring from two trunks. 
 
 f The hidden appendage of the uterus. 
 
 g The common dué& between the penis and 
 uterus. 
 
 hh 'The oblong vas deferentia. 
 
 # Its {mall tube, which opens itfelf into the 
 uterus. 
 
 k The pear-fhaped little ball, in which the 
 purple Snail keeps its purple liquid. 
 
 Z A little part twifted like a chain. 
 
 m Its duct, or little pipe. 
 
 nnn The ligament of the uterus. 
 
 o The mufcle which leads the penis outward. 
 
 p The mufcle which draws the penis inward. 
 
 q The nerve of the penis, 
 
 7 The mouth of the vulva. 
 
 s The-broad mufele of the uterus. 
 
 z The flender mufcle of the uterus. 
 
 vw The nerve of the uterus. 
 
 2. The extremity of the chain-like little part. 
 
 £2 G:. XE 
 The tefticles. 
 
 x The little tubes of the tefticles, confifting of 
 filaments, of which fixty-fix are reckoned. 
 
 FIG. XII and XH 
 The blind appendage of the uterus opened, with the 
 
 faline bony contents. 
 
 y The blind appendage of the uterus divided 
 in the middle, between which the {faline 
 bony part, which readily ferments in aqua 
 fortis, is feen. 
 
 @ The root of the faline bony part, by which 
 it is joined to the mufcular and nervous pear- 
 fhaped globule. a 
 
 b The fine fmooth part of it, which is all hol- 
 low ; and by degrees becomes more flender 
 and acute. 
 
 c¢ The pear-fhaped globule, to which the fa- 
 line bony part is fixed. 
 
 N. B. Here again we have marked a fingle fi- 
 gure with a double number, becaufe we 
 
 could only find, in the Tables, the XiUth 
 
 Vil 
 
 figure, although in the body of the work; 
 and in the fhort explanations of the tables, 
 we find the XIIIth quoted: but this is of 
 {mall importance, as the figure which we 
 have given contains all the particulars that 
 we want. 
 
 FEG. XIv: 
 
 A particular fall flony, or faline bony. part; 
 as feen by the microfcope. 
 
 dddd The four margins, or furrounding backs: 
 e The cavity ftretched out in the middle of 
 the boney part. 
 
 FIG. XV: 
 The chain-like part: 
 
 a The extremity of the chain-like part un= 
 folded, in order to. fhew its conftruction. 
 
 F. EG. © SEVE:; 
 The uterus. 
 
 r Exhibits the cavities of the uterus blown up; 
 in order to fhew how the divifions of it are 
 formed. 
 
 FTG. 208 
 
 a Here are feen in the neck of the amorous 
 Snail, the external opening of the vulva, or 
 genital parts, which with the part under the 
 penis, and the appendage of the uterus, to- 
 gether with all the f{permatic veffels have 
 been already reprefented in fig. X. let. 7. 
 
 FoI G.- XVI. 
 
 The penis and uterus themfelves turned out and 
 erected, 
 
 4 The penis and uterus turned out and erected, 
 and {tretched out beyond the neck. 
 
 zz The two upper horns, 
 
 k One of the lower horns, which is then a 
 little removed from its place. 
 
 F IG. XIX. 
 The penis, and internal orifice of the womb. 
 
 c The penis only, not wholly, turned out of 
 its cavity, and erected. 
 
 d The internal orifice of the womb alfo a little 
 turned out, and extended out of the neck. 
 
 / The lower horn removed from its place, to- 
 ward the horn of the other fide, 
 
 F IG. 3x 
 Of their copulation. 
 
 e The penis of one of the Snails rolled out. 
 f The apperture of the uterus of the other 
 
 Snail, admitting the penis of the former. 
 gh The 
 
A Short Explanation 
 F 1G... ¥e. 
 The three humours of the eye. 
 
 a Two needles with which the tunica uvea, 
 lying under the microfcope, is pricked. 
 
 b The aqueous humour iffuing from the wound- 
 ded eye. . 
 
 ¢ The vitreous humour flowing out in the 
 fame manner. 
 
 d The cryftalline humour iffuing like the cthers. 
 
 FAB G 
 FI Gerr 
 The open parts of the mouth and jaws. 
 
 a The external fkin in the form of teeth. 
 
 ®@ The tooth, placed high in the mouth, cut, 
 with the {fkin, from one fide, expcfed to 
 view. 
 
 ¢ The tooth fpread out into horny bony points, 
 like needles. 
 
 d The falival veffels, with their openings. : 
 
 ¢ The inner lips, behind which the mouth is 
 folded together. 
 
 f Acartilage which covers the tongue, when 
 the Snail fwallows its food, under which the 
 tongue may be fheltered in the cavity. All 
 thefe parts are fhewn, unfeperated, Fig. IV. 
 
 . Letter 7, 
 a ee eee ee AT 
 The Tooth. 
 
 a The whole horny bony coalition of the teeth. 
 6 The eight prominent teeth of it. 
 c The crooked crefcent form of the teeth. 
 
 F 1G. -iit, 
 
 The tongue, and certain mufcles. 
 
 a The tongue, taken out of the mouth. 
 
 6 The root of the tongue, with its fituation ; 
 
 ~ the tongue itfelf, as it appears, where all the 
 parts of the jaws and mouth are reclined to 
 the other fide. 
 
 t The two horny bony teeth in the acute ex- 
 
 * tremity of the tongue. 
 
 d The three mufcles, which move the parts of 
 the gullet and mouth forward. 
 
 FIG. Iv. 
 The heart, its auricle, and the blood and falival 
 veffels, & 
 @ The reins, which are vifible in the internal 
 
 membrane. of the border of the Snail, as 
 they are derived from the trunk of the vena 
 cava, 
 b The aperture of the border. Ps 
 ¢ The heart with its two valves, and fibrous 
 columns. ae = - 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 d The auricle of the heart. 
 
 e The alkaline bag, in its proper place, 
 the heart. 
 
 Sf The ftraight gut, near which runs the pipe of 
 the alkaline bag. . 
 
 g The {preading branch of the great artery, 
 
 / Certain large branches and {prigs of the 
 great artery. yok 
 
 iiz2i% The circumvolution and fhape of the 
 body reprefented by dots ; that the fituation 
 of thefe parts may be the more exactly de- 
 monftrated. Here may be further obferved : 
 
 n The oblong grooves or channels of the fto- 
 mach. 
 
 o o The falival veffels. a 
 
 pp The trunk from which the falival veffels 
 {pring. 3 
 
 qg A fenall veffel which runs over that trunk. 
 
 r All the parts of the mouth.’ 
 
 near 
 
 i © ch 
 The alkaline bag. 
 
 k That part of the alkaline bag which is con- 
 nected with the Pericardium. ee 
 
 1 The angle where the alkaline bag is con- 
 nected with the inteftine and liver. 
 
 m Another part of the alkaline bag adjacent to 
 its own pipe, and of a waterifh colour. =~ 
 
 N. B.We have joined in oneTable the Fig. IV. 
 and V. the explanations of which are here 
 feperated, becaufe though we found, in the _ 
 
 author’s manufcript, the explanation of Fig. — : 
 V. by itfelf, yet we could not meet with the 
 
 figure itfelf apart in theTable; but that does — : 
 not fignify, as it may be underftood by the 
 fourth figure. a 
 
 Pats, Vi. 
 
 The flomach, inteflines, and liver 
 
 a The extreme winding. of the liver. 
 656 The lobes of the liver, where it ap- 
 
 pears at-once, after what mafiner the in- 
 
 teftines are wound about ; a certain part of 
 it, with the ftomach, is repréfented out of 
 its place. — ‘i 
 ¢ The ftomach. 
 e The ftraight gut. 
 J The paflage of the inteftine into the border. 
 g The part where the biliary ducts empty them- 
 felves into the inteftine. See Se 
 
 d The Pyloties <* 
 
 a 
 
 rlG@ia= = 
 
 The fame parts reprefented, as reviewed from the 
 ther Jide. , 
 
 a Thé liver. b The inteftines. 
 
 c The ftraight gut. . d The ftomach 
 FIG. VIII 
 The. biliary duéts. 
 
 a The naked biliary du@s, with a fmall part y 
 of the liver, q 
 2 . b The 
 
_——7.2 * 
 
 Pon ores 
 
 UU Fe nee EDEN Sa e 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 & The ftomach. 
 d The ftraight gut. 
 
 FF G: «EX: 
 The veffels of the liver: 
 
 @ Several veflels of the liver feparately repre- 
 fented. 
 
 ¢ The fmall guts. 
 
 So aS. «2X 
 The genital parts of the male and female, 
 
 @ The penis. 
 
 4b The length of the penis, and the extreme 
 point of it. 
 
 ccc The uterus. d d The ovary. 
 
 e The tefticles, which are {mall filaments that 
 {pring from two trunks. 
 
 f The hidden appendage of the uterus. 
 
 g The common dué between the penis and 
 uterus. 
 
 hh 'The oblong vas deferentia. 
 
 ? Its {mall tube, which opens itfelf into the 
 uterus. 
 
 k The pear-fhaped little ball, in which the 
 purple Snail keeps its purple liquid. 
 
 Z A little part twifted like a chain. 
 
 _ m Its duct, or little pipe. 
 
 nnn The ligament of the uterus. 
 
 9 The mufcle which leads the penis outward. 
 p The mufcle which draws the penis inward. 
 gq The nerve of the penis, 
 
 7 The mouth of the vulva. 
 
 s The broad mufcle of the uterus. 
 
 z The flender mutcle of the uterus. 
 
 v The nerve of the uterus. 
 
 2 The extremity of the chain-like little part. 
 
 FIG. XI. 
 The teflicles. 
 
 x The little tubes of the tefticles, confifting of 
 filaments, of which fixty-fix are reckoned. 
 
 F 1G. XII and Xi 
 
 The blind appendage of the uterus opened, with the 
 . faline bony contents. 
 
 y The blind appendage of the uterus divided 
 in the middle, between which the faline 
 bony part, which readily ferments in aqua 
 fortis, is feen. 
 
 @ The root of the faline bony part, by which 
 it is joined to the mufcular and nervous pear- 
 fhaped globule. a 
 
 b The fine fmooth part of it, which is all hol- 
 low ; and by degrees becomes more flender 
 and acute. : 
 
 ¢ The pear-fhaped ois to which the fa- 
 line bony part is fixed. 
 
 N. B. Here again we have marked a fingle fi- 
 gure with a double number, becaufe we 
 
 could only find, in the Tables, the XIlth 
 
 Vil 
 
 figure, although in the body of the work; 
 and in the fhort explanations of the tables, 
 we find the XIIIth quoted: but this is of 
 {mall importance, as the figure which we 
 
 have given contains all the particulars that 
 we want. 
 
 PIG, XIv: 
 
 A particular fmall flony, or faline bony part, 
 as feen by the microfcope. 
 
 dddd 'The four margins, or furrounding backs. 
 e The cavity ftretched out in the middle of 
 the boney part. 
 
 FIG. XV. 
 The chain-like part: 
 
 a The extremity of the chain-like part un- 
 folded, in order to. fhew its conftruction. 
 
 FIG. XVI. 
 The uterus. 
 
 r Exhibits the cavities of the uterus blown up, 
 in order to fhew how the divifions of it are 
 formed. 
 
 fT Cs. 2.3e eae 
 
 a Here are feen in the neck of the amorous 
 Snail, the external opening of the vulva, or 
 genital parts, which with the part under the 
 penis, and the appendage of the uterus, to- 
 gether with all the fpermatic veffels have 
 been already reprefented in fg. X. let. 7. 
 
 FIG. XVIIL 
 
 The penis and uterus themfelves turned out and 
 erected, 
 
 b The penis and uterus turned out and ereGted, 
 and ftretched out beyond the neck. 
 
 72 ‘The two upper horns, 
 
 k One of the lower horns, which is then a 
 little removed from its place. 
 
 Ft -G. PE 
 The penis, and internal orifice of the womb. 
 
 c The penis only, not wholly, turned out of 
 its cavity, and erected. 
 
 d The internal orifice of the womb alfo a little 
 turned out, and extended out of the neck. 
 
 1 The lower horn removed from its place, to- 
 
 ward the horn of the other fide. 
 FE f-G) 3s 
 Of their copulation. 
 
 e The penis of one of the Snails rolled out. 
 f The apperture of the uterus of the other 
 
 Snail, admitting the penis of the former. 
 nail, admitting p we 
 
A Short Explanation 
 
 vill 
 g The aperture of the uterus of the firft Snail, 
 
 which in like manner admits the penis of 
 the other Snail A. 
 
 T A Bees. 
 The brain and nerves. 
 
 a All the parts of mouth, jaws and palate. 
 
 & The gullet cut off. ¢ The brain. 
 
 dd The beginning of the {pinal marrow, divi- 
 ded into two {trong nerves. 
 
 e The knot or fwelling formed by the nerves. 
 f The mutcle by which the knot, or {welling 
 of the fpinal marrow is inwardly moved. 
 
 g The two parts of the mufcles, which belong 
 to the inward lips of the mouth, which are 
 inferted by fome tendons in the knot or {wel- 
 ling of the {pinal marrow, and which, toge- 
 
 ther with the nerves, the mufcles draw with- 
 in the body. 
 
 bh A pair of nerves which are feen in the 
 mouth, jaws and palate. 
 
 ii A pair of optic nerves. 
 
 kk A pair of nerves which reach to the roots 
 of the horns and to the fkin. 
 
 7/1. The nerves of the lower horns which arife 
 from the former pair. 
 
 mm Two tender nerves, which reach to the 
 mufcles of the {kin and head, cut off. 
 
 nn A pair of nerves fituated under the parts of 
 the mouth. 
 
 oo Other pairs of nerves which are difpatched 
 to the mufcles of the neck. 
 
 A nerve which reaches to the fpermatic vef- 
 fels, to which alfo a fmall part of the penis 
 adheres. 
 
 g ‘The nerves which are diftributed thro’ the 
 membranes of the neck. 
 
 yr The nerves which are difpatched to the 
 mufcles at the fides of the body. 
 
 s A nerve and mufcle which reach to the 
 uterus. 
 
 ¢ A nerve of the verge ftretched inward to the 
 right fide. 
 
 v A like nerve on thé left fide. 
 
 «x The nerves fixed in the tendons of the two 
 ftrong mufcles, which move the middle of 
 the body. See fig. 11. xz of this Table. 
 
 y The nerves which reach to the verge of 
 the foot of the body. 
 
 -z Some of thefe nerves cut off from the right 
 fide are omitted, to avoid confufion. 
 
 Fae TI. 
 
 The mufcles of the Snail. 
 @ The part of the ftony bone or thell of the 
 
 Snail, where the mufcles are inferted. 
 bb The infertion of the two ftrongeft mufcles 
 of the Snail, by the affiftance of which it 
 creeps and moves. 
 ¢ The part where thefe mufcles ftretch the tail 
 itfelf backward or inward, and which pafs 
 under the pillar of the thell. 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 d. The part where the mutcles of the verge are 
 inferted. 
 e The mufcles which draw in all the parts of 
 the mouth, jaws and palate. 
 The acute extremity of the tongue. 
 The bafis or root of the tongue. 
 bb The mufcles of the eyes. 
 ii The curled foldings of the nerves among 
 thofe mufcles. 
 kk A part left of the firft pair of horns, ftill 
 adhering to the mufcles. 
 1] A pair of mufcles which draw the lips and 
 the knot or fwelling of the {pinal marrow 
 inward. ; 
 mm The mufcles of the lower horns, which 
 arife from the former pair. 
 
 nn Two ftrong mufcles which draw the middle 
 
 of the body into the hell. 
 
 o The part where they are inferted. 
 
 pp The internal furface of the fhell, in which 
 its {piral windings, cells, and circumvolutions 
 are feen. 
 
 99994 The fringe or border, or foot of the 
 Snail. 
 
 r The cavity of the pillar. 
 Pot G, Are. 
 The convolutions, or windings of the fell. 
 
 a The outward opening of the fhell at which 
 the Snail creeps out, and the winding which 
 forms the firft cell or inward divifion. 
 
 6 The fecond divifion. ¢ The third. 
 
 d The fourth. e The fifth and laft. 
 
 BL GIy. 
 The internal part of the fhell broke open. 
 
 12345 Are feen the inward windings of 
 the fhell, when all the partitions are broke 
 open. 
 
 Fa 3 Gh, 
 
 The Pillar. 
 
 a The upper aperture and windings of the 
 pillar. 
 6 The lower aperture of the pillar, which may 
 be feen more plainly in fig. 11. 7. . 
 
 ri Gove 
 The Pillar. 
 
 ¢ The aperture, the {piral windings, and the 
 conftruction of the pillar diftinctly repre- 
 fented, 
 Fore vil. 
 
 Shews in what manner the greater or lef; divifions 
 of the fell may be formed, as it is broken of 
 
 from the pillar and its partitions. 
 
 d A part of the thell broken off, almoft to the 
 end of its {piral winding. 
 
 e f Two others, lefs broken 
 a TA B.A 
 
—- —<— -hS 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES iz 
 
 D AasB. SVE. 
 FIG. I, 
 The Turbo or Verticilium, 
 
 @ The beginning of the windings of theTurbo, 
 4 The end of thofe windings. 
 
 Bt. TE, 
 The voluta, or the cylinder or pyramidal Snail, 
 
 a The opening or entrance of it, 
 4 Where it becomes narrower. 
 ¢ Another convolution or winding. 
 @ The pillar and the other internal fpiral wind- 
 ings of it. 
 F ENG, a 
 
 The Concha Veneris. 
 
 a The entrance divided into little teeth. 
 & The windings round the pilar, 
 
 FP TY, 
 The pencil Snail. 
 
 @ The outward entrance of it. 
 
 6 Another of its winding divifions. 
 
 ¢ Thethird. d The fourth.  ¢ The fifth. 
 J The fixth. | g The feventh, 
 
 BEG, 3 Vi 
 
 The tubular Snail. 
 @ The beginning like a plain tube or inteftine. 
 4. Its fpiral windings and convolutions. 
 
 F i@..:V I. 
 The tubular Snail. 
 
 ¢c¢ The cavities which the tubular Snail forms, 
 when the partitions of it are gradually con- 
 volved together, and applied one to another. 
 But if their cavities are joined to others, the 
 cavity of the pillar is thereby formed, See 
 Tab. VI. Fig. Il. r. 
 
 Ba VII. 
 A Snail like the Cornu Ammonis. 
 
 a The hollow perforated partition in the be- 
 ginning of the Snail, 
 12345 &c. The divifions of the Snail, which 
 are formed by the various number of the 
 
 partitions. 
 e-4-G:. VII. 
 
 The partitions, with the naked furrounding fhell, 
 
 b 6 Six partitions, from which the outward 
 thell is removed. 
 
 ¢ The part where the little tubes of the parti- 
 tions are mutually received, 
 
 F nGeodx, 
 
 Ai partition, with its little tube reprefented of a 
 large fize. 
 
 ddd The extreme compafs of the partition. 
 
 é The aperture of the partition which leads to 
 the little tube. 
 
 J The perforated handle, or little tube of the 
 partition, 
 
 we St eS 
 
 Three partitions of different fixes, whith mutually 
 
 receive each other. 
 
 & The little tube of the firft partition, fixed 
 into the little tube-of the fecond partition. 
 
 h The little tube of the fecond partition, fixed 
 in the tube of the third partition. 
 
 ¢iii The partitions, with their little tubes 
 gradually decreafing in fize. 
 
 FelsGe XL 
 
 The oval Turbo, with its windings turned contrary 
 to thofe in other Snails, 
 
 a The entrance opening into the oppofite fide, 
 and obliquely winding afcends towards the 
 left. 
 
 1m BD. Vial. 
 : es BS Rpody 
 The little Turbo. 
 
 a The fhell of this Snail, with its windings 
 turned the contrary way. 
 
 6 Part of the body of the Snail creeping out of 
 the fheil. 
 
 cc Its.two larger horns, in which the eyes are 
 placed, 
 
 FIG.’ It 
 The fhell of the Snail reprefented, and of an en- 
 larged fixe. 
 
 a The entrance extended to the oppofite fide: 
 6 The aperture of the pillar. 
 ccc The ridges, or ribs of the furface, 
 
 F296, “1H, 
 
 Tbe fhell of the fmall Snail, found under the 
 barks of the Willow. 
 
 a The fhell of the fmall Snail; alittle flatted, 
 
 Ftc. _ Iv. 
 The {mall water oval Snati. 
 
 a The oval channelled fhell of the Snail. 
 
 6 The hinder part of the fhell conyolved into 
 a double fpiral winding. 
 Cc ¢ The 
 
x A Short Explanation 
 
 c¢ The body of the Snail which creeps out from 
 thence, marked with black points or {pots. 
 
 d The two obtufe horns, in which the eyes are 
 
 are placed, alfo the upper, lower, and 
 
 {maller horns. 
 IG. V. 
 
 The garden Snail. 
 
 a The aperture of the genital parts, placed a 
 little lower in the neck than in the common 
 Snail. 
 
 64 The uterus. 
 
 cc The ligament of the uterus. ; 
 
 d The bag which holds the glutinous moifture. 
 
 e The chain-like little part. 
 
 f Thelittle legs inthe ovary. 
 
 g The extreme fpiral part of the liver. 
 
 & The purple little knot. 
 
 i The other fmall tube of the purple little part. 
 
 & The connexion of the purple little knot with 
 the uterus. 
 
 1 Theblind appendage of the uterus. 
 
 m The tefticles 
 
 n The alkaline little bone. _ 00 The penis. 
 
 p The mufcle which draws the penis. 
 
 g The common duc between the penis and 
 uterus. 
 
 x The acute end of the penis, curled into vari- 
 ous windings. 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 Two garden Snails, in the ad of cottion. 
 
 a The penis of each wonderfully twifted to- 
 gether. 
 
 4 The penis of one of the Snails infinuating 
 itfelf into the 
 
 c Uterus of the other. 
 
 d The penis of the other Snail, in like man- 
 ner, infinuating itfelf into the 
 
 e Uterus of the former Snail. 
 
 f The aperture and divifions of the verge, as 
 feen in this Snail, at-this time. 
 At the fame time nothing is feen of the verge 
 in the other Snail. 
 
 FIG. VII. 
 The naked houfe Snail. 
 
 a Theupper horns, which have eyes. 
 
 &6 The lower horns, which are much {maller. 
 
 ¢c The velabrum, or eminence which is fixed 
 to the body. 
 
 d The aperture in the neck, through which 
 
 _ the genitals are extended. 
 
 ¢ The aperture of the velabrum, by which the 
 Snail breathes. 
 
 J The prominent part of thetail, like a cock’s 
 comb, _ 
 
 = Fro. vm. 
 
 ; ~The Snail Fone. > 
 @ The hollow like Snail ftone, 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 6 The furface of it, interwoven as it were 
 with veffels. 
 
 FTG. Th. 
 
 The genital-parts of the houfe Snail. 
 
 a The three apertures of the genitals, in-the 
 neck, which unite in one paflage on the © 
 outfide. 
 
 bb The penis. 
 
 d The purple bag 
 
 e A {mall filament, which reaches from the 
 penis to the ligament of the uterus. 
 
 SF Ff The ligament of the uterus. 
 
 gg The {mall eggs fticking in the womb. 
 
 hb Abag, containing a glutinous matter. 
 
 iz A chain-like little part. 
 
 k The ovary. 
 
 cccc The uterus. 
 
 PA BEX: 
 FE Good 
 The field or path-way Snail. 
 
 a Its larger horns. 
 
 & The aperture of the velabrum, or the emi- 
 nence, by which it breathes, and difcharges 
 its excremenits. 
 
 c ¢ Glandulous triangular protuberances, which 
 rife obliquely from the body. 
 
 dd The glofly red verge which furrounds the 3 | 
 
 body. 
 FIG. IL 
 
 The internal parts of the field or path-way Snail. Bae 
 
 a The mouth and palate. 
 
 6b The larger horns drawn in. 
 
 c The fkin of the head divided. 
 
 d The gullet. e The brain. 
 
 J The beginning of the ftomach. 
 
 gg The falival veffels. 
 
 4b The glandular corpufcles, from which the 
 falival vefiels arife. 
 
 z The ftomach covered with veffels. 
 
 kk The inteftines. Zid The liver. 
 
 _m The large gall-bag, which difcharges itfelf 
 
 into the inteftines. 
 
 n 'The aperture of the genitals in the neck. 
 
 o The penis. 
 
 p The little tube which opens from the penis, _ 
 into the uterus. 2 
 
 q The purple bag. ora 
 
 7 The little tube of the purple bag, which is 
 inferted in the penis. 
 
 s The ftrong and thick origin of the uterus. 
 
 t The flenderer part of the origin of the uterus. 
 
 uuuu The uterus itfelf. 
 
 x «x Whitith veffels, which conne& the 
 uterus and its ligaments. 
 
 yxy The glutinous bag. 
 
 2 The chain-like little tube. 
 
 a The fmall gut. ¢@ The ovary. ) 
 
 y The heartin its place. 2? The ve 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. “i 
 
 FIG. If. 
 
 The ovary of the field or path-way Snail. 
 
 @ The ovary large and expanded, asit appeared 
 fome months after Coition. 
 
 bb The little eggs, vifible in the ovary. 
 
 ¢ The chain-like little part. 
 
 Ff -Ga 4 BV, 
 
 The common water Snatl, 
 
 @ Its turbinated fhell. 
 
 56 The eyes placed at the bottom or root of 
 the horns. 
 
 ¢c The horns, which terminate in fharp points. 
 
 d The aperture of the verge. 
 
 e The aperture through which the penis comes 
 out. 
 
 J The opening of the uterus. 
 
 gg The verge fitted to the internal furface’ 
 round the fhell. 
 
 4 The tooth. 
 
 zz The body, by which the Snail creeps and 
 {wims, 
 
 Fd ta 
 The internal parts of the wonderous viviparous 
 Snail, 
 
 a The Snail taken out of the thell, 
 
 & The head. cc The horns. 
 dd Theeyes. e Thevulva. / The gills. 
 g The verge. 
 
 6 The windings of the body. 
 #22 The part which ferves as a foot. 
 k The cover of the fhell, which is placed on 
 the foot. 
 FIG. VI 
 
 The internal parts. 
 
 aa The cover of the Snail preffed clofe a- 
 gainft the fore parts of the body. 
 
 & The horns and mouth contracted. 
 
 _¢ The Vulva. 
 
 d The fringe or margin, beautifully folded. 
 
 e The end of the ftraight gut. 
 
 JF The gills. ; =" 
 
 g The uterus, open; containing the living 
 fetus. 
 
 FI Gra. 
 
 The little Worm found alive in the wonderous vi- 
 viparous Snail. 
 
 a ‘The oblong figure of the Worm. 
 4 The oblong tranfparent furrows or ridges 
 which appear in the body of the Worm. 
 
 Pores Vill. 
 Two fmaller Worms, which iffued out of one of 
 the Worms in diffecting. 
 
 a Its thick head, 4 The flender tail. 
 
 + EF PGoa, 
 
 A final] live Snail, found in the uterus of the 
 
 wonderful viviparous Snail, 
 
 @ The fize of that fmall Snail, equal to that of 
 a common pea. 
 
 PSA Gr 
 The shell of that fmall Snail, as magnified, 
 
 6 The beautiful conftruétion of the thell. 
 ececcec Seven rows of briftly hairs, with 
 which it is farrounded, 
 
 FG; XL 
 
 Perfect eggs found in the uterus of @ viviparous 
 Snail, 
 
 aaa The little navel-ftring by which they are 
 fixed to the uterus. 
 
 66 The double navel-ftring of one of the eges. 
 
 ccc A {mall Snail, fticking in an egg. 
 
 dd The fame taken out of its egg, : 
 
 e ASnail, fticking in itsegg, which fell to the 
 bottom, when the fhell was fufpended by its 
 ftring. 
 
 FIG. XII 
 
 A fmall Snail taken out of its ege, and magni - 
 nified by the microfcope. 
 
 a a Its eyes, black like pitch. 
 
 & The horns. ¢ The mouth. 
 
 d The reft of the body. 
 
 e The operculum, or cover annexed to the tail. 
 J The thell of the fnail, 
 
 F LG, Si; 
 
 The fbell of the viviparous Snail, reprefented in 
 its natural fize, cleared of its foulnefs and pe- 
 riofieum ; in order to foew, the more diflinély, 
 ats form and conftruction, 
 
 Pec. XIV; 
 
 The fea Snail, called by the Hollanders sAhekruyk ; 
 they are found among mufcles. 
 
 a The Snail itfelf, with its little horns, eyes, 
 and foot. 
 
 6 The part where the fhell of this Snail is of a 
 globular form. 
 
 ¢ Prominent hollows or channels-on the fur- 
 face of the fhell. 
 
 12345 The windings of the thell. 
 
 F 1G. aN 
 
 Another Species of the Snail, called Aliekruyk, 
 commonly fold in Amfterdam. 
 
 d A kind of wreaths, which furround the 
 fhell, adorned with a colour like that of 
 mufk, in the interftices of which the fhell 
 
 appears green. : 
 gape ¢ Five 
 
Xu A Short Explanation 
 
 ¢ Five oblong, crooked, hollow openings ; 
 eaten through by worms. 
 
 FIG. XVI. 
 
 One of thofe worms which eat through the fhells 
 of the Snails, reprefented of its natural fize. 
 
 FIG. XVII. 
 The fame Worm, _reprofented as mag- 
 
 nified. 
 
 a The head. b The tail. 
 
 ¢¢ Many fimall hairs on each fide of the body. 
 F 1G. . XVIII. 
 
 The Snail, called Alickruyk, reprefented as mag- 
 
 nif 
 
 a The head and mouth. 56 The horns. 
 cc The eyes. dd The foot or verge. 
 
 e Thecover of the Snail, of which only a fmall ° 
 
 part is feen. 
 Ff The thell very large, with its wreaths worn 
 out. 
 
 FIG; “2S 
 The cover of the Snail, reprefented as magnified. 
 
 The cover, whofe convolutions are formed 
 
 like the windings of the fhell. 
 Pree 
 
 The tongue of the Snail, called Aliekruyk, of tts 
 natural fize. 
 
 h The fore part of the tongue, fituated in the 
 mouth. 
 
 i The part of the tongue placed within the 
 body, beautifully folded in ferpentine wind- 
 ings. 
 
 TPE Be XK: 
 a mS 
 
 is formed very like the viviparous Snail. 
 Se oe Fos iF 
 Lhe umbilicated marble water Snail. 
 a The fore patt, formed like an umbilicus, or 
 
 navel. 
 6 The oval broader part. 
 
 FIG. Til. 
 The flattened water Snail, 
 
 bb The verge or foot. 
 
 a @ The two lips. 
 dd The horns, 
 
 cc The black eyes. 
 
 e The long flender body. 
 Ff The air hole in the verge. 
 
 g The aperture of the genitals. 
 4b The fhell of the Snail flat on the left afide. 
 
 of th TABLES. 
 
 BIG. AV. 
 The other fide of the fhell, of the fame Snait, 
 reprefented. | 
 a The right fide of the fhell, which is con- 
 cave, and, 1uikiuy ia uae middle, is rolled 
 into itfelf. 
 
 ~. 
 
 ee rae 
 The fimall flattened Snail. 
 
 a A {mall margin, which fnrrounds the fhell. ; 
 
 is aa i 
 
 The frefh water Mufcle, found in the Piers in 
 Holland. Ps 
 
 _aa The lips or verge which furround the whole — 
 
 body. 
 66 The papille, or nipples of the mufcle. 
 cccc The four large gills. 
 dddd The four {mall gills. 
 e The hard part of the body. 
 JF The foft part of the body. 
 
 FIG. Vil. 
 The infide of the fhell of the Mufcle reprefented. 
 
 a The part, in the acute extremity of the hell, 
 where the mufcle is faftened. aa 
 
 6 The part in the thick or broad extremity of | 
 
 the fhell where the mufcle is faftened: where 
 
 are vifible four {mall holes. . 
 c¢c¢ The part where the mouth of the muicle 
 
 is faftened. 
 d The {piral winding of the fhell. 
 
 ee The twoeminences, by the help of which = 
 both valves are ftrongly joined together, 
 
 as by ginglymus. 
 Fado VIL, 
 
 The Phyfalus laid on its back, in order to exhibit 
 the wrinkles on its belly. 
 
 aaa Twenty-eight of the greater, and fome 
 
 of the leffer external, parts, extant on each 
 fide of the body, and from which there 
 fpring black ftiff briftles, of which there is 
 but one fide to be feen in this place. 
 
 ¢ii Some woolly hairs like down, of a gold 
 colour, and placed under the parts, con- 
 taining the lateral briftles. But I have here 
 omitted thefe briftles, in order to render the 
 hair itfelf more confpicuous. 
 
 ‘1 The opening of the mouth, above which 
 
 appears a kind of beard, like that of beard- 
 ed fifhes, 
 rie. 1X. 
 One of the above eight and twenty greater exter- 
 nal parts, feperated from the body, amd exbi- 
 bited by itfelf, with sts black brifiles. 
 
 & An Articulus, or joint, reprefented by itfelf, 
 and fhewing in what manner the briftles 
 grow from under it. 
 
 . FIG. 
 
 i 
 
A Short Explanation 
 ppg fx! 
 
 The faid briftles, reprefented in three orders, as 
 
 they appear when plucked from the parts pro- 
 ducing them. 
 
 ¢ The ligament that conneéts the briftles, 
 
 and afterwards appears about all the other 
 briftles. 
 
 d Two of the largeft and ftiffeft briftles with 
 their ligament, which is placed almoft in the 
 middle of them. 
 
 e Six briftles with their ligaments fome of 
 which are more fine and delicate than others. 
 
 _ f Eight briftles with their ligament, differing 
 . in ftru@ure, length and itiffne(s. 
 
 F FG "28 
 One of the faid briftles fen through a microfeope- 
 g A flattith briftle ending in a point. 
 
 Merl Qt 2 oen. 
 Another briftle viewed likewife through. the 
 
 microfcope. 
 
 b A long round fmooth briftle, fomewhat ~ 
 
 more {wollen on the forepart, but afterwards 
 terminating in an obtufe point. 
 
 F IG. XIIL 
 Some hairs of a golden colour, with their roots. 
 
 k Some very fine hairs, like down, {pringing 
 alfo from one centre or {pot like the briftles. 
 
 F.I G3 
 
 The floping region of the back, covered with 
 briftles and delicate hairs, and moreover of a 
 Somewhat convex form. 
 
 FIG. XV. 
 The back of the Phyfalus laid open. 
 
 aaaaaa The natural openings on each fide 
 of the body, thro’ which the water flows to 
 and from the gills. 
 
 5666 The membranaceous gills which move 
 freely one over another, like the larger {cales 
 
 in fith. 
 F-1 Ga XV 
 The inteftines of the Phyfalus rudely delineated. 
 
 a The ftruature of the inteftines, which look. 
 
 as if they communicated with one another. 
 a AB. ~ XI. 
 PYG: <5 
 
 The Cancellus, with its bony or fhelly fein 
 
 @ The fhell; or true fkin of the cancellus. 
 
 4 The five {piral windings of the thell. 
 
 ¢ Two eyes, below which are fome briftly ar- 
 ~ ticulated hairs. 
 
 éad 
 
 of the TABLES. kur 
 
 dd Two horns. 
 
 é The right arm, dnd its forces, which is the 
 largeft. 
 
 J The left arm, which is the leatt: 
 
 & g The four foremoft legs, 
 
 re It. 
 
 The Cancellis, out of its fein or fhell, hing on its 
 ack é 
 
 aa The eyes, between which are feen four 
 briftly articulated hairs. 
 
 66 The horns. ¢ The left and leaft arm, 
 
 d The right and largeft arm. 
 
 é The two firft pair of legs. 
 
 Ff The third pair of legs, which has {mall 
 forceps. 
 
 &g The fourth pair of legs, which are worthy 
 of notice, becaufe perforated by a double 
 little tube of the genitals, to which it yields 
 
 ~ apaflage, 
 
 hb Three articulated briftly hairs, to which the 
 eggs are ftrongly fixed, 
 
 ? The tendinous point of the mufcles, or the 
 part in which the tendons of the mufcles 
 meet, and where the Cancellus is faftened 
 in his fhell, that it can never go entirely 
 
 _ out of it, 
 
 The tail, with its particular part. 
 
 FIG. Ill. IV. and V, 
 
 The-tatl, the fraight and clofed Suts, and appena 
 dages of the Cancellus, reprefented a little larger 
 thar they naturally are. 
 
 a The tail, confifting of two teftaceous arti« 
 culations. 
 
 6 The verge of the anus, which being bent 
 inwardly may be hid under the tail, 
 
 ¢ The ftraight gut. 
 
 dd-Three little teftaceous bones on each fide 
 of the tail, which are articulated among 
 themfelves and with the bone. 
 
 e A {mall part of the inteftine. 
 
 J The blind or clofed gut, or what is anolo- 
 gous to it. 
 
 &§ The appendages, which in the living crea- 
 ture are feen beautifully through it. 
 
 bh The origin of the appendages, which {pring 
 from two diftiné dus. 
 
 71 The appendages, whofe fituation was fhewn 
 at letter gg, are feen here feparated, 
 
 | ee & Ps 
 
 One of the pair of legs feparate from the reff, reo 
 prefented magnified, together with the genital 
 veffel, entire, by which that leg is on one fide, 
 perforated, 
 
 12345 The five articulations of the fourth 
 pair of legs. 
 
 aa The winding of the genital veffel. 
 46 Its fpiral windings which terminate in one 
 narrow tube, 
 
 “¢ The . 
 
Kiv 
 
 c¢ The extremity of its end. 
 
 d The part in which the genital veffel, after a 
 wonderful manner, perforates the fourth pair 
 of legs throughout the fifth articulation. 
 
 FIG. VII. and VIII. 
 
 The heart. and one of the gills, reprefented as 
 magnified. 
 
 aa@ The heart. } Four veflels iffuing from 
 the upper part of the heart. 
 
 ¢ Two other veflels iffuing from the lower part 
 of the heart. 
 
 d Some blood veffels difcharged of. their fleth, 
 .and rolled out. 
 
 e One of the XXII gills. 
 
 f The thick and broad part of it 
 The acute extremity. 
 
 b The divifion of the gills. 
 
 N. B. Thofe white hollows or grooves, which run longitudi- 
 nally through the middle of the gill, foew the cartilages, 
 near which the blood veffels are conveyed; in which part 
 they appear thicker and whiter, 
 
 FIG. IX. X. and XI. 
 
 The brain, fpiral marrow, eyes, cornea, and in- 
 verted pyramidal fibres, reprefented as magni- 
 fied, beyond their natural fixe. 
 
 aa The brain. 
 
 bb The optic nerves, one of which is laid en- 
 tirely bare. 
 
 c The origin of the fpiral marrow, which is 
 {eparated, and affords in the living infect a 
 paflage for the gullet to the ftomach, 
 
 d The firtt knot or fwelling, with the nerves 
 it emits. 
 
 eeece The remaining five knots of the marrow. 
 
 Ff Nerves which fpring from the marrow. 
 
 g Thefe nerves elegantly decuffate one over 
 
 “the other, iffuing ; the right to the left, 
 and from the left to the right fide 
 
 A Part of the cruft as yt fticking to the eye, 
 
 ~ near which the naked nerve is vifible, 
 
 7 The cornea tunica, and the manner by which 
 the annular cruft like a tooth infinuates itfelf 
 into it. 
 
 & A gelatinous hexagonal matter placed within 
 the eye, above the inverted pyramidal fibres, 
 which appears on removing of the cornea. 
 
 1 The inverted pyramidal fibres and their fitu- 
 ation. 
 
 m ‘The black part of thofe fibres, which fpring 
 
 ~» from the tunica uvea. 
 
 a The lower part of the fibres which appears 
 
 _ brown. | 
 
 0 The middle part of them which is limped. 
 
 ppa ine Sees of thofe fibres, enlarged by 
 
 ~ the microfeope, by which it appears, that 
 each of thefe fibres confifts of many other 
 {mall fibres, all which are again compofed 
 
 of regular globules, 
 
 3 
 
 i A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 TAB. XI. 
 
 No. I. The vermicle or worm of the Libella of » 
 Dragon-fly, fticking as yet in its firft fkin; 
 when it is called an egg: reprefented mag- 
 nified by the microfcope. pe pe ts 
 
 Il. The egg itfelf, deferted by the worm, re: 
 prefented of its natural fize. ) 
 
 Ill. The worm, as come out of the egg, cal- 
 led, by this author, an Oviform Nymph- 
 vermicle. is 
 
 ‘IV. The fame worm a little more grown, when 
 the follicles, or membranaceous bags of the 
 four wings are obferved to fpring. 
 
 V. The fame worm, perfect, with its four fol- 
 licles or little bags, increafed to their due fize, 
 called in this ftate the Nymph-Vermicle. 
 
 VI. The Libella or Dragon-fly in its perfect 
 ftate, having attained its full age, ‘an fit for 
 generation. ; 
 
 Pri GQ yl: 
 The egg of the Dragon-fly, as magnified by te 
 
 microfcope. 
 ae Ge ¢ Apa | 
 
 The Nymph-Vermicle of the Dragon-fy, cafting 
 its fhi 
 
 Shin. 
 
 aa The feet fixed withthe claws. = 
 & The head and eyes burft forth. j 
 cc The fix legs, now cleared from their fkins. 
 dd The wings, as yet folded up. 
 
 FIG. Ml. 
 Of the copulation of the Dragon-fues. 
 
 a the tail of the male. 
 h The female receiving into her neck the tail 
 
 of the male, and embracing it with her legs. 
 c The tail of the female turned toward the 
 breaft of the male. 
 
 FIG. Iv. aie 
 The nymph of the largeft Dragon-fy. 
 
 aa Theeyes. 55 Thehorns. ¢ The teeth. 
 dd The legs armed with tharp claws. 
 
 ee The little bags, or cafes of the wings. 
 
 Ff The divifions of the abdomen, — 
 
 g The ftings, or prickles of the tail. 
 
 FIG. V. 
 
 The Nymph-Vermicle of the middle fized Dragon- 
 fy | 
 
 a The lips and teeth. 4 The hairy legs. 
 c The little bags, or cafes of the wings. 
 d The ftings, or plickles of the tail. 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 Fuk Ga ¥L 
 
 The Nymph-Vermicle of a Jingular kind of a 
 Dragon-fly. 
 
 a The horns. bb Six long legs. 
 
 c The little bags, or cafes of the wings. 
 d The hairy belly. 
 
 e The triangular appendages of the belly. 
 FIG. VII, 
 The Nymph-Vermicle of the fmalleft Dragon-fly, 
 
 Sound common in Holland, 
 : TA Br * Re. 
 ae Bo ede & 
 
 The Worm of the Ephemerus, of the firft year’s 
 growth, three-quarters of a Dutch inch long, 
 in which is not the leaft appearance of wings ; 
 but the five gills are vifible on the back, Srom 
 whence come in fight the ten lower rowing 
 fins. 
 
 Eb Gis Us 
 
 The Worm of the Ephemerus of the Jecond year’s 
 growth, five thirds of an inch long ; the little 
 bags or cafes in which the wings are enclofed. 
 
 POPS, SBT: 
 
 The Worm of the Epbemerus of the third year’s 
 
 _ growth, a female, about two inches and a half 
 pi provided with the little bags or cafes of 
 the wings, which are now vifible. 
 
 FTG, 2M 
 
 The large Worm of the Ephemerus, in which all 
 the parts elegantly and diftinétly appear, 
 
 a The eyes, which are twice as large as thofe 
 of the female worm. 
 
 bb The horns, and the diftin& articulations 
 of them, 
 
 ¢ The forceps, mouth, or dentated jaws, by 
 which they dig into the earth. 
 
 dd The firft, fecond, and third pair of legs, 
 with their articulations or joints. 
 
 ¢ The little bags or cafes of the wings, which 
 enclofe the firft pair of wings, like a tender 
 little flower, fhut up in its cup. 
 
 Jf The gills, perpetually fluttering, very white 
 and limpid, and covered with innumerable 
 fine hairs. 
 
 & Three briftly hairy tails, with their appen- 
 dagee. 
 
 The rowing fins in Fig. I. and III. may alfo 
 be feen. 
 
 Pow. .1Vy 
 
 Oblong or hollow tubes, or cells, made in the mud 
 or clay, in which the Worm of the Ephemerus 
 creeps, and is moved and nouri(hed. 
 
 aa The tubes made in the mud by the largeft 
 worm. 
 
 xv 
 bb The tubes that are hollowed out by the 
 fmalleft worms. 
 
 F.1L-G, VI 
 
 The male Ephemerus freed from the Jicft exuvia, 
 or pfin, entirely fiript of its former likenefs of 
 a Worm. 
 
 FIG. VIL 
 
 The Worm of the female Ephemerus, about to under 
 &0 in a little time its change, in which may be 
 Jeen the wings through their little bags or cafes. 
 
 aa The little theaths, cafes, or bags of the 
 wings, through whofe fmooth external little 
 membranes may be feen diftinGly, the folded 
 wings lying hid within them, 
 
 Fob Go: VF. 
 
 A female Ephemeris, frript, on the furface of the 
 water, of tts fein; and quitting the form of a 
 Swimming Worm is changed into a Shing infet. 
 
 i ee Sa 8 
 
 The manner bow the wings expand themfelves, 
 But in the following X1Vth Tab. Fig. 1. uns 
 der let, © ** may be feen the natural Soldings 
 of the wings, which here feparate by degrees 
 one from another. 
 
 PoboGocy, 
 
 The Jame wing, firft fmoothing its Serpentine 
 Soldings, afterwards its oblong Solds. 
 
 EF &) Gaickh 
 The Jame wing not entirely expanded. 
 PUG. AU 
 
 The male Ephemerus, employed in changing its 
 
 Sein, which is very Jlowly completed on dry 
 
 . land. Here half the body is now frript of its fein: 
 
 The fein is ftript of the bead, thorax, and 
 
 legs, in the fame manner as we draw our feet 
 
 out of our shoes; but as to the wings, the kin 
 
 is drawn off them in fuch a manner, that thé 
 infide is turned outward. 
 
 FIG. XIt, 
 
 A male Ephemerus, which has almoft gone through 
 the change of its fein, fo that its double external 
 wings aud tail might be taken only for a flender 
 part as yet to be caft off: 
 
 FIG 
 
 The very lender caft fins of the Ephemerus, which 
 do not retain the form, as here reprefented, 
 becaufe the parts in which the wings were in- 
 cluded, are commonly wrinkled, and by that 
 means change the form, | 
 
 FIG. XV. 
 
Xvi 
 bagi diGaswGvs 
 
 A male Ephemerus, which has caft both its fains, 
 changed into a fying infett ; whofe legs, which 
 in the worm-ftate were fhort, are now as long 
 again as they were, but the tails which were 
 before twice that length, are now become three 
 times as long. 
 
 T AB. XIV. 
 i ee 
 
 A difeétion of the Worm of the Ephemerus. 
 
 aa The pulmonary tubes, or two air trunks, 
 running along each fide of the body. 
 
 54 The tubes reaching to the brain and nerves. 
 
 ddddd The pulmonary tubes tending to the 
 mufcles of the abdomen, from one fide; 
 but from the other fide are feen, at the fame 
 letters, the naked mufcles of the abdomen, 
 with their tubes, alfo the oblique, afcending 
 and ftraight mufcles, hidden partly under 
 
 - the former. 
 
 eee The air pipes, or tubes, running to the 
 fpinal marrow. 
 
 SSS FFF The air pipes diftributed through the 
 {mall guts, or feminal veffels of the male. 
 One of them reprefented in its natural fitua- 
 tion, and another of them removed out of 
 the body, and reprefented magnified more 
 than the other. 
 
 rggegg The air pipes diftributed to the gills. 
 Only two of the gills are here reprefented, 
 the other ten being cut off, to give an op- 
 portunity of feeing the ten rowing fins under- 
 neath them. See let. rr7vr. 
 
 bh The air pipes running to the loweft parts of 
 the inteftines, and alfo to the fpermatic vef- 
 fels placed near them. 77. 
 
 iii The air pipes which fupply, refrefh, and 
 nourifh the fat, membranes, and fkin with 
 
 air. 
 kk Th ir i rer ee if ees ee ed 
 , > Three exraordinary air pipes difpatche 
 ai ee the body, towards 3 Pills, a off. 
 @q The middle of the three firft pipes, being 
 black, but about the middle fhining with 
 white; in fuch amanner, that the black line 
 of the gills appears as if marked with a white 
 point oppofite. = = 
 rrrr The five rowing fins ftretched out from 
 each fide of the body, with ftrong briftly 
 hairs, of an obfcure yellow gold colour, 
 ‘ss A feathery little part fituated underneath the 
 -, firft pair of gills. . 
 yy y The fpinal marrow, : confifting of eleven 
 nots or {wellings, from which {pring the 
 nerves that are diftributed through the whole 
 bod is See Fig. VI. Tab. XV. 
 ‘The parts to which the {pinal marrow is 
 faftened, by the means of {trong ligaments. 
 _** The optic nerves, derived from the brain, 
 or origin of the fpinal marrow, where it 
 forms the firft knot or fwelling. 
 
 A. Short Explanation 
 
 of th TABLES. 
 
 aa The mufcles of the breaft, employed in _ 
 moving the legs. . 
 
 &@ The mufcles of the breaft, employed in 
 moving :he wings; cut off. 
 
 yy Two little parts, which I take for the fper- 
 matic veffels of the male. 
 
 > The ftraight gut cut off, in Tab. XV Fig. V. 
 that it may be the more perfedtly feen. 
 
 «ee The extremely artificial folding of the 
 wing, whilft it yet lies in its cafe or fheath, 
 kk. being very eafy to be unfolded. . See 
 
 \ Fig. IX. X. XI. Tad. XII. ’ 
 
 FIG... dl 
 
 “All the parts juft now reprefented in their natu- 
 
 ral fize. 
 1 AB. . aes 
 BiG. ‘T. 
 
 17 Some branches of the air pipes which ru 
 to the ovary of the Ephemerus. 2 
 mmmm The fame air-pipes running into and 
 over the membrane invefting the ovary. 
 
 cc The mufcles employed in moving the fix 
 gills and five rowing fins, placed on each fide 
 ‘of the body. : 
 
 “f The ftomach and inteftines, which are vi- 
 
 fible through the membranes of the ovary. 
 See Fig. V. of this Table. 
 
 i7 The mufcles of the ftraight gut employed 
 in voiding the feces. 
 
 | ee > ae | 
 
 The little eggs of ‘the Ephemerus, as they appear 
 to the naked eye. . 
 
 FIG. Il. fe: 
 The double ovary of the Ephemerus, confifting of 
 
 innumerable little eggs. 
 
 P bGay, 
 
 0000 Some air pipes leading to the heart of 
 the Ephemerus, partly cut off... 
 
 tt Part.of the heart, like an oblong tube, 
 which is fomewhat {wollen on each fide. 
 
 vvvyv Some air pipes cut off, leading towards 
 
 _ the heart, and then to other parts. 
 
 xx«x The parts in which the tube of the 
 heart fwells up a little. . 
 
 EPG. V: 
 
 a Part of the oefophagus or gullet, cut off near 
 the ftomach = 
 
 6 The pylorus of the ftomach 
 
 c The ftomach itfelf; with certain air pipes, 
 which creep all over it. : 
 
 dd The fmall gut continued from the ftomach. 
 
 e The thick gut or colon, diftinguifhing itfelf - 
 by fome little oblong tranfparent channels or 
 
 furrows, 
 f The 
 
7 wcdiibbhe Lae bee 
 
 ‘A Short Explanation of the TABLES XVil 
 
 f Theftraight gut elegantly folded, or wrinkled. 
 
 g Certain femilunar little valves of the {mall 
 gut. 
 
 45678, &c. Eleven annular feGtions, into 
 which the body is divided. 
 
 PF .I.GUT YE 
 
 The brain, fpinal marrow, and the nerves, [pring 
 ing from thence, according as they aré placed 
 in the ving Epbemerus. 
 
 1 2 3, Gc. The natural fituation of the fpinal 
 marrow in the body of the Ephemerus. At 
 the fame time is fhewn how the annular in- 
 terfections are placed. 
 
 F1G.. VII: 
 
 a Air pipes together with a part of the ovary, 
 drawn out of the body, the more conve- 
 niently to fhew how thefe pipes ftick faft to 
 the eggs. 
 
 g The eggs, of a plain round oblong figure. 
 
 7 AB XVI, 
 
 No. I The Ant’s egg delineated in its natural 
 fize, or the Worm of the Ant in its firft {kin 
 or coat, wherein it is called an egg; which 
 is exhibited in the firft figure magnified. 
 
 II. The beforementioned covering, being quit- 
 ted by the Worm of the Ant, is rolled up as 
 into an invifible point. 
 
 Il. The Worm of the Ant come forth from the 
 egg, with its parts imperfect; delineated in 
 its natural fize and fituation. Figure the 
 fecond reprefents it magnified by the mi- 
 crofcope. 
 
 IV. The fame Worth at the full period of its 
 increafe, all the parts of the Ant being con- 
 tained hidden within it. Figure the third 
 fhews it as magnified. 
 
 V. The fame Worm ftript of its fkin, and now 
 called a Nymph. 
 
 VI. The fame, having quitted the form of a 
 
 _ Nymph, changed to a real and perfect Ant. 
 
 FIG. 1, 
 The egg of the Ant magnified. 
 F 1G. 
 
 The Worm of the Ant, as delineated under the 
 microfcope, with its head bent towards the 
 breaft ; called improperly the egg of the Ant. 
 
 Poeees.. III. 
 
 The former Worm, having arrived at its full big- 
 nefs, about to quit by and by it skin, in order to 
 be changed into a Nymph. This 1s alfo larger 
 than naturally. 
 
 F IG» fy; 
 
 The Nymph of the Ant delineated bythe affflance 
 of the microfcope, which is reprefented No. V. 
 
 in its natural Je. 
 
 rec. V. 
 The fame Nymph, lying on its back, magnified. 
 Fol Gi -Ve 
 
 The fame Worm delineated again, as it appears 
 under the microfcope; and all it parts diftin- 
 guifhed by annexed letters. 
 
 aa The two eyes in the head. 4 The teeth. 
 
 cc The horns, folded near the legs, upon the 
 breatt. 
 
 dd The firtt pair of legs. 
 
 ee Another pair of legs, vifible undét the firft. 
 
 Sf The third pair, laid on the belly. 
 
 § The rings of the belly, and margin or border 
 of the belly. 
 
 F I G>— Vain 
 
 The Ant having completed all its labours, and 
 now attained the full maturity and ftrength of 
 it age, exhibits the number of its parts and 
 limbs complete. 
 
 a The teeth of the Ant, in which it carefully 
 carries its Vermicle, or little Worm. 
 
 56 The two very black eyes. 
 
 cc The horns, of 4 light red colour; 
 
 d The fix fharp pointed promhiriences, into 
 which the rings of the thorax divide them« 
 felves. 
 
 e The loins, confifting, as it were, of three 
 knotty joints or vertebra. 
 
 Sf Six hairy legs, compofed of four joints, 
 
 g The fhining hairy abdomen, 
 
 E-14-G;>-VTi: 
 The male Ant, in its natural fize: 
 
 Soe +d 
 
 The male Ant, delineated as magnified, in which 
 all the parts are diftinétly reprefented. 
 
 a The teeth, a little lef. 
 
 4 The eyes, on the contrary, larger. 
 
 cc The horns. 
 
 dd Four wings, peculiar to the male, the firft 
 pair of which are much ftronger and larger 
 than the hinder ones, 
 
 e The loins, and 
 
 J The belly are both differently formed than 
 thofe parts are in the working Ants. 
 
 FIG. X. 
 The female Ant, in its natural fixe. 
 E FIG. XI. 
 
 % 
 7 
 
XVill 
 ri Gorm 
 
 male Ant, reprefented magnified ; that the 
 Beis, dfn between it and the other kind 
 
 may be made to appear. 
 
 bb The eyes. 
 d The thorax. 
 ij The loins. 
 
 a The teeth. 
 cc The horns. 
 ee The legs. 
 g The belly. 
 
 FIG. XII. 
 
 Pela abe Pea 
 as yet entire, and of its natural Six. 
 P4-G- Xu, 
 The fame, opened. 
 FIG. XIV. 
 
 Another kind of Ant, found in Holland. 
 
 PIG, 2a 
 A fixth kind of Ant, found alfo in Holland. 
 
 FIG. XVI. 
 
 The largeft kind of Ant, found at the Cape of 
 
 LUTE? ti Sis peed slope, 
 TL ASB ave 
 
 ~- >. Which reprefents Bees, 
 Bopts 1. 
 
 The common or labouring Bee, whofe external 
 parts, are particularly defcribed in the follow- 
 ing figure. 
 
 oe I G. II. 
 
 The fame labouring Bee, in which all its external 
 
 parts are diflinétly pointed out by annexed 
 letters. 5 . 
 
 — as. 
 
 » NO sp 
 
 aa The two oval eyes of this Bee, which are 
 much fmaller than thofe of the male Bee. 
 
 5 'The particular little eyes, placed in the mid- 
 dle between the two former larger ones. 
 
 cc The antennz or horns. 
 
 @ A kind’ of horny or bony lip, which is not 
 
 » obvious in the males... - 
 
 ee Two long teeth, which are fhorter in the 
 female, and very fmall and fhort in the 
 
 ~ tale Bees. 
 
 F The long probofcis or trunk, which is much 
 
 orter in the male. 
 
 g The thorax is roundith, and in the upper 
 fide of the hinder part it is provided with a 
 fomewhat prominent margin or border. 
 
 hb The two upper wings. 
 
 A. Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 ii The two lower wings, which are lefs than 
 the former. 
 
 kk The two foremoft legs. 
 
 11 The two middle legs. 
 
 mm The two hinder legs, larger than the 
 former ones, and that particular part of them 
 which we call the foot. 
 
 nn Theclaws of the feet. ; 
 
 oo Part of the hinder legs, which is called the 
 fhank, the foot of which of one extreme 
 part, is joined to another part called the 
 thigh. 
 
 The abdomen. g The aculeus or fting. 
 
 ae 8 <All ot 
 
 The female Bee, commonly, but improperly, called 
 the king. By comparing this with the common 
 or working Bee, reprefented in the laft figure, 
 and with that of the male in the following 
 figure, the difference between the three kinds 
 may be obferved. 
 
 PaeGrudy i 
 The male Bee, which differs from both the female 
 
 and working Bee. 
 
 Botte OV 
 
 The probofcis of the Bee, with its parts as repre- v 
 
 fented by the microfcope. 
 
 aa The firft pair of joints of the probofcis, 
 which are partly of a fubftance between 
 
 horn and bone, and partly of a membrana- 
 ceous fubftance, and here and there are co- 
 vered with rough hairs. ‘This cut repre- 
 fents them a little drawn in, and in readi- 
 nefs to move the probofcis backwards, and 
 withal to comprefs and cover it; and likewife 
 to force the honey through it towards the 
 ftomach. 
 
 £6 The air-tubes, diftributed through that 
 part of the probofcis, which is of a fubftance 
 between horn and bone, and which, by be- 
 ing tranfparent, affords a view of them. 
 
 cc The extremities of the firft pair of joints ; 
 thefe extremities are a little crooked. 
 
 dd The articulation of thefe joints with the 
 root of the probofcis. 
 
 ee The next pair of. joints belonging to the 
 probofcis, conftructed much after the fame 
 manner with the firft. This fecond pair 
 
 - fervice to the probofcis in fucking the honey, 
 which 
 
Fee 
 
 i ae } 
 
 ii plea 1a 
 
 0 hie te 
 
 <.- 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. XIX 
 
 which they likewife help to forward towards 
 the ftomach. 
 
 1 The feventh joint of the probofcis, being a 
 fingle one; or the probofcis itfelf, confifting 
 partly of a membranaceous fubftance, and 
 partly of a fubftance between bone and horn. 
 It is the underfide of it that I have here re- 
 prefented, as it may be fuppofed to appear, 
 on turning the Bee upon its back. 
 
 kk Part of the probofcis itfelf, of a fubftance 
 between boneand horn, conftruéted in fuch 
 a manner, that the Bee can feperate it from 
 the main body of the probofcis, and give it 
 a circular form. 
 
 / The gullet reprefented cut off. 
 
 m ‘The membranaceous part of the probofcis 
 itfelf, which lies beautifully folded up under 
 the other portion of the probofcis juft now 
 mentioned, as confifting of a fubftance be- 
 tween bone and horn. 
 
 nn The part of the probofcis which confifts of 
 a fubftance between bone and horn, tending 
 inwardly, and forming, as it were, a nar- 
 row channel. 
 
 oo The fore extremity of the probofcis cover- 
 ed with crooked hairs, and furnifhed with a 
 little head, in which there is a hole that 
 feems to be the cavity of the membranaceous 
 
 art. 
 
 p That part of the probofcis, which confifts of 
 a fubftance between bone and horn, divided 
 at its fore extremity into two fhanks. 
 
 q Three very black, but fhining, joints of 
 the probofcls, of a fubftance between bone 
 and horn, and forming the lower part of the 
 probofcis. The middle of thefe joints is the 
 fheath or cafe of the probofcis, and is fur- 
 nifhed with mufcles, which belong to the 
 fecond pair of joints e e of this organ. But 
 the two extreme joints of the part now be- 
 fore us, contain mufcles that adminifter to 
 the firft pair of joints a a. 
 
 rrrr The articulations by which the three 
 joints ¢ 7g are united with the parts of the 
 head. 
 
 ss The ftrong mufcles ferving to move inwards 
 the probofcis, its joints and fheath. 
 
 ¢ A thintranfparent membrane, through which 
 the mufcles s s may be difcerned. 
 
 FPG) VE 
 
 ey 
 
 More difinétly exhibiting in what manner that 
 
 part of the probofcis, which confifis of a fub- 
 ance between bone and horn, and which is re- 
 prefented under the letters kk Fig. V, can form 
 itfelf intova circle, and dilate the membrana- 
 ceous parts of the probofcis at the time of 
 zis fuction. 
 
 gaa That portion of the probofcis, which 
 confifts ofa fubftance between bone and 
 horn, This part is much blacker and ftronger 
 in the middle of it than elfewhere, as is very 
 difcernible, j 
 
 6 The circular form or bending which that 
 part acquires at the time of faction. 
 
 ce¢ec The expanfion, in form of a fail, of the 
 membranaceous part of the prebofcis, that 
 lies folded up under the other part that con- 
 fifts ‘of a fubftance between bone and horn. 
 The former part acquires the faid form, when 
 the latter projeéts itfelf in that of acircle. 
 
 d The papille, or glandalous protuberances of 
 the membranaceous part of the probofcis. 
 Thefe particles appear moft vifible when the 
 faid part is expanded. 
 
 e The place where that part of the probotcis, 
 which confifts of a fubftance between bone 
 and horn, tends inwardly, and uniting with 
 the remaining hairy part of the probotcis, 
 forms, as it were, a narrower channel. 
 
 J The fore extremity of the probofcis, covered, 
 as it were, with crooked hairs, and perfo- 
 forated in the middle. 
 
 & The hairs of the probofcis, which are not 
 of an equal thicknefs, “but fomewhat bigger 
 near the roots. 
 
 BAS. a 
 
 The proboftis of a Wafp, viewed on its lower 
 
 7ae, 
 
 a Part of the probofcis of a horny fubftance, 
 which conftitutes the lower part of the in- 
 fe&t’s head. This part is covered with hair 
 on its fides, and is all of a fhining black, 
 except two yellow fpots. 
 
 bbc Three horny particles or joints, which 
 ferve in a manner to form the root of the 
 probofcis, The two lateral 44 contain the 
 mufcles, that govern the briftles dd; but 
 the middle joint ¢ ferves, as it were, for a 
 cafe or fheath to the probofcis. 
 
 dddd Four articulated briftles, which affitt 
 the probofcis in its fuctions. 
 
 ee The place where the teeth are broken off, 
 
 J The probofcis itfelf, adorned with four beau- 
 tiful white particles, or rather protuberances, 
 that terminate in little round knobs, 
 
 F:d. Goo VL 
 
 The hair of a Bee, as it appears through thé 
 microfcope, in the form of a feather. 
 
 a The ftem, as it were, of the feather. 
 
 66 The {maller lateral branches {pringing from 
 the ftem. 
 
 c The hairy extremity of the ftem. 
 
 FIG. IX. 
 The lungs of the Bee. 
 
 aa The pulmonary veficles of a white colour. 
 566 &c. The little tubes branching from thefe 
 veficles ; they confift of fpiral rings, which 
 in this place are always open. 
 ce &c, Other veficular dilatations of the pul- 
 monary 
 
 “ff 
 ee 
 Pa 5 ee 
 Hed 
 
A: Short Explanation 
 
 XX 
 
 monary tubes, which again degenerate into 
 the tubes dd Gc. 
 
 ee €c. Ramifications of the pulmonary tubes 
 diftributed through the body. 
 
 Ff Two places, where the greater pulmonary 
 veficles have a direét communication with 
 each other. 
 
 Pa G.: XX. 
 
 The pulmonary tube, which confifts of rings, and 
 is here reprefented as it appears when drawn 
 out, the better to exhibit the fpiral courfe of 
 thefe rings. 
 
 T AB. XVIII. 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 The internal parts of a Bee. 
 
 a The gullet. 
 
 5 The ftomach, furnithed with flefhy fibres. 
 
 ¢ The pylorus, confifting of nodules, and full 
 of a fubftance of @ yellowith red colour. 
 
 dd The fmall gut, very fpacious or wide, full 
 of mufcles, and furnifhed with valves. 
 
 eee The vafa crocea, or yellow gut-veffels ; 
 being an infinite number of little inteftines 
 mott intricately connected, and moft firmly 
 united with the narroweft part of the {mall 
 
 uf. 
 The narrow part of the inteftine. 
 
 g The fudden dilatation of the inteftine, that 
 fucceeds the conftruction of it juft now men- 
 tioned. In this place the inteftine looks like 
 a membrane, and exhibits fix protuberant 
 glandulous particles on its inner furface, as 
 beft appears by the particular figure placed at 
 one fide of that now under our confideration. 
 
 hh The faid fix glandulous particles, as they 
 appear more plainly on opening the inteftine 
 that contains them. 
 
 i The place where the inteftine, after dilating 
 itfelf, narrows afecond time. I have given 
 a particular figure to illuftrate this narrowing. 
 
 k The place where this inteftine appears full of 
 folds, like a rumpled piece of linnen. 
 
 1 The ftraight gut, over which the fting lies. 
 
 mm The hinder part of the laft abdominal 
 ring, which is covered with hair, and gives 
 a paflage to the ftraight gut. 
 
 nn Six particles or joints, of a fubftance be- 
 tween bone and horn, which are articulated 
 with the fhanks of the fting. 
 
 oo Two appendages always found along with 
 the fting, and placed on each fide of the 
 fting and the ftraight gut. 
 
 p The bag containing the poifon, which the 
 Bee injects into the wound made by the fting. 
 
 qq The blind extremities of the tube that ferves 
 to fecrete the poifon, and afterwards conveys 
 it to the bag that is to contain it. 
 
 ee FT Gio, 
 Reprefenting the fring, and all its parts. 
 a The fting, compofed of a fheath or cafe, ang 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 - two fhanks, united to each other, and ter- 
 minating in a fharp point, fo as to look like 
 a fingle part. 
 
 4 The poifonous bag. 
 
 c The tube that ferves to convey the poifon 
 from its bag, to the thickeft part of the 
 fting’s fheath. 
 
 dd The two fhanks of the fting, mutually 
 conveying to each other. 
 
 ee The fheath of the fting. 
 
 Sf The thickeft end of the fheath, where the 
 tube opens into it, by which it receives the 
 infect’s poifon. . 
 
 g The extreme point of the fting, formed by 
 the two fhanks of that organ, that are in this 
 place clofely united. 
 
 bh The beards with which the fhanks of the 
 {ting are armed at their extremities. 
 
 e The tube that ferves to fecrete the poifon; 
 which it difcharges into the poifon-bag. 
 
 kk The two blind extremities of faid tube. 
 
 J/1/11 Three pair of cartilages, of different 
 forms, which are for the moft part of a deep 
 black, and articulated among themfelves, and 
 with the fhanks of the fting. 
 
 mm Two other cartilages lefs confpicuous than 
 the former, with one pair of which they are 
 articulated. Thefe two cartilages m m, aré 
 almoft entirely of a membranaceous fub- 
 ftance. 
 
 nnnunnnnn Eight places in which the fore- 
 going cartilages are articulated among them- 
 felves, and with the fhanks of the fting d d, 
 
 0000 Four mutcles ferving to move the fing 
 
 different ways, by the afliftance of the fame 
 cartilages. 
 
 p p Two mutcles which draw the thanks of the “a 
 
 {ting into its fheath. 
 
 gq Two appendages of the fting which are 
 moved along with it, and feem to anfwer no 
 other purpofe but that of ornament. 
 
 PI G. HE. 
 
 Which again exhibits, but in a more diftintt man- 
 ner, the fling and other parts relating tott. 
 
 a The thick or blunt extremity of the fting’s 
 fheath, into which the infec theds its poifon. 
 
 5 The tharp extremity of the fting’s fheath, to 
 which the poifon runs, under the fhanks. _ 
 
 cc The place where the channel of the fheath 
 grows narrower, the better to retain the 
 fhanks that are within it, in their proper fitu- 
 ation. This particular may be ftill better 
 difcerned under the letters d d. 
 
 dd The thanks of the fting laid up within the 
 channel of the fheath, and beautifully re- 
 tained in their proper fituation by the two 
 proceflus of the fheath, already taken notice 
 of under the letters ¢ c. 
 
 eee The borders or edges of the fting’s fheath, 
 which are turned in, and received by the 
 
 channels of the fting’s thanks, and not only 
 ferve to retain the fting in it’s fheath, but 
 likewife allow it leave to move freely. 
 
 f One 
 
A Short Explanation 
 
 F One of the fting’s thanks put fomewhat more 
 forward within the fheath than the other 
 fhank ; but after fuch a manner, however, 
 that the fting’s point ftill remains entirely 
 within the fheath. 
 
 g The other fhank of the fting, lying higher 
 within the fheath. We may here fee by 
 what means the fting, left in the wounds 
 made by it, penetrates deeper and deeper. 
 
 4 The hollow, cavity or channel of the fting’s 
 fheath, when widetft. 
 
 # The narroweft part of the faid hollow, ca- 
 vity, or channel. 
 
 k One of the fting’s thanks reprefented by it- 
 felf, fo as to exhibit 
 
 Zl The cavity or channel within which the 
 edge of the fheath is received, fo as to afford 
 the fhank a free motion. 
 
 m A fegment of the fhank cut off tranfverfely, 
 to give a better view of the fhank’s Cavity or 
 channel. 
 
 nm The fame channel or Cavity, as it appears in 
 the other branch, 
 
 0 The extremity of the fhank’s channel or ca- 
 vity. 
 
 fp Ten crooked heads or beards, with which 
 each fhank is generally furnithed. 
 
 997 q Other lefs confiderable hooks or beards. 
 
 rrr Certain procefles of a fomewhat cartila- 
 ginous fubftance, and ferving, inftead of 
 mufcles, to move the thanks. 
 
 sss The fmooth unbearded fides of the 
 fhanks, by which they join each other. 
 
 ¢#¢z¢ The hinder parts of the fhanks, or the 
 ligaments by which they are thruft out. 
 
 vv ‘Two places in which the fting appears as 
 if there was a jointin it. But this appear- 
 ance is entirely owing to the air, which 
 makes it appear uneven: the poifon fticking 
 to the fheath. 
 
 x The poifon bag. 
 
 y The tube which conveys the poifon of the 
 bag. 
 
 z The tube by which it difcharges its poifon. 
 
 Po), ey, 
 
 The poifon bag of the Wafp, and the Hornet, with 
 the other parts belonging to it. 
 
 a The poifon bag 
 
 6 The tube by which the faid bag fheds its 
 poifon. 
 
 ¢c¢ The two tubes inferted into the hinder part 
 of the poifon bag, into which they difcharge 
 the poifon. In the Bee there is but one tube 
 to anfwer this purpofe. 
 
 ddd Swellings here and there in the laft men- 
 tioned tubes. 
 
 ee The ends of the tubes fomewhat thicker 
 than any other part. 
 
 FIG. V. 
 Reprefenting the manner, in which the Bee's 
 poison may be extraéled or gathered. 
 
 a A flender glafs tube ferving to receive the 
 
 poifon. 
 
 of the TABLES. xxi 
 
 6 The point of the fting placed within the 
 tube, and pouring into it the poifon {queezed 
 by the fingers out of the poifon-bag. 
 
 ee Bw. XD 
 
 Pome I, 
 The Bee's heart, with the parts belonging to it. 
 
 aa Patt of the heart feated in the upper region 
 of the abdomen. : 
 
 666 Pulmonary tubes running towards each 
 fide of the heart, in which they at laft ter- 
 minate. 
 
 ¢¢ce¢ce Certain thin membranes, that ferve 
 to keep the fat in its proper place. 
 
 dd The fat as it appears through the faid 
 membranes, which are tran{parent. 
 
 eee The ovary, as it likewife appears through 
 the faid membranes. 
 
 TF FF Ff The mufcular fibres broken off from 
 the abdominal rings, which they ferve to 
 govern. 
 
 123456 The fix abdominal rings under 
 which the heart is placed, as it were in the 
 infect’s back, 
 
 ie og TE Fw 
 
 The ovary of the Bee, of the fize and form it ap- 
 pears to the naked eye. 
 B4A-G. 4 
 
 The fame ovary, reprefented as it appears through 
 the microfcope. 
 
 N. B. This double ovary is compofed of 
 parts extracted from two different female 
 Bees, wz. The part @ from a full-grown 
 impregnated Bee; and the part ¢ from 
 another Bee lefs perfect, and not as yet 
 impregnated. This I did to avoid the 
 neceflity of two figures, where I thought 
 one might be made to anfwer. 
 
 @ Part of an ovary extracted from an impreg> 
 nated Bee, furnifhed with an infinite num- 
 ber of ducts, that contain eggs of different 
 fizes. . 
 
 bb The coalition of the oviduéts of each fide, 
 where they difcharge their eggs into a com- 
 mon channel or duct for all the eggs of that 
 fide. 
 
 ¢ Part of an ovary extracted from a female un- 
 impregnated Bee. The eggs of this part 
 differ greatly from thofe of the other part a. 
 
 d A dilatation of the pulmonary veficle, which 
 diftributes its ramifications, and an infinite 
 number of air-tubes through every part of 
 the ovary, itsduéts, and even the eggs them- 
 felves. 
 
 e¢ The upper parts of the oviduéts of-an im- 
 pregnated Bee, where they unite, and the 
 two parts of the ovary bend towards each 
 other, 
 
 r 
 
‘xxii A Short Explanation 
 
 ff The upper parts of the oviducts of an un- 
 impregnated Bee, in which they are here- 
 abouts very flender, contain but very minute 
 eggs, but which bend in the fame manner 
 mentioned in the preceding article. 
 
 gz The eggs of the ovary of an impregnated 
 Bee, which are fenfibly bigger and bigger, 
 the nearer they approach the common ovi- 
 duét of the fide, to which they belong. 
 
 bbb The eggs of an impregnated Bee, which 
 are in every oviduct almoft of the fame fize, 
 at the fame diftance from the common ovi- 
 duct. 
 
 iii The eggsin the extremities of the ovi- 
 duéts of an unimpregnated Bee's ovary. 
 Thefe eggs are not only very {mall in them- 
 felves, but {maller, paler, fhorter, and more 
 delicate than thofe in the extremities of the 
 impregnated Bee’s ovary. 
 
 kkkkkk The eggs in both parts of the ova- 
 ry, ready. to fall into the greater common 
 duct. 
 
 1111 Theeggs of an unimpregnated Bee, dif- 
 fering in fize, but very irrregulary, fome of 
 thofe furtheft from the common duét being 
 bigger than the others that are much nearer, 
 contrary to what appears in the impregnated 
 Bee, as has been already obferved under the 
 letters gg bb. 
 
 mm The eggs in the extremity of an impreg- 
 
 _ nated Bee’s ovary, which are bigger, and of 
 
 * an oblong, and more regular form. 
 nn Two common duéts, or, as it were, the 
 
 hotns of the uterus, in which all the parti- | 
 
 culat oviduéts terminate, 
 
 eggs. 
 
 NV. B. Both thefe ducts are extracted from 
 an impregnated Bee, though one of them 
 fupports the ovary of an unimpregnated 
 one. 
 
 and pour their 
 
 00 The place through which the fpinal mar- 
 row takes its courfe. : 
 
 pp Part of the common duct, more {pacious 
 
 ~~ than the reft, furnifhed with mufcles, or of 
 
 a mufcular conftruGtion, and within which 
 are placed 
 
 99999749 A great number of eggs ready to 
 come away; thefe eggs appear alittle through 
 the duct, which is tranfparent. 
 
 rrrrr_ Air-tubes, running through the 
 horns and the common duct of the ovary. 
 
 s The coalition of the two common duéts or 
 
 horns into one narrower channel, which is 
 
  Vikewife mufcular, and the excretory duct of 
 the Bees eggs. 
 
 3 A globular or little round part or organ, con- 
 taining a glutinous matter, with which the 
 eggs are fmeared over before the Bee lays 
 them. The interior coat of this bag is curi- 
 oufly interwoven with an infinite number of 
 air-tubes. : : 
 
 uu Two blind veffels, that, after making a 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 great many turnings, meet, and form a fin- 
 gle tube. This tube terminates in the uter- 
 us, or excretory duct of the eggs, and ferves | 
 perhaps to fecrete the glutinous matter juft 
 now taken notice of, and to convey it to the 
 bag deftined to receive it. 
 The exitus, or end of the uterus, or of the 
 excretory duct of the eggs, as yet not fuffi- 
 ciently examined. 
 
 yy The external mufcular parts of the fting, 
 broken off. 
 
 z The poifon-bag, with 
 
 a Its fingle fecreting tube, and 
 
 ee The blind appendages of the faid tube. 
 
 v The tube by which the poifon is difcharged. 
 
 > The fting of a female bee, naturally crooked, - 
 
 «£ Two little parts placed by the fides of the 
 fting, and already taken notice of in the ana- 
 tomy of the working Bee. 
 
 ¢ The ftraight gut. 
 
 PG Ay, 
 Lhe ovary of a Wafp. 
 
 aa The ovidudts of this ovary reprefented by 
 themfelves, being feven of a fide, | 
 
 646 The upper part of the ovary, extending 
 to a very great length. 
 
 ¢ The bag containing a glutinous matter, with 
 its fecretory veflels. This bag is fhaped like 
 a pear. 
 
 dd Some minute eggs, of the common oval 
 form. 
 
 e The meeting of the particular oviducts in one 
 common oviduct, 
 
 CA ASy, Vs 
 
 The egg of a Bee, reprefented by itfelf, 
 
 a The egg, of its natural fize. 
 
 b The fame egg feen with the microfcope, 
 which fhews an infinite number of air-vef- 
 fels, diftributed all over the egg’s furface. — 
 
 cc The ovidué cut off at each end of the 
 egg. 
 : FT Gt oemae 
 
 The poifon-bag of the Bee, of its natural fizes 
 
 b The poifon-bag reprefented under the letter 
 zof Fig. Ill. as it appears through the mi- 
 crofcope. 
 
 cc Two blind appendages which ferve to fe- 
 crete the poifon, and afterwards meet fo as 
 to form ae 
 
 e A fingle tube, terminating.in the body of 
 the bag. ; 
 
 1 M4 XX. 
 
 oS CREE E 
 
 The head of the Male Bee, with the parts belong- 
 ing to it, efpecially the eyes, which are bere 
 reprefented much bigger thanin nature. 
 
 particular unequal 
 
 7 
 
 a .Three fingular, or 
 
. 
 3 
 a ‘ 
 
 Mateo ees 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 eyes, which in the male Bee are placed in 
 the form of a triangle between, but lower 
 than the greater eyes; but in the female and 
 working bees, thefe unequal eyes appear in 
 the upper part of the head. 
 
 46 One of the greater eyes, efpecially the fu- 
 perior external face of it, which is by no 
 means pointed, but of a roundith form. 
 
 ¢ The internal inferior edge of the greater eye, 
 which is fomewhat pointed, fo as to leave an 
 intermediate {pace for the reception of the 
 {maller eyes, and other parts. 
 
 d Feathered hairs, or hairs in form of feathers, 
 growing in the {pace between the greater 
 eyes, 
 
 eee Hairs with which both eyes are well fup- 
 plied, and which too anfwer the purpofe of 
 eye-brows or eye-lids. 
 
 Sf The Antenne or little horns. 
 
 g g Fibres of an inverted pyramidal and hexa- 
 gonal form, which immediately appear on 
 removing the cornea, and uvea of the eye. 
 
 bb The upper part of the faid pyramidal fibres 
 of a pretty confiderable breadth. 
 
 # The lower part of the faid fibres, where 
 they terminate in a point; likewife the in- 
 ternal coat of the eye, upon which thefe 
 fibres ftand, 
 
 UPS ogee ce 
 
 The difpofition or fituation of the hexagonal divi- 
 Jfions of the cornea. 
 
 o 
 kRA hexagonal divifion enclofed -by fix other 
 fimilar divifions; and this order, or difpo- 
 fition, or arrangement, obtains all over the 
 cornea, and all its divifions. 
 
 < egies #6 8 
 
 A fmall portion of the Cornea, along with its 
 hairs, as feen through the microfcope. 
 
 111 The thicknefs of the cornea, which is 
 pretty confiderable. 
 
 mmm Fairs like briftles, growing out of the 
 Cornea, which they even perforate with their 
 roots. Thefe hairs projeét a confiderable 
 
 way beyond the furface of the cornea, and . 
 
 anfwer the purpofes of eye-brows and eye- 
 lids. . 
 
 FIG. IV, 
 The cortical lower fibres of the eye. 
 
 nnn The cortical fibres of the eye, which 
 lie like beams or joints on the membranes 
 that {upport the upper pyramidal fibres. 
 
 9 The manner in which thefe fibres are placed 
 one over another, like beams intended to 
 form a raft. 
 
 gv The brain, fituated under thefe fibres, and 
 communicating with them. 
 
 XXiii 
 FI G,.¥, 
 
 The eyes and brain, as they appear on beginning 
 the difection of them on the lower Jide. 
 
 9q The cortical fibres of the eye, fhewing 
 in what manner they lic tranfverfely or a= 
 crofs, under the membranes, that fupport 
 the pyramidal fibres, and are diftributed like 
 the mufcular fibres in the papille of the 
 kidneys. 
 
 r The origin of the fpinal marrow. 
 
 ss The cortical fubftance of the brain divided 
 in the middle, and covering in part the cor- 
 tical fibres of the eye. 
 
 ¢¢ The manner in which the cortical fabs 
 {tance of the brain, communicates at each 
 fide with the fpinal marrow. 
 
 wu The thickeft part of the cortical fibres, 
 and the place where they have the moft ap- 
 parent colour. 
 
 x The internal coat of the eye, fupporting the 
 inverted pyramidal fibres. 
 
 y The firft nodule or fwelling, formed by the 
 {pinal marrow, after its leaving the fkull, 
 22 The pyramidal fibres of the eye, as they 
 appear on each fide, when juft divefted of 
 
 the cornea. 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 Lhe brain more accurately difplayed. 
 
 aa The cortical fubftance of the brain, 
 fhewing, not only in what manner jit com- | 
 
 municates with, but likewife {prings from 
 the brain. ae 
 
 6 The fecond pair of the particle of the brain, 
 from which the cortical fubftance derives 
 its origin, : 
 
 ¢ The firft pair of the brain’s particles, from 
 which iffue dd Bipartite nerves. 
 
 ee The fourth pair of the brain’s particles, 
 fhewing likewife in what manner the par- 
 
 ticles of every pair communicate with each 
 other. 
 
 a ALB XXL 
 
 FoEG, “TI: 
 
 The genital parts of the male Bee, as they appear 
 through the microfcope, 
 
 aa The two tefticles, 
 
 bb The vafa deferentia, twining or curling like 
 the tendrils of a vine. 
 
 cc The fame veffels confiderably dilated, fo 
 
 as to appear like a fecond pair of tefticles, 
 Thefe veffels are hollow. 
 
 dd The feminal or feed bags, into which the 
 vafa deferentia, after growing narrower again, 
 are inferted on each fide. 
 
 ee The nervous root of the penis, 
 
 fA 
 
XXIV A Short Explanation 
 
 A little part or particle of a fubftance between 
 bone and horn, of a deep brown, fomewhat 
 inclining to red, placed within the oval tube, 
 wart or tubercle of the penis. 
 
 g The penis, or part like a penis, but without 
 any perforation. — sa 
 
 hb A {mall part divided into five divifions. 
 
 i Another particle, feated, as it were, oppofite 
 to the former 4 but without any divifions. 
 This particle is fhaggy on its infide, rugged, 
 and full of wrinckles. 
 
 kk Hollow, pointed appendages. 
 
 7] Ligaments, ferving to faften the genital parts 
 in the abdomen, 
 
 m A portion of the fpinal marrow, from which 
 
 roceed 
 
 nn The nerves, that are diftributed over the 
 genital parts, and ferve to move them, as 
 likewife the purpofes of fecretion and plea- 
 fure. 
 
 F1:Gaen 
 o The genital parts of the male Bee, of their 
 natural fize. 
 
 FT Goi. 
 The genital parts of the male Bee, beginning to 
 unfold themfelves 
 
 ce The vafa diferentia cut afunder in their 
 thickeft part, to fhew their thicknefs and 
 cavity. 
 dd The feminal bags cut afunder for the fame 
 purpofe. 
 ee The nervous root of the penis. 
 ff A little horny bone, fituated in the bulbous 
 portion of the root of the penis. 
 hb ‘The five-fold little particle, beginning to 
 unfold itfelf. 
 i? The other particle, without any divifion, be- 
 inning likewife to unfold itfelf. 
 kk The tharp, hollow appendages coming out 
 of the body = 
 q The horny bone, conftituting the extre- 
 mity of the pudendum, 
 ss Certain particles ferving as ornaments to 
 
 the faid bone. 
 $46.41 
 
 of the male Bee, a little more 
 
 The genital parts 
 unfolded. 
 
 ¢ The'nervous root of the penis. 
 
 f The little horny bone placed within the tu- 
 bercle of the root, further thruft out. 
 
 + The quinque fida, or five-fold particle fur- 
 
 _ thertheiReeut. clic omar ONS 
 
 7 The other particles without divifions, alfo 
 more thruft out. ; 
 
 kk The fharp, hollow appendages quite un- 
 folded from their roots, but 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 11 Their points ftill continue out of fight. » 
 
 74 
 r fen the fame parts, as in the laft figure. 
 
 ss 
 TAB. XXII. 
 
 Bi :Gie +k. 
 
 The genital parts of the male Bee, fill further 
 thruji out. 
 
 e The nervous root of the penis. | 
 
 f The little horny bone lying within the tu- 
 bercle of the root. 
 
 h The five-fold particle ftill more unfolded. 
 
 i The other particle, that has got no divifions, 
 further thruft out. . 
 
 kk The hollow appendages quite inverted, or 
 turned infide out. 
 
 ag Denote the fame parts, as in the figure of 
 the laft plate. 
 
 FIG. IL 
 The fame parts yet more unfolded. 
 
 e The root of the penis beginning to grow 
 ftraighter. 
 
 bh The five-fold particle quite unfolded, and 
 exhibiting its five divifions. 
 
 i The other undivided particle entirely dif- 
 played in like manner. j ‘ 
 
 kk The appendages perfectly inverted, or turn- 
 ed infide out, and ftiffened. ~ 
 
 q4 
 r jane the fame as before. 
 SS 
 
 F 1G. MII. 
 
 The genital parts of the male Bee unfolded to their 
 utmoft extent. 
 
 e The root of the penis extended, for the moft 
 art within the pudendum. 
 
 Ff The little horny bone feated in the tubercle © ” 
 
 of the root, now entirely thruft out of the — 
 body, and appearing through the tranfparent 
 parts which enclofe it. ‘The five-fold par- 
 ticle, is now fo much dilated, as to be almoft 
 out of fight, by lying backwards upon the 
 hairy part of the pudendum. 
 
 g The penis, or particle refembling one, now — 
 perfectly inverted, or turned infide out. 
 
 i The undivided pyramidal particle in like 
 manner unfolded and difplayed. 
 
 kkk The appendages as before, perfectly un- 
 folded, and turgid withall. fe 
 
 74 ae. 
 
 r be fame parts as before. 
 
 $3 , 
 
 t The head of the peniform particle beautifully 
 
 plaited, a 
 ut 
 
sch i le 
 
 be ‘gaats 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES XV 
 
 uw A confiderable opening, or perforation under 
 the penis, and at the bottom of, and be- 
 tween the divifions of,,the little horny bone. 
 already fo often taken notice of. The Bee’s 
 feed iffues copioufly at this opening. 
 
 Ptr “$V 
 
 x The head of the peniform particle, which, 
 however, has no opening, and affords no 
 
 paflage to the feed. 
 FirG:).¥: 
 
 The genital parts of the greater Hydrocantharus, 
 or Water Beetle: 
 
 a The penis. 
 
 66 The horny part of the penis, ferving to 
 faften it on each fide. 
 
 cc The root of the penis, 
 
 d The other tefticle in its natural fituation. 
 
 e The tetticle ftripped of its air tubes, fo as to 
 exhibit its internal {tructure. 
 
 Sf The vafa diferentia. 
 
 gg The thickeft part of the faid veffes, 
 
 bh hbhbh Seven blind veffels rooted in the pe- 
 nis, and anfwering perhaps the purpofe of 
 proftata. 
 
 iz The feed bags neatly curled at their extre- 
 mities. 
 
 KE Gav) 
 
 The fpinal marrow of a male Bee, feen through 
 
 the microfcope 
 
 a The origin of the fpinal marrow. 
 
 66 1234567 Seven nodules, formed by the 
 faid organ in its progrefs, and the nerves 
 iffuing from the faid nodules. 
 
 ¢¢ce Some nerves which {pring not from the 
 nodules, but from the branches themfelves 
 of the fpinal marrow. 
 
 dadd, &c. Clefts, or longitudinal perforations 
 in the fpinal marrow. 
 
 e That part of the {pinal marrow, which lies 
 in the head and neck. 
 
 f That part which lies in the thorax. 
 
 g That part which lies in the particle joining 
 the thorax and abdomen. 
 
 hb The abdominal part of the marrow. 
 
 zz Two confiderable nerves diftrubuted to the 
 jaw bones, and other parts. 
 
 kk Two nerves running to the probofcis. Thefe 
 are perhaps the infect’s guftalory nerves. 
 
 7] Two other nerves, adminiftering to the 
 guftatory nerves of the probofcis. 
 
 mm "~wo nerves, perhaps the optic ones; but 
 I advance this with difhdence. 
 
 oo Two ftrong nerves, diftributed to the ge- 
 nital parts. 
 
 Pai.G. Vil. 
 Part of the fpinal marrow, as it appears under 
 @ greater magnifier. 
 pppppp The branches, or ramifications of 
 the {pinal marrow, and the nerves cut away 
 
 from about the nodules. 
 
 9994 The external fubftance of the marrow; 
 refembling as it were a cleft or divided 
 nerve. 
 
 r Another part of the marrow lying between 
 the medullary fubftance, and forming the 
 nodules. 
 
 T ALB. SeXIIt. 
 FulG.oh 
 
 The ichnography of a regular honey-comb of the 
 working Bees, as it appears, when infpected 
 Srom above, divided into its regular hexagonal 
 Jettions. This defeription could not be accu- 
 rayely fhetched out, without the afffhance of 
 Some artificial lines, 
 
 a A regular hexagonal cell, formed by artifi- 
 cial lines. 
 
 66 Double tranfverfe lines, ferving to deter- 
 mine the angles of the cells. 
 
 c¢ Longitudinal lines crofling the former. 
 
 dd Conftitute the fides and diameters of the 
 cells, 
 
 FIG. il 
 
 Four cells of the working Bees, feparated from 
 the other cells, 
 
 a Three cells joined fide by fide to each othe?, 
 and forming by the union, or meeting of 
 their bafes, a cavity exaétly fitted to re- 
 ceive. 
 
 b The bottom of a fourth cell, in cafe the Bees 
 fhould build one. Thus it may be feen, in 
 what manner three cells, built one clofe’ to 
 another, form by the fides of their bottonts 
 a foundation for fupporting the bottom of 
 another cell, to be built a contrary way. 
 
 ¢ Part of a triangular foundation floping down- 
 wards, and of the cell built upon the faid 
 foundation. This is formed by the meeting 
 of the fides of two cells. . 
 
 dd Two pretty long, or longer and tnhequal 
 angles, or corners, formed by the hexagonal 
 fides of the fame cell, and uniting with the 
 former part c, fo as to form the foundation 
 of another cell. 
 
 PS 
 
 A jingle, regular, hexagonal cell cut lengthwife 
 through its centre. 
 
 a One entire third of the foundation, that is 
 cut into two by this feétion. ; 
 
 66 The third part of a foundation, which 
 foundation is cut away. One fegment of 
 this foundation remains united at one fide 
 with the third part laft mentioned, and 
 the other fegment with the.third part men- 
 tioned of the divided cell. 
 
 G c The 
 
XXv1 
 ¢ The entire remaing third part of the divided 
 foundation, fticking to part of another cell. 
 
 123456 The fix fides and angles or corners 
 
 of the cell, as they mutually anfwered one 
 to another. 
 
 Kae Iv. 
 
 Fifteen regular hexagonal cells, cut lengthwife on 
 each 
 
 ab The upper cells. c The lower cells. 
 
 d The common foundation of the upper and 
 lower cells, cut off. 
 
 cece The fhorter fides of the cells. 
 
 ff ff The longer fides of the cells. 
 
 “g The third part of a triangular foundation 
 floping inwards, in its natural fituation. 
 
 F:3-G.-: V. 
 A building, confifling of a great many cells for 
 
 the reception of males and females, in order to 
 fhew in what particulars the fad cells differ 
 one from another, and from the cells of the 
 working Bees. ; 
 
 The cell, or little houfe, of a female Bee, 
 falfly called a king-Bee. This cell refembles 
 a pear, is irregularly built, with hollows 
 here and there on its external furface, aud is 
 placed above the other cells. 
 
 c¢ Cells of male Bees, one third bigger than 
 
  thofe of the working Bees. They are here 
 reprefented fomewhat bigger than nature, 
 the better to fhew the difference. 
 
 The triangular foundation of the faid cells, 
 which appear the better by removing the 
 cells themfelves. 
 
 e Triangular cavities, formed each by three 
 fimilar cells of an oppofite fide or row, that 
 are built one againft another. Thefe cavities 
 receive the bottoms of the cells of the faid 
 fide or row, in the fame manner with the 
 cavities in the conftructions of the working 
 ‘Bee, already taken notice of. 
 
 f Two cells, whofe fore edges are fo covered 
 and faftened with wax, that their hexagonal 
 form cannot be feen. 
 
 g Four very irregular cells, forming a founda- 
 tion for the king’s cell. Thefe four cells 
 
 ~ ferve, perhaps, no other purpofe but that 
 ’ of keeping honey. 
 
 $4-6- V1. 
 
 Four regular cells of the working Bees, built one 
 clofe to another, after fuch a manner, that they 
 
 - all flick to one common or intermediate founda- 
 tion, at the fame time that five of them le to 
 the right, and the other five to the left. 
 
 a Five cells belonging to one fide. Thefe cells 
 taken together are an inch long, are joined 
 to each other by their fides; and their bot- 
 toms lie contiguous to, and fupport, the 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 cells of the oppofite fide. 
 
 b Five cells of the oppofite fide, of the fame 
 length with the former, and united to, and 
 fupporting them in the fame manner. 
 
 cc The intermediate foundation, that ferves as 
 a common bottom to the cells on each fide. 
 
 a sig = alk fe 0 
 
 A fingle, regular, hexagonal cell of a working 
 Bee, divided into three parts; the better to 
 Jhew in what form they are conftruéted. 
 
 aaa Three longitudinal fegments of a cell, 
 each of which contains two fides and one 
 angle. 
 
 123 The three undivided corners formed by 
 the fides of the cell. 
 
 44, 55, 66 The three divided angles that were 
 formed by the feparated fides. 
 
 b The bottom of the cell, divided in like man+ 
 ner into three parts; thefe parts united form 
 a hollow triangular floping foundation. We 
 may here fee, how every two fides of a cell 
 form one part of a triangular bottom. | 
 
 Poa-G, VIL 
 
 Nineteen regular hexagonal cells built clofe to one 
 another, as they appear on their back parts. 
 
 ab The manner in which the cells of oné 
 
 fide are laid out, fo as to form every 
 three of them, by the union of their three 
 bafes, 1 2 3, a hollow, which ferves as .a 
 foundation for a cell on the oppofite fide. 
 For this reafon, if you run pins through the 
 three parts of 1 2 3 of the bottom of one 
 cell, one pin through each part, every, pin 
 will penetrate into a different cell of the op- 
 pofite fide. And on the other hand, on 
 running pins through. the bottoms of three 
 contiguous cells of the oppofite fide, in that 
 part where the faid bottoms lie neareft to 
 each other, thefe pins will all meet in one 
 cell, 
 
 FIG. IX. Letter 4 
 
 The cell of a female Bee reprefented by itfelf, to 
 exhibit the more diftinétly its pear-fhape form, 
 narrow mouth, fpacious bottom, its length, and 
 the unevennefs of its external furface. 
 
 < 
 
 fies 
 
 A building, confifting of nineteen cells, eighteen 
 of which contain the rudiments of Bees, Nine 
 of thefe eighteen cells have got in them eggs, 
 placed on their ends, and four others contain 
 young Worms, that have but lately foed their 
 Jains ; the five remaining cells contain Worms 
 
 a little bigger, and better grown. Of thefe 
 
 laf, that marked with letter a 1s the largeft, 
 7 FIG. 
 
A Short Explanation of th TABLES 
 
 FIG. XI. Letter a. 
 
 Six eggs drawn after nature, and placed on their 
 ends. Thefe eggs are oblong, very flender, but 
 fomewhat thicker on their upper parts. 
 
 FIG. XII Letter b. 
 
 Another Bee's egg viewed with a microfcope. Tt 
 refembles the fein of a fifh, divefted of its 
 Jeales, but fill retaining the marks of their 
 infertions. 
 
 se ON traps 424 F 
 
 Worms of Bees of different fizes, drawn after 
 
 nature. 
 
 @ A Worm newly hatched. 
 
 £cde Four worms that received more nourith- 
 ment, and are more grown. 
 
 J g Two worms ftill bigger than the former, 
 having had more time to make ufe of the 
 nourifhment provided for them. They are 
 here reprefented, as they lie doubled in their 
 cells. 
 
 6 A Worm placed on its belly, fo as to thew 
 on its back a black line, inclining to a light 
 blue or gray. This line denotes the fto- 
 mach, which appears in this place through 
 the tranfparent parts that lie over it. 
 
 z A Worm lying on its back, and beginning 
 to draw in the hinder part of its body, and 
 move its head. 
 
 VF GG, ee 
 
 The full grown Worm of the Bee, viewed with 
 the microfcope. 
 
 aaa Its fourteen annular incifions or divifions. 
 6 The head. cc The eyes. d The lip. 
 ee Two {mall parts, which afterwards form 
 the antennz or horns. 
 Ff Two other fmall, and as it were, articu- 
 lated parts, which form the teeth. 
 The rudiment of the tongue or probofis. 
 bbb Ten breathing holes. 
 z The ftomach appearing on the back through 
 the parts enclofing it. 
 
 FIG. XV. Letter a. 
 
 The little houfe or neft of a Hornet, compofed of 
 bits of barks. 
 
 eG... XVI- 
 A Bees cell full of Bees bread, placed in layers. 
 
 b Little grains, of which the faid fubftance, 
 viewed with the microfcope, appears to 
 confift, 
 
 XXVii 
 TAB, XXIV. 
 B 1.G.:F, 8 and Tih, 
 
 Exhibiting the manner in which the pulmonary 
 tubes, and breathing-holes of a Bee's worm, 
 are confiruéted, 
 
 @2421%12345678910 Ten pulmonary 
 tubes, open on each fide. 
 
 66 Tubes which reach in circumference from 
 one breathing-hole to another, by which 
 means there is a communication’ between 
 all the holes. 
 
 c.c The anaftomofis, or inofculation “of the 
 pulmonary tubes belonging to the oppotite 
 fides of the body. 
 
 ddd The breathing-holes, or orifices of the 
 pulmonary tubes. Thefe holes lie naturally 
 under the fkin, though they are here repre- 
 prefented, as if they projected beyond it. 
 
 e f Rings compofing the pulmonary tubes. 
 Some of thefe rings ¢ are longer than others f. 
 
 &g& The fkin cut off. 
 
 Ee Gaye 
 
 The manner of finding out the blood-veffels of 
 Infects. 
 
 a A glafs tube, part of which bellies outin the 
 middle. 
 
 & One of its ends drawn out to a very fharp 
 point. , 
 
 ¢ The other end, which is more open'and wide 
 than the former. It is at this end that the 
 air is blown in. 
 
 ae Ee Rens 
 
 5 
 
 The tubes that prepare both the matter of which 
 the Worm forms its thread, and help it to 
 form them. 
 
 a The tubes themfelves in which the faid mat- 
 ter is prepared. 
 
 6 The place where thefe tubes meet, and form 
 one trunk. 
 
 cc The divifions of the tubes. 
 
 dddd The ends of the tubes, broken off. 
 
 Er FG. Va. 
 
 Some of the vifcera of the Worm of a Bee. . 
 
 a a The ftomach. 
 
 6 The oefephagus or gullet. 
 
 ¢ Glands appearing through the coats of the 
 {tomach. : 
 
 dd Pulmonary tubes cut off from each fide of 
 
 the ftomach, over which they {pread an in- 
 
 finite number of ramifications. 
 
 e The tranfparent mufcles of the ftomach. 
 
 J The pylorus. z 
 
 Four blind veffels or guts, 
 —- = hh The 
 
xxviii A Short Explanation 
 
 bb The infertion of thefe veflels under the 
 pylorus. 
 
 7 The other guts, 
 the ftraight. 
 
 k The extremity of the ftraight gut, with the 
 {kin ftill adhering to it. 
 
 1 The internal coat of the ftomach, full of a 
 cogulated mattter. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 The web which the Worm of the Bee forms, andin 
 which it afterwards enclofes itfelf. 
 
 or inteftines, the thick and 
 
 VII. 
 
 a The lower part of this web. This part is of 
 a membranaceous fubftance, pretty thick, 
 and ends in a triangular point. 
 
 b The enclofed Nymph of the Bee, tranfparent 
 in the middle. 
 
 ¢ The upper part of the web. This part is 
 convex, and the threads compofing it are 
 very difcernible. 
 
 TAB. XXV. 
 F; 1. G7 
 The Worm of the Bee, forming its web. 
 
 aa The fides of the cell that contain it. 
 
 & The bottom of the cell. 
 
 ¢ The entrance or door of the cell. The 
 Worm is here reprefented as making its web 
 in the propereft manner to fhut up this en- 
 
 trance. 
 BP AcG... 1. 
 
 The Worm of the Bee taken out of the web, in 
 which it had enchfed itfelf, and jup ready to 
 
 caft its fkin. 
 
 a The Worm of the Bee quite deftitute of 
 motion, after it has finifhed its web, with 
 which itis entirely furrounded. 
 
 1 23 The three annular incifions, or divifions 
 next its head ; the fecond and third of which 
 begin to be confiderably diftended, by the 
 limbs growing under them. . 
 
 FIG. Ill. 
 
 ‘A cell, containing the Worm of the Bee changed 
 into a Nymph, and perfectly lined with the 
 faid Worm's web. Likewife the faid web en- 
 tire, with the Nymph contained in it, as they 
 appear on opening the cell. 
 
 aa The fides of the cell, lined with the Worm’s 
 
 web. 
 
 } The mouth of the cell, perfectly clofed by 
 the web. 
 
 c The bottom of the cell. 
 
 d The web. entire, as it appears on opening 
 the cell, which it greatly refembles in form. 
 
 e The upper part of the web, of a convex 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 form. This part fhews its filaments 
 diftinly. a ef 
 f The enclofed Nymph appearing through the 
 tranfparent fides of the web. . 
 g The bottom of the web, anfwering to that 
 of the wax-cell. 
 
 PA GRAYS 
 
 The Worm of the Bee, on the point of changing ta 
 to a Nymph, and ftripped of its fkin, tbe bet- 
 ter to fhew the infant parts of the future Bee, 
 which are here reprefented as they appear 
 through the microfcope, after extending them a 
 little. 
 
 aa The antennez, or horns. 
 
 b The probofcis, with its parts. 
 
 cc The fecond pair of joints belonging to, or 
 forming, the probofcis. 
 
 dd The firft pair. 
 
 ee The firlt pair of legs, lying again® the breaft, 
 
 Ff The fecond pair of legs. 
 
 gg The third pair. 
 
 hh The greater wings. 
 
 zi The {maller wings. 
 
 hk The abdominal wings. 
 
 EtG, Vv ."and VE 
 
 The Worm of the working Bee, changed to a 
 Nymph, of its natural fize and form, yet fo as 
 to exhibit its limbs, which are folded up ina 
 moft wonderful manner. 
 
 aa The head. 
 
 b b Thegreater eyes, one at each fide of the head. 
 cc, The antenna, or horns. .d The probofcis. 
 ee Thewings. The three pair of legs. 
 g The abdominal wings. 
 
 T 1 Gee 
 
 The Worm ‘of a Female Bee, changed into a 
 Nymph, Jhewing its parts difpofed in the fame 
 manner with the former. 
 
 Be1-G, _ Vill. 
 
 The Worm of a Male Bee, changed into a Nymph, 
 differing externally from the two former 
 Nymphs no otherwife than as the Male Bee it- 
 felf differs from the Female Bee, and the work- 
 ing Bee. 
 
 FIG. IX. 
 
 The Nymph of the Bee viewed with the microfcope, 
 
 difplaying in a diftinét manner all the parts of ~ a 
 
 the enclofed infeEt, and the beautiful manner in 
 which they are laid up. 
 
 a The head, bloated with humours. 
 
 bb The eyes, projecting confiderably. 
 
 cc The horns, or antenne. 
 
 d Thelip. ee Theteeth, or jaw-bones. 
 
 ff The fir pair of joints belonging to the 
 probofcis. | 
 
 gg The 
 
a. “ eT Tt Tee 
 <i) are ‘ 
 
 A. Short Explanation of th TABLES, 
 
 gg Thenext pair. 4 The probofcis itfelf. 
 
 zz The firft pair of legs. 
 
 &k Two tranfparent, {tiff little parts, lying 
 againft the loweft joints of the firft pair of 
 legs. Thefe little parts are not to be found 
 as they remain in the fkin it theds on 
 quitting the Nymph ftate. 
 
 1] The fecond pair of legs. 
 
 mm The wings. nn The blade bones. 
 
 oo The laft pair of legs. 
 
 2p The abdominal rings. 
 
 q The hinder parts of the body. 
 projects a little in this place. 
 
 r ‘Two little parts accompanying the fting. 
 
 s The anus. 
 
 The fting 
 
 BEG. Xs 
 
 The diftribution of the pulmonary tubes through 
 the wings, as they appear through the micro- 
 cope. 
 
 a The origin of the wings, where the pulmo- 
 nary tubes are biggeft. 
 
 6 Ramifications and mutual anaftomofes or 
 inofculations of the faid tubes through the 
 wing. 
 
 e Lhe extremities of the faid tubes. 
 
 T. A Be. av 
 ee i ae 
 The nefts or habitation of the Humble Bees. 
 
 @ One part of the neft, containing eighteen 
 cells. 4 Another part, containing eight cells. 
 
 ¢ A cell quite empty, and open. 
 
 @ An irregular bit of wax placed againft one of 
 the cells, in which I found fix eggs. 
 
 e An irregular bit of wax placed againft one of 
 the cells, in which I found twenty-three eggs. 
 
 g Apart of thelittle cells that contained worms. 
 
 6 A little Worm extraéted from its cell, juft 
 as it wason the point of becoming a nymph. 
 
 z A large Worm of that kind, of which I 
 found two in a cell that was fhut up. 
 
 k A larger Worm, found by itfelf in one of 
 the cells. 
 
 Z A cell divided into two parts, in one of which 
 I found two fmaller Worms, and in the 
 other two, a little bigger. 
 
 m A little worm of that kind, of which I 
 found three in one cell. 
 
 n A little Worm of that kind, of which I 
 found four in one cell. 
 
 o Theeggs of thefe infects faftened or glewed 
 by one of their ends, to the furface againft 
 which the parent lays them. 
 
 PSt..G.. II. 
 
 Exhibiting the Lupus Alvearius, or Beehive 
 Wolf, and the particulars of its biftory. 
 
 a The Vermicle, or Worm called the Beehive 
 Wolf, by thofe who feed them, 
 
 Xxix 
 6 A Butterfly of a pale gray, refembling a 
 moth, from which the Beehive Worm 
 
 iffues § after which it lays amongft the ho- 
 ney-combs. 
 
 ¢ ¢ A hollow tubulated web, which the W orm 
 Lupus, or Beehive Wolf, forms, and in 
 which it runs about here and there, as in fo 
 many burrows. 
 
 d A fmaller Butterfly, producing a fmaller 
 kind of Beehive Wolf. 
 
 e The web, which on the outfide appears 
 rough and uneven with the Infeét’s or 
 Worm’s excrements, and cofitains the Bee- 
 hive Wolf-Worm, now full grown, and on 
 the point of performing its mutation. 
 
 J The Chryfalis or Aurelia, into which the 
 Beehive Wolf Worm is changed. 
 
 F I, G.-HL 
 The little Worm found in the Nefts of Wild 
 
 Bees, and its mutations. 
 
 a The Worm itfelf. with fix feet, and of a 
 reddifh colour. 
 
 6 The Nymph, into which the faid Worm 
 afterwards changes. 
 
 c A beautiful Beetle, which, within the 
 {pace of a year, iflues from the faid Nymph, 
 fo as to make it plainly appear that neither 
 the Nymph nor the Worm ‘belonged to the 
 tribe of Bees. 
 
 Fito 3 
 Another fpecies of Wild Bees, reprefented a little 
 
 bigger than nature. 
 FL I-G, -¥; 
 A third fpecies of Wild Bee, 
 Fik:G.- -VI, 
 A fourth fpecies of Wild Bee, having very long 
 
 and very thick antenne or horns, 
 FIG. VI. 
 A fifth fpecies of Wild Bee; - 
 F-1-Ga.3: 
 AA fixth fpecies of Wild Bee. 
 F io: tx. 
 
 4 Hornet. 
 
 aa The Infeé’s four wings. 
 
 66 The two fharp nails with which the extre- 
 mity of each leg is armed. 
 
 ¢ The head, with its eyes in the form of 2 
 crefcent, horns, probofcis, and teeth. 
 
 d Its formidable fting. 
 
 ERG. x 
 4 Wap of a middling fize: 
 HH -¥ TG, 
 
A Short Explanation 
 FIG. XL 
 
 ‘A Wafp of an unufual form 
 F L Ge XII. 
 
 An Humble Bee of a middle fixe, having its 
 "belly Surrounded with hairs of different 
 colours. 
 
 FIG. XI. 
 
 A tripilis Mufca, or three-haired Fly, being a 
 kind of Pfeudophica. 
 
 #°o Gl. Aty. 
 The Nef of the fmalleft fpecies of Wajps. 
 
 ccc Threeinteguments, or coats of the neft. 
 
 d The body of the neft, of which a piece is 
 broken off, to thew the 
 
 ¢ The hexogonal cells in which the eggs are 
 hatched, 
 
 FIG. XV. 
 
 A Wafp’s neft, that I found Sticking to a nettle, 
 compofed of nothing but cells, built clofe one 
 againft another, without any integument, or 
 common covering. 
 
 TAB. XXVII 
 
 Reprefenting the hiftory of the Naficornis, or 
 horned Beetle 
 
 F 1-G. i. 
 The Male. 
 
 @ Its horn, which, properly {peaking, grows 
 rather from the head than the nofe. 
 
 6 Its mouth, feated in the breaft, furnifhed 
 on the upper part with three little teeth, of 
 
 a fubftance between bone and horn, and 
 without any periofteum; thefe creatures 
 differ from men and quadrupedes in this, 
 that their bones do not lie hid within their 
 bodies, but appear naked on the outfide of 
 their flefh, to which they ferve as a defence 
 and covering. . 
 
 ¢ The fhells or fheaths ‘of the wings. 
 
 d A little triangular, horny bone, placed be- 
 tween the faid fheaths, which it ferves to 
 keep clofe to the body, and in the proper 
 fituation : this bone lies on the firft ring of 
 the abdomen. 
 
 é The edge or border of the fheath, . forming 
 
 __akind of ornament. a 
 
 F One of this Hornet's eyes. 
 - Two antenne or horns : 
 
 thofe of thenmale 
 are Digger than thofe of the female. 
 e 
 
 b Allittle horny bone, forming the third joint 
 of one of the Hornet's fix legs, which are 
 _ all of them covered with Goarfe hairs. 
 The foot itfelf, confifting of five joints, the 
 ace which is armed with two crooked 
 nails, 
 
 of th TABLES. 
 FIG. IL 
 
 The female, fearce differing from the male in any 
 thing but fize, and her not having a horn. 
 
 a A {mall prickle growing on the female’s head, 
 to fupply as it-were the want of a horn. 
 
 6 The wings expanded under the fheaths, and 
 the fheaths themfelves a little drawn in, 
 by which means a better view is obtained of 
 the little triangular bone, which ferves to 
 retain the fheaths in their proper fituation. 
 Between thefe fheaths there appear on the 
 upper part of the fore or firft rings of the 
 abdomen, which in the male can only.be 
 feen in the lower part under the fheaths. 
 
 cc Two joints in the rings themfelves, which 
 they ferve to fold, fo as to make them fit 
 under their fheaths, that they may receive 
 no harm, while the Hornet creeps under 
 ground. 
 
 BY Aa. I, 
 The Eggs. 
 
 a Two larger eggs. 
 b Two fmaller eggs, but of different fizes, 
 
 fT oS Fe 
 The Worm. 
 
 a The Worm of the horned Beetle, called 
 Coffus, newly hatched. . It here exhibits its 
 very large head, two teeth, and three legs. 
 belonging to one fide of the body. 
 
 BedeG. « V. 
 The Coffus full grown, 
 
 @ Beautiful wrinkles and folds, with which 
 the {kin is adorned. 
 
 b Nine reddifh {pots on one fide of the body, 
 having each of them a hole through which - 
 the Worm breathes, and fupplies with air 
 its pulmonary tubes. cities 
 
 c A fpot like the former, belonging to the 
 other fide of the body, and placed on the 
 firft or fecond ring of it 
 
 d One of the horns, which confift each of 
 
 ~ five joints. i mahal 
 
 ee The teeth, or jaw bones. 
 
 f Two articulated briftles, above which the 
 lip appear feated between the teeth. 
 
 g Three of the infect’s fix legs, each of which 
 
 “is compofed of five joints, formed of a fub- 
 fiance between bone and horn, befides a 
 fingle nail; and which are moreover covered 
 with hair. e 
 
 & Some pulmonary tubes which appear through 
 the extended out-fkin of the thirteenth and 
 
 fourteenth rings of the infe@’s body. 
 
 7 ‘The extremity of the ftraight gut forming 
 the anus, | 
 
 R&R Hairs 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES, 
 
 &k Hairs covering the body. I here reprefent 
 but thofe that grow on the back and abdo- 
 men, to avoid the neceflity of making the 
 figure bigger than nature, 
 
 F.d:Gy VE 
 
 The exuvia, or caf} Skins, and pulmonary tubes 
 
 caft off by the Coffus. 
 
 aaa Nine twitted little threads of the pulmo- 
 nary tubes, appearing in one fide of the caft 
 fkin, rolled off from the body through the 
 breathing holes, at the time the Worm un- 
 dergoes this mutation ; accordingly all their 
 extremities lie in a direction towards the fore 
 end of the body, as the fkin at this time falls 
 off in a contrary direétion from the hinder 
 end. 
 
 £6 Two fmaller branches of the pulmonary 
 tubes, one at each fide of the body. Tho’ 
 thefe branches do not perforate or pafs thro’ 
 the fkin, neverthelefs as they are faftened to 
 it, they come away at the fame time. One 
 of thefe branches is divided into fome ftill 
 fmaller ramifications ; the other appears ex- 
 actly in the condition, in which with the 
 other nine it fell naturally from the body. 
 
 ¢¢ce Some branches and {maller ramifications 
 of the nine pulmonary tubes of the other 
 fide, a little folded out. 
 
 123 The fkull, which at this time divides 
 into three parts. 
 
 dd The caft teeth, which are hollow. 
 
 e The caft lip. 
 
 Ff, The horns, which are likewife renewed. 
 
 && The two other remaining parts of the 
 parted fkull. They are hollow, and of a 
 fomewhat {pherical form. 
 
 b Six openings in the fkin, that formerly con- 
 tained the new legs. 
 
 z The hinder part of the fkin folded up. 
 
 PiG. ‘Vil. 
 The fibres ferving to move the rings, © 
 FIG. VIII. 
 The heart of the Cofus. 
 @ The heart refembling a membranaceous tube. 
 6 The narrowett part of the heart, feated near 
 the head. 
 c Two dilatations of the heart. 
 
 d ‘That part of the heart, which lies within the 
 laft rings of the body, and is very flender. 
 
 FIG. IX. 
 Lhe fat, compofed of globules, like the grains of 
 Janda, 
 
 X XIX 
 F RGSS 
 The fat examined by the Microfcopg, 
 
 aa The tranfparent membranaceous founda« 
 tion of the fat cell. 
 
 66 Some pulmonary tubes diftributed through 
 the fat. 
 
 ec Globular and oily particles of fat, which 
 float, as it were, in other membranaceous, 
 globular, and irregular particles, fo as to 
 make it probable that this fat confifts of 
 bladders. 
 
 FIG. XI. and XII. 
 
 The fiomach, and adjacent parts. 
 
 aaaa The difle&ed tkin of the Coflus. 
 
 6 The gullet. ¢ The upper part of the ftomach, 
 
 dd Appendages of the ftomach, in the fhape 
 of teeth, feated about the upper end of the 
 ftomach, and divided both above and be- 
 low, into rows. 
 
 1 2 The two upp2r rows in their natural fitu- 
 ation, Fig. XII. e. All the fix upper rows 
 of the appendages, as well thofe belonging 
 to the upper, as thofe belonging to the lower 
 region are here exhibited, but as they appear 
 when taken out of the body. 
 
 12 Two of the rows already exhibited, in an 
 inverted fituation, as they naturally lie with 
 their points direGted towards the infe@’s 
 head. 
 
 3 4. Two lower rows in the fame dire@tion. 
 
 56 The two laft rows of the appendages, ad- 
 hering to the lower region of the ftomach, 
 with their points direéted backwards. 
 
 J A future.on the lower furface of the ftomach, 
 in fome meafure*refembling that of the peri- 
 tonzum. 
 
 g Some other appendages of the ftomach, lying 
 lower down than thofe already taken notice 
 of, with their points directed backwards. 
 
 4 The hinder part of the ftomach. 
 
 zz The loweft appendages, which appear as it 
 were in the bottom of the ftomach.. Thefe 
 appendages are directed towards the head. 
 
 kkkk The vafa varicofa, or the fwollen guts 
 of the ftomach, placed on the upper and 
 lower parts of it, and on each fide, and 
 forming a moft beautiful appearance. 
 
 # The pylorus with the flender gut, which 
 {prings from the ftomach. This part the 
 antients call Ecphyfis. 
 
 m The colon. 
 
 nn Pulmonary tubes running from the laft 
 pair of breathing holes towards the ftomach, 
 and branching into a great many ramifica- 
 tions, that are diftributed over the ftomach, 
 the colon, and the ftraight gut. 
 
 0000 The other fixteen breathing holes, in 
 their natural fituation, as they appear thro’ 
 the fkin. 
 
 p The ftraight gut, difplaced. 
 
 q A rough draught of the parts of the head. 
 
 TAB. XXVIII. 
 
XXX 
 
 . FI G4, 
 The brain and fpinal marrow of the Coffus. 
 
 a The brain, with the four nerves that it 
 produces. 
 
 b "Two origins of the {pinal marrow at fome 
 diftance afunder, but meeting lower to form 
 one trunk. 
 
 ddd Nerves iffuing from the fpinal marrow. 
 
 FIG.” Tf 
 
 A recurrent nerve, as is appears through the 
 microfcope. 
 
 aa The origins of the recurrent nerves, cut 
 off in that place where they iffue from the 
 brain. 
 
 44 Recurring nerves, tending upwards; their 
 afcent may be feen on each fide of the in- 
 feét’s gullet. 
 
 ¢¢ Elegant inflections of the recurrent nerves. 
 
 d The firft nodule formed by the recurrent 
 nerves after their union. 
 
 e A recurrent nerve again changed to a fingle 
 one. 
 
 f The fecond nodule of a a recurrent nerve. 
 
 g Small nerves branching from a recurrent 
 nerve. 
 
 fiectees eS - LET. 
 
 The fpinal marrow of a Silk-Worm when about to 
 enter the Nymph flate, the better to fhew the 
 difference between its fpinal marrow and that 
 of the Cofus. As likewife what little reafon 
 fome people have to confider every dilatation of 
 the marrow as a diftine Brain. 
 
 a The brain. 
 
 666 123, &c. The fpinal marrow, confift- 
 ing of twelve globules or nodules, which 
 are formed as it were by the union of twelve 
 
 pair of nerves iffuing from the brain. 
 
 cc A pair of nerves running to the eyes. 
 
 dd A confiderable part of nerves iffuing from 
 the firft nodule of the marrow, and tending 
 towards the mufcles of the head, teeth, and 
 other parts. Every one of thefe nerves form 
 by itfelf a beautiful nodule. 
 
 ee Two of thefe nodules. _ 
 
 J A pair of very fine nerves iffuing from the 
 brain, or origin of the {pinal marrow. 
 
 g The recurrent nerves in their natural fitua- 
 tion, with the two nodules belonging to 
 them, and the nerves arifing from the faid 
 
 nodules. 
 
 b A pair of nerves arifing from the firft nodule 
 
 ' Of the marrow, and running towards the 
 little bags that contain the juice of which the 
 filk is compofed, like a glutinous liquid. 
 This pair of nerves ferves perhaps to animate 
 
 the moving and extruding fibres of the faid 
 filk bags. 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 T AB. XXVIII. 
 
 iz Two pair of elegant nodules, formed by 
 
 nerves that proceed from the brain, and firft 
 nodule of the {pinal marrow, and are diftri- 
 buted chiefly towards. the mufcle of the 
 head. 
 
 kkkk Four pair of nerves which iffue from 
 the very origins of the marrow, and by no 
 means from itsnodules. In my opinion the 
 origin of all the other nerves is like this, as 
 more particularly appears in the nerves of 
 the Silk-Worm Butterfly, in which the fub- 
 ftance forming the nodule is of a different 
 nature from that of the fpinal marrow, fo 
 that the whole is enclofed in the latter merely 
 for the fake of procuring it greater firmnefs, 
 
 In man, the origin of whofe marrow confifts 
 likewife of two parts, the nerves arife in like 
 manner from the nervous part of the mar- 
 row, which is full of fibres, and after pro- 
 ceeding a little way beyond the faid ner- 
 vous part, and growing fomewhat longer, 
 they every one of them unite to form fuch 
 nodules at different diftances from their ori- 
 gin. The fame difpofition is obfervable . 
 even in quadrupedes. On placing the warm 
 matrow of thefe infects on cold {pring water, 
 it hardens to a confiderable degree, and very 
 plainly exhibits its fibres, and the heteroge- 
 neous matter, of which it is formed. This 
 circumftance I have reprefented by a great 
 many curious drawings, done after nature, 
 in Dr. Slade’s houfe, from a fpinal marrow, 
 publithed by Dr. Blafius with his book of 
 Commelyn. But this laft gentleman added 
 the defcription. My name was not men- 
 tioned on this occafion, becaufe fome other 
 Gentlemen, who affifted me in the diffeCtion, 
 not choofing to have their names made pub- 
 lick, I thought it improper that mine fhould. 
 
 It is likewife very remarkable, that in men and 
 brutes, the pia mater, enclofing the medul- 
 lary fubftance that iffues like a fine filament 
 from the marrow, in order to form a nerve, 
 lies fo clofe and firm about the nerves, that it 
 is {carce, if atall poffible, to penetrate into 
 its ramifications with the fineft threads that 
 glafs can bedrawninto. And as this narow- 
 nefs is ftill increafed by the medullary fub- 
 ftance, it is eafy to guefs how fubtile that 
 matter muft be, which flows through thefe 
 and other nerves, and is only reftrained by 
 that very fine membrane called the pia ma- 
 ter, I therefore firmly believe, that this 
 matter, called the animal fpirits, is not to be 
 gathered or contained by any veffels, and is, 
 for that reafon, altogether invifible. 
 
 But that thefe little nerves fhould be in no dan- 
 ger of entangling one with another, or dif- 
 placed, the Author of Nature has contrived 
 that they fhould form various nodules ; and 
 that each of them, at its origin, fhould, in 
 men, as well as beafts, be connected by that 
 delicate membrane, which forms the third 
 coat of the brain, and is called, by us, 
 
 arach- 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 Arachnorides, on account of its extreme 
 finenefs. The cavities of the ventricles of 
 the brain are united together merely by 
 means of the faid coat, which likewife ferves 
 to keep firm in their proper fituation the ar- 
 teries adhering to the bottom of the brain. 
 As therefore the ventricles of the brain have 
 no other coat to enclofe and connect them, 
 but this very delicate one, which gives way 
 to the flighteft impreflions, we may eafily 
 fee, that the faid ventricles aré by no means 
 fuited to contain the animal fpirits, which 
 no doubtare continually paffing and repaffing 
 through the whole fubftance of the brain, 
 marrow, and nerves, in order to contract 
 the mufcles. It is therefore the pia mater 
 alone that can be fuppofed to contain the ani- 
 mal fpirits. But I abfolutely deny, that, as 
 fome people think, thefe fpirits pafs in great 
 quantities through the faid coat, as there are 
 not to be found in the brain or origin of the 
 marrow any ventricles ; or any great quantity 
 of fpirits, that we may fuppofe to be driven 
 backwards and forwards in fuch a manner. 
 Befides what power fhould drive them. 
 There are no mufcles at hand for that pur- 
 pofe ; and as to the opinion of fome, who 
 attribute {uch a motion to the heart, experi- 
 ence fufficiently proves, that the juices fe- 
 creted from the blood move flower than the 
 blood itfelf. It would be more agreeable to 
 experience to fuppofe, that fome juices are 
 fecreted from the blood into the nerves, in 
 order to move the mufcles; nor would a 
 great quantity of fuch juices beneceflary, as 
 appears plainly in the cafe of the fimalleft 
 tumours. 
 
 In Frogs, the Wray-fith, arid other animals, 
 after the nerves have been feparated fome 
 hours from the fpinal marrow, and all mo- 
 tion has ceafed in the mufcles, I can not- 
 withftanding reftore the faid motion, by on- 
 ly any how irritating the nerves fo cut off. 
 And this makes me believe, that the blood, 
 that continually flows through the arteries 
 into the marrow and nerves, produces in the 
 mufcles, by means of the nerves, fuch a 
 conftant irritation, as muft keep the mufclés 
 in a ftate of perpetual contraction. To ex- 
 
 lain the mechanifm of this motion; The 
 food we take in, after paffing through the 
 heart, increafes our blood : the blood drives 
 to the brain, irritates the mufcles to con- 
 traction, by fecreting fome few fubtile par- 
 ticlés, which are moved towards thé nerves, 
 and penetrate them. The mufcles will, in 
 their turn, put their contents in motion, and 
 thus a perpetual and uninterrupted motion 
 mutt of courfe be produced in all the parts of 
 the animal machine. It would certainly be 
 worth while to demonftrate, by adue courfe 
 of experiments, thefe operations of the blood, 
 fpirits, nerves, and mufcles. What I have 
 here faid of them is only by way of paren- 
 
 XXXII 
 thefis, and therefore I think I have faid 
 enough. 
 
 J111/ Some very beautiful inofculations of the 
 nerves. 
 
 mmm The reft of the nerves iffuing from the 
 lower part of the medullary nodules. 
 
 ann &c. Some parts of the fpinal marrow, 
 where its divifions are not {o conf{picious, 
 as more particularly appears in three places 
 hear the breathing-hole, or refpiratory 
 points. 
 
 I 23, &c. Nine breathing-holes, which I 
 here reprefented, to fhew the fituation of the 
 {pinal marrow, with refpect to the annular 
 incifures of the body. 
 
 0 In this place I have reprefented the fpinal 
 matrow with agreater cleft, than it really has, 
 the better to fhew the nerves //. 
 
 Thé remaining part of this figure reprefents 
 the genital parts of the Male Silk-Worm 
 Butterfly. 
 
 p p Two branches of the laft and greateft pair 
 of nerves, which branches, proceeding from 
 the loweft patt of the marrow, are cleft near 
 their extremities, and form a flit for the paf 
 fage of the vafa differentia r r. 
 
 9q The tefticles of the Silk-Worm Butterfly; 
 already difcernible in the Silk-Worm itfelf; 
 
 rr The vafa differentia: , 
 
 ss Places at which the faid veffels run in a fura 
 prifing manner through the-nerves of the 
 marrow. I leave others to judge whether or 
 no this difpofition contributes to increafe the 
 titallation. 
 
 ¢ A proftata; or fomething analagus to that 
 glandule. 
 
 uu The faid bags, fupplied with their feminal 
 matter from two diftinét tubes. Thefe bags 
 are not only feparated from the vafa differen- 
 tia, but have not the leaft communication 
 with them. ; 
 
 x x The body of the penis, with a perforation 
 from end to end for the paflage of the feed. 
 
 yy Two nails or hooks growing near that part 
 of the penis, which is of a fub{tance between 
 bone andhorn. It is by means of thefe nails 
 or hooks that the male fixes itfelf againft the 
 vulva of the female, and draws her towards 
 him, the furer to penetrate her with his pe 
 nis. The fame contrivance appears in the 
 horned Beetle, and other infeéts. 
 
 z Part of the penis, confifting of a horny 
 bone. The bone ferves as a preputium of 
 fheath, from whofe fore end the penis pro- 
 jects, 
 
 F I G. ‘IV; 
 
 An oval nef, hollowed out under ground by the 
 Coffus, in which it changes to a Nympb. 
 
 aa The earth in which the Coffus had formed 
 its oval neft. 
 4 The 
 
XXXIV 
 
 b 'The neft itfelf. 
 ¢ The Coflus, changed into a Nymph. 
 
 F I Gage 
 
 The changes vifible in the internal parts of the 
 Coffus, a little before its entering the nymph 
 
 fate. 
 
 a The gullet as not yet altered, and pafiing 
 through a cleft in the marrow, while the 
 Coffus continues in the Worm ftate. 
 
 bb The ftomach, with its appendages con- 
 fiderably contracted. 
 
 ddd The vafa varicofa feparated from the up- 
 per and lower parts of the ftomach, and out 
 of their natural fituation. 
 
 e The infertion of thefe vefiels; for behind 
 the pylorus they open by four tubes into an 
 ecphyfis. 
 
 Ff The colon, almoft of its former fize, ow- 
 ing to the contents of the ftomach and {mall 
 gut being fallen into it. 
 
 g Cells of the colon, with its ligament in the 
 middle. 
 
 b The ftraight gut. 
 
 zz The vafa varicofa folded and coiled in a moft 
 furprifing and beautiful manner againft each 
 fide of the ftraight gut. 
 
 k A rough draft of the Worm’s head. 
 
 apt Bde Gore Video VIL aed VIL, 
 
 Ai front view of the Nymph of the Coffus, and all 
 tts parts, flightly expreffed by the graver, and 
 defcribed by lines only, ‘the better to fhew its 
 parts. The eighth figure reprefents the lower 
 parts of the Coffus's bead, that the changes it 
 undergoes may be the better comprebended, 
 
 a The horn growing on the nofe. 
 
 6 The root of the faid horn; which in the 
 ‘Beetle is ‘covered on its lower part with fome 
 ftiff red hairs. This part grows in the nofe 
 
 Of the Coffus. 
 
 ec Two fpherical tubercles, being the remains 
 
 ~ ‘of ‘the Coffus’s teeth dd. Fig. VIII. And 
 
 ~~” thereforethefe teeth are four times fmaller 
 in the Beetle, than they were in the Coffus. 
 
 dd The teeth of the Coffus. 
 
 ¢e Two pair of tubercles like the former, be- 
 
 ing the remains of the Coflus’s horns f f 
 ‘Thefe tubercles are of quite another form in 
 the Beetle. 
 
 ff The Coffus’s two horns. 
 
 g g Two tubercles of a more oval form, grown 
 
 ~ from the articulated briftles of the Coflus b A, 
 and afterwards vifible in the Beetle itfelf. 
 
 b b The articulated briftles of the Coffus. 
 
 2 Three beautiful globules placed in the middle, 
 and ‘growing from the particles of the Coffus 
 matked', Thefe globules -are likewife of 
 another figure-in the Beetle. 
 
 & The four briftles.of the Coffus, ‘already taken 
 notice of. 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 i The greateft {pherical divifion of the Nymph, 
 which in the Beetle confifts of a horny bone, 
 and is covered with hair on each fide. 
 
 mm The breaft bone. 
 
 11 The firft pair of legs, 
 
 22 The fecond pair. 
 
 3 3 The third pair, with its joints 
 
 an The fheaths of the wings. 
 
 oo A {mall portion of the wings themfelves. 
 
 pp The abdominal rings. 
 
 q The two fhield-like parts of the anus. 
 
 Bob Sp IX. 
 
 A back view of the Coffus, Jhewing the fourteen 
 annular incifions of its body, and the tranfpofi- 
 tion of its breathing-holes. 
 
 1 The firft ring of the body, now armed with 
 a horn on the head. 
 
 21 The fecond ring, in which the firft pair of 
 breathing-holes is feated under the fore legs, 
 oné at each fide of the thorax. 
 
 3 4. The third and fourth ring, which form 
 but one ring, and may be faid to conftitute 
 the hinder part of the thorax. 
 
 5 2 The fifth ring, in which the fecond pair 
 of breathing-holes is feated under the wings, 
 one at each fide. 
 
 6 3 The fixthring, in which the third pair of 
 breathing-holes externally appears, one at a 
 fide, on the borders of the belly. 
 
 7 3 The feventh ring, and fourth breathing- 
 
 ole. : : 
 
 8 5 The eighth ring, and fifth breathing-hole. 
 
 96 The ninth and tenth ring, and fixth 
 
 and ¢ and feventh renteanigalebiea: all very 
 
 10"7 diftintin the Coffus, but in the Beetl 
 pretty clofely united. 
 
 10 8 ) The eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth 
 
 i2 9 f rings, which now in a manner form 
 
 13 but one ring. The eighth pair of 
 breathing-holes, placed on the eleventh ring, 
 is almoft clofed up in the Nymph. And the 
 ninth pair, which in the Coflus appeared in 
 the twelfth ring, is no longer to be feen in 
 its Nymph. = 
 
 14 The fourteenth ring, vifible only in the 
 belly, between the two fhield-like parts. I 
 here orily mark its fituation. 
 
 T AB. XX 
 F Gee 
 The Caterpillar of the fwift Butterfly. 
 
 a Itshead, and fome of the hairs growing on 
 its forehead or forepart; likewife its two 
 teeth. . sate 
 
 ‘} Its breaft. — ¢ Its belly. — 
 
 d Its tail, in which are feen its two hinder legs. 
 
 e The extremity of the tail, ending in‘a point, 
 Neither the breathing-holes, the fore, of 
 “middle part, are to be feen in this Cater- 
 
 pillar, 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 pillar, as I have reprefented it lying on its 
 belly. 
 ¥F 1G. @. 
 
 The Chryfalis or Aurelia of the fwift Butterfly, 
 belonging to the fecond made of the third order 
 or clafs. . 
 
 a The eye. 
 
 4 The probofcis, beautifully bent back towards 
 the belly, 
 
 c¢ The horns and legs, ftretched over the body. 
 
 d The wing belonging to one fide. 
 
 ee The rings of the breaft, and of the abdomen. 
 
 ih Sc Ape i 8 
 
 The fwift Butterfly. 
 
 aa Theeyes. 
 
 66 The antennz or horns, growing above the 
 eyes. 
 
 ¢ The probofcis, confifting of a double tube, 
 by means of which this infec conftantly 
 fips up its food, while flying. It is to be 
 noted that the great length of this curious 
 
 organ is contrived by Nature, that the in- 
 {ect fhould take its food without being obliged 
 to fly too near the flowers, which might in- 
 jure its wings. 
 
 d The extremity of the probofcis, coiled up by 
 means of fome minute mufcles. Thus the 
 Butterfly can gather up this-part into a little 
 compaf{s, and hide it between the forks. 
 
 e A fide view of part of the forks. The forks 
 are two particles covered with hairs, formed 
 like a feather. 
 
 J The tail, by means of which the infeét, when 
 on the wing, fhapes its courfe; {fo that its 
 flight is fteddier than that of other Butterflies. 
 The reft appears behind the head and breaft, 
 and the abdomen, which is beautifully 
 adorned with hairs, made in form of feathers, 
 and of changeable colours. 
 
 gg The upper wings, which are the largeft. 
 
 bb The lower wings. All the four wings are 
 curioufly ornamented with hairs and {cales. 
 And thefe ornaments, by containing a great 
 deal of air, make the Butterfly lighter than 
 it otherwife would be, and confequently the 
 fitter for flying. 
 
 EEG, Ay. 
 TheSicarius, or Afjafin Worm, an aquatic infec. 
 
 aa Its fix hairy feet. 
 
 &, Its hairy tail, furnifhed, as it were with two 
 oars, by means of which the Worm can 
 float on the furface of the water. 
 
 cc Sharp and crooked teeth with which this — 
 
 infect kills other infects for its food, and 
 fucks up their’ blood, 
 
 dd Eight of the infeéts twelve eyes, of which 
 fix are at one fide of the head, and fix at 
 the other, 
 
 XKKV 
 ee. Four ariculated briftles 
 
 and between the teeth, 
 
 Sf Two longer briftles,. which may be con= 
 fidered as the infects horns. 
 
 g Six breathing holes. This Worm has fix- 
 teen, 
 F 1G. Vv. 
 
 growing, under, 
 
 A tooth of the Sicarius, or Affafin Worm, viewed 
 with the microfcope. 
 
 a The point of the tooth, fharp, and crooked. 
 
 6 A tharp ridge on the internal furface of the 
 the tooth. 
 
 c The convexity of the external furface. 
 
 d An oblong aperture, or flit, through which 
 that infect fucks its food. 
 
 BE vaio 6 
 
 The breathing holes of the Beetle, in their natural 
 Jituation ; as likewife the rings of the body, 
 which may be taken from the figure of the 
 Nymph already exhibited. 
 
 a1 The firft breathing hole placed obliquely 
 backwards in the breaft bone, upon the fe- 
 cond ring. 
 
 b 2 The fecond breathing hole, fituated higher 
 under the wings in the fifth ring, and in an 
 oblique dire¢tion to the firft breathing hole. 
 
 ¢ 3 The third hole, fituated a little higher up 
 on the edge of the abdomen, and in the 
 fixth ring, 
 
 d 4 The fourth ftill a little higher up on the 
 feventh ring. 
 
 e 5 The fifth higher up again in the eighth 
 ring. 
 
 f6¢7 68 The fixth, feventh, and eighth 
 holes, confiderably fmaller than the pre- 
 ceeding ones. They lie on the ninth, tenth, 
 and eleventh rings. ha 
 
 ¢g The ninth hole, that appeared in the 
 twelfth ring, now quite clofed up. 
 
 FIG. VII. and VIM. 
 
 The eyes, optic nerves, and-brain of the Beetle, 
 
 a The.eye juft.divefted of the cornea, and the 
 uvea, fo as to fhew its invefted pyramidal 
 fibres. : 
 
 4 A fnow white fibrous coat of the eye, in 
 which all the pyramidal fibres terminate. 
 
 c The optic nerve feparated from the infide of 
 the faid coat’s cavity. 
 
 The: dark colour .of the faid coat. There 
 are in this place a great many ramifications 
 of the pulmonary tubes, of which I have 
 reprefented three branches. 
 
 e The manner in which the pulmonary tubes 
 run along the inverted pyramidal fibres in a 
 a ferpentine courfe towards the cornea, in 
 the eye.of,a live Beetle. I have reprefented 
 thefe pulmonary piftules, fomewhat id 
 
 than 
 
XXXVI 
 
 than they really are, that they may appear 
 the more diftinét. 
 
 ff Two horny bones growing on the fkull, 
 over the eye, which they in a manner divide. 
 
 g An expanfion of the fkull, of a fubftance 
 between bone and horn, commonly called 
 the nofe-horn, with its rugged furface. 
 
 b A fuperficial divifion of that part of the eye, 
 which lies within the fkull; this divifion is 
 formed by the upper projections of the fkull. 
 
 i The brain, confifting, as it were, of two 
 united globules. 
 
 & Pulmonary tubes of the dura mater, and op- 
 tic nerves. 
 
 1] The fineft parts of the optic nerves, jutt at 
 their iffuing from the brain. 
 
 mm The fame nerves grown bigger. 
 
 nan The fame grown {maller. 
 
 oo The fame again increafed, on their ap- 
 proaching the eyes. 
 
 pp The origin of the {pinal marrow, cut off 
 in that part where it forms a flit for the 
 paflage of the gullet. 
 
 Fil Ge TX, 
 
 The Pulmonary tubes, with their veficles in the 
 horned Beetle. 
 
 aa Diftended veficles of the pulmonary tubes, 
 of which I here give an entire branch bigger 
 than nature. 
 
 bb Tubes and their literal branches, {pringing 
 from the upper part of the veficles. 
 
 cc Some tubes ifluing from the fides of the 
 faid veficles. 
 
 FIG. X. 
 
 ‘A pulmonary branch and its veficle, viewed with 
 the microfcope. 
 
 aa Rings that compofe the tube, of a fub- 
 ftance between bone and horn. 
 
 5 The ftruéture of thefe rings, which is fuch 
 as to make it probable they are formed by a 
 concretion of {pherical particles. 
 
 ¢¢ Some places, in which the convolutions, 
 compofing the rings are terminated, and fuc- 
 ceeded by new ones. ; 
 
 dd Membranes binding the rings together ; 
 in thefe membranes there appear fpherical 
 particles, of which they are in a manner 
 compofed. 
 
 ee Some {maller rings at the top and bottom, 
 
 ~_ of the pulmonary veficle. 
 
 Sf The ftru@ture of the pulmonary veficle it- 
 felf. It is of a white membranaceous fub- 
 ftance, compofed of an infinite number of 
 minute globules, which on account of their 
 convex furfaces: give this part, as often as 
 the light fhines on it, a white colour, though 
 without any refplendency. 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES 
 
 TAB. XXX, 
 P 1.G.+-1, 
 
 Vificule pneumatica, or breathing, or pulmonary 
 veficles, that appear between the two plates of 
 the fheath covering the wings. . 
 
 aa The two largeft branches of the trachea, 
 which appear through the faid plates, on 
 holding them to the light, and examining 
 them with the microfcope in that fituation. 
 
 bbb Pulmonary tubes iffuing from the branches 
 aa, with their veficles. 
 
 ccc Pulmonary tubes iffuing from the faid 
 veficles, and again forming other veficles 
 and tubes, €&c. 
 
 Fic, ae 
 
 The firft fpecies of an Exotick, Rhinoceros, or 
 . horned Beetle. 
 
 a Its eye, from which iffue the projeCting part 
 of the fkull. | 
 
 b An excrefcence of the fkull, forming a kind 
 of horn, in the middle of which there ap- 
 pears a tubercle with a fharp point, and a 
 fingle cleft at its end. . 
 
 c The breaft bone projecting on the fore part 
 in a fingle tube, which terminates in two 
 teeth. 
 
 dd The two lids or covers of the wings, be4 
 - tween which there lies on the infeét’s back 
 about its breaft a triangular horny bone. 
 This bone keeps the lids or covers when fhut 
 
 from running one over the other. ; 
 
 e The abdominal rings, in which are the two 
 breathing holes of the Beetle, that are al- 
 moft clofed up ; I have left them unfhaded, 
 that they may appear the plainer. 
 
 fff The three legs belonging to one fide, 
 with their joints, nails, and hair. The. 
 breaft-bone of this infeét, and likewife the — 
 projecting part of the faid bone, and the 
 nofe-horn, are all of a deep brown inclining 
 to black; but the fheaths of the wings are 
 fomewhat paler, and near to a light red, 
 The legs are black. 
 
 F1-G— Uy 
 
 A fecond fpecies of the horned Beetle, which may 
 be very properly called the flying Elephant. 
 
 a The eye belonging to one fide of its head, 
 in regard to which it plainly appears, that it 
 is covered like that of the Dutch horned 
 Beetle, by a projecting procefius of the full, 
 of a fubftance between bone and horn, and 
 that it is likewife united with the faid procefs. _ 
 
 6 Another projection of the breaft bone, of the — 
 
 fame fubftance with that of the fkuil. ‘This 
 
 projection covers the eye too, but is by no 
 
 means united with it; for the eye is ee! 
 i 
 
A Short Explanation of 
 
 hid by the faid projection, which ferves as 
 
 - an eyelid, and moves backwards and for- 
 forwards over the eye, as the Beetle moves 
 its head. 
 
 c Some ornaments of the fkull. : 
 
 d The nofe-horn of the fkull, refembling the 
 probofcis of an Elephant. 
 
 e Atubercle, in form of a tooth, growing near 
 the end of the nofe-horn, which is more- 
 over cleft in the middle ; butas this is a fide 
 view of the infect, the faid cleft cannot be 
 
 ‘feen. e. 
 
 f The breaft bone. 
 
 gg Two tharp prominent forks, or teeth of 
 the breaft-bone, in regard to which I con- 
 fider this infect as having fome refemblance 
 to an Elephant. 
 
 bh The lids that cover the wings. 
 
 i The fecond joint of the legs. 
 
 & The third joint. 
 
 J The fourth joint, or the foot, with its joints, 
 hairs and nails. 
 
 As all thefe parts are compofed of a folid horny 
 bone, the mufcles are enclofed by them, 
 whereas on the contrary in men and quad- 
 rupedes, the bones lie within the flefh. This 
 Beetle is very black, but fhining withall, 
 like polifhed ebony, fo as to afford a very 
 pleafing fpectacle, efpecially as its colour 
 has a reddifh caft. 
 
 ' Gah. 
 A third fpecies of the horned Beetle. 
 
 @ One of its eyes. & One of its horns. 
 
 ¢ Its nofe-horn. : 
 
 dd The breaft-bone, and its projections. 
 
 ee The fheaths of the wings. All the pats 
 are gray, owing to an infinite number of 
 {mall hairs, that grow on them, the nofe- 
 horn, and projections of the breaft-bone ex- 
 cepted: But the ground of the horny bone, 
 on which thefe hairs grow, is black, as is 
 likewife the horny bone of the foot, whofe 
 hairs do not grow fo clofe, as thofe covering 
 the other parts. 
 
 roe Wr ors 
 
 The breaft-bone of a fourth fpecies of Beetles. 
 
 a Some ornaments of this part, which is com- 
 pofed of a fubftance between horn and 
 bone. 
 
 4 A thick expanfion of the breaft-bone. 
 
 c Its two blunt ends. 
 
 d Some hairs growing on the part that unites 
 the head and thorax. Thefe hairs facilitate 
 the motion of the head. 
 
 e Some projections of the fkull. 
 
 JF The nofe-horn, with its teeth. 
 
 & The horn, and one of the eyes, 
 
 the TABLES. XXXVil 
 FIG. VI. 
 A fifth fpecies of a horned Beetle, 
 
 a Its eye. 
 
 6 The nofe-horn, growing out of the f{kull, 
 crooked and blunt. 
 
 c The firft proceffus of the breaft-bone. 
 
 d The fecond. 
 
 e The third. All thefe are only the limbs bes 
 longing to one fide. 
 
 J A little prominent border, which is turned in, 
 and entirely furrounds the breaft-bone ; it is 
 found in every {pecies of horned Beetles, 
 Lower down, and more forward than the 
 faid border, are to be feen thofe ornaments of 
 a horny bone, which are covered with loofe 
 hairs. 
 
 &§& A fingle joint of the legs; the remaining 
 
 parts may be conceived from the other 
 figures. 
 
 eGo ei 
 Part of the heart of the Dutch horned Beetle. 
 
 aa Some broader parts of it 
 bb Some narrower parts. 
 
 FIG. VIII. and IX. 
 The genital parts of the male horned Beetle, 
 
 a The part forming, as it were, the theath or 
 fore of the penis ; this part is a horny 
 
 one. 
 
 6 Two horny bones, or nails of the penis, by 
 means of which the male, in copulation, 
 fixes its penis into the vulva of the Female. 
 
 c The thick nervous part of the penis. 
 
 d The body or root of the penis. 
 
 ee The vafa differentia, bigger in the middle 
 than at the extremities. 
 
 Ff One of the tefticles quite unfolded, or laid 
 open, in order to fhew thoroughly the tefti- 
 culary veffels. 
 
 g The extremity of the faid tefticulary veffel. 
 This veflel is clofed. 
 
 h The other tefticle, almoft in its natural fitua- 
 tion. 
 
 z The blind extremity of the tefticulary veffel 
 laid bare. 
 
 kk Seminal bags. 
 
 // Two flender curled tubes, in which the 
 faid bags terminate; and which terminate 
 themfelves at each fide into fix other tubes. 
 
 mm Twelve mott beautiful glands, fix at a 
 fide, which are united with the faid twelve 
 tubes, and fend their feed to the penis by the 
 feminal bags. 
 
 m The upper part of thefe glands, which is 
 flattith. 
 
 o The lower part, which is globular. 
 
 p The lower fide of the faid globular part, 
 fomewhat magnified, fo as to thew in what 
 
 ‘what manner it is united with the tube of 
 the 
 
xxxvii A Short Explanation 
 the feed-bag. ‘This part contains a limpid 
 
 feminal matter. 
 g A fubftance furrounding the feminal matter, 
 which refembles the white of an egg. 
 
 FIG. X.e 
 
 The ovary of a Female, and its parts. 
 
 a The head of the female, feparated from the 
 
 ' body. 
 
 & The gullet and ftomach. 
 
 ¢ The inteftines. 
 
 d The exitus, or extremity of the inteftines. 
 
 ee The ovary, confifting of twelve oviducts, 
 fix at a fide, and ftill containing eggs of dif- 
 ferent fizes, or in which there moreover 
 appear eggs of different fizes. 
 
 f The vulva. 
 
 g A bag, thaped like a pear, opening into the 
 vagina of the uterus. 
 
 b A blind veffel, which in the infect appeared 
 like a tranfparent lymphatic veffel. 
 
 i Another particle, communicating with that 
 laft mentioned, and containing a hard white 
 fubftance. 
 
 kkkk Pulmonary tubes, and veficles, diftri- 
 buted in great numbers amongft the fore- 
 going parts. 
 
 1 Avconfiderable branch of thefe tubes and ve- 
 ficles, running at one end of the common 
 ovary duct. 
 
 #2 Some other fmaller branches belonging to 
 
 _ , the ftomach and inteftines. 
 
 TAB. XXxXI. 
 
 The Hiftory of the Arborefcent Flea, 
 
 FUG. I. 
 The arborefeent Flea. 
 
 @ The aquatic aborefcent Flea, a little bigger 
 than nature. 
 
 ae © ee | = 
 
 Al fide view of the faid Infect, taken with a 
 microfcope. 
 
 a One of the eyes, fituated at one fide of the 
 f{nout. See 
 
 46 Its branching arms, iffuing from a fingle 
 
 trunk. Each of thefe branches terminates 
 in two branches, which are again divided 
 Into joints and lateral hairs. 
 
 ¢ The infeé’s tharp fhout, with which it fucks 
 
 its prey, | 
 @ Its icaly fkin, with an opening in it,’ through 
 which it can thruft out its body and tail. 
 
 ™ 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 e The tail, or extremity of the body, in which 
 there appears an inteftine through the tranf- 
 parent furrounding parts ; the feet are to be 
 feen in the fame manner on the fore part of 
 the body, near the opening in the fkin juft 
 now mentioned. 
 
 Jf The extreme point of the rhomboibal hell, 
 that covers the body. 
 
 4 Tranfparent eggs, which lie on the fore part 
 of the infect, upon its pellucid body, with 
 which they move backwards and forwards. 
 
 F4-G. 1h, 
 
 4 more front view of the arborefcent Flea, with 
 the opening in its fain. 
 
 a An eye. 
 
 ¢ The fnout. 
 
 d The flit, or opening in the fkin, reprefented 
 in its natural condition, but fomewhat on 
 the fore part, in order to exhibit the legs 
 now projecting beyond it. 
 
 ef The tail, and its hairs, a little more thruft 
 out from under the faid opening. 
 
 g& The tharp point, or extremity of the infea’s 
 fcaly fkin. 
 
 4 That part of the body, in which the eggs lie. 
 
 64 The branching arms. 
 
 A thort Hiftory of the Gnat. 
 
 Bod Ga2ty. 
 
 The Worm, which turns to a Gnat, of its natural 
 Jixe, viewed in different fituations. — 
 
 oe 2'G. 
 
 The fame Worm viewed with the microfcope, fo 
 as as to fhew its thorax and belly, andin what 
 manner it can fufpend itfelf on the furface of — 
 the water, by means of the appendages of its 
 
 tail. 
 
 aa Theeye. 66 The antenne, or horns. 
 
 ¢ The mouth, with its hairy parts, and arti- 
 culated briftles. 
 
 dd The thorax, with its hairs and divifions. 
 On diffecting this Worm, feet are found laid 
 up under the faid regular divifions. _ 
 
 e a divifions of the belly, with its briftly ' 
 
 airs. 
 
 JF The tail. 
 
 g An appendix to the tail, through which ap- 
 pendix there appear two pulmonary tubes, 
 through which ie infect breathes. 7 
 
 4 Black fpots, hairs, and little hollows on the 
 extremity of the faid appendage. It is by 
 means of thefe the Worm fufpends itfelf on 
 the furface of the water 
 
 ? Bubbles of air, difcharged by the Worm 
 from the appendage of its tail. 
 
 kk ‘The 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 kk The two main trunks of the pulmonary 
 tubes, fhewing themfelves through the belly. 
 Thefe trunks have their mouths in the ap- 
 pendage of the Worm’s tail. 
 
 / The anus difcharging fome excrements. 
 
 m Excrements diffolving in the water. 
 
 a A little tranfparent: inteftine, fhewing in 
 what manner the excrements are extruded. 
 
 a va. 
 
 The great Worm changed to a Nymph, of its na- 
 tural fize, in two different fituations. 
 
 FIG. VI. and VIII. 
 
 Two reprefentations of the faid Nymph fomewbat 
 magnified, One of thefe reprefentations confifis 
 of nothing but outlines, the better to exhibit the 
 parts of the infett, which it ts intended to 
 reprefent. 
 
 @ One of the eyes on the fide of the head. The 
 head itfelf at this time lies higher up. 
 
 6 One of the two antennz. divided into black 
 joints. 
 
 ¢ A fting, or prickle, with its fharp point 
 lying between the wings: 
 
 dddd The legs; the hinder ones coiled up in 
 a very furprifing manner, and lying for the 
 moft part under the wings, through which 
 however, thofe belonging to one fide fhew 
 themfelves in this figure. 
 
 ee One of the wings. 
 
 Sff Eight rings of the body. 
 
 gg A beautiful edging belonging to the belly. 
 
 6 The tail, now hanging down, with its row- 
 ing fins. 
 
 i? The antenne of the Worm, altered by caft- 
 ing afkin. It is by means of thefe antenna, 
 that the Nymph now hangs by its head on 
 the furface of the water, and in this fituation 
 breathes, and is enabled to perform its mu- 
 tation with the greater facility. 
 
 AS. ROCK. 
 Fd Gyo 
 
 The male Gnat, of tts natural fize. 
 Fot-G.2cit 
 
 The male Gnat viewed by the microfcope. 
 
 aa The eyes, refembling a net. 
 
 66 The antennz, much more beautiful than 
 thofe of the female. 
 
 ce One pair of the antennez, or articulated 
 briftles. each of which confifts of three 
 joints. 
 
 d The external fheaths of the fting. 
 
 e The fting itfelf, or one of the five ftings 
 projecting beyond the fheath. 
 
 SF FF The Gnat’s fix legs, confifting each of 
 
 feven joints. 
 
 XXXix 
 §§ 8s Sharp, fealy, feathers growing on the 
 two wings. ig 
 bb Two little hammers, again{t which the Gnat 
 ftrikes its wings, and fo makes a buzzing 
 noife 
 
 #z The thorax, covered with tiff hairs. 
 
 kk The belly, confifting of eight rings, “as in 
 the Worm. ! 
 
 | ae ea 9B 
 
 The ftings of the Gnat, and their internal sheath; 
 or korny channel, 
 
 a The external theath of the fting, cut off 
 near the head, and feparated from the ftings, 
 and their channel. 
 
 6 The internal tubulated fheath; or channel, 
 containing five ftings. The blood flows in 
 this channel along or amongft the ftings. 
 There are befides in here two drops of a 
 tranfparent liquor or humour, which per- 
 haps is the poifon faliva that produces the 
 the tumour, in the wounded {kin. 
 
 cc The very flender ftings, extraéted from the 
 faid channel. 
 
 ddd Three thicker ftings, pulled likewife out 
 of the faid channel. 
 
 e The neck of the Gnat feparated from. its 
 body. 
 
 J The head. 
 
 && The eyes of a reticulated form, 
 
 hb The horns cut off. 
 
 iz A pair of articulated briftles cut off likewife. 
 
 FIG, Jy. 
 The head, and fling of the female Gnat. 
 
 aa The antenne, or horns, which differ con- 
 fiderably from thofe of the male. 
 
 £6 The shorter articulated briftles. 
 
 ¢ The external fheath of the fting. 
 
 oa Tes Re 
 The female Gnat of its natural fixe. 
 T AB. XXXII. 
 Which exhibits the noéturnal Butterfly or Moth. 
 
 No. I. The Worm or Caterpillar of the noc- 
 turnal Butterfly, fticking in its firft coat or 
 f{kin, and of its natural fize, 
 
 II. The hardened fhell of the egg, divided in- 
 to two parts, as quitted by the Worm. 
 
 III. The Caterpillar itfelf, having attained its 
 full fize, remarkable on account of its won- 
 derful form. 
 
 @ Four little bundles of hair, behind the head, 
 like fo many cloaths brufhes, clipt even at the 
 tops; they are of a white colour, inclining 
 to yellow, and fet along the back. 
 
 64 Two other bundles of black hairs of un- 
 equal lengths, placed about the fore part of 
 the head, and which appear like horns. 
 
 cc Two 
 
xl 
 
 cc Two other feathers, like bundles of hairs, 
 
 laced on each fide of the breaft like oars. 
 
 dd Two more, like the firft, but not fo beau- 
 tiful; of a yellowith white. 
 
 ee Shorter feathers like hairs, placed all over 
 the fkin, and interfperfed with other longer 
 ones. 
 
 Ff The feather-like ornamented tail. 
 
 1V. The fame Caterpillar wound up in its web, 
 fhortly to undergo its change. 
 
 aaa The web, in which the Caterpillar has 
 fettled itfelf. 
 
 8 The third and fourth ring fwelled by the in- 
 
 ~ -creafe of the limbs within the Butterfly. 
 
 V. The fame Caterpillar changed into a Chry- 
 falis, or Aurelia, which in a little time is to 
 become a male Butterfly, the limbs of the 
 Butterfly that is by and by to be produced, 
 
 . are now vifible, tho’ obfcurely. 
 
 VI. The male Butterfly produced from the 
 
 - former Chryfalis, in which may be feen 
 
 aa Itselegant horns.’ 4 Its {mall body. 
 
 ce Its large wings, which are wanting in the 
 
 female. 
 of JoGizn if: 
 
 The egg of the nocturnal Butterfly, fhewn in 
 No. I. in its natural fize, 1s bere reprefented 
 
 as magnified. 
 
 oe be Sap 9 
 
 The egg, broken open by the infect that fluck in 
 it, reprefented as magnified 5 which was hewn 
 of its natural fize, No. Il. 
 
 F1G. Ul. 
 
 The web quitted by the Catepillar, with the per- 
 foration it makes when about to be changed into 
 a Butterfly; fbewing how the eggs are glued 
 in it, which are laid by the female Butterfiy, 
 which in like manner are afterwards to pro- 
 duce Caterpillars, 
 
 FIG, I. 
 
 The Chryfalis of No. V. reprefented, exhibiting 
 all the external parts of ihe future male Butter- 
 fy: namely, 
 
 a The two eyes in the head, under which 
 
 ~ ftretched againft the thorax is difcerned the 
 
 _ probofcis or trunk. 
 
 6 The antenne, or horns, removed from their 
 Natural fituation. 
 
 - ¢¢ The fix legs, alfo removed out of their 
 proper place, that they may be the more 
 eafily viewed. ; 
 
 -dd Two pair of wings. 
 
 e The wings of the abdomen. 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES, — 
 
 F LG: Vor, 
 The Chryfalis of the female Butterfly, exhibiting 
 
 again all its limbs and parts, as confirudted in 
 their natural fituation. . 
 
 Bid Sing Vas 
 
 The female nocturnal Butterfly, reprefented No. 
 IV. but far more imperfect in its limbs and 
 parts than the male. 
 
 a a Its two lefs elegant horns. 
 
 6 The thick and diftended body. 
 
 cc The four fhort wings, or which may be 
 rather called imperfect rudiments of wings. 
 
 se ee ee ik 
 . The female, with her belly diftended with eggs. 
 
 a The fkin upon the back cut open and turned 
 backwards, to fhew the great number of 
 eggs with which the belly is filled. 
 
 TAB. XXXIV. 
 The Hiftory of Day-Butterflies. 
 PPro. i 
 
 The Caterpillar from which the common Dutch 
 day Butterfly is produced. 
 
 a Its external form, which is as it were fet 
 thick with prickles. 
 
 b Three of the foremoft of its fix legs. 
 
 c Four of the middlemoft hinder legs. 
 
 d The two hinder legs. 
 
 For Gar. 
 
 The Caterpillar magnified, exhibiting its thirteen 
 annular divifions. 
 
 1. The firft annular divifion or ring, confti- 
 tuting the head, in which 
 
 aa On each fide are fix eyes. 
 
 44 The antennz or horns. 
 
 cc Theteeth, placed under and near the lip. 
 
 d The little prominent particles, the middle 
 moft of which is formed like a papilla or 
 nipple. ; 
 
 2. Another annular divifion, with its briftly 
 hairs, which is called the firft point of refpi- 
 ration, or breathing hole. 
 
 e Another of the firft per 
 
 ed 
 
 joints, having a croo 
 
 of legs, with its 
 claw at the extre- 
 
 mity. 
 
 34 The third and fourth ring, which have no. 
 breathing holes. The third ring, with the 
 two larger ones alfo is befet with {mall 
 prickles, of which only thofe in the fourth 
 are reprefented. 
 
 f Another of the fecond pair of legs joined 
 under the third ring. . 
 
 g Another 
 
sd 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. xi 
 
 g Another of the third pair of legs, joined 
 under the fourth ring. 
 
 . 5. The fifth ring, on the other fide of which 
 
 there appear three prickly hairs, 
 
 b A prickly hair placed in the middle of the 
 Caterpillar’s body, like that which is placed 
 on each of the twelve rings. 
 
 # The firft and largeft prickly hair, placed on 
 the other fide of the body ; under and near 
 which is feen a fecond, and under it another 
 breathing hole. 
 
 & A third prickly hair under the belly. 
 
 6 The fixth ring, formed like the fifth, con- 
 taining the third breathing hole. 
 
 78910 Thefe rings are conftructed in the 
 fame manner with the two former, in which 
 appear the fourth, fifth, fixth, and feventh 
 breathing holes. 
 
 Ji7/-Four of the middlemoft legs, together 
 with their flefhy articulations and crooked 
 claws ; joined in the bending part of the 
 body, each with its ring. 
 
 11 The eleventh ring, formed like the former, 
 in which is placed another of the eighth pair 
 of breathing holes. 
 
 12 The twelfth ring, differing. from the reft 
 in the number of its prickly hairs. The reft 
 of the nine breathing holes above it, axe 
 feen placed in this fide of the body. 
 
 13 The thirteenth ring, adorned at leaft with 
 two prickly hairs. 
 
 mm The tail and the laf pair of legs, placed 
 in the extremity of it. 
 
 rt G. vist 
 The kidney-like little parts. 
 
 aa The divifions which appear on the furface 
 of thefe kidney-like parts, 
 
 Feet. Sv. 
 The fomach, and its parts. 
 
 a The gullet, which runs naturally through a 
 flit in the f{pinal marrow. 
 6666 Some pulmonary tubes difperfed over 
 the ftomach. 
 cc A tendinous ligament of the ftomach. 
 ddd Mutcular tranfparent fibres of the fto- 
 mach. 
 ee The vafa varicofa, or {wollen veffels, which 
 are the clofed inteftines, con{tituting, as it 
 were, twelve little inteftines. . 
 Sf The place, in which thefe inteftines, below 
 ‘the pylorus, are produced from the inteftine 
 next the ftomach. 
 gg The manner in which the fame is bent into 
 fix little tubes, and turned back towards the 
 ftraight gut, againft which they are folded 
 and curled. 
 
 6 b Vheir windings and foldings, 
 
 z One of the thick inteftines, in which the 
 
 excrements receive their form; {0 that it is 
 not unlike the colon, 
 
 & The ftraight gut. 
 eG, Vv 
 
 Two veffels hitherto unknown, which lie in folds 
 near the ftomach 
 
 aa Two tubes, which might very well pats 
 for filk bags. 
 
 66 The origin of thefe tubes, afcending to- 
 wards the brain; they are very narrow in 
 this place. 
 
 ¢ §wellings in thefe tubes. 
 
 d Their tharp extremities, inferted lower down 
 near the blind guts. 
 
 FIG. Vit 
 The heart. 
 
 aa The hollow channel of the heart. 
 b5b, &c. Mautcles fituated on each fide of 
 the heart, which they ferve to dilate. 
 
 EtG. -vire 
 The brain and Jpinal marrow. 
 
 a Thebrain. 64 Origin of the {pinal marrow, 
 
 ¢ The firft nodule of the {pinal marrow. 
 
 dd Two pair of nerves, arifing immediately 
 from the fpinal marrow, which produces 
 three pair more in the fame manner. 
 
 e The fecond nodule of the {pinal marrow. 
 
 J The fourth and greateft cleft or flit of the 
 {pinal marrow, below the third nodule. 
 
 & The fourth and fifth nodules, with the 
 fingle nerves fpringing from them. 
 
 tkimn The fixth, feventh, eighth, ninth, and 
 tenth nodules of the {pinal marrow, with the 
 four nerves iffuing from each nodule, 
 
 e The eleventh and laft nodule of the {pinal 
 marrow, with the nerves that it produces, 
 
 TAB XM, 
 Fo1.Goak 
 
 The web formed by the Caterpillar, when about 
 to enter the Nymph ftate. 
 
 a The Caterpillar’s web, in which it fixes the 
 nails of its hinder feet, and fo remains fuf- 
 pended head dowawards. 
 
 6 The third and fourth rings of the thorax, 
 confiderably diftended by the blood and air, 
 that dilate the latent wings and legs. 
 
 c Eight intermediate legs, which lofe their 
 {kins by degrees, and are at length flipt off 
 towards the tail. 
 
 d The firft order of legs, which are likewife 
 about to fhed their fkins, and roll off one 
 over another. 
 
 FIG. If. 
 
A Short Explanation 
 FIG. IL 
 
 [xu 
 
 The limbs of the future Butterfly, that grew out 
 of fight under the prefent infec?s fhin. 
 
 aa Its two antenne or horns. 
 
 bb The two thanks of the probofcis. 
 
 cc Parts like forks. 
 
 dd ‘The eyes. *, 
 
 ee The upper and lower pair of wings, be- 
 tween which are to be feen the legs growing 
 from the thorax. 
 
 Ff The rings of the body. = g The tail. 
 
 ee Tee || 
 
 The natural difpofition of fome of the latent limbs 
 reprefented by the lat figure, as appears through 
 the microfcope. 
 
 aa The place where the horns or antennz are 
 jointed with the head, and from thence are 
 regularly turned back, and folded in a:fer- 
 pentine manner. 
 
 5b The two thanks of the probofcis, difplaced 
 a little from their natural fituation. 
 
 cc The forky particles in their natural fituation. 
 
 dd The eyes in their natural fituation. 
 
 e A portion of the fkin, that lay over the mid- 
 dle of the fkull, which is in this place re- 
 
 _ moved. 
 
 Sf The root of the probofcis. 
 
 g The forks, between which the infe@, 
 when become a Butterfly, curls up its pro- 
 bofcis. 
 
 ies Uae ares 
 
 The Caterpillar beginning to fed its Skin. 
 
 aa The eight intermediate legs rolled off to- 
 wards the tail, and fhedding their fkins. 
 
 & The fix fore feet, feparating from each other, 
 
 and flipping forwards. 
 
 c The flenil divided, into 'three parts, the 
 middlemoft of which is here reprefented. 
 
 d Another portion of the divided fkull. 
 
 e The third portion. 
 
 If The forky particles, which are the parts of 
 the future Butterfly, that appear firft. 
 
 Fed Cr. Vs 
 
 The Caterpillar in greater forwardnefs towards 
 5 the Chryfalis flate. 
 
 aa The eight intermediate legs now driven 
 _ higher towards the tail. 
 6 Four of the fore pair of legs rolled off as far 
 ~as'the middle of the body. 
 ed The forky particles entirely divefted of their 
 fkin; and the divided fkull; and the firft 
 
 pair of the fix fore 
 -upon the body, 
 
 legs rolled off higher 
 
 = 3, ee 
 
 j 
 
 of the TABLES, + - 
 FIG. .VL 
 
 The Caterpillar after it has quite thrown off its 
 Sein; fo as to acquire the name of Chryfalis. 
 
 a The wings, horns, probofcis, and legs, all 
 of them extended, and of another form. 
 
 6 The rings of the abdomen {tripped of its 
 fkin: Thefe are now more ‘comprefied to- 
 wards each other than heretofore. It here 
 appears in what manner the Chryfalis, by 
 means of the nails in its tail, continues fuf- 
 pended by its web. 
 
 PF Axs. Vil. 
 
 All the parts or limbs juft now mentioned, as they 
 appear through the microfcope. 
 
 aa The forky particles, which are no longer 
 to be feen in the Butterfly. The third figure 
 exhibits them under the letters cc, in their 
 natural fituation. 
 
 b The middle portion of the head, which 
 heretofore lay under the fkull, and is repre- 
 fented in the laft mentioned third figure, 
 under the letter e. ; 
 
 cc The root of the probofcis reprefented in the 
 fame place under the letters ff. 
 
 dd The probofcis itfelf denoted by the let- 
 ters 5d, 
 
 e The extremity of the probofcis fo much ex- 
 tended, as to reach the rings of the abdo- 
 men, and placed between the antennz. 
 
 Sf The firft pair of legs. 
 
 &g The fecond pair.” 
 
 4b The antenne or horns, whofe origins or 
 rudiments are exhibited by the third figure 
 under the letters a a. 
 
 zi Their extreme ends, which are very thick, 
 
 kk The eyes, under which the horns lie bent. 
 Thefe eyes are reprefented by the letters dd 
 of the third figure. . 
 
 /111 The wings placed in each fide of the 
 body. 
 
 mm 'Vhe nervous divifions of the wings. Thefe 
 divifions are in reality no more than pulmo-_ 
 nary tubes. age 
 
 nn The rings of the abdomen clofed and: 
 folded one over another. j 
 
 oo Some prickly hairs like papille, divefted . 
 likewife of their fkins and feated on the in- 
 fe&t’s back, from which they projeé a little. 
 More forwards may likewife be feen four 
 breathing holes. : 
 
 p The tail freed from its fkin, as likewife the 
 anus. 
 
 q The nails of the tail, and the manner in 
 the infect ufes them to faften itfelf to the 
 web. stb a. 
 
 PAG. VIir. ; os 
 
 The Chryfalis lying on its back. 
 Pl G. ies 
 
A Short Explanation of the TA B LES. 
 
 FPG. Ex, 
 
 The colour of the upper and largef pair of the 
 future Butterfly’s wings, as they very plainly 
 appear through the tranfparent fkin of the 
 
 Chryfalis. 
 BEES See @ 
 The caft fhin of the Chryfalis, dividing into 
 Sour segments. 
 
 @ The firft part of the divided fkin. This 
 part contained the Butterfly’s two fore-pair 
 of legs, and its probofcis. 
 
 56 The tkin of the back, and abdomen, 
 divided into two parts, that ferved to enclofe 
 the thorax, head, and four wings. 
 
 ¢ The {kin tore off near the origin of the ab- 
 domen, whofe tings it heretofore contained. 
 
 d Some of the internal membranaceous cafes, 
 or integuments of the horns, legs, and pro- 
 bofcis. Thefe membranes are always bro- 
 ken on the Chryfalis’s firft appearing in the 
 Butterfly form. 
 
 ee Some pulmonary tubes, divefted of their 
 integuments, and appearing in the fkin itfelf. 
 
 } Nea PC AB 
 The Butterfly, lately fript of its Sains. 
 
 @ Part of the body, which the wings do not 
 as yet cover. 
 
 44 The fmall {pots and colour of the wings. 
 
 cece Four legs of the infed. 
 
 dd The antenne, or horns, growing over the 
 the eyes, which are furrounded with hair. 
 Between. the, horns are two fhaggy forks, 
 which hide the probofcis. 
 
 e The two thanks of the probofcis, hid between 
 the faid forks. 
 
 FG? XIE 
 
 44. Butterfly, which in little more than a quarter 
 of an hour after its firft appearing as fuch, has 
 acquired its full growth and perfection, fo as 
 already to know what it ought to feek after, 
 and what avoid; what may be ufeful to it, and 
 what prejudicial. In this refpeét then, the 
 Butterfly infinitely ferpaffs all other creatures, 
 even man bimfelf; and with a moft audible 
 voice, asit were, publifhes to all mankind, the 
 praifes.of their common Creator. 
 
 TA B. XXXVI, 
 Path Giissk 
 
 The fiomach, and contiguous parts, with the vafa 
 
 “incognita, or unknown veffels, heretofore d- 
 
 Seribed ; all which parts are now altered in a 
 moft furprifing manner. 
 
 ¢@ Folds and turnings of the vafa incognita, 
 exhibited already, Tab. XXXIV. Fig. V. 
 
 Ixiii 
 
 b Their origin, confifting of a flender tube. 
 
 ¢¢ Their divifions and dilatations, 
 
 d The end of them, near the origin of the 
 ftomach. 
 
 ee The two curled-up or coiled thanks of the 
 probotcis. 
 
 J The origin of the gullet, near the root of the 
 probofcis. 
 
 g The channel of the pulmonary veficle or 
 bladder, arifing from the gullet. 
 
 4 The pulmonary bladder, or veficle itfelf. 
 
 i? The ftomach, confifting of many beauti- 
 ful curled prominences. 
 
 & The hinder part of the ftomach, like a 
 wrinkled inteftine. 
 
 11111 Six vafa varicofa, or fwollen guts, {pring- 
 ing by two origins from the little inteftine 
 below the pylorus. 
 
 mm The ftraight guts, with their twifts, and 
 globular contents appearing through them. 
 
 a The inteftine confiderably dilated, fo as to 
 form the cloaca. 
 
 o Another dilatation of the inteftine. 
 
 p The ftraight gut. q The anus. 
 
 rr The two mutfcles of the anus, | furnifhed 
 each with a tendon of a fubftance between 
 bene and horn, 
 
 oS PREY | 
 The genitals of the Make, 
 
 a The penis, confilting partly of a horny bone, 
 and partly of a nervous texture. 
 
 66 Two horny bones, fituated one at each 
 fide. of the penis. 
 
 ¢ The articulation of thefe bones, with a bor- 
 der of the fame fubftance, that goes round 
 the penis in the form of a belt. 
 
 dd Another horny bone, belonging to the 
 penis, divided in the middle. , 
 
 e A back view of the divifion of the faid part. 
 
 J The nervous root’of the penis. 
 
 §& The body or root of the penis, beautifully 
 curled or coiled. 
 
 b A granulated matter, like filver fand, that 
 flowed from a punéture made in the penis, 
 
 2 The opening of the root of the penis: 
 
 k The divifion of the nervous part of the penis. 
 
 ‘111 Two beautifully curled feminal veftels, 
 iffuing from the divifion of the penis. : 
 
 mm Two other ftraighter veffels, {pringing 
 from the fame divifion. 
 
 7A globular dilatation of the faid veffels. 
 
 FLL Goss 
 The ovary, and its parts. 
 
 aaaaa The ovidu@, divided at each fide 
 into three ducts, which afterwards terminate 
 in very fharp points. 
 
 ¢ 4 The common duéts of thofe already: men- 
 tioned, ending in a fingle trunk. 
 
 eccce Five veffels, containing a glutinous 
 . {ubftanee, 
 
 i INR 
 
xliv 
 fubftance, with which the Butterfly faftens 
 its eggs. 
 
 d The ovary, contracted into a narrower tube. 
 
 e An oblong bag, in the fame place. ee 
 
 Ff Part of the faid bag, full of a yellowifh 
 matter. 
 
 g The lower partof it, full of alimpid humour. 
 
 ® A little tranfparent part, like a {heath or 
 cafe, that contained a little horny bone. 
 
 § The aperture of the faid little horny bone. 
 
 FliGeodv, 
 The fat. 
 
 aa Some pulmonary fiftules, ferving to bind 
 up the fat. 
 
 666 The figure of the fat itfelf, very different 
 from what it had in the Worm. 
 
 TAB. XXXVII. 
 The Butterfly enclofed in the Caterpillar. 
 
 No. I. The Butterfly, under the Caterpillar 
 form, covered with its firft fkin, in which it 
 is called an egg, and lies in the fame manner 
 that the Butterfly lies within the fkin of the 
 Chryfalis. 
 
 Il. The faid firft fkin, or membrane, after it 
 has been caift off. 
 
 Ill. The Butterfly-Caterpillar, or the Butterfly 
 in the form of a Caterpillar. 
 
 IV. The faid Caterpillar drawing near its 
 change, and containing, within its fkin, 
 the Butterfly, expreffed by the I. HU. II. and 
 IV. Figures. 
 
 a Its protuberant limbs and wings, which are 
 not difcernible about the iecond annular 
 fection of the body. 
 
 6 The fame limbs, fprouting out under the 
 third ring. 
 
 ¢ The hinder part of the body, growing 
 ‘{maller by degrees. 
 
 dd The beam to which this Caterpillar had 
 fattened its flight web. 
 
 e That part of the web, in which it had fixed 
 the nails of its hinder feet. 
 
 Ff A ligament compofed of threads, with 
 which the Caterpillar had girt itfelf about 
 the middle of its body. 
 
 V. The Butterfly-Caterpillar, after it had thed 
 
 "its fkin, in the Chryfalis form. This num- 
 
 ber fhews all the limbs of the Butterfly al-. 
 
 ready exhibited by the fourth, but more ob- 
 fcurely, and difpofed in a different manner. 
 
 VI. The Butterfly itfelf, or Caterpillar-Butter- 
 fly, with its wings extended, and arrived at 
 its full growth. 
 
 ao kA, 
 
 The ag of a Caterpillar, which is a Butterfly, 
 
 reprefented bigger than nature. 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES 
 
 Fl G. +4. RS ant 8V 
 
 The Butterfly, extracted from under the fkin of 
 the Caterpillar, exhibited by No. IV. 
 
 aa Itsantennz, or horns. 5 Its probofcis, 
 cc Its four wings, placed between its fixlegs. 
 dd Annular fections of its belly. 
 
 FTG. Y, 
 
 All the faid parts of the Butterfly, as concealed 
 in the Chryfalis. 
 
 aaaa Theantenne. 6 The brobofcis, 
 
 cc Four legs lying on the upper wings. 
 
 dd ‘The upper wings, and part of the lower 
 wings. | 
 
 e The head and eyes. 
 
 Jf The belly and tail, with their {eGtions. 
 
 Brera: Vi. 
 
 The parts, jujt now exhibited, divefled of all 
 their coats, reprefented more diflinélly, and in 
 their natural fituation, fo as to give an oppor- 
 tunity of even diftinguifbing the Butterfly’ 
 colours. 
 
 Boe ts, Vide 
 
 Exhibiting a black [pot, appearing through the 
 external fkin of the Chryfalis, in one of the 
 Butterfly’s tranfparent wings. It may be cer- 
 tainly known, by the appearance of this fpot, 
 whether the Chryfalis is foortly to cafts its fain. 
 
 The caft fhin of the Butterfly-Chryfalis, which 
 almoft always divides regularly into four parts. 
 
 a eo ee be 
 
 Shewing the manner in which the Butterfly, with 
 its wings as yet very fhort and little, creeps out 
 of its laft fein, under which it was called 
 a Chryfalis, 
 
 Pot Gr 
 
 The manner in which the wings of the Buttorfy, 
 exhibited by the IXth Figure, expand by de- 
 grees, and acquire their full growth. 
 
 E.G 
 
 All the limbs of this Butterfly, with its wings, 
 in a growing flate. 
 
 aa Thetwoantenne, or horns. 
 
 6 The curled probofcis. cc The upper wings. 
 dd The lower wings. ee The fix feet. 
 SF The belly, its hairs, rings, and little feathers. 
 
 TAB. XXXVUIy 
 
 The mutations of the common Bog-houfe Fly. 
 
 No. I, The egg of the boghoufe Fly, of its na- 
 natural 
 
A Short Explanation of thee TABLES, 
 
 » tural fize.. The figure underneath repre- 
 fents it bigger than nature. 
 
 JI. The double coat or fkin of the faid egg, 
 left by the Bog-houfe Worm, which at laft 
 changes to the Bog-houfe Fly. . 
 
 Ill. The faid Worm newly hatched, a little 
 bigger than nature. 
 
 IV. The faid Worm full-grown. 
 
 V. The faid Worm grown immovable, by 
 degrees, under its fkin, and changed to 
 what I call a Vermiform-Nymph. 
 
 VI. The Bog-houfe Fly itlelf, proceeding 
 from the Bog-houfe Worm, after the latter 
 has changed into a Vermiform-Nymph, and 
 and caft off two {fkins. 
 
 Sime Bee Ses © 
 
 The egg of the Bog-houfe- Fly, as it appears 
 through the mtcrofcope. It is oblong, full of 
 angles, beautifully coloured, and teffellated lke 
 the Dutch cakes, called Woffels. 
 
 FT G.. AL 
 
 The double coat of the egg, broken by the Worm it 
 contains, The external coat is of a fubflance 
 like plaifier; the internal coat, which is 
 thinner, refembles a membrane. 
 
 FUT G, «TH. 
 
 The Bog-houfe Worm, as it appears through the 
 microfcope, divided into annular fections, and 
 tts body beautifully furrounded, as it were, 
 with little tufts of feathers. 
 
 FUG. 
 
 The fame Worm changed into a Nymph, of a fize 
 bigger than nature, in order to fhew that the 
 little difference, as to external form, between 
 this Nymph and the preceding Worm, (Fig. 
 III.) confifts of no more than this, that in the 
 Nymph flate the infects fnout is drawn in 
 within the head, and all the annular incifions 
 of the body are become fhorter than they were 
 in the Worm fiate. Add that the infect, in 
 the Nymph fiate, 1s deftitute of motion, where- 
 as in the Worm fiate, tt was very attive and 
 ively. 
 
 F=E-Ge -V. 
 
 The true or real Nymph, concealed within the 
 Vermiform-Nymph, (No. V. and Fig. IV.) 
 and thence extracted through incifions made in 
 the fein. This figure is a little bigger than 
 
 nature. 
 
 F 1G. VI. and VII. 
 
 The fame Nymph (Fig. V.) viewed with a 
 very great magnifier, the better to diftingui/h one 
 from another ; it’s limbs, which are chiefly 
 
 xlv 
 exhibited by the feventh Figure, and denoted by 
 
 letters, as follows. 
 
 aa Are the reticulated eyes, between which, 
 at the fame time, may be feen the probo- 
 {cis, placed towards the thorax. 
 
 4 The two antennz, or horns. 
 
 ce The fix legs, folded up on each fide, 
 again{t the thorax. 
 
 dd The folded wings. 
 
 e The abdominal rings, with the tubercles 
 growing on the edge of the abdomen, 
 
 F & G.. VIE. 
 The Bog-houfe Fly, (No. VI.) bigger than nature, 
 
 with its external parts. 
 
 aa Two reticulated eyes, of a purplith colour, 
 and parted by two filver belts or borders, | 
 
 5 Two antennz on the forehead. 
 
 cc Apair of wings of a membranaceous fub- 
 ftance. 
 
 dddd Six hairy legs, the extremities of every 
 one armed with nails. 
 
 e The abdomen, its rings, colour, and hairs, 
 
 FLD Gerx, 
 
 A Another kind of Bog-houfe Worm, be- 
 longing to the fecond mode of the third or- 
 der or clafs. This worm is very remarkable 
 on account of its legs and horns. 
 
 B The Vermiform Nymph of the Worm,’ 
 from which it differs externally more than 
 the Nymph heretofore exhibited, No. V. 
 and Fig. IV. 
 
 C The Fly produced by the Nymph, elegant- 
 ly covered, by fome prepofteroufly ranked 
 
 amongit Bees. 
 
 BrsG, Sa 
 
 D A white Worm, that grew within the Ca- 
 terpillar of Tab. XXXVI. No. III. and 
 aftewards, when near its time of mutation, 
 opened itfelf a paflage through the Chryfa- 
 lis of the faid Caterpillar, reprefented by 
 No. V. of the fame Table. 
 
 E The fame white Worm changed after its 
 iffuing from the faid Chryfalis, into a Ver- 
 miform-Nymph, that being opened is found 
 to contain a real Nymph. 
 
 F The Fly at length produced by the faid 
 Vermiform Nymph, after it has caft its 
 fkins. 
 
 T AB. XXXXI. 
 The Hiftory of the Afilus, or Gadfly. 
 
 F Shas, eas 
 
 The Worm from which the Gadfly iffues, hanging 
 over the furface of the water. 
 
 a Twelve annular divifions of the Worm, by 
 M which 
 
xlvi 
 
 which it is divided, as it-were, into head, 
 thorax, and belly. 
 
 4 Hairs growing round the tail, in a circular 
 
 form, by means of which this part floats on 
 the furface of the water, while the reft of 
 the body remains under water, with its 
 downwards. 
 The head, whofe mouth is divided into 
 three parts. The two lateral parts, which 
 are, properly fpeaking, the infedt’s feet, 
 vibrate, while it remains alive, like the 
 tongues of ferpents. 
 
 wo Lact 
 
 Another kind of thefe Worms, in its defcent 
 to the bottom. 
 
 a The hairs of the tail, difpofed in an oval 
 form, and containing a bubble of air within 
 their cavity. 
 
 6 Two bubbles of air, difcharged by the 
 Worm at its breathing-holes, tending to the 
 furface of the water. 
 
 Fd G, 
 
 A microfcopical view of the firft Worm. 
 
 1 2 3, &c. Twelve rings, by which it is di- 
 vided into head, thorax, belly, and tail. 
 This figure likewife fhews in what manner 
 the fkin is beautifully covered with minute 
 grains and fpots. On one fide too there 
 appear nine breathing-holes. _ 
 
 a The tail, refembling a ftar, compofed of 
 beautiful hairs. 
 
 5 Delicate hairs, which in this figure appear 
 only about the fides of the body, as I have 
 omitted reprefenting them on its upper part, 
 or on the infeé’s back. 
 
 ‘¢c. Two larger hairs, growing on each fide 
 of the body. 
 
 d The head. ee The eyes. 
 
 Jf The crooked fnout. - 
 
 gg Thelegs, fituated near the fnout. 
 
 bb Two blackifh horny bones, which are, as 
 it were, the thumbs of the feet. 
 
 zz The horns, or artenne. 
 
 Bat Oo TV 
 
 III. 
 
 The grains of the fein, viewed with a great 
 magnifier, fo as to fhew their contruction. 
 
 a@ The {kin appearing between the grains. 
 
 b The prominent part of the faid grains, ex- 
 exactly in the middle. 
 
 ¢ The irregular rings of the faid grains. 
 
 d Sharp prickles growing on the edges of the 
 grains, to whofe firmnefs they contribute. 
 
 ek 1 GY, 
 
 A leg, magnified. 
 @ Three mufcles, furnifhed with a tendon, 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 - of a fubftanee between bone and horn, and 
 
 placed on one fide of the firft joint of the leg, 
 
 & The faid joint, which is black, and likewife 
 of a fubftance between bone and horn. 
 
 ¢ Two {maller mufcles, with their tendons. 
 
 d Another joint, of a fubftance between bone 
 and horn. 
 
 e The extreme joint of the leg, with its brift- 
 ly hairs. 
 
 J The thumb of the foot. 
 
 FING, OV 
 
 s 
 
 The fnout inverted, and bigger than nature, 
 
 a The fnout, and all its parts. 
 6 Thefharpand crooked extremity of the {nout. 
 ¢ The internal opening of the mouth, through 
 which the infect’s food pafles to the gullet. 
 dd The membranaceous divifions of the mouth, 
 by which the palate can be bent, and made 
 to give way. . 
 
 e Part of the mouth, entirely confifting of a 
 black horny bone. 
 
 |e Oi lene 
 
 The falival vefféls, or at leaft two parts anal- 
 gous to fuch veffels. 
 
 a Two falival veffels curled, and ending in 
 blind extremities. 
 
 6 A fingle channel, in which they terminate. 
 
 cc Two particles, as it were, refembling 
 mu(cles. ” tet 
 
 d The upper part of the mouth, from which 
 the eyes, and two parts of the head, fup- 
 porting the eyes, have been feperated, 
 
 T A Blo 
 
 Pi Gi. kerwds 
 The Worms pulmonary tubes. 
 
 aa Two very confiderable branches of the 
 pulmonary tubes. 
 
 4 Pulmonary tubes in that part where the op- 
 tic nerves, and the membranes of the grow- 
 ing eyes, are fituated. 
 
 ¢¢c¢ Some pulmonary tubes, which run into 
 each other from each fide of the body. 
 
 dddddd A mutual communication of the 
 pulmonary tubes, at each fide of the body, 
 under the fkin. 
 
 eeee The circumference of the fkin, dee 
 noted by dots. 
 
 f The tail; in which the two main trunks of 
 the pulmonary tubes are opened by two 
 channels, 
 
 a1 GCG. ae 
 
 Curls or Folds of the pulmonary tubes. 
 
 aa Two portions of the pulmonary tubes 
 drawn afunder. E 
 & Their 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES, 
 
 6 Their curly foldings, which reprefent a filver 
 wire wound up in a fpiral' form, and then 
 extended. 
 
 FIG. Il. 
 
 The fat. 
 
 @ Irregular figures of the fat. 
 
 4 Its round particles. —_¢ Its oblong particles. 
 d@ Its broad, jagged, or indented particles. 
 
 e Its angular particles. 
 
 J Particles in form of a pear. 
 
 & Pulmonary tubes diftributed through the fat. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 The heart. 
 
 aa The lower part of the heart, in fome pla- 
 ces a little dilated. 
 
 bb Part of the heart, reprefented bigger in the 
 abdomen and thorax. 
 
 ¢ Partof the heart, feated about the head, and 
 again contracted. 
 
 E.G. -¥. 
 The brain. 
 
 aa The brain. 
 
 6 A cleft or opening in the {pinal marrow, to 
 give a paffage to the gullet. 
 
 cc Part of the eyes of a future Nymph, and 
 Fly growing by degrees. 
 
 dd Eleven prominent nodulesof the fpinal marrow 
 
 ee Nerves fpringing from the’ origin of the 
 fpinal marrow. 
 
 Ff Nerves iffuing from the origen of the 
 {pinal marrow towards the fides of the body. 
 
 gg Nerves fent from the eleven nodules of the 
 {fpinal marrow to the vifcera, and other parts. 
 
 T A B. XLI. 
 PF. E-Gsa. 
 The Worm changed within its fein into a Nymph. 
 
 aaa The external fkin hardened, and con- 
 tracted into three bendings. 
 
 écde The four laft rings of the. abdomen, 
 which, on account of the contraction of the 
 body, contain nothing but air. 
 
 FA hollow or empty fpace in the external fkin, 
 between the head of the Worm and the en- 
 clofed Nymph. This hollow appears more 
 obfcurely than that under the four laft rings 
 of the abdomen. 
 
 g The enclofed Nymph, known by a black 
 {pot appearing externally on the fkin’s furface. 
 
 Fag. Il. 
 The fhin opened, foas to gine a fight of the enclfed 
 , Nymph. 
 
 a The Nymph ftill wrapped up in its thin and 
 delicate fkin. 
 
 xl vii 
 
 56 Its unfolded pulmonary tubes, of which 
 there are four reprefented in this figure, 
 
 ¢ The fkull caft off, with the other parts of 
 the horny head, and the fnout, 
 
 PP Ges. IIt, 
 
 Parts of the future Nymph, difcerned in the 
 Worm when tripped of its Skin, 
 
 aa The antennz, or horns. 
 
 6 The head and probofcis, 
 
 c¢ Thefirft pair of legs. ddA pair of wings. 
 
 e ¢ Another pair of legs, Jf A third pair, 
 
 & The abdomen, and its tings. h The tail. 
 
 ¢~ Pulmonary tubes, which have in part fhed 
 their coats. 
 
 & Inteftines likewife, 
 their coats. 
 
 / The anus cut off, but ftill hanging to the 
 inteftines, 
 
 which have partly catt 
 
 EEG. LV. 
 
 The Nymph, or parts juft now taken notice of in 
 the W. orm, difpofed in a beautiful manner, and 
 much bigger than nature. 
 
 aa The antennez, or horns. 
 
 66 The eyes, in which the hexagonal divifi- 
 ons do not as yet appear. 
 
 ¢ The probofcis under the head, 
 
 dd. The firft pair of legs, 
 
 ee The fecond pair. 
 
 St f Two wings, elegantly folded. 
 
 g Annular divifions of the thorax. 
 
 b The third pair of legs. 
 
 4% Some black fpots on the infea’s body, 
 
 kkk& Four openings of the lungs, 
 
 Fa G. 
 The fat of the Nymph, 
 
 a Changes or alterations in the configurations 
 of its parts. 
 
 66 Some ramifications of the afpera arteria 
 diftributed through the fat. 
 
 F GE 
 
 The fiomach and inteftines of the Nymph, to which 
 are added the head and tail of the Worm. 
 
 a The origin of the gullet. 
 
 6 The horny bone of the head; the fnout, 
 and the legs drawn in towards the body. 
 
 ¢ The gullet running towards the ftomach, 
 through a flit or cleft in the {pinal marrow, 
 under the brain. Thefe particulars have 
 been reprefented in this manner, to make 
 them the more intelligible. 
 
 d The ftomach, with its wrinkled foldings, 
 and pulmonary tubes. 
 
 e Oblong furrows in the ftomach. 
 
 J An open tube, appearing through the tran- 
 {parent coats of the ftomach, within which 
 it is faftened. ; 
 
 g The 
 
klvint A Short Explanation 
 
 g The {mall gat, forming fix foldings. 
 
 4 A little gut, within the former, where it 
 likewife makes a variety of folds. 
 
 ii The curled windings of the faid little in- 
 teftine. 
 
 k The dilatation of the fmall guts, and places 
 whete it produces four blind guts, that {pring 
 from a common trunk. ; 
 
 7 Places where the thick guts unite with the 
 {mall guts. 
 mm Some globular dilatations in one of the 
 blind guts, and the wonderful divifions of 
 
 its contents. 
 
 nn Surprifing windings and folds of the blind 
 
 uts. 
 
 6 The place where two of the upper blind guts 
 unite into one. ; 
 
 pp Windings of another, or the other upper 
 blind gut. 
 
 q7 Windings of the third. 
 
 r The blind extremity of this laft. 
 
 ss Windings of the fourth blind gut. 
 
 t The blind annular extremity of this laft. 
 
 x Dilatations of the colon, in form of nodules. 
 
 x The larger dilatation of the colon. 
 
 y The two fmalleft dilatations of the colon. 
 
 z The anus, below the ftraight gut. 
 
 PG. VIL 
 The fpinal marrow in the Nymph and Fly. 
 
 2.3, @c. Eleven nodules of the fpinal mar- 
 row, now extended at full length, and drawn 
 out one from another. 
 The brain; and above it a rough draught 
 of the tunica cornez of the eyes, and their 
 hexagonal divifions. 
 The firft nodule of the fpinal marrow, re~ 
 taining its primitive fituation. 
 The four following nodules, which now form 
 a confiderable knot or {welling, at the fame 
 time that the fixth, feventh, and eighth are 
 are feparated one from another, and the fpi- 
 “nal marrow between them is drawn out. 
 d The three laft nodules, continuing in their 
 former fituation. 
 
 © AB SLI: 
 
 at As, 
 
 The external fein fhed by the Gadfly, with the 
 manner of its fhedding it. 
 
 1 2 3, &c. Thefe numbers, placed in oppofite 
 ranks, fhew the twelve rings of the Fly, or 
 Worm’s fkin. 
 
 a The third and fourth rings: it is in this 
 place that motion is firft perceived in the 
 Worm’s fkin, when the Fly is about to break 
 forth. And for this reafon thefe rings burft 
 open in a longitudinal direction. 
 
 4 The third fore ring, or, counting from the 
 tail, the tenth, which burfts open in a con- 
 trary direction into two parts, one of which 
 
 ~ 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 
 continues faftened to the fecond, and the 
 other to the fourth ring. 
 
 ¢ The fourth ring opens almoft in the fame 
 manner, only that it cleaves more in the 
 middle. 
 
 F5L.G. »,1L 
 
 A general view of the external limbs and parts 
 of the Gadfly. 
 
 a Itstwo antenne, or horns. 
 bbb6 The fix feet, and their joints. 
 ce The wings. . d The abdomen. 
 
 F FG, 
 
 A diffeétion of the Gadfly. The external fkin and 
 internal coat fhed by the Gadfly. 
 
 Ill. 
 
 12 3, &c. Ringsof the external fkin. 
 
 aa Pulmonary tubes, rolled off, in the fe+ 
 cond, third, and fourth rings. 
 
 bb The curled extremities of the tubes. 
 
 c An inteftine, fhed likewife by this infect, 
 containing fome tranfparent particles like 
 fand, which ferment with acids, 
 
 d The caftlegs, fnout, and eyes. 
 
 e The caft fkull. 
 f Coats or fkins, fhed by the gullet and the 
 ftomach. 
 
 The caft internal coat, which immediately 
 enclofed ali the limbs of the Nymph. 
 
 b as place where the coat contained the Fly’s 
 tail. 
 
 ii Pulmonary tubes caft off within the deli- 
 cate little fkin. . | 
 
 k The largeft of thefe tubes, with its ramifi- 
 cations. 
 
 Bst..Gs TV: 
 A rough draft of the manner in which the In- 
 teftine fheds its fkin. 
 
 a The internal coat of the inteftine 4, This 
 inteftine comes away full of grains of fand. 
 5 The inteftine itfelf, remaining in the body. 
 
 ¢ The anus, with the internal coat of the in- ~ 
 
 teftine 4, fhed by the infect, ftill faftened 
 
 to it. 3 ‘@ 
 F146, -¥. 
 The probofeis magnified. 
 
 a The two fore parts of the probofcis, of an 
 oval form. 
 
 6 Hairs growing from the fkin of the probofcis. 
 
 c ¢ Two articulated briftles, or appendages of 
 the probofcis, {pringing from within its root. 
 
 d A triangular horny bone, furrounding the 
 root of the probofcis. . 
 
 e Another little bone like the laft in fubftance, 
 but of a different form. 
 
 FIG. 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 BF dGa- Vij 
 Some of the pulmonary veficles. 
 
 a Its membranaceous part, which was full of 
 air. 
 
 6 The pulmonary tube, through which the 
 air paffes to the veficle. 
 
 ¢ Two lateral pulmonary tubes. 
 
 PF. EG, VIL. 
 
 The genital parts of the male. 
 
 a The penis and its two appendages. 
 
 54 Two twifted horny bones belonging to 
 the penis, and articulated with. the fheath, 
 through which the penis erects itfelf- 
 
 ¢ The flexible part of the penis. 
 
 dd Two little black horny bones, forming a 
 border round the extreme ring of the abdo- 
 men; and articulated with the former bones. 
 
 ee Places where the articulations appear. 
 
 f The nervous body of the penis. 
 
 g Adilatation of the root of the penis, with 
 which the vafa deferentia, and feminal vef- 
 fels empty themfelves. 
 
 hh The tefticles, ii The feminal veftels. 
 
 ke Short tubulated feminal veffels, laid bare 
 in one of the tefticles. 
 
 ] Veffels for the conveyance of the feed. 
 
 mm NNindings of the {eminal veficles, the ex- 
 treme ends-of which are dilated. 
 
 FIG. VII. 
 
 The. ovary of the -female. 
 
 aa The ovary confifting of two parts. 
 
 & The laft rings of the abdomen. 
 
 ¢ ¢¢ Some protuberances of a fubftance be- 
 tween bone and horn, appearing like {pots 
 on the laft abdominal ring. 
 
 d Haits growing in the fame place. 
 
 eee Eggs belonging to one fide of the ovary, 
 as yet in their natural fituation. 
 
 f The fame eggs a little more magnified, and 
 removed out of their natural fituation. The 
 remaining “part of this ovary is marked by 
 dots. 
 
 g Pulmonary tubes interwoven with the ovary. 
 
 4 Some branches of the faid tubes difperfed 
 both within and without the coats of. the 
 eggs. 
 
 -47 The greateft extreme branches of the faid 
 tubes. 
 
 k Two duéts of the ovary, by which the eggs 
 are let out of the body. 
 
 ] Three beautiful unknown particles, each fup- 
 ported by its ftalk, 
 
 m The point of the inflexion of thefe tubulated 
 particles. 
 
 n Their tubes and windings. 
 o That end of the tubes which lies neareft to 
 
 the duct of the ovary. : 
 
 xix 
 T A.B, eXLiBL 
 
 The Hiftory of the Acarus,’ or Mite, 
 eal CG.  & 
 
 The Acarus or Mite, of its natural fixe. 
 
 Pot Gre, 
 AA microfcopical wiew of the Acarus. 
 
 12°345678 g 10 11 12 The twelve rings 
 of the body. 
 
 a The head, in which are feen two nails be- 
 longing to the infedt’s legs, with which, 
 when about.to fpring or leap up, it com- 
 prefles its anus. 
 
 5 The larynges or tops of the afpera arteria, 
 projecting beyond the fkin. 
 
 cc The place where there iflue from the main 
 tranfparent trunks of the afpera arteria, two 
 branches, which unite by a mutual anafto- 
 mofis, or inofculation with the branches of 
 the fourth ring. 
 
 ddddddd The inofculation of the pulmo- . 
 nary tubes, which appear through the re- 
 maining rings of the body. 
 
 e A particle of the fat appearing through the 
 fkin. 
 
 ff Some blind guts, appearing in the fame 
 manner. 
 
 g Aconfiderable branch of the afpera arteria, 
 which appears through the {kin under the 
 tenth ring, between the ‘two principal 
 branches of the trachea. 
 
 / A beautiful particle of fat, appearing under 
 the eleventh ring, and near which may be 
 difcoverd the two extremities of the branches 
 of the trachea. 
 
 FIG. IU. 
 
 The manner in which the Worm bends ttfelf into 
 a circle, in order to prepare for leaping. 
 
 ea As, 
 
 The manner in which the circular form changes 
 to an oblong one; jujt as the Acarus 1s about to 
 
 leap or fpring. 
 Rota Vs 
 The feet, parts of the mouth, flomach,  inteftines, 
 
 and fome other vifcera of the Acarus, as viewed 
 with the microfcope. 
 
 IV. 
 
 aa The feet or teeth, and nails. 
 
 66 Origin of the horny bony parts of the 
 mouth, and palate. 
 
 c ¢ Four appendages of the faid parts. 
 
 d Horny bones, which ferve to keep all the 
 parts in their proper fituation. 
 
 e The dilatation of the gullet, which I call 
 the ingluvies. 
 
 Ff Four blind appendages under the ingluvies. 
 
 N gg The 
 
1 A. Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 gg The ftomach, of a confiderable length. 
 
 4 bb Ramifications of the afpera arteria, vifible 
 in the ftomach. 
 
 i Contents of the afpera arteria, appearing 
 through its tranfparent coats. ; 
 
 kk The origin of the blind guts, of which this 
 infect has four. 
 
 11 Two of the faid guts, containing a yellowith 
 green fubftance. 
 
 m The two others, whofe contents refembled 
 a coagulated fubftance. 
 
 n Pulmonary tubes, belonging to a blind” gut, 
 of the fame kind. 
 
 0 The pylorus. pp The colon. 
 
 q The ftraight gut. r The anus. 
 
 ss Two particles of fat, and their divifions, 
 with which one of the blind guts is inter- 
 woven. 
 
 t ¢ Two glandulous {wellings, and channels of 
 
 the falival duct, which runs along the gullet 
 
 to the jaws in form of a flender tube. 
 
 vv Two other fwellings, with their channels 
 and pulmonary tubes. 
 
 x x Some particles of fat, and their divifions. 
 
 yy Two other particles of the fame kind, 
 which fhew themfelves in the fame place 
 like appendages in the form of a chain. 
 
 Pod Se V4. 
 Divifions of the particles of fat, magnified to a 
 
 greater degree. 
 
 aaa Seven divifions of the particles of fat, in 
 which it is laid up in the form of oily, {phe- 
 rical particles. 
 
 6 The manner in which the pulmonary fiftules 
 pafs through the cells that contain the fat. 
 
 ee Ge tre 25° 
 
 The brain, fpinal marrow, and nerves, bigger 
 ‘than nature. 
 
 aa The right and left lobes of the brain. 
 
 66 The nerves, iffuing from the upper part 
 of the brain. | 
 
 c The nodules, formed by the faid nerves. 
 
 dd Two fine nerves, iffuing from the faid no- 
 dules, and running to the mufcles of the 
 head and legs. 
 
 ee Two pair of mufcles fent by the {pinal 
 marrow to the mufcles of the thorax. 
 
 Jf Two ftrong nerves, with their dilatations, 
 adminiftering to the mufcles that ferve to 
 move the wings. 
 
 &g A great many fine nerves diftributed a- 
 mongft the mufcles, and vifcera of the ab- 
 domen. | 
 
 bbb Ramifications of the faid nerves. 
 
 Se. 64.G.s NI 
 A fide view of the Spinal marrow and brain. 
 
 a The brain. 
 6 The finus of the fpinal marrow. 
 
 dd The firft pair of legs. 
 
 ¢ Avcleft in the fpinal marrow for the paffage 
 of the gullet. 
 
 ee ad 
 Some of the mujcles. 
 
 aaa The oblique defcending mufcles with © 
 
 two bellies, of each of which, one of the 
 tendons is inferted into the mutfcle itfelf. 
 56 The broad tranfverfe mutfcles. 
 c¢ The The oblique afcending mufcles. 
 
 Bd Ge’ 
 
 The Acarus, or Mite, contracted, in which con- 
 dition I call it a Vermiform-Nymph. 
 
 BAG. RE 
 
 The fame, bigger than nature. 
 
 a The head and mouth. 
 4 The tail and its tubercles. 
 
 oo aa, 
 
 The concealed Nymph, extraéted from the cone 
 tracted or fhrivelled fein of the Acarus. 
 
 FO 2G.” XT 
 
 The fame Nymph, bigger than nature. 
 
 a The two horns of the future fly. 
 bb The eyes. ¢ The probofcis. 
 
 ee The fecond, 
 Sf The folded wings. | 
 & & The third pair of wings. 
 
 _.& The rings of the body. 
 
 FTG: 2, 
 Two fies ifuing from the Acari, or Mites, of 
 
 their natural fize. 
 
 Por Gay: 
 
 A microfcopical view of the male fly, produced by 
 the Acarus or Mite. 
 
 a The antennz or horns. 
 
 56 The firft of legs, their joints, hair, and 
 nails. 
 
 cc The fecond pair. dd The third. 
 
 ee The wings and little hammers placed under 
 them. 
 
 Sf The rings of the belly. 
 FIG. XVI. 
 The frins caft by the Acarus, bigger than nature. 
 
 ae 
 
 a The upper part of the torn fkin, where the 
 
 fly creeps out. 
 
 4 The lower part. 
 s FIG, 
 
A. Short Explanation of the TABLE S. li 
 
 F4eG. XVal. 
 
 The genital parts of the male. 
 
 a The horny part of the penis, curled ina fur- 
 prifing manner. 
 
 5 The membranaceous part of the penis. 
 
 ¢ The fore end of the penis, which is here re- 
 prefented as it receives the vulva of the fe- 
 male, inftead of being received by it. 
 
 d The nervous root of the penis. 
 
 e The place where the root of the penis is 
 dilated. 
 
 Sf The tefticles of a yellowith red. 
 
 gg The vata differentia. 
 
 b b Spherical appendages of the veffels, 
 
 Zi The feed bags. kk The proftata. . 
 
 EasGe XVII. 
 The external parts of the uterus and vulva. 
 
 aa The two laft rings of the body. 
 
 66 ‘The firft joint of the extremity of thé ute- 
 rus, covered with hair, and furnifhed with 
 two little black horny bones. 
 
 ¢¢ The fecond joint enclofed in the firtt. The 
 extremity of this fecond joint is likewife of a 
 fubftance between bone and horn. 
 
 d@ The third and laft joint, formed of the faid 
 fubftance, and covered with hair. This joint 
 is received by the penis. 
 
 EI Ge AE 
 
 One of the fixty-four oviduéts, 
 a A perfe& ege lying in the oviduct, of a 
 
 white colour, 
 6 Three imperfect eggs of a watery colour. 
 
 T AB. -.XEIV. 
 
 Obfervations on the Vermicles, or little Worms, 
 found in the tubercles of the leaves of 
 Willows. 
 
 FIG. I. If. and WI. 
 
 Tubercles of Willow leaves, the eggs, and Worms 
 reprefented by fix feveral figures. 
 
 F LG. 
 
 a The external fide of the leaf. 
 
 &4& The internal fide. 
 
 cc The warts or tubercles, of an oval round. 
 
 d@ Others of an oblong form. 
 
 e Others full of wrinkles. 
 
 J Very {mall warts, which look rotten, as it 
 were. 
 
 g Warts, ortubercles, growing on the greater 
 or main nerves. 
 
 6 Another on the extremity of the leaf 
 
 z Another growing on the nerve itfelf. 
 
 & Others, which rife on each fide to an equal 
 height, above the coats of the leaf. 
 
 / Some on the ftalk of the leaf, 
 
 m Seven rudiments of tubercles exhibited on 
 each fide of the leaf. 
 
 SIG 
 
 n The egg, that is found in the rudiments of 
 the tubercles, 
 
 oe ois 
 
 0 A tubercle with a cleft in it, through which 
 the egg may be feen placed in the middle. 
 
 Pup ake 
 
 p An egg magnified, fo as to fhew the head 
 and two eyes of the enclofed Worm, that 
 appear through its tranfparent kin. 
 
 PokSie ak, 
 
 g The Bindweed Caterpillar, full grown. 
 r The fmall hole bored by it through the 
 tubercle or wart. 
 
 F 1 GP in 
 A microfcopical view of the fame Caterpillar. 
 s The eyes. tt The fix fore feet. 
 
 wu Six of the twelve middle feet, 
 x The two hinder feet, next the tail. 
 
 FPG, t. 
 
 y The manner in which the Caterpillar thrutts 
 its anus out of the hole, made by it in the 
 tubercle, and thereby difcharges its excre- 
 ments. 
 
 z % Two rufty coloured {pots of the Willow- 
 leaf; one of them with a hole in it, within 
 which may be feen the nerves of the leaf, 
 and the excrements and head of another 
 Worm, that lives in it. Fig. VIII. exhibits 
 this Worm of natural fize. 
 
 FIG. IV. V. and VI. 
 
 The Fly's web, and the Ply itfelf'; Tkewife thoje 
 parts of the Fly, with which tt bores itfelf a 
 pafage through the tubercle or wart ; in Jive 
 
 Sigures. 
 FE PGS F¥: 
 
 a The oval web of the Fly. 
 6 The Fly itfelf. 
 
 F EG y¥, 
 The Fly feen through the microfcope. 
 
 c The antennz or horns. 
 dd The black {pots on the wings. 
 ee Six legs, their joints and two nails to each 
 
 leg. 
 F I-G:: VI. 
 
 The parts with which the female bores the leaf. 
 
 Ff The lat rings of the abdomen, 
 g An inftrument like a faw. 
 hb Two pointed horny bones. 
 F 1G, 
 
lii A Short Explanation 
 
 F 1G. 4). 
 
 z A little lid or cover, which the Flies at their 
 firft. appearance thruft out of their web, as 
 out of a little barrel. 
 
 Bac. VII. 
 
 A microfeopical view of avery finall infect, which 
 rofts on the external furface of the Willow tu- 
 bercles or warts. 
 
 FIG. VIIl. 
 
 The little Worm found between the coats of Willow 
 feaves, of its natural fize. See Fig. 1. let, z 2. 
 
 Pore. IX. 
 A microfcopical view of the Jame Worm. 
 
 a The head and two teeth. 
 bb Its broad thorax, and tranfparent pulmo- 
 nary fibres. 
 
 cc The other rings of the body, which is co- 
 vered with hair, and ends in a pretty {harp 
 point. 
 
 F..1 Gi. 
 
 The Nymph, in which the Worm is afterward 
 exhibited changed, a little magnified. 
 
 PIG. XI. 
 The fame Nymph more magnified. 
 
 a Two crooked briftles on the head. 
 3 6 Its horns and antenne. 
 cc. The fecond and third pair of legs : The 
 fecond is armed with two briftles. 
 dd Two fheaths to cover the wings. 
 ee The third pair of legs, and their briftles. 
 f The wings of the body, and the prickles and 
 {tings of the tail. 
 Sos Ee IG. XII. 
 oss - The Beetle produced by the faid Nymph. 
 ed Gy iil, 
 The fame Beetle magnified. 
 
 a Its reticulated eyes. = 
 
 é Its fnout or beak, of a fubftance between 
 bone and horn. aaiake 
 
 cc Its antenne or horns. 
 
 ddd Its fix Feet, upon the leaft pair of which 
 this infect makes it fprings or leaps. 
 
 ee The fheaths of the wings. 
 
 = ~ F-1G.. XV, 
 Rudiments of Willow leaves juft beginning to fhoot 
 =e “or bud. 
 a Four of there young leaves, with their ftalks 
 ~and rough furfaces. 
 4 Red Worms, generally found within the 
 leaves. ey a 
 
 of the TABLES 
 Fas XV 
 
 A microfcopical view of a Fly produced by one of 
 the Worms. 
 
 F-1G. AVES 
 
 A tubercle or wart growing in the Willow in form 
 
 of a rofe. 
 
 a The tubercle and its ftalk. 
 & A pyramidal clufter of leaves, within which 
 the Worm lies. 
 
 FIG. XVID. 
 Reprefenting in five figures all the changes of the. 
 
 Worm, and its tubercle. 
 
 c The manner in which the leaves of the tu- _ 
 bercle may be feparated one by one. ; 
 
 d Part of the Worm’s body, that lies in the 
 middle of the clufter. 
 
 e A delicate membrane or web, more imme- 
 diately enclofing the Worm. 
 
 f The Worm itfelf. g Its Nymph. 
 
 b The Fly to which the Nymph changes. 
 
 Four AVE 
 
 An Alder leaf with various Worms between its 
 two coats. 
 
 a The coat of an Alder leaf fwelled into a tu- 
 
 -bercle, on account of the Worm that had | a 
 
 made its bed under it. 
 
 b 6 The upper coat or {kin removed, in order 
 to fhew on each fide, how the other coat is 
 contraéted underneath into a fmall fold. 
 
 c The web enclofing a Chryfalis, diffected ; 
 and near it the excrements of the Worm 
 formerly contained between the two coats of 
 the leaf. 
 
 d Another Worm with fix feet, found like- 
 wife between the coats of the Alder. 
 
 e A third fpecies of Worms found in the fame 
 place, with the {kin caft by it, and its ex- © 
 crements. : 
 
 f Two oblong webs made in their cells by the 
 faid Worms. 
 
 g Part of the leaf, where the fame Worm is 
 found; when as.yet very fmallaeer™ —- 
 
 hb The fame part, where the Worm has made — F 
 jitfelf more room. : = 
 
 z Another cell or neft like the former, but a 
 great deal more {pacious. 
 
 FIG. XIX. 
 
 A microfcopical view of a Chryfalis found in its 
 web within the coats of an Alder leaf. 
 
 a The fharp pointed head of this Chryfalis. 
 b The hinder part of its body, formed like a 
 
 pear. 
 
 ' o¢¢ Fine 
 
A Short Explanation 
 
 ¢ c Fine hairs growing on its body. 
 
 ddIts eyes. Its probofcis. 
 
 Ff Its firft and fecond pair of legs. 
 
 geex Its anntene orhorns. 44 Its wings. 
 
 7 The laft pair of legs lying between the an- 
 tenn. 
 
 kk The rings of the body. 
 
 Pei G.~ XX. 
 The Butterfly produced from the forgoing Chry- 
 
 Jals, drawn after nature. 
 
 FIG. Xxh 
 A micrcofopical View of the fame Butterfly. 
 
 aa Theantenne. 46 The probofcis. 
 
 ec The upper pair of wings, beautifully co- 
 loured. 
 
 dd The lower pair of wings, for the moft part 
 covered with feathers. 
 
 ee Three white hairs, like thorns, growing 
 on the hinder legs. 
 
 TAB. XLV: 
 
 _ A fhott explanation of the figures ferving to il- 
 luftrate fome of the foregoing hiftories. 
 
 EI, G1. 
 
 The manner in which the Fly lays its eggs, with- 
 in the leaves of the common Thiftle ; which eggs 
 afterwards produce Worms. 
 
 F.1LG...Il. Hl: IV: and V: 
 
 The Tubercles' or Warts of the flinging Nettle, 
 with the Worms and Nymphs found in them, 
 and the Flies produced by the faid Nymphs, in 
 four Figures. 
 
 F 1G. Th 
 
 a Some excrefcencies growing on the ftalk. 
 
 & Some tubercles or warts of the fame kind, 
 on the nerve of the leaf, and on the rudi- 
 ments of the young leaves. 
 
 c Others growing irregularly on the leaf. 
 
 F 1G. III. 
 d The Worm found in the tubercles of the 
 
 Nettle, of its natural Size. 
 
 e A microfcopical View of the fame, fome- 
 what broader in the middle. 
 
 f Afine or flender fnout projecting from its 
 extremity. 
 
 g Fine hairs growing on its body. 
 
 FIG. Iv. 
 
 b The Nymph magnified to a greater fize, 
 
 with very large eyes in its head, Here are 
 
 of the 
 
 TABLES. 
 
 likewife to be feen its horns, legs, wings and 
 abdominal rings. 
 
 Z Its little tail bent backwards, 
 
 iii 
 
 mae, <¥,; 
 k The Male Fly of its natural fize. 
 FIG. VI. VI. and VIII, 
 
 The downy excrefiencies growing upon Oak trees, 
 with little hollow bags or tubes, and the Flies 
 engendered and living in them: 
 
 BG. vi 
 
 aaa The circumference of the downy ball 
 or globe, after its natural condition. 
 6 The ftalk fupporting it. 
 
 c An Oak leaf growing out of the middle of 
 the ball. 
 
 Bi Tofs «VI. 
 
 d Bags of tubes, within which the Worms 
 turn into Flies, and in whofe circumference 
 
 the do hairs. of : ioe 
 ae ed airs of the ball are principally 
 
 je i ae a 
 
 ee Little holes, which the Flies gnaw in the 
 
 downy fubftance in order to efcape out of 
 their cells, 
 
 FIG. vut. 
 f The Fly itfelf of its natural fize. 
 FIG, “IX. X> and Xi. 
 
 The fpongy tubercle of the wild Rofe: The fame 
 laid open in the middle: Laftly, the Flies bred 
 
 in it. 
 
 FIG. IX: 
 
 aa Knobs and inequalities of the tubercles. 
 6 The ftalk fupporting it. 
 
 1G os 
 
 ¢ A fection thro’ the middle of the faid tubercle, 
 fhewing the cells in which the Worms grow 
 to be Flies, . 
 
 FTG. XL 
 
 d The firft {pecies of Fly that iffued from the 
 faid tubercles, with a pretty thick body. 
 
 e The other fpecies of the bifeta, or two haired 
 kind. 
 
 FIG. Ik, 
 JF Round holes knawed by the Flies in the 
 
 {pungy tubercle; in order to get out of their 
 cells. 
 
 O FIG, 
 
liv A Short Explanation 
 FIG. XI XI XIV, XV. and XX. 
 
 The tubercles or warts growing on Oak leaves: One 
 of them opened > The kidneybean-like fubftance 
 found in them: A tubercle cut off from the 
 leaf: A microfeopical view of the bean-lke 
 fubfance: The manner in which the tubercle 
 dries up or withers. 
 
 BL Gea 
 
 a a Excrefcencies found on the fore end of the 
 leaf, and likewife a little higher up, on the 
 leaf’s nerve or main rib. 
 
 6 Two tubercles ; one of them a double one, 
 growing ftill a little higher up on the nerve 
 or main rib; the other almoft on the edge 
 of the leaf. 
 
 ¢c Some tubercles on the extremities. of the 
 leaf, \ 
 
 B-LG:-- XE 
 Containing five drawings. 
 
 d The upper part of one of the tubercles cut 
 off. 
 
 e Three diftin& excrefcencies like kidney-beans, 
 found in the hollow of the tubercle. 
 
 F Three excrefcencies like beans, taken out of 
 the hollow cell or cavity. 
 
 FIG. XIV. 
 
 ‘A tubercle or wart of the fame kind cut open, and 
 exhibiting two kidney-like beans lying in it, in 
 the fame manner that a preferved almond lies 
 within its candied covering, without any in- 
 termediate vacancy. This is a microfcopical 
 view, foewing the objects a little larger than 
 nature. 
 
 FIG.) XV. 
 
 g The bean-like fubftance, with an uneven 
 furface. 
 
 4 That part of the bean, by which it princi- 
 pally adhered -to its tubercle, and received 
 its nourifhment. 
 
 FIG. XxX. 
 
 #2 The. manner in which the tubercle begins 
 to leffen, and wither up by degrees, fo as to 
 become fit for the impreffion of the Fly’s 
 teeth, and thereby afford it an opportunity 
 of efcaping. 
 
 FIG. XI. 
 
 & A fmall round hole, gnawed by the Worm 
 
 ~~ in the withered part of the tubercle, and 
 thro’ which it iffues into the open air. 
 
 {1 Places where the tubercles dry up, and 
 which may be feen without cutting it. 
 
 m The Worm cut out of its bean-like part, 
 
 and reprefented of a fize bigger than nature, 
 
 on an Oak leaf, 
 
 of the TABLES. 
 FIG. XVI. 
 
 The fame Worm ftill more magnified, and of the 
 jorm in which it appears, when about to enter 
 the Nymph fate. 
 
 Se a © Nef 3 © 
 The fame Worm changed into a Nymph, and 
 
 viewed with a greater magnifier in order to 
 Jee its limbs more conveniently, 
 
 aa Its eyes, refembling a net. 
 
 56 The antenne lying between the legs and 
 the wings. ~ 
 
 ¢ The abdominal wings. 
 
 El G. XVaas 
 
 The fame Nymph, changed to a Fly, of its nas 
 tural fize. 
 
 Fl G. xix; 
 The fame magnified. 
 
 aa ‘The antennz placed before the eyes. 
 
 66 The four wings. 
 
 c¢ The leaft pair of its fix legs, every one of 
 which is armed with two nails. ‘ 
 
 d The tharp extremity of the abdomen, with 
 
 which the Fly bores holes in the Oak leaf — # 
 
 for the reception of its eggs. 
 
 FIG. XXI. 
 
 Reprefenting, in two drawings, the excrefcence 
 growing on the leaves of the black Poplar, with 
 the Worms and their food contained therein, 
 
 a A wrinkled excrefcence in the external coat 
 of the leaf. 
 
 & The principal rib of the leaf. 
 
 c The internal fide of the leaf, where the wart 
 or tubercle opens into a flit or opening. 
 
 dd Windings of the principal nerve or rib, 
 in the external coat of the leaf. . 
 
 FIG. XXII. 
 
 A microfcopical view of one of thefe very minute 
 Worms, that is furnifhed with two horns, two 
 eyes, and fix feet; and is moreover divided 
 into bead, thorax, and abdomen. 
 
 e A woolly or downy fubftance, which thefe 
 little infe@ts very beautifully wear on the 
 hinder part of their bodies. 
 
 FIG. XXIII. 
 
 f The infeéts glutinous food, contained within 
 the woolly or downy fubftance, and re- 
 fembling a veffel with a fpout ufed to feed 
 infants. ti 
 
 g The manner in which the downy fubftance 
 curls up, when its moifture is prune 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 FIG. XXIV. 
 
 bh Two pair of cups or membranaceous buds, 
 in which the wings grow, and are enclofed 
 as it were in little bags, 
 
 Pa GSXR, 
 
 A microfcopical view of the Jame Worm changed 
 into a Fly with four WINGS. 
 
 ge tae S99 ¥ 
 
 The footlefs Worm,’ found on the leaves of the 
 Cabbage, of its natural fixe. 
 
 FIG. XXVII 
 
 The fame Worm changed into a Nymph, repre- 
 JSented lying on its belly, and of its natural fee. 
 
 FIG. XXVIII. 
 
 A microfeopical view of the fame Nymph, and in 
 the fame pofture, with its limbs as appearing 
 through their tranfparent integuments, 
 
 aa The eyes. 
 
 6 The thorax and fome of the hairs growing 
 on if. 
 
 ¢ce The abdoniinal rings. 
 
 d One of the rings 
 
 ¢ The curled, or folded, caft off fkins, of a 
 pulmonary tube. 
 
 Sf Part of the Cabbage leaf, to which the 
 Nymph glues itfelf by this membrane. 
 
 Reb t3.c XXIX, 
 
 A microfcopical view of the fame Nymph, divefled 
 of its capt fkins, and placed on its back. 
 
 a An eye, of one fide. & The two horns. 
 
 ¢ The probofcis. dd The folded wings. 
 
 é. The hinder pair of legs. 
 
 Sf The extremities of the genitasl, which lie, 
 as it were, out of the abdomen. 
 
 FIG. XXX, 
 The Fly of the faid Nymph, of its natural fize. 
 FIG. XXXI. 
 
 The cell, or neft of the Moth; the enchfed Worm 
 of the Moth ; the fame extratted ; likewife its 
 Chryfalis and Butterfly; alfo the manner by 
 which the fein of the Chryfalis remains faftened 
 to the fore end of the cell or neft: Laftly, the 
 very fine threads or filaments, with which the 
 neft or cell is lined. 
 
 a The cell, fpacious in the middle, but nar- 
 rower at each end. 
 
 4 The thread formed by the Worm, and by 
 means of which, to avoid falling, it hangs 
 and faftens itfelf to the beams and walls of 
 buildings, 
 
 ly 
 
 ¢ The manner in which the Worth of the 
 Moth creeps out of its cafe or cell by the fore 
 feet, and faftens itfelf with a thread of its 
 own fpinning, in fome convenient fituation, 
 
 d The Worm itfelf of its natural fize, with 
 fixteen feet. 
 
 e The fame changed into a Chryfalis. 
 
 J The Chryfalis changed into a winged Butter 
 fly or infeét, called a Moth: 
 
 & The caft tkins of the Chryfalis, 
 little beyond the cafe. 
 
 4 The internal furface of the cafe, 
 and fmooth: 
 
 projecting a 
 
 very even 
 
 FIG. XXXII. 
 A fmall Worm found in mufe-bags, and its 
 
 changes. 
 
 @ The Worm. 
 and paper. 
 
 c¢ Its oval web. d Its Nymph. 
 
 e The Beetle produced by the faid Nymph. 
 
 b Holes made by it in wood 
 
 F y>G. XXXII. 
 A Worm found upon leaves, in very black cafes. 
 
 a The manner in which the Worm carties its 
 cafe about with it. 
 
 6 The F ly produced by the faid Worm, 
 F IG. XXXIV, 
 
 Another fpecies of a Worm, that carries its cafe or 
 cell about with it. 
 
 c. The cell of a triangular form at its upper end. 
 
 d A nournal Butterfly or Moth, into which 
 the faid Worm changes. 
 
 é A Fly, into which another fpecies of thefe 
 Worms changes. 
 
 J A little Fly, into which the third part of the 
 faid Worms was changed. I found fix of 
 feven of thefe very minute Worms, 
 
 FIG. XXxv, 
 
 4 pyramidal cell, formed by a Caterpillar that 
 inhabits it, and moves about with it. This 
 cell or tube is compofed of bits of wood, fo as to 
 refemble a piece of cheque or mofaic work. 
 
 FIG, XXXVI. 
 A tube or cell formed of fand by a Sea-Worm, 
 TAB. XLVI. 
 
 The flow growths or accretions of the F rog,, 
 and Garden Clove-July -Flower, in which 
 they refemble the infects, 
 
 The figures on the left hand fide exbibited, 
 
 No. I. The Frog’s egg, or the Worm of the 
 Frog, within its firft coat, or integument, 
 refembling 
 
lvi 
 
 refembling a little globe or fphere, enclofed 
 by another greater globe. 
 
 a The enclofed globe forming, 
 yolk of this egg. 
 
 bb The enclofing globe, refembling the white 
 
 ~ of the egg. 
 
 Il. The Worm of the Frog divefted in a man- 
 ner, of its firft coat. 
 
 c The coat removed to the hinder part of the 
 Frog’s Worm. 
 
 d The Frog’s Worm rolled out from under the 
 faid coat. . 
 
 eee Its food, like the white of an egg fur- 
 rounding it. 
 
 Il]. The Tadpole or Worm of the Frog grown 
 bigger, and floating in the middle of its food. 
 
 fff The food fwimming, or floating in the 
 water, like an expanded cloud. 
 
 ¢ The head, breaft, and abdomen, 
 as it were in one globe or f{phere. 
 bh The tail. 
 
 IV The fame Tadpole more grown, fhewing 
 its fore legs, which encreafe by degrees as 
 do likewife the hinder legs, but fill under 
 the fkin. — ' 
 
 ji The fore legs growing out by degrees. 
 
 V. The Nymph of the Frog, or the Tadpole 
 fufficiently grown, and in a condition to be- 
 come a Frog, as all the limbs of the Frog 
 have acquired in it their due perfection, fo 
 that to appear in the form of a Frog, it need 
 only caft its external fkin. 
 
 hk The fore legs, which by degrees have ac- 
 quired their — under the fkin. 
 
 1] The hinder legs, which are likewife perfect, 
 and project beyond the fkin. 
 
 VI. The Frog itfelf, arrived at length at the 
 ftate of a perfect animal, after pafling 
 through the various forms, of egg, Worm, 
 and Nymph. It is not however, like infects, 
 immediately fit for generation, but muft wait 
 fome years to attain that degree of perfection. 
 
 mm Two velicles growing near the eyes of this 
 Frog, which (hew it to be a male one. 
 
 The figures on the right hand reprefented. 
 
 No. The garden Clove-July-Flower in its firft 
 coat, in which ftate it is called feed. 
 
 A. A microfcopical view of the feed itfelf, in 
 which may be feen the cicatrix or {car of the 
 naval ftring, by which it was faftened to the 
 ovary, and received its nourifhment. 
 
 Il. The coat caft off by the faid feed. _ 
 
 B. The feed itfelf, that lay enclofed within the 
 {aid coat, of its natural fize. 
 
 as it were, the 
 
 made up 
 
 C. The fame feed ftripped of its coat, and _ 
 
 magnified, fo as to thew its little points and 
 bivalved partition cleft, which divides the 
 reft of the body into two parts, 
 
 III. Theyoung germeof the Clove-July-Flower. 
 
 IV. The fame germe unfolded into leaves. 
 
 V. The cafe, or as it were the gem or bud of 
 the Clove-July-Flower, which may be con- 
 
 fidered as the real Nymph of the vegetable. 
 
 A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 VI. The Clove-July-Flower itfelf broken from 
 its gem or bud, and ina condition to produce 
 feed. 
 
 T A Be XLVII. 
 PA Gy F. 
 
 The genitals of the male Frog, viewed with the 
 microfcope. : 
 
 aa The tefticles. 6666 The loins. 
 
 c Some of the appendages of the tefticles, 
 confifting of oily or fatty bags. 
 
 d A fingle appendage of the fame kind. 
 
 e Others divided into two branches. 
 
 J Blood vefiels on the furface of the tefticle. 
 
 g g Globular heads or ends of the feminal tefti- 
 culary vefiels 
 
 h Some tefticulary veffels, confifting of two 
 parts. 
 
 ii Divided paraftate, or feminal veffels, by 
 means of which the feed is forced from the 
 tefticles into the common vafa deferentia. 
 
 kh & The manner in which thefe veffels run un- 
 der the membrane that enclofes the kidneys, 
 and unite with the vas deferentia. 
 
 1111 Vafa deferentia lying round the loins. 
 
 mm A rough draft of the arteries diftributed 
 through the kidneys. 
 
 nn Two fingular and ftrange bodies feated at 
 the kidneys, under the fkin. " ¢ 
 
 00 The place where the deferentia form on 
 each fide a fingle trunk. 
 
 p p Seminal veffels; or feed bags. . 
 
 qq The ftraight gut, “into which the vafa de- 
 ferentia and feminal veficles difcharge them- 
 felves. 
 
 y The orifice, or end of the faid parts. 
 
 ss The urinary bladder divided into two parts. 
 
 Fal Goi 
 All the foregoing parts, of their natural fize. 
 
 FIG, _ I. 
 
 One of the ovaries, of its natural fize. 
 
 aa Divifions, or natural ends of the ovary. 
 
 b A brafs tube introduced into one of the little 
 lobules of the ovary, in order to blow it up. 
 
 cc Eggs appearing through the membranes 
 compofing the ovary. 
 
 d One of the lobules of the ovary laid open, 
 fo as to afford a diftiné view of the enclofed. 
 
 eggs. : 
 ae ie eae 5 
 
 The heart, liver, lungs, tubes, uterus, Bc. in 
 an impregnated female Frog. 
 
 a The fkin wih the fternum and its cartilage 
 drawn back over the head, and faftened with 
 a needle in that fituation. 
 
 b The cavity, or hollow of the membranes, 
 
 containing the heart, and formed under the 
 bre 
 
A Short Explanation of the TA BLES, 
 
 breaft bone by the concretion of the perito- 
 neum, and the ligament by which the liver 
 is fufpended. 
 
 ¢c Natural openings of the tubes, growing 
 again{t the membranes already taken notice 
 of, which extend over the heart, and its pe- 
 ricardium. 
 
 dd That part of the tube which makes a great 
 many beautiful windings and foldings. 
 
 e The blood veflels of the tubes. 
 
 } f The extremities of the tubes, near or about 
 the fides of the uterus. 
 
 gg The uterus, confifting of two parts. 
 
 / The ftraight gut in its natural fituation. 
 
 z The urinary bladder, confifting of two parts, 
 in its natural fituation. 
 
 k The contracted ovary, in which there ftll 
 remains one perfect ego. 
 
 2 Part of the left kindey, upon which the ovary 
 lies, and at whofe fide lies the vein of the 
 kidney. . 
 Appendages of the ovary fupplying it with 
 oil. 
 
 n Two eggs floating freely in the belly, near 
 the tubes 
 
 _o An egg in the tube itfelf. 
 
 p The ftomach contracted, in its natural fitu- 
 ation. 
 
 gq One of the tubes of the liver. 
 
 r The gall bladder. 
 
 ss The lungs; the left one contracted. 
 
 tt The auricle of the heart. 
 
 uuu Parts of the thorax and abdomen cut 
 
 off. 
 FIG. V. 
 
 The manner of finding the eggs difperfed in the 
 Frog’s belly, when in their paffage through the 
 
 tube into the uturus. 
 
 a Some little eggs in the ovary. 
 
 666 Some eggs, fcattered up and down the 
 belly. 
 
 ¢ Six eggs clofe to the tube’s mouth. 
 
 ddd Eggsin the tubes. 
 
 e An egg in the tube, near its mouth. 
 
 ff Some eggs, prefling through the extremities 
 of the tubes, into the utrus. 
 
 g The manner in which the eggs appear faintly 
 
 «through the uterus. 
 
 b The manner in which the eggs appear di- 
 ftin@ly through the uterus, after it has been 
 for fome time expofed to the open air. 
 
 i The extremity of the double uterus, which 
 opens into the ftraight gut, about an inch 
 from the place where the tubes empty 
 themfelves into the uterus.’ 
 
 k The origin or beginning of the great artery, 
 
 ~~ with the auricle and heart. 
 
 J] Natural openings of the tubes. 
 
 ‘mm The lungs in their natural fituation, in 
 part covering the tubes, 
 
 lvii 
 FIG. Vi 
 
 A microfeopical view of the fore legs or arms of 
 : the male Frog. 
 
 a The thick thumb. 
 6 Black papille, with which it is covered. 
 
 TAB. XLVIUII. 
 
 F IG, . I. and 
 
 The manner in which the Frogs copulate. 
 
 aa ‘The manneft in which the male embraces 
 the female, with his arms, and as it were 
 
 _ folds his fingers between one another. 
 
 64 The manner in which the head of thé 
 male, lies over the head and between the 
 eyes of the female. . 
 
 ¢¢ The drum of the ear, covered only with 
 the éxternal fkin. 
 
 d The manner in which the female ejects her 
 eggs, 
 
 e The manner in which the male pours out its 
 feed upon them. 
 
 f The manner in which the eggs flow together 
 in a circular form. 
 
 FIG. II. 
 A microfeopical view of the ovary and its appen- 
 
 dages. 
 
 aa Some eggs, 6 Larger eggs. 
 
 cd Eggs becoming imperceptible by degrees. 
 
 e Blood veffels interwoven with the eggs 
 
 fA perfec egg, about to difappear in the 
 fame manner 
 
 Fil Gi omy, 
 
 A clufter of eggs magnified: 
 
 aaa Hollow membranes, or little membranés 
 full of cavities, in which the eggs lie. 
 
 b b Blood veffels belonging to the faid clufter, 
 
 ¢ ¢ The main trunk of the blood veffels. 
 
 No. 1. to 10 
 The flow increafe or growth of the eggs. 
 
 1 A Frog’s egg newly depofited. 
 
 2 Another, a day old. 
 
 3 Another, two days old. 
 
 4 Another, three days old, as expreffed in 
 four different drawings. 
 
 5 Another four days old. 
 
 6 The foetus of the Frog, as it appeared the 
 next day. Se 
 10 The fame viewed. on the tenth day from 
 
 - the laying of the egg. 
 
 P FIG. V. 
 
A Short Explanation 
 Pi Gage 
 
 Iviii 
 
 A microfcopical view of the fatus of the Frog in 
 an egg newly depofited, and divefted of its white. 
 aa A furrow in the middle of the Frog’s body. 
 46 Remains, or rather rudiment, of a yellow 
 fpot, which appears in the fkin of thefe 
 
 creatures, even before they are hatched. 
 
 ie e's & 
 The fame fetus broken into two parts. 
 
 a A protuberance in form of a crefcent, vifible 
 on the internal furface of one of the fides ; 
 in this place the furrow penetrates to a con- 
 fiderable depth. 
 
 4. A-little hole or cavity in form of a crefcent, 
 ferving to receive the foregoing protuberance. 
 
 ¢¢ The place where the furrow is very fhallow. 
 
 dd The furface of the fraction, fhewing the 
 
 ~~ Frog’s body to confift of globular, or fphe- 
 rical grains or particles. 
 
 F I G...VII. 
 
 A microfcopical view of the young Frog, within 
 ats chorion and amnion. 
 
 @ A fide view of the Allantoies, with the cho- 
 rion and amnion which entirely enclofe the 
 fcetus. : 
 
 6 The futrows already taken notice of. 
 
 ¢ Superficial clefts of the yellow {pot, obfer- 
 vable in the Frog’s egg. 
 
 F-1-G..: Vil. 
 The fame parts, but in another Jfituation. 
 
 @ The coat, called the allantoies dilated. 
 
 F:T G@ iT. 
 Another -reprefentation of the fame parts. 
 a. The allantoies or Eat, firetched out into the 
 ~ fhape of a pear. 
 ai. ipey gyalige 
 
 Ti he fame parts again, with the foregoing coat 
 extended to its greateft fize and bulk. 
 
 FIG. XL 
 
 The fatus of the Frog, as it appears fourteen 
 days after the laying of the.egg. 
 
 F I Gi XI 
 A microfcopical view of the fame. fetus, 
 
 aa Theeyes. 5 Its wide mouth. 
 
 _¢¢ Fimbricated a pendages, which in procefs 
 
 on 
 
 ~ of time are taken in 
 
 by the body, where 
 
 they conftitute the gills. ~ 
 
 ‘ 
 
 ofiilin Se tah Trea 
 
 d The extremity of the extius of the inteftine, 
 which forms fome windings and protube- — 
 rances in the belly. 
 
 ee The tail, of a flefhy fubftance in the mid- 
 dle, but membranaceous at the edges, 
 
 J The extremity of the mufcular and cartila- 
 ginous part of the tail. | 
 
 1 2 i @ 3 
 
 The fatus of a Frog, thirty-fix days after the 
 laying of the egg, exhibing very diftinétly its 
 head, two binder legs and tail. 
 
 a The aperture or opening of the mouth. 
 6 The hinder legs and tail. 
 
 gf A et aaah She 
 
 By der: I, 
 
 The fatus of the Frog reprefented by Fig. XIII. 
 of the laft Table, diffeéted, and viewed with 
 
 a microfcope. 
 
 aa The iower jaw-bone, of a black horny 
 fubftance, and furnifhed with teeth. 
 
 45 The upper jaw-bone. 
 
 cc White papille furrounding the mouth. ~ 
 
 dd A portion of the protuberant eyes, 
 
 ee Four rows of gills on each fide. . 
 
 Jf The lungs, one of which is inflated, the 
 other collapfed, 
 
 g The heart. 4 Its auricle. 
 
 z The liver and vena cava. 
 
 k The gullet. / The gall bladder. 
 
 m The winding of the gullet about the liver, 
 
 n Part of the mefentery, with its blood veffels. 
 
 @ The ftomach in the beginning of its growth. 
 
 p The pancreas in its natural fituation. 
 
 q The fmall gut. 
 
 rr Very beautiful double foldings of the in- 
 teftines, 
 
 s The ftraight gut. | ¢ The 
 
 uu ‘The two hinder legs, whic 
 or on the outfide of the body. 
 
 xx The fore legs, which lay hid under the 
 fkin. yyy Mutcles of the tail. 
 
 22 The membranaccous fkin of the tail. 
 
 poser. 
 grow beyond, ° 
 
 PaheG. dT 
 
 The manner in which the Tadpole cafes it fein. — 
 
 a The fmall opening of the mouth, in the 
 fkin caft by the Tadpole. 
 
 4. The wide mouth of the Frog. 
 
 cc The two fore legs, which heretofore lay 
 hid in the breaft, under the fkin, now di- 
 vefted of it. See Tab. XLVI. No. V. 
 
 __ letters 22. 
 
 dd The two hinder legs on the point of drop- 
 ping their fkins. 
 
 ee Pulmonary veficles, which nature has be- 
 ftowed on the male only. ae 
 
 if Two 
 
A. Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 Sf Two thick thumbs, proper likewife to the 
 
 male. 
 P-]. Ge Tk 
 
 The Frog’s arteries. 
 
 a The heart. | 
 4 The auricle, over which lies the origin of 
 the great artery that iffues from the Frog’s 
 heart. 
 ¢ One of the two main trunks of the great ar- 
 tery, which is like the fubclavian vein, 
 and runs towards the right fide of the thorax. 
 d The other main afcending trunk, running to 
 the left fide. 
 ee Arteries of the lungs, which they only 
 ferve to nourifh. I have here exhibited 
 three branches of them, cut off. 
 fF Two minute ‘arteries, iffuing from the 
 lungs, and running towards the parts of the 
 mouth. 
 &g Twoarteries, each of which {wells into 
 two knots. 
 hh Two very confiderable branches of the ar- 
 teries, which arife from the afcending trunks 
 of the great artery, then take a circular turn, 
 and at length unite in the loins, 
 #2 The axillary arteries. 
 kk The carotide arteries. 
 / /. The arteries of the vertebre. 
 m That of the mefentery. 
 na That of the loins. 
 oo Thofe of the tefticles, and ovary. 
 p Thofe of the kidneys. 
 qq The iliac branches. 
 
 Poke. IY, 
 Veins of the Frog. 
 
 aa The'upper trunks of the vena cava. 
 
 6 The place where the arteries are cut away. 
 
 cc The place where the pulmonary veins are 
 likewife cut away. 
 
 dd. Veins running to the parts of the mouth. 
 
 ee Others running tothe head. 
 
 J f Two veins, running to the mufcles. of 
 the fore legs. 
 
 gg Axillary-veins. : ; 
 
 4b Twoconfiderable branches, which run in- 
 to the ilia under the fkin. 
 
 zi The trunk of the vena cava, on the back. 
 
 k k The vena cava in the liver. 
 
 1 The vein of the mefentery. 
 
 m, ‘The emulgent or kidney veins. 
 
 nna The iliac, : 
 
 oo The epigaftric vein, running double at its 
 origin. 
 
 ZG. VY. 
 The motion of the mufcles in a Frog. 
 
 aa Two tendons of a mufcle, held by the 
 fingers. =a 
 
 b The dependent nerve of it, irritated; by 
 means of which the mutcle contracts itfelf, 
 
 lix 
 and fo draws towards itfelf, the two hands 
 holding the tendons, 
 
 fon G, Vi, 
 
 The manner in which the thicknefs of the mufele 
 increafes, during the contraétion of the mufcle. 
 
 a A glafs tube, through which the mufcle is 
 pafied. 
 
 64 Two pins run through the tendons of the 
 mut{cles, 
 
 ¢ The irritated nerve, by which it comés to 
 pafs that the pins 44 are forced from their 
 places towards dd, and that 
 
 e The mufcle, in confequence of its contraction, 
 fills the middle of the tube, 
 
 F°I G. VIE 
 
 The manner in which the heart, du 
 tractionss takes up lefs 
 bulk. 
 
 ring its con~ 
 room, and leffens in 
 
 a The heart, contracting itfelf within a fyphon 
 or glafs tube, upon whofe pifton it lies. 
 
 bd A glafs tube. 
 
 c A drop of water, adhering to the infide of 
 
 the tube, which drop defcends while the 
 heart contraéts itfelf, 
 
 d The part of the tube, tfhewing how low the 
 drop of water ¢ falls at that time, 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 
 The manner in which the mufcle, at the time o 
 its contraction, comes to occupy a fmaller Space. 
 
 a The glafstube, or fyphon 
 
 6 The mufcle. 
 
 ¢ A filver wire with a ring in it, through which 
 the nerve paffes. 
 
 d A brafs wire, with a ring on the upper end 
 of it, through which the filver wire paffles. 
 
 e A drop of water in the glafs tube, 
 
 J The hand that irritates the nerve, in confe~ 
 quence of which irritation the drop on the 
 mutcle, contracting itfelf, defcends a little, 
 
 FIG. Ix. 
 The fame experiment, fhewn after another 
 
 manner, 
 
 a The glafs tube. 
 6 A little hole bored in the tube. 
 ¢ The nerve ftretched through the {aid hole. 
 
 T-A-B. L. 
 The hiftory of the Cuttle-Fith, 
 
 B4b.. 4, 
 
 The external parts or limbs of the Cattle-Fifh, 
 haid 
 
Ix’ A Short Explanation 
 laid flat on tts belly, fomewhat lefs than 
 
 nature. 
 
 aa The two thickeft and broadeft of the 
 Cuttle-Fith’s eight legs. 
 
 6 White furrows on the purple ground or fkin 
 of the legs. 
 
 ccc The acetabula, or hollows like faucers, 
 with their ftalks, pediments or mufcles, of 
 which there is a furprifing number diftributed 
 all over the eight legs. 
 
 dd Origins of the arms of the creature, in 
 their natural fituation. 
 
 f f f The loofe membranaceous and mufcular 
 fkin of the eight legs, with which fkin the 
 acetabula are covered, when the Cuttle-Fith 
 faftens itfelf to any place. 
 
 gg Places of the legs where the acetabula are 
 very fmall, but have notwithftanding the be- 
 nefitof the fkin. 
 
 bh A more diftin& view of the faid mufcular 
 fkin near the extremities of the arms; and 
 likewife of the manner in which it ferves to 
 cover the acetabula. 
 
 i The Fith’s fnout, or beak, formed like that 
 of a Parrot. 
 
 & Fleth, which furrounds the fnout or beak, 
 like lips or gums. 
 
 11 Theeyes, of an extraordinary fize. | 
 
 mm The tran{parent cover of the eyes, or 
 
 Seyelids= oo. 
 
 m The prominent point of the back. 
 
 0000 The foft and mufcular part of the Cuttle- 
 Fifh, on each fide of its back. 
 
 The place, lower down, where it is di- 
 yided into a right and left fide. 
 
 FAG 4k 
 
 The conflruétion of the acetabula, the mufcles and 
 c rings of their natural fixe. 
 
 1 A mufcle in the centre of the acetabulum, 
 as likewife the manner in which this part is 
 entirely compofed of mufcular fibres. On 
 
 ~ the upper part may be feen the black edge of 
 of a horny bone, in form of a ring, of 
 confiderable fervice in the conftruction of 
 this organ. 
 
 > The internal cavity of the acetabulum, its 
 fibrous and mufcular ftructure, as likewife 
 the black edge of the ring, juft now menti- 
 oned. Lower down is to be feen that part 
 of the mufcle, which ferves to dilate the 
 acetabulum. - 
 
 3 The ring, already exhibited by its felf, placed 
 on its fide. 
 
 4 A front view of the faid ring. 
 
 5 Part of the faid ring cut off. 
 
 : F1G.- Ul. 
 The confiruttion of the fnout or beak, of its na- 
 
 tural fize. 
 aa The. wings of a horny bone, compofing 
 the lower partof the beak or fnout. 
 
 Seite 
 
 of the TABLES 
 
 6 The place where the beak or f{nout is bent 
 upon itfelf, fo as to acquire both firmnefs 
 and thicknefs, 
 
 The place where the faid bent back part of 
 the fnout or beak turns, and runs forward 
 again, and forms a hollow cavity. 
 
 d The upper part of the fnout or beak, which 
 differs very little from the lower in point of 
 conftruction or fhape. 
 
 e é Its internal hollow, containing the tongue. 
 
 FIG. IV. 
 
 The tongue, and falival ducks, of their natural 
 Size 
 
 a A natural bending, or inflection about the 
 cartilaginous bones of the tongue. 
 
 & The mufcular fleth of the tongue, of a fpun- 
 gy or fungous fubftance, . 
 
 ¢ The mouth of the falival du@, in the muf- 
 cular part of the tongue. 
 
 d The falival duct itfelf. 
 
 ee Two glands, from which the falival dué& 
 takes its origin. 
 
 f f Some of the mufcles belonging to the 
 
 tongue. 
 BS ae Se 
 The tongue by itfelf, of its natural fize. 3 
 
 a The unequal membrane of the tongue. __ 
 5 Seven cartilaginous bones of the ‘tongue, 
 feparated from each other at their extremities. 
 
 Proeewvas 
 
 A microfcopical view of part of the cartilaginaus 
 bones of the tongue. 
 
 a Cartilaginous papille, fituated on the faid 
 bones. 
 
 FIG. VI. 
 A microfeopical view of the tongue, inverted. 
 
 aa Part of the root of the tongue, where its 
 bones appear through the microfcope, in 
 form of a regular piece of net-work. 
 
 TA SB. ia 
 a 
 
 The internal parts of the Cuttle-Fifh, that may 
 be feen, without any diffection, by juft re- 
 moving the loofe. mufcular covering of the 
 belly. 
 
 aa The mufcular covering of the breaft and 
 
 ' belly, cut off. 
 bb The place on the declivity of the belly, 
 where the {aid mufcular flefh was cut off. 
 
 ¢. The place near the tail, treated in the fame 
 - manner. : 
 d The 
 
A Short Explanation of the TABLES. 
 
 d The lower part of the common excretory 
 bag like an inverted funnel. 
 
 e The upper part of the faid bag, narrower. 
 
 J f Two oval hollow parts, united to the 
 excretory bag. 
 
 gg Two confiderable prominencies or papilla, 
 adhering to the loofe mufcular part of the 
 abdomen. ‘Thefe prominences fill up, while 
 the creature lives, the hollow parts juft now 
 mentioned. 
 
 hb Two oblong and ftraight mufcles, which 
 ferve to move the acetabula, that are, as it 
 were, fupported by them towards the pa- 
 pille, and draw them back again. 
 
 zi The gills, and their blood-veffels, fituated 
 at each fide of the abdomen, and at a great 
 diftance afunder. 
 
 k Divifions of the blood-veffels in the lamelle, 
 or plates of the gills, extended on the infide 
 to their roots. 
 
 1] The place where the lamelle of the gills 
 terminate in a ligament, which ligament 
 might very eafily be taken for a blood-veflel. 
 
 m ‘The fame more diftinétly exhibited ; as like- 
 wife a view of the divifions of the blood- 
 veflels in the lamelle of the gills. 
 
 m A tranfparent part, called mutis. 
 
 o The extremity of the ftraight gut, which 
 floats in the abdomen, like a hollow tube. 
 
 p The tranfparent ink--bag, which likewife 
 difcharges itfelf into the abdomen. 
 
 Two tubular apertures, or openings, be- 
 neath the ftraight gut, and near it, by which 
 the feminal matter is emitted. 
 
 r The place where there lie deeper, under 
 the other parts, the veffels in which the fe- 
 minal matter is prepared. 
 
 s The tranfparent ftomach. 
 
 ¢ Atranfparent particle, in form of a heart, 
 belonging to the {permatic parts. 
 
 wu The extremity of the vafa differentia of the 
 tefticle, floating likewife freely in the ab- 
 domen. 
 
 x The tranfparent tefticle. 
 
 y Some arteries, which run to the mufular 
 parts of the fkin. Their fellows are to be 
 feen on the other fide of the body. 
 
 z Tranfparent nerves, which appear in great 
 numbers through the fkin, both there, and 
 and at the other fide. 
 
 a The mufcular circle of the mouth. 
 
 @8 Thearms, cut off. 
 
 yv The order obferved by the acetabula during 
 the contraction of the mufcles. 
 
 ®5 The internal conftruction of the broadeft 
 and largeft of the eight legs. 
 
 ¢& ‘The two eyes. 
 
 BeaaG. IT: 
 
 A very diftinédt view of the mufcles of the fmalleft 
 acetabula, in their natural fituation and fize, 
 as they appear on the extremity of one of the 
 arms, feparated from the reft. 
 
 a The conftruction and fituation of the mufcles 
 of the acetabula. 
 
 Ixi 
 
 5 The manner in which the acetabula are uni- 
 ted with their mutfcles. 
 
 cd The place where the mufcles are thorteft 
 and {malleft, being where the rows of aceta- 
 bula begin and terminate. 
 
 F IG. Jil. and Iv. 
 
 The body, called mutis, a kttle lefs than. nature. 
 
 aa Its upper part, which is very thick, and 
 may be divided on each fide into two lobes. 
 
 6 6 Its obtufe appendages; in which the lower 
 part of it terminates. 
 
 ce Two arteries, iffuing from the great artery, 
 and running to or fupplying the right and 
 left fides of the mutis. 
 
 d A membrane feparated, and turned: back 
 from the mutis, in order to give a view of 
 it internal veffels. 
 
 e The courfe of the veffels, exhibited apart. 
 
 Ff A granulated fubftance, of which the mutis 
 is principally compofed. 
 
 POG. 
 
 The gullet, fomach, fraight gut, pancreas, and 
 excretory duct of the Ink. 
 
 a The jaws. 
 
 6} Salival glands, in their natural fituation. 
 The gullet runs lightly over thefe glands, in 
 its way from the jaws to the ftomach. 
 
 c¢ The ftomach. 
 
 d The blood-veffels of the ftomach. 
 
 e The ftraight gut. 
 
 J The pancreas, beautifully wound into a {pi- 
 ral form. 
 
 g The bladder, ferving to force out the ink. 
 
 b The du& of the ink from the faid organ to 
 the extremity of the ftraight gut. 
 
 2 Th blood-vefiels of the ink-bladder or bag. 
 
 kkk A glandulous body, whofe ufe is not yet 
 difcovered. 
 
 Poe 
 Ai piece of the Cuttle-Fifh's bone. 
 
 a A great number of little lamelle or plates, 
 compofing the bone. The uppermoft are 
 the largeft, and lie clofeft to each other. 
 
 6 The hard crufty covering of this bone. - The 
 lamellz or plates that are neareft to this cruft 
 are the fhorteft, and likewife at the greateft 
 diftance afunder, foasto afford a more fatis- 
 factory view of the little columns that fup- 
 port them, one above another. 
 
 FPG. 
 
 A microfcopical view of two of the lamella, or 
 plates, and their interjacent columns. 
 
 c¢ The beautiful order in which the columns 
 
 Q. are 
 
Ixit A Short Explanation 
 
 are placed between the teftaceous thelly la- 
 mellz or plates. ; 
 
 d The firft or upper lamella or plate, in which 
 appear the marks of the columns, broken 
 away from it. 
 
 e The lower or fecond plate. 
 
 f Some tranfverfal fibres of a fhelly fubftance, 
 which bind the columns together, and there- 
 by add confiderably to their firmnefs. 
 
 Pi Goo Vil 
 
 Some of the plates, jufl now exhibited, removed 
 from the columns that fupported them. 
 
 g Their hollow tubular conftruction, in confe- 
 quence of which they muft naturally contain 
 a portion of air, and of courfe the bone can 
 fwim on the furface of the water. 
 
 PA G. . Ex. 
 _ The tail of the Cuttle-Fifh’s bone, drawn after 
 
 nature. 
 
 b A fharp point, thro’ which the Cuttle-Fith’s 
 bone grows out. 
 
 7 i The membranaceous parts on each fide. 
 
 k The place where the piece of bone, under 
 our confideration, was broken off from the 
 reft of it, thewing fome beautiful globular 
 eminences, which firft hardened into a ftony 
 bone above the reft of the furface. 
 
 T fe Be Asli 
 
 it G, I. 
 
 ‘The heart and arteries of the Cuttle-Fifh, of 
 their natural fize. 
 
 a The heart. 
 
 4 6 The double auricle of the heart. 
 
 cc Part of the largeft blood-veffels belonging 
 to the gills, from which the auricles are fe- 
 parated. d The great artery. 
 
 ee Its two branches, running to the body of 
 the mutis, while others proceed further. 
 
 f Arteries extended to the bafe, or root of the 
 brain, where they are afterwards diftributed. 
 
 gg Two blood-veffels, iffuing from a lower 
 part of the heart. They are full of veins. 
 
 APG. A: 24M. 
 
 and IV. 
 
 - The brain, nerves, and eyes, of their natural 
 
 Sie 
 
 a The brain, 
 
 5 Fat lying near the brain, reprefented by dots. 
 
 ¢¢ The optic nerves, whofe origens are like- 
 wife invefted with fat. 
 
 dd Knotty dilatations of the optic nerves. 
 
 eeee Nerves fent in great numbers from the 
 faid nodules or knots to the eyes. 
 
 of th TABLES. 
 
 f A blood-veffel, that interfects the nerves run- 
 ning totheeyes, 
 
 g Agreat many little mervous fibres in thé 
 choroides of the eye. ‘ 
 
 b The place where the faid coat converges a 
 little more in form of a globe about the 
 cryftalline lens, and thereby forms the iris 
 of the eye. seus 
 
 i A portion of the cryftalline lens, projecting 
 beyond the eye. 
 
 Fer G. AE 
 
 k The cover of the pupil, on that fide where 
 I cut it off from the eye. 
 
 1 That fide of the faid cover, which floats 
 freely in the aqueous humour, 
 
 Bet G/N s 
 
 m The manner in which the cryftalline lens is 
 divided to a great depth by the ciliary liga- 
 
 ment. 
 
 PT Gu i: 
 
 Ir 22 23 Three pair of nerves iffuing from 
 the brain, the middlemoft of which is beau- 
 tifuily dilated into a nodule. 
 
 n All thefe nerves are diftributed amongft the 
 fore parts of the head. 
 
 oo Cartilages enclofing the brain. 
 
 pp Cartaliginous expanfions, in which the 
 mufcles of the legs are placed, and in the — 
 middle of which the head and {nout, or beak 
 of the Cuttle-Fith, is placed. 
 
 gq Two ftrong nerves, which iffue from the 
 bottom or root of the brain on its hinder 
 part. 
 
 rr Two nodules, which thefe nerves form 
 in the breaft, and from which great num- 
 bers of nerves run to the lower parts of the 
 Cuttle-Fith’s body. 
 
 F 1G. Vi and VE 
 The tefticle and its parts, of their natural dimen- 
 Jfions, viewed on each fide. 
 
 @ Some little white bodies, which I found hang- 
 ing in this creature on the outfide of the 
 vas differens. ; 
 
 b The pointed extremity of the tefticle. 
 
 c The corpus variciforme of the tefticle. 
 
 d Its extremity, as far as I have as yet been 
 able to trace it. 
 
 e The place where the paraftate are moft ample 
 and {pacious, as may be {cen in the tefticle, 
 turned upon its other fide. 
 
 @iG. VE 
 
 F Some other minute extra¢ted from the tefti- 
 cles, which was full of them. Thefe parts 
 are all loofe in the hinder part, without the 
 
 leaft faftening. Hie: 
 g Som 
 
A Short Explanation of th TABLES. 
 
 g Some fine filaments, in which the faid mi- 
 nute parts terminate on their fore ends, 
 and by means of which they are there con- 
 nected together. 
 
 h The manner in which a white fubftance, that 
 curls itfelf in aferpentine form, iffues from 
 the faid minute parts. 
 
 oS 
 
 #2 The manner in which thefe white mi- 
 nute parts appear thro’ the tefticle, and wind 
 themfelves in a ferpentine manner, while as 
 yet enclofed in it. 
 
 YT Gig 
 
 A microfcopical view of one of thefe minute parts. 
 
 a Its hinder part, loofe and tranfparent. 
 
 6 A white fubftance enclofed in the faid 
 part, and which is forced out of it by the 
 water that penetrates it. 
 
 ¢ Places where it is tranfparent at each 
 
 d Beautifel windings of the fame on its fore 
 
 | delicate, or flender filament, 
 which hardens in the open air like the Silk- 
 Worm’s thread. 
 
 eI G.° VI 
 
 Two pair of glandular bodies, belonging to the 
 Jeminal veffels, of their natural Size. 
 
 aa The firft pair of thefe white bodies, cut off 
 from the gills. : 
 
 bb The fecond pair of gladular bodies of a 
 gray colour, in other refpects like the firft 
 pair, with which they are connected by 
 means of two glandular tubes. 
 
 cc A glandular body fituated between the two 
 
 pair juft defcribed. 
 
 dd Some tender membranes, which bind to- 
 gether the faid body and its lobules. 
 
 F 1G, 2, 
 
 A third particle belonging to the feminal veffels, 
 of its natural fize. 
 
 a Its figure on the upper part, where it is 
 pretty flat. =a 
 
 4 Its figure on the lower part, where it is 
 fomewhat fharp, with a divifion in the mid- 
 dle, that gives it in fome meafure the re- 
 femblance of a heart. 
 
 Ixiit 
 F IG, 
 The genitals of the female of their natural fize. 
 
 @ The ftraight gut. 
 
 6 The dué of the organ ferving to prefs out 
 the ink. 
 
 ¢ The ink-bag itfelf, 
 
 dd The ovary. 
 
 e The duct by which the eggs are difcharged. 
 
 J Three eggs. gg Two glandular bodies. 
 
 4 A peculiar part containing a reddifh humour, 
 
 22 The gills in their natural fituation. 
 
 T_A Be EA 
 The feeds of. the Fern, 
 je Se a 
 Part of a Fern leaf, with its tubercles, 
 
 aa@ An indented or jagged leaf of the Male 
 Fern of Dodoneus, refembling the feather 
 of a bird. 
 
 bb Yubercles of a Fern leaf compofed of fome 
 leaves, and a great many little pods which 
 contain the real feed of the plant. 
 
 FFG. 
 Five of the fame kind of pods of their natural 
 
 Jize, and viewed different ways, * 
 
 ccc Three pods with fingle ftalks. 
 
 d One with a double Stalk. 
 
 eee The place where the ftalk furrounds or 
 girds the pod, as it were like a twifted cord 
 in form of a crown. 
 
 Jf The manner in which the pod fwells beyond 
 the faid twifted cord on each fide of it. 
 
 g Apod placed in the center of the furround- 
 ing cord; as likewife the place where the 
 pod firft begins to open. 
 
 hh The cord reduced to a ftraight line by 
 fome elaftic power. 
 
 zizzt The pod burft in two, fo that the parts 
 now confidered in themfelves form as it were 
 four hollow cups. 
 
 / The membrane of the pod broke open, and 
 turned back upon the coronal cord of the 
 ftalk that furrounded the pod, fo as to af- 
 ford a view of the enclofed feeds in their 
 natural fituation. But it is by great chance 
 that a pod opened in this regular manner can 
 be met with. 
 
 FI G._ II. 
 The feed. 
 
 h Five out of forty-one feeds, that I found in 
 one pod, magnified to a very great degree. 
 
 The END of the Explanation of th TABLES, 
 
err 
 
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“TAB: XXX. 
 
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4 
 
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 adi habe Mh) UNE aks CBE 
 
 Ne 
 
as 
 
 P. H fignifies Part the Second. 
 
 A. 
 
 i CARI, or Mites, referred to the firft order. 
 
 fee? 5- Caufe rottennefs in cheefe, and how? 
 ake 68 
 With what force, and in what manner they leap up, and 
 how they difpofe themfelves for that purpofe. P. IL 
 64, 6 
 Their change to the Nymph-ftate haftened, by ia 
 ving them of their food. P. Ii. : mt 
 An anatomical defcription of their external and internal 
 parts. P. II. 63 65 to 68 
 Their changes conftant and not liable to chance. P. II. 
 75- of a ftrong conftitution. P. II. 64. The Flies 
 which are producued from them. P. II. 72. They lay 
 their eggs in cheefe. P. I]. 74, 75. How they get 
 into the cheefe. P. II. 68. What they do when firft 
 produced. P, Il. yh ere 
 In what manner their wings are expanded. ibid. 
 Of their fingular manner of copulating and other parti- 
 culars. P. Il. oi eS Si 
 
 73 / 
 The female. P. II. 73. Its vulva and other parts. P, iL 
 
 The male, its external parts. P. II. 72, 73. Tefticlon 
 femen. &c. P. II. 73, 74. The Vermiform Nymph of 
 the Acarus referred to the fourth order of changes, P. II. 
 35. Why focalled? P. II. 71. Notanegg, ibid. 
 In what time it arrives at its maturity. P. Il. 72. how 
 it is changed to a Fly. Part IL..72, 74. Its external 
 parts examined. 2d. 
 
 AIR, more neceflary to the fupport of infects than to large 
 
 ALDER-LEAVES, Worms found in them. 
 AN ANIMAL hid in animal, P. II. 24. 
 
 animals 137. 
 Air, the temperature of it, how much it contributes 
 to the change of Worms ahd Butterflies into winged 
 infects 173 
 A Chry- 
 falis and Butterfly foundin one of them. P. II. 87, 88 
 The life of 
 the one the death of the other. 18 
 Animals and vegetables changed in the fame manner. 9 
 Animals, the fkin and membranes of them nothing 
 more than a complication of veflels of the fame kind. 145 
 The divifion of them into perfect and imperfect rafh. 1 
 Their generation does not arife from putrefaction, or 
 chance, but from the conftant order of nature P. If. 69 
 Their dead bodies foon deftroyed by Flies. P. UL. 227 
 Their eggs impregnated by the fubtile parts of the feed 
 of the male. Pik -322 
 Their membranaceous parts feem to be nothing but 
 
 blood-veflels confolidated. Pot 72 
 The largeft, as well as the fmalleft, produced from 
 very minute eggs. 23 
 The finalleft excel the largeft, and why ? I 
 . Compared together. I 
 
 The accretion of the limbs of fanguiferous animals the 
 fame as in infects. 
 Their generatiom agrees with the four orders of changes 
 
 of infects. 19 
 ANTS belong to the third order. 122 
 Why it does not grow to the largeft bulk. I 
 The finalleft excel the largeft animals, why ? 2 
 Perfeét and full grown 128 
 
 Their firft rudiments not lefs than thofe of the largeft 
 animals. I 
 Their flow increafe and change, exactly defcribed. 126, 
 &c. Their various external changes. 127 
 
 Their wonderful induftry in bringing up their young. ~ 
 
 129, 139 
 
 The female how it differs from the other Ants. 129, 130 
 The males how they differ from the other fpecies of 
 
 Ants : 122, 129 
 Subje&t to the fame fate with Bees. 
 
 I9E 
 More mild than the female and working Ants a 
 The office of the males. 129 
 The labouring Ants of neither fex. 123 
 Their parts defcribed. 128 
 
 The Nymph, 126, exaétly reprefents the future Ant, 
 3, 4. Why the Nymph of the Ant agrees better with 
 the Ant than other Nymphs with their proper infects, 4 
 How it differs from the Ant itfelf, 7. Further particu- 
 lars of the Nymph. 126, 127 
 Various fpecies of Ants 130 
 One from the Eaft-Indies 
 
 I3f 
 
 A large one brought from the Cape of Good Hope a 
 Common ones found in Holland. 1B. 
 Five others. ib. 
 
 A fixth. I3E 
 AUTHOR, his Complaint againft Cafparus Bartholinus, 
 Paice 
 
 ASELLUS, or WOOD-LOUSE, referred to the firit 
 order of changes. 27 
 Their floughs produce a fermentation with acids, there- 
 
 fore contain an alkaline falt, and may be ufeful in phy- 
 
 fic. Several fpecies of them preferved by the 
 author. | 
 One of them, fromIceland, defcribed. 2D, 
 
 AURELIA. See Chryfalis. 
 
 — B 
 ALSAMITA ALTERIA, of Fabius Columna, a 
 
 a plant which, on being touched, contracts, and it 
 pods burft. P. II. 129 
 BLATTA, byzantine, what? 43. Of Mouffet, gs. 
 BEES, belong to the third order of changes, 109. Make 
 a noife with their wings when they fly, 167, 217 Whe- 
 ther they can hear and fmell, unknown, 214, 215. Their 
 being produced from dead carcafes fabulous, 228. Out- 
 live the winter, but become motionlefs, P. II. 183. 
 Foreknow the inftant of the female or queens breaking 
 through the cell to, come forth, 187. Can fee in the 
 dark, 171. Candifgorge their honey, 173. Which it 
 feems they prepare, and do not collect it, z+. From the 
 hexogonal form of their eyes their cells are wrongly in- 
 ferred to be the fame, 211. They a& not from judg- 
 ment but impulfe, 170. What time of the year they 
 breed, 160. Sometimes they bring perfect wax te 
 their hives, but it is probably ftole, 162. The wax is 
 never found fticking to their legs, 208. In what part 
 they carry it, 168. In what manner they fee, 171 208. 
 In what order they live in the winter, 160. The man- 
 ner of their fuétion, 194. Compared to cruftaceous 
 animals, 192. ‘Their love to the males changed to ha- 
 tred, 167. Their eagernefs in colleGting honey and 
 wax, 161. The number found in one hive, 160, 232. 
 Their care in defending the mouth of it, their habita- 
 tion, 164. Other particulars, 170, 188, 216. 
 Parts common to each fpecies, 168. Peculiar parts, 
 169. Its appearance when opened on the back, 195. 
 Of its fting, 184, 185, 199, 200. The fbanks and 
 fheath of the fting, 184, 185, 199, 200. 4ts crooked 
 claws, 199. Its wings, of their hairs. and w€rves, and the 
 mufcles moving them, 217. Ofthe brain, 214. The 
 legs, 167: The gullet, {tomach,4nd other parts, 196. 
 The fpinal marrow, 74. 214. Mufcles, 193. Of the 
 fting, 198. Mufcles moving the wings and legs, 217. 
 £ 
 
Bae mem ee irene 
 
 Of the horns, and their ufe, 216. Their five eyes, 
 two large and two lefs, 2ro0. Of the male and female, 
 how they differ, 215. The external figure of the larger 
 eyes, 210. ‘Their tranfverfe fibres, 213. Pyramidal 
 and inverted, 212, 213. The tunica cornea, 210. 
 Other particulars of it, 211, 214. The uvea 212. 
 The lefs eyes 214. Hairs likefeathets 168, 216. 
 Fat 195. ‘The probofcis or trunk, its orifices not lar- 
 ger than thofe of a nd ote 163 
 ‘The lungs 195. orax and other parts 217 
 Pulmonary tubes 204. A Bees-hive, their common ha- 
 bitation, properly fupplied, 160. One that produced 
 thirty fwarms in one year 191. One in which different 
 kinds of célls~were found 160. Another with the num- 
 ber of its*€ells, &c. 
 Cells, not always regular and equal. 
 Further particulars of them. %. 
 Thofe of the females moft irregular. 
 Of their conftruction. 
 Thofe of the males not always of the fame number. 
 Thofe of the working Bees, how conftructed. 
 Swarms of Bees, how to increafe them. 
 Bee bread, from which the wax is made. 
 Experiments on it. th, 
 Further particulars of it. 161, 162, 208 
 Poifon of the Bee 166. Further particulars of it es 
 201, 205, 20 
 Of the Female or queen Bee. 169, 201 
 Three hundred oviduéts in the ovary of one Bee, con- 
 taining 5100 eggs, probably ten or twelve thoufand 
 eggs, in one female. 203, 205 
 Further particulars of the female and its eggs. 169, 
 : 187, 188, 203, 234 
 A female diffeted 201. ‘The fting 175, 205, 207 
 Abdominal rings, and their mufcles 202 
 he heart, with its parts. 201, 202 
 Horns of the uterus 204. Pulmonary tubes 202 
 The ftraight gut 205, 207. Spinal marrow 204 
 Ovary, and its parts 202, 205, 207 
 Eges viewed by the microfcope. 171 
 oo of them. 172, 204 
 at. 202. ‘ Anus. 201 
 Bag, containing a-glutinous'matter. 2045 205 
 e fting ‘and poifon of the female, how they differ 
 from thote of the working Bee. 205, 206 
 Further particulars Of them. 205, 206, 208 
 Why two females cannot agree in one hive 188 
 
 Live folitarily. 209. Defcribed. 63, 230, 231 
 Further particulars of them. - 203, 204 
 Wild Bees, fo called by folinfon. 96 
 Various {pecies of them.” 21 . 
 The Bees called Drones, their genital parts diftinlly 
 feen. 197 
 Apis Manfuete, of Goedaert, belongs to the third or- 
 der. 125 
 Ts only a dunghill Fly. 212 
 The Wood Bees, of Aldrovandus, belong to the third 
 order. 
 
 The Sea Bee, of Pifo, what ? 
 
 BEETLES, ‘belofg to the third order. 
 
 The mafiner of their making a noife. 125, 217 
 The different kinds of Beetlesamay be diftinguifhed by 
 their horns. 
 Their Worms contain other Worms, 
 Various fpecies of them. 
 The flinging Beetle. 
 Beetles prodaced from Worms that live in - ‘Wood. 
 a I. 320% 
 The Fullo Beetle. P. I. 102 
 An Indian Beetle. izp 
 Some produced from Worms which feed upon Flefh. 
 Some produced from a Worm that eats the roots of 
 ginfeng. 125 
 From Worms of the Sallow tree. ib, 
 Others produced from Worms found in the leaves of 
 Willows. P. Tl, 83, 84 
 The Rhinoceros Beetle. 146, and following pages. 
 ‘The female has no horn. 132 
 Its parts deferibed. ; 150, 153, 203 
 Its Nymph. See Coffus its Nymph. a 
 Different fpecies of Beetles. ey 
 Five different exotic Rhinoecros Beetles. 152 
 ‘The common dunghill Beetle, referred to the third or- 
 der of: changes. 125 
 Some that have horns with knobs at the top of them. 124 
 Some produced from Worms like Cochineal, 182 
 The Sonicephalus, or noify-head Beetle. 125 
 The Tortoife Beetle. ib. 
 Beetles produced from Worms found inThiftles. P.II. 96 
 Others produced from Worms found upon the leaves of 
 Lilies!” Si ib. 
 Beetle, called the Flying Bull, or Stag. 124 
 Water Beetles. ae 
 Its general parts. 
 
 a ge 
 
 BLOOD-VESSELS, manner of injecting them. 
 
 Blood, if it confifts of globules in the veffels. 31 
 BONES, how difpofed in animals. 61, -62 
 BREEZE FLY, belongs to the fourth order of changes. 
 
 Males have no fting. 201 
 Further particulars of them. 165, 166, 187, 513 
 "Their fate. 191. ‘The length of their lives feems to be 
 about fix or eight weeks. 2.29 
 Contents of the abdomen. 217 
 pi marrow, &c. 223 
 ehital orgahs. 218, 219, 221 
 Penis. 218, 220, 221 
 Tefticles, and feminal veffels. 218 
 Common or‘working Bees. ‘169, 188, 191, 228 
 Ades 
 
 P.-Il. 24 
 
 Provided with a trunk and fting to fuck honey or 
 blood. ib. 
 
 Formerly miftaken by this Author for the Afilus, or 
 
 Gadfly. P, a as 
 
 BUGS, referred to the firft order of ch Ss 26 
 
 BUTTERFLY, how produced fromthe Chrytalis. 6 
 
 "Their office 1gO 
 Further particulats of them. 169, 170, 188, 192 
 Of their heads, teeth, eyes, probofcis. 192, 194, 195 
 The Nymph, what? 181 
 Further particulars of it. 8, 180, 184, 185 
 External parts of the Nymph. 183 
 Pulmonary pipes. 186 
 Nymphs, why reckoned amongft Chryfallides by Har- 
 
 worm of a Bee changed into a Nymph, by the 
 Author. 9 
 As magnified by the microfcope. 174 
 
 Further particulars of their Worms. 172, 173, 174 
 
 178, 179 
 
 ‘The Worm defcribed before its change, 182 
 
 Its diffeGtion. 
 
 Other parts of it defcribed. 
 
 Different fizes of them. 
 
 Amphibious Bees of Aldrovandus. 
 
 Build their nefts with little ftones. 
 
 ‘The Humble Bees build theirs in the fame manner. 230 
 
 Wild Bees, belorig to the third order. 121 
 
 Humble Bees, referred tothe third order of changes. 
 122 
 
 How it fucks with its trunk. 104. 
 All its limbs fhewn in the Butterfly, by the Sue 
 | 
 The manner of difcovering the limbs of the Buttery in 
 the Chryfalis. ae 
 The expanfion of its wings more wonderful than that 
 of any other Nymph. 
 The colour of its wings. 
 Why produced deformed. : 
 Various {pecies of them. ; P. Il. 
 Day Butterflies belong to the fecond order of oa a 
 
 ‘Further particulars of them. P. IL-9, 205 and fol- 
 
 lowing pages. al 
 The female, its oviduét, and other parts. P.II, 23, 24 
 
 The male, its genital parts. PI. -=22574550-o 
 
 Of its Chryfalis. P.II. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 
 Of its Caterpillar. P. Il. 9, and following. 
 The diurnal or day Butterfly, breed on Cabbage-leaves. 
 P.II. 25, 26, and following pages. oa ts 
 edt. 2) 
 
 Its Chryfalis defcribed. 
 Its Caterpillar. Py Il. 25, 26 
 
 ‘Butterflies, noéturnal, or Moths belonging.5° ie fe- 
 
 ‘cond mode of the third order of ch . ~ il, 4 
 e of the or e? anges rude 
 
ix NY Dass. x 
 
 Further particulars. PTL, 28 
 Of their eggs, and how they faften them to the bran- 
 ches of trees. 166 
 Various fpecies of Butterflies, of their chryfallides and 
 eggs. ae ee 
 Of their Worms, Desde 
 
 A fecond fpecies. Peale BS 
 A third. 15 
 
 : : 5 
 Of their generation, change, eggs, Caterpillar, web, 
 Chryfalis, difference between the male and female, oe- 
 
 conomy, and copulation. P, diese 
 
 Different fpecies of them, 142. P. TI..4, 5, 88 
 
 BUPRESTES, a fpecies of Beetle, 125 
 
 BYSSUS, what it is. 64 
 i 
 
 CABBAGE LEAVES, footlefs Worms found in them. 
 
 Ps; 08 
 
 CHAMELION, the manner of its extending its tone. 
 
 180 
 
 The fpleen, or organs of hearing, obferved in it by 
 
 the Author. ib. 
 
 The latter opens into its mouth. 215 
 
 CALVES lick themfelves in the uterus. 140 
 
 The contents of their inteftines mixed with hairs. 186 
 CANCELLUS MARINUS, or Hermit fith, briefly de- 
 defcribed. 66 
 
 Its external parts, 86, and following pages. 
 
 Its internal parts, 89, and following pages. 
 
 Various fpecies of it. 87 
 CANTHARIS, or the golden Beetle, itsWorm. P. II. 82 
 Various {pecies of it. 125 
 CIVET, how’to know if it is good. 163 
 
 ATERPILLARS, are not changed into Nymphs, but 
 
 become fuch by on accretion of their limbs. 3 
 
 Cannot be changed before-they have arrived at their full 
 
 growth. I 
 
 Further particulars concerning them. 16, 17, P. JI. 
 I, Bs Q> 70 
 
 A variety of Caterpillars. ‘ 3 
 Difference between them and Chryfallides. P. II. 14 
 Other obfervations upon them. POET 855 35550 
 Of the Caterpillar that feeds upon Cabbage-leaves, 
 
 Po ts dg 
 
 A Caterpillar of the Bindweed,kind, Poll. 97,.98 
 Belongs to the third order of Changes. the Fly pro- 
 duced from it. gee 2 ey 
 The Brazil wood-eating Caterpillar, whofe female has 
 no wings. P. II. 5. Its wonderful neft. Pole ep 
 The Caterpillars of Butterflies often contain in them 
 Worms, which ¢hangetocommoen Flies. P.II. 71 
 Many that feed on Nettles, afterwards become diurnal 
 Butterflies. P: es 
 CHANGES, four orders of them, which agree with the 
 accretion or increafe of fanguiferous animals, and, of 
 
 plants. 19 
 Compared together. oe eae 
 See Order. 
 
 CHRYSALIS, why fovealled. P. II. 16. It neither is 
 anege, nor.generateslikean-egg. 11. Exhibits all the 
 parts of the future infeét as plain as the infect itfelf. 3. 
 Signifies only a particular quality of the Nymph 3. Is 
 no more than a gold-coloured. Nymph. 4. ‘The differ- 
 ence between it and the Nymph merely accidental. 
 3, 7, 8. ‘This difference confifts only in its having a 
 thicker and harder {kin than the Nymph, and in its not 
 ‘fhewing externally fo diftinélly the limbs of the future 
 Infe&. 8. ‘The reafon of this want of diftinétnefs. 6. 
 ‘There .is no internal ,difference between the Chryfalis 
 and the ‘Nymph, andwhy? 6. Internally it exhibits 
 like the Nymph all.the parts of the future infect. 45 5+ 
 and is in reality the future infect itfelf. 4. How. it 
 changes to a Butterfly. P.il. 8 
 ‘The words Chryfalis and Nymph fignify, and are are in 
 reality, the fame thing. = 
 The Chryfalis and Nymph compared. P. II. 7. he 
 difference between them. id. Hard to be accounted for 
 7. In what. manner its limbs are difpofed. P. I. -7. 
 Why its limbs cannot be fo eafily diftinguithed. .5- 
 Its coat or fkin of an unequal thicknefs. 5, 8. From 
 whence. proceeds its gold colour. .6. »Jts fize, naked- 
 
 harder than the Nymph’®, 7: The hardnefs of tha 
 fkin not accidental. g 
 An account of what happens the Chryfalis on its be- 
 found, all ferve to account for its {kin being firmer and 
 nefs, and the fituation of the places where they are 
 coming a Butterfly, 6. Quite abfurd to attribute a hu- 
 man face to it. 22. The Author can at any time de- 
 
 monftrate in it all the parts of the Infe& that is to iffue 
 from it. 
 
 : a 6 
 Chryfalis, found within 'the leaves of the Alder, and its 
 
 Butterfly. P..II. 87, $8 
 CLOVE-JULY-FLOWER, its chantescompared with 
 thofe of Infeéts. = ey ee 132 
 A defeription of it, P. Il. 432 132 
 COMBS, or the cells of Bees, are made of Wax, and 
 filled with honey. 162 
 
 CORMORANTS, how made ufe of in catching of 
 un. 
 
 CORALS, how they grow. "ee 
 COCHINEAL, obfervations onit. 182 
 
 CONU AMONIS, defcribed. 67 
 COSSUS, the Worm from which the Beetle is produced, 
 defcribed. 133, and following pages. 
 
 Its Nymph, defcribed. 140, IAT 
 Further.defcribed. 1425 Idd, IAG 
 COCK, how he makes the Hen prolific. 222 
 COLD protracts, and heat-haftens, the changes of In- 
 fects. 173 
 CROCODILE, has a Cat’s eye. 144 
 CRICKETS, and Mole Crickets, how they make a 
 noife. 217 
 Referred to the fecond order. ib. and 95 
 CUT TLE-FISH, fmall parts found in them. 5% 
 Defcribed at large. P. I. 139, and following pages. 
 D 
 D4*4LY. See Ephemerus. 
 DEVORATUR of Goedaert, what ? 124 
 DIAPHRAGM, an experiment on it. 122 
 
 DIARIA. See Ephemerus. 
 
 DOG-ROSE, Worms found in.its-excrefcences. P. II. 95 
 
 DRONE, the Bee called fo, what ? 166 
 
 DRAGON-FLY, called by different.Authors Orfodzna, 
 Libella, Mordella,-Perta;—which ice. 
 
 DUCK-WEED, its root.contains air,-and-it receives its 
 nourifhment through the pores of its root. PIL, 118 
 
 DRAKE, tne particular conftru€tion of its penis. P. IT. 73 
 
 E 
 
 FARWIG, belongs to the fecond order of changes. 97 
 Can hide very large wings in a {mall fheath. 114 
 EARTH=WORMS,. have one inteftine in another. 
 |e 3 
 
 The Egg is the real infe&t, but furrounded with a-fkin. 
 Covered with a hard ‘hell. 133 
 EGGS {upplied with an extraneous nourifhment. 101, 102 
 This illuftrated by the motion of eggs in women. ‘P.II. 
 
 109 
 
 Not broken in the fame manner in all infe&ts. -P. II. 6 
 Their various conftruction in different creatures: .202 
 EMBRYO, very little difference between the {mall gutss 
 colon, and ftraight gut of the human embryo. _ P. ,Il. 
 
 118 
 EPHEMERUS, belongs te thefecond order of chap 
 es. 9 
 
 Called Mut by the Dutch. _ tbe 
 By no means produced by -a Chryfalis, as Clutius af- 
 firms. tb. 
 By what Authors defcribed. 103, 14. 
 At what time ofthe year, day, and hour, it begins to 
 fly. _ Tit 
 Where, and.how long, .it flies, and how foon it dies 
 103 
 
 Obferved to continue flying for the fpace of three, and 
 fometimes four, and eyen five days. ? II7 
 In what manner it is fupported in its,fight“on the fur- 
 face of the water. ; 116 
 
 Does not eat during its appearanceifi the’ Fly form. 117 
 A 2 How 
 
: ais . 
 How long it lives. 
 
 Naturally never dies afhore. ‘ 
 Its life is very fhort, but full of mifery and diftrefs, and 
 why. b. and following. 
 
 Does not engender either in the bofom of the water, 
 afhore, or in the air. 116, 117 
 
 Where, and in what manner, it generates. 103, 
 — 116, 117 
 
 Ephemeri, male and-female, their external differ- 
 <a 116 
 
 ence. pete : 
 The male changes its {kin twice, the female but once. 7. 
 
 ‘The female cjaculates its eggs on the furface of the 
 
 water. * « 103, 116 
 
 Thefe.eees, when impregnated, fall to the bottom, and 
 “gn°what manner. 104. 
 
 They afterwards produce fix-legged Worms. ib. 
 
 The male impregnates the eggs fhed by the female on 
 
 the furface of the water, by pouring its feed upon 
 
 them. 
 
 Various fpecies of this infect. 
 
 The Author has fome of them in his collection. 
 
 Ephemerus, of Hoefnagel. 118 
 
 The fmaller. 118, 119 
 
 Ephemerus has no Nymph. 113 
 
 Its Worms, what places they haunt. 104, 105 
 
 To what order of neutral changes they belong. 113 
 
 Why called Bank bait and Flying bait. 106 
 
 Follow the increafe aud decreafe ofrivers, and why. 105 
 
 The tameft of all infects. 108 
 
 Of a very flow growth. 104 
 
 Grow for three years before they change, and acquire a 
 
 form that is not to laft above five hours. 106, 134 
 
 Are very vigorous. 
 
 How they may be kept alive, and fent abroad. 
 
 Tn what manner they fhed their floughs. 
 
 Colour of the Worms, and its flow change. 107, 109 
 
 Their manner of fwimming. 104 
 
 Feed upon mud. 105, 106, 109 
 
 Their tubes, and in what manner they formthem. 105 
 
 Dire@tions for diffeCting them. 109 
 
 Their internal parts. 108 
 
 Rings. 106 
 
 Gills. 107. Their wonderful motion. 108 
 ; ‘Fhe head, with its»parts 5 the eyes, horns, pincers, or 
 
 jaw-boness=thorax,,.and its parts ; legs. 106, 107 
 
 Its little tails. ib. 
 
 Folliculi, or little fheaths, of the firft pair of wings, 
 
 and the fecond pair. 1b. 
 
 Its rowing fins. Ii 
 
 Its internal parts, defcribed. 108, and following. 
 
 Its heart. IIY 
 
 Its pulmonary tubes ; their main trunks; their diftribu- 
 
 tion, conftruction, colour, change of fkin, external 
 
 orifices. 109, III 
 
 The manner of examining them. 110, III 
 
 The Worms of the Ephemerus, their inteftines, fmall 
 
 gut, colon, and ftraight gut; the valves, fituation, and 
 
 pulmonary tubes, belonging to thefe parts. 109 
 
 The fpinal marrow. 111.  _Its air ducts. 112 
 
 The manner of finding it out. ib. 
 
 The membrana adipofa, and fat. 109 
 
 Mufcles of the abdomen, and of the ftraight gut, #d. 
 
 Optic, and other nerves. i II 
 
 Eyes, their conftruction with the nature of the infect’s 
 
 vifion. 
 
 Oefophagus or gullet. 
 
 Periteneum. 
 
 Blood watry.— 
 
 Stomach, and its fituation, and pulmonary tubes. 
 
 Their change very fudden. im4 
 General and particular figns of their near mutation. 
 i oss 112, It 
 
 iy become tranfparent when about to change, and 
 
 why 10 
 How employed at that period. 113, A 
 Obftacles to their change, life and growth. 113 
 How their mutation may be kept back, at the time they 
 are juft about to perform it. 114 
 The change ir wings, and how thefe parts can ex- 
 pand themfelyes'fo ly. ib. 
 Of their tails, hornSs,.c: es, and feet. II5 
 In what the other changes differ. 114 
 
 ee. 
 
 The manner of obtaining a fight of them. 115 
 Their employment after their firft mutatlon, 114, 1T5 
 In what places they caft their fecond fkin, and what paris 
 they lofe on that occafion. 115 
 ‘Their employment after their fecond mutation. 116 
 The external difference between themale'and female. 107 
 The internal parts of the female. 108 
 Its ovary. 112. It eggs. ib. i 
 The male diftinguifhable by the largenefs of his eyes. 109 
 His internal parts. 108 
 Organs of generation. 112. Seed 7), 
 Worms of the Ephemerus, of various kinds, differing 
 in fize according to their different ages. 104 
 ESCA, or bait, what it is. 106 
 EYES, of infeéts, do not confift of a congeries of little 
 eyes, each of which like ours. a6 
 The eyes of many infects are befet with hairs. 212 
 The colour of them is various in different creatures, and? 
 
 why? 173 
 r 
 
 FAT, of large animals, when viewed by the microfcope, | 
 how it appears. ; 137) 
 Of a man and beaft confifts of fmall grains, 162 
 The manner of examining it. ib. 
 
 FEMALES, of infects, their bodies larger than thofe of 
 the males, and why ? I5t 
 
 FERN, the male, defcribed. P. II. 118, 151, 152, 153 
 
 FISHES, hear, and have the labyrinth of their ear won- 
 derfully formed for that purpofe. 
 
 . i : Soy 
 Found on the tops of mountains, and other places—— 
 
 How they came there. 103 
 De not copulate. “P. Tl. 143 
 Are fecundated by being fprinkled_ with the fperm ot 
 the male. 2 1 ogee 
 Their gills wonderfully conftruéted, having red blood. 
 . P. Te 
 FLYING HOGS, Beetles fo called. Fe 
 FLEA, produced from a nit, in which it changes to a red 
 colour. 26> 
 A Flea found in cifterns of water, defcribed by Goe- 
 dart, by the name of the water Loufe.. ib. 
 Produced petfeétfrom the egg. 40 
 In what places found ee 
 Enclofes a little bubble of Watersimeits-tailwhen it 
 dives 326 
 The water aborefcent Flea defcribed 840 
 and following 
 FLIES, belong to the third order of mutations. 122 
 Are not produced by putrified flefh, but by eggs and 
 worms depofited in it. P; via 35 
 Many of them iffue from a fingle Chryfalis or Nymph. 
 . 127,42 
 Sometimes they iffue from the little nets in which Spi- 
 ders wrap up their eggs. 24. 
 How they buzz in flying. 217 
 Some of them, on quitting the Nymph ftate, are much 
 larger than they were before. 183 
 Some of them have four wings. 231. which are produ- 
 ced from Nymphs formed within the Aurelia. P. II. 36 
 The manner in which they bury their eggs in the leaves 
 of the Thiftle, feen by the Author. P. I. 89 
 The Author informed that Flies bury their eggs in the 
 bodies of Caterpillars, whofe {kins they pierce for that 
 purpofe. : P. I. 69 
 Flies, how they differ from Bees. 231 
 Their heads bruifed on paper leave a red ftain, produced 
 by the uvea. 212 
 Their Nymphs plainly exhibit the future infect. 3 
 Why, and how far the Nymphs‘of Flies differ from the 
 Nymphs themfelyes, from other“infeas, and their 
 Nymph. - 
 FLY aquatic, belongs to the fecond order. 
 Carnivrous, called Czfar. 
 Chryfopis. — - 5 
 Horfe, belong to the fourth order of mutations. 
 Florilega, black. 122 
 Goedaert’s, fprung from Worms that feed on the body of 
 
 Cabbage-Caterpillars, belongs to the fourth order of ra 
 
 _ mutations, and why. P.II. 37, 38 
 Sprung from the Worm without feet found on Cab- 
 bages,. oes P, I. 98,99 
 
IN DQ BY x. 
 
 Bog-houfe Fly, of Goedart, belongs to the fourth order 
 
 of changes. Po TE) 34 
 Common, the fame with Goedart’s Bee. 212 
 Newly born, and its parts. PTE 395° 42 
 
 Common Bog-houfe Fly, its eye compared with that of 
 the common Bee. 
 
 . 215 
 Covered with hair 212 
 Sprung from a Vermiform Nymph PL ID gy 
 
 Its eggs, the egg-thell, conftruction, and perfractio, 
 
 ane PID. 98 3g Re 
 Its Vermiform Nymph, and the real Nymph therein 
 contained, defcribed ib. 
 
 Worm. See Bog-houfe Worm. 
 Another fpecies, its Worm and Vermiform Nymph, 
 P. II. 41, by other Authors prepofteroufly claffed among 
 
 Bees P.Il. 42 
 Three haired Fly, a fpecies of baftard Wafp 23% 
 Three briftled hair Fly, of Mouffet 122 
 One briftled, of Mouffet ib. 
 A fpecies of baftard Wafp 231 
 Common, fprung from a Worm bred within a Chry- 
 falis. P. IL. 43 
 Common Flies, fpécies of them 122 
 Two fpecies, bred in the fpunge of the Dog-rofe 
 Pots ORS 
 
 Flies produced from Worms like Moths PSTatee 
 A great number of them fprung from the Chryfalis of a 
 Worm refembling a Moth ib. 
 Iffuing from the tubercles of the Stinging-Nettle P. II. 90 
 Bred within the downy excrefcencies of Oaks. P. II. gr 
 Iffuing from the tubercles of Oak-leaves; the manner 
 in which they make their way out. P. Tie ga48 
 iffuing from thetubes‘of the black Poplar. P. Il. 54, 55 
 Produced from Worms that live between the frefh-bud- 
 ded leaves of the Willow Poidls veh 
 Bred within the rofe of the Willow P. II. 
 
 Fly of the Willow-leaf, its tubercles defcribed. P. II. 36 
 Male and female ; the Jatter’s inftrument for boring the 
 
 leaves; and her eggs And the genitals of the 
 former. 76. 
 The female, how it buries its eggs within the leaves. 
 Potts 38 
 Web left by it; different feafons of hatching. P. Il. 36 
 Flies, fmall uncommon ones 122 
 Great number of Flies iffuing from a fingle Nymph of 
 the Cabbage-W orm. ib. 
 
 Bog-houte. See Bog-houfe Fly. 
 Wolf Fly. 122 
 Refembling, a Butterfly. ib. 
 Scorpion. ib. 
 
 FQETUS, the humour in which it fwims in the womb 
 ferves it as food 140 
 Receives its nourifhment by the mouth 186 
 
 FROG, has the fenfe of hearing 50 
 Is not after, its change from a Tadpole, fit for genera- 
 tion under two or three years. p- I. 104 
 Its egg and generation like that of the Nymphs of in- 
 fects 19 
 Compared with infeés p- Il. rig. 
 Further obfervations onit. p. II. 119, and following 
 Defcribed at large p- II. 105 to 132 
 Of the female p. Hl. 106, ro8 
 Of its ovary and eggs. 106, 108, III, 112 
 
 Of the male p. II. 1ro 
 
 Its Nymph p- II. -103 
 
 A cloven-footed Indian Frog. ; 131 
 
 FORFICULA AQUATICA, of Johnfon, is the Nymph 
 
 of:the Mordella, or Dragon Fly. 93 
 G 
 
 GADFLY, formerly defcribed by the Author under the 
 name of the Tabanus, or Breeze-fy. P. Il. 43 
 Proceeds from a Worm, called by Aldrovandus the wa- 
 
 ter-worm, or inteftine. TL. 34 
 The ananner of killing it, in order for, ae 
 Further defcribed. P. II. 44, and following pages. ‘ 
 The female larger than the male. : = a 
 
 Its internal parts. 
 
 The male deferibed P. IT 6 : 
 ei le : » 90. 61, 62 
 Its Vermiform Nymph belongs to the “Rit bee of 
 changes, :. 
 Further defcribed. ws Tie 54 56 By 
 The wonderful changes of its Nymph. P. IL. i 
 Its external parts. P. IT. 52, and following pages. 
 The fpinal marrow, nerves, and other parts of a full- 
 grown one PFT. §2, 55, and followino pages 
 Other particulars P. Ii. 48, 52 
 Its figure, and divifion of its body =P. IT. 44 "and 
 following, 7" 
 GALLY-WORM, reckoned athong theScolope 
 ; ndra 28 
 GENERATION, not true, in the whole ait of things 
 but only a continuance of it 16 
 GILLS, in fithes, anfwerthe purpofe of the Jungs in other 
 animals ey 5 
 Of the conftru@tion of them Peal. 166 
 GOD, his omnipotence difplayedin the human Loufe 30 
 
 GOEDAERT,, fome of his errors refuted 14, 
 GLOW-WORM, belongs to the third order of chan- 
 ges 123 
 GNAT,, belongs to the third order of changes 122 
 efcribed 153 
 
 Of the female 158 
 Of the male, and its parts 156, 157 
 The Nymph 154, 155 
 Its Worm, defcribed 153, 154 
 
 The large Gnat of Aldrovandus, what? 123 
 GRASSHOPPER, belongs to the fecond order of chan- 
 
 ges 94. 
 Ihe males only make a finging noife, and how? 95 
 Its Nymph 9 
 The Water Grafshopper, or Cicada aquatica, of Ron- 
 deletius, is the Nymph of the Dragon-Fly 93 
 GRUB, of Molucca 04 
 
 H 
 
 THE HAFT, of Rotterdam, what ? 
 HERVEY, his opinion, of the Nymph of Bees 
 Of Chryfallides, and of the nature of the Au- 
 relia, refuted 6; 10; 7 
 HAZEL NUTS, Worms without feet found in them. 
 
 — P.1 a8 
 HERMIT-FISH. See Cancellus = z 
 HONEY, not colleéted entirely fuch by the Bees, but 
 
 106 
 
 prepared by them 16x 
 The falival or difcharged Honey, what? 173 
 Virgin-honey, what? 166 
 HORNETS, belong to third order of changes 122 
 Build their habitations in the bark of trees 205 
 Many females in their neft 190 
 Their fpecies defcribed 188 
 
 Further defcription of them, 195, and following pages 
 Their ftrength and fiercenefs 195, 201, 205 
 
 The female only has a fting 205 
 Of the males 190, 201, 22k 
 The Nymph 44. Its Worms 140 
 Of its excrements and aliment 410 
 
 I 
 
 [NDIAN INK, feems to be a juice taken from the 
 Cuttle-fith. P. II. 145 
 INSECTS why called, tho’ prepofteroufly, exanguinous 
 
 animals by naturalifts. 50 
 
 Not produced by putrefaction, but rather pro- 
 ducing it, 16, 186, 187. P. IL, 68, 70, 71, 73 
 Ls 79: 
 
 All of them {pring originally from eggs. F 
 
 Some come perfect from the egg, others imperfe&t. 3, 
 Some pafs the winter in their eggs. 134. 
 While in their eggs, may be confideredas Nymphs. 18 
 Some of them leave their eggs in the fame manner, 
 
 by the fame power, that others quit the Nymph-ftaté i 
 Almoft all of them faften their eggs in certain plaeés. 170 
 Sometimes caft all their fkins, before they apVe at ma- 
 turity, and are fit for generation. - 17 18 
 And never grow after their laft mutation. 173 
 Are perfect in their kinds from the firft inftant of their 
 appearance, P, I, Fass 
 
ivi Da Eb 
 
 Immediately on quitting the Nymph-ftate, fhed fome 
 drops of blood. : 39 40 
 As foon as they arrive at maturity, betake themfelves 
 to the bufinels of generation, and moft of them die as 
 foon as it is finifhed. i 
 
 Some of them fearce outlive it a quarter of an hour. 2. 
 Some of them do not copulate. 133 
 Some of them make themfelves nets of filaments that 
 
 row hard under ee alae 102 
 Many grow ftiff_in..winttér time, and pafs that feafon 
 without any nourifhment. 172 
 And lofe all motion by the cold condenfing their 
 humours P. Ite: 237 
 In how many-different ways they furvive that feafon. 133 
 So outlive it, -become Ait but recover their loft 
 motion by being juft warmed. 133.134 
 Some of them live the winter in a warm ftate, and 
 in what mannet. 134 
 Others in the Nymph-ftate, and in what manner. 76. 
 On. what account, and in what manner they are every 
 where fo fpeedily engendered in water. 9 
 In what manner they prefently get into the fmalleft 
 colle&tions of that element. 103 
 ‘Why thofe of the fame kind are found every where of 
 the fame fize. 128 
 Some of them may be killed for diffection, by the fumes 
 of burning brimftone. 52 
 Method of preferving them, without impairing their 
 colours. 
 The author has three thoufand of them in his mufeum, 
 of his own gathering. 229 
 All fpecies of infeéts in all their changes agree uni- 
 verfally fogetits as to the Nymph-ftate. 
 Their different ways of feeding. © 
 Of rearing their cH pne. 122, 133, 
 Difference in their ftings and probofcis. =—-122, 
 In their length of life, and the reafons of the 
 difference. 229 P. Il. 
 The numerous colleétion of them made by the au- 
 . f : 134 
 The males.only are furnifhed with organs proper for 
 making a noife. 217 
 And_ are always more beautiful than the female. P. fl. 
 3 + eres Rat ; 4 LOT 
 Privileges_of fome of the males above gi 
 he 
 Their generation no way different from that. of blood 
 animals. P. II, = 104, 
 It is even fo confpicuous, that it may ferve to illuftrate 
 that of other animals. 15 
 The fortuitous generation of infects exploded. 13 
 Their generation from Nymphs, compared with the egg 
 and generation of Frogs, and the encreafe of plants. 19 
 ‘Their mutation refembles the budding of plants. 9, 10 
 Prepofteroufly called transformation, metamorphofis, 
 death and refurrection. 9, 13 
 Does not differ from the accretion of limbs in blood 
 animals. __ = 
 How far it differs from the refurreétion of the dead, 
 and. what it has in common with it. ib. 
 The true foundation of the change. 2, 13 
 
 MUSCLES of infects, their ftructure like that of blood 
 animals. z 123 
 Their condition, before they have exercifed any of 
 
 their offices: e 
 Their condition when firft they move. 
 
 EGGS of infects, what 2 great variety of them. P. II. 39 
 All belong to the third order of mutations. P. II. 33, 34 
 Ohiighe Tatler to be called oviform Nymphs. = 18 
 Covered with a hard fhell. 133 
 Manner of procuring them. | b 
 
 tb. 
 BONES of infects, how much they differ from thofe of _ 
 
 blood animals - . ee yt 
 How it appears that the parts of infeéts taken for their 
 Hast raaPiea is chit aang Wit eke ex: 
 internal of infects chan along with their ex- 
 ternal form: P. 7 Pee ee aes 
 Their vifion, ‘how performed ; differs from ours, and is 
 Beas ‘by the'touch. i 216 
 feéts of the er of natural changes, why 
 called Nymphs by the author, while they remain in 
 their eggs. tn 49 
 
 ~ 
 
 De 
 
 Some infects belonging to this order are viviparous. 2% 
 Enumeration of thofe of the fecond order. 93 
 How far thofe of the fecond order differ from thofe 
 of other orders. 495 92 
 Enumeration of thofe of the third order. 120 
 The infects of this order pafs twice through 
 Nymph-ttate. ibe 
 Things peculiar to the fecond mode of this ore 
 der. as “| 
 Enumeration of thofe of the fourth order. P. IT, bs 
 and following. 
 See Order. . 
 Infects that pafs through the Nymph-ftate may be di- | 
 vided into infects without-legs, fix legged infects, and 
 infects with many legs. 3 
 Infect without legs, how it becomes. a Nymph bya kind 
 of accretion. Me 9 
 Its Nymph and Chryfalis, what ? ib: 
 The thorax of thefe infects undergoes no change or 
 tran{fpofition. 
 Infeét with fix legs, how it changes toa Nymph. 10 
 Infeéts with many legs, never fuffer any confiderable 
 alteration in the fix fore legs. cee: 
 Water infects, various methods of finding them out, - 
 and obferving them. 40 
 Their various tubes, -P. II. 102 
 Infects bred in or upon plants, are not generated by its 
 vegetable foul or principle. 79, 80 
 In what manner generated by eggs. _ P. II. 80 
 Infeéts found in the tubercles of the black Poplar, be- 
 long to the fecond order ef changes. 95 
 And thofe found in the tubercles of the. Willow to 
 the fecond. ibs 
 Enumeration of different kinds of thems» Poddve82, 83. 
 
 Infeéts called Vaginipennia, what they are. 13g. 7 
 INTESTINES, the water, of Aldrovandus are the 
 Worms of the Gad-Fly.  P. II. 345 35 
 The earth inteftines belong to the firft order of muta- 
 tions. ee 
 Have red blood, Ieg 
 Their eggs thew the circulation of the blood. 133 
 Their fituation in the egg. th, 
 Variety, “figure, colour, and hatching of the eggs, 
 and where found. ~ tbe 
 
 Inteftines thick and flenderj~differ but little in the 
 cb 
 
 embryo ftate. P. IL, 18 
 
 K 
 
 KABRERLAE, an Indian infeGt, referred tothe fecond 
 
 order of changes 95 
 
 L 
 
 LFACH referred to the firft order of changes 28 
 
 | LIBELLA, or DRAGON FLY, {pecies of it pre- 
 ferved by the Author 
 The river Libella of Rondeletius, what? 
 
 LIVER, its office of fanguification, defended agai 
 tholinus : « UL. 
 The Author afferts that fanguificaton ought only to be 
 afcribed to the liver. P. II. 117, 119, 120 
 
 LOCUSTS, belong to the fecond order of changes 94 
 Different fpecies of them defcribed 94> 95 
 The wonderful ftru€ture of the mufcles of their legs 123 
 Briftly hairs helpful in the changing of their fkins. +38 
 Manner of fupporting themfelves b. 
 The manner of their making a noife 217 
 Various fpecies of-them. 93> 94> 95 
 
 LONG-LEGGS, belong to the third order of = 
 ges Ya 12 
 Another fpecies "a the 
 
 LOUSE, COMMON, belongs to the firft order of chan- _ 
 
 es. 25 
 
 Why fo fuddenly changed ib 
 
 How it appears viewed with the microfcope. ib. 
 
 It refpires. 
 
 In what manner it fucks in the blood 
 
 Perhaps Hermaphrodites 
 
 ns whatits nitis, and how the nit is hatched. 
 
 ts i€Xs 
 
 740 to 7450 
 
FANS DEEL 
 
 The particle within it, which appears in conftant moti- 
 on, is the ftomach 170 
 Its external, parts; the head, fting, antenne, eves, 
 neck, breaft, legs and their nails, abdomen, whitith 
 part in the middle of the abdomen, and {kin 30, 31 
 Various ftructures of the external {kin 
 
 Brain 36 
 Heart, not difcoverable by the Author 31 
 Gullet 33535 
 Small gut, blind guts, or vafa varicofa, colon, cloaca, 
 ftraight gut and anus, faces of the inteftines 345 35 
 
 Spinal marrow, its origin and conftruction, ganglions, 
 nerves, coat, pulmonary tubes, and conftruétion of 
 
 the nerves. 36 
 Muicles compofed of globules ZI 
 Abdominal mufcles defcribed 1b. 
 Eyes and optic nerves 36 
 
 Eggs, and number of them in the oviduéts, uterus, vul- 
 va, cohefion of the egos with the oviduéts, conftruction, 
 
 and pulmonary tubes 365 375 204, 205 
 Pancreas, and its motion 33> 34 
 Fat 3I. Tendinous dorfal fpot 36 
 Blood, confifts of tranfparent particles 31 
 Globules of blood are perhaps particles of the wounded 
 fat or vifcera ib. 
 ‘Trachez, and their numerous ramifications 31, 32 
 Are very difcernible ib. 
 Uncertain if they caft any fkins, on the Loufe’s cafting 
 its external fkin ib. 
 Breathing-holes of the trachez, their inofculations, and 
 diftribution all over the body ib. and 32 
 Glue ducts, and bag 36,375 2045 205 
 Stomach: defcribed 33 
 How it digefts the blood it has taken in 35 
 Its wonderful motions 34 
 
 Ufe of the nails at the point of the fting’s fheath 3: 
 Lice of blood animals, infects, and plants, the Author 
 
 uncertain to what order they belong. 26 
 Almoft all animals have their peculiar lice. 210 
 Lice of trees, which belong to the fecond order 26 
 Of plants, prepofteroufly fo called, belong to the fame 
 order. 15 
 
 Loufe, Water, of Goedaert, very different from the 
 common Loufe, belongs to the firft order of mutations, 
 and is called by the Author the aborefcent Water- 
 Flea. 26. 
 
 See Water-Flea. 
 
 Lice of the Humble Bee, called Excitatores, by Goe- 
 
 daert. ‘ 210 
 Of the Whale, defcribed. 23 
 
 LUNGS, the office of fanguification allowed them 
 by the Author. 119, 120 
 
 M 
 
 i ion li *rogs’ its. 
 MA his generation like that of Frogs npbiere 
 
 MITES. See Acari. 
 MICROSCOPE, thofe beft which have but one lens. 41 
 
 MOULDINESS, in what it confifts. 163 
 
 MORDELLA, or DRAGON FLIES, belong to the 
 fecond order of changes 93 
 Defcribed, id.. and following pages 
 Catch their food flying in the air 98, 99 
 Of the manner of their copulation- caft their eggs 
 in the water. ; 99 
 Their parts deferibed, 97, and following pages. 
 14000 divifions in the eye of a Dragon Fly. 21x 
 Its Nymph not'well defcribed by Authors 93 
 Species of them préferved by the Author i : 
 The Nymph-Vermicle, or Worm of it. 97 9 
 Various fpecies 100 
 
 MORTEAU, of Rondelitius, what ? 99 
 
 MOUFFET, his opinion of the Aurelia refuted. 105 11 
 
 MOTH, what? P. II. 98. How, and with what mat- 
 ter it makes its houfe; for what realons, and at what 
 time it forms itfelf a new one. .99, 100 
 Sometimes it makes a. thread, and to what purpole. 99 
 How it moves about with its houte, 
 
 OR a 
 
 Moths, their external parts o! 
 Various kinds of food, i. Change into Chryfallides, ib. 
 How they differ from the Phalenz 4 
 Many and various kinds of them, i. 10° 
 Moth, Bee-hive Moth, two kinds of them. 224, 225 
 Butterfly, improperly called Moth, how it proves hurt- 
 
 ful. 
 
 See Butterfly noéturnal. sti 
 MOLES, their eyes have likewife three humours. 48 
 MUSK-BAGS, of Worms found in them, and their 
 
 Nymphs, from whence Beetles ‘iqlue. P..T; 10 
 MUSCLES, their thells have a periofteum 64 
 
 ‘The filaments of their fhells defcribed ib. 
 
 Thefe filaments, in other kinds of Mulcles, are called 
 Byffus ; of which fine linen was made. iB. 
 Frefh water Mutcles, found in Holland, deferibed. 84; 85 
 Mufcle, feparated from the thigh of a frog, how it may 
 be difpofed for contraétion. 123 
 Mufcles undergo, when their nerves are irritated, acon- 
 traction, like the natural contra@ion in all animals. 
 
 P, Ek 122, 123 
 By no means grow thicker, but rather flenderer, at the 
 time: of contraction, their fibres, in the mean time; 
 changing in their fituation; as is fhewn by variety of 
 
 experiments. PiodT 124, and following. 
 Are never found altogether deftitute of motion, whilit 
 the animal lives, P. II. 125 
 
 Even to perform any voluntary motion in the living ani-~ 
 mals, fometimes requires at leaft a {mall degree of irri- 
 tation. Pos 125, 126 
 In contraction difcharge all their contents, which occa- 
 fions their whitenefs. P. II. 128 
 Occafions laffitude, by being too mueh diftended with 
 blood. | ha 128 
 Their condition, when firft about to move. 129, 130 
 ‘Their tendons are not fixed in the bones, but themfelves 
 
 become bony. 62 
 Enumeration of their three feveral parts. 62 
 Their contra&tion fuppofes a previous dilatation ; and 
 this is of three kinds. 130 
 Requires no influx of the blood ; nor can it be demon- 
 {trated by the conftruction of the aorta. PI. 227 
 Spontaneous and voluntary contractions differ only acci- 
 dentally, both being natural. | SABER 125 
 The fibres, at the time ofscontraction, grow confi- 
 derably-thicker— Pd -F38 
 
 ‘Their motion in warm animals, in confequence of an 
 irritation of the nerves, is not fo confiderable as that pro- 
 duced in cold animals, by the fame means. P. II. 123 
 Is excited in Frogs to a great degree, by the irritation of 
 the nerves. De 
 Ts conftant on the antagonift Mufcles, or the Mufcles 
 anfwering thereto, ceafing to act. ei ees 
 ‘Thefe would be no voluntary motion, without antago- 
 nift Mutcles. ibe 
 There is no motion, where the antagonift Mufcles are 
 equal. : ib. 
 Why a frequent motion of the Mufcles excites heat in 
 living animals. ~ P. I. 128 
 Blood may be made to run freely from a vein by motion 
 alone, without holding one’s breath. ib. 
 The ftateof Mufcles, that have not as yet performed 
 any motion, efpecially in infects. 12g 
 
 MUSCULAR MOTION, does not feem to require, in 
 
 any animal, any other communication between the 
 nerve and and the Mufcle, than a bare commotion of the 
 nerve, by any caufe whatfoever. P.” Le 123, 124 
 Does not feem to require any local influx of the fpirits. 72. 
 Seems to be effected by fomething like that, which pro- 
 pagates the found ; from one end of a beam, to the 
 other end when ftruck. Pr. u: 124 
 Its caufe feems to confift in a perpetual irritation of the 
 origin of the fpinal marrow, and the nerves thence 
 arifing, occafioned by the impulfe of the arterious 
 blood. 22. A25 
 Illuftrated by the impatient herb of Dodoneus, _afid the 
 pods of one of the Balm plants of F.Columng”_ 129 
 Mufcular motion, the knowledge of it hew difficult 5 
 and how many things it fuppofesthe*Knowledge of. 
 
 pil. I2I, 122 
 Short explanation, according-to the Author. 130 
 
 MUSCULAR FIBRES, their conftruction. x 185 
 
res DS Biss 
 
 N O 
 : LIGERUS Jacobeus, his error about the uteri 
 NAUTILUS, Indian 6. Gee © utr be 
 NECYDALIS, is a true Nymph oe ORDER, the firft, of changes 4 i 
 NERVES, feem impoffible to be yee” Re fpirits. Exemplified in the Loufe sis 
 ibe 5 The fecond, which includes two Nymph 
 Appear to move by sees i “a a aes 123, ce fore two oudes of itn T aleth nea ae oe 
 NOTONECTA,, infeéts fo called by-Moutte : : , 
 NYMPH, the only f oh aca NW” tie changes 23 peeps defcribed and compared with the ‘firft = 
 infects. a ts {kit dail 39 Infects belonging to it at 
 Is but the infect itfelf about to caft its fkins, and allume Infects referréd to the fecond mode or method of thi 
 another sae ‘ Fined = order PI é ; 
 Why called the,change of intects : : 3 A 2 | : “ oie 
 Ts not product from the Worm or Caterpillar in con- Why thi : pe — Nom h method P, If. s 
 fequetice of a change, but by an accretion of limbs. 3 The uth ymP 
 Ts not changed into Ce peqnies but becomes one, as 5 Infects refitted to it 
 chicken becomes a Cock or Hen ib. Zs : ae 
 Exhibits all the parts of the future infe&t, as plain "4 ba = pe or method of it. 2 
 P : 7 3 wo. 
 Th nyt a nd the Chryfalis, are nothin Birt ORSODANA. the Dragon-Fly, fo called by. Junius 93 
 ato ae oderele s haor tia Be OAK, The Worms bred in its downy excrefcencies, 
 than the infect that is to be produced from them ib. their Nymph and Flies. ‘"P. II , ’ 
 ‘No internal difference between them, and why? 6 Chwtof ter downy aacie fencies delertbeds 9 
 a eee and the camera Tubercles growing on its leaves, their fituation, fub- 
 pach , ftance, origin, fize, figure, internal cavity, fucceffi 
 The difference penyeeti the Ny mph and Chryfalis con- mutation ; the beari-like parts they Rar the wae 
 fifts in the former’s having a very thin external covering, er dination. and” fBAance ck ae dare: stan 
 and in its exhibiting diftinctly all the parts of the poe Witten fourndindheak ohana dimen ri Wasatl 
 infe& = 1 Ti; ; 
 Very properly compared to the Dutch Brides veg Byrephs s08 0 P.Il, ox 
 It is the very infect in a ftate of life and fenfation, tho’ : 
 without any motion, except in its tail ib. P 
 How formed from the Worm 9 = Se 
 A Nymph produced artificially by heat, even in the ett defcribed. ————— 
 depth of winter, may be changed into an infect 12 RLA or Dragon Fly has very large Eyes and a 
 The fame intrinfically in all {pecies of infects, and differs great ee rt ee 23 
 andus, fee Libella. 
 
 only externally according to the various forms of the 
 3 See in red 8 13 PHALENZ® Dutch, very large, their eggs, and_coflus 
 from which they are produced. P. Tae 
 
 Nymph. This word fignifies very well the nature of 
 Mi chfti fete Intended = fignify y PHALANGIUM, a very large poifonous Spider of Brazil. 
 20 
 
 3 
 The words Nymph and Chryfalis fignify the fame thing, a Tarde 7 
 wny, or Tarantula. ib. 
 
 and ought to be confidered as fuch 2 4 
 Their parts why moveable, flexible, and not united 5 PHILOSOPHIZING, the true method of Philofophizin 
 perfeCted by experiments. PTL. ge 
 
 and why they can be fo plainly diftinguifhed ib. 
 Their mort a Whrere-onpaaliy “hig he therefore lefs PHYSALUS feems-to.deferve being claffed rather amongft 
 capable of réfifting-theanjurics of the air 8 fea hedge-hogs, than Catterpillars. _ PIL ase 
 ‘Their change to an infect confifts barely in an evapo- Its external parts: briftles ; do ing of 
 ration of the fuperfluous humours 13 the mouth ; tubercles. P. Ik. 150 
 Nymphs themfelves differ accidentally Dorfal perforations ; gills ; moveable parts of the mouths _ 
 
 = ; : 
 ‘The Nymphs of the Ants, Flies, and Bees exhibit much heart ; blood veflels ; ttomach ; inteftines. P.II. 150,151 
 lainer than other Nymphs, their future infects 3, 4 Inflation and burfting, how performed, P.IL. 154 
 < PINNA, what it is. 3 
 
 ot fo well compared with childrens fwathes, the : 
 Its name whence derived. ibe 
 
 her fi 
 Why ey tne walle Pier tie Chien "3 PINNOPHILAX of Ariftotle and Aelian, what. ib. 
 Have an infenfible perfpiration 32 PLANTS, their budding, and the coming forth of their — 
 By means of which they evaported all their fuperfluous flowers, refembles the change of Infeéts. 9 
 humours, at the fame time that they evacuate nothing pix bs owth agrees with the four orders of the changes 
 i th ‘ 1 
 ade acaaeme. Compared with the generation of Infeés. 4 e 
 
 7 
 How they outlive the winter — P. Il. 134 : : —& 
 Which of them may be referred to the firft, fecond, POPLAR, black, the internal form, fituation, origin, — 
 
 third, and likewife to the fourth order i ees variety, internal cavity, and contents of their tuberc 33°F. ae 
 All thofe of the fourth order may be referred to the oot Neat Nymphs, Flies; downy _ ae Itt ia 
 third, and for what reaf Py Il. - 38 : iF. Ue 95 ¥ 
 True Ftinghe: hich ae bred within the bodies oe PURPLE FISH, the cenvolutions of its fhell inverted. ee cae 
 
 Caterpillars. Wi Chryiallides, belone to- th The part where it carries its purple dye. 5 
 fir ace - eden biz ets Seige PIL 6 PROSCARABEUS belongs to the third order of muta- 
 
 There are fome of them which are bred in the bodies of tions; different kinds. eg 
 vermiform Nymphs, and belong to the fourth order of PSEUDOSPHEC belong to the third order of muta- 
 changes ek Ee tions ; their different kinds. 122 
 
 Thofe bred in the fubftance of fruits, warts, leaves, Some of them bred within Caterpillars or Chryfallides. 
 
 woods, &c, belong to the fourth order of changes 7d. . a. Pull. 70° 
 Nymphs thet fmalinefs, conftitution, and the nature of PURGES, the Authors theory of their ation’ 51, 52 
 the places where they are found, explain in fome mea- ‘There are no fpecific purges, and why 5 
 fure the reafon why their fkin fhould be thinner and < 
 fofter than that of a Chryfalis wma R 
 a retaining their moifture is not an accidental 
 
 Se os trae AY, a fifh, its uncommon nerve running from the ~ 
 saath fh Seibold gia i R brain to the mouth, which is perhaps fubfervient to 
 i et ge d ~~. Chryfali. id. and fol- the fenfe of hearing or that of fmelling. at 214 
 
 . - ™ - ites . . . . . . j ¥ i I 
 
 Many tpecies. ot. cit, Prk Bbin: Worms within the The pupil of this fifh is furnifhed with a lid 14 
 bodies of Aurelie Pill. 36 RATS 3 
 
RATS ; a futty matter found in the appendages of their 
 tefticles. P. Il. 
 
 RESURRECTION of the dead, how it differs from 
 changes of Infeéts. 
 
 105 
 the 
 
 ——_—_———_——_. jl luftrated by the Beane 
 ple of the day Butterfly, Ped... t6 
 
 And the Frog. i1g 
 
 S 
 
 SENSITIVE Plant, lefs fenfible in autumn than in 
 
 winter Pritt 
 
 3 129 
 SCOLOPENDRA referred to the firft order of changes 28 
 The great, oriental Scolopendra ib. 
 
 SCORPION belongs to the firft order of changes 28, 42 
 Proved to be viviparous by Redi’s expetiments 41, 42 
 Its head and breaft united 7. Its pincers, legs, flagella, 
 rings Of its belly ; its tail ; the con{truction of its fting 42 
 Its eyes, theif number arid fituation 4. Another fpecies 
 of it, with the flagella, and fix eyes of this fpecies ib. 
 Scorpion of America ib. Water Scorpion is of the fe- 
 cond order 95: How many fpecies of them in the 
 
 author’s cabinet #6; 73. Their way of living 103. 
 
 ‘The largeft fpecies 1. Flying Scorpioris, fpecies of 
 
 them; their anatomical divifion ; external parts ; head 
 
 and its parts; thorax and its parts; four wings; abdo- 
 men and its parts; tail, legs and arins IOI. 
 
 Internal parts 102. Stomach, inteftines, glands, vafa 
 
 varicofa, fat, pulmonary tubes, air, veficlés, f{pinal mar- 
 
 row ib. The female, and her genital parts, ovary, 
 oviducts and eggs 102, 103 The male, and his 
 genital parts; his penis; the root of the penis; vafa 
 differentia; feminal bags; tefticles 24. 102. Water Scor- 
 pion, of Rediy"what? 932. Great Scorpion, its 
 fourteen eyes, tail, colour 42 Sea Scorpion of Redi 
 what? 100. Scorpion of Molucca 43. Larg 
 oriental 42. Scorpions found in Holland, defcrip- 
 
 tion of them 43 
 SCROPHULA belongs to the genus of the Afelli 27 
 defcribed ib. 
 Snel, Scrophula fo called, defcription of it ib, 
 How its able to kill Perches ib. 
 SERPENTS when they change fkins, likewife draw a 
 pellicle from off their eyes 174. 
 
 Have five different kinds of legs P.chdowe Sine 82. 
 SPERMA-CETI, what; prepofteroufly taken for the 
 brain; is likewife found intthe"Ray’s head P. II. 123 
 SPIRITS, their local influx does not feem requifite for 
 
 mufcular motion ; it cannot be performed, nor be de- 
 
 monttrated sais lek re 
 SPONDYLA, rubra, of Mouffet Polit 
 SNAILS, belong to the firft order of changes, are her- 
 mophradites 28 
 
 The opinion of their being produced from flime fa- 
 bulous 44. A ftone found in them which an{wers the 
 purpofe of an os fternum 28. Snails do not ufe their 
 horns, for the fame purpofe, that the blind do fticks 70 
 Drop their eggs at random on the ground, or faftered 
 together in form of achain 59. Snails, the ufe of 
 their different parts 43. ‘The verge promotes greatly 
 the fhell’s growth, and in what manner 65. The ten- 
 dons of the mufcles petrify at their infertions into the 
 fhell 65. Sometimes fmall Crabs, and Sea-ftars have 
 fhells, but not in the nature of a conftant habitation 66 
 The fhell, what in general we ought to think of its 
 conftruction 63, 68. It is not the Snail’s houfe, but 
 its real fkin or bone 44, 78. Is formed even in the 
 egg itfelf 63. Has its periofteum 64. Receives nou- 
 rifhment as well as the fofter-parts ib. How repaired 
 by the Snail, when it has received any damage 65 
 Hardens to’ a ftone,: tho’ buried under frefh or fale 
 water ib. The. firft matter of it a mucus 64, 65 
 Snail, that is called Aliekruyk, at what feafon made ufe 
 of as food, and what parts of it 80, Where to be 
 found a 
 Its external parts; its fhell with the Worms that eat 
 into and thro’ the fhell ib. 81. Of its head, horns, fkin, 
 lid, figns of fight, verge, vigoroufnels, and amphi- 
 bioufnefs : 20. 
 Its internal parts 82. Its mouth, tongue, brain, ae 
 val ducts and glands, nerves, eyes, ftomach and intei- 
 
 Ar Nees DD 
 
 Ite Aa 
 
 tines, liver, heart, blood veffels, and purple bag 81, 82 
 The Water Snail moves itfelf in the ege for fome days, 
 before it is hatched 64. 
 The flatted Water Snail, its defcription ; its intérnal 
 parts; its fhell ; purple juice; in what it agrees with 
 the viviparous, and common water Snail; its live 
 Worms ; liver; particle in form of achain; uterus 
 and penis $3, 84 
 I'he common Waiter Snail has fometimes two eyes at 
 one fide 73. How it fwims, and can at pleafure by the 
 means of air fink to the bottom, or rife to the furface 74. 
 Phe manner of difféfting 79. “Digefting it in the fto- 
 mach 74, 75. Its eggs . 45 
 Its. manner of fwimming . ib. 
 The Garden Snail defcribed. 40 
 The Snail’s genitals and coition differ from thofe of the 
 Vine Snail’s ;. and in what manner the Garden Snails 
 copulate 70. “The fhell of the Garden Snail deferibed 
 70. Its head like a Cat’s tb. 
 Snail whofe fhell is twifted inverfly, has likewife its 
 genitals placed in a different manner 68. “Marble um- 
 bilicated Snail defcribed 82, 83. - Small flatted Snail, 
 and its purple blood defcribed 84.. Small flatted’ Snail 
 defcribed 69.. Wonderful viviparous Snail; its native 
 place 75. Food; external parts; colour; lid; man- 
 ner of fwimming 76. The difficulty and manner of dit 
 feCting it 7. Its verge; the conftrution of its parts 
 with little ftones altogether wonderful ; its {traight 
 gut 76, 77. Its ftomach, excrenients, gills, uterus ; 
 foetufés found alive in the uterus ; and Worms found in 
 the fubftance of the uterus 77. Various eggs found in 
 the uterus; the live uterine foetus feen with the micro- 
 fcope 78. ‘The tongue or probofcis, gullet, ftomach, 
 ovary and its eggs; liver confifting of very diftiné& 
 glands 79. Brain and nerves} eyes 79. ‘The uterus 
 always appears pregnant with eggs or Snails 79, 80 
 The live uterine foetus fwimming 7. The humour 
 called amnion belonging to the eggs; time of bear- 
 ing 80. The variety and number of eggs found in the 
 uterus 79. The fhell or houfe, and its periofteum ; 
 weight 80. Naked does not at all exhibit the motion 
 of any animal fpirits: Naturalifts being led aftray by air 
 bubbles moving on its furfate 51. The author has 
 feen them naked even moving in the egg 6 
 
 Field or path-way Snail differs from the houfe Snail 72 
 Its velabrum; glands belonging to the skin 3» virge; 
 colour, genitals, horns 2 m; eullet, falivalduéts 
 and elands;~“‘inte tines, liver and gall dud; aperture 
 of the genitals; penis; purple bag; uterus, glue-bags 
 tube in form of a chain; ovary and eggs; heart, alka- 
 line-bag 73 
 Houfe Snail defcribed 70. Defcriptior’ of its external 
 parts; its horns; velabrum; glands of the skin ; per- 
 foration of the genitals; heart, auricle, afd pericardium; 
 ftone, which they feem to change every year 70, 71. Al- 
 kaline-bag ; con{truction of the ftomach ; falival veflels 5 
 inteftines ;. liver, tooth and other parts of the mouth 7& 
 Brain, fpinal marrow, nerves and mufcles +. Geni- 
 tals, penis, ligament of the uterus; the uterus itfelf ; 
 glue-bag, particlé in form of a chain, ovary and eggs 72 
 Snail. The covered Snail, at once both male and fe- 
 male, great devourers of vegetables 48. Loves bread 75 
 Sickens in dry fituations 51. Has the fenfe of tafting, 
 and that of fmelling, in a pretty confiderable degree 49 
 Is a very timorous animal 7+. Has no voice, nor makes 
 any noife 50. _ in what manner it repofes and fufpends 
 itfelf 51. | Loves company, and at what feafons 
 chiefly ib. Very vigorous and robuft 7. Seems to be 
 long lived, and why? 7. Not confumed by falt, but 
 only killed by it, and in what manner i}. May be 
 ferviceable in making experiments on purging medi- 
 cines i+. The beft manner of killing it in order to 
 diffect it 52. Has no gall bladder 55. Sometimes eats 
 
 “} 
 
 into and throws off the perioftium of its fhell 64 
 Dies three days after being ftripped of its fhell, and with 
 what fymptoms pits 65 
 Changes obferved on opening it a little after copi- 
 lation ; ag 
 The difpofition of its internal parts five weeks after 
 copulation ca. - a wb. 
 ‘The method of opening it, to obtainva yew of its iri- 
 ternal parts 45 
 Cc : The 
 
 es toe SS ee ee ae 
 
 Re RO NS tk tn A io 
 
yee Th ee 
 
 The method of watering it, requifite to keep it in good 
 health. F 49 
 The method of extracting it from its fhell. 50 
 The method, and bet time, of fending it abroad. 52 
 The beft method of diflecting it. 
 Covered Snails feem to havea very dull fight 48 
 ‘Their food, and time of feeding. 49 
 In what manner they breathe, and the fervice breathing 
 does them. oe ) 
 In what manner their progr ffidtion is effected, and 
 the method of obtaini fight of it. 50, 51 
 Their feafon for copulation, how long it lafts, and how 
 often it returns. 59 
 Their mutual copulation, in what manner iow ie 
 : 5% 5 
 Thingstémarkablebeforeand after theircopulation. 58, 59 
 What liquors may be madeufe of to inject their veflels. 54 
 Their foft and hard parts, four horns, lips, and mouth, 
 perforation of the genitals, limbs, and its perforations ; 
 verge or foot; blood; fhell, how tobe broken off ; the 
 horns are adorned with glandulous grains. 44.t0 45 
 Aorta. 53 
 Brain, moveable backwards and forwards. 46, 60 
 Its fituation, conftruction, and cleft for the paflage of 
 the ftomach. AS: 60 
 Heart, 50. Its fituation, parts, conftruction, valves, 
 in form of a crefcent, 53. The manner of obtain- 
 ing a good fight of the heart. 53 
 Horns very fenfible. 49. How rolled out. 46 
 How difpofed when drawn in. 7b. What number ferve 
 todrawthem in is. The mucous glands of the horns, 
 and the mucus itfelf defcribed. 45 
 Upper ones have eyes at their ends, 45. Are hollow, 
 and for what purpofe 7+, Their extremities ib. and 
 fmaller nerves 42. Lower ones, and their nerves 76. 
 The nature of the fkin under the verge 
 The chyliferous Ducts 
 The two falival ducts, and faliva 
 Gall no way bitter. 55 
 Fringes perform the office of feet 50. Their. con- 
 ftruction 7b. 63 
 Excrements of what form, 50 
 Genitals male and female 56. How difpofed after coi- 
 
 tion 59° Parts common to both male and female geni- 
 56. 
 
 Se The patricia. in ieee of achain ; 5 
 @ penis defcribed 56.” Its*mufcles and nerves 2d. 
 Tts tranfverte-aaiele +6: Vas differens 2g 
 Spermatic veflels delightful eating 
 The fituation and fize of the faid veflels 
 ‘The manner of demonftrating them 
 The ftructure of the tefticles, and the feed 
 The uterus; its nerves and mufcles, conftruction, fait- 
 ening, ligament 57. Difpofition of the ovary, id. 
 Blind appendage 57. Its alkaline bone defcribed, 7 
 A differtation on the ufe of faid bone 
 Situation, lobes, and veflels of the liver 55 
 Its glandulous texture, colour, hardnefs, pulps, juice, 
 external coat or fkin, and agreeable flavour. ib. 
 The animal’s external lips; the teeth, and their muf- 
 cles, with the expanfion of the teeth over the palate ; 
 the palate itfelf; mouths of the falival duéts ; and in- 
 ternal lips. 
 Verge, its cohefion, conftruétion, figures, incifions, 
 Peon 8ens, veins 49. 
 1e tongue, its ftructure; the cartilage, in form of a 
 crefcent, that ferves to cover it; the mufcle ferving to 
 draw in the tongue, palate, jaws, and brain; the in- 
 ’ dented extremity of the tongue 48 
 hee marrow, its fituation 62. Conftruction; gan- 
 ion, and mufcles ferving to move the faid ganglion 
 backwards and forwards, with the nerves adminiftering 
 Mies faid mufcles. 60 
 fufculous membrane found under the fkin 45 
 Covered Snails, the manner of feeing the mucus iffuing 
 from the elands of their fkin 5 
 The mufeles are flrong 55. How they are inferted into 
 the ftone or fhell 62. ‘Three mufcles, ferving to thruft 
 out the mouth, and parts of the jaws, 48. 
 indented mufcles of the belly 53. Mufcles of the uterus 
 and fpinal Sg tag 61. _Mutcles of the legs 5 
 
 - 
 
 It, Ee 
 SPINAL MARROW, in large and 
 
 ranfverfe - 
 
 their conftruction and infertion 62. Of Mufeles of the 
 lower horn 62. 
 ving to draw in the eyes i+. Mufcles fervino to draw 
 in the jaws, and parts of the mouth, 7. Secvlag to 
 
 move the verge, their infertion and courfe id. Serving 
 
 to move and raife the middle of the body 7. Difference’ 
 between the flefhy and tendinous parts of the mufcles 60, 
 Nerves ferving to move the mouth and gullet _ 47 
 Adminiftering to the parts of the jaws, mouth, and 
 palate; opticnerves; nerves belonging to the lower 
 horns; to the mufcles of the fkin-of the head; nerves run 
 
 ning under the parts of the mouth and palate, andfub- f 
 fervient perhaps to the fenfe of tafte, nerves ifuing . 
 
 from the brain; from the fpinal marrow; belonging to 
 the mufcles of the neck ;-to the fpermatic veflels; to the 
 
 mufcles that ferve to move the fides ; to the uterus, to — Pe 
 
 the verge. 61, 60 
 Origin of ‘the nerves from the brain, and their courfes 
 46. ‘Their mufcular fheath and ligaments, id, 
 
 The eyes where placed 45. By what contrivance the 
 fight is performed 48. Optic nerve of the eye, and its 
 muicle, 45. Its figure; coat called uvea; parts; three 
 humours; what end anfwered by the fpreading of the 
 mufcle over the coat; the eyes, ciliary ducts; retina 5 
 its pupil, not feen by the Author. 475 48 
 Many Naturalifts have attributed eyes to the horns, and 
 again denied their exiftence. ae 
 Lid, what it is? and its conftru@ion. 
 
 6g sae 
 The falt bone, perhaps, ferves to fhake the feed into 
 
 the uterus. 64 
 Eggs before copulation are very {mall. 
 
 57, 
 Mutcles ferving to move the foot, their conftru@ion 
 
 and infertion, 62. 
 
 Situation of the lime-bag, its colour, connexion, tex-— 
 ture, duct, ufe, and tafte. | 
 
 Its colour, nature, and fituation. 
 
 Difference between the blood and the mucus. 
 
 5402 ae 
 The fhell exhibits marks, which like thofeonthe horns _ 
 
 of black cattle ferve to fhew the Snail’s age. og 
 The fhell is a true fkin, or ftony bone. 64, és a 
 Swells, increafes, and hardens, like the fhells of Crabs, — 
 and bonesof men 64. In what manner it grows 
 ib. Its conftruétion 63. Its pillar, and the perforation — 
 of the pillar #4. It periofteum 64. _ Its various fizes. — 
 
 ‘Tube, common 10 the kidneys and uterus. 
 
 Vena cava, and its Oe ee eo. 
 Stomach, its fituation, three coats, vellels, colour, 
 
 the pylorus; {mall guts ; in what part of thefe the gall 
 flows into them ; exitus of the ftraight gut. 55 
 Snail, the oval one. ’ 
 ‘The pyramidal and cylindrical ones. 66 — 
 The tubular one. ‘ 68 | 
 The vine one. See covered Snail. 
 
 SPIDERS, belong to the firft order of changes 20 
 
 Have no antennz or horns, nor Scorpions neither 2% 4 
 
 See better than other infe&ts, except the Dragon Fly 23 © 
 
 See further particulars, 23. P. Ti 
 
 The Author never obferyed that Spiders, however irri- — 
 
 tated, difcharged any virulent matter. 2 
 
 Parts obferved by the Author. 
 
 See further particulars, 
 
 Various {pecies 
 
 American Spider. 
 
 The Holland Spinning Spider. 
 
 One from the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 The crimfon Spider of Lifter. 
 
 The long-footed one. 
 
 The Flea-Spider. ©. 23, Defcribed. 21, : 
 
 ‘Two fpecies of it. _ 23 
 
 The Hedge Spider, which carries its eggs about with 
 
 i Me ai 24 
 infeéts, com- — 
 
 erves derived from 
 
 22, 235-286 
 
 pared gr. Its origin, and all t 
 
 it, feem to be moved by the irritation of the nerves — 
 
 5 nee PH. tages 
 SILK-WORM, falfely faid by Malpighius to have more = 
 hearts than one 111. Has twenty breathing-holes 180 _ a. 
 
 A defcription of its change, by Malpighius. P. If. 2, 3 
 Fat, and fome other parts , : 
 Its filk 138. The bag, containing a,glutinous me 
 
 : 1! 
 
 Mutcles of the upper horns, fer- Fi 
 
 136, 1375 138,139 
 
Se ee 
 
 ae a ea 7 ee 
 
 Be. NS TR Rt og, 
 
 ter 204. 
 Die three days after they have laid their eggs. 
 
 The manner of their copulating 132 
 eis 
 FP. it. Tae: Its 
 Of the female’s ovary and duét, 
 P.Tl. 202 
 
 SKIN, the change of it common to all infects. 174, 
 STAPHILINUS, its defcription, and various fpecies : 
 belongs to the third order of changes. 125 
 STAGS, if caftrated when young, their horns will never 
 grow. 150. ‘Their horns enclofed by a periofteum 64 
 SWALLOWS, fly near the earth, and follow the courfe 
 of the Sun, in order to catch infects, which are their 
 food, P. WT, 133, 134 
 
 Of the male 132. 
 139. 
 
 229, 187. 
 genital parts 
 
 T 
 
 ‘TADPOLE, belongs to the fecond order of changes. 
 
 P. Tf. Er7 
 The true Nymph of the Frog. 9 
 In what manner and time it changes its fkin. ibid. 1 19 
 By what aliment nourifhed. ibid. 105 
 Its external parts. isid. 115, and following pages. 
 THISTLE, COMMON, how the Flies perforate, and 
 lay their eggs in it. ibib. 89 
 TEETH,, in a human abortion of fix months old, were 
 
 vifible, but membranaceous. 185 
 In Men and Beafts, compofed of innumerable {mall 
 filaments. 65 
 TOUCH-ME-NOT, an herb, in what manner the pores 
 of it contract. 129 
 TICK or Ricinus of Aldrovandus ; the Author does not 
 not know what order it belongs to. 26 
 TARAN TULA.betongs the firtt order. 20 
 
 The power of Mufic in curing'the effects of this Infeét’s 
 bite, is looked upon as a mere fable in Italy itfelf, 
 and is no better than an impofition ufed by beggars 
 
 and vagabonds. 25 
 TTEREDO loves bread 75 
 TORTOISE has two kinds of bones. 62 
 
 It is neceffary that when it lays its eggs, the futures of 
 the dhell fhould open, i. | Sutures of its fhell very un- 
 
 common. ib, 
 TETTIGOMETRA, what. 96 
 
 ‘TUBES teftaceous defcribed, 68. Different kinds of 
 them belonging to thofe of water Infeéts curioufly con- 
 firucted, P. Il, 102. Thole of Worms equally cu- 
 rious, — ib. IOI, 102 
 
 TURBO defcribed, 166. Small water Turbo, 82 
 Small Turbo found in the bark of the Willow, with 
 its fhell convoluted in manner defcribed, 168, 169 
 
 TRANSFORMATION or Changes what the Author 
 intends thereby. 2 
 
 W 
 
 AX, confifts of globular particles, 162. How made 
 
 by Bees unknown, P. If. 208. True Virgin-wax 
 
 what ; that commonly fold in fhops is not fuch, 165,166 
 WATER Fowls devour fith head foremoft, 196. How 
 they prepare their wings that may refift the water, 154 
 WEARINESS, how occafioned, P. Il. 128 
 WORMS, how they move themfelves in little Cells made 
 of dry wood. jee 81 
 WASPS belong to the third order of changes, 121. Suffer 
 a great number of females in their nefts, and why; FP. il. 
 189, 190. Their ftings and poifon-bags, fome parts of 
 them defctibed, i. 197,198. Spinal marrow runs 
 
 thro’ the common dutts of the ovary, ib. 204. Their 
 eyes, 7b. 215. Ovaty and-oviducts, i). 203. Eggs, 
 
 ib, 205. _ Probofcis how formed, i. 196. Glue-bag, 
 and its veflels, 204. “Tafte and ftrength of their 
 poifon, 205. Males feem to bufy themfelves about their 
 offspring, P. II. 190. Species and defcription, 121, 230 
 Wafp called Ichneumon, 122. Solitary of Mouttet 
 belongs to the third order of changes. 121 
 WILLOW ferves to breed a great many Infects, P. II. 83 
 Its juice like honey, 173. Its leaves — 
 with their three coats and their veflel, P. II. 75,8 
 
 Their tubercles or. warts containing Infects, i. $4 
 The Worm of thefe warts without feet ; its external 
 parts, efpecially its teeth and their ufe; its very {mall 
 ere ; Nymph belonging to the firft mode of the third 
 order, and its con{picuous limbs; the Beetle produced 
 from it, and its parts, 7b. 83, 88. Another fpecies of 
 Worms changing to a Fly, ib. 85. Tubercles how 
 produced, wb. 80, 81. Their fituation, conftruction, 
 different forms, internal conftruétion, colour, fituation 
 on different parts of the leaf, fize and contents, 7b. 75 
 Alteration in them when the Caterpillars have iflued 
 from them, ib. 78,79. THé,ege contained in thefe 
 tubercles ; the different fizes of itpuits figure, colour, 
 variety of fituations, without any adhefion; manner of 
 receiving nourifhment ; its increafe ; how buried in the 
 tubercle, 2b. 76, 80. The Caterpillar iffuing from the 
 egg, ib. 77. See Caterpillar. The Fly, fee Fly. 
 Various other Worms and Animalcula. 82, 83 
 Rofe, what and whence produced, P. I... 85 
 Worm bred in it, with the Nymph and Fly of faid 
 Worm. ib, 85 
 
 WOOD-LOUSE, fee Afellus. 
 
 WOLF-BEE defcribed, two fpecies. Pil. 230338 
 
 WORMS are not changed into Nymphs, but become 
 Nymphs by an accretion of their limbs. : 
 Even in this ftate exhibit the difpofition of parts obferv- 
 able in the future Nymphs and Flies, ib. and really 
 contain in a growing ftate all the-limbs of their future 
 Infe&ts. 13 
 In what manner they are gradually changed into other 
 Infects. ibid, 
 Are never transformed into other animals, but contain 
 limbs growing under their fkin, which afterwards fud- 
 
 denly appear on their throwing it off. 17 
 Tho’ diitinguifhed into males and females, never copu~« 
 Jate as long as they remain in the Worm form. 27 
 
 How they outlive the winter. P, Il. 134 
 Very often more vigorous than the Infeéts produced 
 from them. ibid. 
 A fingle one, or many of themfometimes live, and turn 
 to Nymphs within the body of a Caterpillar, another 
 Worm, ora Chryfalis. ; Pi Jin=36 
 The Author can fhew the future infect in Worms, that 
 have not as yet attained the Chryfalis ftate. 
 
 Worms, their feet never turned to their back, at the 
 time of their change. 5 17 
 The-menner-in which fomeof -thefe without feet 
 live. It 
 
 Water-Worms, living in tubes, without legs. P. IL. 
 
 IOI, 102 
 Feeding on Cabbages, without legs, belong to the 
 fourth order of changes. = Pelle 23s 
 Their change into Nymphs and Flies. Path sy 
 
 Frequenting Thiftles, making ufe of their excrements, 
 and caft off {kins, worked up together, as a covering, 
 and their Beetles. P.-1.=§6 
 Bred within tubercles that grow within the leaves of the 
 {aid plants ; their Nymphs and Flies. Pe 39 
 Carnivrous, belong to the fourth order of changes. 
 
 P, dds 
 Haften and increafe the putrefati6n of the flefh they 
 feed on. P. Ue 35 
 Another fpecies of thefeé Worms, that gnaw dry flefh. 
 fie Me TS 
 Called Earth Inteftines, belong to the firft order of 
 changes. 27 
 
 Ridiculous to imagine that thofe found in human and 
 other bodies are produced from eggs taken in at the 
 mouth. _P. tL 69 
 Bred in wood, how they move themfelves in a 
 i w dd. SE 
 ties. ce 
 Beautiful Beetles produced from Worms living upon rot- 
 ten Wood. : P. U. IOL 
 Frequenting Lilies, covering themfelves with their ex- 
 crements and their beetles. a I. 96 
 Worms, frequ:nting the leaves of this flower, like the 
 Cochineal worm. Sages - fhm 
 Found in Hazel-nuts ; their origin and change, eats OF 
 Preying on the leavesof the Willow ; ther large teeth, 
 eggs Nymph ; the Beetle produced fromat. Pee 39 
 re: 2 * Worms, 
 
La Wee it, Bo 
 
 Worms, living within the new-budded leaves of the 
 Willow, at length afluming the form of acm : 
 Flies. Anil 
 
 Living within the rofe of the Willow; their Nymphs 
 and Flies. P. lis 86 
 Affine Flies 142 
 Their food, and manner of feeding. 143 
 Tooth examined with the microfcope 143 
 Internal parts, and in what they differ from earth- 
 infects. ib. 
 
 Bog-houfe Worms, belong-tethe fourth ai ares 
 ges. = dt. 34 
 Newly hatched and full-grown, 
 
 and in what manner 
 they move from place to place. ee: Bags i 
 Their external pasts PT aaah 
 How they become Nymphs. Pi, 40 
 Another fpecies of them. _ P. 1. 41 
 Moth-like, the firft fpecies of thefe Worms ; its Nymph 
 and Fly P 
 
 "The fecond fpecies, andits three changes. 
 
 Living in tubes, earth, and their change. 
 
 In water, without legs. P. TI.. .261, 102 
 Found in Alder-leaves; three fpecies of them; the 
 Chryfalis of the firft fpecies, and the Butterfly produced 
 from it Poe 87 
 Having houfes of their own, in which like Tortoifes 
 they walk about, changing to Nymphs, belong to the 
 fourth order of changes P. Ul. 38 
 Worms found, musk-bags, and their Nymphs and 
 Beetles 101 
 Feed even upon the feathers of birds ib. 
 Found within the bottom of the Oak, their Nymphs 
 and Flies P. HL 90 
 Within the bean-like part of Oak tubercles ; the manner 
 in which they are nourifhed; Nymphs and Flies into 
 which they are changed P. Il. 93; 94 
 Bred in the fponge of the Dog-rofe, their Nymphs 
 and Flies p- II. 94, 94 
 Afluming the Nymph form in very delicate webs, be- 
 long to, the fourth order of changes, and lefs known 
 than other Worms. P.die *37,. 38 
 Inhabiting the tubercles of the black Poplar, their 
 
 Found in live animals, their origin as yet inexplicable 
 P. IL.) Se tisiees 
 Species of .Worms bred within Chryfallides and Cie 
 pillars. Pol 70, 99 
 Bred within the bodies of Chryfallides, and boring their 
 their way through them ; 42 
 Change into Vermiform Nymphs ‘ ib. 
 At length produced from them Pot 
 Seldom turns to Nymphs in the bodies of Aureliz, 
 and why? P.Il + 36 
 The Vermiform Nymphs of Worms, which are faid to 
 {pring from putrified Aurelia, belong to the fourth 
 order of changes PAL 363 
 The Vermiform Nymphs, which become Nymphs 
 within the bodies of Aurelize, belong to the fourth order 
 of changes ga 355 36 
 The manner and feafon of findingthem out P. II. 37 
 Worms bred within Caterpillars, uncertain how they 
 get there P.. 5 Se 
 Some Worms change to Nymphs within the skin of : 
 Caterpillars, whofe infide they have devoured, and after- 
 wards iffue from it in the form of Flies ib. 
 There are fome bred within Caterpillars, make their 
 way out, and afterwards at length turn to real Nymphs 
 [Say 
 ‘Thofe, which turn to Nymphs within their own and a 
 borrowed web, after creeping out by the holes they 
 have bored for themfelves in the Caterpillar, belong ‘to 
 the fourth order of changes Poe 
 The Vermiform Nymphs of Worms, which iffue from 
 the bodies of Caterpillars devoured by them,. belong to _ 
 the fourth order of changes vias 35 
 Of Flies contained within the Caterpillars of But- 
 terflies P.-IL, 71 
 With two heads, fome of them both oviparous and vivi- 
 parous, infefting the lungs of Frogs. P-IE. ror, 109 
 Worms that become Beetles are contained in the Worms 
 of the larger Beetles yRi 
 
 x 
 
 food, Nymphs of the fecond order ; the change of their XYLOPHTHORI of Aldrovandus, what kind of 
 
 Nymphs into Flies. p. IL. 
 Bred in ftinging Nettles; their eggs, Nymphs, Flies. oa 
 
 Page Col. Line 
 {2 
 32—1 
 SoS ay. 
 48—2— 34 
 522-37 
 53245 
 56—2—33 
 57—~I—-18 
 60—1—54. 
 61— —44 
 
 95 Worms 
 
 PIL. 89 
 
 PL 
 
 The Reader is defired to excufe and correct the following ERRATA. 
 
 Inftead of 
 
 like a point — 
 of thofe rings 
 pidgeons 
 ftomach -- 
 operculum -- 
 a little dilated, 
 
 differens, which opens——defferens b b oe opensi 
 
 penis e 
 the brain 
 
 bones ——— -——~ _ ——bone 
 
 Tab. IV. 
 halictations 
 Stenon 
 ftretched out, 
 two upper ones 
 divided fkin 
 tube 
 uterus 
 ridge 
 
 obferyed 4 feveral 
 1. Fig. 
 
 —_—_-__—_—_—_— 
 ‘wings 
 Fig. VII, 
 
 ~~ 
 
 —————like a point 5 
 
 -- ——Pigeons. 
 
 ——habitations 
 —— Steno 
 divided fkin ¢ 
 
 —e UTEFUS 
 
 — wings dd 
 —— Fig. VII. 2 
 belong “Ss ——————helings 
 
 pleafe to read Inftead of 
 Page Col. Line 
 TO2=—=I— FE 
 —— 2-48 
 104—I—29 
 1O8——I— 5 
 i 38 
 10g9—2—58 
 122—I—44 
 132—I—51 
 —n 
 T3STs eo 
 136—1—37 
 138—2— 8 
 
 entraneous 
 middle e, 
 1661 
 exuberant 
 Fig, IV; 
 this, 
 Panopes, 
 
 ——of thofe rings f 
 
 v——ftomach b 
 
 —operculum Tab, IV, Fig. TI. m 
 a little dilated peeses 
 
 penis Fig, XX, ¢ 
 
 the brain ¢ varous 
 
 hairs, 
 
 Tab. XVII. -- 
 
 ‘Tab. VI. 
 
 knot 
 teeth © 
 
 139—I—21 
 140—1-laft 
 line but one 
 
 Stretched out f 
 ——two upper ¢ ¢ ones 
 
 tube x 
 ——ridge 
 
 obferved feveral 
 Fig. I. @ 
 
 head a _ 
 Hornius 
 Stento 
 
 with 
 
 fibres, 
 
 TI—I-—33 
 53—1— 8 
 14I—1— 8 
 146—1-—1 
 
 149—-2—2 
 
 nee 
 
 the nerves -- 
 
 152——1— after Fig. V. and VI. ’ 
 163—1—7th line from the bottom Delphos ——= Delft, 
 P. i. 
 
 pleafe to read 
 
 —_ ——extraneeus 
 
 — middle ¢, 
 1675 
 
 ——___—extuberant 
 
 Pea OS Fy 
 
 —this fi 
 Panorpes, 
 
 Tab. XVII. —— = ——Tab. XXVII. 
 
 ‘sing: 
 
 ——hairs 
 
 Tab. XXVII. 
 the nerves d d 
 knot f 
 
 —  — ; teeth d d_ 
 blo 
 
 t out be 
 
 ———fibres fi 
 
 * The Copper Plates are to be placed between the Explanation of the Tables and the Index. 
 
DE PRESET RYT 
 
 ss 
 
, ‘ 
 
 a ik Cals a tdias 
 
mbes ee a, een ~ er hanes Se a 7 Sia cele nt a ea al 
 
 ¥ 
 Sant hen But Cee pees: 
 
 5S