a 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
REAR 
 PP 
 
 Not the spoils of conquered s 
 Ocean's Willing off*rings the 
 From her treasure-house not riven, 
 But of her abundance given. 
 
 ‘Dypes of that exhanstless store, 
 Mortal mind may ne‘er explore. 
 
AND 
 
 THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 BATH: 
 BINNS AND GOODWIN. 
 EDINBURGH : JOHNSTONE, 
 
 LONDON : WHITTAKER AND CO. 
 DUBLIN: W. CURRY JUN. & CO. 
 
 - 
 
Tue title we have selected for our volume, will prepare 
 
 the reader to look for other than scientific “teachings,” 
 since, to speak with botanical precision, our work does 
 not contain a single flowering plant—nor even are all 
 the specimens ‘referable to the vegetable kingdom. 
 But we shall, it is hoped, be readily pardoned for 
 adopting, as the designation of a volume containing so 
 large a proportion of poetry, a name not wholly 
 unknown in song—one, too, so truly descriptive of 
 these elegant productions. 
 
 We have indeed been anxious that what little 
 science our book contains, should be correct ; but our 
 chief object has been, to give such interesting inform- 
 ation as might tend to awaken curiosity, and excite 
 
 to further enquiry ;—and above all, to associate with 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ¢ those beautiful and wonderful objects which clothe 
 our rocks, such “teachings” as might deepen in the 
 mind the feelings of devotion to their glorious Author. 
 And since, as with flowers, so with these productions, 
 | —their beauty and interest seem to increase by famili- 
 arity with the grand and lovely scenery with which, 
 in their natural state, they are surrounded, we have 
 devoted a portion of our pages to Ocean itself, the 
 magnificent home of these “children of the deep;” 
 
 trespassing yet farther on the time of the reader, 
 
 for the sake of giving some few passages on the 
 advantages of the study of Nature. 
 
 In these two divisions of our work, (and indeed 
 
 best achieved, by selecting from the writings of as great 
 a variety of approved authors, as the size of our volume 
 would allow; and only hope our readers may feel some 
 of that imterest as they proceed, which we, who have 
 
 been united in the pleasant task of planning and 
 
 " 
 
 Ze : throughout,) we have thought our purpose would be 
 | F 5 
 arranging the collection, have ourselves enjoyed—an 
 } 
 
 interest, ever increasing as we pursued the subject. 
 
 “Wey 
 
oa) 
 
 ee RY CHAPTER. 
 
 WEET is the lore which Nature brings,” 
 says a great poet of nature, Wordsworth ; 
 and it is in the hope of enabling others 
 
 to extract more and more of this sweetness, 
 
 >' 
 J 
 
 mat “Nature’s Teachings. 
 
 » 
 \ee) The first and sweetest of these lessons we would 
 ’ wish to be that embodied in the following question, 
 which occurs in the tale of “Gertrude,” by the 
 // Author of “Amy Herbert;” works whose many beauties 
 \ only make us the more deeply regret that they should be 
 tainted with the errors of a peculiar and too popular school. 
 “Can you not fancy the infinite charm of being able to 
 read the spirit of nature truly—of being so thoroughly 
 religious, as never to look coldly on the meanest flower, 
 because God made it; and really to feel that ‘His voice is in 
 the thunder, and his glory in the seas?’ This is indeed 
 precious ‘lore;’ and with a mind thus attuned, the glories 
 
 of ocean, the crested billows, the ever-changing hues of that 
 
 that we venture to unfold another volume of 
 
2 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 majestic plain, the solemn, yet soothing cadence of its waves, 
 the plants, the animals which find their home in the waters, 
 the delicate sea-shell, the beautiful alga, the curious and 
 elegant zoophyte, will be all felt and received as so many 
 reflections of the glory of Him, who is infinite both in wisdom 
 and love.” 
 
 The advantages, as regards the arts and sciences, of a taste 
 for the beauties of Nature, are thus ably pointed out by 
 Percival.* —“ That sensibility to beauty, which, when culti- 
 vated and improved, we term taste, is universally diffused 
 through the human species; and it is most uniform with 
 respect to those objects, which being out of our power, are 
 not liable to variation, from accident, caprice, or fashion. 
 The verdant lawn, the shady grove, the boundless ocean, 
 and the starry firmament, are contemplated with pleasure 
 by every attentive beholder. But the emotions of different 
 spectators, though similar in kind, differ widely in degree: 
 and to relish, with full delight, the enchanting scenes of 
 nature, the mind must be uncorrupted by avarice, sensuality, 
 or ambition; quick in her sensibilities; elevated in her 
 sentiments ; and devout in her affections. He who possesses 
 such exalted powers of perception and enjoyment, may almost 
 say, with the poet— 
 
 “¢T care not, Fortune, what you me deny, 
 You cannot rob me of free nature’s grace : 
 You cannot shut the windows of the sky, 
 Through which Aurora shows her brightening face ; 
 You cannot bar my constant feet to trace 
 The woods and lawns, by living streams at eve. 
 Let health my nerves and finer fibres brace, 
 And I their toys to the great children leave ; 
 Of fancy, reason, virtue, nought can me bereave !’ 
 
 * Moral and Literary Dissertations. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER, 3 
 
 “Perhaps such ardent enthusiasm may not be compatible 
 with the necessary toils and active offices, which Providence 
 has assigned to the generality of men. But there are none 
 to whom some portion of it may not prove advantageous ; 
 and if it were cherished by each individual in that degree 
 which is consistent with the indispensable duties of his 
 station, the felicity of human life would be considerably 
 augmented. From this source the refined and vivid pleasures 
 of the imagination are almost entirely derived; and the 
 elegant arts owe their choicest beauties to a taste for the 
 contemplation of nature. Painting and sculpture are express 
 imitations of visible objects: and where would be the charms 
 of poetry, if divested of the imagery and embellishments 
 which she borrows from rural scenes? Painters, statuaries, 
 and poets, therefore, are always ambitious to acknowledge 
 themselves the pupils of nature; and as their skill increases, 
 they grow more and more delighted with every view of the 
 animal and vegetable world, But the pleasure resulting 
 from admiration, is transient; and to cultivate taste, without 
 regard to its influence on the passions and affections, ‘is to 
 rear a tree for its blossoms, which is capable of yielding the 
 richest and most valuable fruit.’ Physical and moral beauty 
 bear so intimate a relation to each other, that they may be 
 considered as different gradations in the scale of excellence; 
 and the knowledge and relish of the former, shouldbe deemed 
 only a step to the nobler and more permanent enjoyments of 
 the latter.” 
 
 “ And there is happily,” as Jane Taylor remarks,* “this 
 difference between natural, rational pleasures, and those 
 
 that are artificial, and it is one by which they may readily be 
 
 * Contributions of Q. Q. 
 
4 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 distinguished ;—that from the former, the transition to 
 religious thoughts and engagements is easy and agreeable. 
 Whether we contemplate nature with the eye of taste, or 
 investigate it with that of philosophy, our thoughts are 
 readily led upwards, to the great Author of all, ‘all whose 
 works praise Him; and it is at such times that the Christian 
 can say with peculiar appropriateness— 
 
 “This awful God is ours, 
 
 Our Father and our Friend.’ 
 
 “But from trifling thoughts and dissipating amusements, 
 the transition is violent and difficult indeed; and is, in fact, 
 very rarely attempted.” 
 
 To write elaborate panegyrics on the beauties of nature 
 might wellbe deemed a vain and useless expenditure of time, 
 if not a folly akin to that which would “gild refined gold, 
 or paint the lily, or add new perfume to the violet’s breath.” 
 Popular taste has of late years undergone a marked change 
 in favour of simplicity and reality ; and nature is at last 
 recognized as the true model and standard of all that is 
 really beauteous and admirable in the works of art. The 
 effects of this change are clearly visible in our literature. 
 Let any one take the popular poetry of the reigns of Anne 
 and the first Georges, with its formal stilted descriptions of 
 nature, thickly besprinkled with allusions to heathen mytho- 
 logy, and compare it with the fresh and glowing pictures of 
 Cowper, of Wordsworth, of Coleridge or Howitt, and he will 
 be convinced that in the latter case the writers described 
 
 what they had felt and enjoyed—in the former, what they had 
 read or heard about. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 5 
 
 A taste for the picturesque in natural scenery, like a taste 
 for music, is indeed much oftener professed than felt; but the 
 very affectation of it proves that its value is appreciated. 
 
 Many, however, who are enthusiastic in their admiration of 
 nature in her grander features, are very far from compre- 
 hending in their admiration her finer and minuter traits. 
 They admire nature as a whole, they care not to individualize 
 her charms; and hence they look coldly upon the study of 
 natural history. But are they wise in so doing? We think 
 not. There are few pursuits, which, when taken up in a right 
 spirit and pursued within due bounds, are capable of afford- 
 ing more true satisfaction to the understanding, or which tend 
 more to calm that feverish longing after the ideal to which most 
 minds are at times subject, than the study of natural history. 
 It is the study of reality; and it has been well observed,* that 
 “The study of natural history is within the reach of every 
 one; and he who is engaged in it is presented at every step 
 in his progress, with something capable of awakening pleas- 
 ing emotions. The whole earth is to him a vast museum, 
 in which are crowded beautiful and sublime objects, animate 
 and inanimate, in an almost endless variety, all combining to 
 amuse the understanding and gladden the heart. 
 
 “This search into nature produces also a highly beneficial 
 influence on the understanding. Mathematics do not more 
 effectually strengthen and discipline the judgment. By acon- 
 tinual analysis, comparison, and generalization of things, the 
 study of natural history teaches the art of thinking clearly 
 and accurately, and of reasoning with precision and force, 
 
 with amuch less degree of weariness, than that which usually 
 
 * “Naturalist’s Poetical Companion,” by a Fellow of the 
 Linnean Society. 
 
ee eee 
 
 6 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 accompanies the study of simple quantities and mere abstract 
 forms. An attention to natural objects also improves the taste. 
 Nature is the admitted standard of perfection. The student 
 who is closely examining the proportions of her inimitable 
 forms, is taking the surest way to acquire a correct judg- 
 ment of what is fit and elegant.” 
 
 The opinion of Professor Henslow* so well follows up 
 these ideas, that we cannot omit it. He says, “The old and 
 bygone sneer of ‘cui bono,’ by which the naturalist was 
 formerly taunted, now offers no serious impediment in the 
 way of those who are willing to enquire for themselves. 
 Even the few who still think that no advantage would result 
 from the encouragement of natural history as a branch of 
 general education, no longer attempt any very decided oppo- 
 sition wherever they meet with others prepared to uphold it. 
 Our pursuit has been so often and so satisfactorily shown 
 to be productive of direct practical benefit to the general 
 interests of society, that nothing further need here be said 
 on that topic. But we would more especially recommend 
 it as a resource which is capable of affording the highest 
 intellectual enjoyment ; and as much worthy of general notice 
 for mental recreation, as air and exercise are for our bodily 
 health.” 
 
 The somewhat contemptuous tone in which Dr, Johnson 
 has spoken of the collectors of “stones, mosses, and shells,” 
 has called forth the following reply, which we give the more 
 readily for the sake of the “note” appended to it; and we 
 think our readers will agree with us, that the sentiments 
 therein expressed are more in accordance with the tastes, and 
 I may say the convictions of the present day, than those of 
 “The Doctor.” 
 
 * Descriptive and Physiological Botany. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 7 
 
 “ And to have rambled in search of shells and flowers, had but ill suited 
 
 with the capacity of Newton.’—RamB.er, No. 83. 
 
 Nor so!—oh, not unworthy task 
 
 Of mightiest mind, 
 Humbly at Nature’s door to knock, and ask 
 From out her treasured store 
 Of hidden lore, 
 
 The truth, her least and lowest holds enshrined. | 
 
 Not stars alone, that high above, 
 The world-quire lead, 
 In mystic order marshal’d, brightly move ; 
 But all things here below, 
 In even flow, 
 
 To one same heavenly air their mazy circles tread. 
 
 One is their Maker,—One His name, 
 And One His praise ! 
 The key-note and the chord for aye the same, 
 Whether yon glorious star, 
 That shines afar, 
 
 Or simplest weed of earth, the anthem raise. 
 
 In evry truth, the lowest, dwells 
 A gleam, a tone 
 To watchful souls that of the loftiest tells ; 
 As in thin films-the light 
 Of rainbows bright— 
 
 As in the whispering shell the voice of Ocean’s moan. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 What not thy Maker to create 
 Unworthy found, 
 Hold’st thou unworthy thee to contemplate ? 
 This know—e’en shell and flower 
 Are links of power, 
 With thee in Being’s mighty chain close bound. 
 
 We stand as wondering children stand 
 By sea-beat shore, 
 Gath’ring up Ocean’s treasures from the sand; 
 Yet doth th’ exhaustless deep 
 Tts fulness keep: 
 
 Some scatter’d stores they glean—earth’s wisest do no 
 more.* 
 (M.S.) A. J. Vipat. 
 
 Yet the Doctor himself, though no very zealous worshiper 
 of nature, either in the whole or in detail, yields a kind of 
 modified approbation to the study. He says: ‘Mankind 
 must necessarily be diversified by various tastes, since life 
 affords and requires such multiplicity of employments, and a 
 nation of naturalists is neither to be hoped or desired ; but 
 it is surely not improper to point out a fresh amusement 
 to those who languish in health, and repine in plenty, for 
 
 * “Science therefore, in relation to our faculties, still remains boundless 
 and unexplored ; and after the lapse of a century and a-half from the era 
 of Newton’s discoveries, during which every department of it has been 
 cultivated with a zeal and energy which have assuredly met their full 
 return, we remain in the situation in which he figured himself, standing 
 on the shore of a wide ocean, from whose beach we have culled some of 
 those innumerable beautiful productions, which it casts up with lavish 
 prodigality, but whose acquisition can be regarded as no diminution of 
 the treasures that remain.’”’—Srir Jonn Herscuext, ‘Discourse on the 
 Study of Natural Philosophy.” 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 9 
 
 want of some source of diversion that may be less easily 
 exhausted; and to inform the multitudes of both sexes, who 
 are burdened with every new day, that there are many shows 
 which they have not seen.” 
 
 Chalmers, in his Bridgewater Treatise, has beautifully 
 accounted for the too frequent tendency there is in our minds 
 to disparage those pursuits with which we do not ourselv 
 fully sympathize. We will first give a passage from the 
 Rambler* in which this tendency is described :— 
 
 “Between men of different studies and professions, may be 
 observed a constant reciprocation of reproaches. The collector 
 of shells and stones derides the folly of him who pastes leaves 
 
 and flowers on paper, pleases himself with colors that are 
 
 perceptibly fading, and amasses with care what cannot be 
 
 preserved. The hunter of insects stands amazed that any 
 man can waste his short time upon lifeless matter, while 
 many tribes of animals yet want their history. Every one 
 is inclined not only to promote his own study, but to exclude 
 others from regard; and having heated his imagination with 
 some favourite pursuit, wonders that the rest of the world are 
 not seized with the same passion.” 
 
 Now hear Chalmers’ account of this matter.—“It is the 
 very perfection of the Divine workmanship which leads 
 every inquirer into the wonders of nature, to imagine a 
 surpassing worth and grace and dignity in his own 
 special department of it. The fact is altogether notorious 
 that in order to attain a high sense of the importance of 
 any science, and of the worth and beauty of the objects which 
 
 it embraces, nothing more is necessary than the intent and 
 
 * Rambler, No. 83. 
 
% 
 
 a 
 ee ee ee 
 
 10 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 persevering study of them. Whatever the walk of philosophy 
 may be on which a man may enter, that is the walk which 
 of all others he conceives to be the most enriched by all that 
 
 is fitted to entertain the intellect or arrest the admiration of 
 
 the enamoured scholar. ‘The astronomer who can unravel 
 
 | 
 | 
 
 the mechanism of the heavens, or the chemist who can trace 
 
 the atomic processes of matter upon earth, or the meta- 
 
 physician who can assign the laws of human thought, or the 
 grammarian who can discriminate the niceties of language, or 
 
 the naturalist who can classify the flowers and the birds and 
 
 the shells, and the minerals and the insects, which so teem and 
 
 multiply in this world of wonders, each of these respective 
 | inquirers is apt to become the worshiper of his theme, and 
 to look with a sort of indifference bordering on contempt 
 
 towards what he imagines the far less interesting track of 
 his fellow-labourers. Now each is right in the admiration 
 he renders to the grace and grandeur of that field which 
 himself has explored; but all are wrong in the distaste they 
 feel, or rather in the disregard they cast on the other fields 
 which they have never entered. We should take the testi- 
 | mony of each, to the worth of that which he does know; and 
 
 then the unavoidable inference is, that that must be indeed 
 } a replete and a gorgeous universe in which we dwell, and 
 : a still more glorious the Eternal Mind from whose conception 
 
 it arose, and whose prolific fiat gave birth to it in all its 
 
 | 
 
 ; 
 
 i vastness and variety.” 
 
 | There is one aspect of the study of natural history, in our 
 2 view so important—namely, its adaptation as a pursuit to 
 the invalid—that we gladly avail ourselves of a few remarks 
 on the subject from the pen of a medical friend.— 
 
 “None but the naturalist can fully appreciate the enjoy- 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 11 
 
 ment there is in his pursuit, or the tranquilizing effect it has 
 upon the mind. 
 
 “Tt is said that naturalists seldom become insane ; 
 and perhaps there is something in the habitual contem- 
 plation of the actual, and in the tracing of cause and effect, 
 
 that restrains the mind from becoming unhinged by trains 
 
 of false reasoning—and mental derangement is perverted 
 reasoning. 
 
 “It is true that individuals of lofty mind have sometimes 
 looked with indifference and contempt on the labours of the 
 naturalist, deeming him occupied with puerile and trifling 
 objects ; but they forget that by a close observation of these 
 apparent trifles, large additions have been made to the hap- 
 piness of the human race. Many a treaty of peace, many a 
 battle, has had little effect upon the general happiness of 
 private individuals; but the discovery of a new plant, a new 
 mineral, has relieved the suffering, or added to the comforts 
 of thousands. ‘Thus, while the names of statesmen who have 
 extended the territory of their nation, or of warriors who 
 had ravaged the territories of others, are lauded to the skies, 
 the discoverer of quinquinna, the cultivator of coffee, should 
 not be forgotten. 
 
 “But my present object is not so much to extol the study of 
 natural history in a general point of view, as to impress upon 
 my readers its desirableness as a pursuit, when health fails, 
 and the common every-day engagements of life are broken 
 inupon. Ido this both in my capacity as a physician, and from 
 my experience as an invalid. In my professional capacity I 
 have frequently been a witness to the miserable state of mind 
 of those patients, who, having been actively engaged in the 
 
 business of life, are suddenly laid aside from all their custo- 
 
 mary employments, while they have no taste for any thing 
 
12 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 else. The disease under which they may be labouring, 
 often produces not a tenth part of the discomfort and unhap- 
 piness consequent on the direful complaint of having nothing 
 to do. * * * Reading often wearies head, eyes, and 
 mind alike;—besides, it is perhaps necessary to be much in 
 the open air, and how melancholy is it to ramble up and down 
 without an object ! On such patients, I would urge the culti- 
 vation of a taste for natural history, and just as much pursuit 
 of it, as their circumstances will admit. * * Perhaps the 
 invalid may have to resort for health to the sea-coast, and 
 there abide for a considerable time. And here he will 
 peculiarly need the solace of such pursuits as we are recom- 
 mending. ‘The majestic grandeur of ocean will indeed 
 strike him with wonder and admiration; he will love to 
 wander along the sands, or sit upon the beach and listen to 
 the murmur of the waves; to gaze on the crested billows 
 rolling in, fierce and impetuous like an armed multitude in 
 the storm of battle; but after a while, he will be tired of 
 being a mere passive spectator, and will long for something to 
 do. It is now especially, that if he have a taste for natural 
 history, that taste will amply repay him. The sea is a vast 
 magazine of partly unexplored wealth; and there are objects 
 connected with it, which will open new fields of interest. 
 Which of us, as a child, has not been gratified with those 
 beautiful productions of the deep, the sea-shells, even though 
 we used them merely as playthings? And when we apply 
 our minds to consider them with more advanced knowledge, 
 we shall see, not merely in the shell, but in the animal which 
 is its inhabitant, abounding proofs of Divine wisdom and 
 goodness. Why has the Creator been so lavish of elegance 
 
 and beauty in the depths of ocean? How vain a question! 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 13 
 
 Is not our God a perfect being ?—and all his works must 
 therefore be perfect. Beauty is but ideal; some objects may 
 appear to our eyes more wonderful and beauteous than others; 
 but not the faintest line that encompasses a shell or a flower, 
 but has been designed by infinite wisdom. Look again at 
 those tangled weeds thrown up by the waves, or covering the 
 rocks at low water ; there are mines of interest to the dili- 
 gent enquirer. 
 
 “Well do I recollect the feelings of pleasure which pervaded 
 my own mind, when I first began to examine these pro- 
 ductions. I was then an invalid, and had had my fairest 
 prospects in life blasted by disease; hope, as far as this life was 
 concerned, scarcely lent me her solace; and I took up the sub- 
 ject, merely to wile away the languor and ennui with which I 
 was oppressed. I meant not to go far into the study, but 
 merely to get acquainted with their characters and names. 
 As I proceeded, great was my delight when I became ac- 
 quainted with the distinctive character of the Zoophytes. 
 And when I examined both them and the Algxw more 
 minutely, and discovered the wonderful structure and 
 economy of each kind, I can scarcely describe the thrill of 
 wonder and admiration which I experienced. And whilst 
 my mind was withdrawn from vain regrets, and raised in 
 adoration to the God of merey, my frame was invigorated by 
 the healthful sea-breezes. 
 
 “As a fellow-sufferer then, no less than as a medical adviser, 
 I can recommend the study of natural history to those—and 
 in this world of sickness and sorrow, there are many—whose 
 full vigour of mind or body has been impaired; and let no one 
 think slightingly of any pursuit, which, not put in the place 
 
 of the higher realities of religion, but used as an auxiliary 
 
14 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 to them, has such capabilities of restoring tone to the mind 
 and vigour to the body.” * 
 
 The following remarks from an able and scientific pen,t 
 may fitly conclude what we have to say on the study of 
 Nature. 
 
 “To those few well-informed persons who still from old 
 
 prejudices accuse us, 
 
 . of dropping buckets into empty wells, 
 
 And growing old in drawing nothing up,’ 
 
 we may say, that till the well of Creation be emptied, there 
 is no danger of our returning from our labours without 
 abundant food for thought; and if we do not always make the 
 best use of it, the blame must rest with us, and not with 
 natural history. * * * * It is enough for her if she but 
 furnish food which is capable of nourishing the well-directed 
 heart; it is not her province either to cleanse that heart, or 
 to give it powers of digestion. For this she must refer her 
 votary to a higher and holier voice ; and if she ever speak of 
 looking 
 
 ‘Through Nature up to Nature’s God,’ 
 
 she does so with a humble deference to her elder sister, 
 whose province it is to lead the heart to that contemplation. 
 Science and religion must not be confounded :—each has her 
 several path distinct, but not hostile; each in her way is 
 friendly to man, and where both unite they will ever be 
 found to be his best protectors; the one a light to the eyes, 
 
 opening to him the mysteries of the material universe—the 
 
 * J, Marchness, M. D., Hastings. (M.S.) 
 
 +‘ Manual of the British Alge,’ by the Hon. W. H. Harvey. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 15 
 
 other a lamp to his feet, leading him to the immaterial, 
 incorruptible and eternal. The eye, it is true, will grow dim 
 when the light of this world fails; and happy is he who has 
 then a lamp lighted from heaven, and trimmed on earth, to 
 guide him through the hours of darkness. But the eye 
 must not be blamed because it is not the lamp; nor should 
 science be disdained because she leaves us far short of fresh 
 conceptions of the invisible world. Her highest flight is but 
 to the threshold of religion; for what a celebrated writer 
 has said of philosophy generally, is equally applicable to 
 every branch of scientific inquiry :—‘ In wonder all philoso- 
 phy began, in wonder all ends, and admiration fills up the 
 interspace. But the first wonder is the offspring of ignorance, 
 and the last is the parent of adoration. The first is the 
 birth-throe of our knowledge; the last, is its euthanasy and 
 apotheosis.’ ” 
 
 “What are Art and Science,” asks one of the authors of the 
 
 9 
 
 ““Guesses at Truth,” “if not a running commentary on 
 Nature ? What are poets and philosophers, but torchbearers 
 leading us through the mazes and recesses of God’s two 
 mighty temples, the sensible and the spiritual world? Books, 
 as Dryden has aptly termed them, are spectacles to read 
 Nature. schylus and Aristotle, Shakspeare and Bacon, 
 are the priests who preach and expound the mysteries of 
 man and of the universe. They teach us to understand and 
 feel what we see, to decipher and syllable the hieroglyphics 
 of the senses. Do you not, since you have read Wordsworth, 
 feel a fresher and more thoughtful delight whenever you 
 hear a cuckoo, whenever you see a daisy, whenever you 
 play with a child?” 
 
 This is as true in fact as it is beautiful in expression ; and 
 
16 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 our present attempt is to carry out this idea, to use these 
 “spectacles,” and thus to administer materials for a “fresher 
 and more thoughtful delight,” to those who now gaze with 
 somewhat of undefined and bewildered feelings on the Sea 
 and its Productions. 
 
 It is an interesting employment to compare the various 
 descriptions of different writers one with another, and to 
 trace in the aspects under which they view the same object, 
 the varied characteristics of their individual mind. The 
 misanthropic spirit, “ aweary of the world,” and dissatisfied 
 with its fellow-men, exults in the sea, as a thing independant 
 of man’s control; whilst a happier and more social temper 
 leads its possessor to rejoice in the exhilarating and health- 
 giving influences of Ocean. 
 
 There is scarcely any one natural object which we can 
 select which has been the object of so much literary homage 
 as the Sea, “the multitudinous sea,” “the always wind- 
 obeying sea,” as that great voice of Nature, Shakspeare, 
 with all but Greek facility and grace of epithet, has called it. 
 
 Can the glorious lines of Byron addressed to this mag- 
 nificent work of the Creator, ever be forgotten, whilst the 
 English language lasts? Would that he had never written 
 
 anything we less wish to remember ! 
 
 “ Rout on, thou deep and dark blue Ocean, roll ! 
 Ten thousand fleets sweep over thee in vain. 
 Man marks the earth with ruin; his control 
 Stops with the shore—upon the watery plain 
 The wrecks are all thy deed—nor doth remain 
 A shadow of man’s ravage, save his own, 
 
 When for a moment, like a drop of rain 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 17 
 
 He sinks into thy depths with bubbling groan, 
 
 Without a graye, unknell’d, uncoffin’d, and unknown. 
 
 The armaments which thunderstrike the walls 
 Of rock-built cities, bidding nations quake 
 And monarchs tremble in their capitals, 
 
 The oak leviathans, whose huge ribs make 
 Their clay creator the vain title take 
 
 Of Lord of thee and arbiter of war,— 
 
 These are thy toys, and as the snowy flake 
 They melt into thy yeast of waves, which mar 
 
 Alike the armada’s pride or spoils of Trafalgar. 
 
 Thy shores are empires, changed in all save thee. 
 
 Assyria, Greece, Rome, Carthage, where are they ? 
 Thy waters wasted them while they were free, 
 And many a tyrant since ; their shores obey 
 
 The stranger, slave or savage ; their decay 
 
 Has dried up realms to deserts: not so thou, 
 Unchangeable save to thy wild waves’ play— 
 Time writes no wrinkle on thine azure brow— 
 
 Such as Creation’s dawn beheld, thou rollest now.” 
 
 With this address of Byron’s we may compare one 
 
 Barry Cornwall in his “Marcian Colonna.” 
 
 “On thou vast ocean! ever-sounding sea ! 
 Thou symbol of a drear immensity ! 
 Thou thing which windeth round the solid world 
 Like a huge animal, which downward hurl’d 
 From the black clouds, lies, weltering and alone, 
 
 Lashing and writhing till its strength be gone ; 
 
18 
 
 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Thy voice is like the thunder, and thy sleep 
 
 So like a giant’s slumber, loud and deep. 
 
 Thou speakest in the east and in the west 
 
 At once; and on thy heavily-laden breast, 
 
 Fleets come and go; and shapes that have no life 
 
 Or motion yet are moved and meet in strife. 
 
 The earth hath nought of this ; nor chance nor change 
 Ruffles its surface, and no spirits dare 
 
 Give answer to the tempest-waken’d air ; 
 
 And o’er its wastes the weakly tenants range 
 
 At will, and wound its bosom as they go. 
 
 Eyer the same, it hath no ebb, no flow; 
 
 But in their stated rounds the seasons come, 
 
 And pass like visions to their viewless home, 
 
 And come again and vanish: the young spring 
 Looks ever bright with leaves and blossoming ; 
 And winter always winds its sullen horn ; 
 
 And the wild autumn, with a look forlorn, 
 
 Dies in his stormy manhood ; and the skies 
 
 Weep, and flowers sicken when the summer flies. 
 Thou only, terrible ocean, hast a power, 
 
 A will, a voice; and in thy wrathful hour, 
 
 When thou dost lift thine anger to the clouds, 
 
 A fearful and magnificent beauty shrouds 
 
 Thy broad green forehead. If thy waves be driven 
 Backwards and forwards by the shifting wind, 
 How quickly dost thou thy great strength unbind, 
 And stretch thine arms, and war at once with heaven! 
 Thou trackless and unmeasurable main ! 
 
 On thee no record ever lived, again 
 
 Nh 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHARTER. 19 
 
 To meet the hand that writ it; live nor dead 
 Hath ever fathom’d thy profoundest deeps, 
 Where, haply, thy huge monster swells and sleeps, 
 King of his watery limit, who, ’tis said, 
 
 Can move the mighty ocean into storm. 
 
 Oh! wonderful thou art, great element! 
 
 And fearful in thy spleeny humours bent, 
 
 And lovely in repose :—thy summer form 
 
 Is beautiful ; and when thy silver waves 
 
 Make music in earth’s dark and winding caves, 
 
 T love to wander on thy pebbly beach, 
 
 And hearken to the thoughts thy waters teach :— 
 
 Eternity, Eternity and Power.” 
 
 In the following beautiful lines of Bernard Barton, there 
 is an idea similar to that of the closing line in Barry Corn- 
 
 wall’s address—the idea of Eternity.— 
 
 “BEAUTIFUL, sublime, and glorious ; 
 Wild, majestic, foaming free ; 
 Over time itself victorious, 
 Image of eternity! 
 Epithet-exhausting Ocean, 
 ’T were as easy to control 
 In the storm thy billowy motion, 
 
 As thy wonders to unroll. 
 
 “Sun, and moon, and stars shine o’er thee, 
 See thy surface ebb and flow; 
 Yet attempt not to explore thee 
 
 In thy soundless depths below. 
 
20 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Whether morning’s splendours steep thee 
 With the rainbow’s glowing grace, 
 Tempests rouse, or navies sweep thee, 
 
 ’Tis but for a moment’s space. 
 
 “Earth, —her valleys, and her mountains, 
 
 Mortal man’s behests obey : 
 
 Thy unfathomable fountains 
 Scoff his search, and scorn his sway. 
 
 Such art thou, stupendous Ocean !— 
 But if overwhelm’d by thee, 
 
 Can we think without emotion 
 What must thy Creator be ?” 
 
 Crabbe, whose early residence by the sea-coast gave him a 
 life-long interest in maritime objects, has thus painted the 
 
 sea in his own graphic manner :— 
 
 “Tourn to the watery world !—but who to thee 
 
 (A wonder yet unview’d) shall paint the sea? 
 Various and vast, sublime in all its forms, 
 
 When lull’d by zephyrs or when roused by storms ; 
 Its colors changing, when from clouds and sun, 
 Shades after shades upon the surface run ; 
 Embrown’d and horrid now, and now serene 
 
 In limpid blue, and evanescent green ; 
 
 And oft the fogey banks on ocean lie, 
 
 Lift the fair sail, and cheat the experienced eye.” 
 
 Wordsworth is not by any means a poet of the sea; the 
 mountain and the lake are his peculiar property; yet has he 
 given a beautiful description of ocean’s waters in the follow- 
 
 ing lines, written by the sea-shore in the Isle of Man. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. a1 
 
 ‘“Wuy stand we gazing on the sparkling brine, 
 With wonder smit by its transparency, 
 And all enraptured with its purity? 
 Because the unstain’d, the clear, the crystalline, 
 Have ever in them something of benign; 
 Whether in gem, in water, or in sky, 
 A sleepful infant’s brow, or wakeful eye 
 Of a young maiden, only not divine. 
 Scarcely the hand forbears to dip its palm 
 For beverage drawn as from a mountain well ; 
 Temptation centres in the liquid calm; 
 Our daily raiment seems no obstacle 
 To instantaneous plunging in deep sea, 
 
 And reveling in long embrace with thee.”* 
 
 Nor can we pass over unnoticed the exquisite lines of 
 Campbell, written at St. Leonard’s, though their length 
 
 forbids our giving them entire. 
 
 “Hart to thy face and odours, glorious sea ! 
 *T were thanklessness in me to bless thee not, 
 Great beauteous being! in whose breath and smile 
 My heart beats calmer, and my very mind 
 Inhales salubrious thoughts. How welcomer 
 Thy murmurs, than the murmurs of the world ! 
 Though like the world thou fluctuatest, thy din 
 To me is peace, thy restlessness repose. 
 E’en gladly I exchange yon spring-green lanes, 
 
 With all the darling field-flowers in their prime, 
 
 * The sea-water on the coast of the Isle of Man is singularly pure and 
 
 beautiful. 
 
22 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 And gardens haunted by the nightingale’s 
 Long trills and gushing ecstacies of song, 
 
 For these wild headlands, and the seamen’s clang.— 
 
 The spirit of the universe in thee 
 Is visible ; thou hast in thee the life— 
 
 The eternal, graceful, and majestic life 
 
 Of nature; and the natural human heart 
 
 Is therefore bound to thee with holy love. 
 
 There is a magnet-like attraction in 
 
 These waters to the imaginative power, 
 
 That links the viewless with the visible, 
 
 And pictures things unseen. To realms beyond 
 Yon highway of the world my fancy flies, 
 
 When by her tall and triple masts we know 
 Some noble voyager, that has to woo 
 
 The trade-winds and to stem the eliptic surge. 
 The coral groves—the shores of conch and pearl, 
 Where she will cast her anchor, and reflect 
 
 Her cabin-window lights on warmer waves, 
 
 And under planets brighter than our own: 
 The nights of palmy isles, that she will see 
 Lit boundless by the fire-fly—all the smells 
 Of tropic fruits that will regale her—all 
 The pomp of nature, and the inspiriting 
 Varieties of life she has to greet, 
 
 Come swarming o’er the meditative mind. 
 
 Old Ocean"was, 
 Infinity of ages ere we breathed 
 
 Existence.—And he will be beautiful 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 23 
 
 When all the living world that sees him now 
 Shall roll unconscious dust around the sun. 
 Quelling from age to age the vital throb 
 
 In human hearts, Death shall not subjugate 
 The pulse that swells in Ais stupendous breast, 
 Or interdict his minstrelsy to sound 
 
 In thundering concert with the quiring winds ; 
 But long as man to parent Nature owns 
 Instinctive homage, and in times beyond 
 
 The power of thought to reach, bard after bard 
 Shall sing thy glory, beatific Sea.” 
 
 The “attraction to the imaginative power” attributed by 
 Campbell to the sea, appears to have been felt by many 
 writers—by Montgomery, for instance, in the following lines 
 
 from his Address to the Ocean, written at Scarborough. 
 
 “Att hail to the ruins, the rocks, and the shores ! 
 Thou wide-rolling Ocean, all hail! 
 Now brilliant with sunbeams, and dimpled with oars, 
 Now dark with the fresh-blowing gale, 
 While soft o’er thy bosom the cloud-shadows sail, 
 And the silver-wing’d sea-fowl on high 
 Like meteors bespangle the sky, 
 Or dive in the gulph, or triumphantly ride, 
 Like foam on the surges, the swans of the tide. 
 
 From the tumult and smoke of the city set free, 
 With eager and awful delight, 
 From the crest of the mountain I gaze upon thee ; 
 
 I gaze,—and am changed at the sight; 
 
an teeemeennin a j 
 
 24 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 For mine eye is illumined, my genius takes flight, 
 My soul, like the sun, with a glance 
 
 Embraces the boundless expanse, 
 
 And moves on thy waters, wherever they roll, 
 
 From the day-darting zone to the night-shadow’d pole.” 
 
 In Miss Edgeworth’s clever tale, “Ennui,” she represents 
 her hero, Lord Glenthorn (the victim of ennui), as finding 
 his chief recreation in sitting by the sea-shore. 
 
 “Tt was my regular practice to sit down upon a certain 
 large stone, at the foot of a rock, to watch the ebbing of the 
 tide. There was something in the contemplation of the sea 
 and of the tides, which was fascinating to my mind. I could 
 sit and look at the ocean whole hours together; for without 
 any exertion of my own, I beheld a grand operation of nature, 
 accompanied with a sort of vast monotony of motion and 
 sound, which lulled me into reverie.” 
 
 Such reveries indeed may become both delightful and 
 profitable, as the following lines well indicate :— 
 
 “Tr ever to mortals sensations are given 
 As pledges of purer ones hoped for in heaven, 
 They are those which arise, when, with humble devotion, 
 We gaze upon thee, thou magnificent Ocean.” 
 
 BERNARD Barton. 
 
 “ Ow! how I love to stand on some high rock, 
 And gaze upon the foaming wild abyss 
 Of ocean—all unshaken by the shock . 
 Of billows beating ’gainst the precipice; 
 To gaze upon the whizl, and hear the hiss 
 Of thousand surges bursting at its base. 
 
 To me there is a horrid charm in this— 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 bo 
 Or 
 
 A charm to see the white foam run its race, 
 
 And as one wave dissolves, another take its place. 
 
 Thou hast thy creatures too, a populous world 
 
 Of uncouth beings—monsters of the deep, 
 
 That are born there and die: thy billows curl’d, 
 Mount over caverns where the white pearls sleep, 
 And, hid within thy depths, the seaweeds creep, 
 And grow beneath the surf that widely raves, 
 Unmindful of the storms that o’er them leap, 
 And the rude winds that lash the dreadful waves, 
 
 Until, like beaten hounds, they howling seek thy caves. 
 
 Farewell, vast Ocean !—beautiful art thou 
 
 In calm and tempest.—Now calm reigns o’er thee, 
 Serene and quiet is thy glossy brow, 
 
 Thou glorious mirror of the Deity ! 
 
 And how sublimely grand art thou, when He, 
 
 In foaming characters, upon thy face 
 
 Writes His almighty anger! Thou, proud sea! 
 Art the wide page—the chosen tablet-place, 
 
 On which he chooses his tremendous wrath to trace. 
 
 O Ocean? it is o’er thy trackless way 
 He shows himself most mighty :—there he wields 
 The sceptre that the winds and waves obey :— 
 
 He rides in storms above thy watery fields. 
 
 E 
 
26 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Thou seemest most his own; to man he yields 
 Part of the rule o’er earth,—but over thee 
 He shows his anger :—and his mercy shields 
 The seaman over many a stormy sea,— 
 
 And there sweeps many a one into eternity. 
 
 “T am not young—my life has past its prime— 
 Perhaps I ne’er again shall tread this shore. 
 Life is a billow on the sea of time 
 That, once burst, rises never more. 
 
 Perchance mine soon may melt amid the roar 
 Of tempests rising on that boundless sea: 
 There will my grief and sorrow all give o’er,— 
 There shall life’s joy or misery cease to be, 
 And I shall be resolved in vast eternity.” * 
 
 The influence of the ocean on the character of those who 
 
 frequent its paths, is alluded to in the following lines :— 
 
 “Haw, glorious Ocean! in thy calm repose 
 Majestic like a king. The emerald isles 
 
 Sleep on thy breast, as tho’ with matron care 
 
 Thou in a robe of light didst cradle them, 
 
 Hushing the gales that might disturb their rest. 
 
 Those chasten’d waves that in rotation throng 
 
 To kiss their chain of sand, methinks they seem 
 
 Like pensive teachers, or like eloquent types 
 
 Of the brief tenure of terrestrial joy. 
 
 Tho’, roused to sudden anger, thou dost change 
 
 Thy countenance, and arm’d with terror, toss 
 
 Man’s floating castles to the fiery skies ; 
 
 * Miss M. A. Browne. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER, 
 
 bo 
 ~I 
 
 Yet still thou art his friend. Thy magic spell 
 Looseneth the tie of kindred, lures his feet 
 
 From earth’s green pastures to the slippery shrouds, 
 Weans his bold spirit from the parent hearth, 
 
 Till by the rough and perilous baptism bronzed, 
 
 Thou art his priest, his home.”* 
 
 Amongst the subjects of meditation which may occupy 
 our minds at. such times, the following interesting remarks 
 of that great Christian philosopher, Arnold, may well find a 
 place. 
 
 In the Appendix to his edition of Thucydides he thus 
 speaks of the utility of the sea. 
 
 “ The boundless and unmanageable mass of earth presented 
 by the continents of Asia and Africa, has caused those parts 
 of the world, which started the earliest in the race of civili- 
 zation, to remain almost at the point from whence they set 
 out; while Europe and America, penetrated by so many seas, 
 and communicated with by so many rivers, have been 
 subdued to the uses of civilization, and have ministered 
 with an ever-growing power to their children’s greatness. 
 Well indeed might the policy of the old priest-nobles of 
 Egypt and India, endeavour to divert their people from 
 becoming familiar with the sea, and represent the occupation 
 of a seaman as incompatible with the purity of the highest 
 castes. * * * he sea deserved to be hated by the old 
 aristocracies, inasmuch as it has been the mightiest instru- 
 ment in the civilization of mankind. In the depth of winter, 
 when the sky is covered with clouds, and the land presents 
 
 one cold, blank, and lifeless surface of snow, how refreshing 
 
 * Sigourney. 
 
28 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 is it to the spirit, to walk upon the shore, and to enjoy the 
 eternal freshness and liveliness of the ocean! Even so in the 
 deepest winter of the human race, when the earth was but 
 one chilling expanse of inactivity, life was stirring in the 
 waters. There began that spirit whose genial influence has 
 now reached to the land, has broken the chains of winter, 
 and covered the face of the earth with beauty.” 
 
 Sentiments worthy of him whose whole soul was centred 
 in the moral and religious progress of his species. 
 
 The enthusiastic attachment of a Greek to the element 
 which washes his native shores, is touchingly embodied in 
 Mrs. Hemans’ beautiful little song of a Greek Islander in 
 
 exile. 
 
 “WHERE is the Sea ?—I languish here— 
 Where is my own blue sea, 
 With all its barks in fleet career, 
 Its flags and breezes free ? 
 I miss that voice of waves which first 
 Awoke my childhood’s glee ; 
 The measured chime, the thundering burst— 
 
 Where is my own blue sea? 
 
 “Qh! rich your myrtle’s breath may rise, 
 Soft, soft your wind may be, 
 But my sick soul within me dies— 
 Where is my own blue sea? 
 I hear the shepherd’s mountain flute, 
 I hear the whispering tree ; 
 The echoes of my soul are mute— 
 
 Where is my own blue sea ?” 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER, 29 
 
 Those lines “'The measured chime, the thundering burst,” 
 often recur to us as vividly descriptive. ‘“ The harmonious 
 chime” of the waves, is again mentioned in the following 
 
 sweet lines of the poet of “The Christian Year :”— 
 
 *“ WHEN up some woodland dale we catch 
 The many twinkling smile of Ocean, 
 Or with pleased ear bewilder’d. watch 
 His chime of restless motion ; 
 Still as the surging waves retire, 
 They seem to gasp with strong desire ; 
 Such signs of love old Ocean gives, 
 
 We cannot choose but think he lives.” 
 
 The pious and gifted Mary Jane Graham has expressions 
 somewhat similar, in a beautiful passage in her “ Letters to 
 a young Piano-Forte Player.” 
 
 “Who can sit by the sea-side when every wave lies 
 hushed in adoration, or falls upon the shore in subdued and 
 awful cadence, without drinking in unutterable thoughts of 
 the majesty of God? The loud hosannas of ocean in the 
 storm, and the praises of God on the whirlwind, awaken us 
 to the same lesson ; and every peal of thunder is an hallelujah 
 to the Lord of Hosts. Oh! there is a harmony in nature! 
 The voice of every creature tells us of the glory of God!” 
 
 Cold indeed must be the heart, which, looking on “this 
 great and wide sea also, wherein are things creeping innu- 
 merable, both small and great beasts; where go the ships, 
 and where is that leviathan which he hath made to play 
 
 therein,” withholds from the infinitely wise and good God 
 
30 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 the glory of his works, and refrains to ery out, “O Lord, 
 how manifold are thy works! in wisdom hast thou made 
 
 them all!” 
 
 “Wuat ebbs, flows, swells and sinks, who firm doth keep? 
 Whilst floods from th’ earth burst in abundance out, 
 
 As she her brood did wash, or for them weepe : 
 
 Who (having life), what dead things prove, dare doubt ? 
 Who first did found the dungeons of the deepe, 
 
 But one in all, ere all, above, about ? 
 
 The flouds for our delight first calme were set, 
 
 But storme and roare since men did God forget. 
 
 “ Who parts the swelling spouts that sift the raine ? 
 Who reines the winds, the waters doth empale ? 
 
 Who frownes in stormes, then smiles in calmes againe, 
 And dothe dispense the treasures of the haile ? 
 
 Whose bow doth bended in the clouds remaine ? 
 
 Whose darts (dread thunderbolts) make men look pale ? 
 Even thus these things to show his power aspire, 
 
 As shadows doe the sunne,—as smoke doth fire. 
 
 “God visible, invisible who raignes, 
 
 Soule of all soules, whose light each light directs, 
 All first did freely make, and still maintaines ; 
 The greatest rules, the meanest not neglects ; 
 Fore-knowes the end of all that he ordaines, 
 
 His will each cause, each cause breeds fit effects ; 
 Who did make all, all thus could onely leade, 
 
 None could make all, but who was never made.”* 
 
 * Alexander, Earl of Stirling, 1600. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 31 
 
 There is in this poem a beautiful intimation of one aspect 
 of the sea,—that of terror, which may be the one chiefly 
 intended in the Scripture, when it is promised as an ingre- 
 dient in heavenly happiness, that there shall be “no more 
 sea.” It has been said, he who has never seen a storm at 
 sea, has never learned to pray. Happy they who in such an 
 hour can feel with Richard Howitt— 
 
 “Upon the ocean God is near— 
 The wing of the most High, 
 In calm and storm, a gracious form 
 Broods over sea and sky. 
 His love is breathed in every wind, 
 His voice in every wave ; 
 His life, his light, in the stormy night 
 
 Of ocean’s billowy grave. 
 
 ‘** His bow of promise we behold, 
 
 As gorgeously array’d 
 
 As when, amid a world destroy’d, 
 Twas first to man display’d. 
 
 His gentlest creatures, dove-like birds, 
 Rest on our wandering barque ; 
 
 They seek our vessel, as the dove 
 The life-preserving ark. 
 
 “The banner of his love, the sun, 
 Shines on us day by day ; 
 His presence nightly in the moon 
 Illumes our watery way. 
 
32 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 We cannot go where God is not 
 In goodness ever nigh ; 
 Thus when we sleep upon the deep, 
 
 We move before his eye.” 
 
 Other thoughts will also be suggested in such hours, 
 
 perhaps such as the following.* 
 
 “ Hz who has laid him down at close of day, 
 Within some goodly ship that o’er the waves 
 Of ocean makes her solitary way, 
 
 And from his pillow hears the tide that laves 
 Incessantly the vessel’s side, may tell 
 
 How slight betwixt him and the billows’ swell 
 Appears the timber barrier, that rejects 
 
 The beating surge, and from its might protects. 
 
 * There is another ocean :—’tis around 
 The soul’s frail bark that floats upon the tide. 
 But vainly do we listen :—not a sound 
 Comes from the depths profound as on we glide ; 
 By day, by night, for ever all is still, 
 As the fair moon above the lonely hill; 
 The viewless angels silent pass us by, 
 
 Nor stir the ocean of eternity. 
 
 “What marvels else would wake us! Oh! how slight 
 All that divides from wondrous things would seem ! 
 How frailer than the plank which in the night 
 
 Is wash’d by ocean where the seamen dream ! 
 
 * From “Songs of the Parsonage.” 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. oe 
 
 w 
 
 Yea, than the shell circling the tender bird 
 Where all around with vernal life is stirr’d. 
 Fear passing thought might thrill us, and amaze, 
 
 Lest the vast world conceal’d should burst upon our gaze. 
 
 “Yet it will burst ere long :—a scene untold 
 And unconceived, will open on our view. 
 These slender frames will fail us—and behold, 
 The God that form’d them; with a retinue 
 Of holy seraphim, and holy men, 
 In form resplendent as the Saviour, when 
 Upon the mount, from out the o’ershadowing cloud, 
 
 “ This is my Son beloved,” a voice proclaim’d aloud ! 
 
 There is a line in Barry Cornwall’s well-known song of 
 
 ¥ ” 
 “The Sea,”— 
 * And silence wheresoe’er I go,’’ 
 
 . . al 
 which one is at a loss to understand. It may, however, 
 receive some illustration from the following remark made 
 by Mr. Monk Mason, in his narrative of his wronautic trip 
 
 in the year 1836 :— 
 
 “The sea, unless perhaps under circumstances of the most 
 extraordinary agitation, does not in itself appear to be the 
 parent of the slightest sound: unopposed by any material 
 obstacle, an awful stillness seems to reign over its motions.” 
 Yet the sounds of the sea have been often celebrated—never 
 perhaps more beautifully, than in the following exquisite 
 lines, from Taylor’s “ Edwin the Fair:”"—Leolf is pacing the 
 
 sea-shore near his castle at Hastings:— 
 
84 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 * Here again I stand; 
 Again, and on the solitary shore 
 Old ocean plays as on an instrument, 
 Making that ancient music when not known ? 
 That ancient music, only not so old 
 As He, who parted ocean from dry land, 
 
 And saw that it was good.” 
 
 They are dwelt upon also in the second stanza of the follow- 
 
 ing poem by Brainard :-— 
 
 “'THERE’s beauty in the deep :-— 
 The wave is bluer than the sky ; 
 And though the light shines bright on high, 
 More softly do the sea-gems glow, 
 That sparkle in the depths below. 
 The rainbow’s tints are only made 
 When on the waters they are laid, 
 And sun and moon most sweetly shine 
 Upon the ocean’s level brine. 
 
 There’s beauty in the deep. 
 
 There’s music in the deep:— 
 It is not in the surf’s rough roar, 
 Nor in the whispering shelly shore ; 
 They are but earthly sounds, that tell 
 How little of the sea-nymph’s shell, 
 That sends its loud clear note abroad, 
 Or winds its softness through the flood, 
 Echoes through groves with corals gay, 
 And dies on spongy banks away. 
 
 There’s music in the deep. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER, 35 
 
 There’s quiet in the deep :— 
 Above let tides and tempests rave, 
 And earthborn whirlwinds wake the wave ; 
 Above let care and fear contend 
 With sin and sorrow to the end: 
 Here, far beneath the tainted foam, 
 That frets above our peaceful home, 
 We dream in joy, and wake in love, 
 Nor know the rage that yells above. 
 
 There’s quiet in the deep.” 
 
 The sounds of the sea—those murmurs so much “welcomer,” 
 as Campbell thinks, than the murmurs of the world—have a 
 powerful influence over the mind; an influence indeed varied 
 in kind, and alternating with different states of feeling— 
 
 different states also of the ocean itself. 
 
 “THe tones of the majestic sea 
 Have meanings too sublime for me, 
 When billows lift their voice on high, 
 And clouds are thundering their reply. 
 I love to hear its soften’d tones, 
 Its hush’d complaints, its under moans, 
 When waves subsiding, sink to rest— 
 
 And sunbeams sleep upon its breast.””* 
 
 “The works of man inherit, as ’tis just, 
 Their maker’s frailty, and return to dust ;”’ 
 
 But in the works of God, even the works which relate to this 
 changing and material world, destined one day to be “as a 
 
 vesture to be folded up,” there is yet a character of permanence, 
 
 * (M.S,) Ellen Roberts. 
 
36 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 a faint reflection of the changeless glories of their Maker. 
 As Lord Byron beautifully says, in a passage already quoted, 
 
 ee5 
 
 “Time writes no wrinkle on thy azure brow,” nor does “‘it 
 
 take a tone from its majestic voice.” 
 
 “ Tuou art sounding on, thou mighty sea, 
 For ever; and the same 
 The ancient rocks yet_ring to thee, 
 
 Whose thunder nought can tame. 
 
 “Oh! many a glorious voice is gone 
 From the rich bowers of earth, 
 And hush’d is many a lovely tone 
 Of mournfulness or mirth. 
 The Dorian flute that sigh’d of yore 
 Along that wave is still; 
 The harp of Judah peals no more 
 
 On Zion’s awful hill. 
 
 ** And Memnon’s lyre hath lost the chord 
 
 That breathed the mystic tone; 
 
 And the songs at Rome’s high triumphs pour’d 
 Are with her eagles flown; 
 
 And mute the Moorish horn, that rang 
 O’er stream and mountain free ; 
 
 And the hymn the leagued crusaders sang, 
 Hath died in Galilee. 
 
 “ But thou art swelling on, thou deep, 
 Through many an olden clime 
 Thy billowy anthem, ne’er to sleep 
 
 Until the close of time. 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 37 
 Thou liftest up thy solemn voice, 
 To eyery wind and sky, 
 And all our earth’s green shores rejoice | 
 
 In that one harmony. 
 
 “Tt fills the noontide’s calm profound, | 
 
 The sunset’s heaven of gold ; 
 
 And the still midnight hears the sound, 
 Ev’n.as when first it roll’d. 
 
 Let there be silence, deep and strange, 
 Where sceptred cities rose ! 
 
 Thou speak’st of one who doth not change— 
 
 So may our hearts repose.”* 
 
 Campbell has called the ocean “beatific sea.” Pollok has 
 
 bestowed upon it epithets even more expressive of admiration: 
 
 “ Great Ocean! strongest of creation’s sons, 
 Unconquerable, unreposed, untired, 
 That roll’d the wild, profound, eternal bass 
 In nature’s anthem, and made music such 
 As pleased the ear of God! Original, 
 Unmarr’d, unfaded work of Deity, 
 And unburlesqued by mortal’s puny skill, 
 From age to age enduring and unchanged, 
 Majestical, inimitable, vast; 
 Loud uttering satire, day and night, on each 
 Succeeding race, and little pompous work 
 Of Man! Unfallen, religious, holy sea, 
 Thou bow'd’st thy glorious head to none, 
 
 Heard’st none, to none didst honour but to God. 
 
 * Mrs. Hemans. 
 
38 INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 Thy Maker only worthy to receive 
 Thy great obeisance! Undiscover’d sea, 
 
 Into thy dark unknown mysterious caves, 
 
 And secret haunts, unfathomable deep, 
 Beneath all visible retired, none went, 
 
 And came again to tell the wonders there.” * 
 
 We may perhaps fitly close our collection of “sea pieces,” 
 with the following lines, which, irregular as they are, con- 
 tain a thought we would wish to leave with our readers, 
 
 and tell of a blessing we earnestly desire they may share. 
 
 “ WERE it not joy, upon the wild waves straying, 
 Careless and fearless, still to float at ease ? 
 
 Now with their angry crests, storm-whiten’'d, playing; 
 Now sweetly slumbering on the sunny seas; 
 
 Now with like grace, their graceful swell obeying, 
 Like some gay creature of the element, 
 
 Never thy course, thy might, thy danger weighing, 
 
 But in their arms reposing, well content ; 
 No thought, no wish, thyself thy way to measure, 
 
 But trusting all to them, in calm deep trance of pleasure. 
 
 “Were it not joy—the joy of conflict glorious !— 
 
 Still to do battle with the raging tide, 
 
 Tasking thy strength, but evermore victorious, 
 Undaunted by the billows of its pride ; 
 Breasting them boldly, all their terrors braving, 
 
 Conscious of pow’r, increasing still as tried— 
 
 * Pollok’s “Course of Time.” 
 
INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
 
 For them no jot of thy firm purpose waiving, 
 But pressing on thro’ all—and steady-eyed, 
 Far off, but clear, thy noble mark descrying, 
 
 In faith and hope to strive, their utmost force defying— 
 
 “ Yea, both are joys—high joys, and spirit-thrilling !— 
 To thee but vain fond fancies do they seem? 
 
 Yet both are thine, if only thou art willing ! 
 
 ’Tis thine to battle with the world’s rough stream, 
 Dauntless in heavenly might thy task fulfilling.— 
 
 ’Tis thine, serene as infant in his dream, 
 
 How toss’d soe’er upon those waters chilling, 
 
 Sublime to float, nor aught of danger deem !— 
 
 Blest he, whose soul securely still reposes 
 
 In Love’s eternal Ark, till life’s wild voyage closes! "* 
 
 * (M.S.) A. J. Vidal. 
 
SHEA-WEED 
 
 PART 1. 
 
 Oh! call us not weeds, but flowers of the sea, 
 
 For lovely, and gay, and bright-tinted are we ! 
 Our blush is as deep as the rose of thy bowers,— 
 Then call us not weeds, we are Ocean’s gay flowers. 
 
 Not nursed like the plants of the summer parterre, 
 Whose gales are but sighs of an evening air, 
 
 Our exquisite, fragile and delicate forms, 
 
 Are the prey of the Ocean, when yex’d with his storms. 
 
SEA-WEEDS. | 
 
 “THE least proclaims, and loudly too, | 
 
 The forming finger of a God.” 
 
 Tar our readers may become better acquainted with some 
 of the more interesting and beautiful of these “ Ocean 
 Flowers,” the following pages will be devoted to real 
 
 specimens of the plants, with such information as may be 
 
 acceptable to the general reader; but no attempt at a scientific 
 arrangement will be made, the intention of the work being | 
 rather to awaken in the mind a desire to know more of 
 
 beautiful objects capable of teaching so much. 
 
 “ How sweet to muse upon the skill display’d, 
 Infinite skill, in all that he has made! 
 To see, in nature’s most minute design, 
 
 The signature and stamp of power Divine.” 
 Cowrer. 
 
44 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 We will commence with a short description of the general 
 character of sea-weeds; further information will be dis- 
 covered in succeeding pages, interspersed with such poetry 
 
 and reflections as harmonize with the subject. 
 
 ALG# is a name assigned by botanists to a large group or 
 natural class of Cryptogamiz, or flowerless plants, which 
 form the principal or characteristic vegetation of the waters. 
 The sea in no climate, from the poles to the equator, is 
 altogether free from them, though they abound on some 
 shores much more than on others. 
 
 Thus extensively scattered through all climates, and 
 existing under so many varieties of situation, the species 
 are, as one would naturally suppose, exceedingly numerous; 
 and present a greater variety in form and size, than is 
 observable in any other tribe of plants whose structure 
 is so similar. Some are so exceedingly minute, as to be 
 wholly invisible (except in masses) to the naked eye, and 
 require the highest powers of our microscopes to ascertain 
 their form or structure. Others, growing in the depths of 
 the great Pacific Ocean, have stems which exceed in length 
 the trunks of the tallest forest-trees, and others have leaves 
 that rival in expansion those of the palm. Some are simple 
 
 globules or spheres, consisting of a single cellule, or little bag 
 
 of tissue filled with a colouring matter; some are mere strings 
 
 of such cellules cohering by the ends; others, a little more 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 45 
 
 perfect, exhibit the appearance of branched threads; in others 
 again the branches and stems are compound, consisting of 
 several such threads joined together; and in others the 
 tissue expands into broad flat fronds. 
 Hon. W. H. Harvey’s “Manvat or THE BritisH ALGR.” 
 
 Arter having been kept dry for a great length of time, they 
 will revive by immersion in water ; but only that portion of 
 the plant which is immersed imbibes ‘the fluid. The seeds, 
 or sporules, consist of minute granules, internal, clustered, or 
 scattered, or imbedded in tubercles or peculiar . processes 
 arising from the frond. Often two or three different kinds, 
 or rather forms, of fructification exist in the same species; but 
 each apparently in itself is capable of becoming a new plant. 
 There is nothing that can be compared to the stamens in 
 phenogamous plants. Low as this order of plants is in the 
 scale of vegetable beings, it is yet the one which approaches 
 the nearest to certain animals. Indeed, the ablest naturalists 
 have been unable to draw the line of distinction between the 
 
 least perfect of these, and the less highly organized of animals. 
 
 Sir W. Hooker’s “Britisu Fora.’ 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 SERRATED FUCUS., 
 
 Turs contains far less salt than the Bladdered Fucus, 
 
 and is consequently much less estemed for kelp. In Norway 
 
 it is the food of cattle, sprinkled with a little meal, according 
 to Gunner. The Dutch cover their crabs and lobsters with 
 it, and say that it is preferable to the Bladdered Fucus be- 
 cause the mucus from the vesicles of the latter, ferments and 
 
 soon becomes putrid. 
 Sir W. Hooker. 
 
 Tus Fucus is employed as manure, and with much benefit, 
 though its value endures but for a single season. It is found 
 peculiarly well adapted to potatoe culture; and when spread 
 on the ground in winter, yields an abundant crop of the very 
 best hay. But if its application be deferred till the time of 
 planting, the former produce, though equally abundant, is 
 watery, ill-tasted and unfit for the table, though it answers 
 well enough for seed. This remark equally applies to all the 
 Alge, which, under the general name of cart-wracks, are 
 
 rolled ashore by the gales. 
 Captain CARMICHAEL. 
 
 In ancient times, when a person wished to express utter 
 
 contempt of a thing, seemingly unfit for any purpose, he 
 
AID THEIR TEACHINGS, 47 
 
 would say, “as worthless as sea-weed.” (Alga projecta 
 vilior.) Before we presume to join in this very harsh opinion, 
 we ought to descend to the bottom of the ocean, and wander 
 through the groves and meadows of the submarine world, 
 to watch the habits, food, and growth of the countless in- 
 habitants of the dee; and then perhaps we might form a 
 conclusion more in a@cordance with the great truth, that the 
 all-wise Creator has made nothing in vain. But this being 
 impossible, we mustrest content with merely inferring from 
 analogy, that the depths of the sea may possibly produce 
 weeds to be the foot of marine animals, as the face of the 
 earth brings forth gieen herbs to be the food of land animals. 
 But the Roman poe, who uses the expression given above, 
 alluded probably to ‘he uselessness of these alge to man. 
 Yonder countrymen, with their mules and panniers, are 
 seemingly of a very different opinion. ‘They have been at 
 the pains of cutting a winding path along the face of the 
 rocky cliff, solely fo: the purpose of carrying off the great 
 heaps of sea-weed, ‘ast on shore whenever a storm occurs. 
 You will ask of couse, “To what use do they apply it after 
 they have devoted sc much time and trouble to its removal?” 
 It is deposited in laige heaps on the arable lands, where it 
 is suffered to remain until decomposition has taken place, and 
 at the proper seasoi is spread on the ground, and forms a 
 
 valuable manure. 
 C. A. Jonns’ “BoranrcaL RAMBLES.” 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 BLADDERED FUCUS., 
 
 Tuts seaweed is abundantly employed in the manufacture 
 of kelp, if it be not the very best for that purpose. But this, 
 
 important as it is in a commercial point of view, is not the 
 only end it serves. In the isles of Jura and Skye it is 
 frequently a winter food for cattle, which regularly come 
 down to the shores at the receding of the tide, to seek for 
 it ; and sometimes even the deer have been known to descend 
 from the mountains to the seaside and feed upon this plant. 
 
 Linneus informs us that the inhabitants of Gothland in 
 Sweden, boil this Fucus with water, and mixing with it a 
 little coarse meal, or flour, feed their hogs upon it; for 
 which reason, they call the plant Swintang: and in Scania 
 he says, the poor people cover their cottages with it, and use 
 it for fuel. In Jura, and some other Hebrides, the inhabit- 
 ants dry their cheeses without salt, by covering them with 
 the ashes of this plant; which abounds so much in that 
 substance, that from five ounces of the ashes, may be 
 procured two ounces and a-half of fixed alkaline salts, or half 
 their own weight. 
 
 Str W. Hooker. 
 
 ANOTHER and yet more important application of this 
 “worthless alga,” is to the manufacture of kelp, a substance 
 extensively used in glass-making and soap-boiling. Kelp is 
 
 an impure carbonate of soda, and is procured from the ashes 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 49 
 
 of various kinds of sea-weed. “The plants are cut from the 
 rocks, or collected from the rejectamenta of the sea, and 
 dried in the open air. An excavation, like a grave, is made 
 in the ground, and lined with large stones; and in this, 
 which is named a kelp-kiln, the dried weeds are burned. 
 The melted alkali, mixed with many impurities, accumulates 
 in the bottom of the kiln; and when cold, forms a hard, 
 bluish mass, which is named kelp, and is a substance of 
 great importance in bleaching, and, as before stated, in the 
 manufacture of soap and glass. 
 
 Almost the entire rent of the island of Rathlin, on the 
 northern coast of Ireland, is thus paid from the produce of 
 its seaweeds; and from this source alone, the rents of one 
 Highland chief have, of late years, it is said, increased two 
 
 thousand pounds per annum. 
 
 C. A. Jouns’ BorantcaL RAMBLEs. 
 
 SEAWEEDS expand with amazing rapidity. Mr. Ste- 
 phenson, the Scottish engineer, found that a rock, uncovered 
 only at spring-tides, which had been chiselled smooth in 
 November, was thickly clothed on the following May with 
 fucoids from two to six feet in length, notwithstanding the 
 winter had been unusually severe. Many species, as the dis- 
 jointed alge, have a fissiparous reproduction; that is, separate 
 into numerous fragments, each of which, though having a 
 common origin, has an individual life, and is capable in 
 
 turn of increasing its kind. 
 
 CuamsBers’ EpinsuRGH JOURNAL. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 PALMATED RHODOMENIA, OR DULSE. 
 
 Tus plant grows from four to six inches or a foot high, 
 and is of a livid purplish color. This is the Saccarine Fucus, 
 or Sol of the Icelanders, the efflorescence of which has a 
 sweetish and not disagreeable taste. It is dried by the 
 natives, packed down in casks, and used as occasion re- 
 quires, frequently cooked with butter. 
 
 Sir W. Hooker. 
 
 Catuep by Highlanders, duillisg (leaf of the water).—The 
 Scotch and Irish wash the plant in fresh water, dry it in the 
 sun, rollit up, and chew it like tobacco; but it is usually eaten 
 fresh from the sea. ‘The Icelanders, after drying it, pack it 
 down in casks for occasional consumption; and it is then 
 ready to be eaten, either raw with fish and butter, or boiled 
 with milk, to which is sometimes added a little rye-flour. In 
 Norway it is called sow-séll, or sheep’s weed, sheep being 
 exceedingly fond of it. It is used medicinally in fevers, in 
 the Isle of Skye; and in the islands of the Archipelago, is a 
 favourite ingredient in ragouts, to which it imparts a red 
 color. The dried frond, like many other marine alge, when 
 infused in water, exhales an odour resembling that of violets, 
 and is said to communicate that flavour to vegetables with 
 which it is mixed. 
 
 LirttE Marine Borantst. 
 
 SEAWEED is driven in here in considerable quantities; and at 
 the spring tides, at the full moon and change, a few women 
 may be seen, scattered over the rocks, collecting a particular 
 species called Dillisk or Dulse (Rhodomenia palmata), which 
 they dry in the sun, and then carry about the country and 
 sell to the peasantry, who eat it as a delicacy. 
 
 M. M. (White Park, Antrim.) 
 
TTA 
 
 ision I 
 
 RHODOMES 
 
 ne signifies “ red’ 
 
 Abundant m all the ro 
 
 INARTICULATA 
 
 PALMATA—PALMATED RHODOMENIA 
 
 Tribe 9. Fronwre 
 
 "and “a membrane.” 
 
 cky shores of Great Britain 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. dl 
 
 Tuts species, with another (Orkneys Red-ware, Laminaria 
 digitata), was, until recently, so much esteemed by our 
 northern countrymen, that it was publicly sold in the cities, 
 as an article of regular consumption. The cry of “Buy 
 dulse and tangles,” resounded at no very distant period, even 
 through the streets of Edinburgh. 
 
 Many of the alge are rather extensively used as food; 
 and though, to one unused to such diet, they would in gene- 
 ral seem to offer little temptation to the appetite, the poorer 
 natives, not only of our own, but of other shores, eat them 
 with much relish. Let us not despise their taste, though 
 differing from our own; but rather adore the beneficence of 
 God, who has supplied in much abundance, an additional 
 source of nutriment, and has conferred upon the recipients of 
 
 his bounty, the taste requisite for its enjoyment. 
 Tue OcEAN. 
 
 Deer in the wave is a coral-grove, 
 
 Where the purple mullet and gold-fish rove ; 
 Where the sea-flower spreads its leaves of blue, 
 That never are wet with falling dew, 
 
 But in bright and changeful beauty shine, 
 
 Far down in the deep and glassy brine. 
 
 The floor is of sand like the mountain drift, 
 And the pearl-shells spangle the flinty snow ; 
 From coral-rocks the sea-plants lift 
 
 Their boughs, where the tides and billows flow ; 
 The water is calm and still below, 
 
 For the winds and waves are absent there ; 
 And the sands are bright as the stars that glow 
 In the motionless fields of upper air ; 
 
 There with its waving blade of green, 
 
 The sea-flag streams through the silent water ; 
 And the crimson leaf of the dulse is seen 
 
 To blush, like a banner bathed in slaughter. 
 
 J. G. Percivat. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 CURLED CHONDRUS. 
 
 Tus is called the Proteus of marine alge, the varieties 
 being innumerable, and passing so insensibly one into the 
 other that it is almost impossible to define them. When 
 fully ripe, the capsules fall away, leaving the frond full of 
 holes. It is used in Ireland, as size, by house-painters. 
 
 Marine Boranist. 
 
 THERE is a substance which has been lately introduced as 
 an article of commerce, intended as a substitute for Iceland 
 Moss, and sold by the London druggists by the name of 
 Carrageen Moss; notwithstanding its name, however, it is a 
 true alga, Chondrus crispus. It is an exceedingly variable 
 species; but its most usual form is that of a flat leaf spreading 
 somewhat triangularly, or rather so as to give to its outline 
 the figure of one fourth of a circle; the edge is branched into 
 numerous flat segments, overlapping one another. When 
 viewed under water, in a growing state, it gives out beautiful 
 prismatic hues. Containing a large quantity of gelatine, it 
 has been successfully applied, instead of isinglass, in the 
 making of blanemange and jellies. A fucus, probably 
 allied to this, found at the Cape of Good Hope, is boiled into 
 a jelly, and being mixed with sugar and the juice of lemons 
 
 or oranges, makes a very agreeable dish. 
 Tur OcEAN. 
 
CHONDRUS CRISPUS—CURLED CHONDRUS 
 Fr 
 
 ivision I, Inarricutata, Trit 
 
 RIDER 
 
 Name signifies “ cartilage :"’ from the cartilaginous substance of the frond 
 
 .bundant on rocky shores. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 53 
 
 Tuere is another genus, called Gelidium (from the frond 
 being easily reduced to a jelly), much used by the inhabitants 
 of many countries bordering the Indian Ocean, to render 
 more palatable their hot and biting condiments; and from 
 some undetermined species the celebrated edible swallow’s 
 nests are constructed. 
 
 Three species of swallows form edible nests; two of which 
 building at a distance from the sea-coast, use the sea-weed 
 only as a cement for other materials; the nests of the third 
 species, are consequently most esteemed, and are sold for 
 
 nearly their weight in gold. 
 MarinE Boranisv. 
 
 THERE with a slight and easy motion, 
 
 The fan-coral sweeps thro’ the clear deep sea ; 
 And the yellow and scarlet tufts of ocean 
 
 Are bending like corn on the upland lea : 
 
 And life, in rare and beautiful forms, 
 
 Is sporting amid those bowers of stone; 
 
 And is safe, when the wrathful spirit of storms 
 Has made the top of the waves his own. 
 
 And when the ship from his fury flies, 
 
 Where the myriad voices of ocean roar, 
 
 When the wind-god frowns in the murky skies, 
 And demons are waiting the wreck on shore; 
 There far below in the peaceful sea, 
 
 The purple mullet and gold-fish rove; 
 
 Where the waters murmur tranquilly, 
 Through the bending twigs of the coral-grove. 
 
 J. G, PERcIVAL. 
 
| 
 | F || 54 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 LACINIATED PURPLE-LAVER. 
 
 Tus, under the name of Laver, is much eaten in many 
 ik I places, especially the south of England, pickled with salt, 
 i and preserved in jars, and when brought to table, served up 
 with lemon-juice. According to Lightfoot, the inhabitants 
 ! of the Western Isles gather it in the month of March, and 
 \ after pounding and macerating it with a little water, eat it 
 with pepper, vinegar, and butter. Others stew it with leeks, 
 
 | 
 1 | and ‘onions. 
 | Sir W. Hooker. 
 
 Tue Purple Laver is called Stoke in Scotland. All the 
 plants of this genus form beautiful specimens for the herba- 
 rium; and when carefully dried, the surface is delightfully 
 
 | smooth and glossy. 
 \ Lirtte Marine Boranist. 
 
 ResPectineé the reproduction of Algw, it is evident that the 
 ql modes of flowering and fruiting which we perceive in land 
 plants, would have been wholly inappropriate. Not exposed 
 | to sunshine, there was no use for reflecting petals; continually 
 q submersed in water, a sheltering calyx would have been super- 
 fluous; and seeds, in the ordinary structure of that organ, 
 could not have endured. Nature, however, is never in lack 
 
 | . * * 
 of means to an end; and the vegetation of the ocean is pro- 
 i! pagated with as unerring certainty and with as great rapidity 
 
 as the most prolific family on land. For this purpose, certain 
 | species have their surface studded with blistery expansions, 
 i | or part of their substance is filled with little cells, which 
 expansions and cells contain many minute germs, floating in 
 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
PORPHYRA LACINIATA—LACINIATED PURPLE- 
 
 LAVER. 
 Division I. Inarricurara, Tribe 11 Utvachs 
 Name signifies “ purple ;” in allusion to the color of the fronds 
 
 In the sea, on rocks, stones, alge and wood, abundant 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 55 
 
 mucilaginous matter. As these germs arrive at maturity, 
 the enclosing pustules burst open, and the germs are con- 
 signed to the ocean, where they float about coated with their 
 glutenous mucilage, and are sure to adhere to the first surface 
 upon which they impinge. In a few weeks they spring up 
 into new plants, and in their turn give birth to thousands, 
 Thus we have seen half-a-dozen different weeds attached 
 to the same oyster-shell; and a pebble of twenty pounds’ 
 weight, buoyed up by one plant of bladder-wrack, the 
 primary germ of which had glued itself to the surface. 
 
 CHAMBERS’ EpINBURGH JOURNAL. 
 
 THOUGHTS ON THE SEA-SHORE 
 
 “Tn every object here, I see 
 
 Something, O Lord, that leads to thee;— 
 Firm as the rocks thy promise stands; 
 Thy mercies countless as the sands; 
 
 Thy love a sea immensely wide; 
 
 Thy grace an ever-flowing tide. 
 
 In every object here, I see 
 
 Something, my heart, that points at thee ;— 
 Hard as the rocks that bound the strand ; 
 Unfruitful as the barren sand ; 
 
 Deep and deceitful as the ocean ; 
 
 And, like the tides, in constant motion. 
 
 J. Newron.—* Otney Hymns.” 
 
 On the sea-shore, when day’s last purple smile 
 Slept on the waters, and their hollow swell 
 And dying cadence lent a deeper spell 
 Unto thine ocean pictures. 
 Mrs. Hermans. 
 
 K 
 
56 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 RIBBAND GREEN-LAVER. 
 
 Tus spedes is very similar to Ulva Latissima, and Ulva Lac- 
 tuca, both eaten under the name of Green Laver or Oyster 
 Green; bdng served at table with lemon-juice, in the same way 
 as PurpleLaver. Lightfoot says, that the islanders ascribe 
 to it an modyne virtue, and bind it about the forehead and 
 temples to assuage headache in fevers, and to procure sleep. 
 The Ribland Green-Laver delights to grow in those gravelly 
 spots, where the fresh water oozes up during the ebb-tide. 
 In such dtuations it is not uncommon to find specimens four 
 feet in laagth, with a diameter not exceeding two inches. 
 
 Sin W. Hooker. 
 
 Tw ther distributions the alge obey laws equally impera- 
 tive as those which regulate the habitats of land vegetation. 
 Thus the bladder-wrack luxuriates most where alternately 
 exposed and covered by the tide; the dulse, on the very 
 confines of the lowest ebb ; and the tangle and sea-catgut 
 in a zore where the lowest ebb never reaches. We 
 know litle of the bottom of the ocean over extensive 
 spaces; tut this we are warranted in affirming, that sea- 
 weeds flourish most abundantly on rocky patches of moderate 
 depth, tht they never spring from sandy or muddy sites, 
 and that they are altogether unknown in the greater depths 
 of the sa. Many of them seem to float about quite un- 
 
 attached; and though these may have been torn from some 
 
ULVA LINZA—RIBBAND GREEN LAVER 
 
 Di on I. Inarricutats#. Tribe 11. Untvacem 
 
 Theis, from “ul,” water, in Celtic; applied to some iquatic 
 
 Rocks and stones in the 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 on 
 ~l 
 
 rocky shore, yet continually in water, they absorb their 
 proper nutriment, and increase in size almost as much as 
 their fixed congeners. Being less subject to fluctuations of 
 temperature, the alge are more regular in their growth than 
 land plants; and with the exception of a few within the tidal 
 influence, the majority seem to experience no cessation of 
 growth or propagation. It must be borne in mind also, 
 that the alge are inhabitants of fresh as well as salt-water, 
 and that some of the most curious and beautiful genera are 
 found in our streams and pools, or spread in the form of the 
 most delicate slime on stones and gravel. Nay, what is 
 more wonderful still, some, like the Ulva Thermatis, flourish 
 even in hot springs, at a temperature not less than 117 degrees 
 
 of Farenheit! 
 Cuamspers’ Epinsuren JouRNAL. 
 
 I LoveD to walk where none had walk’d before, 
 About the rocks that ran along the shore; 
 
 Or far beyond the sight of men to stray, 
 
 And take my pleasure when I lost my way. 
 For then *twas mine to trace the hilly heath, 
 And all the mossy moor that lies beneath. 
 Here had I favorite stations, where I stood, 
 And heard the murmurs of the ocean-flood, 
 With not a sound beside, except when flew 
 Aloft the lapwing, or the grey curlew, 
 
 Who with wild notes my fancied power defied, 
 And mock’d the dreams of solitary pride. 
 
 I loved to stop at every creek and bay 
 
 Made by the river in its winding way ; 
 
 And call to memory—not by marks they bare, 
 
 But by the thoughts that were created there. 
 CRABBE. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 OAK-LEAVED DELESSERIA. 
 Pernars the most lovely of all the Fuci is the Delesseria 
 
 Oak-leaved Delesseria. It consists of several 
 
 Sanguinea 
 oblong-oval or pointed leaves of extreme delicacy, with the 
 edges very much waved or plaited, furnished with a mid-rib 
 and side veins, which materially increase their leaf-like appear- 
 ance ; the color is an exceedingly rich rose-color. The mid- 
 rib often throws out smaller leaves, which, if the main frond 
 be destroyed, soon attain its usual size; an interesting 
 provision against the accidents to which these apparently 
 frail plants are necessarily exposed. The fructification of 
 this genus is curious, as being of a twofold character: both 
 forms are found in the winter, affixed to the midrib, which 
 alone survives that season, the foliaceous part having all 
 decayed away. The one mode is by means of nearly globular 
 capsules, attached to the rib by short foot-stalks, and enclosing 
 many irregularly shaped seeds; the other is by small membra- 
 naceous leaf-like processes, likewise containing seeds. These 
 two kinds of fructification occur on distinct individuals. 
 This charming fucus, of which no adequate idea can be 
 formed by a verbal description, retains much of its beauty 
 when dried, and is very easily preserved. It is a pity that 
 I am obliged to confess, that its odour is very unpleasant, 
 
 being rank and pungent. 
 
 Tue Ocean. 
 
DELESSERIA 
 
 Named in honor 
 
 DELESS!I 
 
 Division I, InaRtTrouLaTa. 
 
 Sea sh 
 
 f M. Benjamin Delessert, a distinguished patron of 
 
 SANGUINEA—OAK-LEAVED 
 
 BRIA. 
 
 Tribe 9, Frortpre 
 
 yequent. White Park, Antrim 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 59 
 
 TO THE OAK-LEAVED DELESSERIA 
 
 “Trt me, thou child of ocean, 
 With thy ensanguined fronds, 
 Nursed by the wave’s commotion, 
 And fixed by rooted bonds: 
 
 Why is such beauty lavish’d 
 In caves of ocean dark, 
 
 From human vision banish’d, 
 Such texture fair to mark ? 
 
 Say, do the sea-nymphs find thee, 
 Thy roseate leaves unfold, 
 
 And round their tresses bind thee, 
 As oaken wreaths of old? 
 
 Like roses here on earth 
 Do they thy beauty prize, 
 As flowers of heavenly birth, 
 Emblems of brighter skies? 
 
 Short-sighted mortal, shame thee! 
 Dost think that beauty gleams 
 Where man alone must see it, 
 Or where he useful deems ? 
 
 No brilliant hues are needed 
 To deck the sea-nymphs’ hair, 
 But beauty springs unheeded 
 Throughout creation fair. 
 
 Our God in love abounding 
 Has thus his mind display’d; 
 With beauty all surrounding 
 
 The creatures he has made. 
 J. Mackness, M.D. (Hastings.) 
 
 L 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 WINGED DELESSERIA. 
 
 Tus plant, like most of the specimens in this book, 
 requires the aid of a lens, to discover half its beauties. It 
 has perceptible veins, the fronds are transparent, and vary 
 in color from a deep rose-red to a bright pink; and in decay 
 it is beautifully variegated with palest pink and white. 
 
 A CLOSE examination of a small extent of sea-shore, where 
 sea-weed is plentiful, will prove to you that the “great deep” 
 abounds in vegetables as various in forms and color as in 
 size; and the microscope will reveal to you wonders as great 
 as the land can afford. Simple thread-like tubes, jointed 
 filaments, the particles of which cohere by inconceivably 
 minute points, tangled tufts consisting of countless feathery 
 stems, exquisitely veined leaves, all abounding with fructi- 
 fication as various as the plants themselves, wave to and fro, 
 in the little pools left among the rocks by the receding tide. 
 
 And as to color, you can scarcely name a tint which is not 
 here to be met with, as brilliant and delicate as in the opening 
 rose, or the full-blown cactus. Time will not serve me to 
 particularize them; and indeed I should find it very difficult 
 to describe the minute kinds in such a way as to enable you 
 to fix on the species which I had in view: but a cursory 
 glance will be sufficient to teach you the same lesson which 
 throughout all our rambles it has been my principal object to 
 inculeate: —that the meanest work in the creation is well 
 worthy of our deepest research and admiration, not merely 
 because it may lead to some useful discovery, but because the 
 
ISSERIA ALATA—WINGED DELESSERIA 
 
 Upo 
 
 BL 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 n rocks in the Sea, and larger algee, frequent. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 61 
 
 actual inquiry, while it compels us to engage in exercise 
 healthful to the body, is equally beneficial to the mind, 
 making us wiser, better, and happier. 
 
 Cc. A. Jouns’ Boranicat RAMBLES. 
 
 As in form, so in size, sea-weeds vary exceedingly; pre- 
 senting fibres, the delicacy of which requires the aid of the 
 microscope to examine, floating leaves to which those of the 
 fan-palm are mere pigmies, or tangling cables extending 
 from three to four hundred feet in length. 
 
 “The Macrocystis Pyrifera,” says Darwin, in speaking of 
 Terra del Fuego, “grows on every rock from low-water mark 
 to a great depth, both on the outer coast, and within the 
 channels. I believe that, during the voyages of the Adven- 
 turer and Beagle, not one rock near the surface was discovered 
 which was not buoyed by this floating weed. The good service 
 it thus affords to vessels navigating near this stormy land is 
 evident; and it has certainly saved many from being wrecked. 
 
 “I know few things more surprising than to see this plant 
 growing and flourishing amidst those great breakers of the 
 western ocean, which no mass of rock, let it be ever so hard, 
 can long resist. The stem is round, slimy, and smooth, and 
 seldom has a diameter of so much as one inch. A few taken 
 together are sufficiently strong to support the weight of the 
 large loose stones; and yet some of these stones were so heavy, 
 that when drawn to the surface, they could seareely be lifted 
 into a boat by one person. I do not suppose the stem of any 
 other plant attains so great a length as 360 feet, as stated by 
 Captain Cook. Captain Fitzroy, moreover, found it growing 
 up from the greater depth of forty-five fathoms!” 
 
 CuamBers’ EprnsurGH JOURNAL. 
 
62 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 PODDED HALIDRYS: OR, TREE IN THE SEA. 
 
 Tus beautiful and graceful plant is thrown upon the sands 
 in great abundance during the summer months ; when young 
 and fresh, it is of a bright olive-green, but it soon becomes 
 
 black when exposed to the sun and air. 
 
 Lirrie Martine Boranist. 
 
 Tuoven the extensive natural order of Alga is reckoned 
 among the lowest of vegetable creation, we shall find that it 
 is scarcely exceeded by any in the form, and color, and tex- 
 ture of its species; so that no cryptogamic plants have been 
 more general objects of admiration and research ; and if their 
 value is to be estimated by the service mankind derives from 
 them, they will hold a high rank in the stale. From the 
 marine alew, Iodine, a new principle, and possessed of very 
 remarkable properties, is derived.* It has been successfully 
 employed in the cure of goitres, a disease which Dr. Gillies 
 informs us had yielded, in South America, to the application 
 of the stem of a certain fucus, long bere iodine was 
 employed in civilized Europe. 
 
 Sir W. Hooker. 
 
 * Todine is procured principally from Fucus Nodosus. 
 
wea 
 vi 
 
 HALIDE 
 
 PODDED 
 
 SILIQUOSA 
 
 7c 
 vt 5S 
 
 HALID! 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 63 
 
 Toprne derives its name from a Greek word signifying a 
 violet, from the peculiar hue of the vapour which it emits 
 when heated. Polished plates of silver held over these fumes 
 are peculiarly sensitive of light, and are used in taking like- 
 nesses by the process called Daguerreotype. 
 
 C. A. Jonns’ “Borantcan RAMBLEs.” 
 
 THE sea-wort floating on the waves, or rolled up high along 
 the shore, 
 
 Ye counted useless and vile, heaping on it names of contempt, 
 
 Yet hath it gloriously triumphed, and man been humbled in 
 his ignorance ; 
 
 For health is in the freshness of its savour, and it cumbereth 
 the beach with wealth ; 
 
 Comforting the tossings of pain with its violet-tinctured 
 essence, 
 
 And, by its humbler ashes, enriching many proud. 
 
 Be this, then, a lesson to thy soul, that thou reckon nothing 
 worthless, 
 
 Because thou heedest not its use, nor knowest the virtues 
 thereof, 
 
 And herein, as thou walkest by the sea, shall weeds be a type 
 and an earnest 
 
 Of the stored and uncounted riches lying hid in all creatures 
 
 of God ! 
 
 M. F. Turrer’s “PROVERBIAL PHILOsoPHyY.” 
 
64 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 FIBROUS CYSTOSEIRA. 
 
 Tue vesicles of this fine species are three or four times 
 wider than the part in which they appear, and about the size 
 of a vetch-seed, with a bushy and somewhat harsh appearance 
 of frond. 
 
 Dr. GREVILLE. 
 
 Onty the higher tribes of sea-weeds show any distinction 
 into stems and leaves ; and even in these, what appears a stem 
 in the old plant, has already served, at an earlier period of 
 growth, either as a leaf, as in Cystoseira, &c., or the midrib 
 of aleaf, as in Delesseria. A few exhibit leaves or flat fronds, 
 formed of a delicate perforated net-work resembling fine lace, 
 or the skeletons of leaves, a structure which is also found 
 among Zoophytes. 
 
 Hon. W. H. Hakvey, 
 
 Tuosr who have resided inland all their lives, where only 
 shallow rivers flow, where clear fountains rise, or muddy 
 currents roll along, view with deep admiration the first 
 appearance of the sea, as they regard from the shore the pure 
 and sparkling green complexion of its waters—a color which 
 
 seems indeed peculiar to itself. Admiration is changed to 
 
SYSTOSEIRA 
 
 C 
 
 FIBROSA—FIBROUS 
 
 YSTOSEIRA 
 
 ( 
 
 Focorpr# 
 
 uthern Coasts 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 65 
 
 wonder when we find, on placing a portion of that water into 
 a vessel, no trace of that peculiar color is to be seen; it is 
 now perfectly clear and colourless. Marine plants, especially 
 the corallines, beam in the sea with the greatest splendour ; 
 but, as soon as they are taken out, much of their beauty 
 vanishes. Certain Cystoseire (or Iridex), which in their 
 fostering element shine in the colors of the rainbow, or in the 
 finest tints of orange and purple, lose their attractions by 
 exposure to the atmospheric air. When on a cloudless day 
 we enjoy an excursion on its surface, the waves appear 
 colored in such a manner around us, we are inclined to 
 believe, as we admire the deepness of its green, that we are 
 upon a liquid meadow ; as the vessel becomes distant from the 
 shore, and we reach the high latitudes, the green tint changes 
 into a blue tint ; and in the open sea the water becomes (at 
 50 or 60 fathoms) of the finest azure color. But this blue, 
 which is ordinarily regarded as one of the characteristics of 
 the ocean, and which is commonly attributed to the manner 
 in which the rays of the sun become decomposed, as they 
 penetrate into the waters, is not, however, exclusively pecu- 
 liar to it ; every large and deep bed of water has a cast of a 
 similar nature.* 
 
 Cou. Bory pE St. VINCENT. 
 
 * It is generally supposed that this green appearance of the sea in 
 shallow water is owing to the weeds growing on the bottom. The deep 
 blue tint “ out of soundings” seems to arise from some peculiarity in the 
 
 constitution of the fluid itself in respect to its action on light. Perhaps 
 the similarity of color between the sky-deep above, and the ocean-deep 
 below, may indicate some analogy of constitution between the waters of 
 
 the one and the ether of the other. 
 
 ASV. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS. 
 
 LACINIATED RHODOMENIA 
 
 Tuts beautiful species of Rhodomenia is common on many 
 parts of the coasts of Great Britain. It varies much in 
 appearance, the segments being often fringed with marginal 
 lacinie, but more frequently quite plain. The smaller and 
 more delicate specimens have much resemblance to Rhodo- 
 
 menia bifida. 
 
 Tue following pleasing description of the romantic shore 
 whence these deautiful specimens of the plants were obtained, 
 adds yet greaier interest to this page :— 
 
 “The hills of White Park are thickly covered with bent ; 
 and among them are scattered large masses of grey rocks, 
 almost overgrown with the bright green glossy-leaved ivy, 
 and bearing a strong resemblance to the ruins of castellated 
 buildings ; these add greatly to the romantic beauty of the 
 scene. In fiont roll the foam-crested waves of the broad 
 Atlantic, sounding in solemn music on the shore, and bearing 
 on their storny bosoms these ‘flowers of the deep,’ which 
 
 bear testimony to the truth of the poet’s words : 
 
 ‘Far in the sunless retreats of the ocean, 
 
 Fair flowers are springing no mortal may see.’ 
 
RHODOM 
 
 TIA LACINIATA. LACI} 
 RHODOMENIA. 
 
 LATED 
 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 Division 1 InarrrounaT#, Tribe 9, Froripra 
 
 From the shores of White Park, Antrira, Ireland, 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 67 
 
 “To the lover of solitary meditative rambles, a more 
 attractive spot than this lovely strand could scarcely be dis- 
 covered ; the sand is hard and firm beneath the foot, and the 
 long unbroken line—unbroken save by the foaming breakers 
 as they 
 
 ‘Roar, and dash, and sink, and cease to be,’ 
 
 forms a most agreeable noontide walk. When the broad sun 
 is pouring his fiery rays oti the languid earth, here all is fresh 
 and cool; and the mind, alike unoppressed by the fever of 
 
 society, or the weight of excessive stillness, can ask itself 
 with Brainard, 
 
 ‘Deep calleth unto deep; and what are we 
 That hear the question of that voice sublime ? 
 O! what are all the notes that ever rung 
 From war’s vain trumpet, by thy thund’ring side ! 
 Yea, what is all the riot man can make 
 In his short life, to thy unceasing roar ! 
 And yet, bold babbler!— what art thou, to Him, 
 Who drown’d a world, and heap’d the waters far 
 Above its loftiest mountains ?—a light wave, 
 That breaks, and whispers of its Maker’s might.’ ”’ 
 
 (M.S.) Margaret. (Knockmore.) 
 
 From the sea are exhaled those vapours which form the 
 clouds; these clouds descend in showers, which penetrating 
 into the crevices of the hills, supply springs; which springs 
 flow in little streams into the valleys, and there uniting, 
 become rivers; which rivers in return feed the ocean. So 
 there is an incessant circulation of the same fluid; and not 
 one drop probably, more or less now, than there was at the 
 creation. A particle of water takes its departure from the 
 surface of the sea, in order to fulfil certain important offices 
 to the earth; and having executed the service which was 
 assigned to it, returns to the bosom which it left. 
 
 Patey’s “Naturat Puinosopxy.” 
 
 N 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 IEE Pe 
 
 THE PINASTER-LIKE RHODOMELA. 
 
 Tus sea-weed is covered during the winter months with 
 
 shortly stalked yellow bodies, probably of an animal nature. 
 
 i || As to the direct uses of the alge in the general economy 
 of nature.—On land, it is only necessary to glance around us, 
 to perceive that the animal kingdom could not exist without 
 the vegetable. Beasts of the forest, and fowls of the air, and 
 countless myriads of the insect tribe—man  himself—all 
 depend, more or less, on vegetables for their food and cloth- 
 ing. The sea, too, has its hordes at least as numerous as 
 those of the land, to which the alge afford food and shelter, 
 
 1 and on whose existence, contemptible as many of them seem, 
 
 depends, in a greater or less degree, the preservation of every 
 scale of life in the sea. Many of these little animals are so 
 
 minute, that at first sight it would seem a matter of very little 
 
 consequence to ws (for when we speak of “uses,” the words 
 “to man” are too generally to be understood) whether they 
 should starve or not. But when it is remembered that the 
 principal food of the whale consists of a minute jelly-fish, 
 which is scarcely more than an animal sack, moving by con- 
 traction; and that by far the greater part of the fishes impor- 
 tant as articles of food to man depend upon minute marine 
 animals for support; a different estimate will be formed of the 
 | importance of the lower links in the chain of creation to the 
 
 whole, and we shall come to the conclusion that there is such 
 
LIKE 
 
 in 
 
 ASTER 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 69 
 
 a mutual dependance between one living creature and another, 
 that none but the All-wise can dare to determine whether one, 
 the most minute, can be spared without endangering the 
 destruction of all. The alge, therefore, by supporting the 
 base, support the structure. 
 
 Hon. W. H. Harvey. 
 
 “flow wondrous is the scene ! where all is form’d 
 With number, weight, and measure !—all design’d 
 For some great end!—where not alone the plant 
 Of stately growth, the herb of glorious hue, 
 
 Or food-full substance; not the laboring steed; 
 The herd and flock that feed us; not the mine, 
 That yields us stores for elegance and use ; 
 
 The sea that loads our table, and conveys 
 
 The wanderer man from clime to clime ; with all 
 
 Those rolling spheres, that from on high, shed down 
 
 Their kindly influence ;—not these alone, 
 
 Which strike e’en eyes incurious, but each moss, 
 Each shell, each crawling insect, holds a rank 
 Important in the plan of Him, who framed 
 
 This scale of beings; holds a rank, which lost, 
 Would break the chain, and leave behind a gap 
 Which Nature’s self would rue. Almighty Being! 
 Cause and support of all things! can I view 
 These objects of my wonder; can I feel 
 
 These fine sensations, and not think of Thee? 
 Thou who dost through th’ eternal round of time, 
 Dost through the immensity of space exist 
 Alone, shalt Thou alone excluded be 
 
 From this Thy universe ?—shall feeble man 
 Think it beneath his proud philosophy 
 
 To call for thy assistance, and pretend 
 
 To frame a world, who cannot frame a clod? 
 
 BENJAMIN STILLINGFLEET. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 PINNATIFID LAURENCIA. 
 
 ‘Tuts is a beautiful, but very variable plant, growing from 
 one to many inches in length. It is a summer weed, and 
 often dries a dark green, or nearly black; in pressing it exudes 
 a bright yellow fluid. . 
 
 This plant is eaten in Scotland, where it is called Pepper 
 
 Dulse, on account of its pungent flavor. 
 
 Amone algw, the classes of color are, to a great extent, 
 indicative of structure, and consequently of natural affinity. 
 Thus the green species are of the simplest structure, and 
 differ remarkably in their mode of propagation from either 
 of the other tribes, their seeds being endowed at the period 
 of germination with a sort of metion which some have called 
 voluntary, but which does not really possess that animal 
 property. The olivaceous are the most perfect and compound, 
 and reach the largest size; and the red form a group distin- 
 guished not less by the beauty and delicacy of their tissue, 
 than by producing seeds under two forms, thus possessing 
 what is called a double fructification. 
 
 But the young student must be careful not to place too 
 absolute dependance on this character, in referring plants 
 which he may gather to their place in the system ; for some 
 species which in their healthy state are red, or of that class 
 of color, become, when growing under unfavourable circum- 
 stances, of an orange-yellowish, whitish, or greenish shade. 
 
 Laurencia Pinnatifida is particularly variable in this respect. 
 
| AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 71 
 
 When this species grows near low-water mark, it is of a 
 fine deep purple red; a little higher up, it is dull purple 
 brown ; higher still, a pale brownish red, and, at last, near 
 high-water mark, it is often yellowish or greenish. | 
 | The other species of Laurencia vary in similar, but less | | 
 striking degrees. Chondrus Crispus too, when found in 
 
 | 
 ts , 
 shallow water, is often of a bright herbaceous green; and 
 | | 
 
 Ceramium Rubrum passes through every shade of red and | 
 
 y . ; 4 . i . | 
 yellow, and at last degenerates into a dirty white, before it 
 ceases to grow. 
 
 Hon. W. H. Harvey. 
 
 | On children of ocean, how strange is your growing! 
 How strange in mine eyes is the place of your birth! 
 No breezes to fan you are tenderly blowing, 
 
 No soft dews ye share with your kindred of earth. 
 But while far above you the tempest is sweeping, 
 The billows are rolling, all crested and white, 
 
 Those fathomless depths, that have you in their keeping, 
 
 Untroubled abide, and are séill in their might ! 
 
 The seasons may change—but for you come no changes ; 
 
 Nor fading of autumn, nor spring-bloom ye know. 
 
 Time dwells in mid-air;—his light wing never ranges 
 
 | The sky-deep above, or the sea-deep below. 
 
 | (M.S.) <A. J. Vipar. | 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 SCARLET PLOCAMIUM. 
 
 Tus is one of the most charming and symmetrical alge 
 in the world; extremely common every where, and an 
 universal favorite. Although liable to vary very considerably 
 in size, and in the proportion of its parts, a single glance at 
 the beautifully regular and peculiar division of the ultimate 
 branches is at all times sufficient to distinguish it. Some 
 specimens are not above an inch in length, with the frond 
 almost as fine as a hair; while others, from New Holland, 
 are a line in width, and above a foot long; but the admirable 
 
 character above mentioned is universally preserved. 
 
 LittLe Marine Botanist. 
 
 Some of those species whose fronds are very delicately 
 and numerously ramified, have been used to form mimic 
 pictures. By skilful arrangement, very pretty landscapes 
 are thus made, the forms and foliage of trees being beauti- 
 fully imitated. The kinds most commonly appropriated for 
 this purpose are, Plocamium Coccineum and Gelidium 
 Cartilagineum, which have a very beautiful effect if simply 
 expanded on smooth white paper, or on the pearly inner 
 surface of large shells. The whole order Floridex, to which 
 these belong, is remarkable for brilliant hues and often 
 
 elegant forms. 
 (P. H. Gossz.) Tue Ocran. 
 
AMII 
 
 PLOC 
 
 i fronds 
 
 ranche 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 3) 
 
 THE ATLANTIC OCHAN 
 
 Come down, come down, from the tall ship’s side; 
 What a marvellous sight is here ! 
 
 Look! purple rocks, and crimson trees, 
 Down in the deep so clear. 
 
 See ! where those shoals of dolphins go, 
 A glad and glorious band ; 
 
 Sporting amidst the day-bright woods 
 Of a coral fairy land. 
 
 See ! on the violet sands beneath, 
 How the gorgeous shells do glide ! 
 
 O sea! old sea! who yet knows half 
 Of thy;wonders and thy pride ? 
 
 Look how the sea-plants trembling float 
 All like a mermaid’s locks, 
 
 Waving in thread, of ruby red, 
 Over those nether rocks. 
 
 Heaving and sinking, soft and fair, 
 Here hyacinth—there green,— 
 With many a stem of golden growth, 
 
 And starry flowers between. 
 
 But away! away! to upper day ! 
 For monstrous shapes are here: 
 
 fonsters of dark and wallowing bulk, 
 And horny eyeballs drear : 
 
 * * ¥ * 
 
 Away ! away ! to upper day ; 
 To glance o’er the breezy brine, 
 And see the nautilus gladly sail, 
 The flying-fish leap and shine. 
 Mary Howirr. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 TOOTHED ODONTHALTA. 
 
 Tus very beautiful seaweed is frequently found on old 
 stems of Laminariw.. The urceolate capsules on the frond 
 (which is one species of fructification) appear very curious, 
 when viewed with the microscope. 
 
 In color the alge present three principal varieties, with, 
 of course, numerous intermediate shades; namely, grass-green, 
 olivaceous, red. The grass-green is characteristic of those 
 found in fresh water, or in very shallow parts of the sea, 
 along the shores, and generally above half-tide level, and is 
 rarely seen in those which grow at any greatdepth. But to 
 this rule there are exceptions sufficiently numerous, to forbid 
 our assigning the prevalence of this color altogether to 
 shallowness of water. Several of the more perfect Conferve 
 and Siphonez grow beyond the reach of ordinary tides; and 
 others, as the beautiful Anadyomene, are sometimes dredged 
 from very considerable depths. The great mass, however, of 
 the green-colored species are inconsiderably submerged. 
 The olivaceous brown, or olive-green, is almost entirely 
 confined to marine species; and is in the main, characteristic 
 of those that grow at half-tide level, becoming less frequent 
 towards low-water mark; but it frequently occurs also at 
 greater depths, in which case it is very dark, and passes into 
 brown, or almost black. The red also is almost exclusively 
 marine, and reaches its maximum in deep water. When it 
 occurs above half-tide level, it assumes either purple, or 
 orange, or yellow tints, and sometimes even a cast of green; 
 but in these cases it is sometimes brightened, by placing the 
 specimens for a short time in fresh water. 
 
 Hon. W. H. Harvey. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 75 
 | Tue pearl 
 Shines in the concave of its purple bed, | } 
 
 4 And painted shells along some winding shore 
 
 Catch with indented folds the glancing sun. 
 AKENSIDE. 
 
 Peruars no scene or situation is so intensely gratifying 
 | to the naturalist, as the shore of the ocean. The productions 
 of the latter element are innumerable, and the majesty of the 
 mighty waters lends an interest unknown to an inland 
 landscape. The loneliness, too, of the sea-shore is much 
 cheered by the constant changes arising from the ebb and 
 flow of the tide, and the undulations of the water’s surface, 
 sometimes rolling like mountains, and again, scarcely mur- 
 muring on the beach. As you gather there, | 
 
 * Bach flower of the rock, and each gem of the billow;”’ 
 
 you may feel with the poet, that there are joys in solitude, 
 and that there are pleasures to be found in the investigation 
 of nature, of the most powerful and pleasing influence. 
 
 “There is a pleasure in the pathless woods; 
 There is a rapture on the lonely shore; 
 There is society where none intrudes, | } 
 By the deep sea, and music in its roar. 7 
 
 | But nothing can be more beautiful than a view of the 
 bottom of the ocean, during a calm, even round our own 
 shores, but particularly in tropical climates, especially when 
 it consists alternately of beds of sand and masses of rock. 
 The water is frequently so clear and undisturbed, that at | 
 great depths, the minutest objects are visible; groves of 
 coral are seen expanding their variously coloured clumps, 
 some rigid and immoveable, and others waving gracefully 
 
 their fiexile branches. 
 Drummonp’s “First Sters’ To Botany.” i 
 
 | 
 
 > 
 E | 
 | 
 
 at 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 FEATHERED PTILOTA. 
 
 Tuts is one of the most beautiful of the marine alge. A 
 jointed appearance is visible in the young and tender parts 
 
 of this plant. 
 
 Like their kindred, the plants of the earth and air, the 
 seaweeds have their parasites. As the Tillandsia grows on 
 the giants of the tropical forests, and as the misseltoe grows 
 upon the apple-tree of our own orchards, so do some of these 
 draw their nourishment, or at least derive their support, 
 from the fronds or stalks of others. Ptilota Plumosa, for 
 example, a delicately feathered species, of a pink or purplish 
 hue, is found to be parasitical on the common tangle. It is 
 justly considered one of the ornaments of our southern 
 shores, but becomes still finer as we approach a more 
 
 northern latitude. 
 Tue OcEAN. 
 
 LINES ON THE FEATHERED PTILOTA; ADDRESSED TO——. 
 
 I rounp, while I wander’d alone on the strand, 
 By the cliff that o’erhangs the dark sea, 
 
 A flower of the ocean embedded in sand ; 
 And the thoughts it awoke, were of thee. 
 
 I saw it removed from the parent that nurst 
 Tts frail leaves as it oped to the deep ; 
 
 And I thought of the sorrow, the deepest, the first 
 That had taught thy young eye-lids to weep. 
 
 I saw it uprooted and torn by the storm, 
 From its kindred and home ’neath the wave ; 
 And I felt it might envy the earth’s meanest worm 
 That could make of its cradle a grave. 
 
PTILOTA PLUMOSA—FEATHERED PTILOTA 
 Division 1. Inarricurat#, Tribe9. FLrormEr2. 
 
 ed, from the extremely beautiful pinnated appearance of the 
 
 Scotland 
 
~l 
 
 ~ 
 
 AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 I thought of thee leaving the home of thy love, 
 And the friends that rejoiced in thy smile, 
 
 To be toss’d on the waves of the world, but to prove 
 How its fairy-wrought visions beguile. 
 
 And now ’mid the calm it was borne to its rest, 
 Ere the evening-tide murmurs had come ;— 
 
 Thou too, by the burthen and day-heat opprest, 
 Hast welcomed the rest of the tomb. 
 
 And far from the rocks where thy footsteps have stray’d, 
 Where the friends of thy youth for thee weep ; 
 
 On the shores of the stranger thy grave thou hast made, 
 And there gentle ones watch o’er thy sleep. 
 
 Meet emblem, again see it raised from the sand, 
 No sea-storm to feel or to fear;— 
 
 Thy spirit unfetter’d has soar’d to a land 
 Where thy joy is undimm’d by a tear. 
 
 (M.S.) Isasetna. (Knockmore.) 
 
 A REFLECTION AT SEA 
 
 Srp how beneath the moon-beams’ smile, 
 Yon little billow heaves its breast, 
 
 And foams and sparkles for a while, 
 And murmuring then subsides to rest. 
 
 Thus man, the sport of bliss and care, 
 Rises on time’s eventful sea ; 
 
 And having swell’d a moment there, 
 Thus melts into eternity ! 
 
 T. Moore. 
 
=F 
 2) 
 
 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 RED CERAMIUM. 
 
 Tus elegant, jointed plant should be examined through 
 a lens, to discover the beauty of its formation ;—it is very 
 
 variable in its ramification and coloring. 
 
 ToucH possessing no floral attractions, the alge are 
 often very beautiful in their forms and colors, as may be 
 seen by studying any preserved collection. They branch, 
 radiate, and interlace like the most delicate network; float 
 in long silken tresses, or spread along the rocky bottom, in 
 forms that surpass the most intricate tracery of human 
 invention. Nor are their colors often less attractive ; for 
 though the prevailing hue be a sober chocolate, there are 
 patches of the brightest green, yellow and vermilion, not 
 surpassed by the grandest shells that lurk below. It is true 
 that 
 
 “'The rainbow hues of the sea-tree’s bloom,” 
 
 is a mere fanciful absurdity, only fit to be classed with the 
 “coral bowers,” and “sparkling caves,” of the versifier ; yet 
 the reader has only to pick up a few of the mosses drifted by 
 the latest tide, and to float them in pure water, to be convinced 
 that both in form and color many of the alge would lose 
 nothing by a comparison with the gayest products of the 
 
 flower-garden. 
 CuamBeErs’ JOURNAL. 
 
<j t 
 ms 
 
 ion to the for 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 Tis pleasant to wander along on the sand 
 
 Beneath the high cliff that is hollow’d in caves ; 
 
 When the fisher has put off his boat from the land, 
 
 ¥ And the prawn-catcher wades thro’ the shore-rippling waves. 
 
 While fast run before us the sandling and plover, 
 Intent on the crabs and the sand-eels to feed ; i 
 And here on a rock which the tide will soon cover, 
 
 We'll find us a seat that is tapestried with weeds. | i 
 
 Bright gleam the white sails in the slant rays of even, 
 
 And stud as with silver the broad level main, 
 
 | While glowing clouds float on the fair face of heaven, | 
 
 | And the mirror-like water reflects them again. j 
 | 
 
 How various the shades of marine vegetation, 
 
 Thrown here, the rough flints and the pebbles among,— 
 The feather’d conferva of deepest carnation, 
 
 The dark purple slake, and the olive sea-thong. 
 
 Ah! whether as now the mild summer sea flowing, 
 Scarce wrinkles the sands as it murmurs on shore ; 
 
 Or fierce wintry whirlwinds impetuously blowing, 
 sid high maddening surges resistlessly roar ; 
 
 | That power which can put the wide waters in motion, 
 Then bid the vast billows repose at his word, 
 Fills the mind with deep rev’rence, while earth, air, and ocean, 
 
 Alike of the universe speak Him the Lord. 
 Mrs. C. Suir. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 ENTANGLED GIGARTINA. 
 Tuts is a remarkably entangled, wiry species, resembling 
 horsehair: the branches vary much in length. 
 
 Were the algx not really serviceable either in supplying 
 the wants, or administering to the comforts of mankind in 
 any other respect, their character would be redeemed by 
 their usefulness in the arts; and it is highly probable that we 
 shall find ourselves eventually infinitely more indebted to 
 them. One species—the Gigartina Tenex—is invaluable to 
 the Chinese as a glue and varnish. ‘Though a small plant, 
 the quantity annually imported at Canton, is stated by Mr. 
 Turner to be about 27,000 pounds. It is sold at Canton for 
 sixpence or eightpence a pound, and is used for the purposes 
 to which we apply gum-arabic, or glue. The Chinese 
 employ it chiefly in the manufacture of lanterns, to 
 strengthen or varnish the paper, and sometimes to thicken or 
 give gloss to silks or gauze. They also employ it as a 
 substitute for glass, smearing with it the interstices of bam- 
 boo work, which, when dry, presents lozenge-shaped spaces 
 
 of transparent gluten. 
 CusmpBers’ EptnBURGH JOURNAL. 
 
 Wuaat is life ?—'tis a delicate shell 
 Thrown up by eternity’s flow, 
 
 On time’s bank of quicksand to dwell, 
 And a moment its loveliness show. 
 Gone back to its element grand, 
 
 To the billow that brought it on shore, 
 See, another is washing the land, 
 
 And the beautiful shell is no more ! 
 Monrcomery. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 A SEASIDE COMPARIS 
 
 Tue mist hangs grey and pale 
 Over th’ horizon’s sea-swept verge, 
 Shrouding its distance in an awful veil; 
 While every tiny surge, 
 O’er shining pebbles rolling bright, 
 Breaks at our feet in clearest light ; 
 And the blue heavens, outspread above us, 
 Smile, like the cloudless eyes of those who love us. 
 
 Like Life! Oh, how like Life! 
 
 So dim, so hid, its onward way, 
 
 With unknown pleasures, pains, and perils rife, 
 While every fresh To-day 
 
 In open view before us shows 
 
 Its duties, trials, joys, and woes, 
 
 And far, but in unveil’d expansion, 
 
 Faith’s upward eye beholds her heavenly mansion. 
 
 (M.S.) A. J. VipAt. 
 
 A pEw-prop falling on the wild sea-wave, 
 Exclaim’d in fear, “I perish in this grave ; 
 But in a shell received, that drop of dew 
 Unto a pearl of marvellous beauty grew ; 
 And happy now, the grace did magnify, 
 Which thrust it forth—as it had fear’d, to die. 
 Until again, “I perish quite,” it said, 
 
 Torn by rude diver from its ocean bed ; 
 
 O unbelieving !—so it came to gleam 
 
 Chief jewel in a monarch’s diadem. 
 
 (Translated from the Persian by R, C. Frencu.) 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 FASTIGIATED POLYSIPHONTA. 
 
 Tus plant is a parasite upon Fucus Nodosus, and is by 
 some called Black-tufted Conferva. It should be examined 
 | with the microscope to see its distinctive character. It is 
 | very pretty when shaken out, and dried with the fucus 
 
 without pressure. 
 il Spna-WEED COLLECTOR. 
 
 Most alga are at some period of their growth found | 
 attached to other substances by means of a root, or at least a 
 hold-fast. Some species, which under ordinary circumstances 
 i} are attached by roots, occasionally dispense with them, and 
 continue to flourish independently of them. Of these the most 
 remarkable are Sargassum Bacciferum and Vulgare, which, 
 under the Spanish name Sargasso, or the English “Gulf- 
 Weed,” have forced themselves on the notice of all voyagers 
 who have crossed the Atlantic since the time of Columbus. | 
 The vast fields of sea-weed which were met by the adventurous 
 Genoese and his early followers, which made the ocean 
 appear like a meadow, and sensibly impeded the course of 
 their small vessels, consisted of these species. 
 Hon. W. H. Haryey. 
 
 “ON THE SOLDIERS OF ZENOP 
 
 RIVED IN SIGHT OF THE SBA.” 
 
 Tuovu mighty ocean, though with ceaseless course, 
 Thousands of years in turn have roll’d away, 
 Since the Almighty with his word of force, 
 Form'd thy vast bulk, no symptom of decay 
 
 Tells that this morn is not thy natal day.— 
 
 Such as thou wast, when first at God’s command, 
 Thy gather’d depths in endless volume lay, 
 
aman 
 
 iis: 
 
 AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 83 
 
 Such art thou now, and round each wave-beat strand, 
 Thou gird’st the changing shore with an eternal band. 
 
 Deserts have sprung where towering cities stood— 
 What track of earth may long the same remain ? 
 But changeless ever rolls the dark blue flood ; 
 No track ‘of ruin, and no age-worn stain, 
 
 Mark time’s rude path across the watery plain, 
 That boundless ‘‘image of eternity.” 
 
 Tyrants may claim earth through its wide domain ; 
 But Ocean’s stores to all alike are free, 
 
 And all alike may share the riches of the sea. 
 
 Earth yields to man her ever-teeming breast, 
 And owns herself subjected to his will ; 
 But who can tame the billows’ foaming crest, 
 
 When, lash’d by stormy gusts, they threaten ill 
 
 To the proud fabrics of man’s vaunted skill ? 
 
 Though once from human voice the waves have heard, 
 Amid their maddening fury, “Peace, be still ;’— 
 
 The troubled waters knew their sovereign Lord, 
 
 And bow’d in awe their wrath, obedient to his word. 
 
 Years have roll’d by, and Athens reigns no more ; 
 The brightness of her splendour long has set : 
 But ‘mid the ruins of her ancient power, 
 
 The memory of her glories lingers yet ; 
 
 Her fallen sons relate with fond regret, 
 
 Their country’s fame of old for deeds like this ; 
 And tell when “oft j in grateful evening met, | 
 Where up the shore the blue waves steal to kiss, 
 
 Of the proud fight their fathers fought at rugged Salamis. 
 
 Not they alone, while gazing on the sea, | 
 
 Find pleasure in the memory of the past ; 
 
 A mightier nation has its destiny, 
 
 Like ancient Athens, on the waters cast. 
 
 But O, my country! may thy glories last, 
 
 Till time itself is sinking to decay ; 
 
 Still may thy navies, borne before the blast, 
 
 Sweep o’er the ocean in resistless way, 
 | 
 
 Till every distant land owns England’s righteous sway. 
 
 Grorce GILBERT. (Bury School.) 
 
 R 
 
 ; 
 | 
 : 
 i 
 : 
 
84 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 DARK POLYSIPHONIA. 
 
 Tus plant may be readily distinguished from other 
 species, by its bushy habit, and woody stems, rough with 
 
 broken branches. 
 Sir W. Hooker. 
 
 AG”, like land plants, reach maturity in different spaces 
 of time, and endure for different periods. Many of the 
 
 smaller and more delicate are annual; others, of the her- 
 
 baceous kind, seem to be biennial, or, at least, frequently 
 perish at the end of the second season; and many continue 
 
 for several years, particularly those of a woody texture. 
 
 LittLE Marine Boranist. 
 
 Wuen the heat of mid-day is past, and the refreshing sea- 
 breeze invigorates the exhausted frame, it is delightful to 
 wander along the beach, and observe the various objects 
 there, which are full of interest. The sea-shore is indeed 
 the last place in which a true lover of nature can be idle. 
 Such a number of beings, varying in form and character, in 
 habits and manners, and in the design of their existence, 
 here surround him, as may often employ his time and 
 attention. Yet how many annually visit the sea, some for 
 the sake of health, some for amusement and pleasure, who 
 leave it without having examined a single one of the natural 
 
POLYSIPHONIA NIGRESCENS—DARK POLYSIPHONIA 
 
 On marine rocks, common. 6) 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 85 
 
 productions with which it teams—an investigation which 
 
 would have made many an uneasy hour, one of gratification 
 
 and instruction. 
 
 “SIGHTS IN ALL SEASONS.” 
 
 THERE was not, on that day, a speck, to stain 
 The azure heavens ; the blessed sun alone, 
 -In unapproachable divinity, 
 
 Career’d, rejoicing in his fields of light. 
 How beautiful beneath the bright blue sky, 
 The billows heave !—one glowing green expanse, 
 Save where along the bending line of shore 
 Such hue is thrown, as when the peacock’s neck 
 Assumes its proudest tint of amethyst, 
 Embathed in emerald glory. All the flocks 
 
 Of ocean are abroad: like floating foam, 
 
 The sea-gulls rise and fall upon the waves ; 
 With long protruded necks, the cormorants 
 Wing their far flight aloft, and round and round 
 The plovers wheel, and give their note of joy. 
 Tt was a day that sent into the heart 
 
 A summer feeling: even the insect swarms 
 From their dark nooks and coverts issued forth, 
 To sport through one day of existence more ; 
 The solitary primrose on the bank, 
 
 Seem’d now as though it had no cause to mourn 
 Its bleak autumnal birth; the rocks and shores, 
 The forest and the everlasting hills, 
 
 Smiled in that joyful sunshine,—they partook 
 
 The universal blessing. 
 
 SOUTHEY. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 RED PHYLLOPHORA. 
 
 A REMARKABLY beautiful plant when young. Its forma- 
 tion is peculiar to itself, and excepting when in a state of 
 decay, will seldom be mistaken. It may then be confounded 
 with Nitophyllum Laceratum; but a careful examination of 
 its characteristics, being proliferous from the midrib, as well 
 as a much firmer and more compact plant, will readily 
 distinguish it. It is perennial; and when young, the color is 
 a beautiful transparent rose-pink, turning to green or a 
 yellow brown in decay. 
 
 SEA-WEED COLLECTOR. 
 
 WALK TO THE SEA 
 
 Tue flowers upon the mountain’s side 
 Like lonely spirits dwell, 
 
 Where beauty finds a place to hide 
 
 In many a secret cell. 
 
 And now the wild variety 
 Of sea-weeds on the shore, 
 And shells of glorious ancestry, 
 
 Old Ocean’s beauteous floor. 
 
 There came in these a healing sense, 
 To thoughts of my despair ; 
 A living and felt evidence 
 
 Of sweet protecting care. 
 
PHYLLOPHORA RUBENS—RED PHYLLOPHORA 
 
 Division I. Inarricutare. Tribe 9, Frormra- 
 
 Name signifies “a leaf,’ and “ to bear;” from the proliferous nature of the frond. 
 
 On the rocky coast of England, frequent 
 
 21 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS, 
 
 If thus his presence stands confest 
 In shell, and flower, and stone, 
 To Him each want within my breast, 
 
 And every pain is known. 
 
 And now I feel me strong again 
 To join your living songs ; 
 All animate, thou vocal main, 
 
 With never-resting tongues. 
 
 And ye that stand in gloom profound, 
 Like sentries of the strand, 
 Ye everlasting hills around, 
 
 A bold fraternal band ; 
 
 And she that from her silver boat 
 Leans o’er the summer sea, 
 The moon, takes up the glorious note 
 
 In quiet majesty. 
 
 The moon, the mountains, and the sea, 
 Are in thy sheltering hand ; 
 But they are all no more to Thee 
 
 Than pebbles on the strand. 
 
 And though a sea of voices rise 
 
 Throughout the boundless 
 
 Thou hearest the inexpressed cries 
 
 Of one as mean as I. 
 
 By rue Avruor or “THe CATHEDRAL.” 
 
4 
 
 58 
 
 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 REEN ROCK CONFERVA. 
 
 Tus seaweed is very common, and but little noticed by 
 
 tion. 
 
 persons generally ;—but it is deserving of a careful examina- 
 
 It is found in large tufts; and by some, 1s called 
 
 Mermaid’s Train. 
 
 E’rn through winter’s barren hours, 
 Ocean’s 
 Summer suns may pass away, 
 
 carden has its flowers ; 
 
 Still they smile and look as gay. 
 
 Fadeless through the changing year, 
 Not a leaf among them sere. 
 Ev’ry form and hue display’d, 
 
 Varied as the “rainbow braid.” 
 
 On the dry and sterile rocks, 
 See, Conferva hangs her locks ; 
 There she waves her tresses fair 
 
 Soft as infant’s silken hair; 
 
 Now in tufts of silv’ry green, 
 Floating on the tide serene; 
 
 Small sea-insects in its bow’r 
 Sporting as in summer hour. 
 
 In the ocean’s vast domain, 
 Nothing has been made in vain;— 
 Goodness, care, and love divine, 
 Through the whole creation shine. 
 
 (M.S.) Exnuen Rogerts. 
 
Name 
 
 SFERVOIDER 
 ‘ conferruminare 
 y the ancients, 1 
 
 On marine rocks 
 
 STRIS—GREEN ROCK CONFERVA 
 
 Tribe 16. Conrerver 
 
 consolidate ; some of the specie: 
 
 the healing of fractured limbs 
 
 y common. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 89 
 
 M. Lamourovx has discovered that the groups of alge, or 
 marine plants, affect particular temperatures, or zones of 
 latitude, though some few genera prevail throughout the 
 
 ocean. The Polar Atlantic Ocean, to the 40th degree of 
 
 north latitude, presents a well-defined vegetation. The | } | 
 West-Indian seas, including the Gulf of Mexico, the eastern ) 
 coast of South America, the Indian Ocean and its gulfs, the | 
 shores of New Holland, and the neighbouring islands, 
 
 have each their distinct species. The Mediterranean pos - 
 
 sesses a vegetation peculiar to itself, extending to the Black 
 Sea; and the species of marine plants on the coast of Syria | 
 and in the port of Alexandria, differ almost entirely from 
 those of Suez and the Red Sea, notwithstanding the proximity 
 
 of their geographical situation. 
 
 Tt appears that in the dark and tranquil caves of the 
 
 ocean, on the shores alternately covered and deserted by the 
 | restless waves, on the lofty mountain and extended plain, in 
 the chilly regions of the north, and in the genial warmth of 
 the south, specific diversity is a general law of the vegetable 
 kingdom, which cannot be accounted for by diversity of ib 
 | climate; and yet the similarity, though not identity of | 
 species, is such, under the same isothermal lines, that, if the 
 number of species belonging to one of the great families of 
 
 plants be known in any part of the globe, the whole number 
 
 of the phanerogamous, or more perfect plants, and also the 
 number of species composing the other vegetable families, 
 
 may be estimated with considerable accuracy. 
 
 Mrs. SOMERVILLE. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 ACULEATED DESMARESTIA. 
 
 Ir is hardly possible to conceive a more beautiful object 
 than this plant, waving its young and delicate feathered 
 branches in the water. When thus gathered, however, it 
 possesses, in common with the following genus, the singular 
 property of changing to a verdigris green, and decomposing 
 
 most other alge placed near it. 
 
 Littte MARINE BotvanistT. 
 
 In the youngplant the branches are soft and flaccid, and 
 furnished along their whole length with tufts of light green 
 conferva-like filaments, which drop off as soon as it has com- 
 pleted its growth. Old plants are rigid, destitute of these 
 fibres, and the branches set with awl-shaped spines or 
 ramuli; but whenever they shoot out new branches, these are 
 constantly clothed with the green fibres, which seem to be 
 an indispensable accompaniment to the process of growth, 
 and perhaps perform the functions of leaves. 
 
 Hon. W. H. Harvey. 
 
 THR A ULEATED DESMARE S1 
 
 My birthplace is the ocean rocks, 
 My fragile form the deep sea laves ; 
 The tempest’s wild assaults it mocks, 
 And flourishes amidst the waves. 
 
 When young, fine tufts of grassy hue 
 My slender stems surround ; 
 
 And beauteous, ’midst the wat’ry blue, 
 
 Those feathery whorls abound. 
 
French natur 
 
 alist 
 
 tufts of hairs, which 
 
 Ss 
 
 ants 
 
 bh and rigid 
 
 spines 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 Lash’d by the waves, toss’d by the storm 
 7 ? d ’ 
 My nature stubborn grows ; 
 I lose at length my softer form, 
 As hate from harshness flows. 
 
 The filaments of gossamer, 
 In angry mood I shed, 
 
 And clothe my lengthen’d branches o’er 
 With stubborn thorns instead. 
 
 They shadow forth an emblem fit, 
 To picture man’s short life ; 
 Tracing the changes as they flit 
 2 ; 
 Across his sea of strife. 
 
 An infant first in simple guise, 
 All innocence and joy ; 
 J9) 
 Love beaming from its laughing eyes, 
 Pure as the azure sky. 
 
 But mark the man with troubled brow, 
 Changed from the joyous child ; 
 Dark angry passions vex him now, 
 By wrong and fraud beguiled. 
 
 The plants to youth no more return, 
 Their grassy tufts are shed ; 
 
 Those coarser stalks we now discern, 
 Proclaim its glory fled. 
 
 A happier lot on man attends ; 
 For him bright hopes remain ; 
 
 In peace with God oft passion ends, 
 And youth revives again. 
 
 J. Macxness, M.D., Hasrines. 
 
92 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 1 FEATHERED B 
 | 
 
 | Tuis graceful plant, of a delicate green color, is liable to 
 | 
 | much variation in size and ramification. The Bryopsis is one 
 HH of the most beautiful genera of the Marine Flora, and so per- 
 1 | 
 
 i fectly natural, that it is most difficult to define the species. 
 
 Tue tribe of which the Bryopsis Plumosa is a member, is 
 remarkable for its delicacy: in the one now mentioned, the 
 main stem is very slender, set with horizontally-spreading 
 branches, like a pine-tree, each of which is most elegantly 
 feathered. Its color is a bright grass-green, and the whole 
 
 surface shines as if it were varnished. It is so delicate, 
 
 that in drying, the coloring matter contracts in the stem, 
 leaving interrupted spaces destitute of color, and perfectly 
 transparent. 
 
 THE OcEAN. 
 
 THESE are but a very few of the multitudinous sea-weeds, 
 
 which would come under the notice of an observant visitor 
 to our own rocky shores; yet how manifold are the indi- 
 cations of infinite intelligence and goodness, even in these | 
 | 
 
 things, proverbial for their vileness ; and, while we gratefully 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 93 
 
 acknowledge the Divine hand in such species as conduce to 
 man’s sustenance or comfort, may we not, from the lavish 
 beauty and elegance of such as are of no direct benefit to 
 us, legitimately draw the same consolatory inference which 
 the Saviour drew from the lovely lilies at his fees? If 
 God so clothe these obscure caverns and submerged rocks, 
 will He not much more care for those whom he has redeemed 
 with the blood, and conformed to the image of His Son? 
 Nor is the relation which He sustains to these frail and 
 perishing weeds limited to an exertion of creative power. 
 All are marshalled in order, each is provided incessantly 
 with the requisite supplies for its welfare, and each is 
 assigned to that particular locality which suits its habit of 
 growth, and where alone it flourishes. 
 
 THe Ocran. 
 
 Full many a gem of purest ray serene, 
 d So ey 
 The dark, unfathom’d caves of ocean bear. 
 
 GRAY. 
 
 AND senseless indeed must he be, who, after adding to his 
 store of happiness by looking into the things of God’s 
 creation, fails to discover that the knowledge and love of 
 God, his own and their Creator, should be to him the source 
 and spring of all his happiness. Can it be that fallen man 
 should feel his mind expand in the peaceful enjoyment of 
 dissecting the puny herbs which Nature scatters every 
 
 where in his way, and not rejoice in his moments of reflec- 
 
FLOWERS. 
 
 OCEAN 
 H tion, that the God of Nature has revealed hinself also as 
 the God of Peace? If, by searching into the lews by which 
 
 He governs the universe, the mind attain a quiet and calm 
 f ’ 1 
 
 } enjoyment, as unmixt with evil as any thing ezrthly can be, 
 how much more conducive to his happiness must that know- 
 
 ledge be which “ maketh wise unto salvation !” 
 
 He prayeth best, who loveth best 
 All things both great and small; 
 For the great God, who loveth us, 
 
 He made and loveth all. 
 
 C, A, Jouns’ “Botanica, RAMBLES.” 
 
PART 0h 
 
 | H 
 | H 
 | i 
 | { ae T A XT <b + 
 | CORALLINE AND SPONGE, | 
 } 
 “Verily, for nine own part, the more I look into Nature’s works, the sooner am 
 IT induced to beleve of her, even those things that seem incredible.” | 
 Old Author, quoted by Dr. JounsTon. | | 
 | 
 at gi 1 
 | 
 ¢ iH 
 What hid’st thou in thy treasure-caves and cells, i 
 Tiou hollow-sounding and mysterious main ? | | | 
 Pie-glistening pearls, and rainbow-color’d shells, | | 
 Bight things that gleam unreck’d of, and in vain. | hes 
 
 Mrs. HemaAns, 
 
CORALLINE AND SPONGE, 
 
 CorALLinE and Sponge not being admitted amongst either 
 the Sea-weeds or Zoophytes, we will place them where so 
 many naturalists have described them, as a link between 
 the animal and vegetable kingdoms. From the earliest 
 times when systematic views of nature were sought, clouds 
 have overhung the marching confines of these two divisions 
 of her great domain. We find Lamark classing Corallina 
 with animals, and Blainville deciding that it is a plant. 
 Linneus, and many other eminent men, were of opinion, 
 judging from its shelly appearance, that it was of animal 
 nature, maintaining that animals alone ever produced lime ; 
 but on removing the calcareous crust, we perceive that it is 
 merely a deposit enveloping a structure wholly vegetable 
 in its character. 
 
 Sponges are more generally classed as the lowest members 
 of the animal kingdom—far beneath the other zoophytes. 
 But amidst all the perplexing differences of opinion 
 which prevail on the subject, this yet unsettled “boun- 
 dary question” of Nature, which perhaps involves within 
 it that deeper riddle yet, that mystery of mysteries, even 
 the principle of life, one lesson we may learn, without 
 fearing that eternity itself shall teach us to unlearn it— 
 that we, whose span of thought cannot measure the meanest 
 works of God’s creation, pretend not to judge, what our 
 wisdom is to adore, the ways of His providence, the wonders 
 
 of His grace ! 
 
 So He ordain’d whose way is in the sea, 
 
 His path amidst great waters, and his steps 
 
 Unknown ; whose judgments are a mighty deep, 
 
 Where plummet of archangel’s intellect, 
 
 Could never yet find soundings; but from age 
 
 To age, let down, drawn up, then thrown again 
 
 With lengthen’d line and added weight, still fails, 
 
 And still the ery in heaven is, “ O the depth!” 
 MONTGOMERY. 
 
So 
 
 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 CORALLINE. 
 
 Tue ordinary form of the Coralline is most pleasing, 
 particularly when growing, as they delight to do, on the 
 sides of the still, rocky pools, their bushy tufts gracefully 
 hanging over each other, like weeping willows in miniature, 
 
 Beyond its beauty, I know not that this little creature 
 has any obvious claim on our consideration, except that, in 
 common with other sea-plants, it gives out oxygen, and 
 thus maintains the element in which it grows in a state fit 
 for the support of animal life. And here so wisely is the 
 balance kept up between the animals which absorb oxygen, 
 and the plants which evolve it, that, perhaps, the world 
 could not afford to lose a single species of either, without 
 derangement of the existing order, which would be followed 
 
 by manifest inconvenience. 
 P. H. Gossr.—* Tue OcEAn.”’ 
 
 Fair gem of the ocean wild, 
 Why cast on the beach alone ! 
 Seek’st thou, thou wandering child, 
 Some joy from thy bright halls flown ? 
 Return to thy pearly bed, 
 To bloom with thy kindred flowers, 
 Where no early buds are shed, 
 None die in thy smiling bowers. 
 
 And bear me to the cave, 
 Far down in the deep, deep sea, 
 Where beneath the restless wave, 
 The mermaid dwells with thee ; 
 Where she rests while the billows roar, 
 And the sounding surges swell, 
 As they bear to his native shore 
 The sea-boy’s sad “ farewell.” 
 
ALLINE 
 
 COR 
 Biainville 
 
 N 
 
 COMMO 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 99 
 
 There with her and thee I'll dwell, 
 Where no earthborn cares can come; 
 Nor long in thy fairy cell, 
 | For a brighter or fairer home ; 
 And I'll list to the dulcet song, 
 
 And join in the sea-nymphs’ ring, 
 | Nor ought ’mid that joyous throng 
 A thought of the past shall bring. 
 
 And earth with its breaking hearts, 
 With its fleeting hopes, shall be 
 Like a dream when night departs, 
 Or the moan of the distant sea. 
 Then we'll form the fairy skiff, 
 And we'll float o’er coral and sand, 
 Till we rest beneath the cliff, 
 Where a sound may come from the land. { 
 
 | | 
 | Ah no! that sound would steal | | 
 | O’er my soul like the sigh of a friend, } 
 And the tone, and the look reveal, | ) 
 That could brightness to sorrow lend; i 
 That sigh would the past recall, 
 And the sea-bed would yield no rest | 
 To the weary spirit’s thrall, | 
 That yearns for a kindred breast. 
 
 And earth with its tears and grief, 
 False hopes and true fears, would be mine; 
 Nor again would I seek relief, 
 Where the pearls and the sea-weed twine. 
 Ah no! there’s a surer rest, 
 Where no grief nor fear can come, 
 Where the earth-weary spirit is blest, 
 And the pilgrim finds a home. 
 
 (M.S.) IsapeL.ta Knocxmore. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 SPONGE. 
 
 Ir we take a small portion of sponge, and place it under a 
 magnifying lens, we shall see that it is composed of shining, 
 horny, nearly transparent fibres, which, by uniting with 
 each other at all angles and distances, form a loose and very 
 irregular network. Now, when in a living state, every fibre 
 was inclosed in a coating of thin, clear jelly, which formed 
 the living animal, the horny fibres constituting only the 
 skeleton. The animal nature of sponges is not easily to be 
 detected: no indication of sensation has ever been perceived 
 in them when living, even though violence in many modes 
 has been offered to them; though beaten, pinched with hot 
 irons, cut or torn, or subjected to the action of the strongest 
 acids. ‘The substance may be destroyed, but there is no con- 
 traction, nor the slightest evidence of feeling ; to all appear- 
 ance they are as passive as the rock on which they grow. 
 
 One proof of their animality, however, is open to every 
 one; we are all familiar with a peculiar smell produced 
 when horn, wool, feathers, &c., are burnt 3 this smell arises 
 from the presence of ammonia, and is peculiar to animal 
 matter; on burning a bit of sponge, this animal odour is 
 strongly perceptible. On viewing a living sponge in water 
 with attention, it is found to exhibit a constant and energetic 
 action, which sufficiently shows its vitality. Dr. Grant gives 
 the following interesting account of his discovery of this 
 
 motion in a native Species. “TI put a small branch of the 
 
Common 
 
 RAMOSA—SPONGE 
 x Jobuston 
 
 “ha 
 aaa 
 cs 2 
 Had 
 Mm 8 
 A “ 
 | aie ae 
 } O 8 
 H5 
 tel 4 | 
 fz } 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 101 
 
 Spongia Coalita, with some sea-water, into a watch-glass, 
 under the microscope ; and on reflecting the light of a candle 
 through the fluid, I soon perceived that there was some 
 intestine motion in the opaque particles floating through the 
 water. On moving the watch-glass, so as to bring one of 
 the apertures on the side of the sponge fully into view, | 
 beheld for the first time, the splendid spectacle of this 
 living fountain, vomiting forth from a circular cavity an 
 impetuous torrent of liquid matter, and hurling along, in 
 rapid succession, opaque masses, which it strewed every 
 where around. The beauty and novelty of such a scene in 
 the animal kingdom long arrested my attention; but after 
 twenty-five minutes of constant observation, I was obliged 
 to withdraw my eye, from fatigue, without having seen the 
 torrent for one instant change its direction, or diminish in 
 the slightest degree the rapidity of its course. I continued 
 to watch the same orifice, at short intervals, for five hours, 
 sometimes observing it for a quarter of an hour at a time ; 
 but still the stream rolled on with a constant and equal 
 velocity.” 
 P. H. Gossr.—“* Tur OcEan.” 
 
 Wuar particular function or office has been devolved by 
 the all-wise Creator upon these Zoophytes, which are pro- 
 duced so rapidly, and in such numbers, on the bed of the 
 ocean and rocks, has not been ascertained, As in the case 
 of a vast variety of other marine animals, they probably 
 derive their nutriment from the contents of the water ab- 
 sorbed by their tubes ; they may contribute their part to the 
 
 depuration of the oceanic waters, and to the maintenance of 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS. 
 
 i | the equilibrium amongst their inhabitants, however minute, 
 | which is necessary to the general welfare. Doubtless, in 
 their creation, He who inhabiteth eternity, to whose view 
 all time, as all space is present, had in view the benefit of 
 his creature man, to whom they form a very useful present, 
 and which he has long applied to his purposes. Sponges 
 were in use as early as Aristotle’s time, when the people 
 
 employed in collecting them observed, that when they 
 
 | attempted to pluck them up, they appeared to resist, whence 
 mt | they concluded they had some sensation. They now form a 
 Mt | | very considerable article of commerce. The fishery for them 
 | is chiefly carried on in the Mediterranean, particularly in the 
 Grecian Archipelago. The collection of sponges is attended 
 
 with danger, as they are fixed to the rocks at the depth of 
 
 several fathoms, so that the sponge-fishers must be excellent 
 divers. Tournefort says that no youth in these islands is 
 allowed to marry, till he has given proofs of his capacity in 
 
 this respect. Amongst plants, sponges present some analogy 
 
 to puff-balls, 
 
 Kirpy’s “BripGnwater TREATISE.” 
 
PART TEED 
 
 LOOPHYTES. 
 
 Involved in sea-wrack, here you find a race, 
 
 Which science, doubting, knows not where to place ; 
 On shell or stone is dropt the embryo seed, 
 
 And quickly vegetates a vital breed. 
 
 nn ct 
 
ZOOPHYTES. 
 
 THE collector of sea-weeds, whilst wandering on the beach, 
 or pursuing his object amongst the rocks which the tide has 
 left bare, will be sure to find, clinging to the Alge, or waving 
 gracefully on shells contiguous to them, certain pretty, deli- 
 cate, light-brown specimens, which he will probably consider, 
 if his attention have not been previously called to the subject, 
 as so many varieties of sea-weed. And as such they were 
 classed by naturalists till about a century ago, when their 
 true nature was discovered; and they are now established as 
 Zoophytes, or animal plants,—animals in their structure— 
 plants in their appearance. 
 
 It was to Mr. Ellis,* a merchant of London, that the dis- 
 covery was actually due, although there had been some 
 preparation for it in the works of a French naturalist, 
 Peyssonnel.—* Ellis was fond of amusing himself with 
 making imitations of landscapes, by the curious and skilful 
 disposition of delicate sea-weeds and corallines on paper; and 
 it was this amusement which directed his enquiries into the 
 nature of the latter, for, attracted by their beauty and neat- 
 ness, he was induced to examine them minutely with the 
 
 microscope, by the aid of which, he immediately perceived 
 
 * Mentioned in “ White’s Natural History of Selborne,’’ as the 
 
 *Coralline Ellis.’ 
 
 \j 
 | 
 \j 
 
106 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 that they differed not less from each other in respect to their 
 form, than they did in regard to their texture; and that in 
 many of them, this texture was such as to indicate their 
 being more of an animal than a vegetable nature.* 
 
 Ellis published his discoveries in the form of an “ Essay 
 towards a Natural History of Corallines, and other marine 
 productions of the same kind,” which appeared in 1755. He 
 classes these Zoophytes under the name of Corallines; but 
 more recent naturalists give that designation to only one 
 genus, which is considered by many as belonging to the 
 
 vegetable kingdom. Ellis’s English names, as being very 
 
 expressive, are given in the following pages; the Latin names 
 and classification are from Dr. Johnston’s most entertaining 
 work on British Zoophytes, from which we also extract the 
 following description. 
 
 “A zoophyte consists of two parts; the polype, whose 
 presence is essential; and the polypidom, which is the house 
 or support of the polype ; and which, though commonly pre- 
 sent, is yet not necessary to the existence of a zoophyte. 
 In the specimens here given, the form which meets the eye 
 is, in fact, the polypidom, which may be considered as a sort 
 of family residence, inhabited by various individuals, all 
 occupying separate apartments. Some, when viewed under 
 the microscope, will be seen to consist of a number of small 
 cells, each of which is the habitation of a polype. In the 
 larger specimens, the cells are distinctly visible to the naked 
 eye; and even the polype may be thus seen, when the 
 specimen is taken fresh out of the water. Most of the 
 polypes have the power of withdrawing themselves within 
 
 their cells, by the contraction of their bodies, and thus lying 
 
 * Dr. Johnston. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 107 
 
 concealed ; whilst some, as the Tubularia Indivisa, are 
 destitute of this power.” 
 
 In making the selection of zoophytes which fills the 
 following pages, we have endeavoured to give those which 
 are best calculated to illustrate the varied characters of this 
 interesting class, and which, at the same time, are sufficiently 
 abundant to furnish the requisite number of specimens. 
 Many kinds are so exceedingly minute, as to require the aid 
 of a microscope to render their form apparent, and these are 
 of course ineligible. Those who feel inclined to pursue the 
 subject further, will find a mine of interest in Dr. Johnston’s 
 work,* which is illustrated with plates of great accuracy and 
 
 beauty. 
 M. M. H. 
 
 * “A History of British Zoophytes, by George Johnston, M. D, 
 Second Edition.” 
 
108 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 HERRING-BONE CORALLINE. |. 
 
 ie | Tus is generally found on the larger univalves, often on 
 
 oyster-shells. | Young specimens are often partially colored 
 | a bright yellow, dependant, apparently, on the color of the 
 interior pulp. 
 
 Tuis order of zoophytes is propagated by buds, or gem- 
 mules, and by eggs. By the former, the polype extends its 
 individual life, while by the latter, the species is multiplied 
 and continued. Every species begins its existence with a 
 single polype, which by the evolution of a succession of buds, 
 after an order peculiar to each, grows up to a polypidom, that 
 may contain many hundreds of tenants. On the regulated 
 production of these buds, the upward growth and character 
 
 neers 
 
 of the polypidom depends ; and simultaneous with its growth, 
 the fibres by which it is rooted extend and increase themselves, 
 and at uncertain intervals, give existence to similar buds, 
 whence new polypiferous shoots take their origin, for these 
 root-fibres are full of the same living medullary substance 
 
 with the rest of the body. 
 
 New buds and bulbs the living fibre shoots, 
 
 On length‘ning branches, and protruding roots. 
 
 Or on the father’s side, from bursting glands 
 
 Th’ adhering young its nascent form expands ; 
 
 | In branching lines the parent trunk adorns, 
 
 | And parts, ere long, like plumage, hairs, or horns.* 
 
 Dr. G. JOHNSTON. 
 
 Nicostratvs, in lian, finding a curious piece of wood, 
 and being wondered at by one, and asked what pleasure he 
 could take to stand as he did, still gazing on the picture ; 
 
 * Darwin's “Temple of Nature.” 
 
Class 
 
 Th 
 
 HALECIUM 
 
 a 
 
 On shells 
 
 Halecina, 
 
 and 
 
 Ellis 
 Family 3. SERTULARIADAZ 
 
 water Common 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 109 
 
 answered, “ Hadst thou mine eyes, my friend, thou wouldst 
 not wonder, but rather be ravished as I am, at the inimitable 
 art of this rare and admirable piece.” I am sure no picture 
 can express so much wonder and excellency as the smallest 
 insect, but we want Nicostratus his eyes to behold them. 
 And the praise of God’s wisdom and power lies asleep and 
 dead in every creature, until man actuate and enliven it. 
 I cannot, therefore, altogether conceive it unworthy of the 
 greatest mortals to contemplate the miracles of nature, and 
 that as they are more visible in the smallest and almost con- 
 temptible creatures ; for there, most lively do they express 
 the infinite power and wisdom of the great Creator, and 
 erect and draw the minds of the most intelligent, to the 
 first and prime Cause of all things, teaching them, as the 
 power, so the presence, of the Deity in the smallest insects. 
 
 SAMUEL PuRcHASE. 
 
 THE sounds and seas, each creek and bay 
 
 With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals 
 
 Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales, 
 Glide under the green wave in sculls that oft 
 
 Bank the mid-sea : part single, or with mate, 
 
 Graze the sea-weed, their pasture, and through groves 
 Of coral stray ; or, sporting with quick glance, 
 Show to the sun their waved coats dropt with gold ; 
 Or in their pearly shells at ease, attend 
 
 Moist nutriment, or under rocks their food 
 
 In jointed armour watch : on smooth the seal, 
 
 And bended dolphins play—part, huge of bulk, 
 Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, 
 Tempest the ocean: there Leviathan, 
 
 Hugest of living creatures, on the deep 
 
 Stretched like a promontory, sleeps or swims, 
 
 And seems a moving land, and at his gills 
 
 Draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a flood. 
 
 MILTON. 
 
110 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 SEA-FIR CORALLINE. 
 
 Tus elegant Coralline is frequently found on our coast, 
 adhering, by its vermicular tubes, to most kinds of shells. 
 It grows very erect, and is frequently infested with little 
 
 minute shells called Serpulas. 
 ELLis. 
 
 THE specimens are from four to six inches high, of a 
 yellowish horn color, sometimes tinged with red. 
 
 The Sertula Abietina is occasionally tinted of a pink or 
 rose-red color, the cause of which appearance has not been 
 ascertained. Many of the zoophytes of this order emit a 
 luminous or phosphorescent fluid; the beautiful appearance 
 they make in this state, is thus alluded to in the following 
 
 lines :— 
 
 Wair till they land, and you shall then behold 
 The fiery sparks those tangled fronds unfold ; 
 Mpyriads of living points—the unaided eye 
 Can but the fire, and not the form descry. 
 CrapBe’s ** BorovuGH.” 
 
 The following lines apply so equally well to the zoophyte 
 and its rock, that we are happy to appropriate its beautiful 
 lesson to these pages. 
 
 THE LIMPET AND THE ROCK. 
 
 In Nature’s all-instructive book, 
 Where can the eye of reason look, 
 And not some gainful lesson find, 
 To guide and mortify the mind ? 
 
| 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 E | 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 The simple shell on yonder rock 
 May seem, perchance, this book to mock— 
 
 Approach it then, and learn its ways, 
 And read the lesson it conveys. 
 At distance view’d, it seems to lie 
 On its rough bed so carelessly, 
 That ’twould an infant’s hand obey, 
 Stretch’d forth to seize it in its play ; 
 But let that infant’s hand draw near, 
 It shrinks with quick instinctive fear, | 
 And clings as close as though the stone 
 
 It rests upon and it were one. 
 
 * * a SS 
 
 And is not this a lesson worth | 
 The study of the sons of earth? 
 
 Who need a Rock so much as we? 
 
 Ah! who to such a Rock can flee ? 
 
 | A Rock to strengthen, comfort, aid, 
 
 To guard, to shelter, and to shade ; 
 
 A Rock whence fruits celestial grow, 
 And whence refreshing waters flow.— 
 No rock is like this Rock of ours! 
 
 Oh then, if you have learnt your powers 
 
 3y a just rule to estimate ; 
 Tf justly you can calculate, 
 How great your need, your strength how frail, 
 How prone your best resolves to fail ; 
 
 When humble caution bids you fear 
 
 A moment of temptation near, 
 
 Let wakeful memory recur 
 
 To this your simple monitor, 
 
 And wisely shun the trial’s shock 
 
 By clinging closely to your Rock. 
 
 Mayo. 
 
112 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 i SEA-HAIR CORALLINE, 
 
 y) Tue branches are irregularly sprinkled with little vesicles, 
 
 the tops of which are often covered with a sort of rounded 
 
 operculum, from which one of its names is derived. The 
 f | resemblance of these vesicles to the capsules of mosses, was 
 one fact which led the early botanists to infer the vegetable 
 | nature of the Corallines. ‘The vesicles appear most abun- 
 
 11 | dantly in winter and spring. 
 
 “As for your pretty little seed-cups or vases, they are a 
 i sweet confirmation of the pleasure Nature seems to take in 
 superadding an elegance of form to most of her works 
 oS oD ? 
 
 wherever you find them. How poor and bungling are all | 
 
 the imitations of art! When I have the pleasure of seeing 
 you next, we will sit down—nay, kneel down, if you will— 
 and admire these things.” 
 
 Thus did Hogarth—our great moral painter—write to 
 Ellis, in evident reference to the zoophytes of the present 
 order; and he must indeed be more than ordinarily dull and 
 insensate, who can examine them without catching some of 
 the enthusiasm of the artist. They excel all other zoophytical 
 productions in delicacy and the graceful arrangement of their 
 
 forms; some borrowing the character of the prettiest marine 
 
 eee 
 
 plants, others assuming the semblance of the ostrich-plume, | 
 while the variety and elegance exhibited in the figures and 
 sculpture of their miniature cups and chalices is only limited 
 
 by the number of their species, 
 Dr. G. Jounston. 
 
7 
 
 == —— 
 
 \s 
 
 CL LAE 
 
 ) 
 
 JLARIA OPERCULATA—SEA HAIR. Sits 
 
 ev roark on faci, particul: mn the stalks cf Laminaria Digitata 
 
Tou lovely tenant of the ocean deep, 
 
 They call thee Ladies’ Hair, as if to mark 
 
 Thy slender form of graceful elegance. 
 
 Thou hadst thy birth in ocean’s darkest caves, 
 And thou wast rear’d by the united aid 
 
 Of sentient beings, numerous and minute. 
 When thou art view’d with microscopic eye, 
 Ten thousand cells thy shining stem unfolds, 
 Where living creatures once did move and dwell, 
 And pass’d their day of life and happiness. 
 
 Is it not wondrous, that the mighty God 
 Whose wisdom guides the stars, and rules the seas, 
 Should, from the great sublime to the minute, 
 Watch over all the beings He has form’d, 
 
 And in a bond of joy and harmony 
 
 Surround th’ illimitable universe! 
 
 Oh, Thou most glorious! when thy works I view, 
 Thy wisdom infinite strikes on my heart! 
 Throughout the scale of life’s extended range, 
 Thou giv’st enjoyment to each living thing, 
 
 And all proclaim, in language of their own, 
 
 That Goodness Infinite created all. 
 
 (M.S.) J. Mackness, M.D. Hastings. 
 
 Barren and desolate as the sea appears to those who only 
 look upon it, and search not into it, yet within its bosom are 
 contained creatures, exceeding in number those that walk and 
 creep upon the land ; insomuch that, in the sacred language, 
 they have their name from a word which signifies “to 
 
 multiply.” 
 : Bishop Horne. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 SQUIRREL’S-TAIL CORALLINE. 
 
 THis is a very elegant and graceful Coralline, having much 
 the appearance of a squirrel’s tail, from which its English 
 name is taken. In young specimens the branches are simply 
 pinnate, and as they increase in height, they become subdi- 
 vided. When the specimen attains a foot or more in height, 
 the lower half of the stem loses its branches and cells, and 
 becomes entirely naked. This species, and one other, Sertu- 
 laria Cupressina, are the only native species which have a 
 distinct stem. 
 
 The Sertularia Argentea is one of the most delicate and 
 graceful of the zoophytes. It is generally found growing in 
 trios, three on one shell. Though very fragile and weak, it is 
 seldom found as much battered by the wave as some of the 
 other zoophytes ; this is probably owing to its flexibility; 
 even as the gentle and yielding temper bending submissively 
 to the will of God, escapes many a storm in life, which 
 dashes with destructive force against the heart which is 
 rendered rigid by the presence of a selfish and independent 
 will. 
 
 M. M. H. 
 
 Wuat is Omnipotence ?—is it not the power of attending 
 to all things undistracted, as well as of doing the mightiest 
 things unexhausted? The Almighty—is he not able to 
 
 attend to all the wants of His creatures ? Is there in crea- 
 
 tion aught that would lead us to suppose, that to his compre- 
 
 hensive eye any grandeur is imposing, or any minuteness 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 despicable? Did he only create the suns and larger planets, 
 
 and leave it to moons and little worlds to create themselves ? 
 
 | Or, coming down to this lower world, did he bestow a 
 higher finish on the bulkier existences, and show little care 
 for the lesser and lower? Was he rejoicing in the greatness 
 of his strength when he formed the oak and the lion, and | 
 had his arm grown weary, when it reached the lily and the | | 
 nightingale ? Though there were no Bible to proclaim it, | 
 there is evidence enough; whether we look up into the 
 
 heavens with their circling worlds, or down into a drop of 
 
 water with its myriads of gay-dartirig monads, [may we not 
 add, or examine the exquisite structure of the tenants of a 
 zoophyte’s cell? |] proof enough, that He who made the whole 
 of such a universe, is able to attend to it. 
 
 Hamitton’s “ Mount oF OLIves.”’ | 
 
 By “looking unto Jesus,” the Christian rises, like a 
 nautilus, from his dark and native depths, to the pure 
 atmosphere and warm sunshine of another world ; spreads 
 
 forth his tiny sails of faith, and hope, and love, and is gently 
 
 wafted over the waters of life by the balmy gales of grace. 
 
 Onward he glides, beautiful in movement, and joyful in 
 
 his new existence, so long as the heavy waters of this world 
 
 are excluded : that moment he imbibes them, he sinks. 
 
 Rev. J. STEVENSON. 
 
116 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 BOTTLE BRUSH CORALLINE 
 
 Tuts remarkable Coralline is sometimes a foot in height, 
 generally less, affixed by a tubular fibre, which is sometimes | 
 agglutinated to others from other shoots, so as to form a 
 
 lichen-like crust concentrically wrinkled. 
 
 It is found on the coast of Scotland, and in the north of 
 England; particularly about Scarborough, where from the 
 fishermen it received its name of Bottle Brush, according to | 
 Ellis. 
 
 Our specimen is from Aberdeen. 
 if 
 
 In the following ingenious and instructive passage, the 
 Sea-Anemone, a zoophyte of the order Helianthoida, is 
 
 primarily intended ; but the comparison will apply with | 
 
 nearly equal force, to any zoophyte which is rooted and 
 | stationary. 
 
 “Those of you who are familiar with the shore may have 
 seen attached to the inundated reef 4 creature, whether a « 
 plant or an animal you could scarcely tell, rooted to the 
 rock as a plant might be, and twirling its long tentacula as 
 an animal would do. This plant-animal’s life is somewhat 
 
 monotonous, for it has nothing to do but grow and twirl its 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS 
 
 feelers, float in the tide, or fold itself upon its footstalk when 
 
 that tide has receded, for months and years together. 
 
 Now would it not be very dismal to be transformed into a 
 zoophyte? Would it not be an awful punishment, with 
 your human soul still in you, to be anchored to a rock, able 
 to do nothing but spin about your arms or fold them up 
 again, and knowing no variety except when the receding 
 ocean left you in the daylight, or the returning waters 
 plunged you into the green depths again, or the sweeping 
 tide brought you the prize of a young periwinkle or an 
 invisible star-fish? But what better is the life you are 
 spontaneously leading? What greater variety marks your 
 existence, than chequers the life of the sea-anemone ? Does 
 not one day float over you after another, just as the tide 
 floats over it, and find you much the same, and leave you 
 vegetating still? Are you more useful? What real service 
 to others did you render yesterday? What tangible amount 
 of occupation did you overtake in the one hundred and 
 sixty-eight hours of which last week consisted? And 
 what higher end have you in living than that polypus? You 
 go through certain mechanical routines of rising and dressing 
 and visiting and dining, and going to sleep again, and are a 
 little aroused from your usual lethargy by the arrival of a 
 friend, or the effort needed to write some note of ceremony. 
 But as it curtseys in the waves, and vibrates its exploring 
 arms and gorges some dainty medusa, the sea-anemone goes 
 through nearly the same round of pursuits and enjoyments, 
 with your intelligent and immortal self. Is this a life for a 
 
 rational and responsible creature to lead ? 
 
 Rev. J. Haminton’s “Lire 1x EARNEST.” 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 LOBSTER’S-HORN CORALLINE, 
 
 No zoophyte suffers so much in its appearance, by being 
 removed from its native position and transferred to paper, as 
 the Antennularia Antennina. In its natural state it is truly 
 a splendid object; one root bearing, perhaps, between forty 
 and fifty antenne, waving in every direction; sometimes 
 thickly clothed with short hair-like fibres, occasionally 
 branched, and attaining a height of eight inches and 
 upwards. 
 
 There are many facts which prove that the growth of 
 these polypidoms is very rapid, but not more so than might 
 be anticipated when it is remembered how vast is the number 
 of polype architects ; and no sooner is a new branch extended 
 than it becomes almost simultaneously a support of new 
 workers, which, with “toil unweariable,” add incessantly to 
 the materials of increase.* Their duration is various: some 
 have only a summer’s existence, as Laomedea Geniculata ; 
 many are probably annual; and the epiphyllous kinds 
 cannot, at most, prolong their term beyond that of the weed on 
 which they grow ; but such as attach themselves to rocks, are 
 probably less perishable, for their size and consistency seem 
 to indicate a greater age. There are facts which appear to 
 prove that the life of the individual polypes is even more 
 transitory than their own cells; that, like a blossom, they 
 bud and blow and fall off, or are absorbed, when another 
 sprouts up from the medullary pulp to occupy the very cell 
 of its predecessor, and, in its turn, to give way, and be 
 replaced by another. Lamouroux says, “Some there are 
 that are entirely covered with polypi through the summer 
 and autumn, but they perish with the cold of winter: no 
 sooner, however, has the sun resumed his revivifying in- 
 fluence than new animals are developed, and fresh branches 
 are produced upon the old ones.” 
 
 Dr. G, Jounsron. 
 R66 5 One aris r ¥ T 
 a Tn the Sertularia Polyzonias, I have some reason to believe that a 
 large Specimen can be formed, under favorable circumstances, in the course 
 of fourteen days.” 
 
kat 
 RS 
 
 LOBSTE 
 
 ed to the feels 
 
 eo 
 £ 
 s 
 a 
 3 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 119 
 
 The following lines were written after reading Hamilton’s 
 remarks on the zoophyte. 
 
 A WEARY, weary lot is thine, 
 Half-living blossom of the wave ; 
 Fast anchor’d, on thy rock to pine, 
 Thine asking arms to stretch and twine, 
 That hopelessly for action crave. 
 Earth’s prisoner thou, the offspring of the sea, 
 Captive, yet born of boundless liberty. 
 
 Alas for all like thee !—for those, 
 The ardent heart, the soaring mind, 
 Thro’ whom th’ electric current flows, 
 Yet only life enough bestows 
 To make them thrill with powers confined, 
 Quiv’ring with voiceless thought and aimless hope, 
 And restless energy that finds no scope. 
 
 Oh patience! ye that know too well 
 The pangs those check’d aspirings give ! 
 In patient faith their tumult quell ; 
 Be still! not here for aye ye dwell, 
 Not thus in death for ever live. 
 The might within you finds no utterance here ; 
 No! in a nobler world it hath its sphere. 
 
 Woe most for those—ah, most woe worth !— 
 Immortal souls that vilely grow 
 Root-bound amidst the things of earth, 
 In whom the instincts of their birth 
 All vainly plead, and strain, and glow ; 
 Close to their muddy shelf they cling, nor move, 
 Tho’ round them rolls the sea of heavenly love. 
 
 Up, idlers, up !—on Life’s full tide, 
 Your pathway and your place discern ; 
 Up, in Heaven’s name! the billows ride 
 In heavenly might, with Heaven to guide : 
 Lest, as ye serve, your wage ye earn, 
 And living thus, thus evermore ye die, 
 Time-rooted zoophytes of eternity ! 
 
 (MLS.) A. J. Vipat. 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 SICKLE CORALL 
 
 A comMON and very elegant species, generally from four to 
 six inches in height, rising in wide spiral turns, and sending 
 out plumous branches from its stem at regulated intervals. 
 In young specimens the branches are two-ranked and alternate. 
 
 Dr. Grant thinks that polypi are not the first formed parts 
 of this zoophyte, but are organs which appear long after the 
 formation of the root and stem, as the leaves and flowers of 
 
 a plant. 
 
 One of the general objects of the vegetable kingdom was 
 to ornament the dry land with what was fair to look upon, as 
 well as with what was good for food. But the depths of 
 ocean, though planted with various vegetables, seem unapt to 
 exhibit in beauty the frail blossoms of the plant, which, 
 though they can bear the fluctuations of their own atmo- 
 sphere, must often be destroyed by the greater weight and 
 more irresistible agitations of a denser element. To orna- 
 ment the bosom of the deep, therefore, more solid forms, 
 sending forth blossoms capable of sustaining the action of 
 
 such an element, were requisite ; and therefore God, who 
 
 gifted his creature man with an inquiring spirit, and with 
 an appetite for knowledge of the works of creation, to furnish 
 
 him with objects of inquiry, and to gratify that appetite to 
 
ieee | 
 ge 
 = na] | 
 = 1] 
 © *y at 
 fe 
 Qn 6 fe & Sa 
 Ne | / 
 sae | 
 g | 
 + i=] i} 
 sags ile 
 sal =I | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 3 5 } 
 G fal | 
 § 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS, 121 
 
 the utmost, not only placed before his eyes on the earth an 
 innumerable host of creatures, of which he could gain a 
 
 notion by only opening his eyes, and by observing their 
 beauties, and experiencing their utility, might praise his 
 Maker for them ; but also filled the deep with inhabitants, 
 and ornamented it with animals, which appearing to vegetate 
 and blossom like plants, his curiosity being excited, he might 
 also study the inhabitants of the water, and glorify his Maker 
 for the creation of them. 
 
 Kirsy’s “ BrrpGewaTer TREATISE.” 
 
 These remarks may be well succeeded, we think, by the 
 beautiful ideas expressed in the following lines by two of our 
 favourite poets :— 
 
 “The faint echoes in my breast that dwell, 
 And for their birth-place moan, as moans the ocean-shell.” 
 
 “Forest Sanctuary.” Mrs. Hemans. 
 
 Such a shell has Wordsworth thus described :-— 
 
 “T have seen 
 A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract 
 Of inland ground, applying to his ear 
 The convolutions of a smooth-lipped shell ; 
 To which, in silence hush’d, his very soul 
 Listen’d intently, and his countenance soon 
 Brighten’d with joy; for murmurings from within 
 Were heard, sonorous cadences ! whereby 
 To his belief the monitor express’d 
 Mysterious union with its native sea. 
 —Even such a shell the universe itself 
 
 Is to the ear of faith. 
 Tue “ Excurston.” 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 THE PODDED CORALLINE. 
 
 “acu plume,” siys M. Sister, in reference to a specimen 
 
 i 7 - - - . ; < P 
 if of this coralline, “night comprise from 400 to 500 polypi; 
 | ; eae T 
 vat and a specimen of o0 unusual size before me, has twelve 
 i plumes, with certainy not fewer cells on each than the larger 
 t ? be) 
 
 number mentioned; ‘hus giving 6000 polypes as the tenantry 
 | | of a single polypiom! Now many such specimens, all 
 united too by a conmon fibre and all the off-shoots of one 
 common parent, areoften located on one sea-weed; the site 
 
 then of a populationwhich not London nor Pekin can rival ! 
 
 But Plumularia Crstata is a small Species; and there are 
 single specimens of ?lumularia Falcata or Sertularia Argen- 
 ii tea, of which the fanily may consist of 80,000 or 100,000 
 if individuals. It is such calculations, always under-rated, 
 
 HEE that illustrate ‘the magnalities of Nature,’ and take us 
 
 by surprise, leaving us in wonderment at what may be the 
 great objects of ths her exuberant production of these 
 | ‘insect-millions, peoling every way.’ ” 
 
 Dr. G. JOHNSTON. 
 
 Wate thus vith pleasing wonder"you inspect 
 
 8 oo 
 | Treasures the vulgar in their scorn reject, 
 1] See as they fbat along, th’ entangled weeds, 
 
 Slowly approich, upborne on bladdery beads. 
 
 | 
 qi CRABBE. 
 
 : a 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 THe number of living creatures, of all orders, whose 
 existence intimately depends upon that of the kelp (Fucus 
 Giganteus), is wonderful. A vast volume might be written 
 describing the inhabitants of one of these beds of sea-weeds. 
 Almost every leaf, excepting those that float on the surface, 
 is so thickly incrusted with corallines as to be of a white 
 color. We find exquisitely delicate structures, some inha- 
 bited by simple hydra-like polypi, others by more organized 
 kinds, and beautiful compound Ascidie. On the flat surface 
 of the leaves, various patelliform shells, Trochi, uncovered 
 molluscs, and some bivalves, are attached, with innumerable 
 crustacea, which frequent every part of the plant. 
 
 Darwin’s “JOURNAL OF THE VOYAGE OF THE BEAGLE.” 
 
 In the following pretty description of the obsequies of 
 Icarus, the “pearly sea-flowers” may well find their repre- 
 
 sentatives in the ‘* Podded Corallines.” 
 
 So erst with melting wax and loosen’d strings, 
 Sunk hapless Icarus on unfaithful wings ; 
 His scatter’d plumage danced upon the wave, 
 
 And sorrowing mermaids deck’d his watery grave ; 
 
 O’er his pale corse their pearly sea-flowers shed, 
 
 And strew’d with crimson moss his marble bed, 
 Struck in their coral towers the passing bell, 
 
 And wide in ocean toll’d his echoing knell. 
 Darwin. 
 
124 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 COAT OF MAIL CORALLINE. 
 
 THE cells in this zoophyte are placed back to back, “so 
 that the pair together resemble a coat of mail or pair of stays, 
 and the entrances of the cells look like the places for the 
 arms to come out,”—Exiis. This appearance is distinctly 
 visible under the microscope. 
 
 THE coral insect, of which so much has been written, and 
 which plays so important a part in the world’s physical 
 history, is a foreign species of zoophyte of the order Helian- 
 thoida; and as it may therefore claim a near relationship 
 with the little beings whose habitations adorn our pages, it 
 will not be out of place to present to our readers the follow- 
 ing beautiful passage from the sermons of the present Bishop 
 of Oxford, in which a striking analogy is drawn between the 
 achievements of these wonder-working insects and the slow, 
 silent, gradual process 
 
 by which has pleased God to build up 
 His kingdom on the earth. 
 
 “How many holy men have prayed and waited long for 
 strength, and suffered and resisted temptation, and crushed 
 the evil self within, and so borne their witness for Christ, 
 before any evil influence in society was uprooted, or any holy 
 and true principle established or widely spread abroad. 
 And thus their secret struggles, their slowly-ripened Chris- 
 tian graces, have become the blessing of the Church around 
 them : even as the strong foundations of those coral islands 
 of the southern seas, which are now so rich and verdant 
 with the prodigal upgrowth of grass, and flower, and tree, 
 were wrought silently in the chambers of the deep by 
 thousands of living beings which were never seen by those 
 who have entered into their labours.” 
 
 Wixperrorce’s SERMONS. 
 
NOTAMIA 
 
 = 
 <4 
 | 
 a] 
 fy 
 e} 
 A 
 <q 
 e) 
 iS) 
 2 
 4 
 | 
 q 
 ist} 
 | 
 <e 
 He 
 <j 
 ] 
 p 
 iS) 
 ran 
 aa) 
 (e) 
 
 IDIOTDA. 
 
 Order 4. Aso 
 
 PoLyzoa, 
 
 Class 2 
 
 ‘amily 10. Crts1ap#. 
 
 uter-mark, on all our Coasts 
 
 Found a few fath: 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 1 
 
 bo 
 oO 
 
 THE CORAL INSECT 
 Mixtions of millions thus from age to age, 
 With simplest skill, and toil unweariable, 
 No moment and no movement unimproved, 
 Laid line on line, on terrace terrace spread, 
 To swell the heightening, brightening, gradual mound, 
 By marvellous structure climbing towards the day. 
 Each wrought alone, yet all together wrought ; 
 Unconscious, not unworthy, instruments, 
 By which a Hand invisible was rearing 
 A new creation in the secret deep. 
 Onnipotence wrought in them, with them, by them ; 
 Hence what Omnipotence alone could do 
 Worms did. $i i : = 
 
 A point at first, 
 It peer’d above those waves; a point so small, 
 I just perceived it, fixt where all was floating ; 
 And when a bubble cross’d it, the blue film 
 Expanded like a sky above the speck ; 
 That speck became a hand-breadth ; day and night 
 It spread, accumulated, and ere long 
 Presented to my view a dazzling plain, 
 White as the moon, a sapphire sea ; 
 Bare at low water, and as still as death ; 
 But when the tide came gurgling o’er the surface, 
 "T'was like a resurrection of the dead: 
 From graves innumerable, punctures fine 
 In the close coral, capillary swarms 
 Of reptiles, horrent as Medusa’s snakes, 
 Cover’d the bald-pate reef ; then all was life 
 And indefatigable industry; 
 The artisans were twisting to and fro, 
 In idle-seeming convolutions ; 
 Yet they ne’er vanish’d with the ebbing surge, 
 Till pellicle on pellicle, and layer 
 On layer, was added to the growing mass. 
 MontcGomery’s “Pentcan Isianp.” 
 
126 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 BROAD-LEAVED HORN-WRACK CORALLINE. 
 
 Hooker, in his Micrographia, says, “For curiosity and 
 beauty, I have not, among all plants and vegetables I have 
 yet observed, seen any one comparable to this sea-weed. 
 When recent, it exhales a pleasant scent.” 
 
 Dr. Grant says, “ The aperture of the cells (in the Flustra) 
 is formed by a semicircular lid, which folds down when the 
 polypus is about to advance from the cell.” 
 
 Wao can measure the difference between a grain of sand 
 and the sun of our system ?—or between the lowest creature 
 that seems to form the link between the animal and vegetable 
 world, and the mind of Solomon or Paul ? 
 
 Still all these beings so different, extending from things 
 lower than we can conceive, up to things higher than our 
 conceptions; all, from the highest angel to the lowest atom, 
 are yet, religiously speaking, all classed together as though 
 they were all equal. They are all creatures; and however 
 
 different when compared with themselves, yet they seem 
 actually to be all on one level when contrasted with that 
 infinite difference which exists between the highest creature 
 and God. 
 
 Dr. ARNOLD, 
 
 THE WHITE CORAL POLYPE 
 
 “Bur the most celebrated Polypes, and those which pro- 
 duce the most wonderful effects in some parts of the globe 
 that we inhabit, belong to the genus Madrepora. It is 
 amongst the species of this genus that we are to look for the 
 polype which is instructed by its Creator not only to erect 
 rocky reefs, of vast extent and wonderful solidity—which 
 
' 
 ! 
 
 FLUSTRA FOLIACEA—BROAD-LEAVED HORN-WRACK 
 (Ellis.) 
 
 lass 2, Poryzoa Order 4. Ascrpiormba. Family 13. Escuaripz. 
 
 Name from the Saxon “ flustrian,” to weave; hence flustra, applied by Linnesus to 
 these sea-mats. 
 
 Found on hard ground, in a few fathoms water. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 127 
 
 often arrest and perplex the course of the navigator, and 
 greatly increase the perils of navigation—and submarine 
 mountains, that keep gradually diminishing the mass of 
 waters, but also islands, which, emerging from the ocean, in 
 process of time are covered with vegetation, and fitted to 
 receive and maintain an animal population, with man at their 
 head. The species principally engaged in this great work is 
 the coral called by Linneus the muricated Madrepore, and 
 generally known by the name of white coral, Its polype, 
 though so celebrated for its wonderful works, seems to be 
 unknown. They do not always elevate their polyparies 
 (polypidoms) from the depths of the water to its surface ; 
 some extend themselves horizontally upon the bottom of the 
 sea, following its curvatures, declivities, and anfractuosities, 
 and cover the soil of old ocean with an enameled carpet of 
 various and brilliant colours, sometimes of a single colour as 
 dazzling as the purple of the ancients. Many of these 
 beings are like a tree which winter has stripped of its 
 leaves, but which the spring adorns with new flowers; and 
 they strike the beholder by the éclat of petal-like animals 
 with which their branches are covered from the base to the 
 extremity. After considering all the wonderful facts with 
 regard to the proceedings and progress of these seemingly 
 insignificant animals, a speculative imagination may not only 
 picture to itself, with respect to any group of coral islands, 
 its conversion into one vast plain, yielding forests of bread- 
 fruit and other trees, and ultimately sustenance to a numerous 
 population, and a variety of animals subservient to their use; 
 but taking a wider range and still further enlarging its view, 
 might behold the tropical portion of the vast Pacific studded 
 with these islands, and so large as almost to form a kind of 
 bridge of communication between Asia and America. Indeed, 
 at present we know not how far these founders of islands 
 may have been concerned in rearing a considerable portion 
 of those continents that form the old world.” 
 
 Kirsy’s “BripGEwaTerR TREATISE.” 
 
 Oe  ————————————E 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 NARROW-LEAVED HORN-WRACK CORALLINE. 
 
 Tue Flustra Truncata attains a height of four or five 
 inches, is very bushy, and acquires a kind of varnish when 
 dry. 
 
 Seen under a microscope, Dr. Grant says the opening of 
 the lid of its cell appears like the opening of a snake’s jaws. 
 
 Wuen the Creator formed the coral animals, what fore- 
 sight, as well as power and wisdom did he manifest! That 
 a minute pouch of animated matter, with no other organs 
 than a few tubercles surrounding its mouth, should be fitted 
 to secrete calcareous particles from food collected by it, to 
 transpire or regurgitate them, so as to construct for itself a 
 limestone house, and should be empowered perpetually to 
 send forth germs, that could also act the same part, is in itself 
 sufficiently wonderful; but, that in process of time, these 
 animals by their combined efforts, should build up in the 
 fluctuating ocean not merely insignificant islets, but whole 
 groups of islands and extensive ridges, I had almost said 
 continents, is still more worthy of admiration ;—but far beyond 
 and above this, that creative wisdom should so order all other 
 circumstances connected with this procedure; as for instance, 
 the action of the waves and winds upon this nascent little 
 world, that they, when the animal has built up to that point, 
 
 which its nature (for it cannot exist out of the water) enables 
 
 it to attain, should take up the wonderful work, and by other 
 
 means complete his design, give the structure its due eleva- 
 
 tion, furnish it with fountains and streams, cover it with a 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 129 
 
 soil capable of affording nutriment to plants and trees, 
 
 yielding a supply of food to some portion of the animal 
 kingdom, and, finally, to man himself—how strikingly does 
 this whole concatenation of dependent circumstances, demon- 
 strate the adaptation of means to an end by the Infinite Mind. 
 
 Kirpys “Bripcewater TREATISE.” 
 
 Tort on! toil on! ye ephemeral train, 
 
 Who build in the tossing and treacherous main; 
 
 Toil on,—for the wisdom of man ye mock, 
 
 | With your sand-based structures, and domes of rock; 
 
 Your columns the fathomless fountains lave, 
 
 And your arches spring up to the crested wave; 
 
 Ye’re a puny race, thus to boldly rear 
 
 A fabric so vast, in a realm so drear. 
 
 Ye bind the deep with your secret zone, 
 
 The ocean is seal’d and the surge a stone; 
 
 Fresh wreaths from the coral pavement spring, 
 
 Like the terraced pride of Assyria’s king; 
 
 | The turf looks green where the breakers roll’d, 
 O’er the whirlpool ripens the rind of gold; 
 
 The sea-snatch’d isle is the home of men, 
 
 And mountains exult where the wave hath been. 
 
 Ye build,—ye build,—but ye enter not in! 
 
 Like the tribes whom the desert devour’d in their sin, 
 From the land of promise ye fade and die, 
 
 Ere its verdure gleams forth on your weary eye; 
 
 As the kings of the cloud-crewn’d pyramid 
 
 Their noteless bones in oblivion hid, 
 
 Ye slumber unmark’'d ’mid the desolate main, | : 
 
 . 
 | While the wonder and pride of your works remain. 
 
 Lypia H. S1couRNEY. | 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 In this species there are more than eighteen cells in a 
 square line, or 1800 in a square inch of surface, and the 
 branches of an ordinary specimen present about ten square 
 inches of surface; so that a common specimen of the Flus- 
 
 tra Carbasea presents more than 18,000 polypi. 
 GRANT. 
 
 AND now, should it be asked, granting all this to be true, 
 to what end has so much labour been bestowed in the 
 demonstration? I can only answer that, as to me these 
 disquisitions have opened new scenes of wonder and astonish- 
 ment, in contemplating how variously, how extensively life 
 is distributed through the universe of things ; so it is possible 
 that the facts here related, and these instances of nature 
 animated in a part hitherto unsuspected, may excite the like 
 pleasing ideas in others ; and in minds more capacious and 
 penetrating, lead to farther discoveries, farther proofs (should 
 any be wanting) that one infinitely wise, good, all-powerful 
 Being, has made, and still upholds, the whole of what is good 
 and perfect; and hence we may learn, that if creatures of so 
 low an order in the great scale of nature, are endued with 
 faculties which enable them to fill up their sphere of action 
 with such propriety; we, likewise, who are advanced so many 
 gradations above them, owe to ourselves, and to Him who 
 
 made us and all things, a constant application to acquire that 
 
 degree of rectitude and perfection, to which we are also 
 
 endued with faculties of attaining. 
 
 ELLs, 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 131 
 
 In its sublime research, philosophy 
 
 May measure out the ocean deep—may count 
 
 The sands, or the sun’s rays—But, God! for Thee 
 There is no weight nor measure:—none can mount 
 Up to thy mysteries; reason’s brightest spark, 
 Though kindled by thy ight, in vain would try 
 To trace thy counsels, infinite and dark: 
 
 And thought is lost ere thought can soar so high, 
 Even like past moments in eternity. 
 
 Thou from primeval nothingness didst call 
 
 Tirst chaos, then existence; 
 
 Lord, on thee 
 all 
 
 Sprung forth from thee:—of light, joy, harmony, 
 
 Eternity had its foundation: 
 
 Sole origin:—all life, all beauty thine. 
 
 Thy word created all, and doth create; 
 
 Thy splendor fills all space with rays divine; 
 
 Thou art, and wast, and shalt be, Glorious! Great! 
 Light-giving, life-sustaining Potentate. 
 
 Thy chains the unmeasured universe surround: 
 Upheld by thee, by thee inspired with breath! 
 Thou the beginning with the end hast bound, 
 And beautifully mingled life and death! 
 
 As sparks fly upward from the fiery blaze, 
 
 So suns are born, so worlds spring forth from thee; 
 And as the spangles in the sunny rays 
 
 Shine round the silver snow, the pageantry 
 
 Of heaven’s bright army glitters in thy praise. 
 
 Bowrina. 
 
CONCLUSION. 
 
 We have here presented to*our readers a few of the 
 “treasures of the deep;” but how many remain untouched ! 
 Whole classes, whole groups of interesting objects, besides 
 humerous species in the classes we have noticed. There 
 are the shells—they would require a volume—there are 
 the various finny tribes, sometimes so strange in form, some- 
 times so gorgeous in coloring—there are the ocean-rocks 
 themselves—but we must stop in our enumeration of these 
 untouched wonders, and only give our readers one piece of 
 
 singular beauty— 
 
 THE LONE ROC] 
 THERE is a single stone 
 Above yon wave, 
 A rocky islet lone, 
 Where tempests rave. 
 What doth it there? The sea, 
 Restless and deep, 
 
 Breaks round it mournfully, 
 
 And knows no sleep. 
 
 The sea hath hung it round 
 With its wild weed ; 
 No place can there be found 
 
 For better seed; 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS. 
 
 Storm-beaten rock! no change 
 
 Tis thine to know! 
 Only the water's range 
 Of ebb and flow. 
 
 The happy sounds of earth 
 Are not for thee, 
 
 The voice of human mirth, 
 Of children’s glee, 
 
 No song of birds is thine, 
 No crown of flowers ; 
 Say, dost thou not repine, 
 
 Thro’ long lone hours ? 
 
 Yet stars for thee are bright 
 In midnight skies, 
 And tranquil worlds of light 
 
 Around thee rise. 
 
 They smooth thine ocean-bed, 
 Its heavings cease, 
 While they from o’er thy head 
 
 Breath on thee peace, 
 
 The wearied man of grief 
 Like thee I deem, 
 To whom comes no relief 
 
 Thro’ life’s dark dream. 
 
 No human ties are left, 
 Earth’s hopes are gone, 
 He dwells like one bereft 
 
 Blighted, alone! 
 
OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 Yet o’er him from above 
 Bright spirits bend, 
 And He whose name is Love, 
 
 Calls him His friend. 
 
 And thus he thinkful learns 
 Why grief wis given ; 
 And trusting, peaceful turns 
 
 To God in Heaven !* 
 
 And now, at the conclusior of a work like this, may we 
 not well say, with Sharon Tumer, that “the ocean has been 
 formed with as much regard to taste and beauty as the 
 earth; and yet, like the eartl, it bears the impress of the 
 curse; it preaches the moral, “ Arise ye, and depart, for 
 
 this is not your rest, because it is polluted.” 
 “There is sorrow on the sea.’”’—Jer. xlix. 23. 
 
 “THERE is sorrow on the se:,” when the loving cherish’d 
 boy, 
 
 His widow’d mother’s solace, and his fair young sister’s joy, 
 
 Gazes on their lessening forns, which he may behold no 
 more, 
 
 And with strangers goes to toil, on a distant, unknown 
 
 shore. 
 
 * “Hymns and Songs for the Sick ard Suffering.” By T. V. Foshery, 
 
 + Micah ii. 10. 
 
AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 
 
 135 
 
 “There is sorrow on the sea,’ when the young and gentle 
 bride, 
 
 For new friends and foreign home, quits her tender parents’ 
 side ; 
 
 Sweet sisters and companions blend fond wishes with their 
 tears, 
 
 And her hopes and joys are dimm’d by sad thoughts of 
 
 distant years. 
 
 “There is sorrow on the sea,’ when the widow leaves the 
 shore 
 
 Of her late so joyous home, the wide sea to cross once more; 
 
 The desire of her meek eyes, by a stroke has been removed; 
 
 Like Naomi she returns, but wthout a Ruth beloved. 
 
 “There is sorrow on the sea,” when the transport-ship sets 
 sail, 
 
 And some among the convicts dl too late their sin bewail ; 
 
 They who think with breaking hearts of the shame and 
 bitter pain, 
 
 Bequeathed by them to loved ones, they shall ne’er behold 
 
 again. 
 
 “There is sorrow on the sea,” when the raging storm beats 
 high, 
 
 And the riven vessel sinks, andno friendly bark is nigh; 
 
 And when the spreading smoke-wreath dread, proclaims the 
 ship on fire,— 
 
 From shore, from ship, no re;cue—the crew’s last hopes 
 
 expire. 
 
136 OCEAN FLOWERS 
 
 ‘There is sorrow on the sea,” for that man, fall’n man, is 
 there, 
 
 And earth, and sea, and creatures, must awhile his sorrow 
 share ; 
 
 But a blissful kingdom cometh, where sin shall cease to be, 
 
 With death and sorrow, tears and pain, “and there is no 
 more sea !? 
 
 Behold, with clouds He cometh, who will make all things 
 new, 
 
 A heaven and earth all glory, far too bright for mortal view: 
 
 Nor sun, nor moon, nor temple, in that shining world are 
 known, 
 
 For God the Lamb is all in all, on his eternal Throne ! 
 
 Mrs. Van Hacen. 
 
 To the Christian there remains this blessed prospect.— 
 Whatever may be the precise meaning of those words found 
 in the Apocalypse, “And there was no more sea,” they 
 surely relate to a time when all sin, sorrow. and imperfection 
 shall be for ever banished from the habitation of God’s 
 
 children. 
 
 “And there was no more sea.’’—Rev. xxi. 1. 
 
 Anp there was no more sea!” 
 Oh! words of peace and rest, 
 Breathing so tenderly 
 
 Calm to the troubled breast ! 
 
¢ 
 
 AND THEIR TEACHINGS. 137 
 
 No more of chance and change, 
 No more of doubts and fears, 
 Of hideous things, and strange, 
 
 That scare our tingling ears. 
 
 And there was no more se 
 No more of darksome deeps, 
 No more such mystery 
 As in its bosom sleeps ; 
 No vast abyss of sin, 
 No waves of wrath and pride, 
 Nor whirlpools, that suck in 
 
 Th’ unwary and untried. 
 
 And there was no more sea :” 
 
 No more of faithless crowd, 
 Wavering restlessly, 
 
 Fickle, and fierce, and loud; 
 No more of tumult rude, 
 
 No more of wild turmoil, 
 Nor roaring multitude, 
 
 Nor violence, “nor spoil. 
 
 ‘ And there was no more sea :” 
 
 No more of sever’d hearts, 
 Of that full agony 
 
 When friend from friend departs. 
 No more of parting tears, 
 
 Of dim and aching eyes, 
 Of weary, lingering years, 
 
 When hope, slow-sickening, dies. 
 
138 OCEAN FLOWERS, ETC. 
 
 ‘And there was no more sea!” 
 Oh! words of peace and rest, 
 Breathing so tenderly, 
 
 Calm to the troubled breast. 
 
 ANNA J. VIDAL. 
 
 But while we anticipate with holy hope the glorious day 
 when there shall be no more Sea, let us not forget that this | 
 great ocean, while it yet lasts, is to us a gracious gift of 
 that God, of whom it is said, that “His way is in the sea, | 
 his paths in the great waters, and his footsteps are not 
 known.” So feeling, we would close our pages with one 
 
 last expression of admiration and delight. | 
 
 FAREWELL, thou wonder of the earth, 
 
 Coeval, p’rhaps, with time, 
 
 That swept, ere yonder orb had birth, 
 Thy foam o’er every clime, 
 
 In darkness, ere the all-forming God 
 
 Call’'d from thy depths the rock and clod ; 
 Earth’s image of eternity,— 
 
 The Sea, the Sea for me ! 
 
 Tue Laure. 
 
DIRECTIONS 
 
 PREPARING SPECIMENS OF SEA-WEED, &c. | 
 
 | ; : 3 
 As we are not without hope that the sight of our specimens may prove 
 
 an incitement to other collectors, we offer a few of the results of our ; 
 
 experience as to drying and preserving Algze and Zoophytes. 
 Different kinds of sea-weed require different treatment. The first thing 
 
 to be done when taken from the beach and rock, isto wash it thoroughly in 
 
 fresh water; some of the larger kinds will require several washings; many 
 of the finer red kinds will improve in color, if left in spring water for 5 
 some hours; but Ceramium Rubrum, on the contrary, must be suffered 1 
 
 to remain in water but a very short time, all its color otherwise quickly 
 
 disappearing. 
 
 The Fucoid# may be dried and prepared much the same as land plants. 
 
 The Florides, and all the finer sorts, require to be spread out on the 
 
 i] 
 
 I 
 
 paper introduced under them whilst floating in the water. For this 
 purpose, a shallow dish is the best, and some fine steel instrument, not | 
 I 
 
 H 
 
 | too sharp at the tip, for separating the branchlets: or they may be spread 
 
 out on earthenware plates, the water being gradually drained from under 
 
 | them. If spread on paper, they should be left to drain for a few minutes, | I 
 and then placed between other papers, under some moderate weight. A | ~~ 
 rug, or something of similar weight and absorbing quality, in a warm 3 
 situation, answers remarkably well for this purpose; but they should not 2 
 be placed too near the fire, or allowed to dry too quickly, as they will & 
 
 | curl up. When they are quite dry, all the sorts in this book, with the 
 
 following exceptions, will, with care, peel off the paper, and may then be 
 
 placed in books to flatten. 
 
- } v m pe Aaa Pee, a ees PO Beng ic |= mores 
 Rhodomenia Palmata is one of the most difficult to dry, as it adheres to 
 
 whatever it touches: it requires but slight pressure, and should be 
 
 removed to the leaves of a book in two d 
 
 iS. It is best to dry it on tin, 
 
 or oil pz 
 
 Nytophyllum Ocellatum also dries best on tin or oil paper. 
 Laurencia Pinnatifida, ditto. 
 
 Desmarestia Aculeata should always be spread out when first gathered, 
 
 as it Soon becomes flaccid, and cannot be made to regain its stiffness. 
 
 1e Ulva tribe require to be spread when first gathered, as they soon 
 
 cay, and will not bear a second wettine. But nearly al] kinds of sea- 
 
 weed, if thoroughly washed and dried when fre 
 
 gathered, will keep for 
 
 iny length of time, and on being put 
 
 1in into fresh water, will spread 
 out as well as at first. 
 
 The Bryopsis Plumosa should be placed on the paper immediately from 
 the rocks where it is found; it can afterwards be transferred to other 
 paper under water. 
 
 Porphyra, when arrived at nearly the last stage of drying, contracts 
 
 almost immediately on being exposed to the air; the best way of obviating 
 
 this difficulty is to have a book open ready to receive it, before the pres- 
 
 sure is taken off the plant, and removing it quickly into the book, from 
 
 the drying paper—there leaving it pressed until it 
 
 known to be 
 thoroughly dry. 
 
 Zoophytes, Coralline, and Sponge, require only to be car 
 
 fully washed 
 and spread, and placed under paper when wet. 
 
 The best paper for drying sea-weeds, &c., is Bentall’s botanical paper, 
 or grocer’s cartridge paper: the more delicate kinds should be first 
 placed between writing-paper, or manuscript-paper, which does equally 
 well. 
 
 The best cement for fixing the Specimens on paper, is thin eum water 
 with flour stirred into it; the proportion is a 1: 
 
 ge spoonful of flour in a 
 cup of gum. 
 Seaweeds should 
 
 not be placed in a tin box, as they soon decompose 
 
 there. 
 
INDEX TO AUTHORS. 
 
 Page. 
 Akenside, Mark : ; ‘ ; : +e | 
 Alexander (Earl of Stirling) ; : ; - 80 
 Author of “ Amy Herbert ” : ; 2 $ I 
 Author of the “ The Cathedral ”’ ; : ; eer 
 Arnold, Dr. 27, 126 
 3arton, Bernard : : : . . 19 
 Bory de St. Vincent, Col. ; : ‘ - Ge 
 Bowring . ‘ j F : ~ wea 
 Brainerd ‘ 3 é : ; ‘ 34 
 Browne, Mary Aun E : 2 € . 26 
 Byron, Lord. ‘ ; ; ; . 16 
 Campbell, Thomas - . ; ‘ 3 21 
 Carmichael, Captain j . = F 16 
 Chalmers ‘ é : ‘ z 9 
 Chambers’ Edinburgh Journal : 49, 55, 57, 61, 78, 80 
 Cornwall, Barry é é F : 3 17 
 Cowper = . ‘ . : : 3) 
 
 Crabbe 7 : ¥ a 20; 57, 103, 1:10, T22 
 
Darwin, Dr. 
 
 142 INDEX 
 
 AUTHORS. 
 
 Darwin, Journal of the Voyage of the Beagle 
 
 Drummond (First Steps to Botany) 
 
 Edgeworth, Maria 
 
 Ellis 
 
 Fellow of the Linnzan Society, ( 
 
 Foshery, T. V. 
 
 French, R. C. (Translation from the Persian) 
 
 Gilbert, George (Bury School) 
 
 Graham, Mary Jane 
 Grant 
 
 Gray 
 
 Greville, Dr. 
 
 Guesses at Truth 
 
 Hamilton (Life in Earnest) 
 ———— (Mount of Olives) 
 Harvey, Hon. W. H. 
 Hemans, Felicia 
 
 Henslow, Professor 
 Herschell, Sir J. 
 
 Hooker, Sir W. 
 
 Horne, Bishop 
 
 Howitt, Mary 
 
 Howitt, Richard 
 
 100, 
 
 Naturalist’s Poetical Companion) 
 
INDEX TO AUTHORS. 143 | 
 ; 
 | i 
 Page. 1 
 Isabella (Knockmore) . ‘ . ‘ 77, 99 
 Johns, C. A, (Botanical Rambles) . ‘ 47, 49, 61, 63, 94 | i r 
 Johnson, Dr. (Rambler 83.) . : : E 8 i : 
 Johnston, Dr. G. ‘ 5 * 108, 112, 118, 122 ; 
 i 
 i 
 Keble, John. i ; . : ¢-228 < 
 Kirby, Dr... : ; 102, 121, 127, 129 & 
 Little Marine Botanist, The 3 50, 52, 53, 62, 66, 72, 84, 90 
 Laurel, The . “ ? : z - 188 
 | q 
 | { 
 Mackness, J. M. (M. D., Hastings) ‘ 14, 59, 91, 113 
 Margaret (Knockmore) ; = : . 67 a 
 Mayo 3 ; ’ 7 : ea ‘ 
 Milton . : : ; . - OD 
 MMH. 5 . 4, 107, 114 Gg 
 M. M. (White Park, Antrim) ; : : - 50 } Ps: 
 Monk Mason ; : : . » 88 i hg 
 Moore, Thomas : z 5 : St: a 
 | Montgomery - F ; ; 23, 80, 96, 125 | 
 | ~ 
 | | i 
 Newton (Olney Hymns) 2 3 ‘ O08 l: 
 Ocean, The (P. H. Gosse) 51, 52, 58, 72, 76, 92, 93, 98, 127 % 
 | Old Author (Quoted by Dr. G. Johnston) e ~ . 95 | x 
 | 
 Paley 67 es 
 | Percival, J. G. ‘ . , - 2, 51, 48 | 3 
 | 
 
Sea-weed Collector 
 
 Sights in all Seasons 
 Sigourney, Lydia H. 
 Smith, Mrs. C. 
 
 Somerville, Mary 
 
 Songs of the Parsonage 
 
 Southey, Robert 
 Stevenson, Rev. J. 
 
 Stillingfleet, Benjamin 
 
 Taylor, Jane 
 
 Taylor,—“ Edwin the Fair,’ 
 
 Tupper, M. F. 
 
 Turner, Sharon 
 
 Vidal, Anna J. 
 
 Van Hagen, Mrs. 
 
 Wordsworth 
 
 Wilberforce, Dr. S. 
 
t 
 h 
 
 a 
 | } . 
 | INDEX 10 SPECIMENS. | 
 
 PART I.—ALG®. 
 
 Facing Page. 
 
 Porphyra Laciniata 
 
 Bryopsis Plumosa . . : ” - 92 
 Ceramium Rubrum 78 
 Chondrus Crispus : ' ‘ wen se : 
 Conferva Rupestris 5 A F ‘ 88 7 : 
 Cystoseira Fibrosa : : ; ‘ » 64 Ss 
 Delesseria Alata ‘ . 3 90 = 
 as Sanguinea ‘ : : : 58 
 Desmarestia Aculeata ’ F : . i6U a . 
 Fucus Serratus : ‘ ‘ . . 46 | | nm 
 ——. Vesiculosus é 7 ° ‘ . 48 | Bs 
 Gigartina Plicata - r : : 80 | Ls 
 Halidrys Siliquosa 62 § 
 Laurencia Pinnatifida 3 . : é vom FO yy 
 Nitophyllum Ocellatum . : : ° = 66 i 
 Odonthalia Dentata ‘ : : : ‘ 74 oO 
 Phyllophora Rubens 86 } ie. 
 | Plocamium Coccineum . ‘ $ é ; 72 x 
 Polysiphonia Fastigiata 82 = 
 | ——__——-_ Nigrescens 84 , 
 | 3 = 
 | 54 
 
146 
 
 Ptilota Plumosa 
 
 Rhodomela Pinastroides 
 
 Rhodomenia Palmata 
 
 Ulva Linza 
 
 INDEX 
 
 TO 
 
 SPECIMENS. 
 
 PART IIl.—CORALLINE AND 
 
 Corallina Officinale 
 
 Helichondria Ramosa 
 
 SPONGE. 
 
 PART IIl—ZOOPHY'ES. 
 
 Antennularia Antennina 
 
 Flustra Carbasea 
 —— Foliacea 
 —~— Truncata 
 Halecium Halecinum 
 Notamia Loriculata 
 Plumularia Cristata 
 ————+—Falcata 
 Sertularia Abietina 
 ———— Argentea 
 ——— Operculata 
 
 Thuaria Thuia 
 
 Page 14. Note. For*‘J, Ma: 
 
 Pe . For ** Marine Botar 
 ditto 
 
 For “ Isabella Knockmore,” 
 
 - For ** this yet unsettled ? 
 
 Page 99. For ** Isabella Knockmore, 
 
 read * Isabella, 
 ad. ** of this 
 read ** Isabella. 
 
 yet unsettled 
 
 (Knockmore, )”’ 
 
WORKS 
 RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY BINNS AND GOODWIN, BATH: 
 
 SOLD BY MESSRS. WHITTAKER AND CO,, LONDON ; 
 J. JOHNSTONE, EDINBURGH; W. CURRY, JUN., AND CO., DUBLIN ; 
 AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. 
 
 hy eee: an AK. Bi : 5 ; 
 B. § G. par ticularly invite attention to the two following elegant and unique 
 Vario A “70 H , f = = ‘ 
 Works, each richly illustrated with NATURAL SPECIMENS instead of 
 Engravings, 
 
 WILD FLOWERS AND THEIR TEACHINGS. Ilus- 
 
 trated with 36 Real Specimens, In elegant cloth, price 15s, 
 
 A few remaining copies of this highly admired Work are expected to be ready by 
 Ist September, 1846. ate 
 
 NATURAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BRITISH 
 
 GRASSES :—their Botanical Characters, Properties, and Uses; with 
 
 appropriate Readings ; prefaced by an Original Poem, by Jam Montr- 
 
 GomERY. Esa. Edited by Frederick Hanham, M.R.C Li, and 
 
 eerie hes 
 
 “d 
 
 a : he 
 
 Since the Specimen Pages were printed, it has a 
 
 been found desirable to substitute Unva Larissa, nd 
 he 
 
 Broad Green Layer, for Unva Linza. 7 
 Dp 
 
 tv" 
 
 rief 
 | Sriva.dons, 
 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | 
 
 their Localities, Properties, &c. &c. &e. In 8vo., cloth, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 PICTURES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. A Firesmwx 
 AMUSEMENT ; designed to lessen the wearinessof study. With Engrav- 
 ings. In (ornamental) 16mo,, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE WATER CURE: -A De- 
 velopment of the True Principles of Health and Longevity. By Joun 
 Bapianiz, M. D.; Author of ‘The Uterus and its Appendages,”’ &c. 
 Cloth, price 5s, 
 
 ‘This is the most comprehensive, the most eloquent, and the most scientific work 
 yet published on the Water Cure.”—Dr. Wilson, of Malvern. 
 
 THE RELIGIOUS WORLD: or, “THESE LAST PE- 
 RILOUS TIMES.” 12mo., cloth, price 5s, 
 
 “ONLY IN THE LORD:” or, CHRISTIAN MAR- 
 RIAGE. By Jutta Puppicomse, Author of * Little Mary: or, Godin 
 Everything.’ With an Introduction by the Rey. C. J. Goopuarr, Minis- 
 
 ter of St. Mary’s Chapel, Reading. In cloth, price 2s. 
 
WORKS 
 RECENTLY PUBLISHED BY BINNS AND GOODWIN, BATH 
 
 SOLD BY MESSRS. WHITTAKER AND cO., LONDON ; 
 
 J. JOHNSTONE, EDINBURGH; W. CURRY, JUN., AND CO., DUBLIN 35 
 AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS, 
 
 B. § G. particularly invite attention to the two following elegant and unique 
 Works, each richly illustrated with NATURAL SPECIMENS instead of 
 Engravings. 
 
 WILD FLOWERS AND THEIR TEACHINGS. Illus- 
 
 trated with 36 Real Specimens. In elegant cloth, price lds. 
 
 A few remaining copies of this highly admired Work are expected to be ready by 
 lst September, 1846. —e 
 
 NATURAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE BRITISH 
 GRASSES :—their Botanical Characters, Properties, and Uses; with 
 appropriate Readings; prefaced by an Original Poem, by Ja Monxt- 
 GomEry, Esq. Edited by Frederick Hanham, M.R.C.S.L:, and 
 Corresponding Member of the Medico-Botanical Society of London. 
 Iustrated with 62 Real Specimens carefully preserved and mounted 
 Forming a splendid volume in small folio, suitable for the Libra ry of the 
 Connoisseur, the Study of the Agriculturist, and the Drawing-room 
 table of the affluent. Price £2 
 *.* As the supply of the 
 
 of * Tue British Gr 
 
 sarily limited, (each 100 copies 
 i g the collection, preparation, and 
 mounting of 6200 di early application is recommended ; and in case— 
 as has sometimes happened—copies should not be procurable when first applied for, the 
 Publishers re ully suggest that orders should be givento the Booksellers to forward 
 them as soon as new supplies are ready. 
 
 THE BOTANICAL CHART OF BRITISH FLOWER- 
 ING PLANTS AND FERNS, shewing at one view their Chief 
 Characteristics; Generic and Specific Names, with the Derivacions, 
 their Localities, Properties, &c. &c. &e. In 8yvo., cloth, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 PICTURES FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. A Firesipr 
 AMUSEMENT; designed to lessen the weariness of study. With Engray- 
 ings. In (ornamental) 16mo., price 2s, 6d. 
 
 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE WATER CURE: -A De- 
 velopment of the True Principles of Health and Longevity. By Joun 
 Bapianiz, M. D.; Author of “The Uterus and its Appendages,’’ &c. 
 Cloth, price 5s. 
 
 **This is the most comprehensive, the most eloquent, and the most scientific work 
 yet published on the Water Cure.”—Dr. Wilson, of Malvern, 
 
 THE RELIGIOUS WORLD: or, “THESE LAST PE- 
 RILOUS TIMES.” 12mo., cloth, price 5s, 
 
 “ONLY IN THE LORD:” or, CHRISTIAN MAR- 
 RIAGE. By Jutta Puppicomnsg, Author of * Little Mary: or, Godin 
 Everything.’ With an Introduction by the Rey. C. J. Goopmart, Minis- 
 ter of St. Mary’s Chapel, Reading. In cloth, price 2s. 
 
; : : It 2 
 Works recently Published by Binns and Goodwin, Bah: 
 
 And sold by Messrs. Whittaker and Co., London. 
 
 . ; ‘ 7, wniche An Taonete 
 The Seventh Thousand—with new tinted Frontispiece and Vignete. 
 
 A SURVEY OF THE HOLY LAND: its Geography, 
 History, and Destiny. Designed to elucidate the Imagery and Criental 
 Allusions of Ser ipture, and demonstrate the Fulfilment of Propheg. By 
 18 Bannister, Author of “ Chart of the Holy Land,” “ Incicents of 
 Jewish History,’’ &c. With an Introduction by the Rey. Dr. Maisn, of 
 Leamington. “Containing 600 pages, in demy 8vo., beautifully printed, 
 bound in ornamental scarle oth, with gilt edges, price 14s, ; illwtrated 
 with Maps, Plans, and beautiful Engravings. 
 
 “A handsomely printed volume, which we commend to the attention of 
 desirous of understanding those ‘ holy Seriptures able to make u 
 salvation.”—Church of gland Quarterly Review. 
 
 allwho are 
 wse unto 
 
 which a 
 
 ly wish it a circulation proportionate to its capability of affording useful 
 tful information.”—James Montgomery, Esq 
 
 and del 
 
 “‘An important accession to the stores of our Sacred Literature.”—Hoa ngelicd Mag. 
 
 SPECIMENS OF DEATH: LESSONS FOR THE 
 LIVING. By Wixr1am Brarcu, Author of “ Two Lectures »n the 
 Historical Confirmation of the Scriptures,’ &c. Small 8yvo., cloth, 
 price 2s. 6d. 
 
 “Highly evangelical, monitory, and scriptural: : 
 
 1 adapted for extensive usdulness 
 among the young and the old, the grave and the 
 
 leyan-Methodist Mavazine. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN’S DAILY GUIDE TO PRAYER AND 
 THE HOLY SCRIPTURES : Interleaved with Writing Paper, or the 
 Reader’s personal Application of the Usefulness of the Work. Insmall 
 8vo., cloth, price 2s, 
 
 THE PSALMS: arranged in Daily Portions, for Reding 
 through twice in the course of the Ye: with short Suggestios for 
 applying them to Personal Devotion. By the Rey. A. R.C. Dattas,M.A,, 
 Rector of Wonston, Author of “‘Cottager’s Guide to the New "esta- 
 ment,’’ &e. Ina neat pocket volume, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 » 28. 
 
 : In this Edition, by a novel arrangement, the authori 
 introduced in the Text. 
 
 A TOKEN OF LOVE FOR LITTLE CHILDREN. By 
 the Widow of a Madras Officer, Author of ‘Memorial of Chistian 
 Affection.’’ (Dedicated, by permission, to the Bishop of Cashel.) h very 
 neat embossed cloth, foolscap 8vo., price 4s. 
 
 “This is as attractive a gift, both outwardly and inwardly, for children bitween 
 the ages of three and nine, as we ever saw.”’—Presbyterian Review. 
 
 THE -COMING OF THE LORD TO JUDGE "HE 
 EARTH, Doctrinally and Practically Considered. By the Re. E, 
 Gitison, B.A., Curate of Lyncombe and Widcombe, Bath. Sicond 
 Edition. In small 8yo., cloth, price 2s. 6d. 
 
 “Four excellent discourses. * # The subject throughout is handled in 
 tical way.”—Achill Missionary Herald. 
 
 zed Marginal Readimws are 
 
 4 prac- 
 
 BINNS & GOODWIN beg to acquaint the Literary Publ 
 
 anti sone . i var) ic that they undrtake 
 the Printing and Publishing New Works, on e mdition of 25 
 
 ) copies being 
 g unsold ex 
 
 aken, 
 —and 
 
 without any risk to the Author either in adver ag or remaini 
 divide the profits of the whole Edition with the Author. 
 
 pi 
 Estimates required by those who prefer Publishing on ¢ 
 and retaining the whole pro: ts, will be forwarded on applic 
 
 PUBLISHING OFFricr, BATT 1846, 
 (Established about the year 1767.) 
 
 heir own reg; onsbility, 
 ation. 
 
BOUND BY ASTLE & Sona. 
 
SAG S 
 
 OosS 
 
 ee Rinne pass i evn