THE 
 
 Four Kings 
 
 CANADA. 
 
 B El NG 
 
 A Succinct Account of the 
 
 Four Indian Princes lately arriv’d 
 from North America. 
 
 WITH 
 
 A particular Delcription of their Country, 
 their ftrange- and remarkable Religion, Feafts, 
 Marriages, Burials, Remedies for their Sick, 
 Cuftoms, Manners, Conftitution, Habits, 
 Sports, War, Peace, Policy, Hunting, Filh- 
 ing, Utenfils belonging to the Savages, with 
 feveral other Extraordinary Things worthy 
 Obfervation, as to the natural or curious 
 Productions, Beauty, or Fertility, of that 
 Part of the World. 
 
 Enter'd in the Hall-Book of the Company of Statio- 
 ners, perfuant to Att of Parliament. 
 
 LONDON 
 
 Printed : And fold by John Baker , at the Black Boy in 
 Pater-Nofler-Row. 1710. Price Six-pence. 
 
T 
 
 -X 
 
 j 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 J 
 
THE 
 
 Four Kings 
 
 OF 
 
 CANADA; 
 
 BEING 
 
 A Succinct Account of the 
 
 Four Indian Princes lately arriv’d 
 from North America. 
 
 WITH 
 
 A particular Delcription of their Country, 
 their ftrange and remarkable Religion, Feafts, 
 Marriages, Burials, Remedies for their Sick, 
 Cuftoms, Manners, Conftitution, Habits, 
 Sports, War, Peace, Policy, Hunting, Fifh- 
 ing, Utenfils belonging to the Savages, with 
 feveral other Extraordinary Things worthy 
 Obfervation, as to the natural or curious 
 Productions, Beauty, or Fertility of that 
 Part of the World. 
 
 Enter'd in the Hall-Book of the Company of Statio- 
 ners, perfuant to AEl of Parliament. 
 
 L O.ND O N 
 
 Printed : And fold by jfohn Baker , at the Black Boy in 
 Pater- Nojler- Row. 1710. Price Six-pence. 
 
Reprinted by 
 
 J. E . GARRATT cn CO 
 
 London , 1891. 
 
 t 
 
(3 ) 
 
 THE 
 
 FOUR KINGS 
 
 O F 
 
 CANADA 
 
 B Efore I enter upon the Defcription of that 
 Part of Canada poflefs’d by the four In- 
 dian Kings now arrived in this Uland, it 
 will be neceflary to give fome Account of 
 thofe Princes, and the Caufe of their Voyage to 
 fuch a part of the World, where none, or few of 
 their Predeceflors ever were before them. 
 
 Thefe four Princes, who are Kings of the 
 Maqua's , Garajhhoore , and the River Sachem , are 
 call’d, the firft Ye Ye Neen Ho Ga Prow , the fe- 
 cond Saga Yean Qua Prah Yon , the third, Elow 
 Ob Kaom , the fourth Oh Nee Yeath Yon No Prow , 
 with the other two they mention in their Speech 
 to her Majefty, are the fix who poflefs all the 
 Nations on the North Weft fide of the Iroquois, 
 up to the Lake Erie, and that great one of the 
 Hurons; and as we have heard it from their 
 own Mouths, thefe fix are in a ftridt Alliance 
 againft the French, and at the fame Time are 
 * A 2 all 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 all unanimous to requeft the Afliftance of the 
 Queen of Great Britain , to drive the French out 
 from among them. This is the great Motive 
 of their coming here, where they arriv’d the 
 Beginning of April laft, being conducted over 
 Sea by Colonel Nichol/on, late Governor of Ma- 
 ryland; and on Wednejday , the x 9th of April they 
 had an Audience of her facred Majefty, being 
 introduc’d with the ufual Ceremonies due to 
 fovereign Heads, and their Embaffadors, to 
 whom they reprefented their Condition, and 
 the Errand of their long and hazardous Jour- 
 ney, by a Speech, that even in the Tranflati- 
 on carries along with it fomething of natural 
 Eloquence and Simplicity, peculiar to that Sort 
 of People, who, thro’ unpolifh’d by Art and 
 Letters, have a large Share of good Senfe and 
 natural Reafon. 
 
 The Speech, as deliver’d by an Interpreter to 
 her Britannick Majefty, follows. 
 
 Great ^ueen, 
 
 <- \A/E have undertaken a long and tedious 
 ‘ V V Voyage, which none of our Predecef- 
 
 * fors could ever be prevail’d upon to undertake. 
 
 * The Motive that induc’d us, was, that we 
 
 * might fee our Great Queen, and relate to her 
 
 * thofe Things we thought abfolutely neceffary 
 
 * for the Good of her, and us her Allies, on the 
 
 * other fide of the great Water. 
 
 * We doubt not but our Great Queen has been 
 c acquainted with our long and tedious War, in 
 
 * Conjunction with her Children ( meaning sub- 
 
 * jefts ) againft her Enemies the French ; and that 
 ‘ we have been as a ftrong Wall for their Secu- 
 
 * rity, even to the Lofs of our belt Men. The 
 
 ‘ Truth 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 ‘ Truth of which our Brother Queder , Colonel 
 ‘ Schuyler, and Anadagajaux, Colonel Nicholf on, can 
 ‘ teftify, they having all our Propofals inWriting. 
 
 * We were mightily rejoyc’d, when we heard 
 ‘ by Anadagarjaux, that our Great Queen had re- 
 ‘ folv’d to fend an Army to reduce Canada ; from 
 
 * whofe Mouth we readily embrac’d our Great 
 ‘ Queer? s Inftrudions : And in Token of our 
 
 * Friendlhip, we hung up the Kettle , and took 
 ‘ up the * Hatchet , and with one *a Method 
 ‘ Confent join’d our Brother Queder , udd among ft 
 
 * Colonel Schuyler , and Anadagar- rationf^of 
 ‘ jaux , Colonel Nicholfon , in making War. 
 
 ‘ Preparations on this Side the Lake, by building 
 
 * Forts, Store-houfes, Canows, and Battows; whilft 
 
 * Anadiafia , Colonel V etch , at the fame Time, rai- 
 ‘ fed an Army at B oft on, of which we were in- 
 c form’d by our Embaffadors, whom we fent thi- 
 ‘ ther for that Purpofe. We waited long in Ex- 
 
 * pettation of the Fleet from England, to join Ana- 
 ‘ diafia, Colonel Vetch, to go againft Quebeck by Sea, 
 
 * whil ^.Anadagarjaux, Queder, and we wentto Mont- 
 ‘ Royal by Land ; but at laft we were told, that 
 
 * our Great Queen, by fome important Affair, was 
 
 * prevented in her Defign for that Seafon. This 
 
 * made us extremely forrowful, left the French , 
 f who hitherto had dreaded us, Ihould now 
 
 * think us unable to make War againft them. 
 
 1 The Reduction of Canada is of fuch Weight, 
 
 * that after the effeding thereof, we fhould have 
 1 free Hunting , and a great Trade \ Being the 
 
 * with our Great Queen's Children : Money of 
 ‘And as a token of the Sincerity ^ry^ or Beads 
 ‘of the fix Nations, we do here, in form’d out of 
 ‘ the names of all, prefent our Great ^certain 
 
 ‘ OLueenvi'idn thefe Belts of \Wampum. Fifh. 
 
 ‘We 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 ‘ We need not urge to our Great Queen more 
 
 * than than the Neceflity we really labour under o- 
 
 * bliges us, that in our Cafe our Great Queen fhould 
 
 * not be mindful of us, we muft with our Fa- 
 ‘milies forfake our Country, and feek other 
 ‘ Habitations, or ftand neuter ; either of which 
 
 * will be much againft our Inclinations. 
 
 * Since we have been in Alliance with our 
 ‘ Great Queen’s Children, we have bad fome 
 ‘ Knowledge of the Saviour of the World, and 
 ‘have often been importun’d by the French, 
 
 * both by the Infinuations of their Priefts, and 
 ‘ by Prefents, to come over to their Intereft ; 
 ‘ but have always efteem’d them Men of Falfe- 
 ‘ hood. But if our Great Queen will be pleas’d 
 ‘ to fend over fome Perfons to inftrudt us, they 
 
 * lhall find a moft hearty Welcome. 
 
 ‘We now clofe all with Hopes of our Great 
 ‘ Queen’s Favour, and leave it to her moft gra- 
 ‘ cious Confideration. 
 
 After this Audience, they were conduced 
 back again to their Apartments in her Maje- 
 fty’s Coach, attended with Colonel Nichol/on, 
 and feveral Merchants belonging to that Part of 
 America. As to the Perfons of thefe. Princes, 
 they are well form’d, being of a Stature nei- 
 ther too high nor too low, but all within an 
 Inch or two of fix Foot ; their Habits are ro- 
 buft, and their Limbs mufcular and well fhap’d; 
 they are of brown Complexions, their Hair 
 black and long, their Vifages are very awful 
 and majeftick, and their Features regular e- 
 nough, though fomething of the auftere and 
 fullen ; and the Marks with which they disfi- 
 gure their Faces, do not feem to carry fo 
 ® much 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 much Terror as Regard with them. The Gar- 
 ments they wear, are black Waftcoats, Breeches, 
 and Stockings, with yellow Slippers, and a 
 loofe fcarlet mantle caft over them, bound with 
 a Gold Gallon ; their hair ty’d fhort up, and 
 a Cap fomething of the Nature of a Turbant 
 upon their heads. They are generally affable 
 to all that come to fee them, and will not re- 
 fufe a Glafs of Brandy or ftrong Liquors from 
 any hands that offer it. They never fit on 
 Chairs or Benches, but on their Heels, which 
 makes their Knees, when they Hand upright, 
 bag out before. They feed heartily, and love 
 our English Beef before all other Victuals that are 
 provided for ’em ; of which they have Variety 
 at the Charge of the Publick, with the beft ot 
 Wines ; but they feem to relilh our fine pale 
 Ales before the beft French Wines from Burgun- 
 dy or Champaign. According to the Cuftom of: 
 their Country, thefe Princes do not know what 
 it is to cocker and make much of themfelves ; nor 
 are they fubject to thofe indifpofitions our Lux- 
 ury brings upon us, tho’ now among us they 
 live voluptuoufly. They are not afflidled with 
 Gout, Dropfy, or Gravel ; and notwithftand- 
 mg their Intemperance here, they are not feve- 
 rifh upon any occafion, or troubl’d with Lofs 
 of Appetite ; for in their own Country they 
 are addidted to Gormandizing, infomuch that 
 they rife in the night to eat ; if by good Luck 
 they have meat by them, they fall to it 
 without ; getting up. It is reported, that 
 thefe four Princes have been fo inur’d to Hun- 
 ting, and other Sports, that they run as fwift 
 as a Deer, and hold it a long Time ; fo that 
 they propofe to run down a Buck or Stag be- 
 
( 8 ) 
 
 fore the Queen, when Ihe pleafes to fee them> 
 in any of her Parks or Chaces. They are to 
 tire down the Deer, and catch him without 
 Gun, Speare, Launce, or any other Weapon. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 A Defcription of the Country of Canada. 
 
 T HE Spaniards were the firft who difcover’d 
 Canada ; but at their firft Arrival, having 
 found nothing confiderable in it, they aban- 
 don’d the Country, and call’d it il Capo di Na- 
 da , that is, a Cape of nothing. Hence, by Cor- 
 ruption, fprung the Word Canada ; which is 
 now us’d in all Maps. Great Part of this 
 Country is now term’d, from having been more 
 fully difcover’d by the French , New France ; but 
 Canada, in the general Extent of it, contains 
 many vaft Nations and Kingdoms ; but thefe I 
 fhall defcribe here, are the two Maqua's, and the 
 Kingdoms of the River Sachem and Ganajohhore y 
 feated between the Lake of Hurons on one fide,, 
 Virginia, Carolina, New England, and New France 
 on the others. The River Canada runs quite 
 through the Country, which bears between 
 forty two and fifty five Degrees of Northern 
 Latitude. This River is extraordinary full ot 
 Fifh, among which there is one Sort more re- 
 markable than the reft, call’d by the Inhabi- 
 tants Cadhothins , having Heads refembling the 
 Heads of Hares, and Bodies as white as Snow. 
 They are taken for the moft part before the 
 Ifle call’d, The Ifle of Hares. The Country on 
 both Sides the River is pleafant, and indiffe- 
 rently 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 rently fertile, efpecially towards the South- Weft* 
 where, upwards from the River, the Ground 
 rifes into many little Hills, inverted moft of 
 them with Vines ; with which, and feveral o- 
 ther Sorts of Trees, this Country abounds, be- 
 ing well water’d with a great many lefler Streams, 
 all of them falling into the River Canada. The 
 Winter is here very long, and fo much the 
 more fevere, by Reafon of a cold North-Weft 
 Wind, which blows moft part of the Winter 
 Seafon, and brings with it fo thick a Snow,, 
 that it continues upon the Ground moft com- 
 monly ’till after May. This Country is for 
 the moft partW oody, but in the Champaign Parts, 
 thereof very fruitful of Corn, and all Sorts of 
 Grain, efpecially Pulfe. It hath alfo Fifh,. 
 Fowl, wild Deer, Bears, Martins, and Foxes 
 in abundance ; and of Hares fuch plenty, that 
 fome Parts of it are call’d by the French the 
 Land of Hares. The moft peculiar Commodi- 
 ty belonging to this Country, is a Kind of Shelh 
 Fifh, call’d the Ffurgnuy , extraordinary white,, 
 and of fingular Virtue for flenching of Blood; 
 for which end ~they make Bracelets of them, 
 not only for their own Ufe, but to vend to o- 
 thers. 
 
 On a Branch of the River Canada, is the Lake 
 de Chaplain, grown round about with Chefnut- 
 Trees, in which breeds the ftrange Fifh call’d 
 Chaoujarou, generally ten Foot long, with Heads, 
 like Sharks, and two Rows of Teeth in their 
 Mouths, their Skins full of ftrong Scales, which 
 are fufficient Shields againft Swords and Lan- 
 ces. They are great Devourers of other Fifh 
 and Fowl, which they take after this Manner, 
 viz . Theyfwim amongft Reeds or Canes, and lie. 
 
 B ftill 
 
( IO ) 
 
 Hill with their mouths open, which the Birds 
 sitting upon are immediately fwallow’d. 
 
 The Natives of this Country anoint their Bo- 
 dies with Oil, or Bear’s Greafe. In the Sum- 
 mer they go naked, and in Winter mantle 
 themfelves in Fur, &V. Their Warlike Ac- 
 coutrements are Darts, Clubs, Shields, Guns, 
 and Spears now, and their Diet Indian Corn, 
 frelh and fait Fifh,Venifon, Buffalo’s and Bea- 
 ver-Flefh, wiping their Hands or Fingers, when 
 greafy, on their Heads. The Indians are in- 
 conftant in their Tempers, crafty, timorous, 
 but quick of Apprehenfion, and very ingenious 
 in their Way ; they were more barbarous and 
 cruel formerly, ’till acquainted with the Euro- 
 peans , and were great Eaters of Human Flefh, 
 as formerly the Heathen lrijh were. Their Hou- 
 fes, which they call Wigwams , are built with 
 Poles pitched into the Ground, both round and 
 fquare, leaving a Hole for the Smoke, covering 
 the reft with Barks of Trees : They line the 
 fide of their Wigwams with Mats made with 
 Rufhes, painted with feveral Colours; one good 
 Poft they fet up in the Middle, which reaches 
 to the Hole in the Top, with a Staff a crofs, 
 whereon they hang their Kettle ; beneath they 
 fet a broad Stone for a Back, which keeps the 
 Poft from burning ; round by the Wall they 
 fpread their Mats and Skins, where the Men 
 fleep while the Women drefs the Victuals; they 
 have generally two doors, one to the South , and 
 the other to the North, and as the Wind fits 
 they clofe up one Door with Bark, and hang a 
 Deer-fkin before the other. Towns they have 
 none, but what belong to the Europeans ; but 
 fometimes you may fee a hundred or two of 
 Wig- 
 
( ” ) 
 
 JVigwams built together, where the Indians will 
 live while provifions are plentiful, and then 
 they remove to another Place, as Convenience 
 fuits : They love to be near the Sea, or Lakes 
 and Rivers in Spring and Summer, but in 
 Winter go up into the Woody Parts of the 
 Country, both for Shelter, and the Conveniency 
 of Hunting. 
 
 They have two or three Wives, according to 
 their Ability and Strength of Body, and their 
 Women have the eafieft Labour in Child- bed, 
 of any in the World ; for when their Time is 
 come, they go out alone, carrying a Board 
 with them two Foot long, and a Foot and half 
 broad, full of Holes on each fide, having a 
 Foot beneath, and on the Top a broad Strap of 
 Leather, which they put over their Forehead, 
 the Board hanging at their Back ; when they 
 come to a convenient Bulh or Tree, they lay 
 themfelves down, and are deliver’d inftantly, 
 without fo much as a Groan. They wrap the 
 young Child up in a Beaver’s Skin, with his 
 Heels clofe to his Buttocks, and lace him down 
 to the Board on his Back, his Knees refting on 
 the Foot beneath ; then putting the Strap of 
 Leather upon their Forehead, with the Infant 
 hanging on their Backs, Home they trudge, and 
 carry it to the Father, who takes very little Re- 
 gard of his Pofterity, but when they are able 
 to do him Service. 
 
 B 2 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( I* ) 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 Of the Religion of the Indians of Canada, &c. 
 
 T O give you a clearer Idea of thefe People, 
 I fhall relate to you fome ftrange Things 
 and Opinions they maintain in Religion, as 
 well as in their Manner of Living. The great- 
 eft part of ’em have generally a Notion of fome 
 fort of Creation of the World ; they fay Hea- 
 ven, Earth, and Mankind, were made by a 
 Woman, and that ftie and her Son govern the 
 World ; and for this Reafon, perhaps, it is that 
 they reckon their Genealogies by Women. 
 They fay farther. That the Son is the Author 
 of all good Things, and the Woman of all evil; 
 that both of them enjoy perfe6l Felicity. The 
 Woman, they fay, fell out of Heaven big with 
 Child, and lighted upon the Back of a Tortoife, 
 who fav’d her from drowning. Other Savages 
 upon the fame Continent, are of Opinion that 
 a certain Spirit, call’d Otkon by the Iroquois , 
 and Atahauta by others at the Mouth of the 
 River St. Lawrence , is the Creator of theWorld, 
 and that one Meffon repair’d it after the Deluge. 
 They fay, that this Meffon or Otkon being one 
 Day a hunting, his Dogs loft themfelves in a 
 great Lake, which thereupon overflowing, co- 
 ver’d the whole Earth in a fhort Time, and 
 fwallow’d up the World. They add, that this 
 Meffon or Otkon gather’d a little earth together 
 by the Help of fome Animals, and made ufe of 
 this Earth to repair the World again. They 
 think the Europeans inhabit another World dif- 
 ferent from theirs ; and when we go about to 
 
 undeceive 
 
( !3 ) 
 
 undeceive them, and teach ’em truly how the 
 Univerfe was created, they fay, all that may 
 be true enough of our World, but theirs is quite 
 another Thing ; nay, they often afk us whether 
 we have a Sun and Moon in Europe , as well as 
 they. 
 
 There are another fort of them, who live 
 near the Mouth of St. Lawrence , that tells us a 
 very odd Story, much like the former; That a 
 Woman came down from Heaven, and hover’d 
 a while in the Air, becaufe fhe could find no 
 Place to fet her Foot upon : The Filh of the 
 Sea, compaffionating her, held a Council to de- 
 termine who lhould receive her. The Tortoife 
 offer’d himfelf, and prefented his Back above 
 Water; the Woman placed herfelf upon it, and 
 flayed there : In time the Filth of the Sea ga- 
 thering and fettling about the Tortoife by little 
 and little, form’d a great Extent of Land, which 
 at prefent is that we call America. 
 
 Now, fay they, this fame Woman being un- 
 eafy at her living folitary, and troubl’d to have 
 no Body to pafs the Time with more agreeably 
 than fhe did, there defcended from on High a 
 Spirit, who found her fallen afleep with Melan- 
 choly ; he approach’d her unperceiv’d, and 
 from that Conjundtion came forth two Sons out 
 of her Side : Thefe two Children could never a- 
 gree together after they were grown up ; one 
 was a better Hunter than t’other, and every Day 
 there was fome fcuffling between ’em. At 
 length their Animofities grew to that Extremi- 
 ty, that they could not endure one another ; 
 oneof ’em especially was of a very violent Tem- 
 per, and had a Mortal Hatred for his Brother, 
 who was better humour’d. He at lafl, unable, 
 
 any 
 
( !4 ) 
 
 any longer to fubmit to the rude Behaviour and 
 ill Treatment of his Brother, refolv’d to fepa- 
 rate himfelf,and fo flew up into Heaven; whence 
 to denote his j uftRefentment, he rattles his Thun- 
 der, from Time toTime, over his unhappy Bro- 
 ther’s Head. Sometime after the Spirit came 
 down again totheWoman,and then lhe brought 
 forth a Daughter, from whom, fay they, is de- 
 fended that numerous People who now take up 
 one of the largeft Parts of the Univerfe. 
 
 ’Tis alamentable Thing to confider what wild 
 Chimcera's the devil puts into thefe Peoples heads. 
 They hold, that the Soul does not leave the Bo- 
 dy as foon as it dies ; and therefore take care to 
 lay by the Body a Bow and Arrows, or a Gun, 
 with Corn and fat Meat to fubfift the Dead ’till 
 they reach the Country of Souls. And becaufe 
 they think all fenfible Things have Souls, they 
 reckon that after Death Men hunt the Souls of 
 Beavers, Elks, Foxes, Otters, and other Ani- 
 mals ; and imagine that the Souls walk vifibly 
 for fome Time in the Villages, and partake of 
 their Feafts and Revels ; therefore they always 
 fet afide a Portion for them ; and tho’ they have 
 no true Notions of a Deity by the Light of Na- 
 ture, yet they believe another Life in which they 
 hope to enjoy the fame Delights that they are 
 pleas’d with here. 
 
 Some part of thefe People feem to believe an 
 univerfal Spirit that governs all ; they imagine, 
 after a Fafhion, that there’s a Spirit in every 
 Thing, and they addrefs themfelves fo fome- 
 times, and beg fomething of Trees, Stones, and 
 other inanimate Things. Few of thefe profefs 
 their Belief of a Deity out of any Refpedt to 
 Religion ; they talk of it commonly as a Thing 
 
( 15 ) 
 
 they were prepoflefs’d with, or frolickfomely, 
 not regarding any Thing they fay themfelves, 
 any otherwife than as a kind of Fable. Their 
 Dreams are to ’em inftead of Prophecy, In- 
 fpiration, Laws, Commandments, and 
 Rules in all their Enterprizes in War, Peace, 
 Commerce, and Hunting ; they regard ’em as 
 Oracles. TheOpinion they h ave of their Dreams, 
 draws ’em into a Kind of Neceflity to be rul’d by 
 ’em ; for they think ’tis an univerfal Spirit that 
 infpires ’em by Dreams, and advifeth ’em what 
 to do ; fo that they have fome among ’em who 
 undertake to interpret Dreams. 
 
 There’s no Nation but what have their Jug- 
 lers, which fome count Sorcerers ; but ’tis not 
 likely that they are under any Covenant, or 
 hold Communication with the Devil. Thefe 
 Impoftorswould be counted Prophets, who fore- 
 tel Things to come; they would be look’d upon 
 as having almoft an infinite Power; they boaft, 
 that they make Rain or fairWeather, Calms and 
 Storms, Fruitfulnefs orBarrenels of the Ground, 
 Hunting lucky or unlucky; they ferve for Phy- 
 ficians too, and frequently apply fuch Reme- 
 dies as have no Manner of Virtue to cure. No- 
 thing can be imagin’d more horrible, than the 
 Cries and Yellings, and the ftrange Contorfions 
 of thefe Rafcals, when they fall to jugling or con- 
 juring; at the fame Time they do it very clever- 
 ly. They never cure any one, nor predid any 
 Thing that falls out, but purely by Chance, yet 
 they have a thoufand Fetches to bubble the poor 
 People, when the Accident does not anfwer their 
 Predidions ; for they are both Prophets and 
 Quacks. Thefe blind Wretches are wedded to 
 many other Superftitions, which the Devil makes 
 
 Ufe 
 
( IS ) 
 
 Ufe of to delude them. An Englijh Commander 
 that was taken Prifoner by the Natives, made 
 this Obfervation of their magical Rites : Three 
 or four Days after he was feiz’d, feven of their 
 Priefts, in the Houfe where he lay, each with 
 a Rattle, began in the Morning to ling about a 
 Fire which was encompafs’d with a Circle o f 
 Meal; at the End of every Song they laid down 
 two or three Grains of Wheat, then the Prieft 
 appear’d in a great Skin, with his Head hung 
 round with Skins of Weafels,and other Vermin, 
 -and a Coronet of Feathers, painted as ugly as 
 the Devil ; at the End of every Song he us’d 
 ftrange Geftures, throwing great Cakes of Deer- 
 'Suet and Tobacco into the Fire; thefe howling 
 Devotions continu’d three Days. This was to 
 know whether any more Englijh fhould arrive, 
 and what they intended to do in that Country. 
 
 When they defign to make War, they confult 
 their Priefts and Conjurers, and adore all Things 
 that may hurt ’em, as Fire, Water, Lightning, 
 Thunder, Guns, Mufkets,and Horfes, nay, fome 
 of ’em once feeing an Englijh Boar, were ftruck 
 with fuch extreme Terror, becaufe he brifled up 
 his Hair, and gnafh’dhis Teeth, that they were 
 for worlhipping him, believing him to be the 
 God of Swine. 
 
 The great fault of thefe People in Matters of 
 Religion, proceeds chiefly from their Carelef- 
 nefs and Negledt to be well inftrudted ; for they 
 are very lazy, and hate to take Pains; for when 
 they are taught their Prayers, they repeat ’em 
 like Songs, without any Diftindtion; thofe that 
 have been catechiz’d a long Time, are very wa- 
 vering, except fome few; they renounce all, re- 
 turn into their Woods, and take up their old Su- 
 
 perftitions 
 
( *7 ) 
 
 perftitions, upon the leaft Crotchet that comes 
 into their Heads ; and this has been experi- 
 enc’d by thofewho have been taken from them 
 young, and educated with Care to the full 
 State of Manhood with all Sorts of Learning ; 
 yet after all this, fome of thofe have return’d 
 to their favage Cuftoms, and renounc’d both 
 their Faith and their Manners. 
 
 Another Hinderance to the Chriftian Reli- 
 gion, lies in the Cuftom of thefe Natives, which 
 would be a very good one here, that is, they love 
 not to contradict any Man ; they think every 
 one ought to be left to their own Opinion, with- 
 out being thwarted ; they believe, or feem to 
 believe all that is faid to them, but ’tis their 
 Indifference for all Sorts of Opinions, efpecial- 
 ly Matters of Religion, which they never 
 trouble themfelves about. Another Thing is, 
 they are brutal in all their Inclinations, natu- 
 rally Gluttons, and know no other Happinefs 
 in this Life, but the Pleafure of Eating and 
 Drinking. This is remarkable in their Eyes, 
 and their Diverfions, which are always begun 
 and ended with Feafting. 
 
 As to the Sentiments thefe People have of 
 Heaven and Earth, when they are afk’d, 
 Who is he that made them? Some of their more 
 ancient and able Men anfwer, That as to the 
 Heavens, they know not who made them : 
 If you have been there , fay they, you muft know 
 fomething of the Matter . It’s a foolifh Glue ft ion, 
 fay they, to afk what we think of a Place fo high 
 above our Heads : How would you have us to 
 fpeak of a Place that no Body ever faw? But, fay 
 they, can you ftiow by the Scripture, of which you 
 [peak, a Man that ever came from thence, and the 
 C Manner 
 
( >8 ) 
 
 Mannerhow he mounted thither ? When we anfwer, 
 That our Souls , being freed from the Body , are 
 convey' d thither to receive the Recompence of their 
 W nks by the Lord of Life, who made 'em. They 
 anfwer. It's well for thofe of your Country ; but 
 Americans, we don't go to Heaven after Death ; 
 we only go to the Country of Souls. What you 
 fay, is good for thoje that dwell beyond the great 
 Lake. For fo they call the Sea. 
 
 As to their Opinion of the Earth, they make 
 Ufe of a certain Genius, which they call Mica- 
 bocke , who cover’d all the Earth with Water, 
 which feems to retain fome Tradition of the 
 Deluge. They believe that there are between 
 Heaven and Earth certain Spirits in the Air, 
 which have Power to foretel future Things ; and 
 others that are excellent Phyficians for all Sorts 
 of Maladies. This makes ’em very fuperfti- 
 tious, and confult Oracles with great Exa&nefs. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 The Manner of Feajling among the Canadans. 
 HEY have Feafts at Parting from one a- 
 
 nother ; Feafts of Thanks, War, Peace, 
 Death, Marriage, and Health. They conti- 
 nue revelling Night and Day, particularly 
 when they hold thofe Feafts which they call 
 Eat-up-all ; for then they don’t permit any one 
 to quit the Company ’till all be eaten up; and 
 if a Perfon is not able to ftuft any longer, he is 
 oblig’d to hire another in his Place. They 
 have other Feafts for the Recovery of the Sick, 
 and fome ordinary common Feafts. Formerly 
 
 they 
 
( >9 ) 
 
 they kept wanton Feftivals, where the Men and 
 Women mingl’d together promifcuoufly, and 
 play’d moft abominable lewd Pranks ; but if 
 they make fuch Entertaiment now-a-days, 
 ’tis very rarely, and when they are at a great 
 Diftance from the Europeans. When they un- 
 dertake a War, ’tis commonly to recover Sa- 
 tisfaction for fome Affront or Injury. Some- 
 times they enter into War, becaufe others jeer 
 ’em. You are a Cowardly they ,you never were 
 in a Battle ; you have kill'd no Body yet. Then 
 are they rouz’d by Honour, and after they have 
 kill’d fome Fallow-Deer, make a Feaft, and ex- 
 hort their Neighbours to go along with ’em. 
 When they go fingly, they make no Feafts, but 
 If they would have Companions, they go thro’ 
 all the Villages to invite the young Men, who 
 take the Platters of Wood, or Bark of Birch, 
 and then they rendezvous at the Wigwam , or 
 Cabin of him that invited them, which they 
 commonly enter finging boafting Songs, as, I 
 am going to War , 1 will revenge the Death of 
 fuch a Kinjman; I'll Jlay and burn , and bring a- 
 way Slaves ; I will eat Men , and fuch like ex- 
 preffions. When the Crew are got together ; 
 they fill the Kettles of thofe that have any, or 
 elfe their Pottingers of Wood or Bark; and then 
 they fit down to eat, while the Mafter of the 
 Feaft fings without Intermiflion. The Company 
 {peak not one Word, but eat up all they have 
 given them, in profound Silence, except one or 
 other of ’em between whiles, that applauds him 
 that makes the Feaft. When the Orator has 
 done, the Mafter fays to ’em, All is well , I’ll 
 march to Morrow , or within two or three Days , 
 according as he hath projected. 
 
 C 2 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 20 ) 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Of their Marriages . 
 
 ;e is not a civil Contraft among thefe 
 
 AyA People: The Man and Woman don’t in- 
 tend to bind themfelves together as long as they 
 live ; for they live together no longer than they 
 agree together, and love one another. As foon 
 as they are difcontented with each other, they 
 fay, My wife is uneafy to me, and I to her ; Jhe'll 
 agree well enough with fucha one who is weary 
 of his Wife; there's no Reafon why we four Jhould 
 live unquietly all our Days. So, with out more ado 
 without any Clamour or Noife, they feparate, 
 and remain perfectly indifferent for each other. 
 
 They fometimes marry their Daughters at 
 nine or tenYears old, not that the young Couple 
 come together fo foon, their Age is too green for 
 that, but the Fathers expeft to make fome Ad- 
 vantages by the Son-in-Law; for when they re- 
 turn from hunting, the Girl’s Father has the Dif- 
 pofal of the Skins and Flefh they have taken; but 
 at the fame Time the Girl is oblig’d to bring the 
 Sagamite, or Milk thicken’d with Indian Corn, 
 and the Meat provided for her Husband’s eating 
 tho’ fhe do not yet cohabit with him ; fometimes 
 ’tis five or fix Years before they confummate. 
 
 TheirWeddings are perform’d without Cere- 
 mony ; the Match is firft made with Money, 
 which being agreed on,andgiven to theWoman, 
 makes a Confummation ; after which, he keeps 
 her during Pleafure, and upon the leaft Diflike 
 turns her away. An Indian may have two, three, 
 or more Wives, if he pleafe; but it is not now fo 
 much us’d as before th ^Europeans came, they be- 
 
 ing 
 
( 21 ) 
 
 ing inclin’d to imitate Things both good and 
 bad. Any Maid before fhe is marry ’d, lies with 
 whom fhe pleafes for Money or Cloths, without 
 Scandal, it being not only cuftomary, but law- 
 ful. They often marry clandeftinely, and there 
 goes but one Word to a Bargain. An unmarry ’d 
 Man goes to a Maid, as they call ’em, without 
 more Courtfhip than telling her, if fhe will go 
 with him, fhe lhall be his Wife. She makes no 
 Reply at firft, but paufes a While, holding her 
 Head betwixt both her Hands, while fhe is con- 
 li dering what to do ; the Man holds his Head 
 in the fame Pofture, and ftands filent; after fhe 
 has thought a little of the Matter, fhe fays, Ne- 
 tho i that is, I am content : The Man lifts up 
 his Head prefently,and replies One , that is to fay 
 ’tis a Match. At Night the Woman or Maid 
 takes an Iron Hatchet, one of Stone, and cuts as 
 much goodWood as fhe can carry, then brings it 
 to the Wigwam, and lays it down; after which, fhe 
 goes in and fits down by the Man, who does not 
 offer to carefs her; when they have fat together 
 long enough without fpeaking, the Husband 
 fays to her Sentaony , ’tis Time to lie down, re- 
 pofe your felf ; fometime after, he comes and 
 lays himfelf down by her. ’Tis very rarely feen 
 that any of ’em make Love after the European 
 Manner, courting, dallying, and jelling fondly 
 and merrily ; they re-enter into a reciprocal 
 Kindnefs with as much Eafe as they broke it off 
 before ; they part very quietly, for they make 
 no more Words on’t than I quit thee, that’s all. 
 They are perfectly indifferent to each other after- 
 wards when they meet, and take no more Notice, 
 than if they had never feen one another. 
 
 If their Women were capable of contracting 
 
 Marriage, 
 
( « ) 
 
 Marriage, and keeping fteady in it, we might 
 marry as many of ’em as we would to the Euro- 
 peans ; but they have no Inclination to Conftan- 
 cy, they cannot keep their conjugal Vows invi- 
 olable, but are very ready to leave their Hus- 
 bands. This is known by Experience, and their 
 common Difcourfe; for when any one of them, 
 who has no Wife, pafles through a Village, he 
 hires a Woman for a Night or two, whilft he 
 tarries from Home, or is hunting, or for fome 
 Weeks, according to his Fancy, the Parents ne- 
 ver hinder, but on the contrary make the firft 
 Advances, and are overjoy’d that their Daugh- 
 ters can earn fome Cloths or Skins. There are 
 all Sorts of Humours reigning among ’em, as a- 
 mongft the Europeans ; fome love their Wives 
 very tenderly, fome flight ’em ; fome beat and 
 ufe ’em very hardly, but that does not laft long, 
 becaufe they turn ’em off ; nay, there are fome of 
 ’em that are jealous, which is very rare. Thofe 
 that are good Hunters, have the Choice of the 
 fineft Women, the reft have none but the home- 
 lieft and the Refute. When they grow old, they 
 feldom part with theirWives, but for fome weigh- 
 ty Reafons. When they go to hunt in the 
 Spring-Time, they frequently have their Wives 
 behind ’em, to {owIndianCorn,&c. and then they 
 hire another to go along with ’em. When they 
 return they give ’em a Skin or two for theirWa- 
 ges, and go back to their Wives, as tho’ they 
 had done no Harm ; but if the laft pleafes ’em 
 beft, they take her, and turn away the firft with- 
 out more ado. One Thing is very remarkable, 
 and that is, the young warlike Canadans feldom 
 have to do with Women ’till thirty Years of 
 Age becaufe, fay they, the Commerce with Wo- 
 & men 
 
( 2 3 ) 
 
 men exhaufts their Strength, weakens their 
 Knees, and renders ’em heavy in the Courfe. 
 Thofe that marry under that Age, are defpis’d 
 as effeminate Perfons. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 Of their Manner of interring their Bead. 
 
 HESE People bury their Dead with the 
 
 I greateft Magnificence they can devife, e- 
 fpecially their Relations, their Chiefs, or 
 Heads of their Clans or Tribes ; they put 
 on their belt Attire, and paint their Faces and 
 Bodies with all forts of Colours ; they put ’em 
 in a fort of Coffin made of the Bark of Trees, 
 and they polifh the Outfide neatly with light 
 pumice Stones, and they make a Place where 
 they bury ’em in the Manner of a Maujoleum , 
 fet round about with Stakes 1 2 or 1 3 Foot high. 
 Thefe Monuments are fet up commonly in the 
 moft eminent Place of their Village, which is 
 compos’d fometimes of two or three hundred 
 Cabins. They fend every Year folemn Embaffies 
 to their neighbouring Nations, to folemnize the 
 Feaft of the Dead. All thofe of this part of A- 
 merica fpare nothing to honour their dead 
 Friends and Relations whom they go to lament. 
 
 They have particular Ceremonies for the 
 Children of their deceas’d Friends. When they 
 defign to burn thefe little Ones, as foon as they 
 are dead, they wrap their Bodies in a white 
 painted Skin in the Prefence of their Parents, 
 printed with many Colours ; after they carry 
 it upon a kind of Sledge, and fo carry it to be 
 bury’d. ’Tis to be admir’d how neatly thefe 
 
 Sava- 
 
( 2 4 ) 
 
 Savages lay out their dead Corps, efpecially 
 grown Men, which they difpofe upon fine Mats, 
 and put them in the Pofture of Warriors, with 
 Bows and Arrows, or elfe a Gun, Powder, and 
 Ball, with a Pair of Tongs, a Hatchet, Neck- 
 laces, a Pipe, fome Tobacco, and a Pot full of 
 Sagamite , or Pottage of Indian Corn with fome 
 fat Meat. 
 
 A favage Woman being at the laft Gafp, cry’d 
 out that file would not be baptiz’d. For the Sa- 
 vages that die Chrijlians , faid fhe, are burrid in 
 the Country of Souls by the Europeans. They fay 
 we baptize them only to make them our Slaves 
 in the other World. They often afk if there 
 be good Hunting in that Country where the 
 Chriftians go after Death ; when they are an- 
 fwer’d, that they live there without Hunting, 
 becaufe they neither eat nor drink ; We will 
 not go thither then , fay they, becaufe we mujl 
 eat. If we reply that they will have no Need 
 of Food, they clap their Hands upon their 
 Mouths in fign of Admiration, You are a great 
 Lyar, can any one live without eating ? A Savage 
 one Day told this Story ; One of our Men , fays 
 he, being dead , and come to the Country of Souls, 
 found there fir Jl of all fever al Europeans, who ca- 
 refs’d him, and made much of him; after he came 
 to the place where his Country-men were, who 
 likewife receiv'd him very kindly : There were 
 Feafts there every Day , to which the Europeans 
 are often invited; for there are neither Quarrels 
 nor War. After this old Man had taken a full 
 View of the Country, he return'd Home , and re- 
 counted all his Adventures to thofe of his Nation. 
 We afk’d him if he believ’d the Story ? He faid, 
 No, their Anceftors related it, but they might lie. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 CHAP. VI 
 
 Of the Remedies they adminijler to the Sick. 
 Hen the Savages are weary or tir’d, they 
 
 vv go into a Stove to recruit the Strength 
 of their Limbs; or if they have a Pain in their 
 Thighs or Legs, they take a Knife, or a Stone 
 that will cut, and make a fort of a Scarification 
 upon the Part that is griev’d, while the Blood 
 runs then they fcrape it off with their Knives 
 ’till it has done running,and then rub theW ound 
 with Bears or Deers Greefe : This is a fove- 
 reign Remedy, and they ufe the fame when 
 they have a Pain in the Head, or Arms. To 
 cure Tertian or Quartan Agues, they Compofea 
 Medicine of a certain Bark, which they boil, 
 and give to the fick Perfon to fwallow after his 
 
 Fit. 
 
 They have fome Knowledge in Herbs and 
 Roots, with which they cure feveral Diftem- 
 pers. They have infallible Remedies againft 
 the Poifon of Toads , Rattle-Snakes , &c. but none 
 againft Small-Pox , as we have. There are 
 Mountebanks ,or Quacks, among ’em: Thefe are 
 fome old Savages, who live at other Peoples Coft 
 by counterfeiting themfelves Phyjicians, after 
 a fuperftitious Manner. They make no Ufe of 
 Medicines ; but when they are call’d to a fick 
 Perfon, they make themfelves courted, as tho’ 
 they cou’d do fomething extraordinary ; 
 at laft, after much Entreaty the Jugler comes, 
 he approaches the fick Perfon, feel his Body 
 all over, and after he has well handled, and 
 
 D 
 
 con- 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 confider’d,he tells him there’s a Charm or a Spell, 
 in fuch a Part in the Head, Leg or Stomach, or 
 where he thinks fit, he adds that he rauft re- 
 move this fame Charm, and that it can’t be done, 
 but with a great deal of Difficulty, and ’tis ne- 
 ceffary to do a great many Things before he 
 fucceed in it : This Charm is very dangerous , 
 fays he, but it mud be fetch'd out , coft what it 
 will. The fick Perfon’s Friends, who blindly be- 
 lieve all the Quack tells ’em, make answer, 
 Tchagon , Tchagon ; Courage , Courage ; do what 
 you can ; /pare nothing that you know will do 
 him good. Then the Jugler fets himfelf down 
 very gravely, and confiders fometime what Me- 
 dicine to makeUfe of; then by and by he rifes up, 
 as out of a profound Sleep, and cries. It Jhall be 
 done: Go and make a Fea/l,and be merry. Which 
 Saying often occafions many a drunken Bout. 
 While they are all taken up in this Manner the 
 old Jugler keeps clofe to the fick Perfon,whom 
 he torments by holding his or her Feet and 
 Legs, and gripes ’em hard in the Part where the 
 pretended Charm lies; he make ’em suffer incre- 
 dible Pain, enough to kill ’em ; and often 
 makes the Blood ftart out at the End of their 
 Fingers or Toes. At length after he has done 
 all this, he ffiews a Piece of Skin, a Lock of 
 Womans Hair, or fome fuch Thing; and tells 
 ’em, ’tis the Charm which he has drawn out of 
 the fick Body ; when as the bottom ’tis all a 
 Piece of Roguery. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 2 7 ) 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 Of their Confiitution , Temper, and Manners. 
 
 C ""* ENERALLY fpeaking, they are very 
 J X Robuft: The Men, Women, and Children 
 are of an extraordinary vigorous Conftitution, 
 therefore they are very rarely troubled with 
 Diftempers : They are very greedy of Victuals, 
 yet they can undergo fuch long Abftinences as 
 wou’d doubtlefs be intolerable to the Europeans. 
 Sometimes they Faft two or three Days together, 
 when there’s a necefiity for it, and this without 
 difcontinuing their Bufinefs, whether it be War , 
 Hunting, or Fijhing: The children of the Natives 
 are fo harden’d againft Cold, that in the depth ot 
 Winter they run ftark Naked thro’ the Snow, 
 and tumble about in it as Hogs wallow in the 
 Dirt in Summer Time : when the Air is fill’d 
 with Biting- Flies, they don’t feel their Stinging. 
 When the Men are a Hunting, efpecially in the 
 Spring-time, they are almoft continually in the 
 Water,notwithftanding it to be very cold ; and 
 yet they come out of it frefh and gay, and return 
 to their Cabins without complaining. When 
 they go to War they fometimes poft themfelves 
 behind a Tree,three or four Days together, eat- 
 ing a very inconfiderable Quantity of Victuals 
 all that while ; and thus they lie hid in Am- 
 buft), waiting to ftrike a favourable Blow. 
 
 The Conftitution of the Women is no lefs vi- 
 gorous than that of the Men, nay they are rather 
 more robuft; the Women ferve for Porters, and 
 are fo ftrong, that few Men in Europe can match 
 D 2 them. 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 them, they’ll carry Packs that two or three can 
 hardly lift up. They ufually carry two or three 
 Hundred Weight, and fet their Children a top 
 of their Burden,which are not reckon’d into the 
 Weight : ’Tis true they walk flowly, but they 
 never fail to meet at the Rendezvous of the Na- 
 tion. When in War, they undertake Journeys 
 of 3 or 4 Hundred Leagues, as if it were no more 
 than a Kind of Walk; they carry no Provifions 
 along with them ; they live by Hunting, which 
 they follow Daily, and take Nothing but a Knife 
 with them, in which Equipage they will go a 
 Thoufand Leagues. ’Tis further remarkable, 
 that whilft their Women are big with Child, they 
 go about and carry heavy Burdens, fow Indian 
 Corn and Gourds, and what is worthy Obferva- 
 tion, their Children are very well lhap’d, that 
 ’tis a Rarity to fee one Crooked or Deform’d, 
 they having no Natural Faults in their Bodies. 
 
 As to their Manners they feldom falute Stran- 
 gers, or one another, but fit upon their Breeches, 
 and have no Regard to thofe that come to vifit 
 them : They enter into theirWigwams without 
 fpeaking a Word, and take a Seat where they 
 can, then fmoak their Pipe without faying any 
 Thing, and fo go away again. The Men do the 
 Neceflities of Nature before all the World, with- 
 out the leaft Scruple, and without Regard to any 
 Man. They never wafh their Platters made of 
 W’ood or Bark, nor theSpoons: when the favage 
 Women have clean’d their little Infants with their 
 Hands, they wipe ’em very flightly upon a piece 
 of Bark, after which they will handle the Meat 
 that they eat, feldom or never wafhing their 
 Hands or Face. As foon as they enter into their 
 Wigwams they fall a Smoaking, and if they find 
 
( 2 9 ) 
 
 a Pot cover’d, they make no Difficulty to take off 
 the Lid, to fee what’s in it; they eat in the Plat- 
 ter where their Dogs have eaten, without wiping 
 it ; and when they eat Fat Meat they rub their 
 Hands upon their Face and Hair to clean them, 
 and are perpetually Belching. Thofe that have 
 truck’d Shirts with the Europeans , never walh 
 them, but commonly let’em rot on their Backs: 
 They feldom cut their Nails, and as feldom walh 
 the Meat they drefs. The Women are not a- 
 Iham’dto make Water before all the World,but 
 they had rather go a League in the Woods than 
 any Body Ihould fee them go to Stool ; when 
 the Children pifs their Coverlets, they call 
 away the Urine with their Hands. 
 
 But notwithftanding, there are a great many 
 Things among them very Civil and Commen- 
 dable, as when any one enters into their Cabins 
 when they are eating, they commonly prefent 
 him with a Plateful of Meat, and they are ex- 
 treamly pleas’d when all is eaten that they give, 
 rather chuling to fall two Days without Victu- 
 als, than let you go without prefenting you 
 heartily with part of all they have. 
 
 Some Savages will prefent us the belt Mats 
 and Places in theirWigwams,when we pay ’em 
 a Vifit : Thofe who frequent the Company of 
 Europeans , falute as we do when they meet us; 
 It’s likewife the Cuftom of thefe People to re- 
 turn Prefent for Prefent. In their Feafts they of- 
 ten give to the moft conliderable among ’em, the 
 whole Head of the Beall which they have kill’d, 
 or the bell Portion of what is drefs’d ; they ne- 
 ver eat on the fame Platter, unlefs it be inWar, 
 for then they obferve no Rule. There was a 
 Savage who was call’d Garagontie , which is as 
 
 much 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 much as to fay, the Sun that moves, one Day 
 made an Harangue before the Governor, and 
 every Time he began a new Difcourfe, he took 
 off his Cap and made a Speech like an Orator. 
 Another of ’em feeing his little Daughter, which 
 he had given to the Governour to be inftrudled, 
 faid very civilly to hi\m,Onnontio,ior fo they call 
 the Governour o {CanadaJIhou art the Majler oj 
 this Girl, order the Bufinefs fo that Jhe may learn 
 to write and Read well, and when Jhe grows great 
 either Jend her Home, or take her fora IVife, which 
 fhows thefe people look upon themfelves as 
 much as the Greateft Perfons in the World. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 Of their Habits , or Cloathing. 
 
 HE Savages of this Part of America , ac- 
 
 cording to the Report of their Oldeft 
 
 Men, have always gone cover’d, even before 
 they had any Commerce with the Europeans , 
 the Men and Women cloath’d themfelves with 
 drefs’d Skins ; they are now cloath’d after the 
 fame Manner, but thofe that have Trade with* 
 us and other Europeans, have commonly a Shirt, 
 a great Coat, with a Cowl to it, and a piece of 
 Cloth made fall before and behind, with a Gir- 
 dle which comes down to their Knees, befides 
 they have Stockings without Feet, and Shooes 
 made of drefs’d Skins. When they return from 
 Hunting in Spring-Time, they truck their Skins 
 for Coats, Shoes and Stockings ; Some wear 
 Hats out of Complaifance to the Europeans : 
 Some of ’em have Blankets, in which they wrap 
 
 themfelves, 
 
( 3i ) 
 
 themfelves, holding two Corners of it in their 
 Hands, when they are in their Wigwams: They 
 often go quite naked, having nothing but a piece 
 of Cloth } which they gird about them in Win- 
 ter, ’tis fatten’d about their Loins, and hangs 
 down between their Thighs, as low as their 
 Knees. When they go to War, or to a Feaft,they 
 dawb their Faces old over with red or black, 
 that their Enemies may not perceive they turn 
 pale with Fear ; there are fome that rub their 
 Hair with Oyl,and afterwards clap fome Down, 
 or little Feathers upon their Heads; Sometimes 
 they fatten near their Ears great Plumes of Fea- 
 thersjfome make themfelves wreaths of Flowers, 
 others make ’em of Birchin-Bark, and fome of 
 drefs’d Skins, that are work’d very prettily; then 
 they look like fome of C<efar’s Soldiers, who 
 were painted of divers Colours. 
 
 The Northern Women, in thefe Parts,are cloa- 
 thed like the Men, except they wear a piece of 
 Stuff made like a Petticoat,which reaches down 
 almoft to their Knees. When they go to Feafts, 
 they drefs themfelves in all their belt Attire, be- 
 dawb their Temples, their Cheeks, and the Tip 
 of their Chin with three Sorts of Colours. The 
 Boys go ftark naked, ’till they are capable of 
 Marriage,and even when they are cloath’d,thofe 
 parts which Nature forbids Men to difcover are 
 always left uncover’d, at leaft if they have no 
 Shirts. The Girls begin to put on Cloaths at 
 Five or SixYears old,and then they wear a piece 
 of Stuff that goes round about ’em, reaching from 
 their Loins down to their Knees. Since the 
 Europeans have convers’d among ’em, they begin 
 to be afham’d of their Nakednefs, and learn to 
 cover themfelves a little better than they did 
 formerly. CHAP. 
 
CHAP. IX. 
 
 Of their Games , or Sports. 
 
 npHey have Games as we have,fome for Men, 
 ± and fome for Children : The Men com- 
 monly play with the Stones of certain Fruits, 
 that are red on one fide, and black on the other' 
 they put ’em into a pretty large Wooden Plat- 
 ter, not very deep, or into a Bafon of Birchin- 
 Bark, upon a Woollen Blanket, a drefs’d Skin, 
 a Robe of Bever, or a large Coat They play 
 Six or Seven together ; but there are but two 
 of ’em can take hold of the Platter with their 
 two Hands, one after another. They lift it up, 
 and ftrike the bottom of the Platter againft the 
 Ground, to hufle thefe fix Nuts together ; if 
 there come up five Red, or five Black, all of a 
 Side, that’s one Game won, for they make 
 three or four Games up, more or lefs, according 
 as they agree upon it. All the Gamefters Play 
 one after another: Some of ’em are lo adciifted 
 to this Game, that they Play away all they 
 have, ’till they are naked. When they are at 
 Play they Bawl as loud as they can, juft as if 
 the Decifion of an Empire was in agitation ; 
 and all this Noife is made, as if they wou’d 
 force the Chance to fall on their Side. When 
 they ftiake the Platter, they lay themfelves over 
 the Back and Shoulders at fuch a rate, that 
 they make themfelves black and blew with the 
 Blows. They Play often with Straws, or 
 Broom-Sprigs, half a Foot long, or thereabouts; 
 one of them takes them all in his Hand, and 
 
 then 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 then without looking upon ’em, divides ’em 
 into two Parts, and gives one to his Adverfary. 
 He that has the Even or the Odd Number, ac- 
 cording to their Agreement, wins the Game. 
 The Children likewife Play at this Game of 
 Odd or Even, as our Europeans do. 
 
 They have another Game that they are much 
 pleas’d with, they call Ounon hayenti ; but ’tis 
 rather a Sort of Traffick and Barter, than a 
 Game: They go into two, Cabins, half into 
 one, and half the other ; then comes one with 
 fome Skins, Cloths, or what elfe they have a 
 Mind to truck, and goes to the Door of one 
 Cabin, and crys aloud Ounon hayenti ; thofe 
 within the Cabin make anfwer with a hollow 
 Voice, Hon , hon , hon, hon , hon, five Times :The 
 Cryer or Seller having done, throws the Goods 
 into the Cabin, and returns Home. The reft 
 in the other Cabin confidering the Price of the 
 Goods, fends one out to know if they will take 
 a Coat, Shirt, or Pair of Shoes, in exchange for 
 their Commodities : If they agree, the Ceremo- 
 ny ends with Songs on all Sides. The Word 
 Ounon hayenti fignifies a Bargain. The Children 
 have a Game like the Europeans of Tree-Ball ; 
 likewife a Game with a Ball of Rulhes, or 
 Leaves of Indian Corn, which they tofs up, and 
 catch upon the Point of a Stick. The Great 
 People, Men and Women, pafs away the Win- 
 ter Nights in telling Stories over the Fire, as 
 the European Peafants do. 
 
 E 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 Of their making War and Peace ; With their 
 Policy in both. 
 
 T Hey have almoft all of them a ftrong In- 
 clination to War, becaufe they are fubjedt 
 to Revenge ; being reftlefs Day and Night ’till 
 they have taken Satisfaction for an Affront of- 
 fer’d to their Nation : Where they are not in 
 Alliance, they can eafily ruin the Commerce of 
 their European Neighbours, who fubfift chiefly 
 by their Traffick with them. They have con- 
 fiderable Men among them, who are their Lea- 
 ders and Governors; and they have thofe un- 
 der their Command that will follow them any 
 where, and do all they are order’d : Before 
 they fet out they provide themfelves with good 
 Firelocks, which they get in exchange for Skins 
 and Furs ; they take Powder, Ball, Kettles, 
 Hatchets, and other neceflary Implements in 
 War along with ’em. Sometimes they have 
 young Women and Lads that go along with 
 ’em ; and in this Equipage they march three or 
 four hundred Leagues. 
 
 When they come near the Place where they 
 are to Fight, they march flowly, and with 
 much precaution ; they never kill Deer with 
 their Fire-Arms, for fear of being difcover’d, 
 but only ufe their Arrows upon that Occafion, 
 which make little Noife in Flying : They fend 
 out Spies before ’em, to give an Account, where 
 it is moft proper to begin their Attack. They 
 are excellent at Surprize and Ambufcade ; and 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 will lie in Wait behind the Trees, as if their 
 Defigns were upon fome Beaft. They are very 
 Nimble and A6tive at an Onfet or Retreat; and 
 their Patience is admirable when they find 
 themfelves in clofe Covert ; they’ll wait two 
 or three Days without Eating, to find a favou- 
 rable Opportunity againft their Enemy. Thofe 
 that don’t go out to Fight, are contemn’d, and 
 pafs for Cowards, and Effeminate Men, except 
 thofe who belong and prefide over their Coun- 
 cils at Home, which are conftantly affembled, 
 for Ordering all their Affairs, let the Bufinefs 
 that is to be done be never fo fmall, or trivial, 
 which renders them a veryconfiderable People, 
 for they undertake nothing hand over head, but 
 confult the beft Methods to gain their Ends. 
 The Old Men watch over the Publick, while 
 the Young and Hale go to the Wars. If one 
 complains that fome Perfon robb’d him, they 
 carefully inform themfelves who it is that com- 
 mitted the Theft ; if they can’t find him out, 
 or if he is not able to make Reftitution, provi- 
 ded they be fatisfy’d of the Fa<5t, they repair 
 the Lofs, by giving fome Prefent to the injur’d 
 Party, to his Content. 
 
 When they wou’d put any Body to Death for 
 an enormous Crime, which they are perfwaded 
 he is^guilty of, they hire a Man, whom they 
 make drunk with Brandy, for thefe People are 
 very greedy of it, that the Kinsfolk of the Cri- 
 minal may not feek to Revenge his Death: Af- 
 ter thefe drunken Men have kill’d him whom 
 they judge culpable, they give this Account of 
 it, That he that flew him was Mad and Drunk 
 when he ftruck the Blow. 
 
 E 2 
 
 As 
 
( 36 ) 
 
 As to their Methods of making Peace, that 
 is always done by the Calumet, which is the 
 moft mifterious Thing in the World, for it is 
 ul’d in all their important Tranfa&ions ; how- 
 ever it is nothing elfe but a large Tobacco-Pipe 
 made of red, black, or white Marble, the Head 
 is finely polifh’d, and the Quill, which is com- 
 monly two Foot and a half long, is made of a 
 pretty ftrong Reed or Cane, adorn’d with Fea- 
 thers of all Colours, interlac’d with Locks of 
 Womens Hair; they tie to it two Wings of the 
 moft curious Birds they find, which makes their 
 Calumet not much unlike Mercury's Wand, or 
 that Staff Embaffadors formerly did carry when 
 they went to treat of Peace : They fheath that 
 Reed into the Neck of Birds they call Huars , 
 which are as big as our Geefe, and fpotted with 
 Black and White ; or elfe of a fort of Ducks, 
 who make their Nefts upon Trees, tho’ Water 
 be their ordinary Element, and whofe Feathers 
 are of many different Colours; however, every 
 Nation adorns the Calumet as they think fit, 
 according to their own Genius, and the Birds 
 they have in their Country. 
 
 A Pipe, fuch as I have defcrib’d it, is a Pafs, 
 and fafe Conduct, among all the Allies of the 
 Nations who give it ; and in all Embaffies, the 
 Embaffadors carry that Calumet , as the Symbol 
 of Peace, which is always refpedted ; for they 
 are univerfally Perfwaded, that a great Misfor- 
 tune wou’d befal them, if they violated the 
 publick Faith of the Calumet. All their Enter- 
 prizes, Declarations of War, or Conclufions of 
 Peace, as well as all the reft of their Ceremo- 
 nies, are Seal’d, if I may be permitted to fay fo, 
 with this Calumet ; they fill that Pipe with 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 the beft Tobacco they have, and then prefent 
 it to thofe with whom they have concluded any 
 great Affair, and Smoke out of the fame after 
 them. 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Of their Manner of Hunting. 
 
 T Hey obferve the Time, the Seafons, and 
 the Moons of the Year very punctually, 
 for the better Ordering their Hunting:They call 
 their Moons, from the Name of thofe Beafts 
 which at certain Seafons appear the moft. They 
 call it The Moon of Frogs, when the Frogs make 
 their greateft Croaking; The Moon of Bulls, when 
 thofe wild Bulls appear; F he Moon of Swallows, 
 when thofe Birds come, and when they go. 
 Thtk Barbarians reckon thus,becaufe they have 
 no other Names to diftinguifh their Months 
 by, as the Europeans have. They hunt the Elk 
 and the Goat in all Seafons; but more particular- 
 ly when there is Snow. They hunt the Wild-Cat 
 and the Marmofet in Winter; the Porcupine, the. 
 C aft or and the Otter in th.t Spring, znd fometimes 
 in Autumn. They take the Elk in a Gin by the 
 Neck, and the Caftor in Traps. They kill the 
 Bears with 'Arrows, or Shot, upon the Oaks 
 when they eat the Acorns. As to the Wild- 
 cats, they fell the Tree they are upon, and then 
 the Wild-Hog falls upon them and kills thenT. 
 The Porcupines are taken almoft in the fame 
 Manner, with this only Difference, that they 
 kill them with a Hatchet or Fork when the 
 Tree is fall’n ; for the Dogs cannot come near 
 
 them, 
 
( 3 8 ) 
 
 them, becaufe of their Quills, which are fhar- 
 per than Awls, and by little and little pierce a 
 Man’s Body in an imperceptible Manner ; and 
 thefe Beads wou’d infallibly be the Death of 
 thofe Dogs, Ihou’d they attack ’em. Thefe 
 Beads do not run fwift ; a Man may eafily 
 overtake them. 
 
 In Winter they take the Cajlors under the 
 Ice ; They fird feek out for the Ponds where 
 thefe Beads frequent. The Cajlors fhew an admi- 
 rable Skill and Indudry in the Building of their 
 little Huts: When they change their Abode, they 
 feek out fome Brook in the Woods, and run 
 upwards along the fide of it, ’till they come to 
 fome flat Country, fit to make a Pond in; then 
 after they have well view’d the place on every 
 fide, they begin to make a Dam to flop the 
 Water : They make it as drong as the Dam of 
 any Pond in Europe 3 oi Wood, Earth and Mud; 
 and fometimes fo big, that it will hold the Wa- 
 ter of a Pond a quarter of a League long 
 They make their Huts about the Middle of the 
 Level of theW ater, with W ood,Ru flies and Mud, 
 and they plaifler it all fmoothly together with 
 their Tails which are longer and full as broad 
 as a Mafons Trowel. Their Buildings are three 
 or four Stories high, fill’d almofl full with Mats 
 of Ruflies, and in this Place the Females bring 
 forth their Young ones. At the bottom of the 
 W ater there are Paflages higher and lower. When 
 the Ponds are frozen over, they can only go 
 under the Ice, and for this Reafon at the Begin- 
 ning of Winter, they make a Provifion ofAJpen- 
 Wood, which is their ordinaryFood: They keep 
 it in the Water round about their Huts; the Sa- 
 vages pierce the Ice about the Cabin with the 
 
 Handle 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 Handle of a Hatchet, or a Stake ; and when 
 they have made a Hole, they found the Bottom 
 of the Water to find out the Caftor’s Track. 
 When they have found it out, they put in a Net 
 a Fathom long, and two Sticks, of which the 
 two Ends below touch the Ground, and the two 
 Ends above come out at the Hole which is 
 made in the Ice : They have two Cords fix’d to 
 the Sticks, to draw the Net when the Cafior is 
 taken. 
 
 But to the End this fubtle Animal may not 
 fee the Net, nor the Men, they ftrow upon the 
 Surface of the Ice rotten Wood, Cotton, and 
 fuch like Things : One Savage ftays to watch 
 near the Net with a Hatchet to draw the C aft or 
 upon the Ice when he is taken, while the reft 
 break down the Cabins or Huts with a great 
 deal of Labour, they often are more than a 
 Foot of Wood and Earth, which they are forc’d 
 to hew with a Hatehet, for its frozen as hard 
 as a Stone : When that is done, they found the 
 Pond, and wherefoever they find a Hole, they 
 break the Ice for fear the Caftors fhou’d hide 
 themfelves under it ; fo driving them from 
 Place to Place, at laft they force them into the 
 Net. They labour extream hard in this Man- 
 ner from Morning ’till Night, without eating 
 any Thing ; and for all that, do not take above 
 three or four Caftors. The Natives alfo take 
 in the Spring thefe Beafts with Traps, in the 
 followiug Manner:When the Ice begins to thaw 
 they obfervethe Caftors Paflage,and fet aTrap 
 there ; they Bait that with a Branch of the ftf- 
 pin- Tree, which reaches from the Trap into the 
 Water: When fhe Caftor finds it, he eats it even 
 in the Trap, and then two great Logs of Wood 
 
 fall 
 
( 40 ) 
 
 fall upon him, which kill him. They take the 
 Martens almod in the fame Manner, with this 
 Difference only, that they lay no Bait for them. 
 All the Southern Nations are more Superfluous 
 in their Hunting than thefe Northern People, 
 who obferve little or no Ceremonies in their 
 Hunting ; but when they have caught their 
 Prey, they Difmember the Bead, after which 
 their Wives dry the Flefh in the Sun, and the 
 Smoak of fome fmall Fires, upon wooden Grid- 
 irons. While the Seafon of Hunting lads they 
 only eat the Intrails, and the word pieces of 
 thofe Beads, and carry the bed home to their 
 Villages, which are often two or three Hundred 
 Leagues from the Place of Hunting. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 Of their Manner of Fifhing. 
 
 HpHE Savages that dwell in thefe Parts, fifh 
 A in a different Manner from the Southern 
 Americans fox the Northern People catch all Sorts 
 of Fifh, with Nets, Hooks, and Harping-Irons, 
 as we do in Europe. Some have a pleafant Man- 
 ner of Fifhing thus, They take a ForkofWood 
 with two Grains or Points, and fit a Gin to it 
 after they put it in theWater,and when the Fifh, 
 which are in greater Plenty by far, than ' with 
 us, go to pafs through and find they are enter’d 
 into the Gin, they fnap together thefe Sort of 
 Nippers or Pinchers, and catch the Fifh by the 
 Gills. The Maqua’s which belongs to the Em- 
 peror of the Six Nations or Cantons, foretimes 
 make Ufe of aNet of forty or fifty Fathom long, 
 which they put in a great Canow; after they 
 
( 4i ) 
 
 caft it into an Oval Form in convenient Places 
 of the Rivers;Their Dexterity is to be admired 
 in this Affair; for they take fometimes four Hun- 
 dred White Fifh, befides many Sturgeons^Kich. 
 they draw to the Bank with Nets made of Net- 
 tles. The Fifhery is fo great in fome of thefe 
 Parts, that it is capable to furnifh with Fifh of 
 feveral Sorts the greateft Cities of Europe. It is 
 not to be wonder’d at, for the Fifh continually 
 fwim up the River from the Sea towards the 
 Spring-head to find convenient Places to fpawn 
 in. TheRiver of St.Lawrence or Canada, receives 
 in thefe Parts an Infinite Quantity of frefh Wa- 
 ter from the four great Lakes, the Lake Huron , 
 the upper Lake,the Lake of the Illinois , and the 
 Lake Erieor of the Cat, which may properly be 
 call’d little frefh Water Seas. This great Deluge 
 of Water tumbling furioufly over the greateft 
 and moft dreadful Heap in the World, an infi- 
 nite Number of Fifh take great Delight to fpawn 
 here, and as it were fuffocate here, becaufe they 
 cannot get over this huge Catara6t: So that the 
 Quantity taken here is incredible. 
 
 A Gentleman who was Travelling this Part, 
 went to fee this Heap, which comes from a Ri- 
 ver in the North, and falls into a great Bafin of 
 Lake Outano , big enough to hold a Hundred 
 Men of War, being there he taught the Natives 
 to catch Fifh with their Hands, by caufingTrees 
 to be cut down in the Spring, and to be roll’d 
 to the Bank of the River, fo that he might be 
 upon them without wetting himfelf ; by the 
 Afliftance of which he thruft his Arm into the 
 Water up to the Elbow, where he found a pro- 
 digious Quantity of Fifh of different Species, 
 which he laid hold on by the Gills, gently ftro- 
 
 F king 
 
( 4 * ) 
 
 king ’em, and when he had taken Fifty or Sixty 
 of ’em at a Time, he ufe to warm and refrelh 
 himfelf ; after this Manner, in a Ihort Time he 
 would catch Filh enough to feed Fifty or Sixty 
 Families. 
 
 The moft confiderable Filhery of the Savages 
 is that of Eels, which are very large of Salmay , 
 Salmon-Trouts, and white Filh. The Filhery of 
 Iroquois Agnies which are near New- York , is of 
 Frogs, which they take, and put whole into their 
 Caldrons, without Ik inning them, to feafon their 
 Sagamite or Indian Pottage. The SalmonT routs 
 are taken in many other Places of the Rivers 
 which fall into the Lake of Troutenac : There 
 are fuch Quantities of ’em that they kill them 
 with Sticks : They take the Eels in the Night 
 when it’s calm : Thefe come down all along the 
 River St. Lawrence , and are taken in this man- 
 ner. The Savages put a large Bark of the Birch- 
 Tree, and fome Earth upon the End of a ftake, 
 after which they light a fort of a. Flambeau which 
 gives a clear Light, after that one or two of ’em 
 go into a Canow with a Harping-Iron, placed 
 between the two Grains of a little Fork; when 
 they fee the Eels by the Light of the Fire, they 
 ftriice a vaft Quantity of ’em, becaufe the great 
 while Porpoijes which purfue them, make ’em fly 
 towards the Banks of the River, where the Por- 
 poife cannot follow, becaufe of the lhallownefs 
 of the Water. They take Salmons with harping 
 Irons, and the White-Filh with Nets. Thofe 
 who dwell fome Hundred Leagues higher up the 
 Country, are fo crafty, and have fuch quick and 
 piercing Eyes, that the Filh fwim very fall; they 
 will not fail to ftrike them with Darts a great 
 Depth in the Water, which they Ihoot with a 
 
 Bow ; 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 Bow; befides they have long Poles fharp at one 
 End, which they dart moft dexteroufly in this 
 Manner, they kill great Sturgeons and Trouts, 
 which are feven or eight Fathom in the Water 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 Of the Utenfils of the Savages in their 
 Wigwams, &c. 
 
 T>Eforethe Europeans arrived here theNatives 
 made Ufe of Pots of Earth, as fome of ’em 
 do even to this Day ; efpecially thofe that have 
 no Commerce with the Europeans, and can pro- 
 cure no Pans, Chaldrons or other Utenfils : In- 
 ftead of Hatchets and Knives they make Ufe of 
 fharp flones, which they tie withThongs of Lea- 
 ther in the End of a cleft Stick, inflead of Awls, 
 they make Ufe of a certain fharp Bow, which 
 above the Heel of the Elk]; they had no Fire 
 Arms, but made Ufe of Bows and Arrows. For 
 tomakeFire in a Manner new and quite unknown 
 to us, they make a Triangle of Cedar -wood of 
 aFoot and half, in which they make fome Holes 
 of a fmall Depth, after they take a fwitch or 
 little flick of hard Wood, they twirl between 
 both their Hands in the Hole, and by the quick 
 Motion produce a kind of Dull or Meal, which 
 is converted into Fire, after they pour out this 
 white Powder upon a Bunch of driedHerbs; and 
 rubbing all together, and blowing upon this Pow- 
 der, which is upon the Herbs, the Fire blazes 
 in a Moment. When they wou’d make Platters, 
 or wooden Spoons, or Porringers, they drill 
 theirWoodwith their flone Hatchets, and hollow 
 it with Fire, and do after fcrape it, and polifh it 
 
 F 2 with 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 with a Bever’s Tooth. The Northern Nations, 
 who have commonly very lharp Winters, make 
 Ufe of Rackets to go over the Snow, which are 
 made of the Thongs of fkins, cut out as broad 
 as little Ribbons, neater than our Tennis Rackets. 
 
 Thofe Savages which are near the Europeans , 
 have at prefent Guns, Hatchets, Caldrons,Awls, 
 Knives, Tongs, and fuch like Utenlils. To 
 plant their Indian Corn, they make Ufe of Pick- 
 axes of Wood, for want of thofe of Iron ; they 
 have large Gourds, in which they put the Fat 
 of Bears, Wild-Cats, There is none but 
 
 has his Leathern Bag for his Pipe and Tobacco. 
 TheWomen make Bags of the Rind of the Lin- 
 den-Tree, or of Rulhes to put their Corn in. 
 They make Thread of Nettles, and of the Bark 
 of the Lime-Tree, and of certain Roots. To fow 
 their Ihoes,they make Ufe of very fmallThongs: 
 They make likewife Mats of Bull-rufhes to lie 
 upon, and when they have none, they make ufe 
 of the Barks of Trees. The Natives who have 
 Commerce with the Europeans, begin to make 
 ufe of Iron Crooks and Pot-hooks, which they 
 hang upon a ftick,which refts upon two forked 
 fticks fixed in the Ground ; but thofe that have 
 no Commerce, make ufe of the Branches of 
 Trees to hang their Pots upon to boil their 
 Victuals. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 CHAP. XIV. 
 
 Of the Beauty and Fertility of the Country ; 
 with other remarkable Things. 
 
 T Shall here but barely Touch upon the Beau- 
 ty and Fertility of this Part of America, not 
 having room in fo lhort a Trad to expatiate > 
 only to let the World fee how eafie, as well as 
 advantageous, it wou’d be to Great Britain to 
 eftablifh powerful Colonies there. We mull 
 confefs that there are vail Forells to be rid up, 
 which reach from Canada fome Thoufands of 
 Miles farther ; fo that it wou’d require a great 
 deal of Time to clear the Ground. Confide- 
 rable Advantages were formerly made, and 
 are fo Hill, from the Filhery ; in which Traf- 
 fick, in the pall Age, a thoufand or twelve 
 hundred Velfels were employ’d. The great 
 Bank of Newfoundland, the adjacent Banks, and 
 the neighbouring Ifles have the moll Filh in 
 the World. Thefe Fifheries wou’d be inexhau- 
 ftible Mines for the Kingdom, which cou’d not 
 be taken from it, if they were fupported by 
 good Colonies and Alliances ; fuch as are now 
 offer’d to this Kingdom by the Savage Kings of 
 that Country. A great many Velfels might go 
 every Year to Filh for Porpoife, Whale , and the 
 Sea- Wolf which wou’d furnilh us with an infi- 
 nite Quantity of Oil for our Domellick Manu- 
 factures ; of which, a part might be tranfported 
 to Foreign Countries. 
 
 There has not been Time enough, nor Means 
 to fearch the Country for Mines ; but without 
 
 doubt 
 
( 46 ) 
 
 doubt there are Mines of Tin, Lead, Copper, 
 and Iron in many Places, which are left for the 
 Difcovery of future Ages. The Country, by 
 reafon of the vaft Forelts,will furnilh all Sorts 
 of Wood neceffary to work the Minerals that 
 may be dug there. In many Places there is 
 found a Buftard, and great Veins of Coal. The 
 farther one advances into the Country, the 
 more beautiful Forefts are found, full of Gum- 
 my Trees, fit to make Pitch for Ships : as al- 
 fo infinite Store of Trees fit for Mails, of 
 Pines, Firs, Cedars, Maples fit for all Sorts of 
 Work, efpecially in the Building of Ships. 
 There are in this Nation a great many Sorts 
 of Merchandizes and Manufactures of all Kinds, 
 which cannot be confumed upon the Place ; 
 but in Time this large Trail of Land belong- 
 ing to Canada might make a prodigious Vend 
 of ’em. 
 
 It is certain that theTrade of Furs and Skins 
 in the North is of infinite Profit and Advantage. 
 There are to be had Skins of Elks orOriginaux, 
 as they are call’d in Canada of Bears ; of the 
 white Wolf, or Lynx ; of black Foxes, which 
 are wonderfully beautiful, and fometimes valu’d 
 at 5 or 500 Franks ; of common Foxes, Otters , 
 Martens , Wild-Cat s , Wild Goats, Harts, Porcu- 
 pines; of Turkeys which are of an extraordinary 
 bignefs ; Buftards, and a vail Variety of other 
 Animals. There may be catch’d Sturgeons , Sal- 
 mons, Piques, Carps, large Breums, Eels,Sword- 
 Fifh, Gilt-Heads, Barbels of an extraordinary 
 Size ; and other Sorts of Filh without number. 
 There is an infinite Number of Sea-Larks, which 
 are a Lump of fat Partridges; Ducks of all forts; 
 Huars , a kind of Dottrel, (which imitates Mens 
 
 Voices) 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 Voices) which have an admirable Diverfity of 
 Colours; Turtles, Ring-Doves , Cranes, Herons , 
 Swans , Buflards, with abundance of all other 
 Game. The great River St. Lawrence runs thro* 
 the Middle of the Country, and has one Branch 
 which comes from a Nation call’d Nez, or the 
 Outtaouaels. On the North are the Algouquins , 
 poffel’d by the French ; on the North- Eajl, 
 the Nation of W lives, near New- Fork. On the 
 Sout h,New England ,or Bo (Ion. On th zSouthWeft, 
 Virginia. In fhort all the Countries upon the 
 River of St .Lawrence produce all Sorts of Her- 
 bage and Seeds. There are all Sorts of Materials, 
 as Oak, and all other Sorts of Wood for Building 
 of Ships, and Pitch in abundance : And there 
 are many Medicinal Herbs which are not in 
 Europe, whofe Effects are infallible, according 
 to the Experience of the Savages. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
Sold by J. Baker, at the Black-Boy y 
 in Pater- Nofter-Row. 
 
 'T'HE Life and Adventures of Capt. John 
 Avery , the Famous Englijh Pirate, (rais’d 
 from a Cabbin-Boy to a King) now in Poflef- 
 fion of Madagajcar. Being a fuccindt Account 
 of his Birth, Parentage, Education, Misfortunes 
 and Succeffes, viz. His ferving the Government 
 on Board the Rejolution and Nonfuch Men of 
 War. The Reafons why he quitted that Service 
 for that of the Merchants. His putting to Sea 
 in a Merchant Ship, where he drew in the Crew 
 to turn Pirates with him. His failing to Ja- 
 maica, where he difpos’d of the Ship’s Cargo. 
 His taking a large Ship, worth above a Million 
 Sterling, belonging to the Great Mogul , with 
 his Grand-Daughter on Board, (who was going 
 to be marry’d to the King of Perjia ) attended 
 by a great Retinue of Ladies. His Marriage 
 with the faid Princefs, and his Men with her 
 Retinue. The Methods he took to eftablilh 
 himfelf. His Wealth, Strength, and Acquifiti- 
 ons by Sea and Land. His Character. The 
 feveral Overtures he has made to return to his 
 Obedience. A Defcription of the Country ; 
 with its Cuftoms, Manners, &c. Written by a 
 Perjon who made his EJcape from thence, and 
 faithfully extracted from his Journal . Price 6d.