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 McGILL UNI VBR@ITY LIBRARY 
 
 Souk , 
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 acce.NO. Pf} | 54 RECD 1931 m 
 
 
 
 
 Tne ‘BLACKER I IBRARY or 7 OOLOGY 
 | ESTABLISHED ay ROBERT ROE BLACKER - 
 | AND NELLIE CANFIELD BLACKER 1920. 
 
 WS a ANAWNNNA 
 
 
 
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 CYNOGRAPHIA BRITANNICA: 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 COLOURED ENGRAVINGS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 VARIOUS BREEDS OF DOGS 
 
 EXISTING IN GREAT BRITAIN; 
 
 DRAWN FROM THE LIFE, 
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR PROPERTIES AND USES, 
 
 BY 
 
 SYDENHAM EDWARDS; 
 
 COLOURED UNDER HIS IMMEDIATE INSPECTION. 
 
 
 
 servants of man, are excellent companions when human society is wanting, 
 
 affectionate 
 ‘¢ Dogs are honest creatures, they 
 
 Dogs have always been the ready and 
 uardians of their master’s person and property.— 
 
 and are the faithful and incorruptible g 
 ‘s never fawn on those they love not, and I’m a friend to Dogs.” 
 
 ee 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY C. WHITTINGHAM, DEAN STREET, FETTER LANE, 
 FOR THE AUTHOR, CHARLES STREET, QUEEN’s ELM. CHELSEA; 
 
 , NEW BOND-STREET; H.D. SYMONDS, PATERNOSTER-ROW ; L. B, SEELEY, 
 
 AND SOLD BY J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET; J. ROBSON 
 ’s CRESCENT; AND A. AND J, ARCH, GRACECHURCH-STREET. 
 
 AVE-MARIA-LANE; T. CURTIS, ST. GEORGE 
 
 Ee 
 
 1800. 
 
 
 
an — -— a ee nie aaa eee 
 
 —+- 2 0 oo, A Rw —~ o — - a ‘ et Oe age 
 wea ne ~ tte ‘ — ee = =e = — es — ae 
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 OT [Oo 
 
 q pO 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 N the following pages I propose to give a more satisfactory 
 account of the Dogs found in England, with their uses, 
 habits, and appearance, than has hitherto been offered to the 
 
 public. 
 
 The description of each kind is accompanied with a figure 
 delineated from the living animal, which has been attended with 
 great trouble and expence, as it was necessary for the correct- 
 ness of the work that each portrait should be carefully made 
 from some distinguished individual Dog of each particular breed: 
 and in the execution of the portraits much study and attention 
 has been paid, to represent as strongly as possible the peculiar 
 character and manners of each respective race. [hus far | 
 may venture, perhaps, without incurring the charge of osten- 
 tation, to speak of the nature of my labours; the rest is sub- 
 mitted with the greatest deference to the judgment and indul- 
 
 gence of a discerning public. 
 
 The descriptive part is occasionally interspersed with: some 
 
 account of the Dogs formerly used in this island, which have 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 es es 
 AAG) Uke 
 
 - meek: amas 
 
 — 
 —_ a cee... « nial VSS TE 
 x SRS =~ Leer 
 
 equ’ 
 
 CSET ee 
 
 “ — 
 
 rT, 
 - oP 
 
 ee ae 
 
 = 
 
 been superseded by others more useful, or better suited to the 
 wants or fashion of the times, as may be exemplified in the 
 Blood-hound, which was commonly in use at a period when, 
 as an emblem of war, our restless ancestors pursued the wild 
 boar, wolf, or red deer, on mountainous westes or wilds covered 
 with forests and thick underwoods, he was employed to trace 
 the wounded game to its concealment, and the midnight thief 
 or blood-stained robber to his secret cave; when our country 
 was cleared, the larger game was destroyel, or only preserved 
 in the parks of our nobles, and the thief or robber found a surer 
 protection in the crowded city than the solitary glen, the ser- 
 vices of this animal being no longer useful or necessary, he is 
 
 lost to us, or suffered to degenerate and sink into obscurity. 
 
 In like manner the mechanical arts have superseded the use 
 of the Turnspit, and the introduction of new kinds, with various 
 modes of protecting property, the Masti, and other breeds, 
 once frequent, are for similar reasons lest. It would be a 
 matter of great curiosity could their history be pursued to pe- 
 riods more remote; as we might from the Dogs in use deduce 
 the sports and character of times past; but for this I lament 
 the want of satisfactory materials. 
 
 The Dog may be considered as, not only the intelligent, 
 courageous, and humble companion of man, he is often a true 
 type of his mind and disposition ; the hunter’s dog rejoices with 
 him in all the pleasures and fatigues of the chace; the fero- 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 
 
 
 
 e the following pages I propose to give a more satisfactory 
 account of the Dogs found in England, with their uses, 
 habits, and appearance, than has hitherto been offered to the 
 
 public. 
 
 The description of each kind is accompanied with a figure 
 delineated from the living animal, which has been attended with 
 great trouble and expence, as it was necessary for the correct- 
 ness of the work that each portrait should be carefully made 
 from some distinguished individual Dog of each particular breed: 
 and in the execution of the portraits much study and attention 
 has been paid, to represent as strongly as possible the peculiar 
 character and manners of each respective race. Thus far I 
 may venture, perhaps, without incurring the charge of osten- 
 tation, to speak of the nature of my labours; the rest is sub- 
 mitted with the greatest deference to the judgment and indul- 
 
 gence of a discerning public. 
 
 The descriptive part is occasionally interspersed with some 
 
 account of the Dogs formerly used in this island, which have 
 
 
 
 
 
4, 
 
 been superseded by others more useful, or better suited to the 
 wants or fashion of the times, as may be exemplified in the 
 Blood-hound, which was commonly in use at a period when, 
 as an emblem of war, our restless ancestors pursued the wild 
 boar, wolf, or red deer, on mountainous wastes or wilds covered. 
 with forests and thick underwoods, he was employed to trace 
 the wounded game to its concealment, and the midnight thief 
 or blaod-stained robber to his secret cave; when our country 
 was cleared, the larger game was destroyed, or only preserved 
 in the parks of our nobles, and the thief or robber found a surer 
 protection in the crowded city than the solitary glen, the ser- 
 vices of this animal being no longer useful or necessary, he is 
 
 lost to us, or suffered to degenerate and sink into obscurity. 
 
 In like manner the mechanical arts have superseded the use 
 of the Turnspit, and the introduction of new kinds, with various 
 modes of protecting property, the Mastiff, and other breeds, 
 once frequent, are for similar reasons lost. It would be a 
 matter of great curiosity could their history be pursued to pe- 
 riods. more remote; as we might from the Dogs in use deduce 
 the sports and character of times past; but for this I lament 
 
 the want of satisfactory materials. 
 
 The Dog may be considered as, not only the intelligent, 
 
 courageous, and humble companion of man, he is often a true 
 type of his mind and disposition ; the hunter’s dog rejoices with 
 him in all the pleasures and fatigues of the chace; the fero- 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 a dete er Enews 
 
 ay 
 
 peti) se 
 oe Sale 
 
 ay ae 
 ah ‘ 
 ee at i~ 4 
 > ee Be ae 
 mw _- ” ’ vo" 
 
 5 
 
 cious and hardy disposition of the Bull-dog may commonly be 
 traced on the determined brow of his master; nor does the 
 Dog of the blind beggar look up to the passing stranger but 
 with suppliant eyes. 
 
 Always the ready and affectionate servant, an excellent 
 companion when human society is wanting, the faithful and 
 incorruptible guardian of his master’s person and property.— 
 «© Dogs are honest creatures, they never fawn on those they 
 << love not, and I’m a friend to Dogs.” 
 
 England has been long eminent for the superiority of her 
 Dogs and Horses, now preferred in almost every part of the 
 world. Whether this superiority arises from the climate, or 
 from the pains taken in their breeding, education, and mainte- 
 nance, I do not undertake to determine; the Fox-hound and 
 the Bull-dog out of this island are said to lose their proper- 
 ties in a few years; if so, then there must be some local cause 
 
 of their perfection in this country, and their degeneration in 
 
 others. 
 
 The attachment of our countrymen for ages to the sports of 
 the field has given them health and vigour of body, and a 
 
 gallant contempt of danger, the uniform effect on those nations 
 
 that have cultivated them. 
 

 
 TOES ae aaa 
 _ 
 
 ee eee or es ae ee Oe 
 
 Ere 
 
 PONE So ~-oee 
 
 Saree. ‘ 
 
 oF 
 
 st ter wos 
 
 ae. — 
 " Pies cut 
 
 - Str ~ 
 
 at epee en 
 orm ~ . 
 
 ee 
 aor Fer t 
 
 “* 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Romanis solenne viris opus, 
 Utile fame, vitezue, et membris. 
 HORACE. 
 
 The chase was by our sires esteem’d 
 Healthful, and honourable deem’d. 
 FRANCIS. 
 
 Without pursuing these remarks any farther, I will now enter 
 into a short historical dissertetion on the Dogs cultivated in this 
 country as far back as any certain account of them can be 
 traced, which is not more distant than the reign of Queen Eliza- 
 beth. Of the Dogs existing at this period we have an excellent 
 catalogue from the able pen of the illustrious Dr. Cajus, and 
 according to him there were then known jin England sixteen 
 species, or rather varieties of Dogs, for all the different breeds, 
 it is imagined, are merely varieties from one original stock, to 
 which Mr. Pennant and Mr. Hunter have added of late years 
 the Wolf, the Fox, the Hyena, and the Jackall, considering 
 them as offsprings of the same stock. To Dr. Cajus succeed 
 Merret, Ray, Topsell, and Pennant: they have, however, 
 added but little to his invaluable remarks. 
 
 The species enumerated by Dr. C 
 
 | ajus are contained in 
 the following table : 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 NOMINA. 
 LATINA. ANGLICA. 
 ‘Terrarius .. Terrare. 
 (Sagax Leverarius . ‘ Hunde 2 Harier. 
 Sanguinarius )Biadimnde. 
 Agaseus........ |} (Gasehunde. 
 (Venatici. ..< Leporarius ‘Seas pape 
 Levinarius seu Lo- Leviner or Ly em- 
 
 
 
 MPG Se | mer. 
 (Vertag ' Sees Tumbler. 
 oo HM. Spainel. 
 Generosi Jee \tnataas OTS eee a ee / Vee 
 I . Aquaticu us, seu In- \ hs ater-Spainel or 
 QUISHOR oe en Fynder. 
 Delicati . . .) Melitzas, seu Fotor { erm gentle, or 
 Canes ergo Comforter. 
 Britannici 
 aut sunt.. Pasterarns. 323... ) (Shep herd’s Dog. 
 Rustior ss: SS Sk 4 Villaticus, seu Ca- > < Woe or Bande- 
 ( tenanus....3.. ( Dog. 
 Admonitor ...... Wappe 
 i Degeneres Ss Sere ) Versa aot ae > » Turnspit. 
 patatel. Sse \ Dancer. 
 
 Some of these are wholly extinct, or only a few individuals 
 
 preserved by the curious. 
 
 For the same reasons that some breeds have become ex- 
 tinct, new ones have been formed, and a great number of these 
 changes from fashion and caprice take place ina short period 
 of time; the principal, however, still do, and probably ever 
 
 will remain. 
 
 It is not the purpose of this undertaking to give every pos- 
 sible mixture and variety of Dogs, which, by repeated crossing 
 
 in various breeds, become almost infinite, but to adhere to what 
 
 
 
by exhibiting 
 
 the originals 
 
 whole will form an useful and entertaining 
 
 ~ 
 
 ~ 
 
 , and the information given will be collected 
 
 entic sources, but chiefly from my own in- 
 
 : — ot ee 
 ierent SUDIECCIS. 
 
 
 
7 aa 
 
 Pe 
 
 . ven 
 
 . ~~, 
 «a wat 
 
 s 
 a! 
 ; 
 
 « 
 
 
 
 — 
 
ey. ff 
 
 — 
 a 
 -—— 
 
 London Lud. on SyvAd 
 
 ? F ~ 
 AWATUN Tan / /800 
 
 
 
Cull eivke 
 
 CANIS NATATOR. 
 THE NEWFOUNDLAND-DOG. 
 
 Bewick’s Hist. Quad. 326. 
 
 S now universally admired and bred all over Europe, to nearly the 
 extermination of many others. In this country we ought particu- 
 larly to lament the rarity, if not the loss of the venerable Mastiff, for 
 which England was once so famous, whose situation he now supplies, as 
 a trusty and important guard to the person and property of his master. 
 
 The size, sagacity, and well known fidelity of these, deservedly entitle 
 them to the most distinguished rank of all the canine race, although 
 novelty should with the greatest caution be allowed to supersede long 
 services and worth. 
 
 Their name is derived from the country of which they are supposed 
 to be natives, but more probably introduced by the Spaniards, and great 
 numbers have been imported into England, ard various parts of the world, 
 by vessels trading to and from Newfoundland, on board of which they are 
 often kept, for the purpose of recovering any thing that has accidentally 
 fallen into the sea, where they are not unfrequently lost, together with 
 the object of their pursuit. It is the northern part of the island from 
 which the true breed is brought; they are procured by the ships stationed 
 there, and sent to the southern side, from wience they are transported 
 
 to Europe and elsewhere. 
 
 ‘© The settlers on the coasts of Newfoundland find them of the greatest 
 service in bringing down the sledges loaded with wood, from the inte- 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 ee OO 
 — 
 Ms — 
 ss 
 > 
 
 “Is 
 
 oh LS, 4 Me a 
 
 r at ok. tn 
 
 TTT Co ES ke 
 
 Sa 
 EP » 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. 
 
 rior parts of the country to the sea-shore; they tie or yoke several of 
 them together, and three or four will draw two or three hundred 
 weight with much ease, for several miles; when once taught, they re- 
 quire no person to guide or drive them, and after having delivered their 
 loading, return back to the place from whence they came, where they 
 are rewarded with fish, of which they are very fond, both dried and 
 fresh, and with which the country abounds from the great cod-fisheries 
 carried on upon the coasts.” But these are not the only kinds now to 
 be found in Newfoundland, for there are many others, probably carried 
 
 there by trading vessels, the natural consequence of an intercourse with 
 different nations, 
 
 ce 
 &¢ 
 6 
 6é 
 6 
 66 
 
 sé 
 
 The Dutch make use of various Dogs for the purpose of draft, and 
 place several a-breast in harness fastened to little barrows or carts loaded 
 
 with fish or merchandize, which they draw from Scheveling to the Hague, 
 
 and often return loaded even with men and boys*. Tradespeople in Lon- 
 
 don also employ them in a somewhat similar manner; they are fastened 
 under their trucks or hand carts, where we often see them tugging like 
 little horses, with their tongues hanging out of their mouths almost sw 
 ing the ground; and were not the horse so common and so favourite 
 an animal amongst the English, great advantages might doubtless be 
 derived from their use in draft, which is exemplified in the more 
 northern nations, where horses are not so commonly met with. 
 
 eep- 
 
 In some parts of England, large Dogs are accustomed to drawing 
 
 water up from deep wells. Two of them usually work together within 
 
 a large wheel, to turn which their exertions are truly wonderful, barking 
 and disputing with each other for the greatest share of labour, 
 
 I was 
 much pleased with a scene of this 
 
 kind in Hampshire, where one of the 
 Dogs, at intervals, quitted the wheel, and ran to the mouth of the well, 
 looking down to examine if the bucket was near the surface, then, 
 
 * Pratt’s Gleanings. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. 
 
 jumping again into the wheel, redoubled his efforts till it was quite 
 
 drawn up. 
 
 With us, the Newfoundland-dog seems to retain all its original purity, 
 this climate being congenial to its nature and disposition; but when 
 transported to a hot country, they gradually lose their vigour and beauty ; 
 one sent to Jamaica experienced a total change, by his waving coat 
 falling off, anda very short smooth one succeeding, but upon his being 
 taken to Canada, the hair resumed its former length and appearance; a 
 similar circumstance is also related in Brown’s History of Jamaica, as 
 taking place with the sheep brought there by the Spaniards, the wool be- 
 coming short hair, but changing again upon their returning to their 
 
 native place. 
 
 They sometimes grow to a very large size, but the general height 
 is five or six and twenty inches, measuring from the top of the 
 shoulder to the ground: large Dogs are sometimes higher behind than 
 before, that is, from the highest part of the rump to the ground; but in 
 speaking of their height, it ought to be considered as measured from the 
 highest part of the shoulders to the ground. The length from the nose 
 to the end of the tail is more than five feet. The most common colour 
 ‘s black and white, sometimes red and white, and more rarely of one 
 colour, or black and white with tanned spots about the face. 
 
 The coat differs in various individuals, being in some short and curly, 
 in others long and waving; the tail is large and bushy, and carried 
 gracefully over the back; the ears, which it is customary to cut off, are 
 short and pendulous; and the head in form strongly resembles that of a 
 bear, from which they are often termed bear-headed. 
 
 The vulgar notion, that they are web-footed, will be found to be 
 erroneous, the connecting part of the toes being similar to other large 
 
 Dogs. 
 

 
 NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. 
 
 To the fowler on the sea-coasts their services are particularly necessary 
 for fetching the wald fowl out of the water when shot, and their great 
 strength and hardiness enable them to bear the severity of the weather, 
 and fatigue of the sport, better than most others; nor are they deficient 
 in scent, as many of them hunt tolerably well. 
 
 In swimming and diving, few equal, none excel them, and as their 
 docility is so great, they most readily learn to fetch and carry small 
 burdens in their mouths, of which employment they soon become fond; 
 and these qualifications, added to the sincere attachment they shew to 
 their masters, cause them to be highly esteemed. 
 
 Among the many instances of their great sagacity, which might be ad- 
 duced, those related by Mr. Bewick are well deserving our notice: 
 
 ** During a severe storm, in the winter of 1789, a ship belonging to 
 Newcastle was lost near Yarmouth, and a Newfoundland-dog alone 
 escaped to the shore, bringing in his mouth the Captain’s pocket-book ; 
 he landed amidst a number of people who were assembled, several of 
 whom in vain endeavoured to take it from him. The sagacious animal, 
 
 as if sensible of the importance of the charge, which in all probability 
 was delivered to him by his perishing master, at length leaped fawn- 
 
 ingly against the breast of a man who had attracted his notice amongst 
 the crowd, and delivered the book to him. 
 
 ‘* The Dog immediately returned to the place where he had landed, 
 and watched with great attention for every thing that came from the 
 wrecked vessel, which he seized, and endeavoured to bring to land.” 
 
 “ A gentleman walking by the side of the river Tyne, and observing, 
 on the opposite side, a child fall into the water, gave notice to his 
 
 Dog, which immediately jumped in, swam over, and catching hold 
 of the child with its mouth, brought it safe to land.” 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 = 
 
 6 
 
 6é 
 
 ¢é 
 
 éé 
 
 “é 
 
 Cé 
 
 6é 
 
 ¢é 
 
 ¢é 
 
 NEWFOUNDLAND DOG, 
 
 To which the following may be added: 
 
 ‘« A Newfoundland-dog, fighting with a Bull-dog at Bank-side near 
 the Thames, appeared to be very hard put to it, and finding his adver- 
 sary as obstinate as he was powerful, was observed to unite all his art 
 and strength to draw the Bull-dog into the water, which he at length 
 accomplished, and then very speedily drowned him.” 
 
 « At the commencement of the gallant action which took place be- 
 tween the Nymph and Cleopatra, there was a large Newfoundland Dog 
 on board the former vessel, which the moment the firing began, ran 
 from below deck, in spight of the efforts of the men to keep him 
 down, and exhibited the most violent rage during the whole of the en- 
 gagement. When the Cleopatra struck, he was among the foremost to 
 board her, and there walked up and down the decks, seemingly con- 
 
 scious of the victory he had gained.” 
 
 When crossed with the Bull-dog, Wolf, or Mastiff, the produce be- 
 
 comes very furious and makes a useful Yard-dog, or Bear-dog, but should 
 rarely be trusted loose without a muzzle, as they are apt to seize without 
 
 discrimination horses, cattle, &c. 
 
 Crossed with the Setter they make an excellent sporting Dog for 
 
 marshy countries. 
 
S 
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 CANIS VENATICUS MINOR. 
 
 THE BEAGLE. 
 
 Canis venaticus minor.—CHARLETON. 
 Canis minor celer, a Beagle —MERRET. 
 Beagle.—Bewick’s Hist. Quad. 
 
 F all the Hound tribe the Beagle is the least, and is used only for the 
 purpose of hare-hunting. Their method of finding and pursuing 
 
 their game is very similar to the Harrier, but they are far inferior in point 
 of swiftness; yet to those sportsmen who hunt in a dry and inclosed coun- 
 try, where the coverts are not too large and strong, and who delight in un- 
 ravelling the intricate mazes of the doubling hare, more than in the 
 
 death, they afford no inconsiderable degree of amusement. 
 
 When the atmosphere is a little hazy, and the scent low, they catch it 
 better than taller Dogs, spending their tongues freely in treble or tenor, 
 and though more soft, yet not less melodious than the Harrier. But, 
 as most sportsmen prefer the faster and stronger Dogs, these are by no 
 means in such repute as formerly, a complete cry or pack of them being 
 very rarely seen. They are now chiefly kept as finders to the Grey- 
 hounds in coursing, which purpose they answer extremely well, hence 
 they are frequently called Finders. 
 
 The varieties are generally distinguished by the parts where they are 
 bred, as, the Southern Beagle, bearing a strong resemblance to the slow 
 deep-mouthed Southern Hound, but much smaller; the Northern Beagle, 
 which is lighter formed, with shorter ears, and swifter: a cross breed be- 
 tween these two is esteemed preferable to either. 
 

 
 
 
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 BEAGLE. 
 
 The Southern Beagles are smooth-haired, with long ears, and gene- 
 rally so loosely formed, that they cannot for a continuance be hunted in 
 a heavy country without being crippled; besides which they have fre- 
 
 quently some very great faults in a Hound, as crooked legs, tailing or 
 lagging behind when they begin to tire, or are too small. 
 §5!s y bes ? 
 
 ‘¢ ‘The pigmy brood in every furrow swims; 
 ‘* Moil’d in the cloggy clay panting they lag 
 “« Behind inglorious, or else shivering creep, 
 ‘* Benumb’d and faint, beneath the shelt’ring thorn.” 
 
 SOMERVILLE’S CHASE. 
 
 The Northern, which are commonly wire-haired, straiter limbed, and 
 better formed in their shoulders and haunches, endure bad weather and 
 long exercise with less inconvenience than the Southern. 
 
 They hunt hedge-rows, thread the brakes *, and muset+ with the hare, 
 
 with great spirit, but it is evident to the most common observer that nei- 
 ther of them are calculated to bear much fatigue. 
 
 Beagles, like other Hounds, are of various colours, and preferred as the 
 fancy of the owner dictates. In height about twelve inches, and are 
 hunted and treated in the same manner as the Harrier. 
 
 Mr. Pennant considers this Dog as the Agaszus of Oppian, and as 
 different variety from the Agaszeus of Caius, for which it might be 
 taken from the similitude of names, and says, ‘¢ Oppi 
 *« small kind of Dog peculiar to 
 
 a 
 mis- 
 ant describes his as a 
 Great Britain,” and then goes on, ‘‘ Tupoy, 
 
 * "To thread the brakes, in the langu 
 
 age of the sportsman, is when the Dog examines 
 with accuracy along every p 
 
 art of a hollow overgrown with briars, &c. 
 
 + The muset of a hare is the hole in a hedge or enclosure, through which she passes, par- 
 ticularly when she relieves or goes to feed, and the dog is said to muset wi 
 the chase he pursues her through this hole instead of leaping oy 
 
 about, by this means saving himself the trouble of recovering 
 the muse, or mews. 
 
 th her, when in 
 er the hedge or going round 
 the scent. Generally called 
 
 
 
 { Oppian, book i. ver. 419 to 526. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 BEAGLE. 
 
 2 UT LOKOTATOV, AATLOT PLY OV, OMfLAo! ywhee, Curvum, macilentum, hispidum, 
 “ oculis pigrum. Crooked, lean, rough, and slow in the eye*. What he 
 ‘© adds afterwards still marks the difference more strongly; Pweor 3 avte 
 “ uarisa wavetonos es ayarceugf. Naribus autem longe praestantissimus 
 
 “¢ est Agasseust. But the Agusseus is most excellent in the nose. 
 
 This is a truer description of our Terrier than the Beagle, particularly 
 that of the North, and doubtless his native original, as may be distinctly 
 traced in the rougher sorts: in this state it existed at the time of the pri- 
 mzval Britons, and by them was used for destroying the smaller vermin 
 
 and foxes, so detrimental to their hare parks§. 
 
 The British Blood-hound, or the large Southern-hound, bred with this, 
 would produce the several intermediate varieties of Staghound, Foxhound ||, 
 Otterhound, Harrier, and Beagle, and by carefully preserving the smallest 
 offspring, but in make like the largest parent, would in process of time 
 
 form his exact miniature in the Beagle. 
 
 The term Beagle has been indiscriminately used. by many for the Har- 
 rier and the Beagle, but is now wholly confined to the latter. Are seldom 
 crossed with others unless to diminish their size, and are apt to challenge 
 
 any scent when hot, even that of birds. 
 
 * Whittaker says, black-eyed. See Terrier. 
 
 + Opp. Cyneg. lib. 1. lin. 473. 476. 
 
 { Pennant’s Brit. Zool. vol. 1. 
 
 § Whittaker’s History of Manchester, vol. u. 
 
 | To this class I consign the Agaseus of Caius, see Foxhound. 
 
 q A learned and ingenious friend of mine to whom I am indebted for some curious trans- 
 
 lations and other valuable remarks, coincides with me in this opinion. 
 
 
 
 
 
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 CANIS HISPANIOLUS. 
 
 THE SPANIEL. 
 
 Canis Hispaniolus Agrarius, Land Spaniel. Cu arueton. 
 
 Canis Aviarius, seu Hispanicus Campestris.—Raut, 177. 
 
 Canis extrarius, Lim. Syst. 
 
 Canis Hispanicus, or Spanish Dog with hanging ears.—Atprov. 561. 
 Kpagneul or Spaniel, Buffon. 
 
 Canis Hispaniolus, Spainel.—Caruvs. 
 
 a ‘HE name sufficiently indicates the country, to which this and the 
 
 other sort of Spaniels owe their origin; and the Roman termination 
 Hispaniolus or Spaniel, is a full demonstration of their Roman intro- 
 ducers*. 
 
 This was usually distinguished by the name of Land Spaniel, in contra- 
 distinction to Water Spaniel, and may be divided into two kinds, the 
 Springing, Hawking Spaniel, or Starter, and the Cocker, or Cocking 
 Spaniel; the first was used for springing the game when falconry was 
 amongst the prevalent sports of this Island, and as it made one of the 
 principal pursuits of our British ancestors, the chieftains maintained a con- 
 siderable number of birds for that purpose. The discovery of the gun 
 superseding the use of the falcon, the powers of the Dog were directed to 
 the new acquisition; but his fleetness, wildness and courage, in quest of 
 game, rendering him difficult to manage, a more useful kind was estab- 
 lished, with shorter limbs and less speed; yet some of the true Springers 
 still remain about London, but are rarely found in any other part of the 
 
 * Whittaker’s Hist. Manchester. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 SPANIEL. 
 
 country; these are little different from the larger Spaniel or Setter, except 
 in size; generally of a red, or red and white colour, thinly formed, ears 
 
 rather short, long limbed, the coat waving and silky, the tail somewhat 
 
 bushy, and seldom cut. 
 
 Differing from this is the Cocker, esteemed for his compact form, hav- 
 ing the head round, nose short, ears long and the larger the more ad- 
 mired, limbs short and strong, the coat more inclined to curl than the 
 Springers, and longer, particularly on the tail, which is commonly trun- 
 cated; colour liver and white, red, red and white, black and white, all 
 liver colour, and sometimes black with tanned legs and muzzle. 
 
 From the great similarity of some Cockers to the Water Spaniel, both 
 in person and disposition, little doubt can be entertained but such are de- 
 rived from him and the Springer; some of the strongest of this kind are 
 found in Sussex, and called Sussex Spaniels; another variety of Cocker 
 much smaller is the Marlborough breed, kept by his Grace the Duke of 
 Marlborough, these are red and white with very round heads, blunt noses, 
 and highly valued by sportsmen. 
 
 Our unfortunate Monarch, Charles the First, was much attached to Spa- 
 niels, and had always some of his favourites about him; but these do not 
 appear to have been the small black kind known by his name, but Cockers, 
 as is evident from the pictures of Vandyke, and _ the print by Sir Robert 
 Strange, after this master, of three of his children, in which they are in- 
 troduced. 
 
 The term Cocker, is taken from the woodcock, which they are taught 
 
 to hunt, ‘* but as all sportsmen know, it is singular, that no sporting Dog 
 ae dy: <p , ar Te ; 
 will flush * woodcocks, till inured to the scent, and trained to the sport, 
 
 Sportsmen say, flush a woodcock, spring 
 
 a snipe, push a pheasant, and raise a partridge, 
 when they are made to fly. 
 
 
 
SPANIEL. 
 
 ‘“ which they then pursue with vehemence and transport, though they 
 
 ‘‘ hunt partridges and pheasants as it were by instinct, yet will hardly 
 
 ‘* touch their bones when offered as food, but turn from them with ab- 
 
 ‘“* horrence, even when they are hungry, nor would a Mongrel Dog, 
 
 “ though remarkable for finding that sort of game, bat when offered to 
 ‘“ two Chinese Dogs, they devoured them most greedily, and licked the 
 
 ** platter clean. Now, that dogs should not be fond of the bones of such 
 
 ** birds as they are not disposed. to hunt is no wonder: but why they re- 
 ** ject, and do not care to eat, their natural game is not so easily accounted 
 ‘6 
 
 for, since the end of hunting seems to be, that the chase pursued should 
 ‘“ be eaten. Dogs again will not devour the more rancid water fowls, 
 nor indeed the bones of any wild fowls; nor will they touch the feetid 
 ‘* bodies of birds that feed on offal and garbage; and there may be some- 
 
 “¢ what of providential instinct in this circumstance of dislike; for vul- 
 
 Gé 
 
 tures, and kites, and ravens, and crows, &c. were intended to be mess-« 
 “* mates with dogs over their carrion, and seem to be appointed by nature 
 ‘* as fellow scavengers, to remove all cadaverous nuisances from the face 
 ** of the earth*.” I may say the Spaniel possesses the soul of the chace, 
 madly pursues the object which cannot be reached by his limited powers, 
 triumphs when it tumbles from its aerial height, revels awhile till motion 
 ceases, but leaves it untasted to him who adds to his sport the gratification 
 of appetite. 
 
 Spaniels are used as Finders or Starters to the Gre yhound, and. pursue 
 the hare with the same impetuosity they do birds. _ Their beautiful coats, 
 their faithful dispositions, humble and insinuating manners, suavity and 
 obedience, even to servility, procure them universal favour, but the gunner 
 loves them for their intrinsic merit, bestows great pains on training them to 
 the gun, and when properly broke or educated, is amply repaid by their 
 services, being indefatigable in their exertions, beating the coverts, brakes, 
 and ditches, in pursuit of game; their tails carried downwards, perpetually 
 
 moving from side to side, and this motion, called feathering, becomes 
 
 * White’s Hist. Selbourne. 
 
 
 
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 more rapid when they have caught the scent, eagerly following, with fre- 
 quent whimpers, till it is disturbed, of which they give notice by repeated 
 quests*, nor should they open at any other time; some sportsmen disap- 
 prove of their questing at all, as it spreads the alarm too far, therefore teach 
 them to beat mute. 
 
 *¢ My Spaniels beat, 
 «¢ Puzzling the entangled copse; and from the brake 
 ‘¢ Push forth the whirring pheasant.” 
 
 As it is the nature of these Dogs to put up all the game they find, good 
 sportsmen are careful to keep them within gun shot, even in cover, and 
 if it be extensive, gingles or bells are put on their collars, and the dog-call 
 used if they beat too wide; those that are wild and riotous have one of the 
 fore-legs buckled up, between the collar and the neck, till they are more 
 steady. They pursue, without preference, the hare, pheasant, woodcock, 
 snipe, partridge, quail, all water fowl, and most birds; are in general fond 
 of the water, and easily taught to bring the game to their master. If 
 taken out with Pointers, they should be led in a line while the Pointers 
 are acting, lest by running into the game when the Pointers stand, they 
 hurry them from their point, and make them unsteady; but they are use- 
 ful to recover such wounded birds as take to running, especially pheasants. 
 They are more subject to certain diseases than other Dogs; as, loss of 
 smell; swelling of the glands in the neck, which sometimes prevents their 
 taking any sustenance till they die; disease on the ears like mange, called 
 
 formice; and, lastly, to the mange itself, which is most destructive of 
 all to their beauty and quiet. 
 
 They are sometimes crossed with the Pointer. Some of the puppies 
 
 take after the Spaniel, and some after the Pointer, but have little to recom- 
 mend them. For the training of them see Setter, 
 
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 CANIS PUGNAX. 
 
 THE BULL-DOG. 
 
 Le Dogue.—De Burrow, Hist. Nat. V. p. 249, t. 43. 
 Bull Dog,.— Penn. Quad. p. 242. 
 
 F the various breeds of these animals observable in this country, not 
 
 one possesses a stronger claim to being considered an original native 
 
 of it than the Bull-dog; foreign nations having only obtained it by impor- 
 tation, and with them it is said to degenerate; which most satisfactorily 
 
 accounts for the ambiguous character, and imperfect descriptions found 
 
 in some continental authors, and the total silence of others on this head. 
 
 Among the few and earliest who have noticed it, is Buffon, who with 
 admirable eloquence has written at great length on the various properties 
 of many of the canine race, but has given us only a few unsatisfactory 
 lines respecting this extraordinary branch of it. 
 
 He supposes, but with little apparent foundation, that the Shepherd’s 
 Dog brought into temperate climates, and among a people perfectly civi- 
 lized, as those of Britain, France, and Germany, would, by mere influence 
 of climate alone, lose his savage aspect, his erect ears, his rude thick long 
 hair, and assume the figure of a Bull-dog. 
 
 Yet I am certain with respect to the Shepherds Dogs of this country, 
 no such change ever does take place, even in the smallest degree; they 
 remain unalterably the same, never partaking of the round head, the 
 under-hanging jaw, and smooth coat of the Bull-dog. 
 
 
 
——— ——. 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 some climates may have the power of altering the characters and pro- 
 perties of dogs, but in a ‘temperate one like our own, we may observe 
 many distinct races, which, in spite of situation, retain, with very little or 
 no trouble, their peculiar and distinct qualities. 
 
 Although Great Britain has always been famous for her fighting Dogs, 
 and long tor her Bull-dogs, it does not appear from any accounts of them, 
 that the Bull-dog of the present day was the one intended, as the descrip- 
 tions accord much better with the Mastiff, which was used for these pur- 
 poses, and with which, as well as the Hound, it has been confounded by 
 later writers. The exact time this breed came into repute, or how pro- 
 duced, has hitherto eluded my most vigilant researches; that the Mastiff 
 was the Dog in estimation and use till within a short period, the writings 
 of many indubitably prove, even so late as the time of Gay, that accurate 
 observer of nature’s varied forms and manners; and emphatically men- 
 tioned in his Fables of the Bull and the Mastiff, The Mastiff, &c.: nor is 
 it to be supposed, that had the Bull- dog and the Mastiff been as distinct as 
 
 at present, his critical judgment would have misplaced the one for the 
 other. 
 
 I will venture to offer one conjecture on the subject, well aware that at 
 first sight it will not meet the concurrence of the amateur in Bull-dogs; 
 which is briefly, that about the time the Mastiff was common in England, 
 and after Gay, when bull and _bear- baiting, with similar amusements, 
 was rapidly declining, especially among the great, the small Dutch Mas- 
 tiff, or Pug-dog, was much in fashion, and probably by accident or design, 
 the mixture of these two produced the intermediate 1 variety in question, 
 possessing the invincible courage of the one, with much of the form of 
 the other. Some objections may arise on account of t] 
 Pug, but it should be remembered, the diminutive 
 creatures we are accustomed to see, is ow ing to thei 
 as possible for the purpose of lap- dogs, tl 
 larger. 
 
 1e smallness of the 
 size of many of these 
 ir being bred as small 
 
 1eir original SIZE being much 
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 BULL-DOG. 
 
 The Bull-dog is in height about eighteen inches, and weighs about 
 thirty-six pounds; head roand and full, muzzle short, ears small, in some 
 the points turning down, in others perfectly erect, and such are called 
 tulip-eared; chest wide, body round, with the limbs very muscular and 
 strong; the tail thin and taper, curling over the back, or hanging down, 
 termed tyger-tailed, rarely erected, except when the passions of the ani- 
 mal are aroused; the hide loose and thick, particularly about the neck; 
 the hair short, the hind feet turned outwards, hocks rather approaching 
 each other, which seems to obstruct their speed in running, but is admira- 
 bly adapted to progressive motion when combating on their bellies; but 
 the most striking character is the under-jaw almost uniformly projecting 
 beyond the upper; for if the mouth is even they become shark headed, 
 which is considered a bad point. 
 
 The colours are black, salmon, fallow, brindled, and white, with these 
 variously pied; the fallow, salmon, and brindled with black muzzles, are 
 deemed the most genuine breeds, and the white to possess most action: 
 there is a strong general resemblance between a brindled Bull-dog and the 
 striped Hyzena. 
 
 The diversion of bull-baiting, for which this dog is almost exclusively 
 used, is much less common than formerly, and it is not improbable that it 
 may, together with him, be known to posterity but by name. It is sup- 
 posed by some to be of Roman origin, by others, ‘‘ to have taken its rise 
 ** together with bull-running from some of the tenures of the manor and 
 ‘** castle of Tutbury in Staffordshire, as appears by the charter granted to the 
 ‘¢ king of the minstrels, who amused the crowd attendant on the hospitality 
 ‘¢ of the ancient Earls and Dukes of Lancaster, by John of Gaunt. 
 
 ‘‘ In the reign of Henry the Fourth, the Prior of Tutbury gave the 
 ‘‘ minstrels who came to matin on the feast of the Assumption of the 
 ‘« Blessed Virgin, a bull to be taken on this side the river Dove, otherwise 
 
 the prior paid them forty pence. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 tng Be te — le eh et ee ™ 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 ‘¢ This custom continued with divers alterations after the reformation. 
 On the 16th of August 1680, the minstrels (as annually) met in a body 
 at the house of the bailiff, when they were joined by the steward of the 
 manor (then belonging to the Earl of Devonshire) a sermon was preached 
 to them by the vicar of the kirk, on the origin and excellence of music, 
 each minstrel afterwards paying him one penny; they then adjourned 
 to the banqueting-hall, where a dinner was provided, after which the 
 bull was demanded of the prior; the victim was turned out to be taken, 
 with his horns cut off, his ears cropped, and his tail curtailed to the 
 very stump; his body besmeared over with soap, and his nostrils filled 
 with pepper, to irritate and increase his rage and fury. 
 
 ‘“« Thus savagely equipped, the bull was let loose, a solemn proclama- 
 tion was announced by the steward, that none were to approach him 
 nearer than forty feet, nor to hinder the minstrels, but to attend to 
 their own safety. The minstrels were to take this enraged bull, before 
 sun-set, on this side the river Dove; which if they could not do, and the 
 bull escaped them into Derbyshire, he still remained the property of 
 the lord of the manor. 
 
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 ** It was seldom possible to take the bull fairly; but if they held him so 
 
 long as to cut off some of his hair, he was then brought to the market-- 
 cross, or bull-ring, in the middle of the street and mart, and there 
 
 baited, after which the minstrels were entitled to have him. 
 
 ‘* Hence originated the rustic sport called bull-running and bull-bait- 
 
 ing, which has continually been gaining ground till of very late years ; 
 
 timately abolished by the noble owner of the 
 | probably have the desired effect upon those similar 
 diversions of bull-baiting practised in many country towns at that season 
 of the year called the wake*,” 
 
 the above custom is u] 
 castle, and wil 
 
 * Plot’s Nat. Hist. Staff. chap. x. 
 
 
 
BULL-DOG, 
 
 ‘« The custom of baiting the bull at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, had its 
 rise from this occasion. In the time of King John, William, Earl of 
 Warren, and Lord of the Town of Stamford, standing upon the castle 
 walls, saw two bulls fighting for a cow, in the adjoining meadow, till 
 the butcher’s Dogs being roused therewith, pursued one of the bulls 
 (madded with noise and multitude) quite through the town. Which 
 sight so pleased the Earl, that he gave the castle meadows, where first 
 the bull’s duel began, for a common to the butchers of the town, after 
 the first grass was mowed or eaten, on condition that they should find a 
 mad bull the day six weeks before Christmas Day, for the continuance 
 of the sport every year; which custom is still observed, and occasioned 
 the proverb (used among the people and others, in that county and 
 elsewhere) As mad as the baiting-bull of Stamford*., 
 
 66 
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 74 
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 Cé 
 
 6é 
 
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 At Abergavenny, in Monmouthshire, famous for this sport, it was usual 
 to bait one or two bulls on St. Crispin’s Day, the chain was dragged about 
 the streets, to give the shopkeepers, and others, previous notice thereof; 
 the most vicious bulls were selected for that purpose, and their breed of 
 Dogs were justly celebrated. 
 
 The idea that the flesh of the bull is rendered more tender from being 
 baited, was perhaps another cause for the frequency of this sport; and I 
 believe there is still an act of parliament unrepealed, forbidding, under 
 pains and penalties, the selling of bull beef unless it had been baited, 
 or a lighted candle be kept burning during the time of sale, to prevent 
 imposition. | 
 
 The properties of the British Bull-dog are matchless courage and per- 
 severance, even to death; to develop the difficulties to which he is exposed 
 by the amateur, presuming on this courage and perseverance, is not a 
 pleasing task, but is imposed on me’ by the nature of the subject. 
 
 * Butcher’s Survey of Stamford, p. 40. 
 
 ne 
 
 
 
—-—— 
 
 4 
 
 Se at te sh agh SRA CTD tate a 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 Bred for the combat, and delighting in it, he evinces against an un- 
 equal adversary, invincible courage; roused by injury, or led on by his 
 master, he attacks the most powerful animal, and rushes upon it without 
 the slightest indication of fear; disdaining stratagem, he bravely assails the 
 enemy in front; the bull, the buffalo, or bear; and if successful fixes his 
 powerful jaws on the nose, bringing the head to the ground pins it there, 
 destitute of the power of resistance, till in loud roarings his superiority is 
 confessed. The smaller animals, as rats, mice, &c. he rarely regards. 
 
 When the bull is baited, he is secured by a strong rope, or a chain, 
 about twenty feet long, to a ring and stake fixed in the ground, the other 
 end being fastened about his neck; a circle is formed round him by the 
 spectators, and one or two dogs only are allowed to give him battle at 
 once; they are no sooner loosed within the ring, than they run at and 
 endeavour to seize the bull by the nose, if they succeed and pin him, he 
 is unable to retaliate the injury, but, bellowing with revenge and pain, 
 lowers his big forehead to the earth. 
 
 On the other hand, the bull with watchful gloomy aspect waits the ap- 
 proach of the dogs, with his head downwards, receiving them on his 
 
 horns, throws them alternately sprawling into the air, or suddenly lifting it 
 
 up, lets them pass between his legs, and on their return, tosses or tramples 
 them under his feet. 
 
 In matches fought for prizes the Dogs are first prepared, to enable them 
 to bear the fatigue should the battle be lasting; if fat, they are reduced to 
 moderate leanness by purgatives or fasting, regularly taken out for exer- 
 cise, and suffered sometimes to go into the water, particularly in warm 
 weather. Twelve or fourteen days are considered as sufficient time for this 
 preparation, during which they are fed with raspings, crusts of bread, or 
 biscuits mixed with water or broth, and for the few last days with boiled 
 milk; but little flesh is given them, and that always dressed. On the day 
 
 %. 
 
 
 
tn ae eR I Te La RENE Weuuivee-=-tCelt adnate - . —_ - _ —_ . 
 . . - - as ate itt : a eal Ce, Pte. 2 me i-abastmatinnsiemd ok _oteieseeae le 
 ‘ . . . a . & 6s pei ee ee = = 
 Pre 7 ¥ . 7. 4 “ 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 a appointed for fighting they receive no food, or only a bit of toasted bread, 
 so they come to battle empty and hard in flesh. 
 
 These matches at the bull are of two kinds, one which is termed the 
 turn-loose match, when two dogs are turned loose at-the same time, and 
 the one that continues the attack longest wins the prize; no person being 
 allowed to interfere with the Dogs till one of them ceases to fight. The 
 
 other, called the let-go match, in which they are let go alternately, each 
 Dog having a person who acts as second, running a part of the way with 
 him towards the bull, and is ready to catch him up as soon as possible 
 it after having reached the bull’s nose. The Dog that runs the greatest num- 
 14 ber of times at him is declared victor. There is also a person in this latter 
 le match who seconds the bull, and gives him notice of the Dogs being 
 ta loosed by the word halloo, and both Dogs are run from the same spot. 
 
 d Bulls which are accustomed to be baited on these occasions are called 
 game bulls; these seldom attempt to injure the populace, are admirably 
 dextrous in defending themselves, and round knobs of wood are fastened 
 on the tips of their horns to prevent their goring the Dogs. 
 
 In the turp-loose match, when much fatigued with fighting and falls, 
 | some lay awhile on the spot they are thrown to, and having recovered 
 or their breath a little, renew the combat with fresh vigour: this habit gives 
 them advantage over the opponent, and is deemed one of their valuable 
 properties. After the battle is over, if the weather be cold, they are kept 
 eb warm till somewhat restored, otherwise they are in danger of perishing. 
 
 The punishment the Dogs undergo, and their returning to the contest, are 
 for considered as the test of their courage; and as the object in this case is not 
 
 in We to pin the bull, the tusks are sometimes filed down to prevent their fixing 
 
 oor on him, which renders them liable to be broken, and not unfrequently the 
 
 re jaw also. 
 
 thal «© Magnaque taurorum fracturi colla Britanni*.” 
 
 iy «¢ And British Dogs subdue the stoutest bulls.” 
 
 * Claudian de Laud. Stilichonis, lib. iii. line 301. 
 
 
 
ree te en hae ee 
 
 seine “AM Aneem 4 ai alah ih t SRAIE RTE bali 
 + 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 In baiting the bear this breed is preferred to all others; and here the 
 love of the combat, impelled by blind rage on the one part, opposed on 
 the other by ill-directed strength, urged by necessity; the headlong attack, 
 the tardy defence, together with the grotesque ferocious character of the 
 combatants, afford a scene truly risible. In this amusement, next to the 
 bull-bait, the amateur delights*, 
 
 A ring is fixed in a wall, and to it a rope a few feet long is appended, 
 and made fast to the collar of the bear; ina contrary direction, fastened 
 to the collar also, another is held by his keeper. The Dog assails with 
 a scream, and is answered by a muttering growl; the bear-keeper giving 
 the halloo, pulls the rope, assisting the bear to rise on his hind-legs, who 
 places his back against the wall, parrying off the Dog, and raising his nose 
 in the air to prevent its being seized. The Dog, in leaping at the nose, is 
 grasped round the neck or body, 
 
 thrown to the ground, and hugged with 
 violence; breathing’ is suspended, 
 
 the tongue swelled and hung out; the 
 eyes reddened, forced from their sockets; the blood vessels of the throat 
 and mouth ruptured. From this terrible embrace he is disengaged by 
 his owner dragging him off by the tail or legs, the bear never persisting 
 in his hold. Notwithstanding this dreadful reception, he immediately re- 
 turns to the combat undaunted. In the number of these returns his master 
 discovers his bottom, and boasts his game. 
 
 Sometimes the bear adopts another mode with his he 
 
 \ Le ; SI FE ae 
 
 A young Dog being loosed, rashly precipitate 
 coolly observing, Bruin dexterously steps aside, and 
 his paw to increase his velocity, dashes 
 
 adlong adversary. 
 s himself against him; this, 
 applying a blow with 
 his head against the wall with the 
 utmost violence, making him suffer severely for his temerity. A good 
 
 handler prevents this, by running his Dog sideways to the bear, and paral- 
 lel to the wall. 
 
 If the Dog succeeds in seizing the be 
 
 ar, he becomes furious, and tears 
 him with his teeth and claws, 
 
 When long exasperated, he has recourse 
 
 * This sport is not of modern date. See Mastiff 
 
 
 

 
 Mn 
 ; 
 
 e 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 to stratagem, which for that time, and perhaps for ever, rids him of his 
 enemy. Having thrown the Dog, and made a hole with his teeth, he 
 forces, by means not easily discovered, a quantity of air betwixt the skin 
 and flesh; it immediately swells, spreading wider, 
 
 assistance the Dog s 
 
 and without instant 
 eldom recovers: several incisions should be made with 
 a sharp pointed knife, the air should be pressed out, and the parts dressed. 
 This is a curious fact, well known to the amateur. To handle a Dog well, 
 is to take him quickly but gently from the bear. The winning Dog is he 
 that runs oftenest, fighting fair, that is at the head, not at the legs, which, 
 if he prefers seizing, he is not permitted to run again. 
 
 The ass, I believe, is baited in London only, and seldom even there. 
 This patient object of oppression here exhibits a more spirited character ; 
 he becomes alert and formidable; on being attacked, he brays vehemently ; 
 defending himself dexterously with his fore-legs, he proves almost as serious 
 an antagonist as the bull, often laying his adversary prostrate, and stunned 
 on the ground, with broken bones. 
 
 In fighting with each other the mode of attack js entirely altered. 
 They now lay hold wherever they can, and from the muscular powers of 
 jaw, retain their hold an amazing time; they acquire a knowledge of the 
 tenderest points, and aim chiefly at these, the base of the ear, the shoulder, 
 joint, elbow, brisket, and particularly the legs; these the old and crafty 
 fighter endeavours his utmost to seize, which his antagonist labours to 
 prevent, by keeping them much under his belly, bis breast almost touch- 
 ing the ground, presenting his head and neck only: thus continuing the 
 fight lying or standing till one fights no longer, or turns away, which, if 
 but to take breath, he loses the battle and the prize. At other times they 
 are fought by making a scratch on the ground, near which, after the 
 turning away of either, they are placed, and over it are run alternately at 
 each other till one refuses, the other going over wins. They are generally 
 matched by weight. 
 
 It has been discovered, that by rubbing over the head, neck, legs, and 
 
 shoulders of a Dog with nauseous or acrimonious ingredients, another 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee ee ae 
 4 *] 
 af ™ P . 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 BULL-DOG. 
 
 Dog will not seize him, nor will he, if well-bred, run away, but take all 
 
 
 
 
 the punishment the other gives without ever biting. When this is de- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | tected, the person playing the trick forfeits the prize. 
 yO 
 
 {5 | - Although the wounds the Bull-dog inflicts are not severe, yet by his 
 Ga unsubdued and obstinate courage he will in general conquer any other of : 
 an equal or even superior size. It is probable that the teeth, not acting in 
 
 ' Pi | | immediate opposition from the great projection of the under jaw, may 
 ip | prevent his tearing like other fighting Dogs: but the principal reason is 
 f his retaining to his uttermost the same hold, and though successful in over- 
 powering, not proceeding to destroy his enemy: it is probable too, this 
 
 . apparent deformity, the elongation of the under jaw, facilitates his seizing 
 
 objects above him in combating, as the nose of the bull, bear, &c. 
 
 z 
 
 | Destitute of scent, incapable of tuition, slow and sluggish in his manner, 
 | loose and irregular in his gait, in his pacific moments apparently inoffen- 
 sive and stupid, sulky in the eye, and averse to action; but roused by 
 noise, and easily wrought to a pitch of madness; seizing whatever presents 
 
 or opposes him; nor is he deterred from the furious assault by lacerated 
 limbs or broken bones. 
 
 Of his admirable courage, the sportsman has of late discovered how he 
 may avail himself. Many have been sent to India, the island of Hispa- 
 
 : niola, and the borders of the Black River Jamaica, where 
 
 they are used 
 in the hunt: the wild c 
 
 attle or buffalo being brought to bay by fleeter dogs, 
 
 and fear keeping aloof the pack, the Bull-dog, ever brave and unappalled, 
 
 
 
 4 rushes to the attack, and, aided by the hunter, closes the scene. 
 : | They may be over bred; that is to deep game but loss of action; suffer- 
 i ing pain without resistance. 
 
 They are properly crossed with any other Dog where courage is the E 
 requisite, 
 
 
 
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ar? oo eT 
 
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 CANIS TERRARIUS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 THE TERRIER. 
 
 Canis Vertagus, Terrier —Linneaus. 
 
 Canis Terrarius, Terrier.—CHARLETON. 
 
 Canis Terrarius, Terrare.—C aivus. 
 
 Terrier.—BrEwitck’s Quap. 
 
 Le Basset a jambes torses, Le Basset a jambes droites—Burron. 
 Canis Vertagus.—Ratir. Syn. ANIM. 
 
 
 
 O called from: earthing or entering holes after its game. From the 
 
 evidence of Oppian’s* Poems, he appears to be an original native of 
 this island. 
 
 “ 
 
 ‘ A small bold breed, and steady to the game, 4 
 ** Next claims the tribute of peculiar fame, f 
 
 wn 
 no 
 
 Trained by the tribes on Britain’s wildest shore, i 
 ** "Thence they their title of Agasses + bore. ba 
 ‘¢ Small as the race that, useless to their lord, | 
 ‘*¢ Bask on the hearth, and beg about the board; 
 
 “~ 
 an 
 
 Crook-limbed, and black-eyed, all their frame appears 
 ‘** Flanked with no flesh, and bristled. rough with hairs, 
 ** But shod each foot with hardest claws is seen, 
 
 ‘* Its kind protection on the beaten green; 
 
 * Fenced is each jaw with closest teeth around, 
 
 ** And death sits instant on th’ inflicted wound: 
 
 ‘“« Far o’er the rest he quests the secret prey, 
 
 ‘“« And sees each track wide opening to his ray: 
 
 ‘¢ Far o’er the rest he feels each scent that blows 
 
 ‘ Court the live nerve, and thrill along the nose.” 
 
 ”~ 
 
 * Oppian lived in the days of Severus, A. D. 194. 
 + A Gast or a Gass (as Kist, the same word is also Kis) signifies merely the Dog 
 Whit. Hist. Manch, 
 
 fs lil 
 
 
 
 ne 2 — > = 5 
 = ~~ a pct. . ; = = ——————S SES 
 ~—_———_— EO ep ee Se =— — 
 - * “ ie ~ — o ™ P - wg 
 
 ‘ - ee io —_ ~ elma — , am : 
 a — ——_p Seen eS ee a 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a OT a em irene nr 
 
 a DE 
 a a i a al rl 
 
 TERRIER. 
 
 Linnzus says, it was introduced upon the Continent, so late as the reign 
 of Frederic the First. It is doubtless the Vertagus or Tumbler of Raii and 
 others*. Raii says, it used stratagem in taking its prey, some say tum- 
 bling and playing till it came near enough to seize. This supposed quality, 
 natural to all the cat race, when applied to the Dog I consider as mere 
 fable; but it has led to a strange error, after-naturalists having from this 
 concluded, a Dog of valuable and extraordinary properties was entirely 
 lost. 
 
 The most distinct varieties are, the crooked-legged and straight-legged ; 
 their colours generally black with tanned legs and muzzle, a spot of the 
 same colour over each eye: though they are sometimes reddish fallow, or 
 white and pied. The white kind have been in request of late years. The 
 ears are short, some erect, others pendulous, these and part of the tail are 
 usually cut off; some rough and some smooth-haired: many sportsmen 
 prefer the wire-haired, supposing them harder biters; but experience 
 shews this is not always the case. Much of the variety in the Terrier arises 
 from his being a small Dog, and often bred for mere fancy. 
 
 The Terrier is querulous, fretful and irascible, high-spirited and alert 
 when brought into action; if he has not unsubdued perseverance like the 
 Bull-dog, he has rapidity of attack, managed with art, and sustained with 
 spirit; it is not what he will bear, but what he will inflict: his action 
 protects himself, and his bite carries death to his opponent: he dashes 
 into the hole of the fox, drives him from its recesses, or tears him to 
 pieces in his strong hold; and he forces the reluctant stubborn badger into 
 light. As his courage is great, so is his genius extensive: he will trace 
 
 with the Fox-hound, hunt with the Beagle, find for the Greyhound, or 
 
 beat with the Spaniel. Of wild cats, martens, polecats, weasels, and rats, 
 he is the vigilant and determined enemy: he drives the otter from the 
 
 rocky clefts on the banks of rivers, nor declines the combat in a new 
 element. 
 
 * The Vertagus of Caius. See Lurcher. 
 
 - 
 

 
 
 
 TERRIER. 
 
 The straight-legged Terrier is hunted with the Fox-hounds in England, 
 but when the fox goes to earth it is not a desirable quality that he should 
 seize or destroy him, as this would put an end to the pleasure of the chase; 
 the Terrier, when sent in after him, drives him out, or to a corner of the 
 hole; to ensure his chambering the ground should be struck above to 
 oblige him; the yearning of the Dog will direct the digger, who in dig- 
 ging down should place the spade between the Dog and the fox, least 
 there should be more in the hole than one: if these precautions are not 
 used, he will bolt, or else remain in the widest part of the burrow, where 
 the angles meet, that when dug to, he may retire to which chamber he 
 pleases: this is generally the resource of those foxes or badgers who have 
 
 once escaped. A small bell or gingles may be fastened to the collar of 
 the Dog, which assist in alarming the fox, and making him chamber 
 
 sooner; and also in directing those who dig with more certainty. So 
 great is the Terrier’s s perseverance, that some have been known to remain 
 in the earth for days together, until both the fox and themselves have been 
 nearly starved to death. 
 
 The badger hunt is practised in moonlight nights, when they are abroad 
 in search of food, and the ultimatum is to sack the badger. The holes 
 previously found, two persons or more should join: care must be taken to 
 reach the den or burrow without noise, availing themselves of the wind; 
 the Dogs kept close to the sportsmen, and silent to prevent alarm; all the 
 holes being carefully stopped but one, the sack with a running string 
 must be put into this, and one left to watch; then the sport begins. 
 
 Those that guide the Terriers go to the extremity of the badger’s known 
 range and slip the Dogs, each sportsman should be prepared with a long 
 stick, to the end of which should be affixed a barbed hook. The Terriers 
 soon find, and immediately commence the attack; it is, however, seldom 
 but in the earth that the Terrier will instantly fasten. The badger makes 
 home, and maintains a running fight. Should the sportsmen overtake the 
 chase, which they may easily do if swift of foot, they encourage the Ter- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee 
 ‘se 7 
 
 
 

 
 ~~ a as . 7 > 2 
 o— pies 2) ? 1 o- 4 i. et? ve oh. = —-. 
 1s - auon. at Ong) fore " whi ty 7 ' 3 7 ° 2 - 
 : — —_— ay oie Ne eee rs 
 OR eet dca Wad neh See ET Reb al ro fae 
 , = ‘ . 
 
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 7 
 - 
 
 TERRIER. 
 
 riers, and try to catch him with their hooks; but let them beware, the 
 bite of the badger enraged is not only severe, but difficult to heal; should 
 the badger reach home, the hole-keeper must exert all his dexterity to 
 secure him, and exclude the Terriers, whose ardour is increased as they 
 approach the hole. If the sack is forced, and the badger earths, the 
 Terriers must be kept back, for on them depends the fortune of the 
 chase. Select your most determined Terrier, and keep him up. If the 
 hole is without many windings, fix a string, not too strong, to the hind 
 legs of your terrier that is to run, joining them together, put a rope 
 through this, and running it double keep the two ends in your hand, and 
 run him; he will meet a rough reception; if he does not fix, but retires 
 and yearns, draw immediately and change him for another; run them 
 alternately; if your Terriers have been fleshed they are sure to assail; if 
 these fail run the favourite, and you will have the pleasure of seeing the 
 badger dragged to light. 
 
 When trained to kill rats, acquaint them intimately with the ferret 
 who shares the sport. The ferret put into the rats hole drives them out; 
 the Dog watches, and as they bolt, springs upon them with incredible 
 dexterity and dispatches them at'a gripe, never missing his aim or mis- 
 taking the ferret for a rat. 
 
 In Scotland the use of the Terrier is to kill; and here they breed a 
 fierce race; so great is their courage they will attack and destroy the 
 largest foxes with which that country abounds, following them into the 
 chasms of rocks, where they often perish together. 
 
 If the breed is known and sure, the Terrier should not be entered till 
 twelve or fifteen months old. A badger or fox may be muzzled and put 
 into a hole, and an old Dog or two sent in after him; the young ones held 
 near to listen and see them act; the old Dogs may then be taken up, and 
 the young ones encouraged to fight, which if well-bred they will soon 
 do; a cub-fox or badger may be procured for them to kill, for if they 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 | 
 ; 
 Fs 
 
 
 
 
 
TERRIER, 
 
 ire bitten hard when too young they seldom turn out well. Cats are 
 rarticularly injurious to puppies. 
 
 Badgers are commonly caught for baiting, and killed for their skins, 
 at, or flesh; the hams dried are esteemed excellent. 
 
 Although Terriers are used for baiting badgers and fighting one with 
 inother, yet few will bear the severity of either; a cross of the Bull-dog 
 s often added to give them stay. The badger, though harmless in most 
 ‘espects, is a dreadful opponent to the Terrier, nor could he be overcome 
 nut by the craftiness of the assailant, who attacks him under the breast 
 
 ind belly. 
 
 From the fiercest of the Terrier breed and the Bull-dog is produced a 
 xood fighting Dog; crossed with the Blood-hound, or Southern-hound, a 
 
 good Fox-hound; with the Fox-hound an Otter-hound; and with the 
 sreyhound a Lurcher. 
 
 
 
7 a same 1S 
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CANIS PASTORALIS. 
 
 SHEPHERD’s DOG. 
 
 Shepherd’s Dog.—Bewick. 
 Le Chien de Bergher.—Burron. 
 Canis Pastoralis.—C avs. 
 
 HE Shepherd’s Dog seems so universally disseminated, that it would 
 not be easy to name the country to which it belongs. The useful 
 obtains a universality, denied to that which is sought for only by the idle 
 for amusement, or by the great for pomp or pleasure. To restrain the 
 flock on the pathless plain, and recal the bold straggler, to obey the com- 
 mands of an humble and unlettered master, were not likely to procure 
 distinction and a name; yet his properties, peculiar to himself and essen- 
 tial to the wandering shepherd, must have early spread his breed wherever 
 _ the pastoral life prevailed. 
 
 Buffon considers this the parent stock from which the other varieties 
 branch out, and has given a very extraordinary genealogical table, shew- 
 ing the mode of ramification. This hypothesis makes the Shepherd’s 
 Dog a native of northern climes; and sending him to Ireland he becomes 
 
 a Greyhound of prodigious size, with a long muzzle; but in Britain a 
 Bull-dog of small stature, with a muzzle short to deformity; in Siberia 
 and Lapland he becomes small and savage; he is a Bull-dog in Britain 
 without scent, but then again he is a Blood-hound in Britain with a very 
 fine scent and large pendulous.ears, merely because men are civilized. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 EN 
 i 
 
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 3 the ahead , 7 ms ey z 
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 TE TT RR TTI rere 
 r ; 
 
 Wie = | 
 “i> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ae 
 te — 
 a nr | 
 
 
 
 
 
 SHEPHERD’S DOG. 
 
 To me his ingenious system appears false on the following considera- 
 tions. A mixture of a pure race can only produce a pure race, for although 
 size and make may be cultivated from particular individuals, yet the diffe- 
 rence in make will be slight, and the size and instincts have early limits. 
 
 But admitting that two dissimilar individuals would produce the Bull- 
 dog and Irish Greyhound, in crossing these together the mongrel should 
 tend towards the parent stock; instead of which, says Buffon, it becomes 
 a mastiff; that is, a Dog of a different make and different instincts, both | 
 to his immediate parents and to his original ancestor; and this too in a | 
 climate where the Shepherd’s Dog is in perfection. 
 
 The Dog, carnivorous by nature wherever he is found in a wild state, 
 is generally a hunter, using the nose, associating in packs, and satiating 
 himself with blood; but from the Count’s system he should always be a 
 Shepherd’s Dog, harmless to the harmless, and careful for the weak. 
 
 In islands first noticed by civilized man, Dogs excessively dissimilar 
 have been found in use, and perfect in their powers, as the Blood-hound, 
 Terrier, and Mastiff in Britain. 
 
 The Dog is as much attended to now in all his varie 
 
 d properties, and 
 as much crossed as ever; and if one stock has 
 
 produced the numerous 
 rare varieties, it should follow of course that new kinds possessing new 
 properties would continually arise; yet no such effect takes place, and no 
 
 mongrels, when perpetuated by long breeding, have any valuable qualities } 
 differing from the parent stock. | 
 
 Variety. of climate, subjugation to man, and liability to his caprice, if 
 it has produced such striking varieties in the Dog, might and should have 
 equally affected the Horse, who is as much attended to, and equally the 
 object of caprice and fashion; yet difference of size seems the only altera- 
 tion that takes place, his general external appearance remains fixed. 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ee ee en ee = 
 
 
 
 SHEPHERD’s DOG. 
 
 In all countries where the various races are said to have arisen from 2 | 
 i degeneration or cultivation, the Shepherd’s Dog retains, in company of the 
 Bull-dog, Irish Greyhound, Beagle, and Spauiel, his simple appearance, 
 his sharp muzzle, his flowing coat, his pensive melancholy aspect, and his 
 useful yet harmless exertions. 
 
 Attending to cattle by the eye without using the scent, and without 
 offering injury; associating together in packs, and by the scent tracing 
 large animals and devouring them for food; attending to the inhabitants 
 of the air, and rejecting for food that which they assist to destroy; pur- 
 suing animals under ground, or launching after them in the watery : 
 element; imply the possession of such contrary properties as could not “qa 
 be procured from one pure origin by culture merely. Nature seems to 
 have confounded nothing, and I think it is agreeable to her general laws, 
 that an animal destined to act so conspicuous a part, to exert such different 
 powers, to extend the authority or increase the pleasure of man, was 
 originally produced in distinct varieties, if not species. How numerous 
 were the original kinds it would not now be easy to determine; the whim 
 
 and caprice of man doubtless has produced many mongrel races, that time 
 has given a permanency to; still the higher qualities seem to remain very 
 distinct. " 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 To the position of there being of the Dog different original species, 
 one objection may be made; how, as they {freely mix, have they remained 
 distinct? To this I answer, it has been indubitably proved, that the fox, is 
 jackal, wolf, and domestic Dog will mix, and the offspring reproduce, " 
 yet no confusion has taken place in the desert; general character would 
 present a bar, and instincts, disposition, and habits, confine them to diffe- 
 rent districts; and finally, man, finding the value of his acquisition, would 
 early direct his attention to keep the various races distinct. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 The Count de Buffon was fond of theories and systems, and he has 
 formed some very extraordinary ones to account for the grand phenomena 
 of nature, Of a daring and sublime genius, a varied, acute, and perspicuous 
 
 
 
SHEPHERD'S DOG. 
 
 reasoner, an elegant and animated writer, he has made specious what was 
 doubtful, and emblazoned his opinions with beautiful imagery, and all 
 the charms of language. Had a writer of less favoured powers formed 
 the hypothesis on Dogs, it must have met with immediate opposition, and 
 
 ever been considered as visionary. 
 
 The Shepherd’s Dog is about fourteen inches high, nose sharp, ears half 
 pricked, coat moderately long, somewhat waving; thick about the neck 
 and haunches, tail bushy with an inclination upwards towards the point, 
 seldom erected; colour all black, black with tanned muzzle and feet, or 
 black with a white ring round the neck and white feet; most have one 
 and some two dew claws; of all Dogs he seems the most thoughtful, most 
 pensive, and most melancholy. 
 
 His properties, peculiar to himself, are retaining in memory a command 
 given, which he will execute at’an after period on simply recalling it by 
 a hint; his proceeding at signal to any given point, and, though in the heat 
 and hurry of action, conforming himself strictly to command, and obedi- 
 ent to the wave of the hand; a wonderful attachment to the place of his 
 birth and education; retaining his love for the memory of a lost master 
 even to death, and often refusing his services to another. 
 
 To the Shepherd who guides his flocks on mountainous regions or ex- 
 tensive plains his services are invaluable; he will proceed to great dis- 
 tances; down one hill he will cross a valley and ascend another; here out 
 of reach of the voice he will obey the wave of the hand; if from distance 
 the hand becomes invisible, he will perform the same figure on a large 
 scale his master describes by moving on his station; he will proceed over 
 a mountain’s top, and, surrounding the flock, bring them into view, 
 
 which when he has done, he stops to observe his master’s intentions: in 
 
 this manner: he saves him traversing many a weary mile, and_ performs 
 services that without his aid could not be achieved. 
 
 for any purpose are selected from the flock, he then exerts all his ability, 
 
 and an arduous task he has to perform. Sheep on mountainous regions are 
 
 When a few Sheep 
 
 
 

 
 SHEPHERD'S DOG. 
 
 swift as Roes. If well taught he never approaches too nigh, but hovering 
 round presents himself wherever his presence is necessary. He surrounds 
 them with rapidity, prompts them to their proper course, restrains their 
 ardour to his master’s pace, punishes with a sharp and sudden turn the 
 bold adventurer that would escape, observes his ground in the line of 
 march, and exerts his attention if there is danger of escape. If the whole 
 burst away in a body, he flies before for fear of separating them, makes 
 half circles and meets them in front; sometimes by a rapid attack on the 
 whole, at others on the most forward, whom he carefully marks, still keep- 
 ing them ina body, he completely overpowers, and reconducts them to his 
 master. 
 
 That Dog is in the highest degree perfect, who will in this manner 
 conduct the smallest number of Sheep in a body. There are Dogs who 
 will manage four; selected and put under their care, they will alone and 
 unassisted conduct them to their master’s dwelling, although at the distance 
 
 of some miles. 
 
 On the wild, the sole companion of his master, he conceives for him the 
 most lively affection, resenting any injury offered him if but in jest; with- 
 out prompting he will bite the heels or fly at the neck of the assailant, nor 
 is he deterred by menaced blows. None dare approach when his master 
 sleeps; he is then on the watch, and is often known to awake him when 
 accidents happen or danger appears that he cannot avert. Employed only 
 on real business, he is not playful or frolicsome, but sedate and pensive; in 
 action he is alert according to necessity, vigilant, active, and sincere; he 
 gazes on the flock scattered over the mountains with an attentive eye, and 
 considers them as under his controul; he never offers injury, attacks but to 
 restrain, and pursues but to guide. The best kinds run perfectly silent. 
 
 When Sheep are flocked in narrow bounds they may be for hours en- 
 trusted to his management; he may be taught those bounds, and will of 
 
 himself restrain them to its limits. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 SHEPHERD'S DOG. 
 
 The Count de Buffon has asserted that he is born perfect in his instincts, 
 and requires.no training. The evidence of a single Shepherd would have 
 confuted him in this. I will assert that no Dog requires so much. The 
 great object is to make him run wide from the flock, and appear only at 
 the points where he is wanted; when they fly away to teach him to make 
 half circles and meet them suddenly in front; by this means he fatigues 
 the sheep less, whether in driving or gathering them together. No assist- 
 ance is got from running him with a trained Dog, as this only prompts a 
 heedless attack. A young Dog, when first tried, runs amid the flock, dis- 
 persing them without any apparent design, or selecting one and pursuing 
 it;, his education proceeds entirely from his master, and, I must observe, 
 few arrive at the first perfection. 
 
 AAs it is unlikely this work should meet the Shepherd’s eye, 
 ‘€ Whose thoughts fond science never taught to stray,” 
 
 I forbear to subjoin instruction for training ; I besides consider that neces- 
 sity makes them adepts, and their being ind 
 
 olent to a proverb prompts to 
 this point their exertions. 
 
 To shew how far this Dog’s powers may be 
 cultivated, I copy the following anecdote from Dr. Anderson, 
 
 “* Of the sagacity of Dogs many instances might be adduced ; but none 
 that I have ever met with can equal the following instance of the saga- 
 city of a Shepherd’s Dog. The owner himself having been hanged some 
 years ago for sheep-stealing, the following fact, among others, respect- 
 ing the Dog, was authenticated by evidence on his trial. When the 
 man intended to steal any sheep, he did not do it himself, but detached 
 his Dog to perform the business. With this view, under pretence of 
 
 looking at the sheep, with an intention to purchase them, he went 
 through the flock with his Dog at his feet, to w 
 
 cé 
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 6¢ 
 té 
 €¢ 
 
 ‘6 hom he secretly gave a 
 
 ‘* signal so as to let him know the individuals he wanted, to the number 
 ‘* of perhaps ten or twelve, out of a flock of some hundreds; he then went 
 ét 
 
 away, and from a distance of several] miles, sent back the Dog by him- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SHEPHERD’s DOG. 
 
 ‘« self in the night time, who picked out the individual sheep that had been 
 ‘* pointed out to him, separated them from the flock, and drove them be- 
 
 é 
 
 fore him by himself, for the distance of ten or twelve miles, till he came 
 up with his master, to whom he delivered his charge.” 
 
 Few instances occur in which the Shepherd’s Dog offers to hunt, and 
 those that take to it are easily deterred. They are crossed with some mon- 
 grel breeds, and produce a good Dog for driving cattle. 
 
 
 
— 
 
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 CANIS DEGENER.CHARLTON. 
 
 THE DROVER’s DOG, OR CUR *. 
 
 The Cur.—Bewicx’s Quad. 
 
 HE Drover’s Dog stands higher on his legs, is larger and fiercer than 
 
 the Shepherd’s Dog; colour black, brindled or grizzled, with ge- 
 herally a white neck, and some white on the face and legs; sharp nose, 
 ears half pricked or pendulous ; coat mostly long, rough, and matted, par- 
 ticularly about the haunches, giving him a ragged appearance ; many are 
 
 self tailed +. 
 
 Inferior agents are never used, but when affairs of little importance are 
 to be carried on; it would appear to be even a waste of animal intelligence 
 to employ a Dog of a superior mind simply to urge tame cattle forward in 
 a beaten path, higher properties being unnecessary, chance has produced 
 the Drover’s Dog, from probably a commixture of Shepherd’s Dog, Lur- 
 cher, Mastiff or Dane ; his restless manner, shufflin g gait, incessant barking, 
 vagabond appearance, and perpetual return and reference to his master, 
 bespeak him incapable of any great design, or regular chain of action, 
 and mark him complete mongrel; being of little value, his place may 
 easily be supplied in other countries by other mongrels, and he appears 
 peculiar to England, being rarely found even in Scotland. He is useful 
 to the farmer or grazier, for watching or driving their cattle, and to the 
 
 * Vide lower figure on the plate. t Whelped without a tail. 
 
DROVER’S DOG. 
 
 drover and butcher for driving cattle and sheep to slaughter; he is saga- 
 cious, fond of employment, and active ; if a drove is huddled together so as 
 to retard their progress, he dashes amongst and separates them till they 
 form a line and travel more commodiously ; if a sheep is refractory and 
 runs wild, he soon overtakes and seizing him by the foreleg or ear, pulls 
 him to the ground. The bull or ox he forces into obedience by keen bites 
 on the heels or tail, and most dexterously avoids their kicks. He knows his 
 master’s grounds, and is a rigid centinel on duty, never suffering them to 
 break their bounds, or strangers to enter. He shakes the intruding hog by 
 the ear, and obliges him to quit the territories. He bears blows and kicks 
 with much philosophy, and notwithstanding the nonchalance of his man- 
 ner, is very cunning, a great poacher, and destructive to hares and rab- 
 bits, 
 
 
 

 
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CANIS SANGUINARIUS. 
 
 BRITISH BLOOD-HOUND. 
 
 Blood-hound.——Bewick’s Quad. 
 
 Canis sanguinarius, seu furum deprehensor, a Blood-hound.—Rarr. 
 Canis sanguinarius, Blud-hund.—Carvs. 
 
 Canis Scoticus, Blood-hound.—K ERR. 
 
 Blood-hound.—SuHaw’s Quad. 
 
 Canis sanguinarius, Blood-hound, or Sleuth-hound.—Pennant’s Quad. 
 
 HE Bloodhound is about twenty seven inches high, of a strong, com- 
 
 pact, and muscular form; the face rather narrow, stern, and intel- 
 ligent, nostrils wide and large; lips pendulous; ears large, broad at the 
 base and narrowing to the tip; tail strong, but not bushy ; voice extreme- 
 ly loud and sonorous. But what most distinguishes this kind, is their uni- 
 form colour, a reddish tan, gradually darkening on the upper part, with a 
 mixture of black on the back, becoming lighter on the lower parts and 
 extremities.. One of the Dogs I saw, had a little white on the face, but 
 this was not usual with that breed. Mr. Pennant mentions their having a 
 black spot aver each eye: this was not the case with either of those I made 
 the drawing from. 
 
 When the nobler animals are long bred in pure blood, added to valua- 
 ble properties, whose uses are intrinsic, and whose application is extensive, 
 all the finer traits come into view; they obtain a bold stamp from nature 
 that none mistake ; while the philosopher examines with attention, he 
 perceives a mind, an instinctive intelligence, in these her elder offspring ; a 
 pure character and genuine value. 
 
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BRITISH BLOOD-HOUND. 
 
 Such is the impression made on viewing the Blood-hound. His stern 
 forchead, his eyes piercing and firm, his massive and capacious nose, long 
 pendulous ears, his large yet compact figure, made for strength and action, 
 his uniform colour, a voice only inferior to the Lion’s roar, and in uni- 
 son to the deep toned horn, bespeak him the companion to the ancient 
 chieftain, the hunter of old. I am not here to discuss, whether we have 
 gained or not by adoption or crossing, but I must lament the scarcity and 
 probable loss of this grand race ; and hope our sovereign, or some of our 
 nobility, will yet form a pack, and give them perpetuity: to a royal as- 
 semblage of men and horses, what an accompaniment ! 
 
 ‘¢ To scour the wild, 
 ‘© And sweep the morning dew.”’ 
 
 The antiquary preserves in museums, from all corroding time, the bust 
 that modern art can imitate, the character of the oldest manuscript the pen 
 or graver can trace, and translation perpetuate whatever it contains useful or 
 elegant, but if a race of animals is lost, human power cannot restore them. 
 
 The British Blood-hound, though not so swift as the Fox-hound, is su- 
 perior in fleetness to the Talbot-hound, does not dwell so long on the scent, 
 nor throw himself on his haunches to give mouth ; but having discovered 
 his object, goes gaily on, giving tongue as he runs. There is no doubt he 
 was originally the only Dog used to trace the game by the scent in this 
 country. The manner of the ancient hunt was not at all that now prac- 
 tised: the game was found and surrounded in its haunts; when roused it 
 was shot by the arrow, or wounded by the spear; if in this state it escaped, 
 the Blood-hound traced, and the Mastiff or hunter killed it; but there was 
 nothing similar to our chase. When the game run in view, it was pursued 
 by a Dog swift of foot, probably the Irish Wolf-dog, or Shagged Scotch 
 Grey-hound. The chase, as now practised, was doubtless derived to our an- 
 cestors from the continent, and packs were formed at no very remote pe- 
 riod. The Dog that hunted was then required swift to head the horses, It 
 
 
 
 a < 4 
 
 
 
BRITISH BLOOD-HOUND. 
 
 would readily occur to the hunter to give a cross of the Terrier, who has 
 a most delicate scent, to procure speed, and hence our present Fox-hound. 
 The great peculiarity of the Blood-hound is his tracing any thing that has 
 lost blood; from this his name is derived, and to this and tracing the deer- 
 stealers his education is directed. When about a year old, a deer recently 
 killed is dragged to some distance, and he is put upon the trail with a 
 staunch old Hound, and rewarded at the end of each hunt with part to eat: 
 when perfect in this lesson, the shoes of a man are rubbed with deer’s blood, 
 and he makes a circuit of a mile or more, renewing the blood occasion- 
 ally; the circuit is made more wide and intricate, as the Dog becomes 
 more experienced : his last lesson is to hunt a man dry foot, which he will 
 soon atchieve with the assistance of an old Dog, and when he succeeds in 
 this singly, his education is complete, as with a little practice he will hunt 
 man or any animal, 
 
 The learned and philosophic Boyle, in his Essays of Effluvia, c. 4. in- 
 stances, the high perfection the Blood-hound was made to arrive at, when 
 his powers were attentively cultivated. “A person of quality, to whom 
 ‘“‘ Iam near allied, related to me, that to make trial whether a young 
 ‘¢ Blood-hound was well instructed (or as the huntsmen call it made) he 
 “* caused one of his servants, who had not killed, or so much as touched 
 ‘‘ any of his deer, to walk to a country town, four miles off, and then to a 
 ‘¢ market town three miles distant from thence ; which done, this noble- 
 ‘¢ man did, a competent while after, put the Blood-hound upon the scent 
 ‘* of the man, and caused him to be followed by a servant or two, the mas- 
 ‘* ter himself thinking it also fit to go after them to see the event; which 
 ‘« was, that the Dog, without ever seeing the man he was to pursue, fol- 
 ‘* lowed him by the scent to the above mentioned places, notwithstanding 
 ‘‘ the multitude of travellers that had occasion to cross it, and when the 
 ‘* Blood-hound came to the chief market town, he passed through the 
 ‘* streets without taking notice of any of the people there, and left not till 
 ‘« he had gone to the house, where the man he sought rested himself, to 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 BRITISH BLOOD-HOUND. 
 
 ‘© the wonder of those that followed him. The particulars of this narra- 
 « tive, the nobleman’s wife, a person of great veracity, that happened to be 
 ‘© with him when the trial was made, confirmed to me.” 
 
 On the borders of England and Scotland, while the countries waged 
 fierce wars, the moral principle was in a manner extinct, and private rob- 
 beries were sanctioned as military incursions ; what in war under their 
 leaders the feudal tenant seized by force of arms, in peace he stole under 
 cover of the night, and drove his prize in darkness far within his own dis- 
 tricts, or secured it in fastnesses : here the Blood-hound was of wonderful 
 use, as he would trace either the thief or cattle *. 
 
 And while the barbarous clans of the north, under petty chiefs, were per- 
 petually engaged in civil broils, the vanquished, who fled from the sangui- 
 nary conflict, were often hunted from cave to cave by the Hound, and 
 slaughtered in cold blood. In those popular tales and heroic ballads, which 
 recite the chivalrous exploits of the brave Wallace, they are oftened men- 
 
 * « Soon the sagacious brute, his curling tail 
 ‘¢ Flourish’d in air, low bending plies around 
 ‘© His busy nose, the steaming vapour snuffs 
 «‘ Inquisitive, nor leaves one turf untry’d, 
 « Till conscious of the recent stains, his heart 
 “ Beats quick ; his snuffling nose, his active tail, 
 « Attest his joy ; then with deep-op’ning mouth, 
 «© That makes the welkin tremble, he proclaims 
 «© Th’ audacious felon: foot by foot he marks 
 «© His winding way, while all the list’ning crowd 
 «© Applaud his reas’nings. O’er the wat’ry ford, 
 «© Dry sandy heath, and stony barren hills ; 
 «¢ O’er beaten paths with men and beasts distain’d 
 ‘© Unerring he pursues, till at the cot 
 «© Arriv’d, and seizing by his guilty throat 
 ‘«« The caitiff vile, redeems the captive prey, 
 «© So exquisitely delicate his sense !” 
 
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