<3T , - 
 
 
 THE 
 
 
 
 H I 
 
 S T O 
 
 R 
 
 Y 
 
 
 OF THE 
 
 
 
 FIVE 
 
 Indian N A 
 
 TI O 
 
 N S 
 
 
 O F 
 
 
 
 C A 
 
 N A 
 
 D 
 
 4 
 
 
 Which are dependent 
 
 
 
 On the Province of N ew-York 
 
 : in Ami 
 
 f RICA, 
 
 AND 
 
 Are the Barrier between the English and French 
 in that Part of the World. 
 
 WITH 
 
 Accounts of their Religion, Manners, Cufloms, Laws, and rorms of 
 Government; their feveral Battles and Treaties with the Na- 
 
 tions ; particular Relations of their feveral Wars with the otner Indians ; 
 and a true Account of the prefent State of our Trade with them. 
 
 In which are fhewn 
 
 The great Advantage of their Trade and Alliance to the Nation, 
 
 and the Intrigues and Attempts of the French to engage them from us ; 
 a Subjeft nearly concerning all our Amjrican Plantations, and highly 
 meriting the Confideration of the Britijh Nation at this Junfture. 
 
 By the Honourable Cadwallader Colden, Efy's 
 
 One of his Majejifs Counfel^ and Surveyor-General of New- York. 
 
 To which are added. 
 
 Accounts of the feveral other Nations of Indians 
 
 Numbers, Strength, and the Treaties which have been la ely 
 
 made with them. A Work highly entertaining to all, and 
 ly ufeful to the Perfons who have any Trade or Concern in that 1 art ot 
 of the World. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 Printed for T. O s b o R n e, in Gray' s-Inn, MDCCXLVII. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ■ ^rO .T 
 
TO THE HONOURABLE 
 
 general 
 
 OGLETHORPE. 
 
 SIR, 
 
 T H E Indian Affairs have ever 
 appeared to your Judgment 
 of fuch Importance to the 
 Welfare of our own People, that you 
 have ever carefully applied your 
 rhoughts to them j and that with 
 fuch Succefs, that not only the pre- 
 fent Generation will enjoy the Bene- 
 fit of your Care, but our iateft Po- 
 dcrity blefs your Memory for that 
 Happineis, the Foundation of which 
 was laid under your Care, pro- 
 vided that the People here, whofe 
 
 Duty 
 
IV 
 
 J»f 9 . 
 
 ii» ;-i 
 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 Duty and Intereft is chiefly concern- 
 ed, do on their own Parts fecond 
 your Endeavours, towards fecuring the 
 Peace, and advancing the Profperity 
 of their Country. 
 
 The following Account of the Five 
 Indian Nations will fhew what dan- 
 gerous Neighbours the Indians have 
 once been; what Pains a neighbour- 
 ing Colony (whofe Intereft is oppo- 
 ftte to ours) has taken to withdraw 
 their Affedlions from us ; and how 
 much we ought to be on our Guard. 
 If we only confider the Riches which 
 our Enemies receive from the Indian 
 Ti*ade (though we were under no Ap- 
 prehenftons from the Indians them- 
 felves) it would be highly imprudent 
 in '^is to fuffer ftich People to grow 
 Riclj^knd Powerful, while it is in our 
 Power to prevent it, with much lefs 
 Charge and Trouble, than it is in 
 theirs to accomplifh their Deftgns. 
 
 1 
 
D ED IC ATI & N. 
 
 I • 
 
 Thefe Confiderations’ alone are fuf- 
 licient to make the Indian Affair^': 
 deferve the mofi ferious Tlioughts of 
 every Governor in America. Bqt 
 I well know, befidcs; that your 
 Excellency s Views are not confined 
 to the Intereft of one Country on=^ 
 
 6 
 
 The Five Nations are a poor and, 
 generally called, barbarous People, 
 bred under the darkeft Ignorance ; 
 and yet a bright and noble Genius 
 ftiines through thefe black Clouds. 
 None of the greateft Roman Heroes ' 
 have difeovered a greater Love to their 
 Country, or a greater Contempt of 
 Death, than thele People called Barbari- 
 ans have done, when Liberty came in 
 Competition. Indeed, I think our In- 
 dians have outdone the Romans in this 
 Particular ; fome of the greateft of 
 thofe have we know murdered them- 
 
 felves 
 
 a 
 
DIE^DICATION, 
 
 felves to avoid Shame or Torments ; 
 but our Indians have refufed to die 
 meanly, or with but little Pain, when 
 they thought their Country’s Honour 
 would be at Stake by it ^5 but have 
 given their Bodies, willingly, to the 
 moll cruel Torments of their Ene- 
 mies, to fliew, as they faid, that the 
 Five Nations conlifted of Men, whole 
 Courage and Refolution could not be 
 fliaken. They greatly fully, however, 
 thofe noble Virtues, by that cruel 
 Pallion, Revenge ; this they think 
 it not only lawful, but honourable, to 
 exert without Mercy on their Coun- 
 try’s Enemies, and for this only it is 
 that they can deferve the Name of 
 Barbarians. 
 
 But what, alas ! Sir, have we Chriftians 
 done to make them better ? We have 
 indeed Reafon to be alhamed, that 
 
 * This will appear by feveral Inftances in the 
 Second Part of this Hiftory. 
 
 thefe 
 
 
DEDICATION, vii 
 
 thefe Infidels, by our Converfation 
 and Neighbourhood, are become 
 worfc than they were before they knew 
 us. Inftead of Virtues we have only 
 taught them Vices, that they were 
 intirely free from before that Time. 
 
 The narrow Views of private Intereft 
 have occafioned this, and will occafi- 
 on greater, even publick Mifchiefs, if 
 the Governors of the People do not, 
 like true Patriots, exert themfelves, 
 and put a Stop to thefe growing 
 Evils. If thefe Practices be winked 
 at, inftead of faithful Friends, that 
 have manfully fought our Battles for 
 us, the Five Nations will become faith- 
 lefs Thieves and Robbers, and join 
 with every Enemy that can give them 
 any Hopes of Plunder. 
 
 If Care were taken to plant and 
 cultivate in them that general Bene- 
 volence to Mankind, which is the 
 true firft Principle of Virtue, it would 
 effedually eradicate thofe horrid Vices, 
 occafioned by their unbounded Re- 
 
 a 2 vcnge 
 
 w* 
 
Viii m Ejy 1 € A TI 0 N. 
 
 vetige ; and then they would no 
 longer deferve the Name of Barba- 
 rians, but would become a People, 
 whofe Friendlhip might add Honour 
 to the BritipD Nation, 
 
 The Greeks and Romans^ Sir, once 
 as mueh Barbarians as our Indians 
 now are, deified the Heroes that firft 
 taught them thole Virtues, from 
 whence the Grandeur of thofe re- 
 nowned Nations wholly proceeded ; 
 a good Man, however, will feel more 
 real Satisfaction and Pleafure, from the 
 Senfe of having any Way forwarded 
 the Civilizing of a barbarous Nation, 
 or of having multiplied the Num- 
 ber of good Men, than from the 
 fond eft Hopes of fuch extravagant 
 Honours. 
 
 Thefc Confiderations, I believe, 
 will induce you, Sir, to think 
 a Hiftory of the Five Nations not 
 unworthy of your Patronage ; and on 
 thefe only it is that I prefume to of- 
 fer 
 
dedication. 
 
 fer my beft Endeavours in this, who 
 am, with the greateft Refpedt, 
 
 S I Ry 
 
 Tour mojl obedient y 
 
 and mojl 'humble Servanfy 
 
 Cadwallader Golden. 
 
( xi ) 
 
 THE 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 First Part. 
 
 OUGH every one that is in the leaji acquaint- 
 L ed with the Affairs of North- America, knows of 
 what Confequence the Indians, commonly known to 
 the People Of New- York by the Name of the Five 
 Nations, are^ both in Peace and War -, I know of no 
 Accounts of them^ publifhed in Englifti, hut what are 
 very imperfebl, and indeed meer Tranjktions of Ptcnch. 
 Authors^ who themfelves know little of the Truth. 
 This feems to throw fome Refieblions on the Inhabi- 
 tants of our Province^ as if we wanted Curiojity to 
 enquire into our own Affairs, and were willing to reji 
 fatisfied with the Accounts the French us of our 
 own Indians, notwithfianding that the French in Ca- 
 nada are always in a different Intcrrji, atui fometimes 
 in open Hojlility with us. This Conftder ation, I hope^ 
 willjuftify niy attempting to write an Hijlory of the 
 Five Nations at this Time ; and having had the P 
 ufal of the Minutes of the Commfftoners for Indian 
 Affairs, 1 have been enabled to collebl many Materials 
 for this Hijlory, which are not to be found ary where 
 
 I 
 
xii T^be Preface ip First Part. 
 
 elfe% and cannot but think., that a Hijlory of this 
 Kind will be of great Ufe to all the Britiih Colonies in . 
 North- America, fmce it may enable them to learn Ex- 
 perience at the Expence of others: And if I can con- 
 tribute any Thing to fa good a Purpofe, I Jhall not 
 think my Labour loft. 
 
 It will be necefjary for me here to fay fomething in 
 Excufe of two Things in the following Performatfcp% 
 which, I am afraid,^ witt naturally be found Eaup 
 with in it. The firft is, the filling up fo great Part of 
 the Work with the Adventures of fmall Parties, and 
 fometimes with thofe af gne fingle Man : And the 
 feccnd is, the infer ting fo many Speeches at length. 
 
 As to the firft, the Hiftory of Indians would be 
 very lame, without an Account of thefe private Adven- 
 tures \ for their warlike Expeditions are almoft always 
 carried on by furpriftng each other, and their whole 
 Art of War confifts in manning fmall .Parties. The 
 ■whole Country being one continued Foreft, gives grept 
 Advantages to thefe ftculking Parties, and has obliged 
 the Chrijlians to imitate the Indians in this Method 
 of making War among them. And fame would, doubtlefs, 
 be deftrous to know the Manners and Cuftoms of the 
 Indians, in their publick Treaties efpecially, who could 
 not be fatisfied without taking Notice of fever al mi- 
 nute Circumftances, and Things otherwife of no 
 Confequence. We are fond fearching into re- 
 mote Antiquity, to know the Manners of our earlieft 
 Progenitors ; and, if 1 am not miftaken, the Indians 
 are living Images of them. 
 
 My Deftgn therefore in the fecendwas, that thereby the 
 Genius of the Indians might appear. An Hiftorian 
 may paint Mens ASlions in lively Colours, or in faint 
 Shades, as he likes heft, and in both Cafes preferve a 
 fierfeSl Likenefs ; but it will be a difficult Tajk to Jhew 
 the Wit, Judgment, Art, Smplicity, and Ignorance 
 of the feveral Parties, managing a Treaty, in other 
 W ords than their own. As to sny Part, I thought 
 
 nyfelf 
 
Pufif ACfi to the First Part. 
 
 mvfeif incapable of doing it, mthout depriving the ju* 
 dicious Obfer*ver of the Opportunity of difcovering 
 mch of the Indian Genius, by my contraffing or pa* 
 rcephrajthg their Harangues, and mthout committing 
 often grofs Mifiakes. For, on thefe Occafions, a Jkil* 
 ful Manager often talks confufedly, and obfcurdy^ 
 with Befi^ \ iwhich if an lUjtorian Jhould endeavour 
 to amend, the Reader would r-eceive the Hijlory in a 
 folk Light. 
 
 The Reader will find a great Difference between 
 fame of the Speeches here given of thofe made at AU 
 bany, and thofe taken from the French Authors^ 
 Ours are genuine and truly related, as delivered by 
 the fwOrn Interpreters, of whom ‘I'ruth only is repii- 
 red-, a rough Stile, with Truth, is preferable to Elo- 
 quence without it : This may be faid in yuflificaticn of 
 the Indian Expreffm, though I muft own, tlM / fu- 
 fpe£i our Interpreters may not have done Juftice to the 
 Indian Eloquence. For the Indians having but few 
 Words, and few complex Ideas, ufe many Metopes 
 in their Difeourfe, which interpreted by an ufijiilful 
 Tongue, may appear mean, and flrike our Imagina- 
 tion faintfy but under the Pen of a fkilful R^refen- 
 ter, might firongfy move our Pafftons by their livefy 
 Images. I ha je heard an old Indian Sacheni Jpeak 
 with much Vivacity and Elocution, fo that the Speaker 
 pleafed and moved the Auditors with the Manner of 
 delivering hisDifeourfe ; which however,as it afterwards 
 came from the Interpreter, difappointed us inour Expebla- 
 tions. After the Speaker had employed a conjiderahle 
 Time in haranguing with much Elocution, the Inter- 
 preter often explained the whole by one Jingle Sentence. 
 I believe the Speaker, in that Time, embellijhed and a- 
 dorned his Figures, that th^ might have their full 
 Force on the Imagination, while the Interpreter con- 
 tented himfelf with the Senjc, in as few IV wds as it 
 could be exprejjed. 
 
 He that firjl writes the Uijloiy of Things, which 
 are not generally known, ought to avoid, as much as 
 3 poffiUe, 
 
33V 
 
 
 The Preface to the First Part. 
 
 po£ibkt to make the Evidence of the Truth depend in- 
 tirely on his own Veracity and Judgment ; and for this 
 Reafon I have related feveral TranfaSlions in the 
 Words of the Regijiers, when this is once doney 
 he that pall write afterwardsy need not a£l with fo 
 much Caution. 
 
 The Hiftory of thefe Indians, / promife tryfelfy 
 will give an agreeable Amufement to many \ almojl e- 
 very one will find fomething in it fuited to his own Palate ; 
 but every Line will not pleafe every Man j on the con- 
 traryy one will naturally approve what another con- 
 demnSy as one defines to know what another thinks 
 not worth the T rouble of reading *, for which Reafony 
 I thinky it is better to run the Rifijue of being fometimes 
 tedious to certain Reader Sy than to omit any Thing that 
 may be ufeful to the World. 
 
 1 have fometimes thought y that Hiftories wrote with 
 all the Delicacy of a fine Romancey are like French 
 Dijhesy more agreeable to the Palate than the Stomachy 
 and Itfs whole fame than more common and coarfer Diet. 
 
 An Hiftorian's Views muft be curious and extenfivCy 
 and the Hiftory of different People and different Ages 
 requires different Rulesy and often different Abilities to 
 write it ; / hope therefore the Reader willy from 
 thefe Confidejrationsy receive this firft Attempt of this 
 kindy with more than ufual Allowances. 
 
 The Inhabitants of New -York have been much 
 more concerned in the TranfablionSy which followed 
 the Tear 1688, than in thofe which preceded it. 
 And as it requires uncommon Courage and RefoBtion 
 to engage willingly in the Wars againji a cruel and 
 barbarous Enemy y 1 fbould be forry to forget any that 
 might deferve to be remembered by their Country y with 
 Gratitude on that Occafton. 
 
 A V O 
 
 / 
 
( XV ) 
 
 A 
 
 VOCABULARY 
 
 O F 
 
 So;rte Words and Names ufed by French 
 Authors^ who treat of the Indian Affairs^ 
 which are different from the Names of the 
 fame People or Places, ufed or underjlood by 
 the EnglHh, and may therefore be ufe^ul to 
 thofe who intend to read the French Accounts, 
 or compare them with the Accounts now puh- 
 lijhed. 
 
 Nams ufed by the The fame are called by the Eng- 
 French. lifh, or by the Five Nations. 
 
 ^^^Benaguies. 
 
 Algonkins. 
 
 Amihouis. 
 
 Aniez. 
 
 Bay des Puans. 
 Chigagou. 
 
 Corker, or Corlard. 
 
 O Wenagungas, or New- 
 England Indians, and 
 are fometimes called the Ek- 
 ftem Indians. 
 
 Adirondacks. 
 
 Dionondadies, or Tuinonda- 
 deks, a Branch or Tribe of 
 the (^atoghies. 
 
 Mohawks, called likewife Ma- 
 quas. 
 
 Enitajiche. 
 
 Caneraghik. 
 
 Schenedady. But the Five 
 Nations commonly call the 
 Cover- 
 
A VOCA:BULARr,hcc. 
 
 Nimtif iifed by 
 French. 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 Hurons, 
 
 Hinoiit. 
 
 Iroquois. 
 
 Lac Huron. 
 
 Loups. 
 
 Manhattan. 
 
 Mafcoutecs. 
 
 Mourigat). 
 
 Miamles. 
 
 Miflilimakinak. 
 
 MiHifakies. 
 
 Oneyouts. 
 
 Ontario lac. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 Outagamies. 
 
 Outawas. 
 
 Renards. 
 
 Sauiteurs. 
 
 Shaouonons. 
 
 Tateras. 
 
 Terre rouge. 
 Tongorias. . 
 Tfonontouans. 
 
 the The fame caUei by the Englifh, 
 or Five Nations. 
 
 Governor of New-York by 
 this Name, and often the 
 People of the Province of 
 New-York in general. 
 Teuchlagrondie. 
 
 Quatoghie. 
 
 Chi^ghicks. 
 
 ^beYvfz Nations. 
 
 Caniatarcj w .^atoghe lake. 
 Scahkook Indians. 
 
 New-York City» .. 
 Odiflaftagheks. 
 
 Mahikandipr, or River Indi- 
 ans, living on HudfonV Ri- 
 ver, below Albany, 
 Twightwies. 
 
 Teiodondoraghie. 
 
 Achfifeghecks. 
 
 Oneydoes. 
 
 Cadarackui Lake. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Quackfies, and Scunkliks. 
 Utawawas, or Dewagunhas. 
 Quakfies. 
 
 Eftiaghicks. 
 
 Satanas. 
 
 Toderiks. 
 
 Scunkfik. 
 
 Erighecks. 
 
 Senekas. 
 

 THE 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 T he IntroduSlion^ being a Jhort View of the 
 Form of Government of the Five Nations, and 
 of their Laws and Cuftoms. — pag. i 
 
 PARTI. C H A P. I. 
 
 Of the Wars of the Five Nations, with the Kdiwon- 
 dacks and Quatoghies. ■ 2 1 
 
 CH.AP. II. 
 
 ^he Wars and Treaties of Peace of the Indians 
 of the Five Nations with the French, from 1665 
 to 1683, and their Affairs with Nevv-York in 
 that time. - - ■ ... . 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the Tranfabfions of the Indians of the Five Na- 
 tions with the neighbouring Englilh Colonies. 36 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Monf. De la Barres Expedition^ and fome remark- 
 able Tranfablions in 1684. — 59 
 
The CONTENTS'. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 The Englifh attempt to trade in the Lakes, and the 
 French attack the Senekas. — 71 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Colonel Dongan’f Advice to the Indians. Adario’x 
 Enterprize, and Montreal facked by the Five 
 Nations. — — 80 
 
 P A R T II. C H A P. I. 
 
 The State of Affair s . in and Canada at 
 the Time of the Revolution in Great-Britain. 91 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 A Treaty between the Agents of Maffachufets-Bay, 
 New-Plymouth, and Connecticut, and the Sa- 
 chems of the Five Nations at Albany, in the 
 Tear 1689. — — — 100 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 An Account of a general Counsil of the Five Na- 
 tions at Onondaga, to conjider of the Count De 
 Frontenac’j Meffage. — ■■ ■■■ 105 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 The French furprize ScheneCtady. The Mohawks 
 Speech of Condolance on that Occajion. 113 
 
 CHAP. 
 
The CONTENTS. 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 ^he Five Nations continue the War with the French. 
 ne Mohawks encUne to Peace. Their Conferences 
 with the Governor of New- York. i ^ i 
 
 C H A T.' vr. 
 
 The Englifh attack Montreal by ZMnd^ in Conjunction 
 with the Indians, and Quebeck Sea.. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 The French, and the Five Nations, • continue the 
 W ir all Winter with various Succefs. The French 
 burn a Captain of the Five Nations alive, i^i 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 The Five Nations treat with Capt. Ingold/by. 137 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 The French furprize^ 
 Cajlles. 
 
 and take three Mohawk 
 142 
 
 CHAP. X. 
 
 The Treaties and Negotiations the Five Nations had 
 
 with the Englilh and French in the Tears i6q?, 
 and 1694. 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 The War continued. The French repoffefs themfelves 
 of Cadarackui Fort ; and find means to break off 
 the Treaty between the Five Nations and Dio- 
 nondadies. «■-- ' . ■■ 
 
 CHAP.. 
 
The CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 De Frontenac attacks Onondaga r« Per- 
 Jon with the whole Force of Canada. Fhe Five 
 Nations continue the War with the French, and 
 make Peace with the Dionondadies. — — 1 8 8 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 the ConduSi which the Englilh and Flrench ehferved 
 in regard to the Five Nations, immediately after 
 the Peace of * 9 ^ 
 
 •prtatieSy Charters^ fublick &c. from pag. 204, 
 to the End. 
 
[l]- - 
 
 
 
 I ■ > '! i ■ T" 1" ^ V "W l ■ ' 
 
 THE 
 
 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 BEING 
 
 Jhorf View of the Form of Govern- 
 ment of the Five Nations^ and of their LawSy 
 CufomSy 6cc. ; 
 
 I T is neceflary to know fomething of the Form of 
 Government of the People, wh'bfe Hiftory one 
 is about to know, and a few Words will be fuffici- 
 ent to give the Reader a Conception of that of the Five 
 Nationsy becaufe it ftlll remains under original Siiti. 
 plicity, and free from thofe complicated Contri- 
 vances, which have become neceflary to the Na- 
 tions, where Deceit and Cunning have increafed as 
 much as their Knowledge and Wifdom. 
 
 The Five Nations (as their Name denotes) con- 
 fift of fo many Tribes or Nations, joined together 
 by a League or Confederacy, like the United Pro- 
 vinces y and without any Superiority of the one over the 
 other. This Union has continued fo long, that the 
 Chriftians know nothing of the Original of it The 
 People in it are known by the Englijh under the 
 Names of Mobawksy OneydoeSy OnondagaSy Cayugasy 
 and Sennekas, 
 
 Each of thefe Nations is again divided into three 
 Tribes or Families, who diftinguilh themfelves by 
 three different Arms or Enfigns, the FortoifCy the 
 BeaVy and the Wolf ; and the Sachems, or old Men 
 of thefe Families, put this Enfign, or Mark of their 
 . B Family. 
 
rhe INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Family, to every publick Paper, when they fign 
 it. 
 
 Each of thefe Nations is an ablblute Republick by 
 itfelf, and every Caftle in each Nation makes an 
 independent Republick, and is govern'd in all pub- 
 lick Affairs by its own Sachems or old Men. The 1 
 Authority of thefe Rulers is gain’d by, and confifts 
 wholly in the Opinion the reft of the Nation have | 
 of their Wifdom and Integrity. They never execute j 
 their Refblutions by Force upon any of their People. | 
 Honour and Efteem are their principal Rewards ; as * 
 Shame, and being defpifed, their Punifhments. j 
 They have certain Cuftoms, which they obferve in | 
 their publick Tranfaftions with other Nations, and , 
 in their private Affairs among themfelves ; which it I 
 is fcandalous for any one among them not to ob- j 
 ferve, and thefe always draw after them either pub- 1 
 lick or private Refentment, whenever they are broke, f 
 
 Their Leaders and Captains, in like Manner, ob- 
 tain their Authority, by the general Opinion of their i 
 
 Courage and Condudl, and Joie It by a failure in i 
 
 thofe Virtues. 
 
 Their great Men, both Sachems and Captains, arc 
 generally poorer than the common People ; for they 
 affeft to give away and diftribute all the Prefents or 
 Plunder they get in their Treaties or in War, fo as - 
 to leave nothing to themfelves. There is not a Man 
 in the Miniftry of the Five Nations^ who has gain'd 1 
 his Office, otherwife than by Merit ; there is not the 1 
 Salary, or any Sort of Profit, annexed to any 
 Office, to tempt the Covetous or Sordid ; but, on 
 the contrary, every unworthy Adion is unavoidably , 
 attended with the Forfeiture of their Commiffion ; for 
 their Authority is only the Efteem of the People, and ' 
 
 ceafes the Moment that Efteem is loft. Here we fee 
 
 the natural Origin of all Power and Authority among 
 a free People, and whatever artificial Power or Sc^ 
 
 have acquired, by the Laws 
 
 and Conftitution of a Country, his real Power will I 
 
 be 
 
The INTRODUCTION. 
 
 be ever much greater or lefs, in Proportion to the 
 Efteem the People have of him. 
 
 The Five Nations think themfelves by Nature fu- 
 perior to the reft of Mankind, and call themfelves 
 Ons^e-honwe ; that is, Men furpafting all others. 
 This Opinion, which they take Care to cultivate in- 
 to their Children, gives them that Courage, which 
 has been fo terrible to all the Nations of North A- 
 merica \ and they have taken fuch Care to imprefs 
 the fame Opinion of their People on all their 
 Neighbours, that they, on all Occafions, yield the 
 moft fubmiffive Obedience to them. I have been 
 told by old Men in New England^ who remembred 
 the Time when the Mohawks made War on their In^ 
 dians^ that as foon as a Angle Mohawk was difeovePd 
 in the Country, their Indians raifed a Cry from Hill 
 to Hill, A Mohawk I A Mohawk! upon which they 
 all fled like Sheep before Wolves, without attempt- 
 ing to make the leaft Refiftance, whatever Odds 
 were on their Side. The poor New England Indians 
 immediately ran to the Chriftian Houfes, and the 
 Mohawks often purfued them fo clofely, that they 
 entered along with them, and knocked their Brains 
 out in the Prefence of the People of the Houfe ; but 
 if the Family had Time to (hut the Door, they never 
 attempted to force it, and on no Occafion did any 
 Injury to the Chriftians. All the Nations round 
 them have, for many Years, intirely fubmitted to 
 them, and pay a yearly Tribute to them in TVam- 
 fum * 5 they dare neither make War nor Peace, with- 
 
 * Wampum is the Current Money among the hd'tam : It is of 
 two Sorts, White and Purple ; the White is worked out of the 
 Infide of the great Conques into the Form of a Bead, and per- 
 forated, to firing on Leather ; the Purple is worked out of the 
 Infide of the Mufcle Shell ; they are wove as broad as one’s Hand, 
 and about two Feet long ; thefe they cal) Belts, and give and re- 
 ceive at their Treaties as the Seals of Fricndfhip ; for lefTer 
 Mattcn a fingle String is given. Every Bead is of a known 
 Value, and a Belt of a lefs Number, is made to equal one of 
 a greater, by fo many as is wanting faftened to the Be!: by a 
 String. 
 
 out: 
 
4 
 
 T^he INrRODUCriON. 
 
 out the Confent of the Mohawks, Two old Men 
 commonly go about every Year or two, to receive 
 this Tribute ; and I have often had Opportunity to 
 obferve what Anxiety the poor Indians were under, 
 while thefe two old Men remained in that Part of 
 the Country where I was. An old Mohawk Sachem^ 
 in a poor Blanket and a dirty Shirt, may be feen if- 
 fuing his Orders with as arbitrary an Authority, as a 
 Roman Diftator. It is not for the Sake of Tribute 
 however, that they make War, but from the Noti- 
 ons of Glory, which they have ever moft ftrongly 
 imprinted on their Minds ; and the farther they go 
 to feek an Enemy, the greater Glory they think they 
 gain ; there cannot, I think, be a greater or ftronger 
 Inftance than this, how much the Sentiments, im- 
 prefled upon a People’s Mind, conduce to their Gran- 
 deur, or one that more verifies a Saying often to be 
 met with, though but too little minded. That it is in 
 the Power of the Rulers of a People to make them 
 either Great or Little ; for by inculcating only the No- i 
 rions of Honour and Virtue, or thofeof Luxury and 
 Riches, the People, in a little Time, will become fuch 
 as their Rulers defire. The Five Nations, in their Love 
 of Liberty, and of their Country, in their Bravery in 
 Battle, and their Conftancy in enduring Torments, e- 
 qual the Fortitude of the moft renowned Romans. I 
 fhall finilh their general Charadler by what an Ene- 
 my, z Frenchman, lays of them, Monftcur Be la Po- 
 terie, in his Hiftory of North America. 
 
 “ When we fpeak (fays he) of the Five Nations 
 “ in France, they are thought, by a common Mif- 
 “ take, to be mere Barbarians, always thirfting af- 
 ter human Blood ; but their true Charaifter is very ' 
 “ different. They are indeed the fierceft and moft for- 
 “ midable People in North America, and, at the fanre | 
 Time, aie as poliHck and judicious, as well can ' 
 “ be conceived ; and this appears from the Manao-e- 
 ment of all the Affairs which they tranfadb, not only 
 with the French and Englijh, but likewife with al- ; 
 
 ^ “ moft 
 
The INTRODUCTION. 
 
 “ moft all the Indian Nations of this vaft Conti- 
 “ nent.” 
 
 Their Matters of Confequence, which concern all 
 the Nations, are tranfadted in a general Meeting of 
 the Sachems of each Nation, Thefe Conventions are 
 commonly held at Onnondaga, which is nearly the 
 Center of their Country ; but they have fixed on Al- 
 bany for the Place of treating with the Briti/h Colonies. 
 
 They ftridtly follow one Maxim, formerly ufed by 
 the Romans to increafe their Strength, that is, they en- 
 courage the People of other Nations to incorporate 
 with them ; and when they have fubdued any Peo- 
 ple, after they have fatiated their Revenge by fome 
 cruel Examples, they adopt the reft of their Cap- 
 tives ; who, if they behave well, become equally 
 efteemed with their own People •, fo that fome of 
 their Captives have afterwards become their greateft 
 Sachems and Captains. The 1‘ujkaroras., after theWar 
 they had with the People of Carolina., fled to the Five 
 Nations, and are now incorporated with them ; fo 
 that they now properly indeed confift of fix Nations, 
 though they ftill retain the old Name of the Five 
 Nations among the Englijh. The Covsetas alfb, or 
 Creek- Indians, are in the fame Friendfliip with them. 
 
 The Tujkaroras, fince they came under the Pro- 
 vince of Nes.v Tork, behave themfelves well, and re- 
 main peaceable and quiet •, and by this may be feen 
 the Advantage of ufing the Indians well, and I be- 
 lieve, if they were ftill better ufed (as there is Room 
 enough to do it) they would be proportionably more 
 ufeful to us. 
 
 The Cruelty the Indians ufe in their Wars, to- 
 wards thofe that do not or cannot refift, fuch as 
 Women and Children, and to their Prifoners, after 
 they have them in their Power, is defervedly indeed 
 held in Abhorrence : But whoever reads the Hiftory of 
 the fo famed ancient Heroes, will find them. Pm afraid, 
 not much better in this Refpedt. Does Achilles’s Beha- 
 viour to HeSl'or’s dead Body, in Homer, appear lefs 
 
 B 3 favage? 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ^yage ? This Cruelty is alfo not peculiar to the 
 ^tve Nattonsy but equally pradifed by all other Lu 
 dians. It is wonderful, how Cuftom and Education 
 are able to foften the moft horrid Adions, even a- 
 mong a polite and learned People ; witnefs the Car. 
 tbagmans and Fhcenicians burning their own ChiU 
 Jen alive in Sacrifice ; and feveral PalTages in the 
 and witnefs, in later Times, the 
 Cliriltians burning one another alive, for God's Sake. 
 
 When any of the young Men ofthefe Nations hare 
 a Mind to hgnalize themielves, and to gain a Reputa. 
 tion among tjir Countrymen, by fome notable En- 
 
 fhey at firft communi- 
 cate their Defign to two or three of their moft inti- 
 
 Invitation 
 
 IS made, in their Names, to all the young Men of the 
 be^ feaft on Dog’s Flelh ; but whether this be, 
 
 f agreeable to Indian Pa- 
 Utes, or wheth^ it be as an Emblem of Fidelity 
 for which the Dog is diftinguifhed by all Nations! 
 
 Occafion, I have not 
 fofficient Information to determine. When the 
 
 fot EUhelT % P^'^oters of the Enterprizc 
 
 !hi K ^ theUndert Jing in the beft Colours they can } 
 
 JolLw *^«od to do, and incite Lhers 
 
 to join, from the Qory there is to be obtained ; and 
 all who eat ofthe Dog’s Flelh, thereby inlift them- 
 
 ^^®y a grand 
 I eaft, to this all the noted Warriors of the lition 
 
 are invited } and here they have their War Dance 
 to the Beat of a Kind of a Kettle-drum. The War- 
 
 1 lie- up in his Turn, and fings the great Ads he has 
 
 this lo always accompanied with a Kind of a Dance or 
 wher A Jon, rcprefenting the Manner in which they 
 were performed j and from Time to Time, all prefent 
 join in a Ciiorus, applauding every notable Ad.^ They 
 
 exaggerate 
 
j'he INT RO DUCT 10 N. 9 
 
 exaggerate the Iniuries they 
 
 ccived from their Enemies, and extol the Glo y 
 which any of their Anceftors have gained by the r 
 Bravery and Couracre •, fo that they work up their 
 Snirits to a high Degree of warlike Enthufxafm. 1 
 
 p.rfld=d fom= of to 
 
 dims to ad thefe Dances, for our Diverfion, a^nd to 
 Lw us the Manner of them i and even, on thefe 
 Occafions, they have work’d themfelves up to 
 Pitch that they have made all prefent unraly. 
 lh S’p*bauJth.t fuchDafigna a, thrfc have 
 
 given the fir ft Rife to Tr^edy . Faccs 
 
 ® Thev come to thefe Dances writh their Faces 
 
 oalnted^ in a frightful Manner, as they always are 
 Ten they go to War, to make themfelves terrible 
 and i» <Ws Mannar the y a » 
 foent Next Day they march out with much Fo 
 iSalit’y, drefled in their fineft Apparel, 
 
 March obferve a profound Silence. An Officer of 
 the re^lar Troops told me, that while he was om - 
 mandSt of Fort-Hunter^ the Mohawks^ 
 S?Xatns. .old hln.. that 
 „fnal n.iU...y Honouta “ 
 
 Accordingly he drew out his Garifon, j\u 
 
 "hS Kecas a, .ha *: 
 
 Drum baa. a March i and «i.h lafs Ral^t. W' 
 
 ner three or four Miles from their Caftle. 1 h 
 Women, on thefe Occafions, always follow them 
 ^th their old Clothes, and they fend back by them 
 their Fmery in which they marched from the Caftle. 
 But before they go from this Place, j' 
 change their Clothes, they always peel a large Piere 
 of thi Bark from fome great Tree •, they comn^ffiy 
 
8 
 
 the INTR O D UCT 10 N. 
 
 5 f* ""Oft 5 upon the fmooth Side 
 
 of ^ Wood they-, with their red Paint, draw one or 
 
 g°!"g Home, with theNumber of 
 Mea n, them padJing,which go upon the Expedition ; 
 
 as a Deer or: Fox, an Emblem 
 ofxth^erNation agamft which the Expedition is de- 
 Pa-nted at the Head of tlie Ganoes ; for 
 ritejr always travel m Canoes along the Rivers 
 
 - they can. ^ 
 
 ^°P ^t the fame 
 
 Place in their Return, and fend to their Gaftle, to in- 
 form.thwr Friends of. their Arrival ; that they may be 
 pre}»red to give them a folemn Reception, fuited to 
 
 '’'■‘‘V Time they 
 
 S S Tree nearie, the E- 
 
 Slr t* tumedTwidVS aftle" 
 
 phres of the Kve ATa/imt ° feen'manl% 
 
 umph had on the old Hma»s. ' ’ ^ 
 
 fe»h':;,tr,£fs "r 
 
 ien“k“e’ctate^^ 
 
 receive 
 
9 
 
 rhe -INTRO Duar TO N: ‘ 
 
 receive the laft Doom of Life or Death. The War- 
 riors think it for their Glory, to lead them through 
 all the Villages of the Nations fubjeft to them, 
 which lie near the Road ; and thefe, to Ihew their Af- 
 fe<flion to the Five Natims^ and their Abhorrence of 
 their Enemies, draw up in ^two Lines, through 
 which the poor. Prifoners, ftark naked, muft ruii the 
 Gauntlet; and on thisOccafion, it is always obferved, 
 theWomen are much more cruel than the Men. The 
 Prifoners meet with the fame fad Reception when 
 they reach their Journey’s End ; and after this, they 
 are prefented to thofe that have loft any Relation in 
 that or any former Enterprize. If the Captives be ac- 
 cepted, there is an End to their Sorrow from that Mo- 
 ment ; th§y are.drefled as fine as they can make them ; 
 they are abfolutety free (except to return to their own 
 Country) and enjoy all the Privileges the Peffon 
 had, in whofe Place they are accepte^; but if other- 
 wife they die iri- Torments, to fatiate 6he Revenge 
 of thofe that refufe them. - 
 
 If a young Man or Boy be received in Place of a 
 Hulband that was killed, all the Children of the 
 Deceafed call that Boy- Father ; fo that one may 
 fometimes hear a Man of thirty fay, that fuch a Boy 
 of fifteen or twenty is his Father. 
 
 Their Caftles are generally a Square furrounded 
 with Palifadoes, without any Baftionsor Out, works; 
 for, fince the generaf Peace, their Villages lie- all 
 open. ■ ■ 
 
 Their only Inftruments of War are Mufquets, 
 Hatchets, and long ftiarp pointed Knives ; thefe they 
 always carry about with them : Their Hatchet, in 
 War-time, is ftuck in their Girdle behind them; and 
 befides what life they make of this Weapon in their 
 Hand', they have a dexterous Way of throwing it, 
 which I have feen them often pradife in their Exer- 
 cife, by throwing it into a Tree at a Diftance : They 
 have, in this, the Art of diredling and regulating 
 the Motion, fo that though the Hatchet turns round 
 
 as 
 
The INTRODUCTION. j 
 
 as it flies, the Edge always flicks in the Tree, and I 
 near the Place at which they aim it. • The Ufe of I 
 Bows and Arrows are now intirely laid afide, except 
 among the Boys, who are ftill very dexterous in I 
 killing Fowls and other Animals with them. j 
 
 They ufe neither Drum nor Trumpet, nor any I 
 Kind of mulical Inftrument in their Wars ; their 
 Throats ferve them on all Occafions, where fuch are I 
 necefTary. Many of them have a furprifing Faculty 
 of railing their Voice, not only in inarticulate Sounds, i, 
 but likewife to make their Words underftood at a 
 great Diftance ; and we find the fame was pradlifed by 
 Homer's Heroes, 
 
 Thnee to its Pitch bis lofty Voice he rearSy—— 
 
 O Friend ! Ulyfles Shouts invade my Ears, 
 
 The Five Nations have fuch abfolute Notions of 
 Liberty, that they allow of no Kind of Superiority 
 of one over another, and banifh all Servitude from | 
 
 their Territories. They never make any Prifoner a | 
 
 Slave i but it is cullomary among them to make | 
 
 a Compliment of Naturalization into the Five \ 
 
 Nations ; and, confidering how highly they value 
 themfelves above all others, this muft be no fmall 
 Compliment. This is not done by any general Adi ; 
 of the Nation, but every fingle Perfon has a Right 
 to do it, by a Kind of Adoption. The firft Time I 
 was among the Mohawks, I had this Compliment j 
 
 from one of their old Sachems, which he did, by | 
 
 giving me his own Name, Cceyenderonffie. He had | 
 
 been a notable Warrior i and he told me, that now i 
 
 I had a Right to aflume to myfelf all the Adte of 
 Valour he had performed, and that now my Name 
 would echo from Hill to Hill all over the Five Na- 
 tions. As for my Part, I thought no more of it at j 
 
 that Time, than as an Artifice to draw a Belly full ' 
 
 of flrong Liquor from me. for himfelf and his Com- ! 
 
 panions ; but when about ten or twelve Years after- I 
 
 wards, my Bufinefs led me again among them, I diredl- ! 
 
 cd ■ 
 
II 
 
 rbe INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ed the Interpreter to fay fomething from me to the 
 Sachems i he was for IbmeTime at a Lois to undcr- 
 ftand their Anfwer, till he had aiked me whether I 
 had any Name among them : I then found that I 
 was really known to them by that Name, and that 
 the old Sachem^ from the Time he had given me his 
 Name, had aflumed another to himfelf. I was a- 
 dopted, at that Time, into the Tribe of the Bear^ 
 and, for that Reafon, I often afterwards had the kind 
 Compliment of Brother Bear. 
 
 The Hofpitality of thcfe Indians is no lefs remark* 
 able, than their other Virtues } as foon as any Stran- 
 ger comes, they are fure to offer him Viduals. If 
 there be feveral in Company, and come from a-hir, 
 one of their beft Houfes is cleaned and given up for 
 their Entertainment. Their Complaifance,on thefe Oc- 
 caiions, goes even farther than Chriftian Civility al- 
 lows of, as they have no other Rule for it, than the 
 furnilhing their Gueft with every Thing they think 
 will be agreeable to him j for this Reafon, fbme of 
 their prettieft Girls are always ordered to wafh them- 
 felves, and drefs in their beft Apparel, in Order to be 
 prefented to the Stranger, for his Choice ; and the 
 young Lady, who has the Honour to be preferred 
 on thefe Occafions, performs all the Duties of a fond 
 Wife, during the Stranger’s Stay: But this laft Piece of 
 Hofpitality is now either laid afide by the Mohawks., 
 or, at leaft, they never offer it to any Chriftian. 
 This Nation indeed has laid afide many of its anci- 
 ent Cuftoms, and lb likewife have the other Nations, 
 with whom we are beft acquainted ; and have adopt- 
 ed many of ours ; fo that it is not eafy now to diftm- 
 guilh their original and genuine Manners, from thofe 
 which they have lately acquired *, and for this Rea- 
 fon it is, that they now feldom offer Viftuals to Per- 
 fonsof any Diftinftion, becaufe they know, that their 
 Food and Cookery is not agreeable to our delicate 
 Palates. Their Men value themfelves, in having all 
 Kind of Food in equal Efteem. A Mohawk Sachem 
 
 told 
 
12 
 
 The INTRODUCTION, 
 
 told me with a Kind of Pride, That a Man eats e- 
 very Thing without Diftindlion, Bears, Cats, Dogs, 
 Snakes, Frogs, &c. intimating, that it is Womanith, 
 to have any Delicacy in the Choice of Food. 
 
 I can however give two ftrong Inftances of the Hof- 
 pitality of the Mohawks fell under my own Ob- 
 fervation ; and which fhew, that they have the very 
 fame Notion of Hofpitality, whith we find in the 
 ancient Poets. When I was laft in the Mohawks 
 Country, the Sachems told me, that they had an 
 Engh^bmdn among their People, a Servant who had 
 run from his Matter irv New York. I immmediately 
 told them, that they mutt deliver him up. No, they 
 anfwered, we never ferve any Man fo, who puts 
 himfrlf under our Protedtion. On this I infitted on 
 the Injury they .did thereby to his Matter; and they 
 allowed it mi^t be an Injury, and replied, though 
 we never will deliver him up, we are willing to pay 
 the Value of the Servant to the Matter. Another 
 Man made his Efcape from the Goal of where 
 
 he was in Prifon on an Execution for Debt ; the 
 Mohawks received him, and, as they protefted him 
 againft the Sheriff and his Officers, they not only 
 paid the Debt for him, but gave him Land, over 
 and above fufficient for a good Farm, whereon he 
 lived when I was latt there. To this it may be ad- 
 ded, all , their extraordinary Vifits are accompanied 
 with giving and receiving Prefents of fome Value; 
 as we learn likewife from Homer was the Pradlice in 
 old Times. 
 
 Polygamy is not ufual among them ; and indeed, 
 in any Nation, where all are on a Par, as to Riches 
 and Power, Plurality of Wives cannot well be in- 
 troduced. As all Kind of Slavery is baniflied from 
 the Countries of the Five Nations, fo they keep them- 
 felves free alfo from the Bondage of Wedlock ; and 
 when either of the Parties becomes difgutted, they 
 feparate without Formality or Ignominy to either, 
 unlefs it be occafioned by fome fcandalous Offence in 
 i one 
 
rhe INTR ODVCriON. 
 
 one of them, And in Cafe of Divorce, the Children, 
 according to the natural Coitrie of all Animals, fol- 
 low the Mother. The Women here bring forth their 
 Children with as much Eafeas other Animals, and with- 
 out the Help of a Midwife, and, foon after their Deli- 
 very, return to theirufual Employment. They alone al- 
 fo perform all the Drudgery about their Houfes, they 
 plant their Corn, and labour it, in every Refpeift, till 
 it is brought to the Table : They likewife cut-all their 
 Fire-wood, and bring it Home on their Backs, and 
 in their Marches bear the Burdens. The Men dif- 
 dain all Kind of Labour, and' employ themfelves 
 alone in Hunting, as the only proper Bufinels for 
 Soldiers. At Times, when it is not proper to hunt, 
 one finds the old Men in Companies, in Converfati- 
 on ; the young Men at their Exercifes, (hooting at 
 Marks, throwing the Hatchet, Wreftling, or Run- 
 ning, and the Women all bufy at Labour in the 
 Fields. 
 
 On thefe Occafions, the State of Lacedaemon ever 
 occurs to my Mind, which that of the Five Nations^ 
 in many Refpeds, refembles ; their Laws, or Cuf- 
 toms, being, in both, form’d to render the Minds 
 and Bodies of the People fit for War. 
 
 Theft is very fcandalous among them ; and it is 
 necefiary it (hould be fo among all Indians, fince they 
 have no Locks, but thofe of their Minds, to preferve 
 their Goods. 
 
 There is one Vice which the Indians have all fallen 
 into, fince their Acquaintance with the Chrijiians, 
 and of which they could not be guilty before that 
 Time, that is, Drunkennefs : It is ftrange, how all 
 the Indian Nations, and almoft every Perfon among 
 them, Male and Female, are infatuated with the 
 Love of ftrong Drink •, they know no Bounds to their 
 Defire, while they can fwallow it down, and then 
 indeed the greateft Man among them fcarcely de- 
 ferves the Name of a Brute. 
 
 They 
 
T!be INTRODVCTION. 
 
 They never have been taught to conquer any Paf- 
 fion, but by fome contrary Paffion j and the Tra- 
 ders, with whom they chiedy converfe, are fo far 
 from giving them any Abhorrence of this Vice, that 
 they encourage it all they can, not only for the Pro- 
 fit of the liquor they fell, but that they may have 
 an Opportunity to impofe upon them. And this, as i 
 they chiefly drink Spirits, has deftroyed greater 
 Numbers, than all their Wars and Difeafcs put toge- I 
 ther. 
 
 The People of the Five Nations are much given to 
 Speech-makingy ever the natural Conlequence of a per- j 
 fed Republican Government : Where no Angle Per- | 
 fon has a Power to compel, the Arts of Perfuafion 
 alone muft prevail. As their beft Speakers diftinguilh I 
 themlelves in their publick Councils and Treaties with 
 other Nations, and thereby gain the Eftcem and Ap» 1 
 plaufe of their Countrymen, (the only Superiority 
 which any one of them has over the others) it is 
 probable they apply themfelves to this Art, by Ibme 
 Kind of Study and Exercife, in a great Meafure. It 
 is impoflible for me to judge how far they excel, i 
 as I am ignorant of their Langu^e ; but the j 
 
 Speakers whom I have heard, had alt a great Flu-. ' 
 
 ency of Words, and much more Grace in their 
 Manner, than any Man could exped, among a Peo- 
 ple intirely ignorant of all the liberal Arts and Sci- 
 ences. ' 
 
 I am inform’d, that they are very nice in the Turn' 
 of their Expreflions, and that few of themfelves are fo 
 far Matters of their Language, as never to offend the 
 Ears of their Indian Auditory, by an unpolite Exprefli- 
 on. They have, it feeras, a certain Urbanitas, ox At ti- 
 tifin, in their Language, of which the common Ears * 
 
 are ever fenfible, though only their great Speakers at- 
 tain to it. They are fo much given to Spreech-raaking, 
 that their common Complements, to any Perlbn they 
 refped, at meeting and parting, are made in Ha^ 
 rangues. 
 
 They 
 
 2 
 
T:be iNrRODUCriON. 
 
 They have fome Kind of Elegancy in \'arying 
 and compounding their Words, to which, not many 
 ofthcmfelves attain, and this principally diftinguifhes 
 their beft Speakers. I have endeavoured to get (bme 
 Account of this, as a Thing that might be acceptable 
 to the Curious 5 but, as 1 have not met with any one 
 Perlbn who underftands their Language, and al(b 
 knows any Thing of Grammar, or of the learned 
 Languages, I have not been able to attain the leafl: 
 Satisfadlion. Their prefent Minifter tells me, that 
 their Verbs are varied, but in a Manner fo dif- 
 ferent from the Gmk or Latin, that he cannot dif- 
 cover by what Rule it was done ; and even fufpedls, 
 that every Verb has a peculiar Mode : They have 
 but few radical Words, but they compound their 
 Words without End ; by this their Language be- 
 comes fufficiently copious, and leaves Room for a good 
 Deal of Art to pleafe a delicate Ear. Sometimes 
 one Word among them includes an entire Definition 
 of the Thing •, for Example, they call Wine Oneha- 
 radefehccng:pragberie, as much as to fay, a Li<jfior 
 made of the Juice of the Grape. The Words ex- 
 prefling Things lately come to their Knowledge are 
 all Compounds: They have noLabeals in their Lan- 
 guage, nor can they pronounce perfedUy any Word 
 wherein there is a Labcal •, and when one endeavours 
 to teach them to pronounce thefe Words, they tell 
 one, they think it ridiculous that they muft Ihut their 
 Lips to (peak. Their Language abounds with Guttu- 
 rals and ftrong Afpirations, thefe make it very fono- 
 rous and bold ; and their Speeches abound with Me- 
 taphors, after the M.;nner of the Eaftern Nations, 
 as will beft appear by the Speeches that I have co- 
 pied. 
 
 As to what religious Notions they have, it is diffi- 
 cult to judge of them-, becaufe the Indians, that 
 fpeak any Englifh, and live near us, have learned 
 many Things of us ; and it is not eafy to diftinguilh 
 the Notions they had originally among themfelves, 
 
 from 
 
i6 rbe INTR O DUCT 10 N. 
 
 from thofe they have learned of the Chrifiians. It 
 is certain they have no Kind of pubJick Worfhip, 
 and I am told that they have no radical Word to ex- 
 prefs God^ but ufe a compound Word, fignifying 
 the Preferver, Suftainer, or Mafter of the Univerfej 
 neither could I ever learn what Sentiments they have 
 of a future Exiftence. Their funeral Rites feem to be 
 formed upon a Notion of fome Kind of Exiftence 
 after Death : They make a' large round Hole, in 
 which the Body can: be placed upright, or upon its 
 Haunches, which after the Body is placed in it, is 
 covered with Timber, to fupport the Earth which 
 they lay over, and thereby keep the Body free from 
 being prefled ; they then raife the Earth in a round 
 Hill over it. They always drefs the Corps in all | 
 its Finery, and put Wampum and other Things 
 into the Grave with it ; and the Relations fuffer not 
 Grafs or any Weed to grow on the Grave, and fre- 
 quently vifit it with Lamentations : But whether thefe 
 Things be done only as Marks of Refpedl to the I 
 Deceafed, or from a Notion of fome Kind of Ex- 
 iftence after Death, muft be left to the Judgment of 
 the Reader. 
 
 They are very fuperftitlous in obferving Omens 
 and Dreams ; I have obferved them fhew a fuperftiti- 
 ous Awe of the Owl, and be highly difpleafed with | 
 fome that mimicked the Cry of that Bird in the ^ 
 Night. An Officer of the regular Troops has inform- ^ 
 cd me alfo, that while he had the Command of the 
 Garrifon at Ofwego, a Boy of one of the far Weft- 
 ward Nations died there •, the Parents made a regu- I 
 
 Jar Pile of fplit Wood, laid the Corps upon it, and i 
 
 burnt it i while the Pile was burning, they flood | 
 gravely looking on, without any Lamentation, but 
 when it was burnt down, they gathered up the Bones 
 with many Tears, put them into a Box, and carried | 
 them away with them *, and this Inclination, which 
 all ignorant People have to Superftition and amufing 
 Ceremonies, gives the Popifh Priefts a great Ad van. 
 
 tage 
 
17 
 
 the INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tage in recommending their Religion, beyond what 
 the Regularity of tne Proteftant Dodhrine allows 
 of. 
 
 Queen Antte fent over a Miffionary to refide among 
 the Mohawks., and allowed him a fufficient Subfiftence 
 from the privy Purfe j ffie fent Furniture for a Chap- 
 pel, and a valuable fet of Plate for the Communion 
 Table •, and (if I am not miftaken) the like Furniture 
 and Plate for each of the other Nations, though 
 that of the Mohawks was only applied to the Ufe 
 defigned. The common Prayer, or at leaft a con- 
 fiderable Part of it, was tranflated alfo into their Lan- 
 guage and printed ; fome other Pieces were likewife 
 tranflated for the Minifter’s Ufe, viz. An Expofition 
 of the Creed, Decalogue, Lord’s Prayer, and Church 
 Catechifm, and a Difeourfe on the Sacraments. But 
 as that Minifter was never able to attain any tolera- 
 ble Knowledge of their Language, and was naturally 
 a heavy Man, he had but fmall Succefs j and his Al- 
 lowance failing, by the Queen’s Death, he left them. 
 Thefe Nations had no Teacher, from that Time, till 
 within thefe few Years, that a youngGentleman, out of 
 pious Zeal, went voluntarily among the Mohawks. He 
 was at firft intirely ignorant of their Language, and had 
 no Interpreter, except one of the Indians, who under- 
 ftood a' little Englifh, and had. In the late Miffiona- 
 ry’s Time, learn’d to read and write in his own Lan- 
 guage. Fie learned from him how to pronounce the 
 Words in the Tranflations, which had been made 
 for the late Miffionary ’s Ufe. He fet up a School, 
 to teach their Children to read and write their own 
 Language ; and they made furprizing Proficiency, con- 
 fidering their Matter did not underttand their Lan- 
 guage. I happened to be in the Mohawk Country, 
 and faw feveral of their Performances *, I was pre- 
 fent at their Worfhip, where they went through fome 
 Part of the Common Prayer with great Decency. I 
 was likewife prefent, feveral Times, at their private 
 Devotions, which fome of them performed duly, 
 
 C Morning 
 
 y 
 
j 8 rhe INrRODUCriON. 
 
 Morning and Evening. I had alfo many Opportunities 
 of obferving the great Regard they had for this 
 young Man ; fo far, that the Fear of his leaving 
 them made the greateft Reftraint on them, with 
 which he threatened them, after they had been guil- 
 ty of any Offence. Soon after that Time, this Gentle- 
 man %vent to En^lafidi received Orders, and was lent 
 by the Society, Mifhonary to Albatty^ with Liberty 
 to fpend fome Part of his Time among the M.o~ 
 hawks. 
 
 ^Ihad lately a Letter from him, dated the feventh 
 of December, 1641, in which he writes as follows : 
 Drunkennefs was fo common among them, that I 
 « doubt, whether there was one grown Perfon of 
 « either Sex free from it -, feldom a Day palfed, 
 “ without fome, and very often forty or fifty being 
 drunk at a Time. But I found they were very fond 
 “ of keeping me among them, and afraid I fhould 
 leave them, which I made Ufe of to good Pur- 
 « pofe; daily threatning them with my Departure, 
 “ in Cafe they did not forfake that Vice, and fre- 
 “ quently requiring a particular Promife from them 
 « fingly ; by which Means (throbgh God’s Bleffing) 
 there was a gradual Reformation 5 and I know 
 not that I have feen above ten or twelve Perfons 
 “ drunk among therii this Summer. The Women 
 are almoft all entirely reformed, and the Men 
 “ very much. They have intirely left off Divorces 
 and are legally married. They are very conftant 
 church and Family Devotions. 
 They have not been known to exereiie Cruelty to 
 Prifoners, and have, in a great Meafure, left off 
 
 1 ^^hich I find the moft difficult, 
 
 of all Things to diffuade them from. They feera 
 alfo perfuaded of the Truths of Chriftianity. The 
 ‘‘ greateft Inconveniency I labour under, is the Want 
 of an Interpreter, which could I obtain, for two 
 or three Years, I fhould hope to be tolerably 
 
 Mafter 
 
 «( 
 
 iC 
 
 (c 
 
19 
 
 ^he INTRODUCTION. 
 
 “ Mafter of their Language, and be able to render 
 “ it eafier to my Succeflbr.” 
 
 This Gentleman’s uncommon Zeal deferves, I 
 think, this publick Teftimony, that it may be a 
 Means of his receiving fuch Encouragement, as may 
 enable him to purfue the pious Purpofes he has in 
 View. 
 
 The Mohawks^ were they civilized, may be ufeful 
 to us many Ways, and, on many Occafions, more 
 than any of our own People can be ; and this well 
 deferves to be confidered. 
 
 There is one Cuftom their Men conftantly ob- 
 ferve, which I muft not forget to mention ; That if 
 they be fent with any Meflage, though it demand 
 the greateft Difpatch, or though they bring Intelli- 
 gence of any imminent Danger, they never tell it at 
 their firft Approach but fit down for a Minute or 
 two, at leaft, in Silence, to recolledt themfelves, 
 before they fpeak, that they may not fhewany De- 
 gree of Fear or Surprize, by an indecent Expreffion. 
 Every hidden Repartee, in a publick Treaty, leaves 
 with them an Imprefllon of a light inconfiderate 
 Mind ; but, in private Converfation, they ufe, and 
 are delighted with briflc witty Anfwers, as we can 
 be. By this they fliew the great Difference they 
 place between the Converfations of Man and Man, 
 and of Nation and Nation ; and in this, and a thou- 
 fand other Things, might well be an Example to the 
 European Nations. 
 
 Ca 
 
 THE 
 

’/flrrA t/u’ xA'afiori, 
 
 ^larto^ Cu\.N^T)-A. 
 
 Quebec 
 
 
 lotiaes ar 
 
 ^Mc Aureal 
 « llchamblf 
 
 NThc Countrys 
 xbiwjucr 'd by ^ ^ 
 
 Jag-ara 
 
 iub\waes> 
 
 ^bany 
 
 Tb.e Cotiu^ 
 
 KeTiVElNj 
 
 ;E EllIE or 
 
 Carnfi/n^ 
 
 Pens YL- 
 VANIA 
 
 The :Nriajnjs A 
 
 <77»'JVightwi5 
 
 .Branches 
 
 MAJIY" 
 
 XAKD 
 
 Lf ^ 
 
 p jAt I 
 
 
 p ^ 
 
 1^ 3^ 
 
 k 3(*Y 
 
 . The Ti/jcn.ro?*a<f eire no^n/ ree'^n^ a efioctfij\^^ierri,S(^ /^elu^een t/ie Onone/a^et^d Onee//o<f; U' MmrM^ed ofM/dtV/mdh'dtete: n^re 
 yeeemer/ to (Ae J\/h/ieni at tl/Amy.dfiay chedAv^^o o/^ f/uU ^tion heenyyi^vdenTAedreAy h^?ien^srcAM^^. 
 
 The ch/ey'Tra^/e ri/it/i t/u/arlnMari^ Id at the t7ndne/aye/e<f ritferj /7/a/yth ei*Ae^t/?ey me/Jt a// yia/jtd ya to/uariAf CanaeAt . 
 
( 21 ) , 
 
 THE 
 
 HIS T O R Y 1 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Five Nations, 
 
 DEPENDING 
 
 On the Province of NEW-YORK, 
 
 PART I. 
 
 T^he Hijlory of the Five Nations, from the Time 
 the Chriftiam firfi knew any Thing of them, to 
 that of the 'Revolution in Great-Britain., 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Wars of the Five Nations with the A* 
 dirondacks and Quatoghies. 
 
 T H E firft Settlers of New-Tork having been 
 little curious in inquiring into the Indian ylf- 
 fairs^ further than what related to Trade t 
 or, at leaft, having neglefled to tranfmit their Dif- 
 coveries to Pofterity, it is much more difficult to 
 give a juft Hiftory of thefe Nations before, than 
 fince the Time of their being under the Crown of 
 
 C 3 England. 
 
4S\ 
 
 47 
 
 % 'i y flAJP Me Co/(?f/ry t/ie 
 a/tM of fAe JjAlLKS ?2e(7?^ 
 
 2q\4 
 
 1 lOii^oiuies Of' 
 
 Necariagvs 
 
 A 
 
 -Mifiliniji kiiiac 
 
 
 44 
 
 
 s 
 
 0 O 0 o 
 ^ -A.K.E 
 
 of th.e S 
 
 
 42 
 
 >\ilnwaes^ 
 
 
 o\ A 
 
 ^tia 
 
 :CC^ 
 
 
 ., Carrying 
 
 ^.KE 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 The ^finmis 
 /T/'Twightwis 
 
 ^ A . 
 
 
 h* ^ ' Branches of tfu 
 XifiCsipi 
 
 A73 . T^uTujctxrorad a^ro r?d^n/ ree^oru/ a dcoc^ 
 /v/’/^v/Z to Z#' t/?e J4/a/um al^ {ZlAt 
 
 27ie cA/^f Tra^// n/t//i t/u fa id ai 
 
 tc n^re 
 
( 21 ) , 
 
 THE 
 
 HIS T O R Y I 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Five INDIAN Natioi^s^ 
 
 DEPENDING 
 
 On the Province of NEW-TORK. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 The Hijiory of the Five Nations, from the Time 
 the Chriftians firfi knew any Thing of them, to 
 that of the Revolution in Great-Britain.. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 Of the Wan of the Five Nations with the A* 
 dirondacks and Quatoghies. 
 
 T H E firft Settlers of New-Tork having been 
 little curious in inquiring into the Indian Af- 
 fairs, further than what related to Trade ; 
 or, at leaft, having negle(5led to tranfmit their Dif- 
 cqveries to Pofterity, it is much more difficult to 
 give a juft Hiftory of thefe Nations before, than 
 fince the Time of their being under the Crown of 
 
 C 3 England. 
 
iz Hhc History of the 
 
 Ch a p. England. What we can learn of Certainty, howev*, 
 is this. The French fettled at Canada in the Year 
 1603, fix Years before the Dutch poflefled them- 
 felves of F^ew-N ether lands, now called New-Tork, 
 and found the Five Nations at War with the Adi- 
 rondacks, which, they tell us, was occafioned in the 
 following Manner. 
 
 The Adirondacks formerly lived three-hundred 
 Miles above Frois Rivieres, where now the Utawa- 
 was are fituated ; at that Time they employ’d them- 
 felves wholly in Hunting, and the Five Nations 
 made planting of Corn their Bufinefs. By this Means 
 they became ufeful to each other, by exchanging 
 Corn for Venifon. The Adirondacks, however, va- 
 lued themfelves, as delighting in a more manly Em- 
 ployment, and defpifed the Five Nations, in follow- 
 ing Bufinefs, whith they thought only fit for Women, 
 But it once happened, that the Game failed the A- 
 dtrondacks, which made them defire fome of the 
 young Men of the Five Nations to aflift them in 
 Hunting. Thefe young Men foon became much 
 more expert in Hunting, and able to endure Fa- 
 tigues, than the Adirondacks expedted or defired •, in 
 fhort, they became jealous of them, and, one Night, 
 murdered all the young Men they had with them. 
 The Five Nations complained to the Chiefs of the 
 Adirondacks, of the Inhumanity of this Adtion *, but 
 they contented thfemfelves with blaming the Mur- 
 derers, and ordered them to make fome fmall f 
 PrefeiTts to the Relations of the murdered Perfons, 
 without being apprehenfive of the Refentment of the 
 Five Nations ; fbr they looked upon them, as Men 
 Iiot capable of taking any great Revenge. 
 
 This however provoked the Five Nations to that 
 Degree, that they foon refolved, by fome Means, 
 to be revenged ; and the Adirondacks being informed 
 
 f It is flill a Cuftom among the Indians, to expiate Murder by 
 Prefents to the Relations of the Perfon killed. 
 
 of 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations. 23 
 
 of their Defigiis, thought to prevent them, by re-C hap. 
 ducing them with Force to their Obedience. I. 
 
 The Five Nations <hen lived near where Mont 
 Real now Hands ; they defended therafelves at firft 
 but faintly againft the vigorous Attacks of the Adi- 
 rondacksy and were forced to leave their own Coun- 
 try, and fly to the Banks of the Lakes where they 
 live now. As they were hitherto Lofers by the 
 War, it obliged them to apply themfeJves to the 
 Exercife of Arms, in which they became daily more and 
 more expert. Their Sachems^ in order to raife their Peo- 
 ple’s Spirits, turned them againft the * Satanas^ a 
 lefs warlike Nation, vho then lived on the Banks of 
 the Lakes ; for they found it was difficult to remove 
 the Dread their People had of the Valour of the 
 Adirondacks. The Five Nations foon fubdued the 
 Sat anas, and drove them out of their Country $ and 
 their People’s Courage being thus elevated, they, 
 from this Time, not only defended themfelves 
 bravely againft the whole Force of the Adirondacks 
 but often carried the War into the Heart of the Adi- 
 rondacks* s Country, and, at laft, forced them to 
 leave it, and to fly into that Part of the Country, 
 where Rebeck is now built. 
 
 There are more Inftanccs than one in Hiftory, of 
 poor difpirited Nations, that by fome fignal Affront 
 or Abufe have had their Spirits fo raifed, that they 
 have not only performed notable Things on a fud- 
 den, but, if they happened, at the fame Time, to be 
 led and governed by wife Men, have fo far kept 
 up, and improved that Spirit, that they have be- 
 come, in a Manner, a different People. Let us ex- 
 amine Hiftory, and we fhall find, that the different 
 Figure every Country has made in theWorld, has been 
 ever principally owing to the Principles which were in- 
 culcated into, and carefully cultivated in the People. 
 
 • They are called Shaouowns, by the Frtnch, and live now 
 on one of the Banks of the Mijijpp. 
 
 C 4 In 
 
^4 *The History of the 
 
 Ch A P.In this chiefly confifts the Art of making a Nation 
 glorious, or the Crime of debafing them into Servi- 
 
 ' — » — ' tude or Slavery. It was from the Notions of Liber- 
 ty, Honour, and Glory, and fuch wife and gene- 
 rous Principles, which the meaneft Citizen among 
 the old Romans entertained, that they became fo 
 great and powerful, and a Terror to all Nations ; 
 as the fordid, timorous, cunning Artifices, and the 
 Love of Wealth and fenfual Pleafures, cultivated 
 among the prefent Romans^ has debafed them now 
 into the meaneft and leaft feared Nation on the 
 Earth. The Hiftory of the Five Nations will readi- 
 ly Ihew, how far the ancient Roman Principles have 
 been cultivated among them. 
 
 Soon after this Change of the People of thefe 
 Nations, the French arrived at Canada, and fettled 
 at Rebeck ; and they thinking it advifeable to gain 
 the Efteem and Friendftiip of the Adirondacks, in 
 whofe Country they fettled, Monjieur Champlain, 
 the firft Governor of Canada, joined the Adirondacks 
 in an Expedition againft the Five Nations. They 
 met a Party of two-hundred Men of the Five Na- 
 tions in Corlar's Lake, which the French, on this 
 Occafion called by Monfieur Champlain's Name, and 
 both Sides went afliore to prepare for Battle, which 
 proved to the Difad vantage of the Five Nations. 
 The French, in fliort, kept themfelves undifeover’d, 
 till the Moment they began to join Battle ; and 
 their Fire-arms furprifed the Five Nations fo much, 
 that they were immediately put into Confufion ; 
 for, before that Time, they had never feen 
 fuch W'eapons. The Trade with the French, foon 
 after this, drew moft of the neighbouring Nations 
 to §^ebeck, and they all joined in the War againft 
 the Five Nations. 
 
 The Adirondacks havijig their Numbers thus in- 
 creafed, and their Fire-arms giving them newCon- 
 fidence, propoftd nothing lefs to themfelves, than 
 the intire Deftru<ftion of the Five Nations. Upon 
 
 this 
 
parti. Five Indian Nations, &c. 25 
 
 this, their young Warriors became fierce and info-CH a P; 
 lent, and would not be kept under any Difcipline or I. 
 Subjeftion to their Captains j but, upon all Occafi- V-OTSi# 
 ons, raftily attacked the Enemy, who were obliged 
 to keep themfelves upon the defenfive ; and to make 
 up what they wanted in Force, by Stratagems, and 
 a Ikilful Management of the War. The young 
 Men of the Five Nations foon perceived the Ad- 
 vantages they gained by this Conduft, and every 
 Day grew more fubmiflive to their Captains, and di- 
 ligent in executing any Enterprize. 
 
 The Five Nations fent out fmall Parties only, 
 who meeting with great Numbers of the Adiron- 
 dacks, retired before them with feeming Terror, 
 while the Adirondacks purfued them with Fury, and 
 without Thought, till they were cunningly drawn 
 into Ambufcadcs, where moft of their Men were 
 killed or taken Prifoners, with little or no Lofs to 
 the Five Nations. 
 
 The Adirondacks, by this Means, wafted away, 
 and their boldeft Soldiers were almoft intirely de- 
 ftroy’d, while the Number of the Five Nations were 
 increafed, by the Addition of the Prifoners, which 
 they took from the Satanas. 
 
 The wifeft and beft Soldiers of the Adirondacks, 
 when it was too late, now at length difcovered, that 
 they muft learn the Art of War from thofe Enemies 
 that they at firft defpifed •, and now five of their 
 Captains endeavoured to perform by themfelves 
 fingly, with Art and by Stratagem, what they could 
 not do by Force at the Head of their Armies ; they 
 had however no longer any Hopes of conquering, 
 their Thoughts were only fet on Revenge. 
 
 It is not improper to obferve here, once for all, 
 that in writing the Hiftory of Indians, it is often ne- 
 ceflary to give an Account of the Enterprizes of 
 lingle Perfons, otherwife the Indian Genius can ne- 
 ver be known, or their Manner of making War un- 
 derftood. An Indian named Pifkaret was at this 
 
 Time 
 
1 ?: 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 
 
 3 -' 1 : 
 
 26 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Chap* Time one of the Captains of greateft Fame among 
 I. the Adirmdacks : This bold Man, with four other 
 Captains, fet out for T^rois- Rivieres in one Canoe, each 
 of them being provided with three, Mpfquets, which 
 they loaded with two Bullets apiece, joined with a 
 fmall Chain ten Inc|ies long j they met with five 
 Canoes in Sorel River, each having ten Men of the 
 Five Nations on Board. Pijkaret and his Captains, 
 as foon as thofe of the Five Nations drew near, pre- 
 tended to give themfelves up for loft, and fung their 
 Death Song, * then fuddenly fired upon the Canoes, 
 which they repeated with the Arms that lay ready 
 loaded, and tore thofe Birch Veflels betwixt Wind 
 and Water. The Men of the Five Nations were fp 
 furprized, that they tumbled out of their Canoes, 
 and ^z\e,FiJkaret and his Companions the Opportunity 
 of knocking as many of them on the Head as they 
 pleafed, and faving the others, to feed their Re- 
 venge, which they did, by burning them alive with 
 the moft cruel Torments. This however was fo far 
 from glutting Pijkarel's Revenge, that it feemed 
 rather to give a keener Edge to it j for he foon after 
 undertook another Enterprize, in which none of his 
 Countrymen durft accompany him : He was well ac- 
 quainted with the Country of the Five Nations, and 
 fet out about the Time the Snow began to melt, 
 with the Precaution of putting the hinder Part of his 
 Snow Shoes forward, that if any Ihould happen 
 upon his Footfteps, they might think he was gone 
 the contrary Way ; and, for further Security, went 
 along the Ridges and high Grounds, where the 
 Snow was melted, that his Track might be often loft ; 
 when he came near one of the Villages of the Five 
 Nations, he hid himfelf till Night, and then entered 
 a Cabin, while every Body was faft afleep, mur- 
 
 • It is a Cuftom among the InMan Prifoners of War, when 
 led to Death, to fing an Account of their own Exploits ; and 
 this they are hardy enough to continue even in the midft of Tor- 
 tures. 
 
 
 dered 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, Cic . 
 
 dered the whole Family, and carried their Scalps in- C h a p. 
 to his lurking Place. The next day the People of I. 
 
 ' the Village fearched for the Murderer in vain. The 
 
 ' following Night he murdered all he found in another 
 
 ‘ Cabin. The Inhabitants next Day fearched like- 
 
 * wife in vain for the Murderer •, but the third Night 
 
 ^ a Watch was kept in every Houfe. Pijkaret in the 
 
 “ Night bundled up the Scalps he had taken the two 
 
 former Nights, to carry, as the Proof of his Vidory, 
 
 ^ and then ftole p.'-ivately from Houfe to Houfe, till 
 
 * at laft he found an Indian nodding, who was upon 
 
 !■' the Watch in one of the Houfes ; he knockt this 
 
 ® Man on the Head ; but as this alarmed the reft, he 
 
 " was forced immediately to fly. He was however 
 
 * under no great Concern from the Purfuit, being 
 more fwift of Foot than any Indian then living. He let 
 
 ^ his Purfuers come near him from Time to Time, and 
 then would dart from them. This he did with De- 
 1 o tire them out with the Hopes of overtaking 
 
 K and his Purfuers Hop’d to reft. They not being appre- 
 ^ henlive of any Danger from a Angle Man, loon fell 
 
 A afleep, and the bold Pijkaret obferving this, knock’d 
 
 1* them all on the Head, and carried away their Scalps 
 
 s with the reft. Such Stories as thefe are told among 
 
 K the Indians, as extraordinary Inftances of the Cou- 
 A rage and Condud of their Captains. The Indians 
 
 [ft will often travel thus three or four Hundred Miles 
 
 ft fingly, or two or three in Company, and lurk about 
 
 K their Enemy’s Borders for feveral Weeks, in Hopes 
 
 ;ll to revenge the Death of a near Relation or dear 
 
 Is Friend. Indeed they give themfelves fo very much 
 
 k up to Revenge, that this Paffion feems to gnaw 
 
 r. their Souls, and gives them no Reft till they fatisfy 
 
 Bf it. it is this Delight in Revenge, that makes all 
 barbarous. Nations cruel ; and the curbing fuch 
 Paflions is one of the happy EflTeds of being ci- 
 ■T, vilized. 
 
 As it began to grow dark, he hid hirafelf. 
 
 The 
 
*Ihe History of the 
 
 P. The hive hiaticns are fo much delighted with 
 Stratagems in War, that no Superiority of their 
 Forces ever make them negled them. They amufed 
 the Adirondacks and their Allies the ^mtoghies (call- 
 ed by the French Hurons) by fending to the Frencby 
 and defiring Peace. The French defired them to 
 receive fome Priefts among them, in Hopes that 
 thofe prudent Fathers would, by fome Art, recon- 
 cile them to their Intereft, and engage their AfFedH- 
 ons. The Five Nations readily accepted the Offer, 
 and fome Jefuits went along with them : But after 
 they had the Jefuits in their Power, they ufed them 
 only as Hoftages, and thereby obliged the French 
 to ftand neuter, while they prepared to attack the 
 Adirondacks and ^uatoghies^ and they defeated the 
 ^atoghiesm a dreadful Battle fought within two 
 Leagues of Rebeck. 
 
 The French own, That if the Five Nations had 
 known their Weaknefs at that Time, they might 
 have eafily deftroyed the whole Colony. 
 
 This Defeat, in Sight of the French Settlements, 
 ftruck Terror into all their Allies, who were at that 
 Time very numerous, becaufe of the Trade with the 
 French^ which furnifhed them with many the moft 
 ufeful Conveniencies ; for before that Time the 
 Indians had no Iron Tool among them. 
 
 The Nipeceriniens, who then lived on the Banks 
 of 5/, Laurence River, fled upon this to the North- 
 ward, believing that the extreme Coldnefs of the 
 Climate, and a barren Soil, would be the fecureft 
 Defence againft the Ambition of the Five Nations. 
 The Remainder of the ^atcghies fled with the 
 Utawawas Southweftward j and for the greater Secu- 
 rity, fettled in an Ifland, which being further than 
 the Name of the Five Nations had then reached, 
 they trufted to the Diftance of the Place, and the 
 Advantage of its Situation. 
 
 Their laft Expedition having fucceeded fo well, 
 the Five Nations gave out, that they intended next 
 
 Winter 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &e. 29 
 
 Winter to vifit Tomendio^ (the Name they give to C h a p. 
 the Governor of Canada \) thefe Vifits are always I- 
 made with much Shew. Under this Pretence they 
 gathered together 1000 or 1200 Men. Their out 
 Scouts met with Pijkaret near Niccolet River ^ and 
 ftill pretending a friendly Vifit to the Governor of 
 Canada^ as their only Defign, he told them, that 
 the Adirondacks were divided into two Bodies, one of 
 which hunted on the North Side of St. Laurence Ri- 
 ver at Wabmah^ three Leagues above Trm Rivieresy 
 and the other at Nicolet. As foon as they had gained 
 this Information, they killed him, and returned with 
 his Head to the Army. The Five Nations divided 
 likewife into two Bodies; they furprized the Adiron- 
 dacks in both Places, and in both cut them in pieces. 
 
 Thus the mod warlike and polite Nation of all 
 the Indians in North America, was almoft intirely de- 
 ftroyed by a People they at firft defpifed, and by a 
 War which their Pride and Injuftice brought upon 
 them ; and we here fee, that all the Advantages of 
 Numbers, Courage and Weapons, is not equal to 
 good difeipline in an Army. 
 
 A very few Adirondacks only now remain in fome 
 Villages near Rebeck, who ftill wafte away and 
 decay, by their drinking ftrong Waters, tho’ when 
 the French firft fettled at Rebeck, 1 500 fighting Men 
 of them lived between that Place and Sillerie, which 
 are only a League diftant, befides thofe that lived at 
 Saquenay, Trois Rivieres, and fome other Places. 
 
 And fince this decifive Battle, the Adirondacks have 
 never been confidered as of any Confequence, either 
 In Peace or War. 
 
 The ^atoghies and Atawawas now foon began 
 to be in Want of the European Commodities, which 
 had made them confiderable among their new 
 Friends. In order therefore to fiipply themfelves 
 anew, they returned to Trade at Rebeck ; and by 
 this Means the Place of their Retreat was difeovered 
 to the five Nations ; and they not having their Re- 
 venge 
 
TToe History of the 
 
 p. venge fatiated, while the ^atoghies had a Being, 
 fbon convinced them, that no Extent of Country 
 could fet bounds to that Paffion, when it rages in the 
 Hearts of the Five Nations, for they foon after at- 
 tack’d them in their new Settlement. The ^a~ 
 togbies had the good Fortune to difcover the Five 
 Nations Time enough to make their Efcape, and fled 
 to the Putewatemies, who lived a Day’s Journey 
 further, where they, and all the Neighbouring Na- 
 tions, fecured themfelves in a large Fort, The Five 
 Nations followed, but, being in Want of Provifion, 
 they could not attempt a Siege, and therefore pro- 
 pofed a Treaty with the Putewatetnies, which was 
 accepted. The Putewatemies acknowledged the Fm 
 Nations as Matters of all the Nations round them, 
 applauded their Valour, and promifed them their 
 Friendttiip, and to fupply them with Provifionsj 
 they would not however trutt themfelves out of their 
 Fort, but- fent out a Supply ; and even this they, 
 did, only withDefign to do that by Treachery, which 
 they durtt not attempt by Force ; for the Provii 
 fions were poifoned. The Treachery was difcovered 
 however to the Five Nations, by an old ^atoghie, 
 who had a Son Prifoner among them ; his Affedion 
 for his Son overcoming even his Hatred to his Coun- 
 try’s Enemies. This Treachery highly enraged the 
 Five Nations againtt the Putewatemies, and the 
 neighbouring People j but Famine obliging them to 
 retire at this Time, they divided their Armies into ' 
 Parties, the better to provide for their Subfiftence, 
 by Hunting ; one of thefe Parties in their Chace fell 
 in with a Village of the Chicktaghicks ( called by the 
 French Hinois) and furprized the old Men, Women 
 and Children, when the young Men were abroad 
 hunting •, but the young Men, upon their Return, 
 gathering together all the rett of the Villages, pur- 
 fued this Party of th&Five Nations, and recovered the 
 Prifoners. 
 
 This 
 
Parti. Five Indian Nations, 31 
 
 This was the firft Time that the Five Nations had Chap. 
 been feen in thofe Parts, but their Name was become I. 
 fo terrible, that the Chigtagbcicks, notwithftanding ' 
 this Advantage, left their Country, and fled to the 
 Nations that lived weftward, till the General Peace 
 was fettled by the French, and not till on that Oc- 
 cafion returned to their own Country. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 ‘The Wars and Treaties of Peace of the Indians of 
 the Five Nations with the French, /row* 1665 to 
 1683, and their j^airs with New-York *» 
 Time. 
 
 I N June 1665 Monfieur De Traji appointed Vice- 
 Roy of America by the French King, arrived at 
 Rebeck, after he had vifited the French IJlands in the 
 Weft Indies, and brought with him four Companies 
 of Foot ; and in September of the fame Year, Mr. 
 Courfel arrived Governor General of Canada ; he 
 brought with him a Regiment and feveral Families, 
 with all Things neceflary for eftablifhing of a Colony. 
 Their Force being now thus confiderably augment- 
 ed, the French Governor refolved to chaftife the 
 Infolence of the Five Nations •, and for that Purpofe, 
 in the Winter, fent out a Party againft the Mohawks, 
 but thefe by the Cold, and their not knowing the 
 Ufe of Snow Shoes, fufiered very much, without 
 doing any Thing againft the Enemy, 
 
 This Party however fell in with * SkeneSlady, a 
 fmdl Town which Corlear (a confiderable Man 
 among the Dutch) had then newly fettled. When 
 they appeared near Shenebtady, they were almoft dead 
 with Cold and Hunger •, and the Indians, who were 
 
 * The French call this Town Corlear, from the Perfons Name 
 who fitll fettled there. It is fituate on the hhloawks Rivfer 
 fixtcen Miles from Albany. 
 
 2 ' then 
 
32 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Chap, then in that Village, had intirely deftroyed them, if 
 II- Csr/etfrjCinCompaflion to his fellow Chriftians)had not 
 
 contriv’d their Efcape. He had a mighty Influence 
 over the Indians ; and it is from him, and in Re- 
 membrance of his Merit, that all Governors of New- 
 Tork are called Corlear by the Indians to this Day, 
 tho’ he himfelf was never Governor. He perfuaded 
 the Indians, that this was a fmall Party of the French 
 Army come to amufe them, that the great Body was 
 gone diredly towards their Caftles, and that it was 
 neceflary for them imihediately to go in Defence of 
 their Wives and Children. This they believed, and 
 readily obeyed ; and as foon as the Indians were 
 gone, he fent t6 the Fresich, and fupplied them 
 with Provifions and other Neceflaries to carry them 
 back. The French Governor, in Order to reward 
 fo fignd a Service, invited Corlear to Canada •, but 
 as he went through the great Lake, which lies to the 
 Northward of Albany, his Canoe was overfet, and he 
 was drowned ; and from this Accident that Lake has 
 ever fince been called Corkar’s Lake, by the People 
 of New- Tork. There is a Rock in this Lake, on 
 which the Waves dafh and fly up to a great Height j 
 when the Wind blows hard, the believe, 
 that an old Indian lives under this Rock, who has the 
 Power of the Winds j and therefore, as they pafs it 
 in their Voyages over, they always throw a Pipe, or 
 fome other fmall Prefent to this old Indian, and pray 
 a favourable Wind. The Englijh that pafs with 
 them fometimes laugh at them, but they are fure to 
 be told of C/rlear's, Death. Your great Country- 
 man Corlear (fay they) as he pafled by this Rock, 
 jefted at our Fathers making Prefents to this Old 
 Indian, and in Derifion turned up his Backfidc, but 
 this Affront coft him his Life.' 
 
 In the following Spring the Vice-Roy and the Go- 
 vernor of Canada, with twenty eight Companies of 
 Foot, and all the Militia of the Colony, marched 
 into the Country of the Mohawks, with a D“^"" 
 
 2 
 
 f. 
 
Parti. Five Indian Nations, 
 
 deftroy this Nation, which by their AVars not only C 
 
 I prevented their Commerce with the weftern Indians^ 
 
 cot but likewife often put their Colony in Danger.. It'^ 
 la certainly was a bold Attempt, to march above yoo 
 ({• IVIiles from ^uebcck through vaft unknown Forefts. 
 
 »• The Mohawks liowever, on their Approach, Men, 
 
 V Women, and Children, retired into the Woods, and 
 ^ all that the French were able to do, was to burn forafi 
 '* Villages, and to murder fome old Sachems that (like 
 
 II the old Roman Senators,) chofe rather to dye than to 
 
 In defert their Houfes. r i • 
 
 !t The French were fo conceited before, of their 
 a Superiority over the Indians in their Skill of War, 
 
 w and their Weapons, that they thought they could 
 
 it not efcape, but the little Honour or Advantage they 
 
 fc got by this Expedition leflened their Vanity, and 
 
 ft made them defirous of Peace ; and the Five Nations 
 
 1 k remaining fearful of the French fire Arms, it was with- 
 
 )t!i out much Difficulty concluded in the Year 1667. 
 
 Ji The Five Nations however being naturally very 
 
 III enterprizing and haughty, one of their Parties fome 
 
 od Time after met with fome French in their bunt- 
 
 , 1 ing, and quarrelled .with them. The Indians had 
 
 kt the Advantage, they killed feveral of the Irenchy 
 
 1 st and Carried one Prifoner into their own Country, 
 
 si Monfienr de Courfel fent on this to threaten the Five 
 
 ai; Nations with War, if they did not deliver up thefe 
 
 (,1 Murderers •, and the Five Nation's, to (hew their pub- 
 
 p lick Difpleafure at this Breach of Peace, fent 
 
 iii Agariata, the Captain of the Company that did the 
 
 Ki Mifchief, with forty others, to beg Pardon ; but 
 
 Monfieur Courfel was refolved to make an Example 
 (i of Agariata, and ordered him to be hanged in 
 
 lit Sight of his Countrymen •, and the French think tlwt 
 
 \ this Severity was a great Means of prefcrving the 
 
 Peace till the Year 1683. - 
 
 ^ The Dutch, who fettled in the New Netherlands, novf 
 
 called New-Tork, in 1609, entered into an Alliance 
 w with the Five Nations, which continued without any 
 
 D Breach 
 
 iJ 
 
34 The History of the 
 
 CHi^p. Breach on either Side, till the gained this 
 
 II. Country. The Dutch gained the Hearts of the Five 
 ]<[atiGns by their kind Ufage, and were frequently 
 ufefi.ll to the French, in faving thofe of them that 
 were prifoners from the Cruelty of the Indians. 
 
 In 1 664, New-Tork being taken by the Englifi), 
 they likewife immediately entered into a Friendlhip 
 with the Five Nations, which has continued without 
 the leaft Breach to this Day ; and Hiftory, I believe, 
 cannot give an Inftance of the moft Chriftian or moft 
 Catholick Kings obferving a Treaty fo ftriitly, and 
 for fo long a Time as thele Barbarians, as they arc 
 called, have done. 
 
 The Englijh and French (Peace being every where 
 fettled) now endeavoured to extend their Commerce 
 and Alliances among the Indian Nations, that live to 
 the weftward of New-Tork. The French however, 
 in their Meafures, dilcovered always a Defign of 
 conquering and commanding; for with this View 
 Mr. de Frontenac, who had fucceeded in the Go- 
 vernment of Canada, in the Year 1672, perfuaded 
 thz Five Nations to allow him to build a Fort on the 
 north Side of Cadarackui Lake, under Pretence of a 
 Store for Merchandife, and the Security of his 
 Traders, and under the fame Pretence built feve- 
 ral other Forts at fame other confiderable Places far ; 
 in the Country. 
 
 The Englijh mdDitlch-, on the contrary, profecuted 
 their Meafures only with the Arts of Peace, by fend- 
 ing People among the Indians to gain their AfFedi- 
 ons, and to perfuade them to come to Albany to 
 trade ; but the War with the Dutch, which happen- 
 ed about this Time, prevented even thefe honeft 
 Defigns from having the Succefs they otherwife 
 might have had; for in the Year 1673, New-Tork 
 being furprifed by the Dutch, and reftored the next 
 Year to the Englijh, the Alterations of Govern- 
 ment, and of Matters, obftruded very much any 
 Meafures that could have been takeu for the pubiick 
 
 Good. 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 3^ 
 
 Good. Their Trade was likewile confiderably hin- Chap. 
 dered by the War which the Five Nations had at n. 
 that Time with the * River Indians^ which forced ' 
 many of thofe Indians to feek Shelter among the 
 Utawavoas^ who fell under the French Government 
 at laft ; however, the Englijh, Dutch and French 
 having all made Peace in Europe, and the Govern- 
 ment of New-Tork likewife having obtained a Peace 
 between the Five Nations and Mabikindars or River 
 Indians, both the Englifls and French were at full Li- 
 berty to profecute their Defigns of extending their 
 Commerce among the Indians, which both did with 
 very confiderable Succefs and Advantage to the In- 
 habitants of their refpeftive Colonies. 
 
 But this Juftice muft be done to the French, that 
 they far exceeded the Englijh in the daring Attempts 
 of Ibme of their Inhabitants, in travelling very far 
 among unknown Indians, difcovering new Countries, 
 and every where fpreading the Fame of the French 
 Name and Grandeur. The Sieur Perot travelled 
 in the Year 1 667 as far as the Fall St. Mary beyond 
 Mijfilimakinak, and having learned thofe Indians 
 Language, gained them over to his Country’s Intereil. 
 
 The Courage and Refolution of many of thefe 
 Adventurers are defervedly recorded by the French j 
 but the Englijh give it another Turn, and fay it is 
 the Barrennels and Poverty of Canada that puflies 
 the Men of Spirit there, upon Enterprizes, that they 
 would not have attempted, if they had lived in the 
 Province of New-Tork. The chief Reafon, in my Opi- 
 nion, however, of the French haying fo far fucceeded 
 beyond the Englijh is, that the Indian Affairs are the 
 particular Care of the Governor and other principal 
 Officers in Canada, who have the greateft Know- 
 ledge and Authority ; whereas thofe Affairs in New- 
 Tork are chiefly left to the Management of a few 
 
 * The Indians living on the Branches of Hudfon's 
 within or near the Englijh Settlements at that Time. 
 
 River, 
 
 D 2 
 
 Traders 
 
 \ 
 
 V 
 

 3^ The History of the 
 
 Traders with the Indians, who have no Care for, or 
 Skill in publick Affairs, and only mind their private 
 Intereft. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 Of the^ Tranfaltions of the Indians of the Five 
 Nations ivitb the neighbouring Englifh Colonies. 
 
 Chap.^ I ^HE Five Nations being now amply fup- 
 III. plied by the Englifh with Fire-Arms and 
 
 ' Ammunition, give full Swing to their warlike 
 Genius, and foon refolved to revenge the Af- 
 fronts they had at any Time received from the 
 Indian Nations that lived at a greater Diftance 
 from them. The neareft Nations, as they were 
 attack’d, commonly fled to thofe that were further 
 off, and the Five Nations purfued them. This, to- 
 gether with a Defire they had of conquering, or 
 Ambition of making all the Nations round them 
 their Tributaries, or to acknowledge the Nati- 
 ons to be fo far their Matters, as to be abfolutely 
 diredled by them in all Affairs of Peace and War 
 with their Neighbours, made them overrun great 
 Part of North-yhfierica. They carried their Arms 
 as far South as Carolina, to the Northward of 
 Neri'-England, and as far Wett as the River Miffifftp, 
 oyer a vatt Country, which extends twelve hundred 
 Miles in Length, from North to South, and about fix 
 hundred Miles in breadth ; v/here they intirely dettroy- 
 ed many Nations, of whom there are now no Accounts 
 remaining among the Englifh. 
 
 Thefe warlike Expeditions often proved trouble- 
 fome to the Colonies of Virginia and Maryland-, 
 for not only the Indians that were Friends to' thofe 
 Colonies became Viftims to the Fury of the Five 
 Nations, but the Chrittian Inhabitants likewife were 
 frequently involved in the fame Calamity. 
 
 The 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, 37 
 
 The French having a long Time felt the Incon-C hap. 
 veniencies and Dangers they were in from this reft- HI- 
 lefs warlike Spirit of the Five Nations, made ufe of 
 this Time of Peace to guard againft it for the fu- 
 ture, and were very diligent in purfuing the moft 
 prudent Meafures. They fent fome. of their wifeft 
 Priefts and Jefuits to refide among them, and the 
 Governors of New-Tork were ordered, by the Duke 
 cf Tork, to give thefe Priefts all the Incouragement 
 in their Power. The chief View of thefe Priefts 
 was, to give the Indians the higheft Opinion of the 
 French Power and Wifdom, and to render the Eng- 
 lifh as fufpeded and as mean as poftible in their 
 Eyes. They waited likewife for every Opportunity 
 to breed a (parrel between the Englijh and the In- 
 dians^ and to withdraw the Five Nations from fight- 
 ing with thofe Nations that traded to Canada. For 
 thefe Purpofes thefe Priefts were inftrumental in 
 turning the Refentment of the Five Nations againft 
 the Indians, that were in Friend fhip with Virginia 
 and Maryland. The Governor of Maryland, on the 
 other Hand, to prevent the ill Confequences, that 
 might happen by Wars between Nations that were 
 in 'Friendlhip with the Englijh, and lived in their 
 Neighbourhood, fent Colonel Courfp, in the Year 
 1677, to Alban'j, to increafe the Friendfhip between 
 Virginia and Maryland on the one Part, and the Five 
 Nations on the other •, and. accordingly,^ both Sides 
 gave mutual Promifes at Albany: But this good Un- 
 derftanding was foon fhaken by fome Parties of the 
 Oneydoes, Onondagas, and Senckas, who were out 
 when this Treaty was made, and were ignorant of 
 it. One of them met with the Sufguehana Indians, 
 who were in Friendfhip with Maryland, and fell 
 upon them •, they killed four of the Safguehanas, 
 and took fix Prifoners. Five of thefe Prifoners fell 
 to the Share of the Senckas, who, as foon as they 
 arrived in their own Country, fent them back with 
 Prefents, to fliew that they kept their Promifes with 
 
 D 3 Mo.viland » 
 
7 he History of the 
 
 • ^^yland ; but the Oneydoes detained the Prifoner 
 they had. 
 
 Another Party, that wentagainft the Cartage ffe Indi- 
 am (Friends of Virginia) were furprifed by a Troop 
 of Horfe, who killed one Man, and took a Woman 
 P^rifoner: The Indians, in Revenge, killed four of 
 the Inhabitants, and carried away their Scalps, with 
 fix Chriftian Prifoners. 
 
 ^ehawks, all this while, kept ftridtly to 
 their Words, and fuffered none of their Men to go 
 towards Virginia and Maryland. ° 
 
 There is Reafon to think that the Dutch, who* 
 lived about Many at that Time, fpirited up the In- 
 dians zgzmik the Englijh -, the national Differences 
 that v/ere then recent, bred a Rancour in their Spi- 
 rite. Some Dutchmen perfuaded the Oneydoes, that 
 the Engjtjh at New-Tork were refolved to deftroy 
 them, and put them into a terrible Difturbance : for 
 and the Fretuh Priefts joined in the 
 fame Meafures. The Commandant zt Albam htzi- 
 ing of this, fent two Interpreters of the Indian Lan- 
 guage, to perfuade the Oneydoes to come to Alba- 
 ny, in Order to be affured of the Englijh Friend- 
 mip, aiid to have their Jealoufy removed ; which 
 one of the chief Sachems of 
 the On^does, excufed his Countrymen at Abany the 
 fifteenth of Februy ,674, by laying the Blame on 
 theVto'^\e oi ScheneHady, who had informed not 
 orie, but feveral of their People, and at feveral 
 ^mes, that the EngliJJo defigned to cut them all 
 pft ; and faid, had they not Reafon to believe the Peo- 
 ple oi Schene^ady, who are Friends and Neighbours 
 to the Englijh? They brought with them a Chrifti- 
 an Woman and her Child, that had been taken Pri- 
 Ws, and reftored them, praying the Governor to 
 ufe his iiitereit to have their People reftored, that 
 lad been taken by the People of Virginia-, but they 
 kept another Chnftian_ Woman and her two Chil- 
 dren, which they faid they did only till fuch 
 
 1 Time 
 
 / 
 
 / 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, 39 
 
 Time as their Prifoners {hould be reftored, or Chap. 
 fome Canaftoga Indians given in their Place. 
 
 When the Five Nations make Peace with another 
 Nation, that has taken fome of the Five Nations 
 Prifoners, if thefe Prifoners be dead, or cannot be 
 reftored, they ufually demand fome Indians, m 
 Friendftiip with the Five Nations, in their ftead ; 
 who either are adopted in Place ^ of their dea,d 
 Friends, or reftored to their own Nation i and fome- 
 times they defire fome of their Enemies to be given 
 to them, and even thofe frequently are adopted by 
 a Father in Place of a Son, or by a Sifter m Place 
 of a Brother, and, moft frequently, by a ^ ife m 
 Place of a Hufband loft in the Wars j but if they 
 chance not to be agreeable to the Relations, then 
 they are certainly made Sacrifices to their Re- 
 venge. _ .JIT.. 
 
 Governor Andnofs, being acquainted by Getter 
 
 with this laft Propofal of the Oneydoes, required the 
 immediate Delivery of the Chriftian Prifoners, and 
 promifed to write to Ftrginia to have the Indtim 
 Prifoners fav’d. Some Prefents being given to the 
 Oneydoes, and they promifed to bring them in a 
 
 Month’s Time. , . r' * 
 
 They, at the fame Time, informed the Louv 
 
 mandant at Album-, that eight of their Men were 
 then out againft the People of Virginia ; that they 
 knew nothing of what was now promifed; and there- 
 fore, in Cafe they Ihould do any Harm, they de- 
 fired that it might not be taken as a Breach of their 
 Promifes they now made. They promifed likewife 
 to inform the Governor of every Thing thefe Par- 
 ties fhou’d happen to do. In the laft Place they 
 faid, we lhall be very forry if any Thing ftould 
 happen to the Prifoners that we have promifed to 
 reftore, left it Ihould create fome Jealoufies of us, 
 we hope that you will confider that they are mor- 
 tal. Accordingly, in May following, the Oneydoes 
 brought the other three Prifoners to Albany, and, 
 
 ® D 4 on 
 
4o 'The History of the 
 
 Chap. on the Twenty-fourth of that Month, Swerife, 
 III- when he delivered them to the Commandant at Al- 
 and the Commiflioners for Indian Affairs, faid, 
 
 “ Brethren^ 
 
 “ We are come to this Place with much Trouble, 
 
 “ as we did laft Winter, and renew the Requeft 
 “ we then made, that fix Indians be delivered to 
 “ us in the Room of thefe fix Chriftians, in Cafe 
 “ our People, who are Prifoners, be dead. 
 
 “ None of us have gone out againft the Chrifti- 
 “ ans fince we were laft here ; but we told you 
 “ then that fome were then out, who knew nothing 
 “ of the Governor’s Orders, and we defired, that 
 “ if any Thing happened it might not be taken 
 ill. Now thirteen of our People, who went out 
 “ againft our Indian Enemies, met eighteen Men on 
 “ Horfeback, as far from any of the Englijh Plan- 
 “ tations as Cahmiaga is from Albany^ they fired 
 upon our People ; our Men, being Soldiers, re- 
 “ turned their Fire, and killed two Men and two 
 “ Horfes, and brought away their Scalps. 
 
 “ It would be convenient that the Governor 
 “ tell the People of Virginia^ not to fend their Men i 
 “ fo far from Home •, for if they fhould meet our 
 “ Parties in thbirWay againft our Enemies, the 
 “ Cahnon-as, whom the Englijh call Arogijli^ we can- 
 “ not anfwer for the Confequences. 
 
 “ We have now obferved the Governor’s Orders, 
 
 “ in bringing the three other Chriftian Prifoners ; 
 
 “ and we truft the Affair of our Prifoners wholly 
 “ fo the Governor. 
 
 “ We have now performed our Promifes : But I 
 where are our Prifoners; or, if they be dead, i 
 
 “ the others in their Room, now when it is fo late f 
 
 “ in the Spring > However, we will ftill truft this 
 “ to the Governor.” 
 
 Then delivering the Prifoners one by one, faid, 
 
 « We have, we fay, now performed our Promifes, 
 
 “ and 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 41 
 
 “ and are not afhamed. AA^e hope Corlacv^ who Chap* 
 “ governs the whole Country, will likewife do that, HI. 
 
 “ of which he need not be alhamed. u— v— 
 
 “ Corlaer governs the whole Land, from New- 
 “ York to Albarty., and from thence to the Sene- 
 “ has Land •, we, who are his Inferiors, (hall faith- 
 “ fully keep the Chain : Let him perform his Pro- 
 “ mile, as we have ours, that the Chain be not 
 “ broken on his Side, who governs the whole Coun- 
 << try.^* * 
 
 Then the Commiffioners gave them Prefents for 
 their kind Ufage of the Prifoncrs. 
 
 After which Swerife ftoodup again and faid *, “ Let 
 Corlaer take Care, that the Indian Woman, that 
 ‘‘ is wanting, be reftored, and, for thofc that arc 
 killed, others in their Room. If Corlaer will not 
 give Ear to us in this Affair, we will not hereaf- 
 ter give Ear to him in any Thing,” 
 
 Hearing afterwards, that thefe laft Words were ill 
 taken, Swerife, with two more of the chief Oneydoe 
 Sachems, excufed it, faying ; ‘‘ What we faid, of 
 not hearkening any more to Corlaer, did not pro- 
 ceed from the Heart, but was fpoken by Way of 
 Argument, to make Corlaer more careful to re- 
 leafe our People that are Prifoners ; and you may 
 ‘‘ be convinced it was fo, when you confider that it 
 was faid after your Anfwer, and without laying 
 down either Bever, or any Belt or VV^ampum, as 
 we always do, when we make Propofitions * \ 
 therefore we defire, that, if it be noted, it may 
 be blotted out, and not made known to Corlaer, 
 for we hold firmly to our Covenant, as we faid in 
 our Propofitions.” 
 
 ♦ The Word Propofition has been always ufed by theCom- 
 millioners for Indian Affairs at Aihany, to figniTy Propofals or Ar- 
 ticles in the Treaties or Agreements made with the Indians. 
 
42 The History of the 
 
 Chap. They, at the fame Time, told them,Tbat the5/4c«- 
 IIJ. doivans * came to them with eight Belts, defiring 
 ' them no longer to profecute the War with the Vir- 
 ginia Indians, but to go to War againft the Dewa- 
 ganas f, a Nation lying to the North-weftward ; 
 and that the Sennekas did defire them to fet thefe 
 Chriftians at liberty, and to carry them to yllba- 
 ny 5 all which we promifed to do. 
 
 The continuing hov/everftill to be trou- 
 
 blefome to Virginia, that Government, in September 
 following, fent Colonel William Kendall, and Colo- 
 nel Southley Littleton, to Albany, to renew and con- 
 firm the Friendlhip between Virginia and the Five 
 Nations. Colonel Littleton died at Albany, before 
 the Indians arrived ; and Colonel Kendall fpoke firft to 
 the Oneydoes, and told them in a fet Speech, “ That 
 “ their People had taken away and deftroyed their 
 “ Goods and People, and brought fome of the Wo- 
 “ men and Children of Virginia Captives into their 
 “ Caftles, contrary to that Faith and Promife, and 
 “ in Breach of the Peace made with Colonel Cour- 
 “ fey, without any the leaft Provocation, or Injury 
 done, by the People of Virginia. However, 
 “ through the great Refped Virginia has to their 
 “ Nations, and by the Perfuafions of the Governor 
 “ of New-Tork, and the Information he has given 
 “ the Government of Virginia, that they had qui- 
 “ etly and peaceably delivered to him the Prifoners 
 “ taken from Virginia, who were returned fafely ; 
 “ and their excufing the fame, and Inclination to 
 “ live peaceably, without injuring Virginia for the 
 “ future ; the Government of Virginia did forgive 
 “ all the Damages the Five Nations have done to 
 “ the People of Virginia, though very great ; pro- 
 “ vided that they, or any living among them, for 
 
 * A CafHe of the Sennekas, from whence the French call the 
 Sennekas Tonontouan. 
 
 + Comprehended under the general Name of Vtan.uan.vas. 
 
 “ the 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, (^c. 42 
 
 “ the future, do not offend, or moleft the Peo-Cn ap. 
 “ pie of Virginia, or Indians living among them.” III. 
 
 He fpoke to the Mohawks and Sennekas, fepa- ' — ^ 
 rately from the Oneydoes, becaufe they had not done 
 any Mifchief, and promifed them kind and neighbourly 
 Ufage when they came to Virginia, and gave them 
 Prefents ; they returned the Compliment, with an 
 , Affurance of their Friendfhip, and condoled Colonel 
 to Littletotfs Death, after the Indian Manner, by a 
 » Prefent of a Belt of black Wampum, befides the 
 it Belt given, on renewal of the Friendfhip. 
 c® The Omtondagas did not come till November ; on 
 h the fifth of which Month the Virginia Agent fpoke 
 te to them, in the fame Words he did to the Oneydoes. 
 
 It does not appear, by the Regifter of Indian Af- 
 riz fairs, what Anfwer the Oneydoes and Onnondagas 
 diE made, but it is certain they did not obferve Friend- 
 Wt fhip with Virginia, but molefted them with reite- 
 ic rated Incurfions of their Parties. It is obfervable, 
 d however, that thefe two Nations, and the Cayngas^ * 
 ar- only had French Priefts among them at that Time, 
 
 111) and that none of the reft ever molefted the Englifh ; - 
 ve, for which Reafon, Colonel Dongan, notwithftanding 
 ttt the Orders he had received from his Mafter, and 
 3M that he himfelf was a Papift, complained of the ill 
 jivji Offices thefe Priefts did to the Englijh Intereft, and 
 (jj. forbid the Five Nations to entertain any of them •, 
 
 )ia though the Engli/h and French Crowns, while he 
 yj was Governor of Ntw-Fcrk, feemed to be more 
 j', than ever in ftriift Friendfhip. 
 
 ^ The French had no Flopes of perfuading the Five 
 jjj Nations to break with New-Tork direftly, but they 
 I- were in Hopes, that, by the Indian Parties doing 
 frequent Mifchief in Virginia, the Government of 
 New-Xork would be forced to join, in refenting the 
 Injury, and thereby that Union, between the Go- 
 lii vernment of New-Tork and the Five Nations, would 
 be broke, which always obftrufted, and often de- 
 , fcated, the Defign the Frettcb had, of fubjedtinc all 
 2 North 
 
T^he History of the 
 
 p. North America to the Crown of France, For this 
 Reafon, the Governors of New-Tork have always, 
 with the greateft Caution, avoided a Breach with 
 thefe Nations, on Account of the little Differences 
 they had with the neighbouring Colonies. Thefe 
 new Incurfions of thefe two Nations were fo trou- 
 blefome to the People of Virginia,^ that their Gover- 
 nor, the Lord Howard of J^nghafn, thought it ne- 
 cefiary, for their Security, to undertake a Journey 
 to New-Tork. 
 
 I fhall give a particular Account of this Affair, 
 which was thought of fuch Confequence, that a 
 Peer of England left his Government, and travelled 
 four-hundred Miles, to treat with the Five Nations 
 and fhall take this Opportunity of defcribing fome 
 Ceremonies they ufe, in making Peace. 
 
 The Sachems of the Five Nations being called to 
 Albany y eight Mohawks,, three Oneydoes, three On- 
 nondagas^ and three Cayuga Sachems, met his Lord- 
 •<^iip there ; and, on the thirteenth of July, 1 684, 
 he, accompanied by two of the Council oF Virginia, 
 fpoke to the Sachems as follows, in the Prefence of 
 Colonel Thomas Dongan, Governor of New-Tork, and 
 the Magiftrates of Albany, The Senekas being far 
 off, were not then arrived. 
 
 Propofals made by the Right Honourable Francis 
 Lord Howard of Effingham, Governor-gene- 
 ra,} of his Majeffs Dominion of Virginia. 
 
 The Mohawks, Oneydoes, Onnondagas, Cay u gas. 
 
 “ T T Is now about feven Years, faid he, fince you 
 “ X (unprovoked)came into a Country be- 
 
 “ longing to the great King of England, and com- 
 “ mitted feveral Murders and Robberies, carrying 
 “ away our Chriftian Women and Children Prifo- 
 ners into your Caftles. All which Injuries we 
 
 To 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 45 
 
 “ defigned to have revenged on you, but at the Chap 
 “ Defire of Sir Edmond Androfs^ then Governor- HI- 
 “ general of this Country, we defifted from de- *■ — 
 
 “ ftroying you, and fent our Agents, Colonel Wil- 
 “ liam Kendal, and Colonel Southley Littleton, to 
 “ confirm and make fure the Peace, that Colonel 
 “ Courfey of Maryland included us in, when he firft 
 “ treated with you. We find, that as you quickly 
 “ forgot what you promifed Colonel Courfey, fo you 
 “ have wilfully broke the Covenant-chain which 
 “ you promifed our Agent, Colonel Kendal, Ihould 
 “ be kept more ftrong and bright, if we of Vir- 
 “ ginia would bury, in the Pit of Oblivion, the 
 “ Injury then done us j which, upon Governor An- 
 “ drofs's Interceflion, and your Submiflfion, we 
 “ were willing to forget : But you not at all mind- 
 “ ing the Covenant then made, have every Year 
 “ fince, come into our Country in a war-like Man- 
 “ ner, under Pretence of fighting with our Indi- 
 “ ans, our Friends and Neighbours, which ycfl* 
 
 “ ought not to have done, our Agent having inclu- 
 “ ded them likewife in the Peace. You not only 
 “ deftroyed, and took feveral of them Prifoners, 
 
 “ but you have alfo killed and burnt our Chriftian 
 “ People, deftroying Corn and Tobacco, more t^n 
 “ you made Ufe of, killed our Horfes, Flogs, and 
 “ Cattle ; not to eat, but to let them lie in the 
 “ Woods and (link : This you did, when you were 
 “ not denied any Thing you faid you wanted; 
 
 “ I muft alfo tell you, that, under the Pretence 
 “ of Friendfliip, you have come to Floufes at the 
 “ Heads of our Rivers (when they have been for- 
 “ tified) with a white Sheet on a Pole, and have 
 “ laid down your Guns before the Fort ; upon 
 “ which, our People taking you for Friends, have 
 “ admitted your great Men into their F’orts, and 
 “ have given them Meat and Drink, w'hat they de- 
 “ fired. After the great Men had refrelhed them- 
 “ felves, and defiring to return, as they were let out 
 
 “ of 
 
"N 
 
 46 T^he History of the 
 
 C H A p. “ of the Fort-gates, the young Men commonly ruflied 
 in. « into the Fort, and plundered the Houfes, taking 
 “ away, and deftroying all the Corn, Tobacco, and 
 “ Bedding, and what elfc was in the Houfes. When 
 “ they went away, they generally alfo took feveral 
 “ Sheep with them, and killed feveral Cows big with 
 “ Calf, and left them behind them cOt to Pieces, and 
 “ flung about, as if it were in Defiance of us, and in 
 “ Derifion of our Friendlhip. Thefe, and many 
 “ more Injuries that you have done us, have caufed 
 “ me to raife Forces, to fend to the Heads of our 
 “ Rivers, to defend our People from thefe Out- 
 “ rages, till I came to New-7'ork^ to Colonel ’Thoms 
 “ Dongan, your Governor- general, to defire him, 
 “ as we are all one King’s Subjedls, to aflift me in 
 *• warring againfl: you, to revenge the Chriftian 
 “ Blood that you have Ihed, and to make you 
 “ give full Satisfadbion for all the Goods that you 
 “ have deftroyed : But by the Mediation of your 
 Governor, I am now come to Albany to fpeak 
 “ with you, and to know the Reafon of your bre^- 
 “ ing the Covenant-chain, not only with us aind 
 “ our neighbour Indians, but with Maryland, who 
 “ are great King Charles's Subjedts ; for our Indians 
 have given King Charles their Land •, therefore I, 
 “ the Governor of Virginia, will protedl them, as 
 “ your Governor, under the great Duke of York and 
 “ Albany, will henceforth you, when the Chain of 
 “ Friendftiip is made between us all. 
 
 “ Now I have let you know, that I am fenfible 
 “ of all the Injuries you have done us, and by the 
 “ Defire of your Governor-general, I am willing 
 “ to make a new Chain with you for Virginia, Ma- 
 “ ryland, and our Indians, that may be more ftron^ 
 
 “ and lafting, even to the Word’s End ; fo that we 
 “ may be Brethren, and great King Charles's Chil- 
 “ dren. 
 
 “ I pro- 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, C£c. 
 
 “ I propofe to you, That you call out of C 
 “ our Countries of Virginia and Maryland^ all your 
 “ young Men or Soldiers that are now there. 
 
 “ Second^, That you do not hinder or moleft our 
 “ friendly Indians from hunting in our Mountains, it 
 “ having been their Country, and none of yours ; 
 
 “ they never go into your Country to difturb any 
 “ of you. 
 
 “ Thirdly^ Though the Damages you have done 
 “ our Country be very great, and would require a 
 “ great deal of Satisfaftion, which you are bound 
 “ to give ; yet we affure you, that only by the 
 “ Periuafions of your Governor, who is at a vaft 
 “ deal of Trouble and Charge for your Welfare, 
 
 “ which you ever ought to acknowledge, 1 have 
 “ pafs’d it by and forgiven you; upon this Conditi- 
 “ on, that your People, nor any living among you, 
 
 “ for the future, ever commit any Incurfions upon 
 “ our Chriftians or Indians living among us, or in 
 “ Maryland. 
 
 “ For the better Confirmation of the fame, and 
 “ that the Peace now concluded may be lafting, I 
 “ propofe to have two * Hatchets buried, as a fi- 
 “ nal Determination of all Wars and Jarrings be- 
 “ tween us ; one on behalf of us and our Indians, 
 
 “ and the other for all your Nations united together, 
 
 “ that ever did us any Injury, or pretended to war 
 “ againft our Indian Friends, or thofe of Mary- 
 “ land. 
 
 “ And that nothing may be wanting for Confir- 
 “ mation thereof fif you defire it) we are willing 
 “ to fend fome of our Indian Sachems, with an A- 
 “ gent, next Summer, about this Time, that they 
 “ may ratify the Covenant with you here, in this 
 “ prefixed Houfe, where you may fee and fpeak 
 “ together as Friends. 
 
 • All Indians make Ufe of a Hatchet or Axe, as an Einbleni 
 to exprefs War. 
 
48 ^he History of the 
 
 Chap. 
 III. “ 
 
 CC 
 
 cc 
 
 (C 
 
 cc 
 
 CQ 
 
 CC 
 
 “ That the Covenant now made between us, in 
 this prefixed Houfe, in the Prefence of your Go- 
 vernor, may be firmly kept and performed on 
 your Parts, as it always has been on ours ; and that 
 you do not break any one Link of the Covenant- 
 chain for the future, by your People’s coming 
 near our Plantations ; when you march to the 
 Southward, keep to the Feet of the Mountains, 
 and do not come nigh the Heads of our Rivers, 
 there being no Bever-hunting there ; for we lhall 
 not for the future, though you lay down your 
 Arms as Friends, ever truft you more, you have 
 fo often deceived us.” 
 
 The next Day the Mohawks anfwer’d firft by their 
 Speaker, faying : 
 
 “ We muft, in the firft Place, fay Ibmething to 
 “ the other three Nations, by Way of Reproof, for 
 “ their not keeping the former Chain, as they 
 “ ought ; and therefore we defire you, great Sa~ 
 “ chem of Virginia, and you Corker, and all here 
 “ prefent to give Ear, for we will conceal nothing 
 “ of the Evil they have done.” [Then turning to 
 the other Nations.] “ You have heard Yefterday 
 “ all that has been faid ; as for our Parts, we are 
 “ free of the Blame laid on us ; we have always 
 “ been obedient to Corlaer, and have fteadily kept 
 “ our Chain with Virginia, Maryland, and Bfon ; 
 “ but ye are ftupid and brutifh, and have no Un- 
 “ derftanding, we muft ftamp Underftanding into 
 “ you. Let the new Chain made Yefterday becarc- 
 “ fully preferved for the future. This we earneft- 
 “ ly recommend to you, for we are ready to cry 
 “ for Shame of you ; let us be no more afiiamed on 
 “ your Account, but be obedient, and take this 
 “ Belt, to keep what we fay in your Memory. 
 
 “ Hear now, now is the Time to hearken •, the 
 “ Covenant-chain had very near dipt, by your not 
 2 keepii :g 
 
 
Parti. Five Indian Nations, &c. 49 
 
 “ keeping it firmly. Hold it faft now, when all for-Cn a p: 
 “ mer Evils are buried in the Pit. yi- 
 
 “ You Oneydoes, I fpeak to you as Children ; be 
 “ no longer childilh, or void of Underftanding. 
 
 “ You Onondagas, our Brethren, you are like 
 “ deaf People, that cannot hear, your Senfes are 
 “ covered with Dirt and Filth. 
 
 “ You Cajugas, do not return into your former 
 “ Ways. There are three Things we mufl all ob- 
 “ ferve. 
 
 “ Firjl., The Covenant with Corlear. Secondly^ 
 
 “ the Covenant with Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 “ Thirdly^ with Bojlon. We muft ftamp- Under- 
 “ Handing into you, that you may be obedient j 
 
 and take this Belt for a Remembrancer.” 
 
 Then Cadianne^ the fame Mohawk Speaker, turn* 
 ing to my Lord, faid : 
 
 “ We are very thankful to you, great Sachem of 
 “ Virginia,, that you are perfuaded by Corlear, our 
 “ Governor, to forgive all former Faults. We are 
 “ very glad to hear you, and fee your Heart foft* 
 
 “ ened. Take thefe three Bevers as a Token. 
 
 “ We thank the great Sachem of Virginia for fay- 
 “ ing, that the Axe fhall be thrown into the Pit. 
 
 “ Take thefe two Bevers, as a Token of our Joy 
 - “ and Thankfulnefs. 
 
 “ We are glad that AJfarigoa * will bury in the 
 “ Pit what is paft. Let the Earth be trod hard 
 “ over it *, or rather, let a ftrong Stream run under 
 “ the Pit, to walh the Evil away out of our Sight 
 “ and Remembrance, and that it may never be 
 “ digged up again. 
 
 “ AJfarigoa, you are a Man of Knowledge and 
 “ Underftanding, thus to keep the Covenant-chain 
 “ bright as Silver j and now again to renew it, and 
 
 * The Name the Five Nations always give the Governor of 
 Virginia. 
 
The History of the 
 
 “ make it ftronger. (Then pointing to the three 
 “ other Nations, faid,) But they are Chain- break- 
 “ ers. I lay down this as a Token, that we Mo- 
 “ hawks have preferved the Chain intire on our 
 “ Parts. Gives two Bevers and a Racoon. 
 
 “ The Covenant mull be kept ; for the Fire of 
 “ Love of Virginia and Maryland burns in this Place, 
 “ as well as ours, and this Houfe of Peace mull be 
 kept clean. Gives two Bevers. 
 
 “ We now plant a Tree *, whofe Top will reach 
 “ the Sun, and its Branches fpread far abroad, fo 
 “ that it lhall be feen afar olF ; and we lhall Ihelter 
 “ ourfelves under it, and live in Peace without Mo- 
 “ leftation. Here he gave two Bevers. 
 
 “ You propofed Yefterday, that if we were de- 
 “ lirous to fee the Indians of Virginia^ you are will- 
 ing to fend fame of their Sachems next Summer, 
 “ about this Time, to this Place. This Propofal 
 “ pleafes me very much, the fooner they come the 
 “ better, that we may fpeak with them in this 
 “ Houfe, which is appointed for our fpeaking with 
 •“ our Friends *, and give two Belts to confirm it. 
 
 “ You have now heard what Exhortation we have 
 “ made to the other three Nations ; we have taken 
 “ the Hatchet out of their Hands ; we now there- 
 “ fore pray, that both your Hatchets may likewife 
 “ be buried in a deep Pit. Giving two Bevers. 
 
 “ JJfarigoa, fome of us Mohawks are out againll 
 “ our Enemies, that lie afar off, they will do you 
 “ no Harm, nor plunder, as the others do. Be 
 “ kind to them, if they lhall happen to come to 
 “-any of your Plantations ; give them fome To- 
 “ bacco and Ibme VIdluals ; for they will neither 
 “ rob nor Heal, as the Oneydoesy Onnondagas, and 
 “ Cayugas have done. 
 
 * The Five Naiim always exprefs Peace by the Metaphor 
 of a Tree. 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 “ The Oneydoes particularly thank you, great Sa- Chap* 
 « chem of Virginia, for confenting to lay down the HI. 
 
 “ Axe. The Hatchet is taken out of all their' 
 
 “ Hands. Gives a Belt. 
 
 “We again thank AJfarigca, that he has made a 
 “ new Chain. Let it be kept bright and clean, and 
 “ held fall on all Sides ; let not any one pull his 
 “ Arm from it. We include all the four Nations, 
 
 “ in giving this Belt. 
 
 “We again pray Affarigoa, to take the Ontydoes 
 “ into his Favour, and keep the Chain ftrong 
 “ with them ; for they are our Children. Gives a 
 “ Belt. 
 
 ‘‘ The Oneydoes give twenty Bevers, as a Satisfac- 
 “ tion for what they promifed the l.ord Baltimore, 
 
 “ and defire that they may be difeharged of that 
 “ Debt.” ° 
 
 The two Governors told them, that they would 
 ufe their Endeavours with the Lord Baltimore, to 
 perfuade him to forgive what remained. 
 
 Then the Indians defired that the Hole might be 
 dug, to bury the Axes, viz, one in Behalf of Vir- 
 ginia and their Indians, another in Behalf of Ma- 
 ryland and theirs, and three for the Onnondagas, O- 
 neydoes, and Ceyugas. The Mohawks faid, there was 
 no Need of burying any on their Account, for the 
 firft Chain had never been broke by them. 
 
 Then the three Nations fpoke by an Onnondaga, 
 called Thanohjanihta, who faid : 
 
 “We thank the %xf3xSacbtm of Virginia, that he 
 “ has fo readily forgiven and forgot the Injuries 
 “ that have been done ; and we, for our Parts, glad- 
 “ ly catch at, and lay hold of the new Chain. 
 
 “ Then each of them delivered an Axe to be buri- 
 “ ed, and gave a Belt. 
 
 “ I fpeak in the Name of all three Nations, and 
 
 include them in this Chain, which we defire may 
 “ may be kept clean and bright like Silver. Gives a 
 “ Belt. 
 
5* ^he History of the 
 
 Ap. “ We defire that the Path may be open for the 
 n. “ Indians under AJJarigoa’s Proteftion, to come 
 “ fafely and freely to this Place, in order to confirm 
 “ the Peace. Gives fix Fathom of Wampum. 
 
 Then the Axes were buried in the fouth-eaft End 
 of the Court-yard, and the Indians threw the Earth 
 upon them ; after which the Lord Howard told 
 them, fince now a firm Peace is concluded, we 
 fliall hereafter remain Friends, and Virginia and 
 Maryland will fend once in two or three Years to 
 renew it, and fome of our Sachems (hall come, ac- 
 cording to your Defire, to confirm it. 
 
 Laft of all the Oneydoes^ the Onnondagas, and 
 Cayugas, jointly fang the Peace-fong, with Demon- 
 ftrations of much Joy ; and thanked the Governor 
 of New-Tork for his efFedtual Mediation with the 
 Governor of Virginia in their Favour. 
 
 Colonel Dungan had gained the AfFeAions of the 
 Five Nations, and they efteemed him much. 
 
 They defired the Duke of Fork’s Arms to put up- 
 on their Qiftles, which, from the Sequel of their 
 Story,, we may fuppofe they were told would fave 
 them from the French. Colonel Dungan defired 
 them to call Home thofe of their Nations that had 
 fettled in Canada.* To which they anfwered, Cor- 
 lear keeps a Correfpondence and Friendlhip with Ca- 
 nada, and therefore he can prevail more than we can. 
 
 * The French Priejts had, from Time to Time, perfuaded fe- 
 veral of the F/ve Natiom to leave their own Country, and to fet- 
 tle hear Montreal ; where the French are very induftrious in en- 
 couraging them. Their Numbers have been likewife increafed 
 by the Prifoners the French have taken in War, and by others 
 that have run from their own Country j becaufe of fome Mif- 
 chief that they had done; or Debts which they owed the Chrifti- 
 ans. Thefe Indians are all profefs’d Papifts, and for that Reafon 
 are commonly called the praying Indians by their Countrymen, 
 and they are called Cahnuagas by the I’eople of Albany, from 
 the Place where they live ; the French value them on Ac- 
 count of the Intelligence they give in Time of War, and their 
 Knowledge of the Countries. 
 
 2 
 
 Let 
 
Part I Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Let Corlear ufe his Endeavours to draw our Indians C 
 Home to their own Country. 
 
 The Government of the Maffachufets Bay had ap- 
 pointed Colonel Stephanus Cortland, one of the Coun • 
 cil of Neiv-Tork, their Agent at this Time, to re- 
 new their Friendfhip likewife with the Five Nations, 
 and to give them fome fmall Prefents •, which was 
 accordingly done. 
 
 The Governor of New-Tork, Colonel Dungan, con- 
 cluded with this Advice to them : Keep a good Un- 
 derftanding among yourfelvesj if any Difference 
 happen, acquaint me with it, and I will compofe it. 
 Make no Agreement with the French, or any other 
 Nation, without my Knowledge and Approbation. 
 Then he gave the Duke’s Arms to be put up at each 
 of their Caftles, in Hopes it might deter the French 
 from attacking them, (as they were threatened from 
 Canada) by this fo manifeft a Declaration of their 
 being under the Protedion of the Crown of 
 land, when the two Crowns were in the ftridleft 
 Friendfhip •, but it is probable the French chofe this 
 very Time to attack them, to bring them off from 
 that Confidence they feemed to have in the Eng- 
 lijh. 
 
 It may be proper, before I proceed, to infert here 
 alfo a remarkable Speech made by the Onnondagas 
 and Cayugas to the two Governors, on the fecond 
 Day of Augujl, viz. 
 
 “ Brother Corlear, 
 
 “ Your Sachem is a great Sachem, and we are but 
 “ a fmall People ; but when the Englijh came firft 
 « to Manhatan,* to Aragijke f and to Takokrana- 
 “ ^^0' lb were then but a fmall People, and we 
 « were great. Then, becaufe we found you a good 
 “ People, we treated you kindly , and gave you Land 
 “ we hope therefore, now that you are great, and 
 
 i* Virginia. 1| Maryland. 
 
 E 3 we 
 
 ^ Ke'w-Tork. 
 
The History of teh 
 
 p. “ we fmal], you will proteft lis from the French. If 
 “ you do not, we lhall lofe all our Hunting and 
 “ Severs : The French will get all the Severs. The 
 “ Reafon they are now angry with us is, becaufe we 
 “ carry our Sever to our Srethren. 
 
 “ We have put our Lands and ourfelves under 
 the Protedion of the great Duke cf York, the Bro- 
 “ ther of your great Sachem^ who is likewife a great 
 “ Sachem. j 
 
 « We have annexed the River, which ' 
 
 “ we won with the Sword, to this Government ; 
 
 “ and we defire it may be a Sianch of the great 
 “ Tree that grows in this Place, the Top of which 
 “ reaches the Sun, and its Stanches fhelter us from 
 “ the French., and all other Nations. Our Fire 
 “ burns in your Houfes, and your Fire burns with us ; 
 
 “ we defire it may be fo always. Sut we will not 
 « that any of the great Penn's People fettle upon the 
 “ Sufquehana River, for we have no other Land to 
 “ leave to our Children. 
 
 “ Our young Men are Soldiers, and when they 
 “ are provoked, they are like Wolves in the Woods, 
 
 “ as you. Sachem of Virginia., very well know. 
 
 “ We have put ourfelves under the great Sachem 
 “ Charles, that lives on the other Side the great 
 “ Lake. We give you thefe tw’o white drefled 
 “ Deer-fkins, to fend to the great Sachem, that he 
 “ may write on them, and put a great red Seal to 
 them, to confirm what we now do ; and put the 
 “ Sufquehana River above the Falls, and all the reft 
 “ of our Land under the great Duke of York, and 
 “ give that L,and to none elle. Our Brethren, his 
 “ People, have been like Fathers to our Wives and 
 “ Children, and have given us Bread when we were 
 “ in Need of it ; we will not therefore join our- 
 felves, or our Land, to any other Government 
 but this. W^e defire Corlear, our Governor, may I 
 “ fend this our Propofition to the great Sachan 
 “ Charles, who dwells on the other Side the great f 
 
 “ Lake, i 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations.' 5^ 
 
 c( T .alcg^ With this Belt of ^Afampunij and this other Ch a p. 
 « fmaller Belt to the Duke of York his Brother : And HI. 
 
 “ we give you, Corlear, this Bever, that you may v— J 
 
 “ fend over this Propofition. 
 
 “ You great Man of Virginia, we let you know, 
 
 « that great Penn did fpeak to us here in Corlear's 
 « Houfe by his Agents, and defired to buy the 
 « Sufquehana River of us, but we would not heark- 
 t‘ en to him, for we had feftened it to this Govern- 
 
 “ ment. . . . , 
 
 « We defire you therefore to bear witnefs of what 
 « we now do, and that we now confirm what we 
 “ have done before. Let your Friend, that lives 
 “ on the other Side the great Lake, know this, 
 
 « that we being a free People, though united to the 
 “ EngUfi, may give our Lands, and be joined to 
 “ the Sachem we like beft. We give this Bever to 
 “ remember what we fay.” 
 
 The Senekas arrived foon after, and, on the fifth 
 of Auguft, fpoke to the Lord Howard in the follow- 
 ing Manner : 
 
 « We have heard and underftood what Mifchief 
 « hath been done in Virginia •, we have it as perfect 
 as if it were upon our Fingers Ends. O Corlear ! 
 
 “ we thank you for having been our Interceflbr, fo 
 “ that th« Axe has not fallen upon us. 
 
 “ And you Ajfarigoa, great Sachem of Virginia, 
 
 “ we thank you for burying all Evil in the Pit. We 
 “ are informed, that the Mohawks, Oneydoes, On- 
 “ nondagas, and Cayugas, have buried the Axe al- 
 “ ready ; now we that live remoteft off,, are come 
 “ to do the fame, and to include in this Chain the 
 “ Cahnawaas, your Friends. We defire therefore, 
 
 “ that an Axe, on our Part, may be buried with one 
 “ oi Ajfarigoals. O Corlear ! Corlear ! we thank you 
 “ for laying hold of one End of the Axe ; and we 
 “ thank you, great Governor of Virginia, not only 
 “ for throwing afide the Axe, but more efpecially 
 “ for your putting all Evil from your Heart. Now 
 E 4 “we 
 
56 ■The History of the \ 
 
 Chap.“ we have a new Chain, a ftrong and a ftraighf 
 III. “ Chain, that cannot be broken. The Tree of 
 Peace is planted fo firmly, that it cannot be 
 “ moved, let us on both Sides hold the Chain 
 “ faft. 
 
 “ We underftand what you faid of the great 
 “ Sachem, that lives on the other Side the great 
 “ Water. 
 
 “ You tell us, that the Cahitawaas will come 
 “ hither, to ftrengthen the Chain. Let them not 
 “ make any Excufe, that they are old and feeble, or 
 “ that their Feet are fore. If the old Sachems can- 
 not, let the young Men come. We fhall not fail j 
 to come hither, tho’ we live fartheft off, and then , 
 “ the new Chain will be ftronger and brighter. '! 
 “We underftand, that becaufe of the Mifchief j 
 that has been done to the People and Caftlesof 
 “ Virginia and Maryland, we muft not come near 
 “ tlte Heads of your Rivers, nor near your Planta- ' 
 “ tions, but keep at the Foot of the Mountains ; ' 
 “ for tho’ we lay down our Arms, as Friends, we 
 “ fhall not be trufted for the future, but looked on 
 as Robbers. We agree however to this Propofition, I 
 and fhall wholly ftay away from Virginia : And ' 
 this we do in Gratitude to Corker, who has been 
 “ at fo great Pains to perfuade you, great Governor 
 “ oi Virginia, to forget what is paft. You are wife 
 in giving Ear to Corlear’s good Advice, for we 
 “ fhall now go a Path which was never trod be- 
 fore. 
 
 “We have now done fpeaking to Corlear, and 
 “ the Governor of Virginia-, let the Chain be for 
 “ ever kept clean and bright by him, and we fliall 
 ‘‘ do the fame. 
 
 The other Nations from the Mohawks Country 
 to the Cayugas, have delivered up the Sufquehana 
 River, and all that Country, to Corker's Go- 
 vernment. We confirm what they have done by 
 giving this Belt. ” 
 
 Coll. 
 
parti. Five Indian Nations, &c. 57 
 
 Coll, Bird, one of the Council of Virginia, and C h a p; 
 Edmond Jennings Efq Attorney General of that Pro- 
 vince, came with four Indian Sachems, (according 
 to the Lord Howard’s Promife) to renew and con- 
 firm the Peace, and met the Five Nations at Albany 
 ‘ in September 1685. 
 
 Coll. Bird accufed them of having again broke 
 their Promife, by taking an Indian Girl from 
 an Englijh Man’s Houfe, and four Indian Boys 
 5 Prifoners. 
 
 1 They excufed this, by its being done by the Par- 
 ! ties that were out when the Peace was concluded, 
 
 1 who knew nothing of it •, which Accident they had 
 u provided againft in their Articles. They faid, the 
 four Boys were given to the Relations of thofe Men 
 t that were loft ; and it would be difficult to obtaih 
 
 b their Reftoration : But they at laft promifed to deli- 
 
 I ver them up. 
 
 E The Senakas and Mohawks declared themfelves 
 lii free of any Blame, and chid the other Nations. 
 
 I So that we may ftill obferve the Influence which 
 i. the French Priefts had obtained over thofe other Na- 
 ii tions, and to what Chriftian like Purpofe they ufed 
 i it. 
 
 It The Mohawks Speaker faid, “ Where (hall I feek 
 c “ the Chain of Peace? Where fhall I find it but 
 ; “ upon our * Path ? And whither doth our Path 
 
 lead us, but into this Houfe ? This is a Houfe of 
 ; “ Peace ; ” afterthis hefang all theLinksofthe Chain 
 
 over. Pie afterwards fang by Way of Admonition 
 I to the Onondagas, Oneydoes, and Cayugas, and con- 
 eluded all with a Song to the Virginia Indians. 
 
 The French Prlejts however ftill employed their In- 
 fluence over the Onnondagas, Cayugas, and On^does ; 
 
 - and it was eafy for them to fpirit up theindians (natural- 
 
 * The Mobauh Country is fituated between the other Nations 
 and Alhanj, 
 
The History of the 
 
 Jy revengeful) againft their old Enemies. A Par- 
 ty of the Oneydoes went out two Years after this 
 'againft the Wayanoak Indians., Friends of Virginia, 
 and killed fome of the People of Virginia, who af- 
 ftfted thofe Indians. They took fix Prifoners, but 
 reftored them %tAbany, with an Excufe, that they did 
 not know they were Friends of Virginia. But Coll. 
 Dungan on this Occafion told them. That he only 
 had kept all the Englijh in North- America from join- 
 ing together to deftroy them ; that if ever he Ihould 
 hear of the like Complaint, he would dig up the 
 Hatchet, and join with the reft of the Englijh to cut 
 them off Root and Branch ; for there were many 
 Complaints made of him to the King by the Englijh, 
 as well as by the Governor of Canada, for his favour- 
 ing of them. 
 
 We have now gone through the material Tranf- 
 adions which the Five Nations had with the Englijh, 
 in which we find the Englijh purfuing nothing but 
 peaceable and Chriftian-like Meafures •, and the Five 
 Nations (tho’ Barbarians) living with the People 
 of New-Tork, like good Neighbours and faithful 
 Friends, and generally with all the Englijh alfo, ex- 
 cept when they were influenced by the Jefuites ; at 
 the fame Time, one cannot but admire the Zeal, 
 Courage, and Refolution of thefe Jefuites, that would 
 adventure to live among Indians at War with their 
 Nation j and the better to carry their Purpofes, to 
 comply with all the Humours and Manners of fuch 
 a wild People, fo as not to be diftinguifhed by 
 Strangers from meer Indians. One of them, named 
 Milet, remained with the Ontydoes till after the 
 Year 1694; he was advanced to the Degree of a 
 Sachem, and had fo great an Influence over them, 
 that the other Nations could not prevail with them 
 to part with him. While he lived with them, the 
 . Oneydoes were frequently turned againft the Southern 
 Indians (Friends of the Englijh Ibuthern Colonies) 
 
 and 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 and were always wavering in their Refolutions againft 
 the French at Canada. 
 
 We fhall now fee what EfFed the Policy of the 
 French had, who purfued very different Meafures 
 from the Englifh. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 Mr. Dc la BarreV Expeditiony and fame remarkable 
 ’Tranfailions in 1684. 
 
 H E French, in the Time they were at Peace Chap. 
 with the Five Nations, built their Forts at IV. 
 
 nderaghi and Mijjfdimakinak, and made a Settle- 
 ment there. They carried on their Commerce 
 > among the numerous Nations that live on the Banks 
 of the great Lakes, and the Banks of the Mifftjftpi ; 
 they not only profecuted their Trade among thefe 
 t Nations, but did all they could to fecure their Obe- 
 q dience, and to make them abfolutely fubjedl to the 
 i Crown of France, by building Forts at the confiderable 
 ,1 Pafles, and placing fmall Garifons in them. They 
 took in Ihort all the Precautions in their Power, not 
 I only to reftrain the Indians by Force, but likewife 
 ; to gain their AfFedtions, by fending Mijftonaries 
 ! among them. The only Obftrudtion they met with 
 !, was from the Five Nations, who introduced the 
 Englijh of Ncia-Tork into the Lakes to trade with 
 
 i the Indians that lived round them. This gave the 
 
 : French much Uneafinels, becaufe they forefaw, 
 
 that the EnglHh would not only prove dangerous 
 •I Rivals, but that the Advantages which they had in 
 
 ii Trade, beyond what it was poffible for the Inhabi- 
 ; tants of Canada to have, would enable the People 
 
 of New-Tork fo far to underfel them, that their 
 Trade would foon be ruined, and all the Intereft loft 
 which they had gained with fo much Labour and 
 I Expence. The Five Nations likewife continued in 
 
 War 
 
7he History of the 
 
 . War with many of the Nations, with the ChiSiaghich 
 particularly, who yielded the moft profitable Trade 
 to the French •, and as often as they difcovered any 
 of the French carrying. Ammunition towards thefe 
 Nations, they fell upon them, and took all their 
 Powder, Lead and Arms from them. This made 
 the French I'raders afi aid of travelling, and prevent- 
 ed their Indians from hunting, and alfo lellened the 
 Opinion they had of the French Power, when they 
 found that the French were not able to protedl them 
 againft the Inful ts of the Five Nations. 
 
 The Senakas lie next to the Lakes, and neareft to 
 the Nations with whom the French carried on the 
 grcateft Trade, thefe People were fo averfe to that Na- 
 tion, that they would never receive any Priefts among 
 them, and of Confequence were moft firmly attach’d 
 to the Englijh Intereft, who fupplied them with 
 Arms and Powder (the Means to be revenged of 
 their Enemies.) For thefe Reafons Mr. De la Bam 
 (Governor of Canada) fent a Meflenger to Coll, 
 Bungan, to complain of the Injuries the Senakas had 
 done to the French, and to Ihew the Neceflity he 
 was under to bring the Five Nations to Reafon 
 by Force of Arms. This Meflenger happening to 
 arrive at the Time the Indians met the Lord 
 Howard at jUbany, Coll. Bungan told the Senakas 
 the Complaints that the French Governor made of 
 them. To which they gave him the following Anfwer, 
 in Prefence of Mr. Be la Barre's MeflTenger, on the 
 5th of Augitji 1684. 
 
 “ We were fent for, and are come, and have 
 “ heard what you have faid to us, thtitCorlear hath 
 “ great Complaints of us, both from Virginia and 
 “ Canada. What they complain of from Canada 
 “ may poflibly be true, 'thatfome of our young Men 
 “ have taken fome oft heir Goods, but Tonnendio the 
 “ Governor of Canada, is the Caufe of it. He not only 
 permits his People to carry Ammunition, Guns, 
 
 Powder 
 
Parti. Five Indian Nations, 6r 
 
 “ Powder, Lead, and Axes to the T’uihtuib-ronoons*Cii a p, 
 « our Enemies, but fends them thither on purpofe. IV. 
 
 « Thefe Guns which he fends knock our BcverHunt- 
 “ ers on the Head, and our Enemies carry the Bevers 
 
 “to Canada that we would have brought to our Bre- 
 ' “ thren. Our Bever Hunters are Soldiers, and could 
 ' “ bear this no longer. They met fome French m their 
 “ Way to our Enemies, and very near them, carrying 
 ; “ Ammunition, which our Men took from them. 
 
 ' “ This is agreeable to our Cuftoms in War ; and we 
 “ may therefore openly own it, tho’ we know not 
 “ whether it be praflifed by the Chriftians in fuch 
 “ like Cafes. 
 
 ^i^hen the Governor of Canada fpeaks to us or 
 “ the Chain, he calls us Children, and faith, I am 
 “your Father, you muft hold fall the Chain, and I 
 ' “ will do the fame: I will protedl you as a Father 
 
 ■ “ doth his. Children. Is this Protedion, to fpeak 
 ^ “ thus with his Lips, and at the fame Time to 
 ^ “ knock us on the Head, by affifting our Enemies 
 ^ “ with Ammunition ? 
 
 ' “ He always fay.s, I am your Father, and you 
 
 - “ are my Children ; and yet he is angry with his 
 ^ “ Children, for taking thefe Goods. 
 
 ^ “ But, O Corkar ! 0 Jjjarigoa ! we muft ccJm- 
 
 • “ plain to you ; you Corkar are a Lord, and go- 
 
 ■ “ vern this Country ; is it juft that our Father is 
 “ going to fight with us for thefe Things, or is it 
 “ well done ? We rejoiced when La Sal was fent 
 “ over the great Water ; and when Perot was re- 
 “ moved, becaufe they had furniflied our Enemies 
 “ with Ammunition j but we are difappointed in our 
 “ Hopes, for we find our Enemies are ftill fuppliea. 
 
 “ Is this well done ? Yea, he often forbids us to make 
 
 • “ War on any of the Nations with w’hom he trades v 
 
 • Ronoon fignifies Nation or People, in the Language of the 
 T'fve liations ; they fay Tiuhluih.ronooon, d/tchighik ronoon, 
 Deonondadik-ramm, &c. 
 
 “ and 
 
62 7 he History of the 
 
 C H A p. and at the fame Time furnifhes them with all Sorts 
 IV. “of Ammunition, to enable them to deftroy us. 
 
 “ Thus far in Anfwer to the Complaint the Go- 
 “ vernor of Canada hath made of us to Corlear. 
 “ Corlear faid to us, that Satisfadion muft be made 
 « to the French for the Mifchief we have done them. 
 “ This^ he faid before he heard our Anfwer. Now 
 “ let him that hath Infpedion over all our Coun- 
 “ trie.s, on whom our Eyes are fixed, let him, even 
 “ Corlear, judge and determine. If you fay that it 
 “ muft be paid, we lhall pay it, but we cannot live 
 “ without freeBever Hunting. 
 
 “ Corlear, hear what we fay, we thank you for 
 “ the Duke’s Arms, which you have given us to be 
 “ put in our Caftles, as a Defence to them. You com- 
 “ mand them. Have we wandered out of the Way, 
 “ as the Governor of Canada fays ? We do not 
 “ threaten him with War, as he threatens us. What 
 ftiall we do ? Shall we run away, or fhall we 
 « fit ftill in_ our Houfes.? What fhall we do? we 
 “ fpeek to him that governs and commands us. 
 
 ” Now Gr/ear, and Afarigoa, and all People here 
 “ prefent, remember what we have anfwered to the 
 “ Complaints of the Governor of Canada ; yea, we 
 “ wifh that what we here faid may come to his 
 “ Ears. ” Then they gave a Belt. 
 
 Monfieur Be la Barre at this Time was gone, 
 with all the F orce of Canada, to Cadaracktii Fort, and 
 ordered the three Veflels to be repaired which the 
 French had built on Cadarackui Lake : His Defigii 
 was to frighten the Five Hattons into his own Terms, 
 by the Appearance of the French Army, which con- 
 fifted of 600 Soldiers of the regular Troops, 400 
 Indians, and 400 Men that carried Provifions, befides 
 300 Men that he left to fecure Cadaraekui Fort, and 
 the weftern Indians, that he expefted would join 
 him. But while he was at this Fort, the Fatigue 
 of travelling in the Month of Jugujl, together with 
 the Unhealthinefs of that Place (the Country there- 
 about 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c, 6^ 
 
 about being very marfhyj where he tarried fix Chap 
 W eeks, occafioned fo great aSicknefs in his Army, IV. 
 that he found himfelf unable to perform any Thing 
 but by Treaty j and therefore fent Orders to Monfr. 
 
 Dulbutf who was come from Miffilimakinak with 
 600 Men, French and Indians^ to flop. Monfr. 
 
 Be la Barre pafTed acrofs the I^ke, with as many 
 Men as were able to travel, and arrived at the River 
 which the French call La Faminct by the Indians 
 called KaihohagCy which falls into the South Side of 
 Cadarackui Lake, about thirty Miles from Onnondago. 
 
 There were two Villages of the Five Nations on 
 the North Side of the L4ke, about fifteen Miles 
 from the French Fort, confifting of thofe Indians 
 that had the moft Inclination to the French : They 
 provided the French Army with Provifions, while 
 they remained at the Fort ; but it is probable, fent 
 an Account to their own Nations of every Thing 
 that happened ; and that this was the Reafon of the 
 Ufage they afterwards met with from the French. 
 
 When Monfr. Bela Barre fent to Coll. Bungan, he 
 was in Hopes, from the ftriifl Alliance that was 
 then between the Crowns of Lngland and France, 
 and from Coll. Bungar^s being a Papift, that he would 
 at leall fit Hill till he had reduced the Five Nations. 
 
 But none of thefe Reafons permitted that Gentleman 
 to be eafy, while the French attempted fuch Things, 
 as in their Confequences would be of the highefl 
 Degree prejudicial to the Englifh Intereft, and might 
 put all the Engli/h Colonies in America in Danger. 
 Wherefore he difpatched the publick Interpreter, 
 with Orders to do every I’hing in his Power to pre- 
 vent the Five Nations going to treat with Monfr. 
 
 Be la Barre. 
 
 The Interpreter fucceeded in his Defign with the 
 Mohawks, and with the Senakas, who promifed 
 that they would not go near the French Governor : 
 
 But he had not the like Succefs with* the Onnondagas, 
 Oneydoes, and C<yugas, who had received the French 
 2 Priefts, 
 
7he History of the 
 
 Priefts, for they would not hear the Interpreter, but 
 in Prelence of the French Priefts, and Mohfr. 
 la Main, and three other Frenchmen that Monfr. 
 De la Barre had fent to perfuade them to meet 
 him at Kaihohage ; they gave the following 
 Anfwer to the Interpreter. 
 
 “ Arte, you are Corlear's Mejfenger, * Ohquejfe 
 “ (Monfr. la Maine') is the Governor of CanaJcts ; 
 “ and there f fits our Father ; Tonnondio acquainted 
 “ us fome Time ago, that he would fpeak with us, 
 “ before he would undertake any Thing againft the 
 “ Senakas. Now he hath fent for all the Nations 
 “ to fpeak with him in Friendftiip, and that at a 
 “ Place not far from Onmndaga, even at Kaihohags. 
 “ But our Brother Corlear tells us, that we niuft 
 “ not meet the Governor of Canada without his 
 “ Permiflion •, and that if Tonnondio have any Thing 
 “ to fay to us, he muft firft fend to Corlear for Leave 
 “ to fpeak with us. Tonnondio has fent long ago to 
 “ us to fpeak with him, and he has lately repeated 
 “ that Defire by Onnijjantie the Brother of our Fa- 
 « ther II Twirhaerftra that fits there ; he has not only 
 “ entreated us by our Father, but by two praying 
 “ Indians, one an Onmndaga, the other the Son of 
 “ an old Mohawk Sachem, Connondowe. They brought 
 “ five great Belts of Wampum, not a Fathom or 
 “ two only, as you bring. Now Ohquejje has been 
 “ fent with three Frenchmen ; 2'onnondio not being 
 “ content with all this, has likewife fent Dennehotl, 
 “ and two other Mohawks, to perfuade us to meet 
 “ him, and to fpeak with him of good Things. 
 “ Should we not go to him after all this Intreaty, 
 “ when he is come fo far, and fo near to us ? Cer- 
 “ tainly if we do not, we lhall provoke his Wrath, 
 “ and not deferve his Goodnefs. You fay we are 
 
 * That is, the Partridge, f Pointing to the "JeJuile. || The 
 Indians commonly Jave a new Name to any Perlon thev receive 
 or adapt into their Nation. This is the Jefuius Indian Name, 
 the Interpretation whereof I know net. 
 
 Subjefls 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 65 
 
 “ Subjefts to the King of England and Duke c/Cn ap. 
 “ Tori, but we (ay we are Brethren. We mult V. 
 
 “ take Care of ourfelve.s. Thofe Arms fixed upon'— 
 
 “ the Polls, without the Gate, cannot defend us 
 “ againft the Arms of la Barre. Brother Corltar, 
 
 “ we tell you, that we lhall bind a Covenant Chmn 
 “ to our Arm, and to his, as thick as that Poft, 
 
 “ (poihting to a Poft of the Houfe) be not diflatil^ 
 
 “ fied j Ihould we not embrace this Happinels of- 
 “ fered us, viz. Peace, in the Place of War; yea, 
 
 “ we ftiall take the Evil Doers, the Senekas, by the 
 “ Hand, and la Barre andtheir Ax and his 
 
 “ Sword lhall be thrown into a deep Water. We 
 “ wilh our Brother Corlear were prefent, but it feems 
 “ the Time will not permit of it. ” 
 
 Accordingly Garangula, one of the chief Sachems of 
 the Onondaga's, with thirty Warriors, went with Mr, 
 
 Le Maine, to meet the Governor of Canada at 
 Kaihohage. . After he had been two Days in the 
 French Camp, Monfr. la Barre fpoke to him as fol- 
 lows, (the French Officers making a Semi-circle on 
 ontS\A&, 'f/FAt Garangula, with his Warriors, corn- 
 pleated the Circle on the other, 
 
 * Monfr. De la Barre’j Speech to Garangula. 
 
 “ 7'he King, my Mailer, being informed that the 
 “ Five Nations have often infringed the Peace, has 
 “ ordered me to come hither with a Guard, and to 
 “ fend Ohguiffe to the Onondagas, to bring the chief 
 “ Sachem to my Camp. The Intention of the great 
 King is, that you and I may fmoke the Calumet -f* 
 
 F “of 
 
 ♦ Voy»g<*5 du Baron dc la Hontan, Tome i. Letter 7. 
 f "lUc Culutiiit La large (moiking Pipe made of Marble, moft 
 cf mmonly of 11 dar.k rtd, well polifhed, fhaped fomewhai in 
 the Form of a fiaiuSet, and adorned vvith large Feathers of feve- 
 i .il Colours. It is ukd in all ihclndjan Treaties with Strangers, and 
 as a M.ig of Truce beiwceu contending Parties, which all the In- 
 dians think a very highCnme to violate. Thcfe CaJumets^xt gene- 
 rally uf nice Woikinanlhip, and were lu Ufe before the Indiam 
 
 knew 
 
66 T^he History of the 
 
 Ch A p.“ of Peace together, but on this Condition, that you 
 IV. “ promife me, in the Name of the Cayugas^ 
 
 “ Onondagas^ and Mohanaks^ to give intire Satif- 
 “ fa<5tion and Reparation to his Subje<5ts j and for 
 “ the future never to moleft them. 
 
 “ The SemkaSf Cayugas,, Onondegas, Oneydoes^ 
 and Mohawks have robbed and abufed all the 
 “ Traders that were paffing to the Illinois and 
 “ UmamieSy and other Indian Nations, the Children 
 “ of my Kng. They have adted, on thefe Occali- 
 ** ons, contrary to the Treaty of Peace with my Pre- 
 “ deceflbr. I am ordered therefore to demand Sa- 
 “ tlsfadlion, and to tell them, that in cafe of Re- 
 fufal, or their plundering us any more, that I 
 “ have exprefs Orders to declare War. This Belt 
 “ confirms my Words. The Warriors of the Five 
 “ Nations have conduced the EngliJfj into the Lakes, 
 “ which belong to the King, my Mafter, and brought 
 “ the Fnglijh among the Nations that are his Chil- 
 “ dren, to deftroy the Trade of his Subjedts, and 
 “ to withdraw thefe Nations from him. They have 
 “ carried the Englijh thither, notwithftanding the 
 “ Prohibition of the late Governor of New-Tork, 
 “ who forefaw the Rifque that both they and you 
 “ would run. I am willing to forget thefe Things, 
 “ but if ever the like fhall happen for the future, I 
 “ have exprefs Orders to declare War againft you. 
 " This Belt confirms my Words. Your Warriors have 
 “ made feveral barbarous Incurfions on the Illinois 
 “ and JJtnamies •, they have maflacred Men, Wo- 
 “ men, and Children, and have made many of thefe 
 “ Nations Prifoners, who thought themfelves fafe 
 “ in their Villages in Time of Peace. Thefe People, 
 “ who are my King’s Children, muft not be your 
 “ Slaves } you muft give them their Liberty, and 
 
 knew any Thing of the Chriftians ; for which Reafon we are at 
 a Lofs to conceive by what Means they pierced thefe Pipes, 
 and fliaped them fo finely, before they had the Ufe of Iron. 
 
 3 ■ “ fend 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, & c . 67 
 
 “ fend them back into their own Country. If the Ch a p. 
 “ Five Nations fhall refufe to do this, I have expreifs IV. 
 
 “ Orders to declare War againft them. This Belt ' — 
 
 “ confirms my Words. 
 
 “ This is what I have to fay to Garangula^ that he 
 « may carry to the Senek^s^ Onondagas, Oneydoes^ 
 
 “ Cayugas, and Mohavks the Declaration which 
 “ the King, my Matter, has commanded me to 
 “ make. He doth not with them to force him 
 “ to fend a great Army to Cadarackui Fort, to bfi- 
 “ gin a War which mutt be fatal to them. He 
 “ would be forty that this Fort, that was the 
 “Work of Peace, ftiould become the Prifon of your 
 “ Warriors. We mutt endeavour, on both Sides, 
 
 “ to prevent fuch Misfortunes. The French, who 
 “ are the Brethren and Friends of the Five Nations, 
 
 “ will never trouble their Repofe, provided that the 
 “ Satisfaction which I demand be given, and that 
 “ the 7’reatles of Peace be hereafter obferved. I 
 “ fhall be extreamly grieved if my Words do not 
 “ produce the EflFecft which I expect from them ; 
 
 “ for then I fiiall be obliged to join with the Go- 
 “ vernor of New-Tork, who is commanded by his 
 “ Matter to affift me, and burn the Cattles of the 
 “ Five Nations^ ancj deftroy you. This Belt con- 
 “ firms my Words. 
 
 Garangala was very much furprifed to find the foft 
 Vvords of the Jefuit, and of the Governor’s Mefleh- 
 gers, turned to fuch threatening Language. This 
 was defigned to ttrike Terror into the Indians ; but 
 Garangula having good Information from thofe of the 
 Ftve Nations living near Cadarackui Fort, of all the 
 Sicknefs and other Misfortunes 'which afflicfled the 
 French Army, it was far from producing the dd- 
 figned EfFectt. All the Time that Monjieur de la 
 Barre fpoke, Garangula kept his Eyes fixed on the 
 End of his Pipe ; as fbon as the Governor had 
 done fpeaking, he rofe up, and having walked fiv'e 
 or fix 'I'iraes round the Circle, he returned to his 
 
 E 2 Place, 
 
^he History of the 
 
 Ch A p. Place, where he fpoke ftanding, while Monjieur de 
 V. h Barre kept his Elbow-Chair. 
 
 GarangulaV Anfwer. 
 
 “ Jonnondioy 
 
 I honour you, and the Warriors that are with 
 “ me all likewife honour you. Your Interpreter 
 has finilhed your Speech ; 1 now begin mine. My 
 ** Words make hafte to reach your Ears, hearken to 
 ** them. 
 
 “ XonnotidiOy you muft have believed, when you 
 “ left Rebeck, that the Sun had burnt up all the 
 Forefts which render our Country inacceffible to 
 “ the French, or that the Lakes had fo far over- 
 “ flown their Banks, that they had furrounded our 
 “ Caflles, and that it was impoffible for us to get 
 ** out of them. Yes, Tomtondio, furely you muft 
 “ have dreamt fo, and the Curiofity of feeing fo 
 “ great a Wonder has brought you fo far. Now you 
 are undeceived, fince that I and the Warriors here 
 “ prefent are come to afliire you, that the Senekas, 
 “ Cayugas, Onondagas, Oneydoes, and Mohawks 
 “ are yet alive. I thank you, in their Name, for 
 “ bringing back into their Country the Calumet, 
 “ which your Predecefibr received from their Hands. 
 “ It was happy for you, that you left Under- 
 “ ground that murdering Hatchet, that has been 
 “ fo often dyed in the Blood of the French. Hear, 
 “ Yonnondio, I do not fleep, I have my Eyes open, 
 “ and the Sun, which enlightens me, difcovers to 
 “ me a great Captain at the Head of a Company of 
 “ Soldiers, who fpeaks as if he were dreaming. 
 “ He fays, that he only came to the Lake to fmokc 
 “ On the great Calumet with the Omndagas. But 
 “ Garangula fays, that he fees the contrary, that 
 “ it was to knock them on the Head, if Sicknefs 
 “ had not weakened the Arms of the French. 
 
 I fee 
 
 3 
 
 CC 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, C^c, 69 
 
 “ I fee Tonnondio raving in a Camp of fick Men, Chap. 
 “ whofe Lives the great Spirit has faved, by in- V. 
 
 “ flifting this Sicknefs on them. Hear, Tonnondio 
 “ our Women had taken their Clubs, our Children 
 and old Men had carried their Bows and Arrows 
 “ into the Heart of your Camp, if our Warriors 
 “ had not dilarmed them, and kept them back, 
 
 “ when your Meflenger, Ohgucjfcy came to our 
 “ Caftles. It is done, and I have faid if. Hear, 
 
 “ Tonnondio., we plundered none of the French, but 
 “ thofe that carried Guns, Powder, and Ball to the 
 “ Iwikties and Chitlaghicks, becaufe thofe Arms 
 “ might have coft us our lives. Herein we follow 
 “ the Example of the Jefuits, who ftave all the 
 “ Caggs of Rum brought to our Caftles, left the 
 drunken Indians Ibould knock them on the Head. 
 
 « Our Warriors have not Bevers enough to pay for 
 “ ail thefe Arms, that they have taken, and our 
 old Men are not afraid of the War. This Belt 
 “ preferves my Words. 
 
 “ We carried the EngUJh into our Lakes, to trade 
 “ there with the Utawawas and ^atoghies, as the 
 Adirondacks brought the French to our Caftles, to 
 “ carry, on a Trade which the EngUJh fay is theirs. 
 
 ' We are born free, we neither depend on Tonnon- 
 “ dio nor Corlear. 
 
 “ We may go where we pleafe, and carry w’ith 
 “ us whom we pleafe, and buy and fell what we 
 “ pleafe : If your Allies be your Slave®, ufe them 
 “ as fuch, command them to receive no other but 
 your People. This Belt preferves my Words. 
 
 “ We knock’d the Twihtwies and Chill aghicks on 
 “ the Head, becaufe they had cut down the Trees 
 “ of Peace, which were the Limits of our Country. 
 
 “ They have hunted Bevers on our Lands: They 
 “ have afted contrary to the Cuftoms of all IrM- 
 “ ans ; for they left none of the Bevers alive, they 
 “ killed both Male and Female. They brought 
 
 F 3 “ the 
 
7*^ 7he History of the 
 
 ^ Sdtmas * into their Country, to take Part 
 
 “ with them, after they had concerted iJl Defigns 
 “ againft us. We have done lefs than either the 
 “ Englijh or French, that have ufurped the Lands 
 “ of fo many Indian Nations, and chafed them from 
 their own Country. This Beit preferves my 
 ‘‘ ords. Hear, Tonnondio, what I fay is the Voice 
 or all the Five Nations j hear what they anfwer 
 ‘‘ open your Ears to what they fpeak : The SenL 
 ‘ kas, Ca'jugas, Onondagas, Qneydoes, and Mo- 
 “ hawks fay, that when they buried the Hatchet at 
 “ Cadarackui (m the Prefence of your Predeceflbr) 
 “ in ^e Middle of the Fort, they planted the Tree 
 “ of Peace in the fame Place, to be there carefully 
 « preferved, that, in Place of a Retreat for Sol- 
 diers, that Fort might be a Rendezvous for Mer- 
 ‘‘ chants ; that, in Place of Arms and Ammu- 
 nition of War, Bevers and Merchandife Ihould 
 “ only enter there. 
 
 C( 
 
 (C 
 
 (C 
 
 (C 
 
 «c 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 ic 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 44 
 
 4C 
 
 cc 
 
 cc 
 
 “ Hear, Tonnondio, take Care for the future 
 that fo great a Number of Soldiers, as appear 
 there do not choak the Tree of Peace plamed 
 in fo fmall a Fort. It will be a great Lofs, if af- 
 ter it had fo eafily taken Root, you Ihould flop 
 Its Growth, and prevent its covering your Coun- 
 try and ours with its Branches. I affiire you, in 
 Je Name of the Five Nations, that our Warriors 
 lhall dance to the Calumet of Peace under its 
 Leaws, and lhall remain quiet on their Matts, 
 and lhall never dig up the Hatchet, till their Bre- 
 thren, Tonnondio or Corlear, lhall either jointly 
 or feparately endeavour to attack the Country 
 wluch the great Spirit has given to our An’ ’ 
 ceftors. This Belt preferves my Words, and this 
 o.her, the Authority which the Five Nations has 
 given me.” 
 
 * Called Sa’wanom by the French. 
 
 Then 
 
71 
 
 Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 
 
 Then Garangula addrefling himfelf to Monfieur 
 
 le Maine, fald ; ^ , c • 
 
 “ Take Courage, Ohguejfe, you have Spirit, 
 
 « fpeak, explain my Words, forget nothing, tell 
 “ all that your Brethren and Friends fay to 7on- 
 “ nondio, your Governor, by the Mouth of Ga- 
 “ ranguh, who loves you, and defires you to ac- 
 « cept of this Prefent of Bever, and take Part with 
 “ me in my Feaft, to which I invite you. This 
 « Prefent of Bever is fent to Tonnondio on the Part 
 « of the Five Nations** 
 
 When Garangulc^s Harangue was explained to 
 Monfieur de la Barre, he returned to his Tent, 
 much inraged at what he had heard. 
 
 Garangula feafted the French Officers, and then 
 went Home, and Nlonfieox de la Barre fet out in 
 his Way towards Monreal and asfoon as the General 
 was imbarked, with the few Soldiers that remained 
 in Health, the Militia made the befl; of their Way 
 to their own Habitations, without any Order or 
 
 ^'TEu^a very chargeable and fatiguing Expedition 
 (which was to ftrike the Terror of the French Name 
 into the ftubborn Hearts of the Five Nations ) ended 
 in a Scold between the French General and an old 
 Indian. 
 
 C H A P. V. 
 
 Englifh attempt to trade in the Lakes, and 
 the French attack the Senekas. 
 
 T he Marquis deNonville h&vmg now fucceeded ^ 
 Monfieur<if/<r Barrf,in theYear 1685, and ha- 
 vine brought a confiderable Reinforcement of Soldiet s 
 with him, refolved to recover the Honoi^ tne 
 
 F 4 Irenck 
 
7^ History of the 
 
 Chap. French had loft in the laft Expedition, and revenge 
 the Slaughter the Five Nations continued to make 
 of the Twihtivies and Chi£laghicks, who had put 
 themfelves under the French Prote<ftion ; for the 
 Five Nations having intirely fubdued the Chi£la- 
 ghich *, after a fix Years War, they refolved next to 
 fail upon the Twihtwies, and to call them to an Ac- 
 count for the Difturbance they had given Ibme of 
 their People in their Bever Hunting. The Five | 
 Nations have few or no Bever in their own Country, 
 and for that Reafon are obliged to hunt at a great 
 Diftance, which often occafions Dilputes with their 
 Neighbours about the Property of the Bever. The 
 Bever is the moft valuable Branch of the Indian 
 Trade, and as the Twihtwies carried their Severs to 
 the French^ the Englijh encouraged the Five Nations 
 in thefe Expeditions, and particularly, in the Begin- 
 mg of the Year 1687, made the Five Nations a 
 Prelent of a Barrel of Powder, when their whole 
 Force was preparing to go againft the Twihtwies. 
 
 The Enghjh were the better pleafed with this War, 
 becaufe they thought that it would divert the Five 
 Nations from the Virginia Indians : But the French 
 were refolved to fupport their Friends more effedu- 
 ally by a powerful Diverfion, and to chance the 
 Seat of the War. ° 
 
 For this Purpofe Mr. de Ncnville fent, in May 
 ^687, great Quantities of Provifioji to Cadarackui 
 1-ort, and gathered the whole Force of Canada to 
 Montreal. H\s Army confifted of fifteen hundred 
 Irench of the regular 'I'roops and Militia, and five 
 hundred Indians that lived near Montreal and ^ue- 
 likewife Orders to the CommanSnt 
 at MiJJUimakinak to afiemble all the Nations living 
 round bin’, and to march them to Oniagara., in or- 
 der to join the Forces of Qinada defigned againft 
 the h'enekas, and the other Officers polled a- 
 
 * Cal Jed I/itnris bv tht Fiends 
 
 mong 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, G?c. 73 
 
 mong the Indians Weftward had the like Or- Chap. 
 ders. . V. 
 
 The Tuoibtwies received the Hatchet with Joy Ui-v— ■ > 
 from the Hands of the French Officer. The Outa- 
 gamiesy Kikabous, and Mafkuticks^ who were not u- 
 fed to Canoes, were at firfk perfuadcd to join the 
 Twibiwies., who were to march by Land to Feuchfa- 
 grondiCy where there was a French Fort, at which 
 they were to be fupplied with Ammunition. But 
 after the French Officer left them, the Utagamies 
 and Majkuticks were dilTuaded by fome of the Ma- 
 hikander Indians, who happened to be with a neigh- 
 bouring Nation at that Time. 
 
 The Putewatemies, Malhominies, and Piians of- 
 fered themfelves willingly, and went to the Rendez- 
 vous at Miffdimakinak ; where they were received 
 by the Utaioawas with all the Marks of Honour u- 
 fually paid to Soldiers. Though the Utawawas had 
 no Inclination to the prefent Enterprize •, they could 
 not tell however how to appear againft it, otherwife 
 than by inventing what Delays they could, to pre- 
 vent their March. 
 
 In the mean while a Canoe arrived, which was 
 lent by Mr. de Nonville, with his Orders to the 
 Officers. This Canoe, in her Paflage, dilcovered 
 fome Engtijh, commandetl by Major Mac Gergofj, 
 in their Way to 'Teiodonderaghte. The Englif/s 
 thought (after they had an Account of the new Al- 
 liance their King had entered into with the French) 
 that the French would not difturb them in profecu- 
 ting a Trade with the Indians every where, and that 
 the Trade v/ouid be equally free end open to both 
 Nations. With thefe Hopes a conliderable Number 
 of Adventurers went out, under the Conduit of 
 Major Mac Gergory, to trade with the Indians that 
 lived on the Banks of the Lakes ; and that they 
 might be the more welcome, perfuadcd the Five 
 Nations to fet all the Dicnondadie Prifoners at Liber- 
 ty, who went along with the Enghflj, and conducted 
 
 them 
 

 :'t|''l ‘'j!- 
 
 n’.i 
 
 
 74 The History of the 
 
 Ch A p.ihem towards MiJJHimakinak^ or Tetodonderaghie ; but 
 V. the Englifh found themfelves miftaken, for the 
 ' French Commandant at 7eiodonderaghie, as foon as 
 he had Notice of this, fent three- hundred French to 
 intercept the Englijh. 
 
 * The Utawawns and Dionondadies having likewife 
 an Account of the Englijh^ defigned to fupport their 
 own Independency, and to incourage the Englijh 
 Trade. The return of the Dionondadie Prifoners 
 made that Nation very hearty in favouring the 
 Englifl\ they therefore marched immediately off, 
 with Defign to join Major M(tc Gergory ; but the 
 Utawawas were divided in their Inclinations, their 
 Chief, with about thirty more, joined the French, 
 the reft remained in ftifpence, and ftood neuter. 
 
 The Utawawas thus wavering, difconcerted the 
 Meafures of the Dionondadies, for they began to fuf- 
 pedt the Utawawas, and therefore immediately re- 
 turned to fecure their Wives and Children that 
 they had left near the French Fort with the Uta- 
 wawas. The Englijh and their EfFedts were feized 
 without any Oppofition, and were carried to the 
 French Fort at Teiodonderaghie. 
 
 The Englijh brought great Quantities of Rum 
 with them, (which the Indians love more than their 
 Lives) and the French being afraid, that if the Indi- 
 ans took to Drinking, they would grow ungovern- 
 able, did what they could to keep them from it. 
 They were moft concerned that the Putewatemies 
 (who had no Knowledge of the. EngliJh,ot of that be- 
 witching Liquor, and were firmly attached to the 
 French') fhould not tafte it. 
 
 ThzUlazvawas ftill contrived Delays to the March, 
 and having got feme of the Putewatemies privately 
 by themfelves, they offered them a Cag of Rum, 
 andfaid : “ We are all Brethren, we ought to make 
 
 * Hiftory de le Amerique Septentrionale, par Mr. de la Po- 
 terie. Tome ii. Cap. i6. 
 
 “ one 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, CSc. 75 
 
 “ one Body, and to have one Soul. The FrencbC-a av. 
 “ invite us to war againft the Five Nations^ with V. 
 
 “ Defign to make us Slaves, and that we Ihould 
 “ make ourfelves the Tools to elFed it. As foon 
 “ as they (hall have deftroyed the Five Nations, 
 
 “ they will no longer obferve any Meafures with us, 
 
 “ but ufe us like thofe Beafts they tie to their Ploughs. 
 
 “ Let us leave them to themfelves, and they will 
 “ never be able to accomplilh any Thing againft the 
 “ Five Nations'* 
 
 But the Putewatemies had entertained fuch Notions 
 of the French, as made them deaf to the Politicks of 
 the Utawawas. 
 
 The French however grew jealous of thefe Cabal- 
 lings, and therefore refolved to delay their March 
 no longer, and would not ftay one Day more for 
 the Utawawas, who defired only fo much Time to 
 pitch their Canoes, and went away without them. 
 
 Mr. Tonti, Commandant among the ChiSia^ 
 ghicks, met with another Party of the Englijh of a- 
 bout thirty Men, in Lake Erie, as he marched with 
 the Cbicktaghicks and 'Twihtwtes, and other neigh- 
 bouring Nations, to the general Rendezvous. He 
 fell upon the Englijh, plundered them, and took 
 them Prifoncrs. The French divided all the Mer- 
 chandize among the Injians, but kept the Rum to 
 themfelves, and got all drunk. The Deonondadie 
 Prilbners, that conduced the Englijh, joined with 
 the Mihikander Indians that were among Mr. Ton- 
 ti's Indians (who. had privately difiliaded about 
 twenty of the neighbouring Nations from going with 
 Tonti) and endeavoured to perluade all the Indians 
 to fall upon the French, while they were drunk, and 
 deftroy them ; faying, the French are a proud, im- 
 perious, covetous People, that fell their Goods at 
 an extravagant Price ; the Englijh are a good na- 
 tured honeft People, and will turnilh you with e- 
 very Thing at reafonable Rates. But thefe Argu- 
 ments were to no Purpofe, for thefe far Indians had 
 
 enter- 
 
7^ ’The History of the 
 
 Chap, entertained an extraordinary Opinion of the French 
 V. Power, and knew nothing of the Englijh. 
 
 The French and PuUwatemies being gone from 
 Teiodonderaghie, the Utaveawas began to be afraid of 
 the French Refentment, and therefore, the better 
 to keep up the Colour they had put on their Delays, 
 inarched over Land, with all poflible Expedition, to 
 the general Rendezvous near Oniagera, where all 
 the French Force, both Chriftians and Indians, was 
 to meet. 
 
 The Five Nations being informed of the French 
 Preparations, laid afide their Defign againft theTw/A- 
 tviies, and prepared to give the French a warm Re- 
 ception. Upon this the Prieft at Onondaga left 
 them, but the Prieft at Oneydo had the Courage to 
 Senekas came to Albany to provide 
 Ammunition, and the Commiflioners made them a 
 Prefent of a confiderable Quantity of Powder and 
 Lead, befides what they purchafed. They were 
 under a great deal of Concern when they took Leave 
 of the Commiftioners, and faid, “ Since we are to 
 “ expedt no other Alhftance from our Brethren, 
 “ we muft recommend our Wives and Children to 
 you, who will fly to you, if any Misfortune fliall 
 happen to us. It may be we fhall never fee you 
 “ again ; for we are refolved to behave fo, as our 
 Brethren fhall have no Reafbn to be afhamed of 
 “ us.” 
 
 ' We muft now return to Monfieur de Nonvilkh 
 Army, 
 
 Monfieur Camfagnie marched eight or ten Days 
 before the reft of the Army, with between two and 
 three hundred Cannadians. As fbon as they arrived 
 TitCadarackui, they furprifed two Villages of the 
 hive Nations, that were fettled about eight Leagues 
 from that Place, to prevent their giving any Intelli- 
 gence to their own Nation of the French Preparati- 
 ons, or of the State of their Army, as it was fup- 
 pofed they did in the laft Expedition under Mon- 
 
 fteur 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 77 
 
 fieur de la Barre. Thefe People were furprifed when Chap. 
 they leaft expefted it, and by them from whom V- 
 they feared no Harm, becaule they had fettled there ^ 
 at the Invitation, and on the Faith of the French. 
 
 They were carried in cold Blood to the P'ort, and 
 tied to Stakes, to be tormented by the French Indi- 
 ans., (Chriftians, as they call them) while they con- 
 tinued finging in their country Manner, and up- 
 braiding the French with their Perfidy and Ingrati- 
 tude. 
 
 While Monfitm deNonville was at Cadarackm Fort, 
 he had an Account, that the Chicktaghicks and 
 Fwihtwies waited for the ^latoghies and Utawawas 
 at * Lake St. Clair., with whom they defigned to 
 march to the general Rendezvous, at the Mouth of 
 the Senekas River. For this Expedition was chiefly 
 defigned againft the Senekas, who had abfolutely 
 refufed to meet Monfieur de la Barre, and were moft 
 firntly attached to the Englijh. 1 he Senekas, for 
 this Reafon, xvere defigned to be made Examples of 
 the French Refentment to all the other Nations of 
 Indians. 
 
 The Mefienger having afllired the General, that 
 it was Time to depart, in order to meet with the 
 weftern Indians, that came to his Afliftance, he fet 
 out the twenty-third of June, and fent one Part of 
 his Army in Canoes, along the North Shore of the 
 l.ake, while he, with the other Part, pafled along 
 the South, that no Accidents of Wind might pre- 
 vent the one or the other reaching, within the Time 
 appointed, at the Place the Indians were to meet 
 him. It happened, by reafon of the good Weather, 
 that both arrived on the fame Day, and joined the 
 weftern Indians at Trondequat, As foon as the Men 
 were put on Shore, they hawled up the Canoes, 
 and began a Fort, where four hundred Men were 
 left to guard the Canoes, and the Baggage. Here a 
 
 • In the Straights b;tween Lake Erie and ^ato^hie Lake. 
 
 ^oung 
 
78 The History of the 
 
 Ch A p. young Cannadian was (hot to Death, as a Deferter? 
 
 , _ • conducfling the Englijh into the Lakes, though 
 the two Nations were not only at Peace, but their 
 Kings in ftriAer Friendlhip than ufual. But this 
 Piece of Severity is not to be wondered at, when 
 this War was undertaken, chiefly to put a Stop to 
 the Englijh Trade, which now began to extend it- 
 lelf far into the Continent, and would in its Conle- 
 (}uence ruin theirs. The next Day the Army began 
 to march tpwards the chief Village of the Senekas. 
 which was only feven Leagues diftant, every Man 
 ^trying ten Bilkets for his Provifion. The Indian 
 Traders made the Van with Part of the Indians, the 
 wher Part marched in, the Rear, while the regular 
 Troops and Militia compofed the main Body. The 
 ^my marched four Leagues the firft Day without 
 difcovenng any Thing j the next Day the Scouts ad- 
 vanced before the Army, as far as the Corn of the 
 Villages, _ without feeing any Body, though they 
 lafled within Piftol-fhot of five-hundred Senekas, 
 that lay on their Bellies, and let them pafs and repafs 
 Without difturbing them. ^ 
 
 On the Report which they made, the French haft- 
 med their March, in hopes to overtake the Women, 
 Children, and old Men ; for they no longer doubt- 
 ed of all being fled. But as foon as the French reach- 
 ed the Foot of a Hill, about a Quarter of a League 
 trom the Village, tht Senekas fuddenly raifed the 
 Warlhout, with a Difcharge of their Fire-arms. 
 
 his put the regular Troops, as well as the Militia, 
 into fuch a Fright, as they marched through the 
 Woods, that the Battalions immediately dTvided 
 and run to the Right and Left, and, in the Confu- 
 lion, fired upon one another. When the Senekas 
 perceived their Diforder they fell in among them 
 pell-mell, till the French Indians, more ufed to fuch 
 \\ay of fighti^, gathered together and repulfed 
 the Senekas. There were (according to the French 
 Accounts) a hundred Frenchmen, ten French Indians, 
 
 and 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, 79 
 
 and about fourfcore Scnekas killed, in tha Ren- C hap. 
 counter. ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Monlieur de NonviUe was fo difpirited with the v— v— ' 
 Fright that his Men had been put into, that his /»- 
 dians could not perfuade him to purfue. He halted 
 the remainder of that Day. The next Day he 
 marched on with Defign to burn^the Village, but 
 v/hen he came there, he found that the Senekas had 
 faved him the Trouble ; for they had laid all in 
 Afhes before they retired. Two old Men only were 
 found in the CafUe, who were cut into Pieces and 
 boiled to make Soup for the French Allies. The 
 French ftaid five or fix Days to deftroy their Com, 
 and then marched to two other Villages, at two or 
 three Leagues diftance. After they had performed 
 the like Exploits in thofe Places, they returned to the 
 Banks of the Lake. 
 
 Before the French left the Lakes, they built a 
 Fort of four Baftions at Oniagara^ on the South- fide 
 of the Straights, between Lake £nV and Cadarackui 
 Lake, and left a hundred Men, with eight Months 
 Provifions in it. But this Garifon was fo clofely 
 blocked up by the Five Nations^ that they all died 
 of Hunger, except feven or eight, who were acci- 
 dentally relieved by a Party of French Indians. 
 
 The weftern IndianSy when they parted from the 
 French General, made their Harangues, as ufual, in 
 which they told him, with what Pleafure they faw 
 a Fort fo well placed to favour their Defigns againft 
 the Five Nations., and that they relied on his never 
 finilhing the War, but with the Deftrudion of the 
 Five Nations, or forcing them to abandon their 
 Country. He aflured them, that he would aft with 
 fuch Vigour, that they would foon fee the Five Na- 
 tions driven into the Sea. 
 
 Fie fent a Detachment of Soldiers to Feiodonde- 
 raghie, and in his Return to Canada, which was by 
 the North Side of the Lake, he left a fufficient 
 
 Number 
 
8o 
 
 V 
 
 7he History of the 
 
 Number of Men, and a Quantity of Provifions, at 
 Cadarackui Fort. 
 
 The French having got nothing but dry Blows 
 by this Expedition, fent thirteen of the Indians, that 
 they furprifed at Cadarackui, to France, as I'rophies 
 of their Vidory, where they were put into the Gal- 
 leys, as Rebels to their King. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 Colonel Dongan’i Advice to the Indians. Adario’i 
 Enterprize, and Montreal Jacked by the 
 Five Nations. 
 
 ^ vr Bongcrn, who had the Indian Affairs very j 
 
 VI. much at Heart, met the Five Nations at Alba- ' 
 
 ' — ^ ry as foon as poflible after the French Expedition, 
 and fpoke to them on the fifth of Augujl, in the fol- 
 lowing Words, viz. 
 
 Brethren, 
 
 « I am very glad to fee you here in this Houfe, 
 
 « and am heartily glad that you have fuftained no | 
 “ greater Lofs by the French, though I believe it 
 “ was their Intention to deftroy you all, if they 
 “ could have furprifed you in your Caftles. 
 
 As fbon as I heard their Defign to war with 
 “ you, I gave you Notice, and came up hither my- i 
 
 “ felf, that I might be ready to give all the Affift- | 
 
 “ ance and Advice that fo fhort a Time would al- 
 “ low me. 
 
 I am now about fending a Gentleman to Eng- 
 « land, to the King, my Mafter, to let him know, 
 
 « that the French have invaded his Territories on 
 this Side of the great Lake, and warred upon the 
 “ Brethren his Subje<fts. I therefore would wil- 
 « lingly know, whether the Brethren have given 
 
 “ the 
 
Parti. Five Indian Nations, 8i 
 
 “ the Governor of Canada any Provocation or not ;Ch a p 
 “ and if they have, how, and in what Manner *, VI. 
 
 “ becaufe I am obliged to give a true Account of^^“''~“ 
 “ this Matter. This Bufincfs may caufe a War be* 
 
 “ tween tl^ King of England and the French King, 
 
 “ both in Europe and here, and therefore I muft 
 “ know the 7'ruth. 
 
 *• I know the Governor of Canada dare not enter 
 “ into the King of England’s Territories, in a hoftile 
 “ Manner, without Provocation, if he thought the 
 “ Brethren were the King of England’s Subjefts ; 
 
 “ but you have, two or three Years ago, made a 
 “ Covenant-chain with the French^ contrary to my 
 “ Command, (which I knew could not hold long) 
 
 “ being void of itfelf among the Chriftians ; for as 
 “ much as Subjeds (as you are) ought not to treat 
 
 with any foreign Nation, it not lying in your 
 “ Power, you have brought this Trouble on your 
 “ felves, and, as I believe, this is the only Reafon 
 “ of their falling on you at this Time. 
 
 “ Brethren, I took it very ill, that after you had 
 “ put yourfelves into the Number of the great King 
 “ of England's Subjeds, you fliould ever offer 
 “ to make Peace or War without my Confent. You 
 “ know that we can live without you, but you cannot 
 “ live without us. You never found that I told you 
 “ a Lye, and I offered you the Affiftance you wanted, 
 
 “ provided that you would be advifed by me ; for I 
 “ know the French better than any of you do. 
 
 “ Now fince there is a War begun upon you by 
 “ the Governor of Canada, I hope without any 
 “ Provocation by you given, I defire and command 
 “ you, that you hearken to no Treaty but by my 
 “ Advice ; which if you follow, you fhall have the 
 “ Benefit of the great Chain of Friendfhip between 
 “ the great King of England and the King of France, 
 
 “ which came out of England the other Day, and 
 “ which I have fent to Canada by Author^ le Junard, 
 
 In the mean Time, I will give you fuch Advice 
 
82 
 
 Ch A P. “ 
 
 ^he History of the 
 
 as will be for your good ; and will fupply you 
 
 VI. “ with fuch Neceffaries, as you will have Need 
 
 “ Birfi, My Advice is, as to what Prifoners of 
 “ the French you ftiall take, that y^)u draw not 
 “ their Blood, but bring them Home, and keep 
 “ them to exchange for your People, which they 
 “ have Prifoners already, or may take hereafter. 
 
 “ idly. That if it be poflible, that you can order 
 “ it fo, I would have you take one or two of your 
 
 “ wifeft Sachems, and one or two of your chief Cap- ' 
 
 “ tains, of each Nation, to be a Council to manage 
 “ all Affairs of the War. They to give Orders to . 
 “ the reft of the Officers what they are .to do, that 
 “ your Defigns may be kept private ; for after it 
 “ comes among fo many People, it is blazed abroad, ! 
 “ and your Defigns are often fruftrated ; and thofe j 
 
 “ chief Men fhould keep a Correfpondence with me j 
 “ by a trufty Meffenger. | 
 
 • “ ^dly. The great Matter under Confidera- ! 
 “ tion with the Brethren is, how to ftrengthen 
 “ themfelves, and weaken their Enemy. My Opi- 
 nion is, that the Brethren fhould fend Meflengers 
 “ to the Utawawas, Twihtvnes, and thz farther In- 
 “ dians, and to fend back likewife fome of the Pri- 
 “ foners of thefe Nations, if you have any left, to ; 
 “ bury the Hatchet, and to make a Covenant- chain, 
 
 “ that they may put away all the French that are 
 “ among them, and that you will open a Path for 
 “ them this Way, they being the King of England's 
 “ Subjedls likewife, tho’ the French have been ad- | 
 “ mitted to trade with them ; for all that the French 
 “ have in Canada, they had it of the great King of 
 “ England ; that by that Means they may cottie I 
 “ hither freely, where they may have every Thing . 
 “ cheaper than among the French : That you and I 
 
 “ they may Join together againft the French, and 
 “ make fo firm a League, that whoever is an Ene- 
 “ my to one, muft be to both. 
 
 2 
 
 4thly, Ano- j 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c. 83 
 
 “ 4/^/y, Another Thing of Concern is, that you Chap. 
 “ ought to do what you can to open a Path for all VI. 
 
 the North Tndtans and Mahikanders^ that are a- 
 “ mong the Utawawas and further Nations : I will 
 “ endeavour to do the fame to bring them Home ; 
 
 “ for, they not daring to return Home your Way, 
 the French keep them there on purpofe to join 
 “ with the other Nations againft you, for your De- 
 “ ftru( 5 lion ; for you know, that one of them is 
 “ worfe than fix of the others ; therefore all Means 
 “ muft be ufed to bring them Home, and ufe theih 
 kindly as they pafs through your Country. '* 
 
 5/^^, My Advice further is, that Meflengers 
 “ go, in behalf of all the Five Nations, to the Chrif- 
 tian Indians at Canada, to perfuade them to come 
 “ Home to their native Country. This will be an- 
 “ other great Means to weaken your Enemy ; but 
 if they will not be advifed, you know what to do 
 “ with them. 
 
 ‘‘ tthly, I think it very neceflary, for the Brethren’s 
 Security and Afliftance, and to the endamaging the 
 “ French, to build a Fort upon the Lake, where I 
 may keep Stores and Provifions, in Cafe of Ne- 
 “ ceflity ; and therefore I would have the Brethren 
 let me know what Place will be moft convenient 
 “ for it. 
 
 “ ythly, I would not have the Brethren keep 
 their Corn in their Caftles, as I hear the Onon~ 
 
 “ dagas do, but bury it a great Way in the 
 “ Woods, where few People may know where it 
 “ is, for fear offuch an Accident as has happened to 
 “ the Senekas. 
 
 “ ^thly, I have given my Advice in your General 
 ‘‘ Affembly by Mr. Dirk Weffels, and Akas the In- 
 “ terpreter, how you are to manage your Parties, 
 and how neceflliry it is to get Prifbners, to ex- 
 “ change for your own Men that are Prifbners with 
 “ the French ; and I am glad to hear that the Bre- 
 “ thren are fo united, as Mr. Dirk mjfels tells me 
 
 ^ 2 you 
 
$4 ^I'be History of the 
 
 C H A p. “ you are, and that there are no rotten Members 
 VI. “ nor French Spies among you. 
 
 “ ^thly. The Brethren may remember my Ad- 
 “ vice, which I Tent you this Spring, not to go to 
 “ Cadarackui ; if you had, they would have ferved 
 “ you as they did your People that came from hunt- 
 “ ing thither •, for 1 told you then, that I knew the 
 “ French better than you did. 
 
 “ \othly\ There was no Advice or Propofition 
 “ that I made to the Brethren, all the Time that the 
 “ Prieft lived at Onondaga, but what he wrote to 
 “ to Canada, as I found by one of his Letters, which 
 “ he gave to an Indian to carry to Canada, but which 
 “ was brought hither; therefore I defire the Brethren 
 “ not to receive him or any French Priejl any more, 
 
 “ having fent for Englijlo Priejls, with whom you 
 “ may be fupplied to your Content. 
 
 “ii/M', I would have the Brethren look out 
 “ fharp, for Fear of being furprized. I believe all 
 the Strength of the French will be at their Fron- 
 “ tier Places, viz. at Cadarackui and Oniagara, 
 
 “ where they have built a Fort now, and at Froies Ri- 
 “ vieres, Montreal, and Chambly. 
 
 “ i2thly. Let me put you in Mind again, not to 
 “ make any Treaties without my Means, which will 
 “ be more advantageous for you, than your doing I 
 “ it by yourfelves, for then you will be looked upon 
 “ as the King of England’s Subje<5ls, and let me know, 
 
 “ from Time to Time, every Thing that is done. 
 
 “ Thus far I have fooken to you relating to the 
 “ War. 
 
 Then he chid them for their Breach of Faith with 
 Virginia. He told them, that he was informed, that 
 laft Spring they had killed a fine Gentleman, with 
 fome others ; and that a Party of the Oneydoes was 
 now there at the Head of Fames River, with Inten- 
 tion to deftroy all the Indians thereabout. They 
 had taken fix Prifoners, whom he ordered them to 
 bring to him, to be reftored ; and that for the fu- 
 ture 
 
Part I Five Imdian Nations, &c. 85 
 
 ture they fhould defift from doing any Injury to theCn a p. 
 People of Virginia^ or their Indians, otherwife all VI. 
 the Engli/h would unite to deftroy them. But at the'‘"*V“^ 
 fame time he freed the Stnekas from any Blame, 
 and commended them as a brave and honeft People, 
 who never had done any Thing contrary to his Or- 
 ders, except in making that unlucky Peace with the 
 French, three Years ago. 
 
 Lajily, He recommended to them, not to fufFer 
 their People to be drunk during the War : A Sol- 
 dier thereby (he faid) lofes his Reputation, becaufe 
 of the Advantages it will give the Enemy over 
 him. 
 
 This honeft Gentleman earneftly purfued the In- 
 tereft of his Country; but it feems his Meafures were 
 not agreeable to thofe his Mafter had taken with 
 the French King ; for he had Orders to procure a 
 Peace for the French on their own Terms, and was 
 foon after this removed from his Government. In- 
 deed fuch an aftive, as well as prudent Governor 
 of New-7ork, could not be acceptable to the French, 
 who had the univerfal Monarchy in View, in yime- 
 rica as well as in Europe. 
 
 The great Difpute between Coll. Dtmgan and the 
 French was in this, that Coll. Dungan would force 
 the French to apply to him, in all Affairs relating to 
 the Five Nations, and the French would treat with 
 them independently of xhe EnglifiK For this Reafon 
 Coll. Dungan refufed any Aftiftance to the French, 
 till they, by fuch Application, fhould acknowledge 
 the Dependance of the Five Nations on the Crown 
 of England. But King James ordered him to give up 
 this Point v and that he fhould perfuade the Five 
 Nations to fend to Canada, to receive Propofals from 
 the French Governor-, and for this Purpofe, forced 
 them to agree to a Ceffation of Arms, till their De- 
 puties fhould go and return from Canada ; and that 
 they fhould, in the mean Time, deliver up all the 
 Prifoners they had taken from the French-, and that 
 
 G 3 no 
 
86 The History of teb 
 
 Chap, no Accident might prevent this, and blaft fo fa- 
 VI. vourable an Opportunity of making Peace to the , 
 beft Advantage, Monfr. De Nonville fent his Orders 
 to all his Officers in the Indian Countries, to obferve 
 a CefTation of Arms, till the Ambaflador of the Five 
 Nations fhould meet him at Montreal, as they had 
 given him Reafon to expefl they would in a little . 
 Time, to conclude the Peace in the ufual Form. 
 
 In the mean Time, Adario, the Chief of the 
 Deonondadies, finding that his Nation was become 
 fufpedted by the French, fince the Time they had 
 Ihewrr fo much Inclination to the Englijh, when they 
 attempted to trade at Mijfilimakinak, refolved, by 
 fome notable Aftion againft the Five Nations, to re- 
 cover the good Graces of the French. 
 
 For this Purpofe, he marched from Miffilimakinak, 
 at the Head of a Hundred Men ; and that he might 
 aift with the more Security, he took Cadarackui Fort 
 in his Way for Intelligence : The Commandant in- 
 formed him, that Monfr. De Nonville was in Hopes 
 of concluding a Peace with the Five Nations, and 
 expeded their Ambafladors in eight or ten Days at 
 Montreal for that Purpofe, and therefore defired 
 him to return to Miffilimakinak, without attempting 
 any Thing that might obftrud: fb good a Defign. 
 
 The Indian being furprifed with this News, was ' 
 under great Concern for his Nation, which he was | 
 nfraid would be facrificed to the Fre^tch Intereft, but 
 diflembled his Concern before the French Officer. 
 
 He went from Cadarackui, not to return home as the 
 Commandant thought, but to wait for the Ambaf- I 
 ' fadors of the Five Nations, near one of the Falls of 
 Cadarackui River, by which he knew they muft pafs. 
 
 He did not lurk there above four or five Days, be- 
 fore the Deputies came guarded by forty young Sol- 
 diers, who were all furprifed, and killed or taken | 
 Prifoners. As foon as the Prifbners were all fecured, i 
 the cunning Deonondadi told them, “ That he 
 “ having been informed, by the Governor of Canada, 
 
 “ that 
 
Part I. Five Ijjdian Nations, &c. 
 
 “ that fifty Warriors of their Nation were to pafsCn 
 “ this Way about this Time, he had fecured this ^ 
 \ “ Pafs, not doubting of intercepting them. 
 
 The AmbafTadors being much furprifed at the 
 French Perfidy, told Adario the Defign of their Jour- 
 ney, who, the better to play his Part, feemed to 
 grow mad and furious, declaring againft Monfr. 
 
 De NonvillCf and faid he would, fome time or other, 
 be revenged of him, for making a Tool of him, to 
 commit fuch horrid Treachery. Then looking ftedfaft- 
 ly on the Prifoners (among whom Bekanefora was the 
 principal Ambaflador ) Adario faid to them. Go, my 
 Brethren,! unty your Bonds, and fend you home again, 
 tho’ our Nations be at War : The French Governoi; 
 has made me commit fo black an A6lion, that I fhall 
 never be eafy after it, till the Five Nations (hall have 
 taken full Revenge. 
 
 This was fulficient to perfuade the Amb.afTadors of 
 the Truth of what he faid, who aflured him, that 
 he and his Nat'ion might make their Peace when they 
 pleafed. Adario loft only one Man on this Occafion, 
 and would keep a Satana Priloner (adopted into the; 
 Five Nations) to fill up his Place. Then he gave 
 Arms, Powder and Ball to the reft of the Prifoners, 
 to enable them to return. 
 
 The AmbafTadors were chiefly, if not all, Onon- 
 dagasy and Oneydoes^ who had been long under the 
 Influence of the Priefts^ and ftill retained an 
 
 Affedion to them i but this Adventure thoroughly 
 changed their Thought?, and irritated them fo 
 heartily againft the French, that all the Five Nations 
 profecuted the War unanimoufly. 
 
 delivered the Slave (his Prifoner) to the 
 French at Mifftlmakinak, who to keep up the Enmi- 
 ty between the Deonondadies and the Five Nations, 
 ordered him to be (hot to Death. Adario called one 
 of the Five Nations, who had been long a Prifoner, 
 to be an Eye Witnefs of his Countryman’s Death,' 
 then bid him make his Efcape to his own Country, 
 
 G 4 to 
 
The Histort of the 
 
 to give an Account of the french Cruelty, from which 
 It was not in his Power to fave a Prifoner, he him- 
 lelf had taken. 
 
 the Rage of tht five Nations (o, 
 that Monfr. De Nonvtlle’s fending to difown JJario 
 
 R "o EfFed upon them ; their 
 
 Breafts admitted of no Thoughts but that of Re- 
 
 before the French felt the 
 bloody Eftcls of this cruel Pafllon, for 1200 Men 
 of the fwe Nations invaded the Ifland of Montreal 
 w en the had no Sufpicion of any fuch At- 
 
 tempt, while Mon fr. De Nonville and his Lady were 
 m that Town They landed on the South Le of 
 the liland, at La Chine, on the 26th of July 1688 
 
 Plan^tations, 
 
 ChllZn' '‘xl" I" Women, and 
 
 of rll t‘ Apprehenfion 
 
 of the Town s being attack’d, for which Reafon,they 
 
 durlt not lend out any confiderable Party to the Re- 
 
 hef of the Country, only once, when the Indians had 
 
 blocked up two torts, Monfr. De Nonville ftM out 
 
 ofF ^ to try to bring 
 
 ofF the Men in thofe Forts. The French of this 
 Party were all either taken or cut to Pieces, except 
 one Soldier, and the commanding Officer, who, af- 
 ter hehad his Thighs broke, was carried off by 
 twelve Indians that rnade their Efcape. There were 
 above a Tho^jland of the French killed at this Time 
 and twenty-fix were carried away Prifoners, the great- 
 eft Part of which were burnt alive. The Fivf Na- 
 only loft three Men on this Expedition, that 
 got drunk and were left behind. This, however 
 ffid not fatiate their Thirft after Blood, for, in Oaober 
 
 bkewife all the lower Part 
 of iffie Ifiand, and earned away many Prifoners. 
 
 The Confequence of thefe Expeditions were very 
 difmal to the french, for they were forced to burii 
 their two Barks, which they had on Cadarackui Lake, 
 and to abandon their Fort there j they defigned to 
 
 ^ have 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, G?c. 8g 
 
 have blown up their Works, when they left that Ch a p« 
 Place ; and for that End left a lighted Match where VI. 
 the Powder lay, but were in Inch a Fright, that 
 they durft not ftay to fee what Effeft it had. They 
 went down Cado.rackui River in feven Birch Canoes j 
 and for greater Security, travelled in the Night. 
 
 One of the Canoes, with all the Men in it, were loft, 
 by their Precipitation, as they paflcd one of the Falls 
 in that River. The Five Nations hearing the French 
 had deferted Cadarackui Fort, fifty Indians went and 
 took Pofleffion of it, who found the Match the 
 French had left, which had gone out, and twenty 
 eight Barrels of Powder in the fame Place, together 
 with feveral other Stores. 
 
 The News of the Succefs the Five Nations had 
 over the French foon fpread itfelf among all the Indi- 
 ans, and put the French Affairs every where into the 
 greateft Diforder. 
 
 The Utawawas had always ftiewn an Inclination 
 to the Englijh, and they therefore immediately fent 
 openly four Sachems, with three Prifoners of the 
 Senekas, which they had, to affure them, that they 
 would for ever renounce all Friendfhip with the 
 French, and promiied to reftore the reft of the 
 Prifoners. They alfo included feven Nations, that 
 lived near M’ffiHmakinak, in this Peace. 
 
 This put the French Commandant there under the 
 greateft Difficulty to maintain his Poft ; but there 
 was no Choice, he muft ftand his Ground, for the 
 Five Nations had cut off all Hopes of retiring. 
 
 The Nepairinians zndKikabous, of all their nume- 
 rous Allies, only remained firm to the French ; eve- 
 ry one of the others endeavoured to gain the Friend- 
 fhip of the Five Nations *, and would certainly have 
 done it, by murdering all the French among them, 
 had not the Sieur Perot, with wonderful Sagacity 
 and eminent Hazard to his own Perfon, diverted 
 them. 
 
 Canada 
 
V 
 
 90 Hhe History of the G?c, 
 
 G H A P. Canada was now in a moft miferable Condition, 
 VI. for while the greateft Number of their Men had 
 '■'V— ' been employed in the Expedition againft the Five 
 Nations, and in trading among the far Nations, and 
 making new Difcoyeries and Settlements, Tillage 
 and Huftandry had been negleded and they Idl 
 feveral Thoulands of their Inhabitants, by the conti- 
 nual Incurfions of fmall Parties, fo that none durft 
 hazard themfelves out of fortified Places ; indeed, it 
 IS hard to conceive what Diftrel-s the hncnch were 
 then under, for tho’ they were every where almoft 
 ftarving, they could not plant nor fow, or go from 
 one Village to another for Relief, but with imminent 
 Danger of having their Scalps carried away by the 
 fculking Indians', at laft the whole Country being 
 laid wafte. Famine began to rage, and was like to 
 have put a miferable End to that Colony. r 
 
 If the Indians had underftood the Method of at- i 
 tacking Forts, nothing could have preferved the i 
 French from an entire Deftrudtion at this Time ; for 
 whoever confiders theStateof the^Indian Affairsduring I 
 this Period, how the Fve Nations were divided in i 
 their Sentiments and Meafures; thzt tht Onondagas, I 
 Cayugas, anci Oneydoes, under the Influence of the 
 French Jefiiites, were diverted from profecuting the 
 War againft Canada, by the Jefuites cunningly fpi- 
 riting up thofe three Nations againft the Virginia 
 Itidians, and perfuading them to lend out their Par- 
 ties that Way : That the Senekas had a War at the 
 fame Time upon their Hands with three numerous 
 Indian Nations, the Utawawas, Chicktaghicks, and 
 Fwihfwies', and that the Meafures the Englijh ob- 
 ferved all King James’s, Reign, gave the Indians i 
 rather Grounds of Jealoufy than Afliftance : I fay, | 
 
 whoever confiders all thefe Things, and what the ■ 
 Five Nations did acftually perform, under all thefe Dif- ^ 
 
 advantages againft the French, will hardly doubt, i 
 that the Five Nations by themlelves were at that 
 Time an Overmatch for the French of Canada. 
 
 THE 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 FIVE Indian NATIONS 
 
 dependent 
 
 On the Province of NEW-YORK. 
 PART II. 
 
 G 5 
 
 

THE 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 To the Sec OND Part, 
 
 r H E former Part of this hlijiory was "written at Net(F- 
 Yorl^ in the Tear 1727, on Occajion of a DiJ^ute which 
 then happened^ between the Government of New- York and 
 fome Merchants. 'The French of Canada had the whole Fur 
 T rade with the Weftern Indians in their Handsy and were 
 fkpplied with their woollen Goods from New-York. Mr. Bur- 
 net, who. took more Pains to be informed of the Interejt of the 
 People he was fet over^ and of making them ufeful to their 
 Mother Countryy than Plantation Governors ufualfy do, took the 
 Trouble of peruftng all the Regifters of the Indizn Affairs on this 
 Ofcafiop. He from thence conceived of what Confequence theFur 
 Trade with the Weftern Indians was of to Great-Britain ; 
 that as the Englifh had the Fur Trade to Hudfon’s Bay given 
 up to them, by the Treaty of Utrecht, fo, by the Advantages 
 which the Province of New-York has in its Situation, they 
 might be able to draw the whole Fur Trade in the other 
 Parts of America to tbeinfelves, and thei'eby the Englifh en- 
 grofs that Trade, and the Manufadlories depending on it. 
 
 par this Purpofe he thought it necejjary to put a Stop to 
 the Trade between New-York and Canada, by which the 
 French fupplied themfclves with the mojl valuable and ne- 
 ceffary Commodities for the Indian Market, and to fet the ln~ 
 habitants of this Province on trading direSlly with the Indians. 
 Bejides the Conjideration of Profit and Gain, he conjidered what 
 Influence this Trade bad on the numerous Nations of Indians 
 living on the vaft Continent of North-Araerica, and who fur~ 
 round the Britifti Colonies \ of what Advantage it might be of, 
 if th^ were influenced by the Knglifh in Cafe of a War with 
 France j and how prejudicial, on the other Hand, if they were 
 diredled by French Counfels. 
 
 The Legiflature of New-York was foon convinced of the 
 Juflnefs of his Reafoning, and pafj'ed an , 451 , prohibiting the 
 P A R T II. Trade 
 
IV 
 
 7 he Preface to the Second Part.’ 
 
 Trade to Canada, and for encouraging the Trade dire5lly <witb 
 the Indians. They were likewife at the Charge of building a 
 fortified trading Houfe at Ofwcgo, on Cadarackui Lake, and 
 have ever fmce maintained a Garifon there. As this A£l did 
 in its Confequence take a large Profit from one or two con- 
 fiderable Merchants., who had the Trade to Canada intirely in 
 their Hands., th^ endeavoured to raife a Clamour againfl it in 
 the Province, and prejented likewife Petitions to the King in 
 Order to get the A£t repealed. Upon this Occafion A/r Bur- 
 net gave me the Perufal of the Publick Regifter of Indian Af- f 
 fairs, and it was thought the Publication of the Hifiory of the 
 Five Nations might be of Uje at that Time. 
 
 I Jhall only add, that Mr. BurnetV Scheme has had its deft- 
 red Effebl : The Englifli have gained the Trade which the 
 French, before that, had with the Indians to the Wefiward of 
 New- York ; and whereas, before that Time, a very inconfide- 
 rable humber of Men were employed in the Indian Trade A- 
 hroad, now above three hundred Men are employed at the Tra- 
 ding Houfe at Ofwego alone ; and the Indian Trade has fmce 
 tk:.t Time yearly incrcafed fo far, that feveral Indian Nations 
 come now every Summer to trade there, whofe Names were not 
 fo much as known by the Engliih before. 
 
 This Hifiory, from New- York, foon went to England, and 
 I have been informed, that a Publication, with a Continuance 
 of that Work, would be acceptable there. I have the more 
 chearfully complied with this Notice, becaufe of the War threat- 
 ened from France, believing that a Publication of this Kind 
 may be ufeful, whether the prefent Inquietudes between the two 
 Nations end in a War or in a Treaty. The French have en- 
 couraged fiveral Publications of this Sort at Paris, and cer- 
 tainly fuch may be more ufeful in a Britilh Government, where 
 the People have fo great a Share in it, than it can \e in a 
 French Government, intirely direbled by the Will of their Prince. 
 
 I now continue this Hifiory to the Peace of Refwick, and if I 
 fitid this acceptable, and that a farther Continuation of it be 
 defined, I fhall, if my Life and Health be preferved, carry it 
 down farther ; but as I have too much Reafon to doubt im own 
 Ability, to give that Pleafure and Satisfablion which the Pub- 
 lick may expebi in Things thus fubmitted to their View, 1 think \ 
 It not jufiifiable to trouble them with too much at once! 
 
 % 
 
 THE 
 
( 
 
 .t fc.fl .h,:. n. -1 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 Five /iV^D/^iV Nations, 
 
 DEPENDING 
 
 On the Province of NEW*TORK» 
 
 PART II. 
 
 The Hijlory of the Five Indian Nations of Ca- 
 nada, from the Time of the Revolution to the 
 Peace g/'Refwick. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 The State of Affairs in New-York and Canada, 
 at the Time of the Revolution in Great- 
 Britain. 
 
 W E left the Five Nations triumphing over Chap. 
 
 the French in Canada^ and they almoft re- ^ 
 
 duced to Defpair. The Revolution, which ’ — ' 
 happened at this Time in England, feemed to be a 
 favourable Conjundtion for the Five Nations ; the 
 Englijh Colonies, by the War at that Time declared 
 
 againft 
 
92 TheHnroKY of the 
 
 CH AP.againft France, becoming Parties in their Quarrel • 
 hor one will be ready to think, that the //w Nati- 
 ons being by themfelves too powerful for the French 
 as appears by the preceding Chapter, when thefe 
 were alMed by the Utawaxvas, ^atcghies, Twih- 
 twteSy ChtEiagbicks, Pulewaiemies, and all the JVer~ 
 tern Indian Nations, and when the EngUJh flood 
 neuter ; now certainly, when not only all thefe In- 
 ^an Nations had mad& Peace with the Five Nations 
 the Englijh joined with them in the War the 
 French wodd not be able to fland one Campaign 
 But we lhall find what a Turn Affairs toik, con- 
 trary to all reafonable Expedlations, from the gene- 
 ral Appearance of Things, and of what Importance 
 a refolute wife Governor is to the well-beiL of a 
 Peopl^ and how prejudicial Divificns and Parties 
 ar^ bor this Reafon, it will be neceflary to take 
 a View of the Publick Affairs in the Province of 
 
 at that Time, in order 
 to underftand the true Qufes of the Alterati- 
 afterwards happened in Favour of the 
 
 The Revolution occafioned as great Divifions and 
 
 tn f hfli" New-Tork, in Proportion 
 
 to the Number of People, as it did in Britain, if not 
 
 greater. ‘ The Governor and ail the Officers either 
 fled or abfconded ; the Gentlemen of the King’s 
 Council, and fome of the moft confiderable or rich- 
 tbn either out of Love, or what they 
 
 thought Duty, to King or rather from an 
 
 Opmion they had that tht Prince of Orange conld 
 not fucceed, refufed to join in the Declaration the 
 reople made in favour of that Prince, and fuffered 
 the Adminiflration to fall into different Hands, who 
 were more_ zealous for the Proteflant Interefl, and 
 who were joined by the far greatefl Number of the 
 Inhabitants. After the Revolution was eflabtifhcd 
 they that had appeared fo warmly for it, thought that 
 
 they 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 93 
 
 they deferved beft of the Government, and ex- Chap. 
 peeled to be continued in the Publick Offices ; the I- 
 others were zealous to recover the Authority they Vi^'V^ 
 had loft, and ufed the moft perfuafive Means with 
 the Governors for that Purpofe, while the former 
 trufted to their Merit. This begat great Animofi- 
 ties, which continued many Years. Each Party, 
 as they were at different Times favoured by feveral 
 Governors, oppofed all the Meafures taken by the 
 other, while each of them were by Turns in Credit 
 with the People or the Governor, and fometimes e- 
 ven profecuted each other to Death. The publick 
 Meafures were by thefe Means perpetually fluftuating, 
 and often one Day contradiflory to what they were 
 the Day before. The fucceeding Governors, find- 
 ing their private Account in favouring fometimes 
 the one Party, and at other Times the other, kept 
 up the Animpfities all King William's Reign, though 
 very much to the publick Prejudice ; for each Party 
 was this while fo eager in refenting private Injuries, 
 that they intirely neglefled the publick Good. 
 
 The Conftitution of Government in the Englijh 
 Plantations^ where the Governors have no Salary, 
 but what they can attain with the Confent of the 
 Affemblies or Reprefentatives of the People, gave 
 Occafion to imprudent Governors to fall upon thefe 
 Expedients, as they fometimes call them, for get- 
 ting of Money. And a prevailing Faftion, knowing 
 for what Purpole the Governments in America were 
 chiefly defired by the Englijh Gentlemen, ufed tnis 
 great Privilege to tempt a Governor to be the Head 
 of a Party, when he ought to have been the Head 
 of the Government. Indeed New-Tork has had the 
 Misfortune, too frequently, to be under fuch as 
 could not keep their Paffion for Money fecret, 
 though none found it fo profitable a Government, 
 as they did who followed ftriiftly the true Maxims 
 of governing, without making Money the only Rule 
 of their Aiftions. 
 
94 
 
 Ch A P 
 
 I. 
 
 HisTQRy the 
 
 ' frequent CLinges of Governors were likewifc 
 ppejudiad to the publick Affairs. Colonel SlauZ 
 the firft Governor after the Revolution, hap- 
 ,pened to die foon after his Arrival, when fteady 
 
 R I-T T ‘^f^hires, were moft nece/Tary! 
 
 But fqme think, that the Occa/ion of all the Mis 
 fortunes lay m the Want of Care in the Choice S 
 .Governors, when the Affairs of America wanted a- 
 We Hands to manage them; they think that the 
 Mmftry had the faving of Money chiefly in View 
 when, to gratify fome fmall SeJvices, they nave 
 Employments m America to thofe that were no? ca- 
 _pable of much meaner Offices at Home. The O 
 pmion the People had of Colonel Slaughter^^ Capacii 
 ._ty gave ground to thefe Surmifes ; but, if it was fo 
 
 It happened to be very iU faved Money for (fie 
 Mifmanagements in this Country occafioned far 
 
 Crown afterwards, than 
 h7^ fuch Gentlemen handfome E- 
 
 The greateft Number of ihe Inhabitants of the 
 Prince of Afe-rerf being D,ui. ftill retained a, 
 Affedtion to their Mother Country, and by thei 
 Averin to the weakened the Admihiftrati- 
 
 Da/cii, could not forbear giving the Indians fome ill 
 Impreffipns of the Lngiijh ; for the Mohawks, In 
 one of tneir pubhck Speeches, expreffed themfelves 
 thus : “ We hear a Dutch Prince feigns now TeZ 
 land,^ why do you fuffer the Soldiers fo 
 
 the Town. When the Dutch held ?his Country 
 « long ago, we lay in their Houfes ; but the S 
 ^ h/h have always made us lie without Doors.” ft 
 K true, that the Plantations were firft fettled by the 
 
 thf and fuch as^ hL 
 
 the leaft Senfe of any Honour. The Dutch firft 
 
 Settlers, many of them I may fay, had nont of foe 
 
 Virtues 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Virtues of their Countrymen, except their InduftryCn 
 in getting Money, and they facrificed every Thing, I 
 other People think honourable or moft facred, to 
 their Gain : But I do not think it proper to give 
 
 particular Inftances of this. 
 
 The People of New- England were engaged in a 
 bloody War at this Time with the OwenagungaSj 
 Ouragies^ and Pcnacoks^ the Indians that lie between 
 them and the French Settlements. The Scahkooks 
 were originally Part of thefe Indians. They left 
 their Country about the Year 1672, and fettled a- 
 bove Albany^ on the Branch of Hudfon^s River that 
 runs towards Canada, The People of New-Eng-- 
 land were jealous of the Scahkook Indians^ that they 
 remembering the old Difference they had with the 
 People of New England., and the Relation they bore 
 to the Eafiern Indians^ did countenance and affift 
 thefe Indians in the War againft New England. They 
 had Reafon for thefe Jealoufies, for the Scahkook In- 
 dians received privately fome Owoiagunga Meflen- 
 gers, and kept their coming among them fecrefc 
 from the People of Albany *, and fome Scahkooks had 
 gone privately to the Owenagungas. They were a- 
 fraid likewife, that the Mohawks might have fome 
 Inclination to favour thofe Indians,, becaufe fome of 
 the Eafiern Indians had fled to the Mokflwks,, and 
 were kindly received by them, and lived among 
 them. 
 
 Notwithftanding all thefe Failures of good Po- 
 licy, in the Government of New-York, the Fre 7 uh 
 had not gained fo great Advantages, if they had not 
 carefully obferved a different Condudl, which it is 
 now neceflary to confider. 
 
 Canada was at this Time in a very diftreflfed Con- 
 dition, the Country and out Plantations burnt and 
 deflroyed, their Trade intirely at a (land, gr€at 
 Numbers of their People flain, and the remainder 
 in danger of perifliing by Famine, as well as by the 
 Sword of inveterate cruel Encniics. When fuch 
 
 Misfor- 
 
ne History of the 
 
 P. Misfortunes happen to a Country, under any Ad- 
 miniftration, though in Truth the Condud: of Af- 
 fairs be not to be blamed, it is often prudent to 
 change the Minifters ; for the common People never 
 fail to blame them, notwithftandir.g their having 
 aded with the greateft Wifdom, and therefore can- 
 not fo foon recover their Spirits, that are funk by 
 Misfortunes, as by putting their Affairs into different 
 Hands. 
 
 For thefe Reafons, it is probable, the French 
 King recalled Mr. de NonvHle, hut rewarded him for i 
 his Services, by an honourable Employment in the ! 
 Houfhold. The Count de Frontenac was fent in 
 his Place. 1 his Gentleman had been formerly Go- 
 vernor of that Country, and was perfedlly acquaint- 
 ed ^*th its Intereft ; of a Temper of Mind fitted to 
 fuch defperate Times, of undaunted Courage, and 
 indefatigable, though in the fixty-eighth Year of his 
 Age. The Count de Frontenac arrived the fecond of 
 October \ The Country immediately received 
 new Life by the Arrival of a Perfbn, of whole 
 Courage and Conduifl every one had entertained a 
 high Opinion. Care was taken to increafe this Im- 
 preffion on_ the Minds of the People, by making 
 pubhek Rejoicings with as much Noife as poffible 
 He wifely improved this new Life, by immediately, 
 entering upon A6tion, without fuffering their Hopes • 
 to grow cold. He ftaid no longer at Rebeck, than 
 was neceffary to be informed of the prefent State of 
 Affairs, and in four or five Days after his Arrival 
 let out in a Canoe for Montreal, where his Prefence 
 was moft neceffary ; and the Winter was already fo 
 far advanced, that the Ice made ft impraclfcable to 
 go in a larger Veffel. By this the old Gentleman 
 increafed the Opinion and Hopes the People enter- 
 tained of him, that, without flaying to refrefh hfm- 
 felf after a fatiguing Sea-Voyage, he would imme- 
 diately undertake another, that required all the Vi- 
 gour and Heat -of Youth to withftand the Incle- 
 mencies 
 
Part ll. FiV£ Indian Nations, gj 
 
 jnenties of the Climate and Seafon, and the Diffi- Chap. 
 culty of fuch a Paflage. I. 
 
 When the Count de Frontemc came to Montreal^ 
 he increafed the Admiration the People had of his 
 Vigour and Zeal, by pretending to go to vifit Ca- 
 darackui Fort^ now abandoned, which he had built 
 in the Time he was formerly Governor. The Clergy 
 and People of Monlnal came jointly with ftretched 
 out Arms, reprefenting the Danger of liich an At- 
 tempt, and the Difficulties and Hardlhips that would 
 neceflarily attend it, praying him not to expofe a 
 Life that was fo neceflary for their Safety. He, 
 with feeming Reluftance, yielded to their Intrea- 
 ties i I fay with feeming Relu<flance, for it was in- 
 confiftent with his Prudence really to have fuch a 
 Defign. This Shew of the Governor’s offering to 
 go in Perfon, animated fome of the Gentlemen of 
 the Country, who voluntarily went in the Winter, 
 with one Hundred Indian Traders, to vifit that Fort ; 
 and finding it in better Condition than they ex- 
 pelled, by the Report of thofe who had abandoned 
 it, they ftaid there, and made fome fmall Repara- 
 tions in the Walls, which the Indians had thrown 
 down. 
 
 The Count de Frontenac brought back with him 
 ^avoerabety a Capiga Sachem, one of the thirteen Pri- 
 foners that Mr. de Nonville took at Cadarackhiy 
 and fent to France, He was in Hopes this Indian 
 would be uleful in procuring a Treaty of Peace with 
 the Five NationSy for they had an extraordinary 
 Opinion of Fawerabet ; and the French had found, 
 by fad Experience, that they could not be Gainers 
 by continuing the War : For this Purpofe the Count 
 ufed Tawerahet with much Kindnefs, during his 
 Voyage, and, after he arrived at Rebeck, lodged 
 him in the Caftle under his own Roof, and took fuch 
 Pains with this Sachemythsit he forgot all the ill Ufage 
 he had formerly received. 
 
y8 
 
 7"^^ History of the 
 
 Chap. The French had the more Reafon to defire a 
 ^ ^ l^eace with the Five Nations, becaufe they knew, 
 
 ^“^that they would now certainly have the Englil 
 Colonies likewife upon them ; and if the Five Na- 
 tions had been able to do fo much Mifchief by thera- 
 felves alone, they were much more to be feared, 
 when they would be allifted, in all Probability, with 
 the Force and Intereft of the Englijh Colonies. 
 
 Four Indians of lefs Note, who v/crc brought 
 back along with Tawerahet, were immediately dif- 
 patched, in this Sachem's Name, to the Five Nati- 
 ons, to inform them of his Return, and of the kind 
 Ufage they had received from the Count de Fronte- 
 nac ; and to prefs them to fend fbme to vifit their 
 old Friend, who had been fo kind to them when 
 he was formerly Governor of Canada, and who ftill 
 retained an Affedlion to the Five Nations ; as ap- 
 peared by the Kindnels Tawerahet and they had re- 
 ceived from him. This was the only Method left 
 to the French of making Propolals of Peace, which 
 it was their Intereft by all Means to procure. 
 
 The Governor of Canada, as I laid, conceived 
 that, there was no Way fo proper to keep up the 
 Spirits of the People, who had got new Life by his 
 Arrival, as by putting them upon Adion ; and in- 
 deed their prefent miferable Condition made them 
 forward enough, to undertake the moft defperate 
 Enterprize, when the frequent Incurlions of the /«- 
 d/ans made it as dangerous to be at Home, as to at- 
 tack the Enemy Abroad. 
 
 For this Purpofe he fent out three Parties in the 
 Winter; one was defigned againft New-Tork, the 
 other againft Connecticut, and the laft againft New- 
 England. ^ 
 
 ^ The Five Nations followed Colonel Dungan's Ad- 
 vice, in endeavouring to bring cfF the IVeJtern In- 
 dians from the French, and had all the Succefs 
 that could be expecflcd, before Mr. dc FtchIouic ar- 
 rived. 
 
 They 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 They were overjoyed when they heard, that the Chap.’ 
 Englijh had entered into War with the French^ and I. 
 came feveral Times to jilbany to know the Certainty 
 of it, while it was only rumoured about. The 
 People of Albar^ defired them to fecure any of the 
 praying Indians that fliou,ld come from Canada.^ if 
 they found that they were ftill ruled by the Priefts ; 
 but to encourage them, if they came with a Defign 
 to return to their own Country. 
 
 The Senekas, Cayugas, Onondagas, and Ong/doeSy 
 the twenty feventh of June 1689, before any Go- 
 vernor arrived, renewed the old Covenant (as they 
 faid) which was firft made many Years ago with 
 one Tagues, who came with a Ship into their River. 
 
 “ Then we firft became Brethren, faid they, and conti- 
 “ nued fo till laft fall, that Sir Edmond Androfs came 
 “ and made a new Chain, by calling us Children ; but 
 “ let us ftick to the old Chain, which has conti- 
 “ nued from the firft Time it was made, by which 
 “ we became Brethren, and have ever fince always 
 “ behaved as fuch, Virginia, Maryland, and New- 
 “ England, have been taken into this filver Chain, 
 
 “ with which our Friendfhip is locked faft. We 
 “ are now come to make the Chain clear and bright. 
 
 “ Here they gave two Bevers.” 
 
 King James, a little before his Abdication, fent 
 over Sir Edmond Androfs with arbitrary Powers, and 
 he. In Imitation of the French, changed the Stile 
 of fpeaking to the Indians, of which they were 
 very fenfible. 
 
 They difcovered a great Concern for their People 
 that were carried to Canada ; they long hoped (they 
 faid) that the King of England would have been 
 powerful enough to deliver them, but now they 
 began to lofe all Hopes of them. 
 
 II 2 
 
 CHAP. 
 
CHAP. II. 
 
 A Treaty between the Agents of Maflachufet’s 
 Bay, Ncw-Plymouth, and Connecticut, and 
 the Sachems of the Five Nations, at Albany, 
 in the Tear 1689. 
 
 Cha U T ^he Beginning of September 1689 
 
 II. 
 
 Colonel ^ohn Fynchon^ Major John Savage, 
 
 and Captain Jonathan Bull, Agents for the Colonies 
 of Majfachufet's Bay, New-Plymoutb, and Connebiicut, 
 arrived at Mbany, to renew the Friendlhip with 
 the Five Nations, and to engage them againft the 
 Eajlern Indians, \^Ao made War on the Englijh 
 of thole Colonies, and were fupported by the 
 French. 
 
 The Five Nations had received four Meflengers 
 from the Eajlern Indians, which gave the People of 
 New-England Ibme Apprehenfions, and they were 
 therefore defirous to know what Reception thefe 
 Meflengers had met with. 
 
 The Five Nations anfwered by lahajadoris, a Mo- 
 hawk Sachem, on the twenty fourth of September. 
 He made a long Oration, repeating all that the A- 
 gent from New- England had faid, the Day before, 
 and deflred them to be attentive to the Anfwer now 
 to be made to them. They commonly repeat over 
 all that has been laid to them, before they return 
 any Anfwer, and one may be furprized at the Exaft- 
 uefs of thefe Repetitions. They take the follow- 
 ing Method to aflift their Memories ; The Sachem, 
 who prelides at thefe Conferences, has a Bundle of 
 Ihiall Sticks in his Hand ; as foon as the Speaker 
 has linillied any one Article of his Speech, this Sa-. 
 f‘hcm gives a Stick to another Sach<^m, who is par- 
 
 ticvilnily 
 
 3 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. loi 
 
 ticularly to remember that Article ; and fo when an- Chap. 
 other Article is finilhed, he gives a Stick to an- II. 
 other to take Care of that other, and fo on. In 
 like Manner when the Speaker anfwers, each of 
 thefe has the particular Care of the Anfwer refolved 
 on to each Article, and prompts the Orator, when 
 his Memory fails him, in the Article committed to 
 his Charge. Tabajadoris addreffing himfelf to the 
 Agents, faid : 
 
 “ Brethren., 
 
 “ You are welcome to this Houfe, which is ap- 
 “ pointed for our Treaties and publick Bufi- 
 ncls with the Chriftians •, we thank you for re- 
 “ newing the Covenant-chain. It is now no longer 
 ** of Iron and fubjeft to Ruft, as formerly, but of 
 “ pure Silver, and includes in it all the King’s Sub- 
 “ jefts, from the Senekas Country eaftward, as 
 “ far as any of the great King’s Subjedts live, and 
 “ fouthward, from New-England to Virginia. Here 
 “ he gave a Bever. 
 
 “ We are glad to hear of the good Succefs our 
 “ great King has had over the French by Sea, in 
 “ taking and finking fo many of their Men of War. 
 
 “ You tell us in your Propofals that we are one 
 “ People, let us then go Hand in Hand together, 
 to ruin and deftroy the French cur common Ene- 
 “ my. Gives a Bever. 
 
 “ The Covenant-chain between us is ancient (as 
 “ you tell us) and of long ftanding, and it has been 
 “ kept inviolably by us. When you had Wars 
 “ fome time ago with the Indians, you defired us to 
 “ help you ; we did it readily, and to the Pur- 
 “ pole; for we purfued them clofely, by which we 
 “ prevented the ElFufion of much of your Blood. 
 
 “ This was i certain Sign that we loved truly 
 “ and fincerely, and from our Hearts. * Gives a 
 « Belt. 
 
 H 3 
 
 You 
 
102 
 
 ‘The History of the 
 
 Chap. “ You advife us to purfue our Enemies, the 
 II. “ Frenchy vigoroufly •, this we aflure you we are 
 “ refolved to do to the utmoft of our Power : But 
 “ fince the French are your Enemies likewife, wc 
 defire our Brethren of the three Colonies to fend 
 “ os an hundred Men for the Security of this Place, 
 
 “ which is ill provided, in Cafe of an Attack from 
 “ the French ; the Chriftians have Viftuals enough 
 “ for their Entertainment. Gives one Belt. 
 
 “ We patiently bore many Injuries from the 
 “ French, from one Year to another, before we 
 “ took up the Axe againft them. Our Patience 
 “ made the Governor of Canada think, that we 
 “ were afraid of him, and durft not refent the In- 
 “ juries we had fo long fuffered ; but now he is 
 “ undeceived. We aflure you, that we are refolved 
 never to drop the Axe, the French never ftiall 
 “ fee our Faces in Peace, we fliall never be recon- 
 “ died as long as one Frenchman is alive. We lhall 
 “ never make Peace, though our Nation fhould be 
 “ ruined by it, and every one of us cut in Pieces, 
 
 “ Our Brethren of the three Colonies may depend 
 “ on this. Gives a Bever. 
 
 “ As to what you told us of the Owenagungas 
 “ and Uragces, we anfwer : That we were never lb 
 “ proud and haughty, as to begin a War without 
 “ juft Provocation. You tell us that they are 
 “ treacherous Rogues, we believe it, and that they 
 “ will undoubtedly aflift the French. If they lhall 
 “ do this, or lhall join with any of our Enemies, 
 
 “ either Fre^ich or Indians, then we will kill and 
 “ dellroy them. Gives a Bever.” 
 
 Then the Mohawks offered five of their Men, to 
 guard the Agents Home againft any of their Indian 
 Enemies, who they were afraid might be laying in ' 
 wait for the Agents, and gave a Belt. 
 
 Afterwards the Speaker continued his Speech, 
 and faid : “ We have fpoke what we had to fay of 
 “ the' War, we now come to the Affairs of Peace : 
 
 “ Wc 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, (Sc. 103 
 
 “ We promife to preferve the Chain inviolably, and Chap. 
 *‘ wi(h that the Sun may always (hine in Peace over H. 
 
 “ all our Heads that are comprehended in this Chain. 
 
 “ We give two Belts, one for the Sun, the other 
 “ for its Beams. 
 
 “ We make fall the Roots of the Tree of Peace 
 “ and Tranquillity, which is planted in this Place. 
 
 Its Roots extend as far as the utmoft of your 
 “ Colonies ; if the French (hould come to fhake this 
 “ Tree, we would feel it by the Motion of its 
 “ Roots, which extend into our Country : But we 
 “ truft it will not be in the Governor of Canadc^s 
 “ Power to lhake this Tree, which has been fo 
 “ firmly and fo long planted with us. Gives two 
 “ Bevers.” 
 
 Laftly, He defired the Magiftrates of Albany 
 to remember what he had faid, and gave them a 
 Bever. 
 
 But the Agents perceiving, that they had not an- 
 fwered any Thing about the Owsnagunga Meflen- 
 gers, and had anfwered indiftindly about the War 
 with the Eaftern Indians, defired them to explain 
 themfelves fully on thefe two Points, about which 
 the Agents were chiefly concerned. 
 
 The Five Nations anfwered ; 
 
 “ We cannot declare War againft the Eaftern In- 
 “ dians, for they have done us no Harm : Never- 
 “ thelefs our Brethren of New-England may be af- 
 “ fured, that we will live and die in Friendfliip with 
 “ them. When we took up the Axe againft the 
 “ French and their Confederates, we did it to re- 
 “ venge the Injuries they had done us j we did not 
 make War with them at the Perfuafions of our 
 “ Brethren here ; for we did not fo much as ac- 
 “ quaint them with our Intention, till fourteen Days 
 after our Army had begun their March.” 
 
 After the Company had feparated, the Sachems 
 fent to the New-England Agents, defiring to fpeak 
 with them ui private; which being grafted, the 
 
 II 4 Speaker 
 
^he History of the 
 
 Ch>» p. Speaker faid, we have fbmething to tell you, which 
 was not proper to be fpoken openly, for fome of 
 our People have an AfFeftion to the Owenagungas \ 
 and we were afraid, that they would difcover or 
 hinder our Defigns. 
 
 Now we a/Ture our Brethren, that we arc refolved 
 to look on your Enemies as ours, and that we will 
 hrlt fall on the ♦ Owaragees.\ and then on the 
 QiVetujgungas^ and laftly on the French ; and that 
 you may be convinced of our Intention, we defign to 
 fend five of our young Men along with our Brethren 
 to New-Englandy to guard them, who have Orders 
 to view the Country of the Owaragees, to difcover 
 in what Manner it can be attacked with the moft Ad- 
 vantage. 1 his we always do before we make an At- 
 tempt on our Enemies. In a Word, Brethren, your 
 War IS our War, for we will live and dye with you. 
 
 But It is to be obferved, that they confirmed no- 
 thing relating to thele Indians^ by giving Belts. 
 
 It is probable, that the Sachems a(5led with Ibme 
 Alt on this Occafion, for they really had favourable 
 inclinations towards the O'-jjenagungas ; and they had 
 Reafon not to increafe the Number of their Enemies 
 by making War on the Eafiern Indians^ who avoided 
 doing them any Injury. The People of Many like- 
 wile have always been averfe to engage our in 
 a War with the Erjlern Indians, left it Ihould change 
 the Seat of thq W’^ar, and bring it to their own 
 Doors. 
 
 On the 2..^th the Magiftrates of Albany had a 
 private Conference with the Sachems of the Five Na- 
 ttons, and defired to know their Refolutions as to the 
 W\ar with Canada, and the Meafures they refolved 
 to follow. In this Conference the Indians faw that 
 the People of Albany were fo much afraid of the 
 Frenci:,^ that their Spirits were funk under the Ap- 
 prehenfions of the approaching War ; and for this 
 t\caion made the following Anfwer. 
 
 * CnUed by the People of Pamcok Indians 
 
 W'e 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, i<Tg 
 
 “ We have a hundred and forty Men out-fkulklng 
 “ about Canada j it is impoflible for the French to at- 
 “ tempt any Thing, without being difcovered and ha- 
 “ raffed by thefe Parties : If the French fhall attempt 
 “ any Thing this Way, all the Five Nations will come 
 “ to your Afliftance, for our Brethren and we are but 
 “ one, and we will live and dye together. We have 
 “ defired a hundred Men of our Brethren o{ Bojion to 
 “ aflill us here, becaufe this Place is moft expofed; but 
 “ if theGovernor of Canada is fo ftrong, as to overcome 
 “ us all united together, then he muft be our Matter, 
 
 “ and is not to be refitted ; but we have Confidence in 
 “ a good andjuttCaufe; for the great God of Heaven 
 “ knows how deceitfully the French have dealt with us, 
 
 “ their Arms can have no Succefs. The Great God 
 “ hath fent us Signs in the Sky to confirm this. We 
 “ have heard uncommon Noife in the Heavens, and 
 “ have feen Heads fall down upon Earth, which we 
 “ look ujx)n as a certain Prefage of the Dettrudlon 
 “ of the French : Take Courage ! On this they allim- 
 “ mediately joined in finging and crying out, Cou- 
 “ rage! Courage! ” 
 
 CHAP. 111. 
 
 An Account of a general Council of tbeFlvt Nations at 
 Onondaga, to conjider the Count De FrontenacV 
 MeJJage. 
 
 9 N the 27th of December 1689, two /«i/a«jCH a p. 
 came to Albany, being fent by the Onondaga III. 
 ')neydo Sachems, with feven Hands of Wampum ^—v— J 
 from each Nation, to tell their Brethren in New-Tork 
 and New-England, that three of their old Friends, 
 who had been carried Prifoners to France, were come 
 with Propofals from Canada ; that there was a Coun- 
 cil of the Sachems appointed to meet at Onondaga, 
 and that they therefore defired the Mayor of Albany, 
 
 Peter Schuler, and fome others of their Brethren, 
 
 to 
 
' The History of the 
 
 ?• prefentand to advife on an Af- 
 
 . ■ ' ■ *o gfeat ConfeqUence ; for they were refolved 
 
 '-v--' to do nothing without the Knowledge andConfent of 
 all thofe that were included in the Chain with them. 
 
 The fame MelTenger told them, that fome Letters 
 were lent to the Jefuit at Oneydo ; and that they would 
 
 nr.rp"''!’ Letters to be opened, 
 
 till the Brethren Ihould firft fee them. 
 
 All th^ the Magiftrates of did on this im- 
 ^rtant Occafion, was to fend three Indians with 
 Inftruftions m their Name, to difluade the Five Na- 
 ims frem entertaining any Thoughts of Peace, or 
 yielding to a Ceffation of Arms. 
 
 ^ On the 4 th of January one of the chief Mohawk 
 bachems came to Mary, to tell the MaMrates, that 
 he was to go to Onondaga, and defired the Brethren’s 
 Advice how to behave there ; on which the Ma- 
 giftrates thought It neceffary to fend likewife the pub- 
 Jick Interpreter, and another Perfon to aftift at the 
 general Meeting, with written Inftrudions; but no 
 
 Perlon of Note, that had any Influence on the Mi- 
 ens, went. 
 
 When the Meflengers arrived at Oneydo, they dif- 
 courfed privately with one of the Prifoners that had 
 returned from France, and found that he had no 
 J^ve tor the French ; but it is impoflible but that In^ 
 to, who had feen the French Court, and many of 
 their Trooj^, mull: be furprifed at their Grandeur: he 
 ^mplained however of the ill Ufage he had met with. 
 Fhes French chofe, on this Occafion, to fend firft to 
 fJO'do,htcznk of the Afliftance they expeded the Je- 
 
 Imt, that reflded there, would give to their Negoti- 
 ation. ° 
 
 I believe it will not be tedious to the Reader, that 
 defires to know the Genius, if I give a cireum- 
 ftantial Account of this general Council or Parlia- 
 ment of the 7/w Nations, that he may fee in what 
 Manner a leo^e that we call Savages behave on 
 luch important Occafions. 
 
 On 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 107 
 
 On the 2 2d of January the general Council wasCn a p. 
 opened at Onondaga., confifting of eighty Sachems \ III. 
 in the firft Place Sadekanagbtie, an Onondaga \ 
 Sachem, rifingup, addrefled himfelf to the Meffenger 
 
 of Albany, faying, r , n c 
 
 Four Meflengers are come from the Governor ot 
 Canada, viz. three who had been carried Prifoners 
 to France, and a Sachem of the Preying Indians that 
 live at Montreal. 
 
 The Governor of Canada notifies his Arrival to us, 
 that he is the Count de Frontenac^ who had been for- 
 merly Governor there ; that he had brought back with 
 him Fawerahet a Cayuga Sachem^ and twelve Prifon- 
 ers, that had been carried to France \ then taking 
 the Belt of Wampum in his Hand, and holding it by 
 the Middle, he added, what I have faid relates on- 
 ly to one Half of the Belt, the other Half is to let 
 us know, that he intends to kindle again his Fire at 
 Cadarackui next Spring, and therefore Invites his 
 Children, and Dekanafora an Onondaga Captain in 
 particular, to treat there with him about the old 
 Chain. Then Adarahta the chief of the 
 
 praying Indians ftood up, and laid, with three Belts in 
 his Hand, I advife you to meet the Governor of 
 Canada as he defires agree to this, if you would 
 live, and gives one Belt of Wampum j 
 
 fends you this other Belt, to nforni you 
 of theMiferies, that he and the reft of your Country- 
 men have fuftered in their Captivity •, and to ad vile 
 you to hearken to Tonondio^ if you defire to live. 
 
 This third Belt isfrom * Thurenfira, f Ohguejje, and 
 II ErteU who fay by it, to their Brethren : We have 
 
 interceded for you with Tonondto^ and therefore ad- 
 
 * ^hurenfera fignifies the Dawning of the Day, and was the 
 Name given by the Indians to the Jeluit Lamber-vi lie y W\io \\d.a 
 formerly refided at d Monfr. leMorniy the Word iigni- 
 
 fies a Partridge. || Erfil iignHies a Rofe, the Name of feme 
 ether French Gentleman, for whom the Indians had an Eiteem. 
 
io8 The History of the 
 
 Ch A p.-vi{e you to meet him at Cadarackui. in the Spring, be- 
 lli* caufeit will be for your Advantage. 
 
 V‘*v^ When this had done fpeaking, thz Mohawk 
 
 Meflenger fent from Albany delivered his Meflage 
 Word for Word, as he had received it, without 
 omitting the leaft Article. The Interpreter, while 
 the_ Indian was fpeaking, read over a Paper, on 
 which the Meflage was fet down, left any Thing 
 Ihould have been forgot. 
 
 After this Cannehoot a Seneka Sachem ftood up, 
 and gave the general Council a particular Account of 
 a Treaty made laft Summer, between the Senekas 
 IVagunha Meflengers, (one oi HmUtawawa 
 Nations) who had concluded a Peace for themfelves, 
 and feven other Nations, to which the other four 
 Nations were defired to agree, and their Brethren of 
 New-Tork to be included in it. He faid the Pro- 
 pofals made in feveral Propofltions were as follow. 
 
 1. We are come to join two Bodies into one. De- 
 livering up at the fame Time two Prifoners. 
 
 2. We are come to learn Wifdom of you Senekas, 
 and of the other Five Nations, and of your Brethren 
 of New-Tork. Giving a Belt. 
 
 We by this Belt wipe away the Tears from the 
 Eyes of your Friends, whofe Relations have been 
 killed in the War, and likewife * the Paint from 
 your Soldiers Faces. Giving another Belt. 
 
 4*_ We now throw afide the Ax, which Tonondio 
 put into our Hands, by this third Belt. 
 
 5. Let the Sun, as long as he /hall endure, always 
 ftiine upon us in Friendlhip. Here he gave a red 
 Marble Sun as large as a Plate. 
 
 6. Let the Rain of Heaven wafli away all Hatred, 
 
 that w'e may again fmoke together in Peace, eivine a 
 large Pipe of red Marble. ^ 
 
 * 7’he Indians always paint their Faces when they go to 
 War, to nuke thehifelves look more terrible to the Enemy. A 
 Soldier in Indian Language is expreffed by a Word, which 
 signifies a Fair-fighter. 
 
 7. Tonondio 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, (^c. 
 
 109 
 
 7. Tonondio is drunk, but we wa(h our HandsCnAF. 
 clean from all his A< 5 tions. Giving a fourth Belt. III. 
 
 8. Now we are clean walked by the Water of 
 Heaven, neither of us muft defile ourfelves by 
 hearkening to Tonondio. 
 
 9. We have twelve of your Nation Prifoners, 
 who lhall be brought home in the Spring i there he 
 gave a Belt, to confirm the Promife. 
 
 10. We will bring your Prifoners when the Straw- 
 berries lhall be in bloflbm, * at which Time we in- 
 tend to vifit Corkar, and fee the PLace where the 
 Wampum is made. {New-Tork.) 
 
 The Speaker added, we will allb tell our 
 Friends the other Utauoawa Nations, and the T)io- 
 nondadiesy who have eleven of your People Prilbn- 
 ers, what we have now done, and invite them to 
 make Peace with you. 
 
 He faid further, we have fent three Mellengers 
 back with the IVagimhas.^ in order to confirm this 
 Peace with their Nation. 
 
 After the Seneha Speaker had done, tht Wagmba 
 Prefents were hung up in the Houle, in the Sight 
 of the whole Aflcmbly, and afterwards diftributed 
 among the feveral Nations, and their Acceptance 
 was a Ratification of the Treaty. A large Belt 
 was given alfo to the Albany Mellengers as their 
 Share. 
 
 I'he Belt of Wampum fent from Albany was in 
 like Manner hanged up, and afterwards divided. 
 
 New-England, which the Indians call Kinjhon (that 
 is a Filh) fent likewife the Model of a Filh, as a 
 token of their adhering to the general Covenant. 
 
 I'his Filh was handed round among the Sachems^ 
 and then laid afide to be put up. 
 
 After thefe Ceremonies were over, Sadekanahtie^ 
 an Onondaga Speaker, Hood up, and laid. Brethren, 
 
 * The hidiam in this Manner diftinguifh the Scafons of the 
 't ear, as the Time of planting Corn, or when it is ripe, when 
 the Chefnut? blolTom, 
 
 we 
 
iio ^he History of the 
 
 Ch A P.we muft flick to our Brother ^ider^ and look on 
 III. Tcnondio as our Enemy, for he is a Cheat :■ By §^i~ 
 • der they meant Peter Schyler the Mayor of 
 who had gained a confiderable Efteem among them; 
 as they have no Eabeals in their Language, they 
 pronounce Peter by the Sound ^ider. 
 
 The MefTenger from (knada had brought Letters, 
 and fome medicinal Powder, for the Jefuit Milet^ who 
 refided at Oneydo. Thefe Letters and the Powder 
 were delivered to the Interpreter from Albat^ to be car- 
 ried thither, that the Contents of them might be made 
 known to the Sachems of the feveral Nations. The 
 Jefuit was prefent all this While in their Council. 
 
 Then the Interpreter was defired to fpeak what 
 he had to fay from their Brethren at Albatty. He told 
 them, that a new Governor Svas arrived, who had 
 brought a great many Soldiers from England. That 
 the King o{ England had declared War againft France, 
 and that the People of New~England were fitting out 
 Ships againft Canada. He advifed them, that they 
 Ihould not hearken to the French, for when they talk 
 ofPeace,faidhe,Waris in their Heart,and defired them 
 to enter into no Treaty but at Albany, for the French, 
 he faid,would mind noAgreement made any where elfe , 
 After this they had Confultations for fome Time 
 together, and then gave the following Anfwer bv 
 their Speaker. ^ 
 
 Brethren, our Fire burns at Albany. We will not 
 lend Bekanafora to Cadarackui, ’We adhere to our 
 old Chain with Corlear-, we will profecute the War 
 With Yonofidio^ and will follow your Advice in draw- 
 ing off our Men from Cadarackui. Brethren, we are 
 glad to hear the News you tell us, but tell us no Lies. 
 
 Brother Kinjhcn, we hear you defign to fend Sol- 
 diers to the eaftward againft the Indians there ; but 
 we advife you, now fo many are united againft the 
 trench, to fall immediately on them. Strike at the 
 Root, when the Trunk ft', all be cut down, the 
 Branches fall of Courfe. 
 
 Ccrkar 
 

 Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. mt 
 
 Corlear and Kinjbon, Courage ! Courage ! In the Chap. 
 Spring to ^ebecky take that Place, and you’ll have HI. 
 your Feet on the Necks of the Frencby and all their 
 Friends in America. 
 
 After this they agreed to the following Anfwer 
 to be fent to the Goverrjor of Canada. 
 
 1. Tonondioy you have notified your Return to 
 us, and that you have brought back 13 erf" our 
 People that were carried to France, we are glad of 
 it. You defire us to meet you at Cadarackui next 
 Spring, to treat of the old Chain ; but Yonondio^ 
 how can we truft you, after you have afted deceit- 
 fully fo often ? Witnefs what was done at Cada^ 
 rackui \ the Ufage our MelTengers met with at Uta- 
 wawa, and what was done to the Senekas at Utawawa. 
 
 This was their Anfwer j however, they lent a Belt 
 with this, which always Ihews a Difpofition to treat. 
 
 2. Tberhanfera, Ogbueffe and Ertel, do you ob- 
 ferve Friendlhip with us, if you have not, how come 
 you to advife us to renew Friendlhip with Tonondio, 
 they fent them likewife a Belt ? 
 
 3. Yawerabet, the whole Council is glad to 
 hear, that you are returned with the other twelve. 
 Tonondio, you mull: fend home Yawerabet and the 
 others this very Winter, before Spring, and we will 
 lave all the French that we have Prifoners till that 
 Time. 
 
 4. Tonondio, you defire to fpeak with us at 
 
 Cadarackui : Don’t you know that your Fire there is 
 
 extinguilhed ? It is extinguilhed with Blood, you 
 mull fend home the Prifoners in the firll Place. 
 
 5. We let you know that we have made Peace 
 with the Wagunbas. 
 
 6. You are not to think, that we have laid down 
 the Axe, becaufe we return an Anfwer ; we intend 
 no fuch Thing : Our Far-fighters lhall coirtinuc the 
 War till our Countrymen return. 
 
 7. When our Brother Yawerabet is returned, 
 then will we fpeak to you of. Peace. 
 
 As 
 
Ii2 T^he History of the 
 
 Chap. ^ As foon as the Council broke up, their Rerolu-* 
 tions were made publick to all their People, by the 
 5^ ^ Sachems of their fcveral Nations, 
 
 Two Sachems were fent to Albany, by their gene* 
 ral Council, to inform their Brethren there of their 
 Refolutions, and to bring back the Contents of the 
 Letters fent from Canada to the Jefuit. 
 
 As foon as they arrived, one of the Mohawks, that 
 had been fent from Albany to the Council, delivered 
 the Wagunha Belt, and repeated over diftindly all 
 the Articles agreed to with that Nation, and referred 
 to the Onondaga Speaker, being one of thofe fent by 
 Council of Albat^, to recite the Anfwer to the 
 Governor of Canada. He rifing up, repeated over 
 the whole as before fet down, and added ; The 
 French are full of Deceit ; but I call God to witnefs, 
 we have hitherto ufed no Deceit with them, but how 
 we fliall aft for the future. Time only can difeo- 
 ver. Then he afliired the Brethren, that the Five 
 Nations were refolved to profecute the War, in 
 • feitr Token whereof he prefented ♦ ^ider with a Belt, 
 m which three Axes were reprefented. Perhaps by 
 * Reprelentation only three Nations joined in 
 lending it, the Ce^gas and Oneydoes being more un- 
 der the Influence of the Jefuit Milet, wholivedamong 
 them intirely, according to their Manner of Life, and 
 was adopted by the Oneydoes, and made one of their 
 Sachems. The Letters from Canada to him were 
 read, they contained nothing but common News and 
 Compliments. 
 
 The Mohawk Meflengers, that had been fent 
 from Abany, had carried with them Goods to fell 
 at the general Council. This was taken Notice 
 of at the general Council, and gave the Indians a 
 mean Opinion of the People of Albany, and particu- 
 larly of Peter Schyler-, for it is exceedingly fcandalous 
 among the Indians, to employ a Merchant in pub- 
 iick Affairs ; Merchants, ( i mean the Traders with 
 the Indians) are looked upon by them as Liars, and 
 
 People 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, Gfc. 113 
 
 People not to be trufted, and of no Credit, who by 
 their Thoughts being continually turned upon Profit 
 and Lofs, confider every Thing with that private 
 View. As this made a Noife at Albany, by its giving 
 the Jefuit an Opportunity of fetting the Meffengers 
 from Albany in an ill Light, Peter Scbeyler cleared 
 himfelf by Oath, of his having any Intereft diredlly 
 or indiredlly in thofe Goods, and fent a Belt back 
 with his publick Juftification. The Mohawk Mef- 
 fengers had refufed to take the Goods, as being fcan- 
 dalous to the Bufinefs they went on ; but were per- 
 luaded, by being told that the Goods belonged to 
 Slider. 
 
 The Magiftrates of Albany advifed the Sachems, 
 to lend the Jefuit Prifoner to Albany, where he 
 might be kept fecurely, without having it in his 
 Power to do Mifchief, but they could not prevail. 
 
 The Indians were refolved to keep all the Means of 
 making Peace in their own Hands. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 T^he French furprtfe Schenedtady. The Mohawks 
 Speech of Condoleance on that Occajion. 
 
 T H E Count Be Frontenac being defirous, as be- Chap. 
 
 fore obferved, to raife the drooping Spirits 
 of the French in Canada, by keeping them in Adtion, 
 and engaging the moft daring of them, in Enter- 
 prizes that might give Courage to the reft, had fent 
 out three Parties againft the Englijh Colonies, in 
 Hopes thereby to leflen the Confidence which the 
 Five Nations had in the Englijh Afliftance, now that 
 England had declared War againft France. The 
 Party fent againft was commanded by Monfr. 
 
 Be Herville, and was ordered to attempt the furprifing 
 of ScheneSiady, the neareft Village to the Mohawks ; 
 
 It confifted of 150 French Bufh-lopers or Indian 
 
 I Traders, 
 
The History of the 
 
 . Traders, and of as many Indians, the moft of them 
 French Converts from the commonly cal- 
 
 led the Preying Indians, fettled at a Place near 
 Montreal, called Cahnuaga. They were well ac- 
 quainted with all that Part of the Country round 
 Scbenellady ; and came in Sight of the Place the 8 th 
 of February 1689-90. 
 
 The People of Schenellady were at that Time in 
 the greateft Security, notwithftanding that they had 
 Information from the Indians, of a Party of French, 
 and French Indians being upon their March that 
 Way. They did not think it pradlicable, in that 
 Seafon of the Year, while it was extremely cold, 
 and the whole Country covered with Snow, Indeed 
 Europeans will hardly think it polfible, that Men 
 could make fuch a March through the Wildernels 
 in the fevereft Frofts, without any Covering from 
 the Heavens, or .any Provifion, except what they 
 carried on their Backs. 
 
 Tho’ the People of Scheneblady were informed in 
 the Evening before the Place was furprifed, that 
 feveral fculking Indians were feen near the Place, 
 they concluded, that they could be only fome of the 
 neighbouring Indians ; and as they had no Officer of 
 any Efteem among them, not a fingle Man could be 
 perfuaded to watch in fiich fevere Weather, tho’, 
 as the' French owned afterwards, if they had found 
 the lead; Guard or Watch, they would not have at- 
 tempted the Place, but have furrendered themfelves 
 Prifoners : They were fo exceedingly diftrefled with 
 the Length of their March, and with Cold, and 
 Hunger, but finding the Place in fatal Security, they 
 marched into the Heart of the Village, without 
 being difeovered by any one Perfon j then they 
 raifed their War Shout, entered the Houfes, murder- 
 ed every Perfon they met, Men, Women, and 
 Children, naked and in cold Blood 5 and at the 
 fame Time fet Fire to the Houfes. A very few 
 efcaped, by , running out naked into the. Woods in 
 
”5 
 
 Part I. Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 this terrible Weather: And feveralhid themfelves, till C h a p. 
 the firft Fury of the Attack was over •, but thefe VI. 
 were foon driven from their lurking Places by the '“**v*^ 
 Fire, and were all made Prifoners. 
 
 Captain Alexander Gkn^ at this Time, lived at a 
 Diftance by himfelf, on the other Side of the River, 
 and was the nioft noted Man in the Place. He 
 had at feveral Times been kind to the French, who 
 had been taken Prifoners by the Mohawks, and had 
 faved feveral of them from the Fire. The French 
 were fenfible what Horror this cruel facking of 
 a defencelefs Place, and murdering People in cold 
 Blood, muft raife in Mens Minds ; and to leflen this, 
 they refolved to fliew their Gratitude to Captain 
 Glen. _ They had pafled his Houfe in the Night, and 
 obferving that he ftoodon his Defence the next Morn- 
 ing, fomc of them went to the River Side, and cal- 
 ling to him, aflured him, that they defigned him 
 no Injury. They perfuaded him to come to the 
 French Officer, who reftored to him all his Re- 
 lations that were Prifoners. 
 
 Some Mohawks being alfo found in the Village, 
 the French difmiflcd them, with AlTurance, that 
 they defigned them no Hurt. 
 
 'i his Conduit was not only neceflary to promote 
 the Peace ' which the Count De Frontenac with fo 
 much Earneftnefs defired, but likewife to fecure 
 their Retreat, by making the Mohawks lefs eager to 
 purfue them. 
 
 The French marched back, without reaping any 
 vifible Advantage from this barbarous Enterprize, 
 befides the murdering fixty-three innocent Perfons 
 in cold Blood, and carrying twenty-fcven of them 
 away Prifoners. 
 
 The Care the French took to footh the Mohawks 
 had not intirely it’s Effed, for as foon as they heard 
 of this Adion, a hundred of their readied young 
 Men purfued the French, fell upon their Rear, and 
 killed and took twenty -five of them. 
 
 I i 
 
 This 
 
I'he History of the 
 
 This Adlion frightened the Inhabitants in and 
 about Albat^' fo much, that many refolved to defert 
 the Place, and retire to New-Tcrk. They were pack- 
 ing up and preparing forthis Purpofe, when the Mo- 
 hawk Sachems came to Albany to condole, according 
 to their Cuftom, with their Friends ,when any Mif- 
 fortune befals them. I ftiall give their Speech on this 
 Occafion, as it will be of Ufe to the Reader, in order 
 to his forming a true Notion of the Indian Genius. 
 They fpoke the twenty-fifth of March as follows. 
 
 “ Brethren, the Murder of our Brethren at Sche- 
 “ neSlady by the French grieves us as much, as if it 
 “ had been done to our felves, for we are in the fame 
 “ Chain ; and no Doubt our Brethren of New-En^- 
 “ land will be likewife fadly affeded with this' cruel 
 “ Adion of the French. The French on this Occa- 
 “ fion have not aded like brave Men, but like 
 “ Thieves and Robbers. Be not therefore difcou- 
 “ raged. We give this Belt to wipe away^our Fears, 
 
 “ Brethren, we lament the Death of fo many of our 
 “ Brethren, whofe Blood has been Ihed at 
 “ We don’t think that what th.& French have done can 
 “ be called a Vidory, it is only a farther Proof of their 
 “ cruel Deceit. The Governor of Canada fends to 
 “ Onondaga, and talks to us of Peace with our whole 
 “ Houfe, but War was in his Heart, as you now fee 
 “ by woful Experience. He did the fame formerly 
 “ at Cadarackui, and in the Senekas Country. This 
 “ is the third Time he hasaded fo deceitfully. He has 
 “ broken open our Houfe at both Ends, formerly 
 “ in tht Senekas Country, and now here. We hope 
 “ however to be revenged of them. One Hundred 
 “ ofourbraveft young Men are in Purfuit of them, 
 they are brifk Fellows, and they will follow the 
 “ French to their Doors. We will befet them fo 
 “ clofely, that not a Man in Canada lhall dare to ftep 
 “ out of Doors to cut a Stick of Wood ; But now ive 
 “ gather up our Dead, lo lury them, by this fecond 
 “ Bdt. 
 
 “ Brethren, 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 117 
 
 “ Brethren, we came from our Caftles with Tears Chap. 
 “in our Eyes, to bemoan the Bloodflied at VI. 
 
 “ ne^lady by the Perfidious French. While we bury 
 “ our Dead murdered at ScheneSlady^ we know not 
 “ what may have befallen our own People, that are in 
 “ Purfuit of the Enemy, they may be dead ; what has 
 “ befallen you may happen to us j and therefore we 
 “ come to bury our Brethren at Schenedady with 
 “ this third Belt. 
 
 “ Great and fudden is the Mifchief, as if it had fal- 
 “ len from Heaven upon us. Our Forefathers taught 
 “ us to go with all Speed to bemoan and lament with 
 “ our Brethren, when any Difafter or Misfortune hap- 
 “ pens to any in our Chain, Take this Bill of Vi- 
 “ gilance, that you may be more watchful for the fu- 
 “ ture. IVe give our Brethren Eye-Water to make 
 “ them (harp fighted, giving a fourth Belt. 
 
 “ We are now come to the Houfe where we ufual- 
 “ ly renew the Chain 5 but alas ! we find the Houfe 
 “polluted, polluted with Blood. AWititFiveNati- 
 “ on$ have heard of this, and we are come to wipe 
 “ away the Blood, and clean the Houfe. We come 
 “ to invite Corlcar., and every one of you, and glider 
 “ (calling to every one of the principal Men prefent by 
 “ their Names) to be revenged of the Enemy y by this 
 “ fifth Belt. 
 
 “ Brethren,be not difcouraged,weareftrong enough. 
 
 “ This is the Beginning of your War, and the whole 
 “ Houfe have their Eyes fixed upon you at this Time, 
 
 “ to obferve your Behaviour. They wait your Moti- 
 “ on, and are ready to join in any refolute Meafures. 
 
 “ Our Chain is a ftrong Chain, it is a Silver Chain, 
 
 “it can neither ruft nor be broken. We, as to our 
 “ Parts, are refolute to continue the War. 
 
 “ We will never defift, fo long as a Man of us re- 
 “ mains. Take Heart, do not pack up and go 
 “ away, * this will give Heart to a daftardly Enemy. 
 
 • This was fpoke to the Etiglijh, who were about removiog 
 from Albany, 
 
 I 3 « We 
 
ii8 
 
 The History of teb 
 
 Ch A p. “ We are of the Race of the Bear, and a Bear you 
 IV. “ know never yields, while one Drop of Blood is left. 
 
 / “ We tnuji all be £ears •, giving a fixth Belt. 
 
 “ Brethren be patient, this Dilafter is an Affli<5lion 
 “ which has fallen from Heaven upon us. The Sun, 
 “ which hath been cloudy, and fent this Difafter, will 
 “ fhine again with its pleafant Beams. Take Courage, 
 faidhe. Courage, repeating the Word feveral Times 
 “ as they gave a I'eventh Belt. 
 
 ( To the Englilh. ) 
 
 Brethren, three Years ago we were engaged in a 
 bloody W ar with the French^ and you encouraged 
 us to proceed in it. Our Succefs anfwered our Ex- 
 peftatlon ; but we were not well begun, when Cor- 
 lear ftopt us from going on. Had you permitted us 
 to go on, the French would not now have been able 
 to do the Mifchief, they have done, we would have 
 prevented their fbwng, planting or reaping. 
 
 We would have humbled them effedlually, but 
 now we dye. The Obftrubtions you then made now 
 ruin us. Let us after this be fteady, and take no fuch 
 falfe Meafures for the future, but frofecute the War 
 vtgoroujly. Giving a Bever Skin. 
 
 The Brethren muft keep good Wajich, and if the 
 Enemy come again, fend more fpeedily to us. Don’t 
 delert Scheneblady. The Enemy will glory in feeing 
 it defolate. It will give them Courage that had 
 none before, fortijy the Place, it is not well fortified 
 now : The Stockadoes are too Ihort, the Indians can 
 jump over them. Gave a Bever Skin. 
 
 Brethren, The Mifchief done at ScheneHady can- 
 not be helped now ; but for the future, when the 
 Enemy appears any where, let nothing hinder your 
 fending to us by Exprefles, and fire great Guns, 
 that all may be alarmed. We advife you to bring 
 all the River Indians under your Subjedion to live 
 near Albany, to be ready on all Occafions. 
 
 Send 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, G?c. i 19 
 
 Send to New-EngUtd, tell them what has hap- C hap. 
 pened to you. They will undoubtedly awake and IV. 
 lend us their helping Hand. It is their Intereft, as 
 much as ours, to pulh the War to a fpeedy Conclu- 
 fion. Be not difcouraged, the French are not fo nu- 
 merous as fome People talk. If we but heartily unite 
 to pufh on the War, and mind our Bu/tnefs^ the 
 French will foon be fubdued. 
 
 The Magiftrates having returned an Anfwer ort 
 the twenty feventh, to the Satisfadbon of the Indi- 
 ans., they repeated it all over. Word by Word, to 
 let the Magiftrates fee how carefully they minded 
 it, and then added. 
 
 Brethren, we are glad to find you are not difcou- 
 raged. The beft and wifeft Men fometimes make 
 Miftakes. Let us now purfue the War yigoroufly. 
 
 We have a hundred Men out, they are good Scouts. 
 
 We expedl to meet all the Sachems of the other Na- 
 tions, as they come to condole with you. You need 
 not fear our being ready, at the firft Notice. Our Ax 
 is always in our Hands, but take Care that you be 
 timely ready. Your Ships, that muft do the prin- 
 cipal Work, are long a fitting out. We do not de- 
 fign to go out with a fmall Company, or in fculking 
 Parties *, but as foon as the Nations can meet, we 
 Ihall be ready with our whole Force. If you 
 would bring this War to a happy Iflue, you muft 
 begin foon, before the French can recover the Lof- 
 fes they have received from us, and get new Vi- 
 gour and Life, therefore fend in all Hafte to New- 
 England. Neither you nor we can continue long in 
 the Condition we are now in, we muft order Mat- 
 ters fo, that the French be kept in continual Fear 
 and Alarm at home; for this is the only Way to 
 be fecure, and in Peace here. 
 
 The Scahkok Indians, in our Opinion, are well 
 placed where they are (to the Northward of Alba- 
 ny)-, they are a good Out- guard ; they are our Chil- 
 dren, and we lhall take Care that they do their 
 
 I 4 Duty ; 
 
 
 % ‘ 
 
'trrT' 
 
 iThe History of the 
 
 ^*iv ‘he Indians below 
 
 •_^the lown, place them nearer the Town, fo as they 
 may t?e of mojl Service to you. ^ 
 
 Here we fee the Mohawks afting like hearty 
 Friends, and if the Value of the Belts given at that 
 Time be confidered, together with what they faid 
 on that Occafion, they gave the ftrongeft Proofs of 
 their Sincerity. Each of thefe Belts amount to a 
 large Sum in the Ivdian Account. 
 
 The EngUp of New-Tork and the French of Ca- 
 mda were now entering into a War, in which the 
 1 art the Five Nations are to take is of the greateft 
 * ^°"*^9uence to both i the very Being of the French 
 Colony depended on it, as well as the Safety of the 
 Engltjh. The Indians at this Time had the greateft 
 Averuon to the French^ and they defired nothing 
 as that the Englilh might join heartily in 
 ^s War. We ftiall fee by the Sequel how a pilblick 
 
 Counfels, can overcome all 
 Difficulties, while a felfifh Spirit lofes all, even natural 
 Advantages. In the prefentCafe, the Turn Things took 
 leems to have been entirely owing to one Thing. The 
 fetich in making the Count de Front enac Governor of 
 Canada., chofe the Man every Way the beft qualified 
 for this Service : The Englijh feemed to have little 
 Regard to the Qualification of the Perfon they fent, 
 but to gratify a Relation or a Friend, by giving him 
 an Opportunity to make a Fortune ; and as he knew 
 that he was recommended with this View, his 
 Counfels were chiefly employed for this Purpofe. 
 
 By this Means an Etiglp Governor generally wants 
 ^e Efteem of the People ; while they think that a 
 Governor has not the Good of the People in View, 
 but his own, they on all Occafions are jealous of 
 him ; fo that even a good Governor, with more Dif- 
 ficulty, purfoes generous Purpofes and publick Be- 
 nefits, becaufe the People fufped them to be mere 
 pretences to cover a private Defign. It is for this 
 Reaiqn, that any Man, oppofing a Governor, is 
 
 fure 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Aire to meet with the Favour of the People, almoft 
 ifj every Calc. On the other Hand, the Opinion 
 tJie French had of the Count de Frontenac s publick 
 Spirit, and of his Wildom and Diligence, made them 
 enter into all his Meafures without hefitating, and 
 chearfully obey all his Commands. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 The Five Nations continue the War with the 
 French ; the Mohawks incline to Peace j 
 their Conferencei with the Governor of New- 
 York. 
 
 T he Governor of Canada received Hopes thatCn ap; 
 
 the Five 'Nations inclined to Peace, by their V. 
 returning an Anfwer to Therawaet'^ Meflage, and 
 thought he might now venture to fend fome French 
 to them with further Propofals. The Chevalier 
 D’O, with an Interpreter called Collin., and fome 
 others, went *, but they had a much warmer Recep- 
 tion than they expeded, being forced to run the 
 Gauntlet through a long Lane of Indians, as they 
 entered their Caftle, and were afterwards delivered 
 up Prifoners to the Englijh. _ 
 
 The Five Nations kept out at this Time fmall 
 Parties, that continually haralTed the French. The 
 Count de Frontenac fent Captain Louvigni to MJftli- 
 maHnak, to relieve the Garifon, and he had Orders, by 
 all Means, to prevent the Peace which the Utawa- 
 was and ^atoghies were upon the Point of conclu- 
 ding with the Five Nations. He carried with him 
 one hundred forty three Ftencb, and fix Indians, and 
 was like wife accompanied with a Lieutenant and 
 thirty Men, till he got one hundred twenty Miles 
 from Montreal. They were met in Cadarackui River , 
 
V 
 
 122 The History of the 
 
 C H A P. at a Place calJed the Cats, by a Party of the Five 
 V. Nations, who fell vigoroufly on their Canoes, killed 
 feveraJ of the French, and made them give Way • 
 l^t l^uvigni^ by putting his Men afhore, at laft got 
 the better, after a fmart Engagement, in which the 
 Indians had feveral. Men killed, and two Men, and 
 as many Women, taken Prifoners. I am obliged to 
 rely on the French Account of thefe Skirmilhes; 
 they do not mention the Number of the Indians in 
 this Rencounter, but I fufped them to have been 
 much fewer than the French ; for when the Enemy 
 are equal m Number, or greater, they feldom for- 
 get to tell it. One of the Indian Prifoners was car- 
 ried by them to Mifftlimackinak, to confirm this Vic- 
 tory, at^ was delivered to the Utawawas, who eat 
 him. The Lieutenant carried the other back with 
 iiim^ He was given to Therawaet. 
 
 To revenge this Lofs, the Five Nations fent a 
 Party againft the IJland of Montreal, who fell on 
 that Part called the Trembling Point ; and though 
 they were difcovered before they gave their Blow, 
 they attacked a Party of regular Troops, and killed 
 the commanding Officer, and twelve of his Men : 
 Another Party carried off fifteen or fixteen Prifoners 
 from ktviere Prnnte, over againft Trois Rivieres. 
 This Party was purfued, and finding that they were 
 like to be overpowered, murdered their Prifoners 
 and made their Efcape. Thefe Incurfions kept all 
 the River, from Montreal to Rebeck, in continual 
 Alarm, and obliged the Governor to fend all the 
 boldiers to guard the fouth Side of the River. Not- 
 withftanding this, five Perfons were carried a- 
 way in Sight of Screl Fort, by « fmall fkulking 
 Party, but they were foon afterwards recovered by the 
 Soldiers. About the fame Time another Party burnt 
 the Plantations at St. Ours. 
 
 Tht Five Nations had conceived great Hopes 
 from the Affiftance of the Englijh, as the Magif- 
 
 trates 
 
Part. II. Five Indian Nations, 123 
 
 trates of Albany had promifed the Mohawks^ when Chap. 
 they came to condole, after the furprifing of Scbe- V. 
 neblady ; but the Englijh were fo far from perform- »--v— 
 ing thefe Promifes, that many of the Inhabitants 
 retired from Albany to New-Tork i and they who 
 had the Adminiftration of Affairs, were fo intent on 
 their party Quarrels, that they intirely neglefted the 
 Indian Affairs. Indeed the People of New-Tork 
 have too often made large Promifes, and have 
 thereby put the Indians upon bold Enterprizes, 
 when no Meafures were concerted for fupporting 
 them. This made the Indians think, that the Eng- 
 lijh were lavilh of Indian Lives and too careful of 
 their own. The Mohawks, who lived neareft the 
 Englifi, were moft fenfible of thefe Things, and 
 foon entertained Notions prejudicial to the Opinion 
 they ought to have had of the Englijh Prudence and 
 Cbndud ; it is even probable, thefe Indians began 
 to entertain a mean Opinion of both the Englijh 
 Courage and Integrity. It is not ftrange then, that 
 the Mohawks at laft gave Ear to the affiduous Ap- 
 plication of their Countrymen, the praying Indians, 
 who, with French Arguments, perfuaded them to 
 make Peace as foon as poffible, without trufting 
 longer to the Englijh, who had fo often difappointed 
 or deceived them. 
 
 The Mohawks fent one of their Sachems, Odiga- 
 cege, to the preying Indians, who introduced him to 
 the Count de Frontenac. The Count made him 
 welcome, and told him, that he was forry for the 
 Injuries his Predeceffors had done them •, but that 
 he would treat them like Friends, if their future 
 Condudt did not prevent him, and gave him a Belt, 
 with Propojals or Peace to his Nation. 
 
 Colonel Slaughter, who was then Governor of 
 New-Tork, being informed that the Five Nations 
 were like to make Peace with the French, by their 
 having loft much of their Confidence in the Englijh 
 Afliftance, found it neceffary to meet them, which 
 
 he 
 
 % 
 
7 he History of the 
 
 did in the End of May 1691. There were 
 prefent at that Time fix Oneydo^ eleven Onondava, 
 t^r Cayuga, and ten Seneka Sachems. He renewed 
 
 TK them Prefents. 
 
 The MiWj having entered into a Treaty with 
 the French, did not join with the other four Nati- 
 ons m their Anfwer, 
 
 thi^nrh^® feco«d of June the Speaker, in Name of 
 the other four Nations, told him, they were glad 
 
 ‘"this Place i that they had 
 learned from their Anceftors, that the firft Ship 
 which arrived in this Country furprized them ex^ 
 ceedingly ; that they were curious to know what 
 was m Its huge Belly. They found Chriftians in 
 thern one with whom they 
 
 made a Cham of Friendlhip, which has been pre- 
 ferved to this Day. By that Chain it was agrSd 
 that whatever Injury was done to the one, Luld 
 
 nrhp ^‘kewife done to the 
 
 SS mentioned the Confufion that 
 
 had lately been in the Government of New-Tork 
 which had like to have confounded all their Af- 
 fairs but h^ed all would be reduced to their wonted 
 Order and Quiet. They complained of feveral of 
 the Brethren leaving Many in Time of Danger 
 and pmifed thofe by Name who ftaid, and then 
 
 haf Smws in this Place, 
 
 've muft now fecure 
 and faften its Roots ; we muft frequently manure 
 and drefs it^ that its Roots may fpread far. 
 
 They alTured the Governor, that they were re- 
 Iblved to profecute the War againft the French as 
 long as they lived, and that they would never fpeak 
 
 common Confent. Thev 
 abhor thofe that do otherwife, and defired that the 
 
 K ^ Correfpondence with 
 
 Canada by Letters. Tou need not (ftid they) oreft 
 us to mind the War, we mind it above all Tbngs • 
 do you but your Parts, Jay afide all other Thoughts 
 
 but 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, ^c. 125 
 
 but that of the War, for it is the only Thing weCn a p. 
 have at Heart. They gave Bevers at the End of 
 every diftin<a Part of their Anfwer. 
 
 On the fourth the Mohawks fpoke to the Go- 
 vernor, in Prefence of the other four Nations : 
 
 They confefled the Negotiations they had with the 
 Praying Indians, and with the Governor of Canada, 
 and that they had received a Belt from him. Then 
 they reftored one of the Prifoners taken at Scbe- 
 neHady, as the Fruit of that Negotiation. They 
 dehred the Governor’s Advice, and the Advice of 
 the whole Houfe, what Anfwer to return to the 
 Governor of Canada ; and laftly, defired the Scnekas 
 to releafe the Prifoners they had taken from the 
 Praying Indians. 
 
 Colonel Slaughter check’d the Mohawks for en- 
 tering into a feparate Treaty with the Enemy, and 
 faid he could admit of no Propofols of Peace. He 
 told them, that the Prifoners taken from the Prey- 
 ing Indians muft not be reftored •, putting them in 
 mind, that fome of them having been formerly re- 
 leafed, foon after returned and murdered feveral 
 People, and burnt feveral Houfes. 
 
 He aflured them of his Afllftance, and then ad- 
 ded, You muft keep the Enemy in perpetual A- 
 larm. The Mohawks thanked him for his Aflurance 
 of Aftiftance ; but took Notice of his faying, Tou 
 muft keep the Enemy in perpetual Alarm. Why 
 don’t you fay, they replied. We will keep the Ene- 
 my in perpetual Alarm. In the laft Place, the 
 hawks renewed their League with all the Englijb 
 Colonies ; adding. Though an angry Dog has en- 
 deavoured to bite the Chain in Pieces, we are re- 
 folved to keep it firm, both in Peace and in War : 
 
 We now renew the old Chain, that fo the Tree of 
 Peace and Profperity may flourifti, and fpread its 
 Roots through all the Country. 
 
 In 
 
126 
 
 T^he History of the 
 
 Place, the four Nations anfwered the 
 
 Mohawks. 
 
 ‘‘ Mohawks, our Brethren, In anfwer to your 
 Propofals from the Governor oi Canada, we muft 
 put you m Mind of his Deceit and Treachery • 
 we need only g,ve one recent Inftance, how he 
 lately fent to t)x^ Senekas to treat of Peace, and at 
 the fame Tune fell upon ScheneSady, and cut that 
 We tell you, that the Belt fent by 
 the French Governor is Poifon ; we fpew it out of 
 our Mouths, we abfolutely rejedt it, and are re- 
 vived to profecute the War as long as we live “ 
 Then they left the Belt lying on the Ground. 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 The Englifli attack Montreal by Land, in Con- 
 Sea Indians, and Quebeck by 
 
 T was now evident that the Indians could no 
 longer be amufed with Words, and that, unlefs 
 the Engltjh entered foon upon Adlion, the French 
 would carry their Delign of making Peace with the 
 Five Nations, and the Englijh be left to carry on the 
 War m America by themfelves. Certainly a more 
 proper Opportunity of doing it with Succefs could 
 not be expedted, than at prefent, while the French 
 in Lanada had neither recovered their Spirits, nor 
 the Strength they had loft, by the terrible Incurli- 
 ons of the Five Nations. A joint Invalion on Cana- 
 da was concerted with New-England, they were to 
 attack Rebeck by Sea, while New-Tork attacked 
 Montreal by Land. i he Governor therefore pro- 
 pofed tothe/Ww»r to join with him in attacking 
 Canada, for which Purpofe he told them, that h? 
 
 defigned 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 127 
 
 defigned to fend a confiderable Force this Summer. Ch a p. 
 They defired Time to confult on it»at their general VI. 
 Meeting, which was foon to be held at Onondagay V 
 and to know what Number of Chriftians he defign- 
 ed to fend, that they might join a fuitable Number 
 of their Men. To this the Governor anfwered, that 
 he muft not communicate the Particulars of his De- 
 fign to fo many, becaufe they could not then be 
 kept fecret from the Enemy ; as he found by the 
 Difeoveries that were laft Year made to the French 
 by that Means, 
 
 It was at laft agreed, that the Mohawks Ihould 
 join with the Chriftians that were to march from 
 Flew~Tork diredly againft Montreal, and that the 
 other four Nations fhould fend a confiderable Party 
 down Cadarackui Lake, and join them before Mont- 
 real. 
 
 Major Peter Schuyler, the fame whom the Indians 
 call ^ider, commanded the Party fent from New- 
 Tork, which confifted of three hundred Men, one 
 half Chriftians, the other Mohawks and Scahkook 
 Indians. He fet out from Albany about Midfum- 
 mer. As he was preparing his Canoes to pafs Cor- 
 leaP% I..ake, he was difeovered by the French Indi- 
 ans, who immediately returned to Montreal, to give 
 Information of what they had feen. The Cheva- 
 lier Clermont was fent out to make further Difeo- 
 veries : Fie found the Engli/h above Chamblie, and 
 Went immediately back with the Intelligence he 
 there gained. In the mean w'hile Mr. de Callieres, 
 Governor of Montreal, did all in his Power to give 
 Major Schuyler a proper Reception, by drawing the 
 Militia and regular Troops together for the Defence 
 of the Place. I'here happened to be a very con- 
 fiderable Number of Utawawas trading at that Time 
 at Montreal, Mr, de Colliere, in Order to engage 
 them to join him, made a great Feaft for them, 
 went among them, and, after the Indian Manner, 
 began the war Song, leading up the Dance with his 
 I Axe 
 
128 History of the 
 
 Ch a p. Axe in his Hand, and touting and hollowing In 
 V. the fame wild Manner the Indians do. This done, 
 V — ' he carried his whole Force, which confifted of 
 twelve hundred Men, crofs the River, and en- 
 camped on the fouth Side, at la Prairie de la Mag- 
 deleine^ together with a great Number of Utawawas, 
 the Praying Indians, and other French Indians. The 
 famous Fherawaet being now entirely gained by the 
 Carefles of the Count de Frontenac, made one of the 
 Number. They encamped round the Fort, which 
 Rood on a fteep rifing Ground between two Mea- 
 dows. 
 
 Major Schuyler having left forty of his Men to 
 guard his Canoes, which had carried him crofs the 
 Lake, marched on without flopping. He got into 
 a Hollow, which led into the Meadow, without 
 being difcovered ; and marching under that Cover, 
 he fell fuddenly upon the Militia, who were foon 
 put into Confufion, and many of them, and of the 
 Utawawas, who were pofled with them, were kill- 
 ed. He purfued them as they fled to the Fort, 
 which he attacked brifkly, but was obliged to leave 
 it, by the Approach of the regular Troops who 
 came to relieve it. He received them however 
 bravely, and, after they had lofl feveral Officers 
 and many Men, they retired. Major Schuyler find- 
 ing the Number of the Enemy much greater than 
 was expedted, and being informed that a confider- 
 able Party of the Enemy had marched Southward, 
 he began to apprehend, that this Party was fent to 
 cut off his Retreat, by deflroying his Canoes. It 
 was refolved therefore immediately to follow this 
 Party ; he overtook them, and they covering them- 
 felves behind fome large fallen Trees, he attacked 
 them, and made his Way through them, but with 
 confiderable Lofs. 
 
 In this Attack the Mohawks lignalized them- 
 felves, but the Scahkook Indians did not behave 
 themfelves well. The Mohawks, upon no Occafi- 
 * on, 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 129 
 
 on, yielded an Inch of .Ground, till the EngUJh firft Chap. 
 gave Way. The French, by their own Accounts, VI. 
 loft, in the feveral Attacks made by Schuyler, two'^Of^ 
 Captains, fix Lieutenants, and five Enfigns, and, 
 in all, three hundred Men, fo that their Slain were 
 in Number more than Major Schiller had with him. 
 
 The Mohawks fuffered much, having feventeen Men 
 killed, and eleven wounded. They returned to jiU 
 bany the eleventh of Augujl. 
 
 After the EngUJh under Major Schuyler had re- 
 tired, an Owenagunga Indian came from New- Eng- 
 land, with an Account of the Preparations made there 
 againft Canada, and that they had adually fail- 
 ed. 
 
 This Fleet, which was commanded by Sir William 
 Phips, was difeovered in St. Laurence Bay, while the 
 Count de Frontenac remained at Montreal ; and there- 
 upon he made all poflible Hafte to Rebeck, and car- 
 ried three hundred Men with him. 
 
 The Fleet, which confifted of thirty Sail, did 
 not reach Rebeck till the feventh of Oblober. Sir 
 William fpent three Days in nothing but Confultati- 
 on, while the French made all pomble Preparation 
 for a Defence, and, by this Means, fuffered them 
 to get over the Fright and Confternation, into which 
 the firft Appearance of the Fleet had thrown them 1 
 for the Place was not in any Pofture of Defence. 
 
 It gave them Time likewife to draw all the Country 
 round them into the Town. And on the fourth Day 
 Sir William fummoned the Count to furrender, who 
 returned him fuch an Anfwer as his Condu(ft deferv- 
 ed. 
 
 The Englifh landed four Miles below the Town, 
 and had thick Woods to march through, before 
 they could come at it, in which Ambufeades of 
 French and Indians were made at proper Diftances, 
 by whom the EngUJh were repulfed with confiderable 
 Lofs. They attempted the Wood again the next 
 D.iy with no better Succefs. 
 
 K 
 
 The 
 
130 ^be History of the 
 
 Chap. The French^ in their Account of this Action, fay, 
 VI. that the Men, though they appeared to be as little 
 difciplined as Men could be, behaved with great 
 Bravery, but that Sir William's Conduct was fuch, 
 that, if he had been in Concert with them, he 
 could not have done more to ruin the Enterprize ; 
 yet his Fidelity was never fufpedied. In (hort, this 
 Defcent was fo ill manned, that the Englijh got 
 on Board again in the Night, with the Lofs of all 
 the Cannon and Engage which they had land- 
 ed. 
 
 The French thought themfelves in fuch great 
 Danger at that Time, that they attributed their De- 
 liverance to the moft immediate Protedtion of Hea- 
 ven, in confounding the Devices of their Enemy, 
 and by depriving them of common Senfe ; and for 
 this Reafon the People of Rebeck make an annu- 
 al Proceffion, in Commemoration of this Deliver- 
 ance. 
 
 Sir William cannonaded the Town for fome Time 
 with little Execution, and then returned in Haft, 
 Winter approaching ; indeed that Seafon was alrea- 
 dy fo far advanced, that he loft eight Veflels in his 
 Return. 
 
 The Five Nations continued their Incurfioiis all a- 
 long St. Laurence River, from Montreal to Rebeck, 
 and carried away many Scalps. At one Time a 
 French Officer, with thirty eight Men, furprifed 
 fome of the Five Nations in a Cabin, which they 
 had built near Lake St. Piere. Some of them efcaped 
 ■and informed two other Cabins, which the French' 
 had not difcovered, and they returned with their Com- 
 panions, and killed the Captain and Lieutenant, and 
 one half of the Men. 
 
 Notwithftanding that the French preferved their 
 Country, thefe warlike Expeditions, and the Necef- 
 lity they were under of being on their Guard, pre- 
 vented their cultivating the Ground, or of reaping 
 the Fruit of what they had fowed or planted. This 
 1 occafioned 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, C^c. 131 
 
 occafioned a Famine in Canada^ and, to increafe 
 the Mifery of the poor Inhabitants, they were 
 forced to feed the Soldiers gratis, while their own 
 Children wanted Bread. 
 
 In OSiober the Onondagas^ Cayugas^ and Oneydoes 
 came to /Ubany^ to condole with the EngUfl), for the 
 Men loft in the Expedition againft Montreal^ as they 
 had already done with the Mohawks. They fmd 
 it was ever their Cuftom to condole with their Friends 
 when they loft any Number of Men in Battle, 
 though they had the Vidory. They at the fame 
 Time, as they had often done before, complained 
 of the Dearnefs of Powder ; Why, fay they, do you 
 call us your King’s Soldiers, when you will not fell 
 us Powder at the ufual and reafonable Rates ? 
 
 And in anfwcr to a Complaint, of there not being 
 a fufficient Number of Englijh fent againft Monlrealy 
 the People of AEany upbraided them with a Breach 
 of Promife, in not fending that Party down Cada- 
 rackui River which they promifed, which they faid 
 was the chief Reafon of the want of Succefs in that 
 Expedition. 
 
 CHAP. VII. 
 
 The French and the Five Nations continue the 
 War all Winter with various Succefs. The 
 French burn a Captain of the Five Nations 
 alive. 
 
 T H E old French Governor kept up his Vi- C h P. 
 
 gour and Spirits wonderfully, no Fatigue VII., ^ 
 made him ever think of Reft. He knew of what 
 life it would be to convince the Five Nations, that 
 the joint Attack of the Engli/h and Indians had 
 neither weakened him, nor frightened liim from 
 c.irrying on the War with as much Vigour as before. 
 
 K 2 It 
 
'^3^ ’The History of the 
 
 Ch A P.It was abrolutely neceflary that the Uiawawas and 
 VII. other JVefiern Indians^ who came to Montreal to 
 > — ' trade, fhould return fafe to their own Country, o- 
 therwife there would be an End to the French 
 Trade with thofe Nations, upon which the Being 
 of Canada depends ; for it is only by the Fur-trade 
 with thele Nations that they make Returns to Fu- 
 rope •, and if thefe Nations did not return in Time, all 
 the (Vejlern Indians would look on the French as 
 loft, and confequently would make Peace with the 
 Five Nations^ and perhaps join in the Deftruftion 
 of Canada. 
 
 Captain la Foreft, with one hundred and ten 
 Men, was fent to condud the Utawawas Home ; 
 he carried with him confiderable Prelents lent by 
 the King of France, to confirm thefe Nations in the 
 French Intereft. 
 
 _ Two Indian Prifoners, taken at la Prairie, were 
 given to the Utawaivas, and carried with them, to 
 confirm the Stories they were to tell of their Suc- 
 cefles againft the Englijh and Five Nations. Thefe 
 poor Men were there burnt alive ; and if I ftiould 
 add, that it was done by French Inftigation, what 
 I Iball relate by and by will clear me of the want 
 of Charity. I believe it was fo, in Order to rivet 
 the Hatred between thefe People and the Five Na- 
 tions. 
 
 The Five Nations continued their Incurfions all 
 Winter on Canada. Forty of the Mohawks fell up- 
 on Fort Vercheres, and . carried off twenty of the 
 Inhabitants ; but the Alarm reaching Montreal, 
 Mr. de Crizaei, with one hundred Men of the regu- 
 lar Troops, was fent in purfuit of them, who reco- 
 vered moft of the Prifoners. 
 
 The Count de Frontenac being informed, that a 
 confiderable Party of the F.ve Nations hunted Bever 
 on the Neck of Land between Cadarackui Lake and 
 Lake Erie, with great Security, refolved to give 
 
 them 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 13^ 
 
 them a better Opinion of the Strength and Courage Ch a p. 
 of the French. For this Purpofe he fent three hun- VII. 
 dred and twelve Men to furprife them, under the 
 Command of Mr. Beaiicour., a young Gentleman. 
 
 The Preying Indians of Montreal were of the Party, 
 
 This Expedition being in the Winter, they were 
 obliged to undergo cruel Fatigues, while they march- 
 ed on the Snow with fnow Shoes, and carried all 
 their Provifion on their Backs. Several of the 
 French had their Feet frozen, which obliged fifteen 
 to return, with fome old Indians., that could not bear 
 the Fatigue ; and it was with much Difficulty that 
 Beaucour could perfuade the reft to continue their 
 March. After a March to a furprizing Diftance, 
 at that Seafon of the Year, they furprifed eighty 
 of the Five Nations, who notwithftanding made a 
 brave Defence, and did not run before they, left 
 moft of their Men dead on the Spot. Three Wo- 
 men were made Prifoners, with whom the French 
 immediately turned back to Montreal, Some ftrag- 
 ling Parties went towards Albat^, but did no more 
 Mifchief than killing two or three ftragling Perfons, 
 and alarming the Country. 
 
 The Trade to MiffiHmakinak being ftill intirely 
 ftopt, by the Parties of the Five Nations invefting 
 Cadarackui River, by which, and Cadarackui Lake, 
 the Paflage in Canoes is made to the Weftern Indi~ 
 ans. Captain la None, with a Command of the re- 
 gular Troops, was ordered early in the Spring to 
 guard the Traders through that Paflage ; but when 
 he reached the Falls de Calumette, he difeovered the 
 Enemy, and returned fafter than he went. 
 
 La Neue had Orders a fecond Time to attempt 
 this Paflage, and went as far as the River du Ldevre 
 (thirty Leagues from Montreal) without any Ob- 
 ftrudlion ; but there difeovering feveral Canoes of 
 the Five Nations, he went back as faft as before. 
 
 K 3 
 
 The 
 
*34 History of the 
 
 Chap. Tht ^atogbies and the Bullheads * having in- 
 VII. formed the French of another fmaller River, which 
 ‘"V-*-' falls into Cadarackui River ^ and runs to the North- 
 ward of it, by which a Paflage might be made to 
 the Lakes, it was refolved to attempt this PalTage, 
 though it were much farther round, and more danger- 
 ous, there being many more rapid Falls in that River. 
 Three Officers, with thirty Soldiers, were fent with 
 the Traders for this Purpofe, but a Party of the 
 Five Nations meeting with them in the long Fall, 
 before they reached .this River, they were all killed 
 or taken, except four that efcaped back to Mont- 
 real 
 
 A confiderable Party of the Five Nations, under 
 the Command of Blackkettle, a famous Hero, con- 
 tinued a long Time on Cadarackui River, in hopes 
 of meeting with other French Parties, in their Paf- 
 fage towards Miffilimakinak but finding that no At- 
 tempts were made that Way, he refolved to make 
 an Irruption into the Country round Montreal. The 
 French fay he had fix hundred Men with him j but 
 they ufually increafe the Number of their Enemies, 
 in the Relation they give of thefe Tranfaftions, ei- 
 ther to excufe their Fears, or to increafe their Glory. 
 
 Blackkettle overrun the Country (to ufe the French 
 Expreffion) as a Torrent does the Low-lands, when 
 it overflows its Banks, and there is no withftanding 
 it. The Soldiers had Orders to ftand upon the 
 defenfive within their Forts. Mr. dc Vaudreuil pur- 
 fued this Party (after they had burnt and ravaged 
 the whole Country) at the Head of four hundred 
 Men ; he overtook them and furprifed them. The 
 Five Nations fought defperately, though the fame 
 Author, at this Place, makes them no more than 
 two hundred Men. After they had loft twenty 
 Men on the Spot, they broke through the French, 
 and marched off. The French loft four Officers 
 
 I 
 
 * The Bullheadi are faid to be cowardly People. 
 
 and 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 and many common Soldiers, and they took five Men, C 
 nine Women, and five Children Prifoners. 
 
 The Five Nations in a few Days had however fome 
 Revenge •, a Captain having had Orders to guard the 
 Vcflels from Montreal to S^ebeck, a Party of the 
 Five Nations attacked him in his Return, as he paf- 
 fed through the Iflands in Lake St. Pierre. He him- 
 felf was killed, and the whole Party intirely rout- 
 
 The French all this Summer were obliged tp keep 
 upon the defenfive within their Forts, while the 
 Eve Nations., in fmall Parties, ravaged the whole 
 Country, fo that no Man ftirred the leaft Diftance 
 from a Fort, but he was in danger of lofing his 
 
 Scalp. . u TT 
 
 The Count de Frontenac was pierced to the Heart, 
 
 when he found that he could.not revenge thefe ter- 
 rible Incurfions of the Five Nations ; and hisAnguifh 
 made him guilty of fuch a Piece of monftrous Cru- 
 elty, in burning a Prifoner alive after the Indian 
 Manner, as though I have frequently mentioned 
 to have been done by the Indians, yet I forbore 
 giving the Particulars of fuch barbarous Afts, fuf- 
 pefting it might be too offenfive to Chriftian Ears, 
 even in the Hiftory of Savages. Here however I think 
 it ufeful to give a circumftantial Account of this horrid 
 A(fl, to Ihew on one Hand, what Courage and Re- 
 folution. Virtue, the Love of Glory, and the 
 Love of one’s Country can inftill into Mens Minds, 
 even where the Knowledge of true Religion is 
 wanting •, and on the other Hand, how far a falfe 
 Policy, under a corrupt Religion, can debafe even 
 
 great Minds. , 
 
 Th&CoMntde Frontenac, I fay, condemned two 
 Prifoners of the Five Nations to be burnt pubhckly 
 alive. The Intendant’s Lady intreated to 
 moderate the Sentence, and the Jefuits, it is faid, 
 ufed their Endeavours for the fame Purpofe. But the 
 Count de Frontenac feid, there is a Neceflity of 
 
 K 4 making 
 
*3^ The Histj5ry of the 
 
 Ch 4 p. making fuch an Example, to frighten the Five Na~ 
 viK from approaching the Plantations, fince the In- 
 
 diligence, that had hitherto been fhewn, had in- 
 couraged them to advance with the greateft Bold- 
 nefs to the very Gates of their Towns ; while they 
 • they run no other Rifque, but of being made 
 
 Pnfoners, where they live better than at Home. 
 He added, that the Five Nations having burnt fo 
 many French, juftified this Method of making Re- 
 pnzals. But with Submiffion to the Politenefs of 
 the French Nation, may I not alk, whether every 
 (or any) horrid Adtion of a barbarous Enemy, can 
 ^luftify a civilized Nation in doing the like ? 
 
 When the Governor could not be moved, the Je- 
 fuits went to the Prifon, to inftruA the Prifoners in the 
 Myftenes of our Holy Religion, viz. of the Trinity, 
 the Incarnation of our Savio.ur, the Joys of Paradife 
 ^d the PunilhmentsofHell, to fit their Souls for 
 Heaven by Baptifm, while their Bodies were con- 
 demned to Torments, But the Indians, after they 
 had heard their Sentence, refufed to hear the Jefuia 
 ^eak, and began to prepare for Death in their own 
 Country Manner, by Tinging their Death Song 
 Some charitable Perfon threw a Knife into the 
 1 rifon, with which one of them difpatched himfelf: 
 
 1 he other was carried out to the Place of Executi- 
 on by the Chriftian Indians of Loretlo, to which 
 he walked, feemingly, with as much Indiffe- 
 rence as ever Martyr did to the Stake. While they 
 were torturing him, he continued finging, that he 
 was a Warrior brave and without Fear ; that the 
 moft cruel Death could not fhake his Courage • that 
 the moft cruel Torment fhould not draw an ’inde 
 cent Expreflion from him ; that his Comrade was a 
 ^Scandal to the Five Nations, who had 
 killed himfelf for fear of Pain i that he had the 
 Comfort to refleft, that he had made many 
 men fuffer as he did now. He fully verified his 
 Words, for the moft violent Torment could not 
 
 force 
 
137 
 
 Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 force the leaft Complaint from him, though his 
 Executioners tried their utmoft Skill to do it. They 
 firft broiled his Feet between two red hot Stones ; 
 then they put his Fingers into red hot Pipes, and 
 though he had his Arms at Liberty, he would not 
 pull his Fingers out ; they cut his Joints, and ta- 
 king hold of the Sinews, twifted them round fmall 
 Bars of Iron. All this while he kept finging and 
 recounting his own brave Aftions againft the French. 
 At laft they Head his Scalp from his Skull, and 
 poured fcalding hot Sand upon it i at which Time 
 the Intendant’s Lady obtained Leave of the Go- 
 vernor to have the Coup-de-grace given, and I be- 
 lieve Ihe thereby likewife obtained a Favour to e- 
 very Reader, in delivering him from a further 
 continuance of this Account of French Cruelty. 
 
 Notwithftanding this Cruelty, which the French 
 Governor manifefted towards the Five Nations^ and 
 thereby his Hatred of them, he found Peace with 
 them fo neceflary to Canada^ that he ftill purfued it 
 by all the Means in his Power. For this Purpofe 
 the Preying Indians (who, as I obferved before, are 
 Mohawks, and have always kept a Correfpondence 
 with their own Nation) were employed to bring it 
 about, and to endeavour a Ceflation of Arms, that 
 the Governor might have an Opportunity of Ihew- 
 ing what kind Things he had in his Heart towards 
 the Five Nations, but without Succels. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. 
 
 ^the Five Nations treat with Captain Ingoldfby. 
 
 T H E Governor of New-Tork, Colonel Slaugh- Chap. 
 
 tePs Death, foon after his Arrival, was very VIII. 
 prejudicial to the Affairs of New-Tork ; for Captain '-**v“*^ 
 Ingeldjhy, who had no other Commiffion but that of 
 Captain of one of the Independent Companies of 
 
 Foot, 
 
138 of the 
 
 Chap. F oot, took upon himfdf the Government of the 
 VIII. Province, without any Authority j and he having 
 likewife highly offended a great Number of the 
 People, by the Share he took in the late Party 
 Quarrels, it was not eafy for him to profecute any 
 vigorous Meafures. He was reckoned to be much 
 more a Soldier than a Statefman. 
 
 Captain Ingoldjby met the Five Nations at Alba. 
 the fixth <AJmt 1692. In his Speech, he told 
 them of his vigorous Refolutions to profecute the 
 War, and then blamed them for not fending fac- 
 cording to their Promife) a Party down Cadarackui 
 River, to join them that went from Albary againft 
 Montreal, and for their Carelefnefs in fuffering them- 
 fclves to be furprifed laft Winter in their Hunting. 
 He defired them to keep the Enemy in perpetual 
 Alarm, by the Incurfions of their Parties into the 
 Enemy’s Country, and to give him timely Notice 
 of all their Motions. He told them in the next Place, 
 that he heard tht French wereftill ufing their wonted 
 Artifice, of amufing them with Offers of Peace j 
 but the former Proceedings of the French fufficiently 
 dcmonftrates,faid he totheBrethren, that while Peace is 
 in their Mouths, War is in their Hearts, and the late 
 horrid Murder of the Brethren, after Quarter given, 
 fufficiently Aiews the I^erfidy and Rancour of their 
 Hearts. It is in vain, faid he, to think of any 
 Ceffation of Arms, much lefs of a Peace, while the 
 two Kings are at War at Home. He added, Vir- 
 ginia is ready to affift us, and only waits the 
 King’s Orders, which are daily expedted, and then 
 renewed the Chain for Virginia. In the lafl Place 
 he told them, that he heard the Diomndadas 
 had fent two Prifoners Home, with a View thereby 
 to procure Peace •, .and advifed them by all Means to 
 make Peace with that Nation. 
 
 The 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, G?c. 139 
 
 The FiW anfwered by Cheda, an OneydoC^kv. 
 
 Sachem : ^ _ , 
 
 “ Brother Corlear, 
 
 I'he Sachems of the Five Nations have with 
 great Attention heard Corlear fpeak *, we jhall 
 make a fhort Recital, to (hew you with what Care 
 we have hearkened. After the Recital he conti- 
 
 nued. ^ 
 
 We heartily thank Corlear^ for his coming to 
 
 this Place to view the Strength thereof, for h\s 
 bringing Forces with him, and for his Refolution 
 of putting Garifons into the Frontier Places. Giving 
 five Bevers and a Belt. 
 
 Brother Corlear^ as to what you blame us for, 
 let us not reproach one another, fuch Words do 
 not favour well among Friends, They gave no- 
 thing with this Article. tree 
 
 Brother Corlear, be patient under the Lois ot 
 your Men, as we are of the Mohawks our Brethren, 
 that were killed at the fame Time. You tfke no 
 Notice of the great Lolfes we have fuftered. We 
 defigned to have come to this Place to have con- 
 doled with you in your Lofs, but the War took up 
 all our Time, and employed all Hands. They 
 gave five Bevers, four Otterr- and one Belt, as a 
 Gift of Condolence. 
 
 Brother Corlear, we are all Subjefls of one great 
 King and Queen, we have one Head, one Heart, 
 one Intereft, and are all ingaged in the fame War. 
 
 You tell us, that we muft expe£t no Peace while 
 the Kings are at War on the other Side the^ great 
 Water. We thank you for being fo plain with us. 
 
 We affure you we have no Thoughts of Peace. 
 
 We are refolved to carry on the War, though we 
 know we only are in danger of being Lofer^ 
 do you profecute the War with the (ame Refoluti- 
 on. You are ftrong and have many People. You 
 have a* great King, who is able to hold out 
 
^he History of the 
 
 vlf'Zl decline daily, by 
 
 ^ to de^'" °«r I^ol 
 
 to deftroy the Enemy; but how ftrange doesitfeem 
 
 to us ! How unaccountable ! that while our great King 
 
 Js fo inveterate againft the/r.»r^, and you are fo eaS 
 
 with us to carry on the War,’ thatVowd Hs now 
 
 fold dearer to us than ever ? We are poor, and n^ 
 
 not^ w'"’" J hunting; and we can- 
 
 not hunt and carry on the War at the fame Time • 
 
 Evil ivefojuftly complain rf 
 S, T'T remedied. Giving niL Bevere 
 lirother Mar, you defire us to keep the Enemy 
 
 Si S ‘^’3t they may have no Reft^ 
 
 tiH they are m the, r Graves ; Is it not to fecure your 
 own Frontiers? Why then not one Word of your 
 People that are to join us? We alTure you we Lll 
 contmue to carry on the War into the Heart of 
 the Enemies Country. Giving eight Bevers. 
 
 Mohawks, Oneydoes, Omn~ 
 dagas, Cayugas, Senekas, renew the Silver Chain 
 whereby we are linked faft with our Brethren of 
 ngoa {Virginia) and we promife to preferve it as 
 
 tS^Beve?s^ *" Heavens. Giving 
 
 o„?R conies it, that none of 
 
 our Brethren faftenedjn the fame Chain with us, of- 
 
 nn/. '‘‘Sv-P'"? in which 
 
 our great King is engaged againft the French ? Pray 
 
 Cjlear how come Maryland, Delaware River, and 
 New- England, to be difengaged from this War? 
 rou have always told us, that they are our Brethren! 
 
 ® one fold 
 
 them . Or do they fiul m their Obedience ? Or do 
 they draw their Arms out of our Chain ? Or has the 
 great Kmg commanded, that the few Subjects he has 
 m this Place, Ihould make War againft the French 
 aJone ? 1 ray make plain to us this Myftery ? How 
 can they a^ we be Brethren, and make different 
 families? How can they and we be Subjeds of the 
 
 fame 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, Cic. 141 
 
 fame great King, and not be engaged in the fame Chap. 
 War ? How can they and we have the fame Heart, VIII. 
 the fame Head, and the fame Intereft, as you tell us, -v— > 
 and not have the fame Thoughts ? How comes it, 
 that the Enemy burns and deftroys the Towns in 
 New- England, and they make no Refiftance ? How 
 comes our great King to make War, and not to 
 deftroy his Enemies ? When, if he would only com- 
 mand his Subjects on this Side the great Lake to 
 joyn, the Deftruftion of the Enemy would not make 
 one Summer’s Work. 
 
 You need not warn us of the Deceit and Treache- 
 ry of the French, who would probably infinuate 
 'I'houghts of Peace v but Brethren, you need not 
 fear us, we will never hearken to them : Tho* at 
 the fame Time, we muft own, that we have not 
 been without Thoughts of your being inclined to 
 Peace, by Reafon of the Brethrens Backwardnefs 
 in pulhing on the War. The French fpread Re- 
 ports among us to this Purpofe, and fay, that 
 they had in a Manner concluded the Matter with 
 you. W e rejoice to be now affured of this Falfhood. 
 
 We fhall never defift fighting the French as long 
 as we fhall live. And gave a Belt of Wampum. 
 
 We now renew the old Chain, and here plant the 
 Tree of Profperity and Peace. May it grow and 
 thrive, and fpread its Roots even beyond Canada. 
 
 Giving a Belt. 
 
 We make the Houfe clean, where all our Affairs 
 of Importance are tranfafted with thefe five Otters. 
 
 We return you Thanks for the Powder and Lead 
 given us ; but what fhall we do with them without 
 Guns, fhall we throw them at the Enemy ? We 
 doubt they will not hurt them fo. Before this we 
 always had Guns given us. It is no Wonder the Go- 
 vernor of Canada gains upon us, for he fupplies his 
 Indians with Guns as well as Powder j he fupplies 
 them plentifully with every Thing that can hurt us. 
 
 Giving five Otters. 
 
 As 
 
142 
 
 The History of the 
 
 As to the Dionondadas fetting two of our Nation at 
 Liberty, we muft tell you, that it was not the Adt 
 of that Nation, but the private A<5t of one Perfon : 
 We are defirous to make Peace with that Nation 
 as foon as we can, upon honourable Terms. And 
 gave a Belt. 
 
 The Mohawks., before they left the Place, defired 
 a private Conference with the Governor, and told 
 him, that they were all exceedingly diflatisfied, that 
 the other Englijh Colonies gave no Afliftance, and 
 that it might prove of ill Confequence. Captain 
 Ingoldfl^ promiled to write to them, and hoped it 
 would have a good Effedt. 
 
 CHAP. IX. 
 
 The French furprife and take three Mohawk Cafiles. 
 
 f I AHE Erasing Indians promifed their Endea* 
 1 vours to reconcile their Brethren the Mo- 
 hawks to the French, on whom the French ex- 
 pedled they would have much Influence ; but their 
 Endeavours proving inelFedtual, their Correfpond- 
 ence began to be fufpedted. The French thought 
 they did more Hurt than Good, by the Intelligence 
 the Enemy by their Means received. The French 
 in Canada began to lofe their Spirits, by being obliged 
 to remain fo long upon the defenfive, as the Five 
 Nations gained more Courage by it. The Count 
 de Frontenac thought it therefore abfolutely neceflary 
 to undertake fome bold Enterprize, to fhew the 
 Five Nations, that they had to do with an Enemy 
 ftill able to adl ofFenfively : An Attack on the 
 Mohawks he thought would be moft efFedlual for this 
 Purpofe, becaufe it would Ihew, at the fame Time, 
 
 that 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 143 
 
 that the Englifh would not proted their neareftCnAP. 
 Neighbours. As this was defigned to be done by IX. 
 Surprize, the Winter Seafon was chofen for this 
 Purpofe, as leaft to be fufpeded at fuch a Time ; 
 and when the Enemy could not, without great 
 Hardlhip, keep Scouts abroad, to difcover them or 
 the EngUJh give any Affiftance. 
 
 The Body of the French defigned for this Expe- 
 ' dition was put under three Captains of the regular 
 Troops, and thirty Subalterns, and confifted of 
 picked Men of the regular Troops of the common 
 Militia of the Country of the Preying Indians^ the 
 ^atoghies of Loretto, Adirmdacks^ and 
 who live to the eaftward of Bofton^ making in all 
 about fix or feven hundred Men, fo that a great 
 Part of the Force of Canada was employed in it. 
 
 They were well fupplied with all Sorts or Amrnuniti- 
 on, Provifion, Snow-Shoes, and fuch Conveniencies 
 for Carriage, as were pradicablc upon the Snow, and 
 through fuch great Forefts as they had to pals. 
 
 The French at Canada have a Kind of light Sledges 
 made with Skins, and are drawn by large Dogs on 
 the frozen Snow. 
 
 They fet out from la Prairie de Magdaleine the 
 15th of January 1692-3, after having endured what 
 might have been thought unfurmountable Hardlhip^-, 
 they paired by Schene£lady at feme Diftance from it, 
 on the 8 th of February., at which Time one that 
 had been taken Prifoner, when that Place was fack- 
 ed, made his Efcape from them, and gave the 
 o{ Scheneaady Intelligence of the French^ who 
 by an Exprefs, immediately informed the Comm^id- 
 ant of Albany. The Millitia was expeditioully raifed, 
 and a Lieutenant with fifty five Horfe was imme- 
 diately difpatched to Scheneblady ; but no Care 
 was taken to give the Mohawks Notice, which 
 might have been done without much Danger, by 
 fending up the South Side of the River, whilll: 
 the French marched on the North. The French^ on 
 
 the 
 
a: X 
 
 
 144 The History of the 
 
 A p.the 8th at Night, reached the firft Caftle, 
 
 [. where there were only five Men, and fome Women 
 and Children in great Security, their other Men being 
 all abroad, thefe were all taken without Oppofition. 
 The next Fort not far from it was in like Manner 
 furprized, without any Oppofition, both of them 
 were very fmall, and being next the Englijh^ not 
 fortified. 
 
 Schenectady being the neareft Englijh Settlement 
 to the Mohawks, and but a little Way from their 
 neareft Caftle, many of them are always there. The 
 Mohawks then in the Town were exceedingly en- 
 raged, that none went out to aflift their Nation ; 
 fome were lent therefore out the next Day, to gain 
 Information of the Enemy, and to give the Mo- 
 hawks Notice i but they returned without doing their 
 Duty. 
 
 The French went on to the next Mohawk Fort, 
 which was the largeft ; and coming to that in the 
 Night, they heard fome Noile, and fufpefted they 
 were difcovered : But this Noile was only occafioned 
 by a War Dance, forty of the Indians defigning to 
 go next Day upon fome Enterprize. The French 
 approached the Caftle filently, and finding the In- 
 dians no way on their Guard, opened the Gate, and 
 entered before they were difcovered ; but notwith- 
 ftanding this, and the Confufion the Indians muft 
 be in, this Conqueft was not without Lofs of Blood, 
 the French having loft thirty Men, before the Indi- 
 ans entirely fubmitted ; The French defigned to have 
 put them all to the Sword, but their own Indians 
 would not fuffer it, and gave Quarter : They took 
 three hundred Prifoners, of whom one hundred 
 were fighting Men. I have no Account of the Num- 
 ber of Mohawks killed, but no Doubt it was very 
 confiderable. 
 
 When the Account came to Albany, how much 
 the Mohawks, who were at ScheneCiady, were enraged, 
 that no Afliftance was fent to their Countrymen ; 
 
 1 Feter 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, 14^ 
 
 Peter Schuyler a Major of the Militia offered himfelfCH a p‘ 
 to go with what Force could be got ready for their IX- 
 Afftftance. He went hirtifelf immediately to Sche~ 
 ne£lady, and fent out to difcover the Enemy : His 
 Scouts brought him Intelligence, firft, that the French 
 were in Poflefllon of the two fmalleft Forts, after- 
 wards, that they had heard great Firing at the largeft 
 Fort ; and at laft, that it was taken. Having re- 
 ceived 200 Men, partly regular Troops, bat moft 
 of the Militia, he began his March on the 12th in 
 Queft of the Enemy ; but hearing foon after, that 
 fix hundred Men of the upper Caftles were on their 
 March, ’tis probable he did not endeavour to be up 
 with the French fo foon as he might ; for I find by 
 his Journal, that he was nearer them on the four- 
 teenth, than he was two Days after. He had not 
 fufficient Force to fight them : He fent therefore to 
 the upper Indians., to haften their March. On the 
 15th he was joined by thefe Indians, in all two 
 hundred and ninety Men and Boys, very ill armed. 
 
 His Body then confifted of two hundred and fifty 
 Chriftians, and two hundred and ninety Indians, 
 armed fighting Men. They had no other Provifion 
 but fome Bifcuit every Man had in his Pocket. On 
 the 1 6th he was informed by an Indian, who pre- 
 tended to be a Deferter, that the French had built 
 a Fort, where they defigned to wait for him, and 
 fight him; whereupon he fent an Exprefs to Coll. 
 Ingoldejby, then Commandant at Alborg, to haften 
 more Men to join him, with fufficient Provifion for 
 the whole. He found afterwards, that this Indian 
 was fent by the French, on purpofe to perfuade the 
 Indians to give over the Purfuit. Major Schuyler 
 came up to the Enemy on the 1 7th ; when he came 
 near them he did not go on ftreight towards them, 
 for Fear of Ambufcades, but marched round. As 
 foon as he came in Sight, he was faluted with three 
 loud Shouts, which were anfvvered with as much 
 Noife. The Indians began in their Manner to fe- 
 
 E cure 
 
146 The History of the 
 
 Chap, cure themfelves, by felling the Trees between them* 
 IX. and the Enemy fallied out to prevent them, but 
 V— ^ were foon beat back. The Indians fell tq Work a- 
 gain, and defired the Chrlftians to aflift them, which 
 was done, but in fuch Confufion, that they them- 
 felves were in Danger from the falling Trees. The 
 French fallied a fecond Time with all their Force, 
 crying out. They run, we'll cut them off, and get their 
 Provijions •, but they were warmly received, and 
 beat back into their Fort. They fallied a third 
 Time, and were beat back with confiderable Lofs, 
 the Indians bringing in feveral Heads and Scalps. 
 As foon as the Skirmilhing was over, the Major fent 
 back an Expreft, to Jiatteu the Men that were to 
 reinforce him, and were to bring Provifion, fome of 
 the Men having had no Provifion for two Days. 
 The Major then fecured himfelf, under the Cover 
 of the fallen 7’rees, and kept out Watches to ob- 
 ferve the French, 
 
 The 1 8 th proving a cold ftormy Day, with 
 Snow, he was informed, by a Deferter, that the 
 French were upon their March, it not being eafy to 
 follow their Tracks, or to difeover them in fuch 
 Weather. The Officers were commanded to purfue 
 and retard their March, till the Reinforcement 
 Ihould come up, but the Men refufed to march 
 without Provifion. The Officers, with about 60 
 Men, and a Body of Indians, followed the Enemy 
 till iShght, when they began to fecure themfelves, 
 by fortifying their Camp. The Officers wanting 
 afufficient Number to fecure themfelves in like Man- 
 ner, or to fight the Enemy, returned, leaving a- 
 bout forty Chriftians, and one hundred Indians, to 
 obferve them. On the 19th the Provifions, with 
 about 80 Men, arrived, under the Command of 
 Captain Sims of the regular Troops. Every Man, 
 as he was ferved with Provifion, marched towards 
 the Enemy. The Van w'as commanded by Captain 
 Peter Matthews of the regular Troops, who coming 
 
 N 
 
Part I. Five Indian Nations, Gfr. 1^7 
 
 up with the Enemy’s Rear, would have attacked C H a p. 
 them, to retard their March, but the Mohawks IX. 
 
 averfe to fighting. The French dropt on purpofe'— V— » 
 feveral of their Prifoners, who told the Mohawks., 
 that the French were refolved to put all the Prifon- 
 ers to the Sword, if they fliould be attacked. The 
 Enemy pafled the North Branch of Hudfon's River 
 upon a Cake of Ice, which, very opportunely for 
 them, ftuck there in one Place, while it was open 
 by a late Thaw, both above and below. The 
 Weather continuing very cold, and the Indians 
 averfe to fighting. Major Schuyler gave over the 
 Purfuit on the 20th, having loft only four private 
 Men, and as many Indians, two Ofikers and twelve 
 Men Chriftians and Indians were wounded. The 
 French loft thirty three Men (the Bodies of twenty 
 feven were found) of whom four were Officers, and 
 twenty-fix wounded, as the Deferters told him. Be- 
 tween forty and fifty Prifoners were recovered. I 
 have been told, that Captain Matthews defired 
 Coll. Schuyler, when he came firft up with the 
 French, to fummon them to furrender ; he faid, the 
 French are in great Diftrefs, and this will give them 
 an Opinion of our Strength •, but Coll. Schuyler re- 
 fufed, tho’ he was brave, he was no Soldier } and 
 it is very probable, that the French obferving the 
 want of Conduct and Difeipline, were encouraged. 
 
 It is true, the Englifi were in great Want of Provi- 
 fions at that Time. The Indians eat the Bodies of 
 the French that they founds Coll. Schuyler ( as he 
 told me himfelQ going among the Indians at that 
 Time, was invited to eat Broth with them, which 
 fome of them had ready boiled, which he did, till 
 they, putting the Ladle into the Kettle to take 
 out more, brought out a French Man’s Hand, which 
 put an End to his Appetite. 
 
 The French went home as faft as they could carry 
 their wounded Men with them j but coming to a 
 Place, where they had hid Provifions for their Sup- 
 
 L 2 ply 
 
148 ^he History of the 
 
 Ch Ap.ply in their return, they found it all fpoiled. This 
 IX. put them in great Diftrels, fo that they were 
 forced to eat their Shoes ; they fent fome of the 
 nimbleft Men forward to Montreal^ that Provifion 
 might meet them. As foon as they came near the 
 Settlements they difperfed, every Man running 
 home to eat, fo that they returned to Canada like 
 an Army routed. The French own they loft eighty 
 Men, and had thirty three wounded in this Expe- 
 fiition. 
 
 One may wonder how it is pollible for Men to 
 march fevetal hundred Miles in the Wildernefs, 
 while the Ground is every where covered with 
 Snow, two or three Feet deep at leaft •, but the fore- 
 moft march on Snow Shoes, which beat a firm 
 Track for thofe that follow. At Night, when they 
 reft, they dig a Hole in the Snow, throwing the 
 Snow up all round, but higheft towards that Side 
 from whence the Wind blows, fo large, as to contain 
 as many Men as can lye round a Fire : They make 
 
 the Fire in the Middle, and cover the frozen Ground 
 round it with the final 1 Branches of the Fir-Trees. 
 Thus they tell me a Man lyes much warmer, than 
 one imagines that never tried it. 
 
 When the Information of the French came to 
 ScbeneSady^ an Exprefs was fent to FJew Tork to 
 Coll. Fletcher then Governor there •, the Exprefs 
 reached New-Tork^ an hundred and fifty Miles from 
 Albany, the 12th at ten in the Night. The Gover- 
 nor got the City Regiment under Arms by eight the 
 next Morning, 
 
 He called out to know who were willing to go 
 with him to the Frontiers, they all immediately 
 threw up their Flats, and anfwered one and all. In- 
 deed the People of this Province have, upon all Oc- 
 cafions, ftiewn their Courage and Refolution in De- 
 fence of their Country ; but the Misfortune is, they 
 are under no Difcipline, and have been fcldom led 
 by Men that knew their Duty. The Governor or- 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 149 
 
 dered an hundred and fifty Voluntiers for this Ser- Cn a p. 
 vice, and as many more from Long-IJland. The IX. 
 River then happened to be open by a hidden Thaw,'“'*'v~— * 
 which does not, at that Time of the Year, happen 
 once in twenty Years. He embarked three hundred 
 Men in five Sloops, by four in the Afternoon of the 
 14th, and arrived at Albat^ the 17th at nine in the 
 Morning. The fame Day the Governor went to 
 Scheneaad)\ and ordered the Men to follow, but 
 before they could get every Thing ready for their 
 March into the Woods, they had an Account, that 
 Major Schuyler was upon his Return. Several Gen- 
 tlemen of Album, particularly Mr. L'wjlear, a 
 Gentleman of the beft Eftate there, went out Vo- 
 luntiers under Major Schuyler, which I ought not to 
 have forgot. 
 
 Coll. Fletcher made a Speech to the Mohawks 
 at Albany, he blamed their fupine Negligence, in fuf- 
 fering themfelves to be furprifed in the Manner they 
 were in Time of War. He told them that they had 
 Reafon to be convinced, that the Englijh were their 
 Friends heartily, by the Number of Men he had 
 marched to their Afliftance in a very little Time, 
 upon the firft Notice. He promifed to wipe away 
 their Tears in the Spring, by confiderable Prefents ; 
 and that he would, in the mean while, take Care of 
 their Subfiftence, by providing Houfes and ViduaTs 
 for them. He told them, he doubted they had fome 
 falfe Brethren among them, that gave the Erench In- 
 formation, and favoured their Defigns ; and in the lad 
 Place, advifed them to convince the French, that they 
 had not loft their Courage with this Misfortune. 
 
 The Mohawks, in their Anfwer, called Coll. 
 
 Fletcher by the Name of C^enguira^o ; _ and he was 
 called fo by the Indians always after this. It figni- 
 fies a great Jwift Arrow, as an Acknowledgement 
 of the Speed he made to their Afliftance. But they 
 appeared, in their Anfwer, to be quite dilheartned ; 
 they had not, in the Memory of any Man, rc- 
 
 L 3 ceived 
 
150 
 
 ^be History ef the 
 
 ceiyed fuch a Blow. They faid their Strength was 
 quite broke, by the Continuance of the War ; but 
 they added, if all the Englijh Colonies would join, 
 they could ftill eafily take Canada : Their being fo ill 
 armed, was the Reafon (they faid) that the French 
 had now efcaped. 
 
 TheFrencht continued they, arm their Indians coxa- 
 pleatly, and furnilh them with every Thing neceflary 
 for War, as we find every Time we meet with them. 
 
 The French had got a great Quantity of Furs, 
 and other Peltry, at Mijftlimakinaky by their Trade 
 with the Indians j but the Five Nations had fo ef- 
 fedually blocked up the Paflage between that and 
 Canada^ that they had remained there ufelefs to the 
 French for feveral Years. The Count de Frontenac^ 
 after his Succefs againft' the Mohawks^ was in Hopes 
 the Five Nations would keep more at home in De- 
 fence of their own Callles, and with thefe Hopes fent 
 a Lieutenant, with eighteen Canadians, and twenty 
 framing Indians, to open the Paflage to Miffili- 
 wakinak ', but this Party fell in with another of the 
 Five Nations, who entirely routed them, fo that a 
 few efcaped only, to give an Account of their Mif* 
 fortune ; at laft 200 Canoes, loaded with Furs from 
 Miffilirmkinak, arrived at Montreal, which gave 
 as univerfal a Joy to Canada, as the Arrival of the . 
 Galleons give in Spain. 
 
 Ihe Treaties and Negotiations the Five Nations had 
 •with the Englifti French, in the Tears 1693 
 and 1694. 
 
 S by this Time the Reader may be tired with the 
 horrid Scenes of a barbarous War, it may he 
 Relief to obferve the Indian Genius in the Arts of 
 
 negotiating j and fee how a barbarous People, with- 
 
 C H A P. X. 
 
 I 
 
 out 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 151 
 
 out any of the Arts and Sciences in which we value Ch a p. 
 our felves, manage their Intereft with the moft learn- IX. 
 ed, moft polite, and artificial Nation in Europe. -v— J 
 The Five Nations were informed, that the Gover- 
 nor of Canada had received from Europe a very 
 confiderable Recruit of Soldiers, and of all Sorts of 
 Ammunition. This, with the great Lofs the Mo- 
 hawks had lately fufFered, while they had been 
 amufed by the En^lijh with great Hopes, and very 
 little real AlTiftancc, made the Oneydoes, at laft yield 
 to the Solicitations of the Jefuit Mikt^ to fend a 
 Meflage to the French for Peace. It is probable he 
 had the Art to Influence the People at Albany to fa- 
 vour his Defigns, by giving them Plopes of being 
 included in the Peace, as may be conjectured, from 
 what will appear in the Sequel. 
 
 Coll. Fletcher being informed, that the Oneydoes 
 had fenta Meflenger to Canada^ lent for the Five 
 Nations to Albany. He fpoke to them the third of 
 July 1693. 
 
 He firft excufcd his not meeting them as he had 
 promifed, at the Time the Sap begins to run in the 
 Trees, by Reafon of his having received a Commif- 
 fion to be Governor of Penjilvania, to which Place 
 he was obliged at that Time to go. He put them 
 in Mind with w'hat Speed he came to their Affift- 
 ance laft Winter, and how effectual, in all Probabi- 
 lity, it would have been, had they only retarded the 
 Enemy’s March till he could have reached them : 
 
 He advifed them to guard againft being drunk, and 
 Ihewed them the ill Confequences of it in Time of 
 War. 
 
 Then he laid, “ I have received Information, 
 
 “ that fome of the Brethren are wavering, and 
 “ inclined to Peace with the Enemy ; and am af- 
 “ fured, that fuch Thoughts muft arife from the 
 “ Inftigation of the Jefuit Milet., whom fome of 
 
 the Brethren have fufFered to live fo long among 
 “ them, and whofe only Practice is to delude and 
 
 L 4 betray 
 
^ 5 ^ Hoe Yii%rov.Y of the 
 
 Chap. ^ betray them. Let me therefore advife you to 
 remove that ill Perfon from among you. ” 
 
 In the End he condoled their Dead, and made 
 them a very confiderable Prefent of ninety Guns, 
 eight hundred and ten Pound of Powder, eight 
 hundred Bars of Lead, a Thoufand Flints, eighty 
 feven Hatchets, four Grofs of Knives, betides a 
 confiderable Quantity of Cloathing and Provifions. 
 This Prefent, he told them, their King and Queen 
 had fent them, and renewed the Covenant for all 
 the EngUjh Colonies. 
 
 The King ufually fends them a confiderable Pre- 
 fent with every new Governor fent to New-Tork^ 
 which is not always applied as it is defigned. If 
 this Prefent had been made fooner, it had been of 
 much more Ufe to the Englijh^ as well as to the Five 
 Nations. 
 
 1 he Five Nations the next Day fpoke as follows. 
 
 Brother Cayenguirago^ 
 
 “ We are involved in a bloody War, which 
 “ makes us fit in Sorrow and Grief; and being 
 “ about to fpeak of Matters of Importance, we, in 
 “ the firft Place, clear the Mouth and Throat of 
 ‘‘ our Interpreters, by giving her thefe three Bever 
 “ Skins. 
 
 Then they repeated his Excellency’s Speech, 
 in Anfwer to which they faid, 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago^ we rejoice, that the 
 great King and Queen of England take fuch 
 ‘‘ Notice of us, as we find, by the large Prefent 
 “ fent us; we return hearty Thanks for the Am- 
 “ munition elpecially. 
 
 “ We are glad that our Brother Cayenguirago 
 “ renews the Chain, not only between us and this 
 “ Government, but likewife with New-England, 
 
 “ Virginia, Maryland and Penjilvania ; it fhall be 
 “ kept inviolable by us the Five Nations, as long 
 “ as the Sun fhines. We pray our Brother Cayen- 
 guirago 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, 153. 
 
 “ guirago to have a watchful Eye, that none Chap* 
 “ of the other Colonies keep any Correfpondence X. 
 
 “ with the Enemy, but ufe their Endeavours to de- 
 “ ftroy them. We heard nothing of what you 
 “ told us of the Prieft Milet^ who lives at Oneydo^ 
 
 “ till we came to this Town. We haveenquired 
 the Truth of our Brethren the Oneydoes, who con- 
 fefs, that the Prieft fent an Indian to Canada with 
 Letters, which has furprifed us very much. 
 
 “ Brother Ccyenguirago, you are our great Tree, 
 whofe Roots extend to the utmoft Bounds of this 
 Government ; we defire you may not be difturbed 
 when any of our Prifoners milbehave, for they 
 “ are not countenanced by us ; and all proper Me- 
 “ thods {hall be taken, to prevent the like for the 
 “ future. In like Manner we beg you to take 
 « Care, that none of the Prifoners you have cor- 
 « refpond with the Enemy, as we fiifped the 
 « Chevalier D’ O. did ; and that he was fent 
 with Letters to Canada by Ibme of our Brethren. 
 
 “ (He made his Efcape from Bofton.) 
 
 “ Brother Caynguirago, In former Times our 
 « Propofitions to one another were only Difcourfes 
 of Peace and Friendlhip, and in giving Prefents ; 
 
 “ but how much is the Cafe altered of late ? ^ Now 
 we talk of nothing but War, and are continually 
 “ prompting one another to it. As to our Parts, 
 we will keep clofe to the War to the laft Drop 
 “ of our Blood ; and tho’ we be tofled to and fro 
 “ with Storms, we will remain ftedfaft to the laft 
 “ Man, as it was refolved by both in the Begin- 
 “ ning of the War. 
 
 Brother Cd'jenguircigo^ we were told in our own 
 Country, not only that the King had made you 
 Governor of Penjihania^ but likewife that you 
 were preparing a Fleet to take Canada, O ! what 
 ‘‘ joyful News this was to our young Men. Sadaga- 
 Tus^i the great Scneka Captain, was to command 
 them- Now they faid, we need only make one 
 
 hearty 
 
^54 History of the 
 
 C H A P. “ hearty Puth, while the Fleet is before ^eheck. 
 
 X. “ Now there will be an End to this bloody War, 
 and all our Troubles ; But alas, now we are come 
 « here, we hear not one Word of this Defign. 
 
 « Brother Cayenguirago^ you are that flourilhing 
 « Tree that covers us; you keep the Chain bright; 
 “ we have one Requeft to make to you, that you 
 “ may ftay with us, and not return to England ; for 
 “ you know our Ways and Manners. If you have 
 “ any Thing to tell the King and Queen, write it to 
 “ them, for the King knows you to be a wife Man, 
 “ and will therefore believe you. 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguhrago^ -we are very glad to hear 
 that Penftlvania is come under your Government, 
 “ bring their young Men here, with their Bows and 
 “ Arrows and Hatchets in their Hands, for this 
 “ is the Place of Action, We are pleafed that 
 the Shswon&ns or Saianas^ who are our Enemies, 
 “ have applied to you for Proteflion ; and that you 
 “ fent them to us to endeavour a Peace, and that 
 “you fentChriftians with them, to condud them 
 “ back again. We wilh they were come to aflift us 
 “ againft the common Enemy. 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago^ now we have done, but 
 “ muft tell you again, that we roll and wallow 
 “ in Joy, by Reafon of the great Favour the great 
 “ King and Queen has done us, in fending us Arms 
 “ and Ammunition, at a Time when we are in the 
 “ greateft Need of them ; and becaufe there is fuch 
 “ Unity among the Brethren,” 
 
 They made the Governor a conliderable Prefent 
 of Furs, to fhew their Refped to his Perfon ; but 
 they did not give one Belt to confirm any one Ar- 
 ticle ; lb that the whole of it is, according to their 
 Stile, only argumentative. 
 
 Coll. not being fatislled with their Anfwer; 
 
 concerning the Jefuit Milet, made this further 
 Propofal to them. “ As to Milet the Prieft, whom 
 “ the Brethren of Oneydo flill harbour among them, 
 
 “ I 
 

 Part. II. Five Indian Nations, is’c. 155 
 
 I muft tell you again, that he betrays you, and Chap. 
 “ all your Councils j and that you may fee I defire X. 
 
 not to dinilnilh your Number, I am willing to ^ 
 “ give you a pretty Indian Boy, in Lieu of the 
 “ old Prieft ; and accordingly the Boy was brought 
 and delivered to them. 
 
 In anfwer to this the Oncydo Sachem laid, “ As 
 “ foon as the Indian Mellenger returns all his Papers 
 “ fhall be taken from him, and be forthwith 
 “ brought to our Brother Cayenguirago^ before the 
 “ Prieft (hall fee any of them : we are willing to 
 “ take the Boy in Exchange for the Prieft, but it is 
 “ not fafe to do it, while our Mellenger is in the 
 “ Power of the Enemy ; let the Boy ftay here till 
 “ we bring the Prieft, which lhall be as foon as the 
 “ Mellenger lhall return ”. But he gave no Belt, 
 or other Prefent, to confirm this Promifc. He ad* 
 ded, 
 
 “ Brother O^enguirago^ we now acquaint you 
 “ that it is propofed by all the Five UationSy to 
 “ make Peace with the Dionondadiesy a Nation of 
 Indians near in Alliance with the French of Cana- 
 “ da. This will both ftrengthen us and weaken the 
 “ Enemy. The Senekasy who live neareft them, 
 
 “ have undertaken this Treaty, and take Belts of 
 Wampum from the other Nations, to confirm 
 the Peace. We defire your Approbation, that 
 you would fend your Belt in Concurrence, as our 
 eldeft Brother in our Chain. ” 
 
 The Governor approved of this, and gave them 
 a Belt to carry in his Name. 
 
 Notwithftanding what the Speaker of the Five 
 Nations had promifed to the Governor, to bring all 
 the Papers the Oneydo Meflenger Ihould bring from 
 Canaday before the Jefuit Milet Ihould have Li- 
 berty to fee them, it could not be difficult for the 
 Jefuit, to perfuade them to keep the Power of 
 making Peace in their own Hands, and for that 
 Purpofe, to call a Meeting of the Sachems of Onon- 
 
 dagoy 
 
 
 
156 The 'H istory of the 
 
 Ch A p. dago, where all fuch Matters had been formerly 
 X. tranfafted among themfdves, and there to deter- 
 mine independently, rather than to fubmit them- 
 felves to another Nation at Albany. They only 
 invited the Englijh to alTift at the general Council. 
 The Englifh ufed what Arguments they could to 
 difluade this Meeting, but rather to obferve the 
 Promife made to the Governor ; and it feems ufed 
 fome Threatning. The Mohawks had fo much 
 Regard to the Englijh, that they refufed to aflift at 
 the Council. The other four, notwithftanding this, 
 met, and refolved on an Anfwer to be fent to the 
 Governor of Canada j but at the fame Time, to Ihew 
 their Regard to the Mohawks and Englijh, thefe Re- 
 folutions were not to be final, till they Ihould firft 
 be communicated to the Englijh and Mohawks, and 
 their Advice received thereon ; for which Purpofe 
 feveral Sachems were fent to Albany, of whom He- 
 cancjora was the Principal and the Speaker. 
 
 Eecanejora had for many Years the greateft Re- 
 putation among the Five Nations for fpeaking, and 
 was generally employed as their Speaker, in their 
 Negotiations with both French and Englijh : He was 
 grown old when I faw him, and heard him fpeak ; 
 he had a great Fluency in fpeaking, and a graceful 
 Elocution, that would have pleafed in any Part of 
 the World. His Perfon was tall and well made, 
 and his Features, to my thinking, refembled much the 
 Buftos of Cicero. I fhall give an Account of thefe 
 Negotiations from Decanejora's Mouth, becaufe his 
 Narration agrees in the main with the Account the 
 French give of them, and carries along with it as 
 ftrong Evidences of Truth, as that of the French do : 
 but the chief Reafon is, that I intend to give the 
 Reader as perfedl a Notion as I can of the Indian 
 Genius ; and here it will appear, what Art Decane- 
 Jora had, to make an Account of an Affair lefs dif- 
 agreeable to Englijh Ears, which had been under- 
 taken 
 
part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 157 
 
 taken againft their Advice, and contrary to their In- C H a p. 
 tereft. X- 
 
 Decanefora fpoke to Major Schuyler (^ider) and 
 the Magiftrates of Abany^ the fecond of February 
 1693-4 as follows. 
 
 “ Brother *, we are come to acquaint 
 
 “ you, that our Children the Oneydoes having of 
 “ themfelves fcnt a Meflenger to Canada, he has 
 “ brought back with him a Belt of Peace from the 
 “ Governor of Canada. 
 
 “ As foon as T'ariha (the Meflenger) arrived at 
 “ Canada, he was aflced, where the fix hundred 
 “ Men were that were to attack Canada, as they 
 “ had been informed by Cariokefe a Mohawk De- 
 ferter ? He aflured them there was no fuch De- 
 “ fign. 
 
 “ He was carried to Rebeck, where he delivered 
 “ his Belt, with the following Propofitions. Onondio, 
 
 “ if you would have Peace go to Abany, and aflc 
 “ it there, for the Five Nations will do nothing 
 “ without Cayenguirago. The Governor of Canada 
 “ was angry at this, and faid, he had nothing to do 
 “ with the Governor of New-Tork, he would treat 
 “ only with the Five Nations ; the Peace between 
 “ the Chriftians muft be made on the other Side 
 “ the great Lake. He added, he was forty to fee 
 “ the Five fo far degenerated, as to take a 
 
 “ fixth Nation into their Chain, to rule over them. 
 
 If you had defired me to come and treat in any 
 “ of your Caftles, I would have done it ; but to tell 
 “ me I muft go to Albany, is to defire of me what 
 “ I can by no Means do. You have done very ill, 
 
 “ to fuffer the People of New-Tork to govern you 
 “ fo far, that you dare do nothing without their 
 “ Confent. I advife you to fend two of each Na- 
 “ tion to me, and let Decanefora be one of them. 
 
 • When the Affair of which they fpea'c concerns the Govern- 
 ment of Ntnu-Tori, the htdiant always addrefs themfelves to the 
 Governor, vvhetiier he be prefcnt or not. 
 
 I 
 
 S( 
 
 I 
 
ij[8 The History of the 
 
 Ch A p. “ I have Orders from the King my Mafter to grant 
 X. “ you Peace, if you come in your proper Perfons 
 “ to ask it. The Governor of Canada afterwards 
 “ faid, 
 
 “ Children of the Five Nations, I have Compaf- I 
 “ fion for your little Children, therefore come 
 “ fpwedily, and fpeak of Peace to me, otherwife 
 “ Pll flop my Ears for the future : By all Means let 
 “ Decanefora come ; for if the Mohawks come alone, 
 
 I will not hear them, fome of all the Five Nations ' 
 “ muft come. Now Hariha return home, and tell I 
 the Five Nations, that I will wait for their coming | 
 “ till the Trees bud, and the Bark can be parted ' 
 “ from the Trees. 1 defign for France in the 
 “ Spring, and I leave a Gentleman to command here, 
 
 “ to whom I have given Orders to raife Soldiers, if 
 “ you do not come in that Time, and then what 
 “ will become of you ? lam truly grieved to fee [ 
 
 “ the Five Nations fo debauched and deceived by ' 
 
 “ Cc^enguirago, who is lately come to New-Tork, 
 and by S^uider. Formerly the chief Men of the 
 Five Nations ufed to converfe with me •, but this 
 “ Governor of New-Tork has fo deluded you, that 
 “ you hearken to none but him ; but take Care 
 “ of what will follow, if you hearken to none but i 
 “ him. ” I 
 
 Then Decanefora excufed the not fending the Let- 
 ters to Albat^, which came by Tariha, as they had 
 promifed, faying, the other Nations trufted this to 
 the Oneydoes, becaufe the Mellenger was to return 
 to them, and the Oneydoes deceived the others. He 
 likewife excufed their not coming to Albany as foon 
 as Tariha returned, which was in November. He 
 faid the chief Sachem of the Onondagas, who was 
 entrufted fas their Speaker) by the Five Nations 
 with their general Affairs, by the general Council 
 of Onondaga, had a fore Leg, and could not travel *. 
 
 * This, in the Indian Idiom, fgnifies a ttifiing Excufe of an 
 unwilling Ferfon. 
 
 That 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. j 
 
 That in fuch Cafe he (Detanefora) did all that wasCn j 
 In his Power, that is, he called a Council at Onondaga^ X 
 to give Direftions In this Affair ; and that he invited 
 glider to this Council. He continued, 
 
 “ The four Nations that met there refolved to 
 fend Deputies to Canada, and that I Decane/ora was 
 “ to be one of them ; but at the fame Time ordered 
 “ me, with fome others, to communicate the Re- 
 “ folutions of the General Council to our Brethren 
 “ at Albany, and to the Mohawks, to be farther 
 “ advifed by them. 
 
 “ The Refolutions are, to fend three Belts to 
 “ the Governor of Canada, with the following Pro- 
 pofitions. 
 
 “ I. Onondio, you have fent for me often, and 
 “ as often alked, why I am afraid to come ? The 
 “ great Kettle of War that you have hung over the 
 “ Fire is the Reafon of it. Then laying down the 
 “ firft Belt, 1 am to afk his Confent to the other 
 “ two Belts which I ftill keep in my Hand. 
 
 “ II. We now not only throw down the Kettle, 
 
 “ and thereby throw the boiling Water out of it, but 
 “ likewife break it to Pieces, that it may never be 
 “ hanged up again by this fecond Belt. 
 
 “ III. Hearken, Onondio, you are fent from the 
 “ French King, your Matter, as Q^enguirago is 
 ** from the great King and Queen of England. 
 
 “ What I am now about to fpeak to you, is by In 
 “ fpiration from the great God of Heaven. You lay 
 “ that you will have nothing to do with our Bre- 
 “ thren of Cayenguirago, but I mutt tell you, that 
 “ we are infeparable, we can have no Peace with 
 “ you fo long as you are at War with them •, we 
 “ mutt (land and fall with them •, which I am to 
 “ confirm, by laying down the third Belt. 
 
 “ When this was concluded the Jefuit Mdef, 
 
 “ and another French Gentleman (who had been 
 
 ‘‘ taken 
 
i6o fhe History of the 
 
 Ch a p. “ taken Prifoner, and was taken into the Place of 
 X. “ the chief Sachem of Onondaga, formerly loft in 
 V— ' “ the War, and thereby became a Sachem) de- 
 “ fired Leave to add two Belts to the other three. 
 “ By their being Sachems they had a Vote in the 
 “ General Council, and a Right to propofe any 
 “ Thing. They wrote and read to us the Pur- 
 “ ports of their Belts, and we have brought their 
 “ Papers with us, to (hew to our Brethren.” 
 
 To (hew the Neceflity they were under of ma- 
 king Peace, fpeedily he added : 
 
 “ That two Women, who were Prifoners at Ca- 
 “ nada, had made their Efcape, on Purpofe to in- 
 “ form them that the French were making great 
 “ Preparations of Battoes, and other Neceflaries for 
 ‘‘ an Expedition ; one faid, fhehad informed one of 
 « the Sachems of the Preying Indians of her Defign, 
 “ who fent an Indian with her to advife the Five Na- 
 “ tions, to prevent the great Danger they were 
 “ threatened with by a fpeedy Conclufion of thePeace ; 
 “ and added, that they had fent one of their People 
 “ back with this Praying Indian, to aflure them that 
 “ Deputies would certainly go to Canada in the 
 “ Spring to treat of Peace.” I make no Doubt, 
 this was only an Article to haften the Five Nati- 
 ons to conclude the Peace, left the Engliflj, if it 
 were delayed, Ihould find Means to prevent it. 
 Then he Ihewed the Flag which the Governor of 
 Canada fent them to be carried by their Deputies, 
 that the French might know them. Upon thefe 
 Refolutions being taken, the Five Nations recalled 
 fix hundred Men, that they had placed along Cada- 
 rackui River, to intercept the French, as they paffed 
 to and from Meffllmakinak. 
 
 The Jefuit’s Papers being read to them, feveral 
 Things were found in them which he had not read 
 to the General Council. To this Decanefera an- 
 fwered ; “ We know that the Prieft favours his 
 “ own Nation, and deceives us in many Things j 
 
 “ but 
 
t*art II. Five Indian Nations, i6i 
 
 “ but it is not in his Power to alter our AffedtionCn a p. 
 “ to our Brethren, we wi(h you would bury all X. 
 
 “ Mifunderftandings that you have conceived on 
 “ his Account ; and we likewife wifh you gave 
 “ lels Credit to the Rum-Carriers than you do.” 
 
 Here we fee, by this Appellation, what a con- 
 temptible Chara<5ter the Traders have among the In- 
 dianSy and yet the Government of New-Tork has al- 
 moft perpetually trufted the Management of the In- 
 dian Affairs to thefe Traders, 
 
 Decanefora ended his Conference as follows : 
 
 “ The Governor of Canada's Words, and the Re- 
 “ folutions of the ‘four Nations are now before you, 
 
 “ confult therefore what is to be done, and if it be 
 “ necefTary for the Brethren to go to our Caftles to 
 “ advife us farther, be not unwilling ; and then he 
 “ laid down a large Belt eleven Rows deep, and fe- 
 “ ven Fathom of Wampum.” 
 
 The next Day Major Schuyler told them that he 
 could confent to no Treaty with the French j but 
 propofed to them to meet the Governor here in fe- 
 venty Days, and that Decanefora in particular fhould 
 return at that Time, and gave a Belt. 
 
 They agreed to meet the Governor at that Time ; 
 
 “ But as for myfelf (fays Decanefora ) I cannot pro- 
 “ mife *, I am now the Minifter of the General 
 “ Council, and cannot difpofe of myfelf, but by 
 “ their Directions ; if they order me, I fhall wil- 
 “ lingly return. We did not expedt to hear fuch 
 “ pofitive Prohibition of keeping any Correfpon- 
 “ dence with the French ; feventy Days mufl pafs 
 “ before we meet again, if any Mifchief be done 
 “ by the Enemy in that Time, let us not blame 
 “ one another. Confider again what is moft for the 
 “ publick Good, and let it be fpoken before we 
 “ part, and laid down a large Belt of fourteen 
 “ deep.” 
 
 M 
 
 Major 
 
j62 The History of the 
 
 Chap. Major Schuyler then aflced them again, whc- 
 X. ther they promifed to flop all Correfpondence 
 with the French, either by the Jefuit or otherwife, 
 for feventy Days, and till they fliall have his Ex- 
 cellency the Governor’s Anfwer. i 
 
 Decanefora anfwered to this, “ I have no Autho- I 
 “ rity to anfwer this Queftion. I (hall lay the Belt 
 down in every one of the Caftles, and tell, that 
 “ by it all Correfpondence is defired to ftop with 
 “ the French ; but I cannot promife that this will 
 “ be complied with.” 
 
 Major Scht^ler on the fixth called the Indians a- 
 gain together : He advifed them not to fubmit to, 
 nor truft fuch a perfidious Nation as the French are, 
 who have upon all Occafions proved themfelves 
 fuch. Be not difeouraged, (fays he, giving a Belt) ■ 
 Heaven begins again to favour us. This Day the 
 Forerunners of the Shawonons are come to Town, 
 feven Nations are on their March following them, 
 one Thoufand in Number, including Men, Wo- 
 men and Children, as you may learn from their 
 own Mouths. Take Courage, and be not afraid, 
 giving five Fathom of W^ampum. This feemed a 
 lucky Incident, and accordingly it had more Influ- 
 ence than all other Arguments together. 
 
 Decanefora, the next Day, called the Magiftrates 
 together, and told them, you have at laft fhut up I 
 the Way to Canada, but we have one Thing to alk, 
 after mature Deliberation, which we expedt will 
 not be refufed us. Major Schuyler afllired them 
 that every Thing fhould be granted, which was 
 either for their Safety or Honour. We dcfire 
 then, faid he, that you fend a Meflenger along 
 with ours to the Praying Indians at Canada, to 
 tell them that the Prieft is falfe ; that we are to 
 meet Cayenguirago in the Spring, and therefore can- 
 not go to Canada at that Time j and that a further 
 Celfation of Arms be agreed to, till fuch Time as 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, 163 
 
 ri*” 1 °; you not c H A P. 
 
 fend a Meffenger, that you put the Meffage in X. 
 
 Writing, as a Token of your Aflent to it. This 
 laft was agreed to, and the MdTage was put in 
 Writing m the following Words, and tranflated in- 
 to trench. 
 
 The Difpatch of three Belts, which two MelTen- 
 gers of the Five Nations carry to the Caraguijis and 
 pthohck Indians, according to what was refolved 
 by the Agayandres or Sachems of the Five Nations, 
 at Albany, February the ninth 1694. 
 
 Firjl Belt. 
 
 The Agayandres of the Five Nations cannot go to 
 Cmada in the Spring, as they gave Reafon to ex- 
 ped by the laft Meftage from Onondaga, becaule 
 Cayensuirago has called all the Five Nations, and 
 other Indians, to meet him at Albany, in the Month 
 
 of April next, to which the Five Nations have a- 
 greed. 
 
 Second Belt. 
 
 If the Caraguifis, or French, have any Thing to 
 propofe to the Five Nations, they may fafely come 
 mto our Country. This Belt opens the Path, and 
 lecures it to them both coming and going. 
 
 Third Belt. 
 
 The Five Nations, and their Friends, lay down 
 the Hatchet till they lhall have an Anfwer, which 
 they expeft in forty Days. Provided neverthelels, 
 that the Caraguifis and French tye their Flatchets 
 down at the fame Time. 
 
 Thefe Belts were accordingly prefented to the 
 Fraying Indians ot Cahnuaga, who refufed to re- 
 ceive them but in the Prefence of Mr. de Callieres, 
 
 ^ 2 Governor 
 
ifi!' 
 
 164 *the History of the 
 
 Ch A p. Governor of Montreal. Mr. de Callieres acquaint- 
 X- ed the Count de Frontenac with the Contents. Af- 
 ter which the Praying Indians., in Prefence of Mr. 
 de Callieres, gave the following Anfwer. 
 
 “ We will have no Correfpondence with the 
 “ Five Nations, but by Order of the Governor of 
 “ Canada our Father, and unlefs Decanefora, and 
 “ the other Deputies, come before the Feaft of 
 “ St. John, the Way will be IKut up for ever after, 
 “ and our Father’s Ears will be ftopt. We how- 
 “ ever alTure you, that if the Deputies come in 
 “ that Time the Path ftiall be fafe both coming 
 “ and going.” 
 
 Whether the Accounts given of the coming of 
 the Shawonons was only an Amufement, or whe- 
 ther they were diverted on their March, I know 
 not, for I find no farther Account of them in the 
 Regifter of the hidian Affairs ; Flowever it was, the 
 Imprelfion, made on the Indians by that News, 
 was not fufficient to withfland the Force of the re- 
 folute Anfwer their Meflenger received from the 
 Praying Indians. Decanefora and the other Depu- 
 ties went early in the Spring to Canada •, the other 
 Sachems met Colonel Fletcher at Albany, the fourth 
 oi May The Indians firft hy Sadaka- 
 
 nahtie, an Onondaga Sachem, as follows : 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago, 
 
 “ Some of our Sachems agreed laft Winter that 
 “ we fhould keep no Correfpondence with the 
 “ French •, we confefs that we have broke thatPro- 
 “ mife, and that we have received a Meflenger 
 “ from Canada, and have fent our Deputies like- 
 “ wife thither. The Belt is not yet arrived, by 
 “ which we are to acknowledge our Fault in doing 
 2 “ this. 
 
 f 
 
; 
 
 Part II. Five Indian Nations, Gfr. i6^ 
 
 “ this. The Reafon of our doing it is truly this. Chap. 
 “ we are afraid of the Enemy. X. 
 
 “ When a Meflenger came laft Year from Canada 
 “ to Onondaga^ our Brother Cayenguirago difcharged 
 “ our Meeting in General Council at Onondaga^ to 
 “ confult on that Meflage, and ordered us to hold 
 “ our General Council here at Albany on that Af- 
 “ fair. The Privilege of meeting in General Coun- 
 “ cil, when we pleafe, is a Privilege we always 
 “ have enjoyed ; no former Governor, of the Name i 
 “ of Corlear, ever obftruded this Privilege. We 
 “ planted a Tree of Peace in this Place with them, 
 
 “ its Roots and Branches extend as far as Virginia 
 “ and New-Englandy and we have repofed with 
 “ Pleafure under its Shade. Brother, let us keep 
 “ to that firft Tree, and let us be united and u- 
 “ nanimous ; fuch Prohibition of our Aflemblies 
 “ will be of ill Confequence, and occafion DifFe- 
 “ rences between us. 
 
 “ We acknowledge, I fay, our fending Agents 
 “ to Canada for Peace, we were incouraged in do- 
 “ ing this, by the Knowledge we have of the Go- 
 “ vernor of Canada, He is an old Man, and was 
 “ formerly Governor of that Place. He was always 
 “ efteemed a wife peaceable Man, and therefore 
 “ w.e truft our Meflage will have a good Iflue. We 
 “ did not take it amifs that you fent to the Dewa- 
 “ gunhas, nor that Arnout was fent to the Sata- 
 “ both of them our Enemies ; and, for the 
 “ fame Reafon, our Brother Cayenguirago ought 
 “ not to be difpleafed with our fending to the French 
 “ for Peace. 
 
 “ We, Onondagas^ acknowledge ourfelves to 
 “ have been the chief Promoters of this Meflage, 
 
 “ we have fent in all nine Sachems with nine Belts. 
 
 “ It is true we are now under much Uncafinefs in 
 “ having trufted fo many Sachems in the French 
 
 M 3 “ Hands 
 
History of the 
 
 Hands, being almoft half the Number we have 
 in our Nation but we were in hafte to prevent 
 the Defigns the had againft our Countries 
 and yours, by the great warlike Preparations they 
 “ were making m Canada.^' ^ 
 
 the Orders and Direftions which 
 had received ; which agreeing 
 with the Account which Decanafora gave of his 
 Negotiation, I Aall here pafs over. He finilhed 
 all by giving a Belt. 
 
 Colonel Fletcher told them, he would give no An- 
 swer to what they had faid, before they difcovered to 
 him what Reafon they had to fay, that he had for- 
 
 Affembly zt Onondaga^ and 
 that he had made Peace with the Dewagunhas and 
 without their Confent and Concurrence. 
 
 1 o this the Speaker the next Day anfwered ; “ I 
 was lick, and abfent when the Affairs you men- 
 tion were tranladed, and I was at a Lofs how to 
 excufe our fending to the Fremh contrary to your 
 «t I Several Sachems hting arrived fince 
 
 I fpoke, I have been better informed by them, 
 who were prefent at thofe Tranfaftions. We find 
 ‘‘ If, in every Circumftance, as our Brother Cayen- 
 guirago fays ; that you did not obftruft our keep- 
 ‘ ing General Councils at Oac»daga, but only cau- 
 tioned us in hearkening to the Fallacies of the 
 and in holding Meetings on that Occa- 
 fion. allure you we will never feparate from 
 you, we ftill have one Head, one Blood, one Soul. 
 
 « and one Heart with you; and as a Confirmation 
 of this I give this Belt feven deep. 
 
 j h^ewagunhas and ShcvwononSy we are 
 will not admit them into 
 “ his Government, till they have made Peace with 
 us, which we lhall willingly grant. When our 
 h-nemies are humbled, and beg Peace, why Ihould 
 ^ “ they 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 “ they not have it ? Let them come and live with C 
 « us, it will ftrengthen our Country. 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago^ when the Chnftians tint 
 “ arrived in this Country, we received them kind- 
 ly. When they were but a fmall People, we en- 
 « tered into a League with them, to guard them 
 “ from all Enemies whatfoever. We weie fo fond 
 “ of their Society, that we tied the great Can^ 
 
 “ which brought them, not with a Rope ni^de ^ 
 
 « Bark to a Tree, but with a ftrong iron Cham 
 ** fattened to a great Mountain. Now before the 
 “ Chriftians arrived, the General Council of the 
 “ Five Nalions was held at Onondog(ty where theic 
 “ has, from the Beginning, a continual Fire been 
 “ kept burning *, it is made of two great Logs, 
 
 “ whofe Fire never extinguithes. As foon as the 
 « Hatchet-makers (their general Narne for Chnfti- 
 “ ans) arrived, this General Council at Omndaga 
 « planted this Tree at Albany, whofe Roots and 
 “ Branches have fince fpread as far as New-Eng- 
 “ land, Connemcut, Penftlvania, Mapland and Vp 
 “ ginia ; and under the Shade of this Tree all thele 
 “ Englijh Colonies have frequently been Iheltered. 
 “ Then (giving feven Fathom of Wampum) he re-' 
 “ newed the Chain, and promifed, as they hkewife 
 “ expelled, mutual Afliftance, in Cafe of any At- 
 
 “ tack from any Enemy. 
 
 “ The onlyReafon,tobe plain with you, continu- 
 “ ed he, of our fending to make Peace withthe French, 
 “ is the low Condition to which we are reduced,wbile 
 “ none of our Neighbours fend us the lead Affift- 
 “ ance, fo that the whole Burthen of the War lyes 
 « on us alone. Our Brethren of New-England, Con- 
 “ neSlicut, Penfilvania, Maryland^ and FtYgmia, of 
 “ their own accord thruft their Arms into <wr 
 “ Chain ; but fince the War began we have receiv- 
 « ed no Afliftance from them. We alone cannot 
 
 M 4 “ continue 
 
*68 ‘The History of the 
 
 Ch p. « continue the War againft the French, by Reafon of 
 “ the Recruits they daily receive from the other Side 
 V"V^ “ the great Lake. 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago, fpeak from your Heart, 
 “ are you refolved to profecute the War vigoroufly 
 “ againft the French, and are your Neighbours of 
 “ Virginia, Maryland, Fenfdvania, CcnneSlicut and 
 “ Flew- England, refolved to aflift us I If it be 
 “ fo, we afture you, notwithftanding any I'rea- 
 “ ty hitherto entered into, we will profecute the 
 . “ War as hotly as ever. But if our Neighbours 
 
 “ will not aflift, we muft make Peace, and we fub- 
 “ mit it to your Confideration, by giving this great 
 “ Belt fifteen deep. 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago, I have truly told you the 
 “ Reafons which have induced us to offer Peace to 
 “ the French •, we lhall likewifo, from the Bottom 
 “ of our Hearts, inform you of the Defign we 
 “ have in this Treaty, When the Governor of 
 “ Canada fhall have accepted the nine Belts, of which 
 “ I have juft now told you, then we lhall have 
 “ fomething more to fay by two large Belts, which 
 “ lye ftill hid in our Bofom. We fhall lay down 
 “ firft one and fay, We have a Brother Cayenguira- 
 “ go, with whofe People we have been united in 
 “ one Chain from the Beginning, they muft be in- 
 “ eluded in this Treaty ; we cannot fee them in- 
 “ volved in bloody War, while we fit in eafy Peace. 
 
 “ If the Governor of Canada anfwer, that he has 
 “ made a feparate Peace with us, and that he can- 
 “ not make any Peace with Cayenguirago, becaufe 
 “ the War is from over the great Lake ; then we 
 “ fhall lay down the fecond great broad Belt, and 
 “ tell the Governor of Canada, if you will not in- 
 “ elude Cayenguirago'^ People, the Treaty will be- 
 come thereby void, as if it had never been 
 “ made •, and if he perfifts, we will abfolutely leave 
 « him.” 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 169 
 
 While the Sachems were at Albany, Decanefora Chap. 
 and the other Ambafladors arrived at the Caftle of X. 
 the Fraying Indians, near the Falls above Montreal. ' — -v— > 
 They were conduced from thence, by the Superi- 
 or of the Jefuits, to Rebeck. They had their Au- 
 dience of the Governor of Canada with great So- 
 lemnity, in the Prefence of all the Ecclefiafticks and 
 Officers of Diftindion, and of the moft confidera- 
 ble Indians then in the Place. They were every 
 Day, while they ftaid in the Place, entertained at 
 the Governor’s Table, or at the Tables of the moft 
 confiderable Officers. Decanefora on his Side made 
 a good Appearance, being cloathed in Scarlet trim’d 
 with Gold, and with a laced Bever Hat on his 
 Head, which had been given him by Colonel Belch- 
 er before he went. 
 
 The Jefuit Milet had by Letter informed the Go- 
 vernor of every Thing in their Commiffion, and 
 though he was thereby enabled to have anfwered 
 them immediately, he confulted three Days, after 
 the Ambaffiadors had delivered what they had to 
 fay, before he would return an Anfwer, that it 
 might appear with more Solemnity. The Indians 
 never return a fudden Anfwer on any Occafion of 
 Importance, however relolved they be beforehand, 
 and defpife thofe that do, though their Anfwer be 
 never fo much to the Purpofe. I choofe to give an 
 Account of this from DecanaforFs Mouth, as I did 
 of the former, and for the fame Reafon. The Ac- 
 count given of it by the Indians agrees, in all the 
 material Points, with that publ'flied by the French, 
 and I am confident it is not lefs genuine. 
 
 Colonel Fletcher being fenfible of what Confe- 
 quence this Treaty between the French and Five 
 Nations might be of to all the Englijh Colonies, 
 gave them Notice of it, and informed them of the 
 Reafons which had induced the Indians to enter in- 
 to 
 
The History of the 
 
 p.to it. He told them, there was no Pofllbility of 
 preventing it, but by the Indians being aflured of 
 more effectual Afliftance, than they had hitherto 
 received, and advifed them to fend Commiflioners 
 for that Purpofe to Albany in Augujl, at which Time 
 he intended to meet the Five Naliens there, after 
 the Return of their Meflengers from Canada. Ac- 
 cordingly, Andrew Hamilton., Efq; Governor of 
 New-Jerfey, Colonel John Pinchon, Samuel Sands, 
 Efq; and Major Pen Townfend, Commiflioners from 
 Fdajfachufet' s Bay, and Colonel John Hauley and Cap- 
 tain Stanley, Commiflioners from Connetlicut, wait- 
 ed on Colonel Fletcher at Albany, who carried 
 with him likewife a Part of the Council of New- 
 Xork. 
 
 Thefe Gentlemen having met the. Indians at Alba- 
 ny the fifteenth of Auguji, Decanefora rofc up firli, 
 and delired Leave to fing a Song or two of Peace, 
 before they began on Bufinefs. Then Rode, a Mo- 
 hawk Sachem, rofe up, and addrefling himfelf to the 
 other Sachems, faid, we have great Reafon to rejoice, 
 feeing fo many of thofe, who are in our Chain, are 
 now met, to confult together on the general Weal; af- 
 ter which they fang two or three Songs. 
 
 Sadakanahtie being chofen Speaker for that Day, 
 rofe up, fpoke much to the fame Purpofe as he had 
 done to Colonel Fletcher in May lafl: ; giving a me- 
 taphorical Account of their League with the Eng- 
 lijh, how it began, and by what Steps it had been 
 inlarged and llrengthened ; how the other Colonies 
 had thruft their Arms into this Chain, but had giv- 
 en little or no Afliftance againft the common Ene- 
 my. “ Our Brother Cayenguirago's Arms (fays he) 
 “ and ours are ftilF, and tired with holding faft the 
 “ Chain, whilft our Neighbours fit ftill and fmoak 
 “ at their Eafe. The Fat is melted from our Flefli, 
 and fallen on our Neighbours, who grow fat 
 
 “ while 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. jyt 
 
 “ while we grow lean : They flourlfh while we de- Chap. 
 “ cay. X. 
 
 “ This Chain made us the Envy of the French^ i — 
 
 “ and if all had held it as faft as Q^enguirago, it 
 “ would have been a Terror alfo. If we would 
 “ all heartily join and take the Hatchet in our 
 “ Hand, our common Enemy would foon be de- 
 “ ftroyed, and we ftiould for ever after live in Peace 
 ■“ and Eafe. Do you but your Parts, and Thunder 
 “ itfelf cannot break our Chain.” 
 
 Then he mentioned fome Jealoufies they had en- 
 tertained of New-England^ by their fuffering the 
 Chevalier jyO to efcape to Canada, which they ful* 
 pedted had been concerted between him and the 
 People of New-England, in Order to treat of Peace. 
 
 “ Our Agents, faid he, faw the Chevalier D'O at 
 “ Canada, who told them that he had been fet at 
 “ Liberty by the Englifh, and that it was in vain 
 “ that the Five Nations warred againft the French, 
 
 “ while the Engli/h favoured them.” On this Oc- 
 cafion he (hewed them a Fifli painted on Paper, 
 which the Commiffioners of New-England had given 
 them, when they firft entered into the Chain, as a 
 Seal to the League. 
 
 He finilhed by telling them, that they would next 
 Day give all the Particulars of their Negotiation in 
 Canada. 
 
 The next Day Decanefora proceeded to the Ac- 
 count of his Negotiation, as follows : “ The Go- 
 “ vernor of Canada having often fent to us to come 
 “ to Canada to treat with him, we went thither, 
 
 “ and told him that we were come to treat of Peace. 
 
 “ We made the following Propofals. 
 
 “ Father, if we do not conclude a Peace now, 
 
 “ it will be your Fault ; for we have already taken 
 “ the Hatchet out of the Hands of the River Indi- 
 
 ans (Hudjon's River) whom we incited to the 
 
 “ War* 
 
The History of the 
 
 p.“ War. But we muft tell you, that you are an ill 
 “ Man, you are inconftant and not to be trufted ; 
 “ we have had War together a long Time, and 
 “ though you occafioned the War, we never hated 
 “ the Houfe of Ogbejfa, (a Gentleman living at 
 “ Montreal) let him undertake the toilfome Jour- 
 “ ney to Onondaga ; for if he will he lhall be wel- 
 “ come. 
 
 “ Father, we are now fpeaking of Peace, and 
 “ therefore I muft fpeak a Word to the Preying In- 
 “ dians, and firft to thofe of Cahnaaga (chiefly Mo- 
 “ hawks) you know our Cuftoms and Manners, 
 “ therefore make Onondio acquainted therewith, and 
 “ be aflifting in the profecuting of this good Work. 
 “ Then to the other Caftle, called Canafadaga^ 
 “ (chiefly Onondagas) you are worfe than the French 
 “ themfelves, you deferted from us, and fide with 
 “ our Enemies to deftroy lis ; make fome amends 
 “ now, by forwarding Peace. 
 
 “ Y ou have almoft eat us up, our beft Men are 
 “ killed in this bloody War ; but we now forget 
 “ what is paft. Before this we once threw the 
 “ Hatchet into the River of Kaihohage* but you 
 “ filhed it up, and treacheroufly furprifed our Peo- 
 “ pie at Cadarackui. After this you fent to us to 
 “ have our Prifoners reftored •, then the Hatchet 
 “ was thrown up to the Sky, but you kept a String 
 “ faftened to the Helve, and pulled it down, and 
 “ fell upon our People again. This we revenged 
 “ to fome Purpofe, by the Deftrudlion of your Peo- 
 “ pie and Houfes in the Ifland of Montreal. 
 
 “ Now we are come to cover the Blood from our 
 “ Sight, which has been (bed by both Sides during 
 
 this long War. 
 
 * The French call if la Famine, near Oh/nxiego, The Treaty 
 with Mr. delaBar w&s made there. 
 
 “ Onon^ 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, Cic. 173 
 
 “ Onondio, we have been at War a long Time, we C h a p. 
 “ now give you a Medicine to drive away all ill X. 
 
 “ Thoughts from your Heart, to purge it and make Vi-v— > 
 “ it clean, and reftore it to its former State. 
 
 “ Omndio^ we will not permit any Settlement at 
 Cadarackui you have had your Fire there thrice 
 extinguilhed ; we will not confent to your re- 
 “ building that Fort, but the Paflage through the 
 “ River fhall be free and clear. We make the Sun 
 “ clean, and drive away all Clouds and Darknefs, 
 
 “ that we may fee the Light without Interrupti- 
 “ on. 
 
 “ Onondio, we have taken many Prifoners from 
 “ one another, during the War. The Prifoners we 
 “ took have been delivered, according to our Cuf- 
 “ tom, to the Families that have loft any in the 
 “ War. They no longer belong to the Publick, 
 
 “ they may give them back if they pleafe, your 
 People may do the fame. We have brought 
 “ back two Prifoners, and reftore them to you. 
 
 “ After I had finifhed what I had to fay , continued he, 
 
 “ the Governor of Camda told me, that he would 
 “ not make Peace with Cay enguir ago. To this I anfwer- 
 “ ed, thefe Words difpleafe me much, you lhall 
 “ keep Peace with him. Onondio faid again, I muft 
 “ fight with Ccyenguirago, it is not in my Power to 
 “ make Peace ; this can only be done by my Ma- 
 “ fter, who lives over the great Water. To this I 
 “ replied, I cannot bear this Difeourfe ; if you 
 “ ftiould fight him now, and not ftay till I get 
 “ Home, all the Country will look on me as a Tray- 
 “ tor; I can treat with you no longer. The Argu- 
 “ ment on this Subjeeft lafted three Days, at laft the 
 “ Governor of Canada aflured me, that he would not 
 “ undertake any Enterprize againft Cayenguirago 
 “ this Summer, but would wait to hear what he 
 “ wou’d fay. 
 
 “ The 
 
History of the 
 
 “ The Governor of Canada infifted three Days to 
 “ ha-ve Hoftages left, which I refufed, but two a- 
 f o”"" accord to ftay, they were 
 left, viz. one an Ottondago^ another a Seneka, 
 
 ‘‘ Then the Governor of Canada made the ibllow- 
 *♦ ing publick Anfwer : 
 
 “ I. I accept of Peace as you offer. 
 
 ‘‘ II. Son, bring all the Prifoners back that you 
 “ have taken from me, and yours fliall have Liber- 
 “ ty to return Home, if they pleafe. 
 
 “ III. Children, ered my Fire again at Cada- 
 « rackuty and plant there the Tree of Peace. 
 
 “ After this the Governor of Canada delivered 
 me^a Belt, which I now lay down before you; 
 “ by it he faid, defire Cayenguirago to fend a wife 
 Man to me, and he fhall have Proteftion accord- 
 ing to the Cuftom of Chriftians ; and added. 
 Children of the Five Nations, if Cayenguirago 
 “ lhall employ you to do any Service for him, do 
 « not accept of it, let him fend his own People.” 
 Becanefora added, that the Governor of Canada had 
 fixed eighty Days for a Return to this Belt. 
 
 He continued and faid, “ The Sachems of the 
 Bionondadies were prefent ; after I had finilhed 
 my Speech, they faid ; May what you have now 
 “ faid be from your Hearts ; we fufped you are not 
 “ fincere j let us no longer feel the Smart of the 
 Hatchet, and gave this Belt which I now lay 
 “ down. 
 
 “ The Praying Indians next laid. Brethren, 
 our Father Onondio has told you to bring Home 
 “ all the Prifoners, do not fail in this j giving two 
 “ Belts. 
 
 “ Brother Cayenguirago, you will find what I have 
 ** now faid confirmed by this Paper, which the Go- 
 
 “ vernor 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, 157 
 
 “ vernor of Canada gave me. I brought LettersCHAP. 
 “ likewife for the Jefuit Milet^ who was to read the X. 
 
 “ Paper to us.” The Paper contained the Articles t — — > 
 in French^ in which the Governor of Canada was 
 willing to make Peace. 
 
 But befides what Decanofora here tells, the Frerub 
 Accounts fay, that he brought two Belts under- 
 ground (that is privately) from three Onondaga Sa- 
 chems, to aflure the Governor of Canada of their 
 particular Affeftion, which the Governor of Canada 
 anfwered, by a private Belt to them. 
 
 As foon as Decanefora had done fpeaking. Colonel 
 Fletcher rejefted the Belt fent by the Governor of 
 Canada, faying *, If the Governor of Canada have 
 any Thing to fay to me, let him fend feme 
 his People to Albany, and they fhall have Protedti- 
 on. 
 
 Next Day Sadekanabtie, after he had fiing a long 
 Song, gave the following Account of their Negotia- 
 tions with the Dcwagunhas and Dionondadies, which 
 they had undertaken by the Governor’s Advice. 
 
 “ We were afraid, lays he, to fend Meflengers 
 “ of our own People, and therefore we employed 
 “ two Prifoners we had of the Dionondadies with 
 “ the Governor’s Belt. Some time after this, fome 
 “ of the Senekas hunting near the Dionondadies, two 
 “ of them were taken ; but when they were car- 
 “ tied to the Dionondadie Caftle, they were not 
 “ treated like Prifoners ; they were ufed kind- 
 “ ly, and fent back with the following Offers of 
 “ Peace. 
 
 “ We are glad to fee you Face to Face to fpeak 
 “ to you, tince the San has been fo propitious to 
 “ fend home the Men that were Prifoners with you, 
 
 “ giving a few Strings of Wampum. 
 
 “ We are glad of this Opportunity to tell you, 
 
 “ that we have been both drunk in making War on 
 
 “ one 
 
ill 
 
 we now give you a Cordial to eafe 
 your Hearts, that there be no longer War between 
 us, by this Belt. 
 
 We are glad that you have fet the Doors open 
 as far as Cayenguirago's Houfe, that we may free- 
 ly go thither. Carry him this fecond Belt. 
 
 “ Brethren, we thank you for having prepared a 
 Place for us at your General Council of Onondaga. 
 Our Country is every where free to you to treat 
 with us, by this third Belt. 
 
 Brethren, our whole Country rejoiced when 
 ‘ you invited us into your Country, and from 
 ‘ thence to go where Cayenguirago dwells \ be not 
 
 • afraid to come to our Country, you lhall meet 
 
 • with no Moleftation. 
 
 “ Brethren, we thank you for putting us in 
 ' Mind of what was formerly agreed to, viz. that 
 ■ when any ill Accident happens, we were to meet 
 
 • together to compofe Matters, and not to revenge 
 ‘ it with War. We are now together to put 
 
 an End to all Mifunderftanding, by this fourth 
 ‘ Belt. 
 
 “ Brethren, (we include all the Nations from the 
 Scnekas Country to New-Iork in this Name) 
 hearken to us. We rend the Clouds afunder, 
 and drive away ali Darknels from the Heavens, 
 that the Sun of Peace may Ihine with Brightnefs 
 over us all ; giving a Sun of a round red polilh- 
 ed Stone. 
 
 “ Brethren, we put the Hatchet into the Hands 
 of the Chightaghies. Twithtwies, and Odfirachies., 
 to war againft you ; but we fhall in three Days 
 go to thefe Nations and take the Hatchet out of 
 their Hands ; giving half a Stone Pipe. 
 
 “ You Senekas are ftupid Creatures, we mufl: 
 therefore warn you not to hunt fo far from your 
 Caftles, left you be hurt by any of thefe three 
 
 “ Nations 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, ©’c. 177 
 
 “ Nations, and then blame us. They then gave Chap. 
 “ the other half of the Pipe. X. 
 
 “ But Brother Cayengiiirago, fays Sadakahnitie, do'- — 
 
 “ not fulFer thefe Nations to come nearer than the 
 “ Senekas Country, left they difcover our Weak- 
 “ nefs, and to what a low Condition the War has 
 “ reduced us. Thefe Nations have been fo long 
 “ in Friendfhip with the French^ and are fo much 
 “ under their Influence, that we cannot truft them 
 “ yet, or be too much upon our Guard aaainft 
 “ them.” 
 
 Colonel FlctshcT not being able ‘to give the Fivs 
 Nations any Aflurance of a vigorous Afliftance, he 
 called the principal Sachems to a private Conference 
 on the twentieth. He aflced them, whether they 
 had made Peace with the Governor of Canada \ they 
 anfwered, that it only wanted his Approbation, and 
 added, that they could no longer carry on the W^ar 
 without Afliftance. You have the whole Negoti- 
 ations before you, fay they, and we fubmit it to your 
 Prudence. 
 
 He then allowed them to make Peace, provided they 
 kept faithful in their Chain with the Englijh-, but told 
 them, that as to his Part he could make no Peace with 
 the Governor of Canada. They were under great Un- 
 cafinefs to leave their Friends in the War, they faid, 
 and wifhed, fince neither the Governor of Canada nor 
 he would receive Propofals by their Hands, that 
 they might tliink of fome neutral Place to treat. The 
 Governor anfwered, that he could neither receive nor 
 fend any Meflage on that Head ; and that Peace could 
 be only made between them by the two Kings. 
 
 The Governor next aflced them, whether they 
 would permit the French to build again at Cada- 
 rackui ; they anfwered, they would never permit it, 
 and were refolved to infift on it, in all the enfuing 
 Treaties, that he never ftrall. Then the Governor 
 
 N added. 
 
V. 
 
 178 *The History of the 
 
 Chap, added, if you permit the French to build any where 
 X. on that Lake, there will be an End to your Liber- 
 ' ty, your Pofterity will become Slaves to the French. 
 If ever you Ihould permit them, I will look on it as 
 an abfolute Breach of the Chain with us ; If the 
 French attempt it give me Notice, and I will march 
 the whole Force of my Government to your Afllft- 
 ance. We lhallfind afterwards, however, that the Go- 
 vernment of New-Tork was far from making good 
 this Promife. 
 
 The Governor told them, that they had loft much 
 of their Honour in creeping to the French, in fuch 
 an abjeft Manner \ for, fays he, the Governor of 
 Cano.d£% Paper, which you brought with you, fays, 
 that you came in the moft humble and penitent 
 Manner, and begged Peace. To which they an- 
 fwered, the Governor of Canada has no Reafon to 
 make fuch Reflexions, we have many of his Belts 
 to fhew, by which he again and again fued to us 
 for Peace, before we would hearken to him. But, 
 replies the Governor, how came you to call him 
 Father ? For no other Reafon, they replied, but be- 
 caufe he calls us Children. Thefe Names fignify 
 nothing. 
 
 They defired the Governor not to fay any Thing 
 particularly of Cadarcakui, in his publick Speech that 
 he was to make next Day, for they had, they faid, 
 fome among them that would tell all to the Gover- 
 nor of Canada ; and concluded, with wifhing that 
 they had fome one, who could write and read all 
 that the Governor had faid to them, that they 
 might not forget any Part of it, when they come 
 to confult and refolve on this weighty Affair, at their 
 General Council at Onondaga. 
 
 Here we fee thefe Barbarians, thefe Savages, as 
 we call them, afting with the greateft regard to the 
 Treaties they had entered into with their Allies, 
 2 and 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 179 
 
 and that at aTime when the Exigences of their own Ch a p. 
 Affairs, and when the faint feeble Afliftance, which X- 
 their Allies had contributed in the common Caufe, 
 would, among Chriftian Potentates, have been 
 thought a fufBcient Excufe for their taking Care of 
 themfelves feparately, in breach of the moft folemn 
 Confederacy they’ could enter into. 
 
 The Sachems of the Five Nations being met at 0 - 
 nondaga^ to confult on the Terms offered by the 
 French^ they were divided in their Opinions ; the 
 Cayugas, and Part of the Senekas, were moft favo- 
 rable to the French Propofals ; but the major Part 
 was abfolutcly againft allowing the French to rebuild 
 a Fort at Cadarackui^ nor would they confent to in- 
 clude all the French Allies in the Treaty, with fome 
 of which they had particular Caufes of Animofi- 
 
 *y- 
 
 The Party that was moft for Peace obtained Leave 
 to go to Canada^ to try whether they could obtain 
 Terms lefs difagreeable. They accordingly yrent 
 thither, within the Time prefixed by the GoveVnor 
 of Canada^ for an Anfwer ; and to make themfelves 
 more acceptable to the French^ they carried thirteen 
 Prifoners with them, and delivered them up. The 
 Jefuit Miiet was of this Number, who had been 
 taken in the Year 1689, and one Jonfcaire^ who had 
 been long a Prifoner among the Senekas : He had 
 been delivered up to a Family of the Senekas, that 
 had loft fome confiderable Relation, and was by 
 them adopted. He ingratiated himfelf fo much with 
 that Nation, that he was advanced to the Rank of 
 a Sachem, and preferved their Efteem to the Day of 
 his Death ; whereby he became, after the general 
 Peace, very ufeful to the French in all Negotiations 
 with the Five Nations, and to this Day they fhew 
 their Regard to his Family and Children. 
 
 N 2 
 
 When 
 
3 8o ^he History of the 
 
 When the Governor of Canada came to Particu- 
 lars with thefe Deputies, he could obtain nothing 
 but ambiguous or dubious Anfwers, as to the re- 
 building of Cadarackui Fort^ and the including of 
 all the French Allies in the Peace. Whereupon he 
 difmifled them with Prefents, and made them ma- 
 ny fair Promifes, in Cafe of their Compliance ; but 
 threatened them with utter Deftrudion, in Cafe of 
 their refufing the Terms he had offered. Many of 
 the French Indian Allies were prefent, when the Go- 
 vernor of Canada refufed any Agreement without 
 his Allies being included in it, and this attached 
 them exceedingly to the French Intereft. This Re- 
 gard, which the French generally fhew for the Intc- 
 reft of their Allies, is a Piece of Policy which, upon 
 all Occafions, proves ufeful to them ; whereas, the 
 Negled of this Piece of natural Juftice has as often 
 been prejudicial to others, who have not had fo 
 tender a Senfe of it. But it Is not fb eafy for a weak 
 State to keep up ^ Its Honour in fuch Cafes, as it is 
 for a powerful Prince. 
 
 CHAP. XI. 
 
 Hoe War renewed. The French repoJJ'efs them- 
 fekes of Cadarackui Forty and find MeaJis to 
 break ofi the Treaty between the Five Nations 
 and Dionondadies. 
 
 T H E Five Nations refufing to come to the 
 Governor of Canada's Terms, he refolved to 
 force them ; and as he fufpeded that they continued 
 obftinate, by the Advice of the Engli/h, and the 
 Confidence they had of the Engli/h Affiftance, he 
 thought he would moft effedually Jeffen that Confi- 
 dence, 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, i8i* 
 
 dence, by attacking and deftroying the remainder ofCn a p. 
 the Mohawks, who liv’d adjoining to the Englijh Set- XI. 
 tlements. For this Purpose he refolved to march, 
 in the Winter, the whole Force of Canada againft 
 that Nation ; but one of the Prifoners learning their 
 Defign, made his Efcape, and informed the Mohawks 
 of it. This made him alter his Meafures, knowing 
 well enough, that if the Englip were prepared to 
 receive them, fuch an Enterprize would only lead 
 thofe engaged in it to certain Deftrudtion. He then lent 
 three hundred Men into the Neck of Land between 
 Lake Erie and Cadarackui Lake, the ufual hunting 
 Place of the Five Nations, in hopes of furprifing 
 them while they hunted carelefsly there, and at the 
 fame Time to view the old French Fort there, to 
 obferve in what Condition it remained. 
 
 This Party met with three or four Men, who de- 
 fended themfelves obftinately, till they all fell dead 
 on the Spot. They furprifcd likewife a Cabin, 
 where they took fome Men and Women Prifoners 
 and four of them were publickly burnt alive at 
 Montreal. So far the Count de Frontenac thought it 
 more proper to imitate the Indians in their moll fa- 
 vage Cruelties, than to inftrudt them, by his Ex- 
 ample, in the Compaflion of the Chriftian Doftrine. 
 
 A Party of one hundred and fifty of the Five Nati- 
 ons fell upon the Dewagunhas, in their Way to Ca- 
 nada, and entirely routed them. I'en Prifoners were 
 taken, nine of which were burnt alive, in revenge 
 of the fame Fate the four Men of the Five Nations 
 had received at Montreal. 
 
 This Year alfo fome fculking French Indians mur- 
 dered fome People near Albany and ScheneSiady. 
 
 The Party fent to view Cadarackui Fort found it 
 in a better Condition than they expedlecl, the Indi- 
 ans having negleded to demolilh and level the Bafti- 
 ons, and probably they had not Inftmments fufficient to 
 
 N 3 do 
 
History of the 
 
 . do it. The Count de Frontenac therefore, in the 
 Summer of the Year 1695, fent a confiderable Body 
 of Men, both French and Indians, thither, to repair 
 the Fortifications, and to cover thofe that fhould be 
 at work. The Five Nations, in Auguft, fent Mef- 
 fengers to Albany^ to acquaint the Englijb that the 
 French had taken Pofleffion of Cadarackui, and were 
 repairing of it. They demanded, in Confequence 
 of the Promife Colonel Fletcher had given them, 
 the Afliftance of five hundred Men and fome Canon, 
 which they promifed they would draw over Land, 
 where they could not be carried by Water. At the 
 fame T. ime they defired, that the People of New-^ 
 England might be told, that many of the Owen- 
 agungas were gone with the French to Cadarackui, 
 and that this was a proper Time to fall upon 
 thofe that remained, and to deftroy them, and the 
 Women and Children. 
 
 Coll. Fletcher came to Albany in September ; there, 
 in a Speech, to the Five Nations, he blamed them 
 for being afleep, when they fuffered the French to 
 take Pofieflion of Cadarackui ; it would have been 
 much eafier, he faid, to have prevented their get- 
 ting the PofielTion, than to drive them out, now 
 they are in it, cfpecially as now you yourfelves 
 are convinced, that it is impoffible to carry Cannon 
 thither from this Place. All, fays he, I can now 
 do, is to advife you to inveft the Place with your Par- 
 ties, fo as to prevent their receiving any Supply of 
 Provifions : By this Means you may force them to 
 defert it. Then he gave them 1000 Pound of 
 Powder, two Thoufand Pound of Lead, 57 Fufees, 
 one Hundred Flatchets, three Hundred and forty 
 eight Knives, and two Thoufand Flints, befidcs 
 Cloathing, (^c. But in my Opinion, the Government 
 of New-Tork have, on all Occafions, been exceeding- 
 ly to be blamed, in not having fome Men of Experi- 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ence among the Five Nations to advife and dlreft C 
 them on all Emergencies of Importance. The French 
 are very careful of this, and the Officers of the regu- 
 lar Troops are obliged to take their Tours among 
 their Indians, while the Captains of the independent 
 Companies of Fufiliers at Nevj-Tork live like mili- 
 tary Monks, in Idlenefs and Luxury. 
 
 The French gained a great Advantage, by poflef- 
 fing this Place, as it is of great Security to their 
 Traders, in their pafllng between Montreal and 
 Miffdimakinak. It ferved like wife as a Place of 
 Stores , and Retreat in all their Enterprifes againft 
 the Five Nations, that Place being nearly about half 
 Way between Montreal and the Country of the 
 Five Nations. It likewife expofed the Five Nations 
 in their hunting, to the Incurfions of that Garifon, 
 by its being in the Neighbourhood of their principal 
 hunting Place for Bever. 
 
 The French grew exceedingly uneafy, when they 
 found, that the Dionondadies, who live wzx Miffili- 
 limakinak, had almoft concluded a Peace with the 
 Five Nations, and that the reft of their Allies were 
 like to follow their Example : Some of thefe Nati- 
 
 ons had been at Montreal, and at their Return for- 
 warded the Peace, that thereby they might be at 
 Liberty to go to Many ; for they informed their 
 Neighbours, that the Five Nations had intirely fhut 
 up the Path to Montreal ; and befides that, the 
 French were not in a Condition to fupply them, for 
 they had nothing for themfelvcs, not fo much as a 
 Drop of ftrong Spirits. If thefe Nations had, at 
 that Time, deferred the French, it might probably 
 have put an End to the French Colony } for as the 
 Lands of Canada barely produce fufficient for the 
 Subfiftence of its Inhabitants, the only Means they 
 have of purchaling Cloathing and other Neceflaries 
 is by their Trade with the Indians. The French 
 
 N 4 likewife 
 
'U 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Ch A P.likewife had been in Danger of greater Mifchief by 
 
 Peace, for thefe Nations being at War with the 
 'Five Nations, and lying on the Back of them, 
 obliged the Five Nations to keep always a very con- 
 liderable Part of their Force at home, to defend 
 themfelves againft thele Nations, and to revenge the 
 Injuries they received from them •, but if the Peace 
 had been concluded with thefe Nations, the Five 
 Nations could have turned their whole Force againft 
 Canada, and probably might have perfuaded thefe 
 Nations to have joined with them in warring on the 
 French. 
 
 The French Commandant at MiJJilimakinak had 
 his Hands full at this Time •, and if he had not been 
 a Man of great Abilities, he mull: have funk under 
 the Difficulties he had to go through; in the firft 
 Place, to contradict the Stories brought from Mont- 
 real, he ordered the Stores of his Fort to be fold to 
 the Indians at the cheapeft Rate, and afiured them, 
 that great Quantities were every Day expected from 
 France, which were only detained by contrary 
 Winds ; and after thefe Goods lhall arrive, faid he, 
 they will be fold cheaper than ever they have been. 
 He told them likewife, that the Count de Frontenac 
 would never make Peace with the Five Nations, but 
 was refolved to extirpate them ; for which Purpofe 
 he was now rebuilding Cadarackui Fort. At the 
 fame Time he tcxik all polTible Methods to extin- 
 guilh the Beginnings of Friendlhip, which appeared 
 between the Five Nations and Dionondadies. 
 
 The Dionondadies durft not avow their treating 
 with the Five Nations to the French, neither durft 
 the Five Nations truft their Agents in a Place where 
 they knew the French had fo great Influence ; both 
 Sides therefore agreed to carry on their Treaty by 
 Means of Prifoners which they took from one an- 
 other. The Civility with which the Dionondadies 
 treated thefe Prifoners, their difmiffing them, and 
 
 their 
 
Part. II. Five Indian Nations, Gfc. 185 
 
 their receiving again Prifoners which had been taken C h a p. 
 by the Five Nations., gave the Commandant fuffici- XI. 
 ent Ground to fufpeft what was doing. The Dio- v— 
 nondadies at laft took feven Men of the Five Nations 
 Prifoners, and carried them to M’JUilimakinak. The 
 French perceiving, by their Manner of bringing 
 them in, that the Dionondadies intended to treat 
 them with the Civility they had lately ufed to o- 
 thers, murdered two of them with their Knives as 
 they ftept aftiore. On this the Dionondadies imme- 
 diately took to their Arms, faved the other Five, 
 and carried them fafe to their Caftle ; and continu- 
 ing in Arms, threatened Revenge for the Infult 
 they had received. 
 
 The French were forced in like Manner to ftand 
 to their Arms, and as there are always many dif- 
 ferent Nations at Mijfilimakinak trading, fome of 
 which were inveterate Enemies of the Five Nations, 
 they joined with the French. The Utawawas flood 
 neuter. This gave the Commandant Means of end- 
 ing the Difpute by Compofition. He in the firft 
 Place aflured them, that the Chriflians abhorred all 
 Manner of Cruelty, and then told them, that as the 
 French lhared with the Dionondadies in all the Dan- 
 gers and LofTes fuftained by the War, they ought 
 in like Manner to partake with them in any Advan- 
 tage. on this were perfuaded to deliver 
 
 up one of the Prifoners. What I am about to relate, 
 
 I think, gives Room to charge the French with a 
 Piece of Policy, not only inconfiftent with the Chrif- 
 tian Religion, but likewife with the Charafter of a 
 polite People ; and that all Confiderations from Religi- 
 on, Honour, and Virtue, muft give Way to the pre- 
 fent Exigencies of their Affairs, That an End might 
 be put to the Beginnings of a Reconciliation between 
 thefe People and the Five Nations, the French 
 gave a publick Invitation to feaft on the Soup to 
 be made on this Prifoner, and, in a more particular 
 
 Manner, 
 
X ><; 
 
 ' The History of the 
 
 A p. Manner, invited the Utawawas to the Entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 The Prifoner being firft made faft to a Stake, fo 
 as to have Room to move round it, a Frenchman 
 began ^e horrid Tragedy, by broiling the FJelh 
 Or the Priioner s Legs, from his Toes to his Knees 
 with the red hot Barrel of a Gun ; his Example was 
 followed by an Utawawa^ and they relieved one an- 
 other as they grew tired. The Prifoner all this 
 while continued his Death Song, till they clapt a 
 red hot Frying-pan on his Buttocks, when he cried 
 out. Fire is ftrong and too powerful } then all their 
 Indians mocked him, as wanting Courage and Refo- 
 lution. You, they (aid, a Soldier and a Captain, as 
 ^u fay, and afraid of Fire ; you are not a Man. 
 They continued their Torments for two Hours with- 
 c^t ceafing. An Utawawa being defirous to outdo 
 rte French in their refined Cruelty, fplit a Furrow 
 frorn the Prifbner’s Shoulder to his Garter, and fill- 
 ing it with Gunpowder, fet Fire to it. This gave 
 him exquifite Pain, and railed exceflive Laughter in 
 his Tormenters. When they found his Throat fo 
 much parched, that he was no longer able to gratify 
 their Ears with his howling, they gave him Water, 
 to enable him to continue their Pleafure longer. But 
 at laft his Strength failing, an Utawawa Head off his 
 Scalp, and threw burning hot Coals on his Scull. 
 Then they untied him, and bid him run for his Life: 
 He began to run, tumbling like a drunken Man ; 
 they Ihut up the Way to the Eaft, and made him 
 run Weftward, the Country, as they think, of de- 
 parted (milerable) Souls. He had ftill Force left to 
 throw Stones, till they put an End to his Mifery by 
 knocking him on the Head with a Stone. After 
 this every one cut a Slice from his Body, to con- 
 clude the Tragedy with a Feaft. It is doing no In- 
 jury, I think, to thefe Frenchmen^ who thus glory 
 m this horrid Cruelty, to alk them, whether they 
 
 did 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 187 
 
 did not likewife regale their revengeful Appetites C h a p. 
 with a Share of this inhuman Feaft ? Jiv. 
 
 Though I have had frequent Occafions to men- 
 tion thefe barbarous inhuman Cruelties, tranladled 
 by the Indians^ yet I have avoided to relate the 
 particular Circumftances of them, becaufe I believe 
 few civilized Ears can bear the reading of them 
 without Horror, But when they are perpetrated by 
 Chriftians, and fo far gloried in, as to be recorded 
 in their own Hiftory, I am willing to fhew it to my 
 Countrymen in its proper Colours. This laft Piece 
 of French Hiftory is taken from Hijioire de Mmm- 
 que Septentrionale, par Monfr. de la Poterie^ publilh- 
 ed at Paris with the Royal Licence, and recom- 
 mended to the Publick by Monf. Fontenelle, Vol. ii. 
 
 Though this cruel Aft had its defigned EfFeft, m 
 breaking off this Method of negotiating between the 
 Five Nations and Dionondadiesy it did not prevent 
 the Peace ; and it had very near raifed a Cml War 
 with their own Indians y which was only prevented 
 by the dextrous Condudb of the French Officers, 
 who, in all kind of Artifice, have always been fli- 
 perior to the Indians. But let me obferve on this 
 Occafion, that the avoiding any Misfortune, by any 
 bafe or wicked Aftion, is commonly the Caufe ot 
 greater Mifehiefs than what is thereby avoided j and 
 of this numerous Examples may be given. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
i88 
 
 \ 
 
 7he History of the 
 
 CHAP. XII. 
 
 *The Count de Frontenac attacks Onondaga in 
 PerJoHy with the whole Force of Canada. 
 The Five Nations continue the War with the 
 French, and make Peace with the Dionon- 
 dadies. 
 
 Chap. ^ ^ Count de Frontenac 'having fecured Ca- 
 XII. Ji darackui Forty which was called by his Name, 
 V-— < as a Place of Arms and Provilions, and for a Re- 
 treat to the Men that fhould happen to be fick or 
 wounded, refolved to make the Five Nations feel 
 his Refentment of their refufing his Terms of Peace. 
 For this Purpofe he affembled all the regular Troops 
 of Canaday the Militia, the OwenagungaSy the ^a~ 
 toghies of LarettOy the Adirondacksy SokokieSy Nepi~ 
 ciriniensy the Preying Indians of the Five NationSy 
 and a kv/UtawawaSy at Montreal, in June 1696. 
 The other weftern Indians near Mijfilimakinaky by 
 their late Correfpondence with the Five NationSy and 
 the DifTatisfaftion they had manifefted, were not 
 trufted. The Manner of making War with the In- 
 dians in a Country wholly covered withWoods, muft 
 be fo much different from the Methods ufed in Eu- 
 ropey that I believe the Reader will be pleafed to 
 have a particular Account of the Count de Fronte- 
 nac’s Conduct in this, who was an old experienced 
 General, in the feventy fourth Year of his Age. 
 
 It is to be obferved, that it is impofiible to pafs 
 the vaft Forefts between the Countries of the Five 
 Nations with Waggons, or other Carriages, or on 
 Horfeback, or even on Foot, in the fummer Time, 
 by Reafon of many im^Tfaflible thick Swamps and 
 Morafles. For this Reaion, the only Method of 
 
 travelling 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 travelling is in Bark Canoes, or very light Battoes, Chap. 
 along the Rivers, which may be ealily carried on XII 
 Men’s Shoulders, where the Stream of the River 
 becomes too rapid, and from one River to another ; 
 for which Purpofe the fhorteft Pafles are always 
 chofen, and are called, for this Reafon, Carrying 
 Places. 
 
 The Count de Frontemc marched from la Chine^ 
 in the fouthEnd of the Ifland of Montreal^ the fourth 
 of July. He divided five hundred Indians fo, that 
 the greateft Number of them Ihould always be in 
 the V an, which confifted of two Battalions ot the 
 regular Troops. They were followed by the Ca- 
 noes which carried the Provifions. The Van was 
 commanded by the Chevalier de Callieres., Gover- 
 nor of Montreal •, he had with him two large Bat- 
 toes, which carried two fmall Pieces of Cannon, 
 fmall Mortars, Granadoes, and the Utenfils of the 
 Artillery. The Count de Front enac was at the Head 
 of the main Body, accompanied by the Engineer 
 and feveral Gentlemen Voluntiers. The Body con- 
 fifted of four Battalions of the Militia, who, in War 
 with Indians., were then more depended on than 
 the regular Troops ; thefe were commanded by Mon- 
 fieur Raw fay. Governor of Frois Rivieres. The 
 Rear, which confifted of two Battalions of regular 
 Troops, and of the reft of the Indians, was under 
 the Command of the Chevalier de Vaudreuil. All 
 the Indians had French Officers fet over them. 
 
 In this Order the Army marched, only thofe that 
 were in the Van one Day, were in the Rear the 
 next ; and they always kept a Number of Indians 
 on the Scour, to difeover the Tracks of the Enemy, 
 for fear of Ambufeades. And when they were obliged 
 to carry the Canoes, and drag the large Battoes, fe- 
 veral Parties were detached to cover the Men that 
 worked. 
 
 After 
 
*9® *The History of the 
 
 Ch a p. After twelve Days March they arrived at Cada^ 
 XIL rackui Fort^ one hundred eighty Miles from Mont- 
 real. Here they waited for the Utawawas, who 
 difappointed them ; and in the mean Time raifed a 
 Bark, which had remained funk fince Cadarackui 
 iw-/ was deferted. They crofTed over Cadarachd 
 Lake to Onondaga River (now Obfwega). This 
 River being narrow and rapid, they ordered fifty 
 Men to march on each Side of it, to prevent their 
 being furprifed, and the Army moved flowly along 
 the River, according to the Intelligence they re- 
 ceived from their Scouts. They found a Tree, as 
 they pafTed along, on which the Indians had, in their 
 Manner, painted the French Army, and had laid by 
 It two Bundles of cut Rufhes. This was a Defiance 
 in the Indian Manner, and to tell them by the 
 Number of Rufhes, that fourteen hundred thirty 
 four Men would meet them, Th& French p^ed 
 ^e little Lake, between Ohjwega and Onondaga^ in 
 Order of Battle ; and the two Wings, to prevent 
 their being furprifed, and to make the Place of.their 
 Landing more uncertain to the Enemy, took a Cir- 
 cuit along the Coaft. As foon as they had landed 
 they raifed a Fort. A Seneka, who had been fbme 
 time a Prifoner in Canada., and pretended an At- 
 tachment to the French, was fent out to make a 
 Difeovery. He deferted to the Onondagas. He 
 found them waiting for the French, with a Refoluti- 
 on to defend their Caftle, and to fight the French ; 
 for which Purpofe they had fent away their Women 
 and Children, The Seiieka told them that the French 
 Army was as numerous as the Leaves on the Trees ; 
 that they had Machines which threw Balls up in the 
 Air, and which felling on their Caftle burft to 
 Pieces, and fpread Fire and Death every where, a- 
 gainft which their Stockadoes could be of no De- 
 fence. This was confirmed by another Seneka, who 
 deferted. Upon which the Onondagas thought it 
 
 moft 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 moft advifeable to retire, leaving their poor Fort C h a p. 
 
 and bark Cottages all in Flames. ^ XII. 
 
 After the General had an Account of this, he 
 marched to their Village in Order of Battle. The 
 Army was divided into two Lines : The firft com* 
 manded by the Chevalier de Callieresy who placed him- 
 felf on the Left, confifted of two Battalions of the 
 Inhabitants in the Center, and a Battalion of the re- 
 gular Troops on each Wing. The Artillery follow- 
 ed them. Moft of the Indians of this Divifion 
 were upon the Right, who continually fent out 
 Scouts. The fecond Line was commanded by the 
 Chevalier de Vaudreuel^ compofed of the lame Num- 
 ber of Battalions, and in the fame Order. The 
 Count de Froptenac was carried in a Chair direftly 
 after the Artillery. But it was impoffible for them 
 to keep their Order, in palling through thick 
 Woods, and in palling Brooks. In this formida- 
 ble Manner the aged General marched up to the 
 Alhes of the Village, and his Army exerted their 
 Fury on the Indian Q>rn, which covered a large 
 Field in thick Ranks. 
 
 An Indian Sachem, about one hundred Years old, 
 would not retire with the reft, but chofe this Time 
 to end his Days. The French Indians had the Plea- 
 fure of tormenting him, which he bore with fur- 
 priling Evennefs of Mind, and with that Refoluti- 
 on which becomes a Sachem of the Five Nations, 
 
 He told his Tormentors to remember well his Death, 
 when his Countrymen Ihould come to take terrible 
 Vengeance of them. Upon which, one ftabbing 
 him feveral Times with his Knife, he thanked him 
 but faid, you had better make me die by Fire, that 
 thefe Dogs of Frenchmen may learn how to fuffer 
 like Men. You Indians, their Allies, you Dogs of 
 Dogs, think of me when you lhall be in the like 
 State. Thus this old Sachem, under all the Weak- 
 nefe of old Age, preferved a Greatnefs of Soul, and 
 
 a due 
 
1 92 The History of the 
 
 Ch A p.a due Regard for the Honour of his Country, to the 
 XII. laft Moment of his Breath. 
 
 The Chevalier de Vaudreuil was fent with a De- 
 tachment of fix or feven hundred Men to deftroy 
 the Oneydoes Corn, who Jiv’d but a fmall Diftance 
 from Onondaga^ which he performed without any 
 Refiftance. The Jefuit Milet had Jived for the 
 moft Part with the Oneydoes ; he had infufed into 
 them the moft favourable Sentiments of the French, 
 and they had been the moft inclined to Peace on the 
 French Terms. Thirty five of them ftaid in their 
 Caftle to make the French welcome j but the only 
 Favour they obtained, was to be made Prifoiiers, 
 and carried to Montreal. The French Governor de- 
 clared his Refolutions to extirpate the Onondagas, 
 and for that Reafon gave Orders to give no Qiiar- 
 tcr. 
 
 The Difficulty of fupportlng fo many Men In 
 thefe Deferts, made it neceflary for the Count de 
 Frontenac to return as fpeedily as pofllble. Though 
 the French Army was much an Overmatch for the 
 OnondagaSy both in Number of Men and in their 
 Arms, the Gnondagas were not fo far difpirited, as 
 not to follow them in their Return. They found 
 Opportunities to revenge themfelves in fome Mea- 
 fure, by cutting off every Canoe that happened at 
 any Time to be at a Diftance from the main Body. 
 This obliged the Count to haftcn his March, fo 
 that he returned to Montreal the tenth of Aii- 
 
 mJi- 
 
 The Onondagas fuffered nothing by this charge- 
 able Expedition, but the Lofs of their Corn, and 
 their Bark Cottages. They loft not one Man, but 
 the old Sacheniy who relblved to die a Martyr to 
 his Country’s Honour. The French fuffered con- 
 fiderably by its Confequences ; for all the Planters 
 being taken off from their Labour, either in this 
 Expedition, or in watching and fecuring their Forts 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, & c . 193 
 
 and Country, a Famine enfued ; and this I find hasC hap. 
 often happened in Canada^ where all the Men, fit XIH. 
 to bear Arms, have been employed in fuch like Ex- 
 peditions. If the Oneydoes had not timely furren- 
 dered themfelves, the Count had not been able to 
 have carried Home the leaft Token of a Viftorv. 
 
 And all that can be faid for this Enterprize is, that it 
 was a kind of heroick Dotage. 
 
 The Influence that the Jefuit had obtained 
 over the Oneydoes was fuch, that fome Time af- 
 ter this, thirty of them deferted to the Ptench^ 
 and defired that he might be appointed their Pa^ 
 ftor. 
 
 In the following Winter the Mohawks, with the 
 Governor of Neiv- York’s Privacy^ fent one to the 
 Praying Indians with two BeltSj and he carried two 
 Prifoners with him. By the firft Belt he aikedi 
 whether the Path was entirely fllut up between their 
 two Countries j and, by the fecond, demanded 
 the Reftitution of a Prifoner the Praying Indians had 
 taken : But his real Defign was, to learn the State 
 of their Country, and what Defigns were form- 
 ing. Notwithftanding the Influence and Arti» 
 fice of the French Priefts over thefe GonvertSjj they 
 ftill retained an AfFedlion to their Cotin,trym'*n % 
 for which Reafon the Count de Frontemc entertain- 
 ed a Jealoufy of thefe Intercourfes, and threatened 
 to put to Death any that fhould come in that Man- 
 ner again •, but the Meflenger had the Satisfaftioti of 
 difcoveriiig the diftrefied Condition of Canada by 
 Famine. 
 
 A Party of the French was fent out in the Win- 
 ter, to make fome Attempt upon the Englifi-t Set- 
 tlements near Albany ; but fome Mohawks and 
 Scakkook Indians meeting with them, before they 
 reached the Settlements, they were intirely routed, 
 
 The commanding Officer, one du Bau^ and two o* 
 thersj faved themfelves from the Fury of the Indi- 
 
 O ans. 
 
194 ‘I'he History of the 
 
 Ch A v.anSy by running to Albany ; the reft were either 
 XII. killed or periftied in the Woods, fo that not one 
 Man of this Party got back to Canada. 
 
 It was much eafier for the French to fet the Pray, 
 ing Indians upon the EngUPs, againft whom it is 
 poffible many of them had perfonal Animofuies, 
 that made them go over to the French, than to fight 
 their Countrymen. Several of them came this 
 Winter ■ fkulking about ScheneHady and Albany •, 
 and being well acquainted with the Country, and 
 fpeaking likewife the Mohawld^ Language, by which 
 they fometimes deceived the Inhabitants, they fur- 
 prifed fome of the Inhabitants, and carried away 
 their Scalps. 
 
 The Five Nations, to fhew that the Count de 
 Frontenac\ Expedition had no Way difcouraged 
 them, fent out feveral Parties againft Canada. One 
 of them met with a Party of French upon St. 
 Laurence River, near Montreal. The French were 
 routed, and their Captain killed. As foon as this 
 was heard at Montreal, Repcntigni was fent' out af- 
 ter them with a confiderable Party of French, Nepi- 
 cirinien Indians and Praying Indians ; but this Party 
 was likewife defeated, and the Captain, with many of 
 his Men, killed. 
 
 Thus the War was continued till the Peace of 
 Refwick, by fmall Parties of Indians, on both Sides, 
 harafling, furpriling, and fcalping the Inhabitants 
 near Montreal and Albany. 
 
 Some Time this Year the chief Sachem of the 
 Dionondadies (whom the French call the Baron) went 
 to Rebeck, pretending a ftrong Attachment to the 
 French, but really to conceal the Treaty of Peace 
 that he was on the Point of concluding with the 
 Five Nations for which Purpofe he had fent his 
 Son with nineteen Belts to the Senekas. The Sub- 
 ftance of whofe Commiflion was as follows : 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, jgj 
 
 The Frenci) have for many Years confounded Cm a p. 
 our Reiblutions, and deceived us, but now we are XII. 
 refolved to break all their Artifices, by flopping '✓VNJ 
 our Ears. We come now to unite with you, while 
 the French know nothing of the Matter. The Com- 
 mandant at MiJJilmaktnak has told us many Lies, 
 he has betrayed us, and made us kill one another, 
 but we are firmly refolved never to hearken to him 
 any more. The Peace was accordingly firmly con- 
 cluded, notwithflanding all the Oppofition the French 
 could make. The French Authors fay, the only 
 Reafon that induced the Dienondadies was, that the 
 Englijh fold them Goods cheaper than the French 
 could. 
 
 Some Time before the News of the Peace arrived, 
 the French at Montreal being informed that a Party 
 of the Five Nations were difcovered near Corlear*s 
 Lakey fent out a Captain with a Party of Sol- 
 diers and Indiansy who being well experienced in 
 the Manner of making War with JndianSy marched 
 through the thickefl Woods, and by the leafl fre- 
 quented Places, fo that he difcovered the Enemy, 
 without being difcovered. He furprifed that Party, 
 killed feveral, and took one Prifoner. The Uta- 
 wawas being then trading at Montreal the Count 
 de Frontenac invited them to a Feaft to be made of 
 this Prifoner, and cauled him to be burnt publick- 
 ly alive at Montrealy in the Manner of which I have 
 already given two Accounts from the French Au- 
 thors. 
 
 O a 
 
 CHAP. 
 
196 
 
 The History of the 
 
 CHAP. XIII. 
 
 The ConduSl which the Englifli and French ob- 
 Jerved^ in regard to the Five Nations, im- 
 mediately after the Peace c/'Refwick. 
 
 Chap. O O O N after the News of the Peace of Refwick 
 XIII. reached New-Tork, the Governor fent an Ex- 
 prefs to Canada^ to inform the Governor there of 
 * K, that Hoftilities might ceafe. The Five Nations 
 having an Account of the Peace earlier than they 
 had it in Canada^ took Advantage of it, in hunting 
 Bever near Cadarackui Fort. The Governor of Ca- 
 nada being informed of this, and believing that the 
 Five Nations thought themfelves fecure by the 
 general Peace, refolved to take his laft Revenge of 
 them. For this Purpofe he fent a confiderable 
 Party of Adirondacks to furprife them, which they 
 did, and killed feveral, but not without Lofs of 
 many of their own Men. The Tofs of one of their 
 greateft Captains at that Time gave the Five Nati- 
 ons the greateft Affliftion. After he was mortally 
 wounded, he cried out : “ Muft I, who have made 
 “ the whole Earth tremble before me, now die by 
 “ the Hands of Children ?” for he defpifed the A- 
 dirondacks. 
 
 A Difpute at this Time arofe, between the Go- 
 vernment of New-Tork and Canada, about the French 
 Prifoners which the Five Nations had in their Hands. 
 The Earl of Bellamont, then Governor of New-Tork, 
 would have the French receive thofe Prifoners from 
 him, and direfted the Five Nations to bring them 
 to Albany for that Purpofe. The French, on the 
 other Hand, refufed to own the Five Nations as 
 fubjed to the Crown of Great-Britain, and threat- 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, 197 
 
 encd to continue the War againft the Five Nations yC a a p. 
 if they did not bring the Prifoners to Montrealy XIII, 
 and deliver them there. The Count de Frontenac 
 fent fome of the Proving Indians with a Meflage to 
 this Purpofe, and to have all the French Allies inclu- 
 ded in the general Peace. 
 
 The Meflenger on his Return told the Count, 
 publickly in Prefence of feveral Utawawasy that the 
 Five Nations refuled to include feveral of his Al- 
 lies, but were refolved to revenge the Injuries they 
 had received. The Utawawas were exceedingly 
 difcompofed at hearing this, and the Count, to re- 
 cover their Spirits, affured them, that he never 
 would make Peace without including all his Allies 
 in it, and without having all their Prifoners re- 
 ftored. At the fame Time he made Preparations to 
 attack the Five Nations with the whole Force of 
 Canada. 
 
 The Earl of Bellamont being informed of this, 
 fent Captain 'John Schuyler (of the Militia) to tell 
 the Count, that he had the Intereft of the King his 
 Matter too much *at Heart, to fuffer the French to 
 treat the Five Nations like Enemies, efter the Con- 
 clufion of the general Peace ; for which Reafon he 
 had ordered them to be on their Guard, and had 
 furnifhed them with Arms and Ammunition ; that 
 he had ordered the Lieutenant-Governor, in Cafe 
 they were attacked, either by the French or their 
 Allies, to join them with the regular Troops ; 
 and that, if he found it neceflary, he would raife 
 the whole Force of his Government In their De- 
 fence. 
 
 This put a Stop to the French Threatening, and 
 both Sides made Complaint to their Matters. The 
 two Kings ordered their refpecttive Governors to be 
 aflitting to each other, in making the Peace effec- 
 tual to both Nations, and to leave the Difputes, as 
 to the Dependency of the Indian NationSy to be de- 
 
 O 3 termined 
 
19^ History of the 
 
 Ch A P.termined by Commiffioners, to be appointed pur- 
 XIII. fuant to the Treaty of Refwick. 
 
 It is exceedingly impolitick, when weaker Po- 
 tentates, ingaged in a Confederacy agdnft one pow- 
 erful Prince, leave any Points to be determined 
 after the Conclufion of a Peace ; for if they cannot 
 obtain a Conceflion, while the Confederacy Hands 
 and their Force is united, how can a weaker Prince 
 hope to obtain it, when he is left alone to himfelf, 
 after the Confederacy is dillblved ? The French 
 have fo often found the Benefit of this Piece of 
 Imprudence, that in all their Treaties they ufe all 
 the Cajoling, and every Artifice in their Power, 
 to obtain this Advantage, and they feldom raifs 
 it. 
 
 About the Time of the Conclufion of the Peace 
 at Refwick, the noted Fherouet died at Montreal. 
 The French gave him Chriftian Burial in a pompous 
 Manner, the Prieft, that attended him at his Death, 
 having declared that he died a true Chriftian ; for, 
 laid the Prieft, while I explained to him the Paf- 
 fion of our Saviour, whom the Jews crucified, 
 he cried out •, Oh ! had I been there, I would 
 ‘‘ have revenged his Death, and brought away their 
 
 Scalps.” 
 
 Soon after the Peace was known at Montreal., 
 three confiderable Men of the Praying Indians came 
 to Albany *, they had fine laced Coats given them, 
 and were invited to return to their own Country. 
 'I'hey anfwered, that they were young Men, and 
 had not Skill to make a fuitable Anfwer, and had 
 not their ancient Men to confult with ; but promi- 
 fed to communicate the Propofals to their old Men, 
 and would bring back an Anfwer in the Fall. I 
 find nothing more of this in the Regifter of Indian 
 Affairs., though it might have been of great Confe- 
 quence had it been purfued to Purpofe ; but fuch 
 Matters, where there is not an immediate private 
 
 Profit, 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, ©"f. 
 
 Profit, are feldom purfued by the Englijh with tliatCn a p. 
 Care and Afliduity, with which they are by the XIIL 
 French. v.— v— J 
 
 While Captain Schuler was in Canada., he enter- 
 ed into fome indifcreet Difcourfe with Monfieur Ma- 
 ricour, for whom the Five Nations had a particular 
 Efteem, and call Stowtowijfe. -Captain Schuyler., in 
 afferting the Dependency of the Five Nations on 
 New-Tork, faid, that thofe Nations were their Slaves. 
 
 Mr. Maricour told this Difcourfe to an Onondaga^ 
 with all the Aggravations he could, and added, that 
 it was intirely owing to the Englijh that the Peace 
 was not abfolutely concluded, and that Captain 
 Schwyler prevented their Prifoners being reftored, 
 becaufe he would have them fent to Albaty, as be- 
 ing Slaves to the Englifh. That the French had no 
 Dilpute with the Englijh, but for the Independen- 
 cy of the Five Nations. This indifcreet Conduft 
 of Captain Schiyler was fo much refented by the 
 Five Nations, that a Deputation of the moft con- 
 fiderable Sachems was fent to Albany in June 1 699, 
 to complain of it ; and they fent at the fame Time 
 Deputies to Canada to conclude the Peace, inde- 
 pendently of the Englijh. Thefe Deputies that 
 came to Albany were fo far convinced that the 
 French had abufed them, and how much more it 
 was for their Security to be included in the general 
 Peace with the Englijh, than to have' only the French 
 Faith for their Security, that they immediately dif- 
 patched a Meflenger after their Deputies that were 
 gone to Canada. Though this Melfenger readied 
 them too late to ftop their Proceeding, it con- 
 vinced the Deputies fo far of its being for their In- 
 tereft to be joined with the EngliftJ in the Peace, 
 as they had been in the War, that they infifted 
 that the Exchange of Prifoners be made at Albany. 
 
 At the fame Time the MdTenger was fent after 
 their Deputies to Canada, Colonel Peter Schuyler 
 
 was 
 
200 The History of the 
 
 Chap, was fent with others to Onondaga.^ to remove the 
 XIII. Prejudices they had received there. 
 
 The Count de Frontenac died while thefe Dif- 
 putes continued. Monficur de Callieres^ who fuc- 
 cecded him, put an End to them, by agree- 
 ing to fend to Onondaga to regulate the Exchange 
 of Prifoners there ; for which Purpofe Monfieur 
 Maricour, loncaire^ and the Jefuit Brwjas, were 
 fent. 
 
 _ When the French Commiflioners were come 
 within lefs than a Mile of Onondaga Caftle, they put 
 themfelves in Order and marched with the French 
 Colours carried before them, and with as much 
 Show as they could make. Decanefora met them 
 without the Gate, and complimented them with 
 three Strings of Wampum. By the firft he wiped 
 away their Tears for the French that had been llain 
 in the War. By the fecond he opened their 
 Mouths, that they might fpeak freely ; that is, 
 promifed them Freedom of Speech. By the third 
 he cleaned the Matt, on which they were to lit, 
 from the Blood that had been fpilt on both Sides : 
 The Compliment was returned by the Jefuit, then 
 they entered the Fort, and were faluted with a ge- 
 neral Difcharge of all the fire Arms. They were 
 carried to the beft Cabin in the Fort, and there en- 
 tertained with a Feaft. The Deputies of the fe- 
 ve.’-al Nations not being all arrived, the Jefuit, and 
 Monfieur Maricour^ palfed the Time in vifiting and 
 converfing with tht French Ftihntrs. The General 
 Council being at laft met, the Jefuit made the fol- 
 lowing Speech, which I take from the Relation the 
 Five Nations afterwards made of it to the Earl of 
 Bella-, nont. 
 
 “ I . I am glad to fee the Five Nations ^ and that 
 feme of them went to Canada, notwithftanding 
 “ Cor lean forbid them : I am forry for the Lois of 
 
 your 
 
w 
 
 Part II. Five Indian Nations, &c. ' 20f 
 
 “ your People killed by the remote Indians ; I con- Chap. 
 “ dole their Death, and wipe nway the Blood by this XIII. 
 
 “ Belt. . 
 
 “ 2, The War Kettle boiled fo long, that it 
 “ would have fcalded all the Five Nations had it 
 
 continued ; but now it is overfet, and turned up- 
 “ fide down, and a firm Peace made. 
 
 “3.1 now plant the Tree of Peace and Welfare 
 “ at Onondaga. 
 
 “ 4. Keep faft the Chain you have made with 
 “ Corlear., for now we have one Heart and one 
 “ Intereft with them \ but why is Corlear againib 
 “ your correfponding with us, ought we not to 
 “ converfe together when we are at Peace and in 
 “ Friendfhip ? 
 
 “ 5. Deliver up the French Prifoners you have, 
 
 « and we fhall deliver not only thofe of your Na- 
 “ tion we have, but all thofe likewife taken by 
 “ any of our Allies ; and gave a Belt, 
 
 “ 6. I offer myfelf to you to live with you at 
 “ Onondaga^ to inftruft you in the Chriftian Re- 
 “ ligion, and to drive away all Sicknefs, Plagues 
 “ and Difeafes out of your Country, and gave a 
 “ third Belt. 
 
 “ 7, This laft Belt, he faid, is from the_ Ron- 
 “ daxe, or French Indians, to defire Reftitution of 
 “ the Prifoners taken from them.” 
 
 The Jefuit in the Conclufion faid ; “ Why does 
 “ not Corlear tell you what palTes between the Go- 
 “ vernor of Canada and him ? He keeps you in 
 “ the Dark, while the Governor of Canada con- 
 “ ceals nothing from his Children. Nor does the 
 “ Governor of Canada claim your L>and, as Corlear 
 “ does.” 
 
 The General Council immediately rejeded the 
 Belt by which the Jefuit offered to ftay with them, 
 faying. We have already accepted Ccrlear^s Belt, by 
 wliich he offers us Paftors to inftrud us. Decane- 
 
 fora 
 
202 ^he History of the 
 
 C H A v.fora added. The Jefuits have always deceived us, 
 XIII. for while they preached Peace, the French came 
 and knocked us on the Head. To this the Jefuit 
 replied, that if he had known that Corlear intend- 
 . ed to fend them Paftors, he would not have offered 
 this Belt. 
 
 It is to be obferved that the Indian Council re- 
 fufed to hear the French^ or to give them an An- 
 fwer, but in Prefence of the Commiffioners from 
 Albany. 
 
 The French Commiffioners having alTured the 
 Peace with the Five Nations, the Inhabitants of 
 Canada efteemed it the greateft Bleffing that could 
 be procured for them from Heaven ; for nothing 
 could be more terrible than this laft War with the 
 Five Nations. While this War lafted, the Inhabi- 
 tants eat their Bread in continual Fear and Trem- 
 bling. No Man was fure, when out of his Houfe, 
 of ever returning to it again. While they laboured 
 in the Fields, they were under perpetual Appre- 
 benfions of being killed or feized, and carried to 
 the Indian Country, there to end their Days in 
 cruel Torments. They many Times were forced 
 to negledt both thdr Seed Time and Harveft. The 
 Landlord often faw all his Land plundered, his 
 Houfes burnt, and the whole Country ruined, while 
 they thought their Perfons not fafe in their Forti- 
 fications. In Ihort, all Trade and Bufinefs was of- 
 ten at an intire Stand, while Fear, Defpair, and 
 Mifery appeared in the Faces of the poor Inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 The French Commiffioners carried feveral of the 
 principal Sachems of the Five Nations back with 
 them, who were received at Montreal with great 
 Joy. They were faluted by aDifcharge of all the great 
 Guns round the Place, as they entered. The 
 French Allies took this amifs, and afked if their 
 Governor was entering. They were told, that it 
 
 was 
 
Part II. Five Indian Nations, C£c. 
 
 was a Compliment paid to the Five NationSy whofeCn a p. 
 Sacbems were then entering the Town. We per- XIII, 
 ceive, they replied, that Fear makes the French t— v— ^ 
 ihew more Refped to their Enemies, than Love 
 can make them do to their Friends. 
 
 Monlieur de Callieres afiembled all the French 
 Allies, (who were then very numerous at Mmt~ 
 red) to make the Exchange of Prifoners, and they 
 delivered the Prifoners they had taken, though the 
 Five Nations had lent none to be exchanged for 
 them. Thus we fee a brave People ftruggle with 
 every Difficulty, till they can get out of it with 
 Honour ; and fuch People always gain Relpeft, 
 even from their moft inveterate Enemies. 
 
 I lhall finilh this Part by obferving, that not- 
 withftanding the French Comniiffioners took all the 
 Pains poffible to carry Home the Frenchy that were 
 Prifoners with the Five NationSy and they had full 
 Liberty from the IndianSy few of them could be 
 perfuaded to return. It may be thought that this 
 was occafioned from the Hardfhips they had en- 
 dured in their own Country, under a tyrannical Go- 
 vernment and a barren Soil : But this certainly was 
 not the only Reafon ; for the Englijh had as much 
 Difficulty to perfuade the People, that had been 
 taken Prifoners by the French IndianSy to leave the 
 Indian Manner of living, though no People enjoy 
 more Liberty, and live in greater Plenty, than the 
 common Inhabitants of New-Tork do. No Argu- 
 ments, no Intreaties, nor Tears of their Friends 
 and Relations, could perfuade many of them to 
 leave their new Indian Friends and Acquaintance ; 
 feveral of them that were by the Careffings of their 
 Relations perfuaded to come Home, in a little 
 Time grew tired of our Manner of living, and 
 run away again to the Indians, and ended their 
 Days with them. On the other Hand, Indian Chil- 
 dren have been carefully educated among the Eng- 
 
 hlhy 
 
s^<>4 The HistoRV of fhe^ &c, 
 
 cloathed and taught, yet, I think, tliere is not 
 ^ one Inftance, that any of thefe, after they had Li- 
 •—V—* berty to go among their own People, and were 
 come to Age,_ would remain with the Engl^fh, but 
 returned to their own Nations, and became as fond 
 of the Indian Manner of Lite as thofe that knew 
 nothing of a civilized Manner of living. What I 
 now tell of Chriftian Prifoners among Indians, re- 
 lates not only to what happened at the Conclufion 
 of this War, but has been found true on many 
 other Occafions. 
 
 The End of the Second Part, 
 
PAPERS 
 
 RELATING TO 
 
 An A C T of the Assembly 
 
 o F T H E 
 
 Province of NE W-Y 0 R K, 
 
 FOR 
 
 Encouragement of the Indian Tradcy &c. and 
 for prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods 
 to the French^ viz. of CANADA. 
 
 I. A Petit I OK of the Merchants oi London to His 
 Majefty againft the faid A<3:. 
 
 Majesty’s Order in Council, referring the 
 Petition to the Lords Commiffioners of Trade and 
 Plantation. 
 
 III. Extract of the Minutes of the faid Lords, con- 
 cerning fome Allegations of the Merchants before them. 
 
 IV. The Report of the faid Lords to His Majefty 
 the Merchants Petition, and other Allegations. 
 
 V. The Report of the Committee of Council of the 
 Province of New-Tork^ in Anfwer to the faid Petition, 
 
 VI. A Memorial concerning the Furr-Trade of New-- 
 Tork^ by a Colden, Efq; 
 
T O T H E 
 
 K I N g’s Moft Excellent Majefty in 
 Council, 
 
 The Humble Petition and Reprefentation of 
 Samuel Baker ^ Samuel Storke, John Bayeuxy 
 Richard Jcneway, Robert Hackjhaw, Jofeph 
 Low, Jofeph Paice, George Streatjield, Wil- 
 liam Parkin, and John Evened, Merchants 
 of London, trading to New-Tork, in behalf 
 of themfelves, and the reft of the Perfons 
 concern’d in the New-Tork Trade. 
 
 SHE WE r H, 
 
 p"— g*-^HAT by an A& pafled in New-Tork 
 I the 19th oi Novenlber, 1720, entitled, 
 K An A 8 for Encouragement of the Indian 
 Trade, and rendering it more beneficial to the 
 Inhabitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the 
 felling of Indian Goods to the French, all Trade 
 whatlbever is prohibited in the ftrideft Manner, 
 and under the I'evereft Penalties, between the Inha- 
 lants of New-Tork Government, and the French of 
 Canada, or any Subjeds of the French King, or any 
 Perfon whatfoever, for or on the behalf of any fiich 
 Subjeds ; and which Ad was to continue in force 
 for three Years. 
 
 That the Reafons afllgned in the Preamble of 
 this Ad, for the palTing thereof, are. For that the 
 French at Canada, by means of Indian Goods pur- 
 chafed from the Inhabitants of New-Tork, had not 
 only almoft wholly engrofled the IndianTrade to them- 
 
 P 2 fclves. 
 
^he History of the 
 
 felves, but had, in great meafure, withdrawn the 
 AfFedions of the Five Nations of Indians from the 
 Inhabitants of New-Tork, and render’d them waver- 
 ing in their Faith and Allegiance to your Majefty ; 
 and would, if fuch Trade was not prevented, wholly 
 alienate the Minds of the faid Indians, which might 
 prove of dangerous Confequence to the Englijh In- 
 terejl in America. 
 
 That this Act was fent home for your Majefty’s 
 royal Confideration, but your Petitioners do not 
 find that your Majefty ever fignified your Allow- 
 ance or Difallowance thereof ; from whence, and 
 from the Ad’s being to continue but three Years, 
 your Petitioners humbly conceive the fame was fuf- 
 fered to lie by probationary, to fee whether the faid 
 Ad, in its Effeds, was really advantageous or 
 prejudicial to the Britijh Trade and Interejl in 
 America. 
 
 That your Petitioners have received Advice, 
 That the Government of New-Tork either have, or 
 are about palTing an Ad, to revive and continue 
 the faid Ad for prohibiting all Trade between iVl?w- 
 Tork and Canada. 
 
 Upon which Occafion, your Petitioners humbly 
 beg leave to reprefent to your Majefty, That the 
 faid Ad, tho’ in the firft Intention of it, it might 
 be well defigned, yet, in its Effeds, it has proved 
 very pernicious to the Britijh Trade in general, and 
 to the Intereft of New-Tork in particular : For, be- 
 fides the Nations of Indians that are in the Englijh 
 Intereft, there are very many Nations of Indians, 
 who are, at prelent, in the Intereft of the French, 
 and who lie between New-Tork, and the Nations 
 of Indians in the Englijh Interejl •, and this Ad pro- 
 hibiting all Trade between and the French 
 
 of Canada, or any of the Subjeds of France, the 
 French, and their Indians, would not permit the 
 Englijh Indians to pafs over by their Forts, fo as to 
 carry on a free Trade with New-Tork, but pre- 
 4. vented 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 vented their Paflages, as much as poffible, whereby 
 that moft confiderable and only valuable Branch of 
 Trade from New-Torky hath, ever fince the paf- 
 fing the faid Aft, very much leffened, from the 
 great Difficulties of carrying on any Trade with 
 the Englijh Indians, and the Prohibition of all Trade 
 with the French j and all the Indian Goods have, by 
 this Aft, been raifed in their Price 25/. to 30/. 
 per Cent. 
 
 Whereas, on the other hand, this Branch of the 
 New-Tork Trade, by the Difcouragements brought 
 upon it by this Aft, is almoft wholly engroffed by 
 the French, who have already,' by this Aft, been 
 encouraged to fend proper European Goods to Canada, 
 to carry on this Trade ; fo that Ihould this Aft be 
 continued, the New-Tork Trade, which is very 
 confiderable, muft be wholly loft to us, and center 
 in the French. 
 
 And your Petitioners further beg leave humbly 
 to reprefent. That as they conceive nothing can 
 tend more to the with-drawing the Affeftions of 
 the Five Nations of Indians from the Englijh Inte- 
 rejl, than the Continuance of the faid Aft, which, 
 in its Effefts, reftrains them from a free Commerce 
 with the Inhabitants of New-Tork, and may, too 
 probably, eftrange them from the Englijh Interejl : 
 Whereas by a Freedom of Commerce, and an en- 
 courag’d Intercourle of Trade with the French, ^ and 
 their Indians, the Englijh Intereft might, in time, 
 be greatly improved and ftrengthened among the 
 Indians in general, who, by fuch Latitude of 1 rad<^ 
 might be link’d to our Friendffiip in the ftrongeft 
 Ties of their own Intereft, as well as Inclinations. 
 
 That therefore, and as the faid Aft was, in its 
 Effefts, fo plainly deftruftive and prejudicial to the 
 Trade and Intereft of thele Kingdoms, and fo much 
 for the Intereft of the French, and greatly promoted 
 that Mifchief which it was intended to prevent. 
 
6 
 
 "The History of the 
 
 Your Petitioners moft humbly pray your Ma- 
 jefty. That you would be gracioufly pleafed 
 to give the neceffary Dircdions to your 
 Governour of New Tork, not to pafs any 
 new Aft for the reviving or continuing tiie 
 faid Aft prohibiting Trade with the French 
 of Canada -, and that if any fuch Aft, or 
 any Aft of the like Tendency, be already 
 paffed, that the fame may be repealed* ydnd 
 your Petitioners Jhall ever p‘ ay, &c. 
 
 Samuel Baker, 
 Rob.'HackJhaw, 
 Jo. Lloyd, 
 
 Sam. Storke, 
 y. Bayeux, 
 
 Sam. Fitch, 
 Rich. Jeneway, 
 Jof. Lowe, I 
 AJher Levy, 
 John Paine, 
 
 J. Bull, 
 
 Fra. Wilks, 
 Wm. Parkin, 
 John Gilbert, 
 Jof. Paice, jun. 
 Rich. Mico, 
 
 Jo. Miranda, 
 :Geo. Streatfield, 
 John Everet, 
 ThompfonHayne. 
 
 At the Court at St. James^j the T,oth Day 
 o/' April, 1724. 
 
 P R E S 'E N T 
 
 TlieKiNG’sMoftExcellentMiijefly in Council. 
 
 U PON Reading this Day at the Board the 
 humble Petition and Reprefentation of Sa- 
 muel Baker, Samuel Storke, and ievcral others, . Mer- 
 chants ot London, trading to New-Tork, in behalf 
 of thcmfelves, and the roll of the Perfons concern’d 
 in t\\t New-Tork llmdt, 'uhixch Petition lets , forth. 
 That great Difcouragements have been brought upon 
 the Britijh Trade, by an Aft paffed in the laid Co- 
 lony ot New Tcrk, the 19th of November, 1720, 
 
 entitled. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. y 
 
 entitled. An A£l for the Encouragement of the Indian 
 Trade, and rendering of it more beneficial to the In- 
 habitants of this Province, and for prohibiting the 
 felling of Indian Goods to the French. And that 
 as the laid A£l was to continue in force only for 
 three Years, they are informed the Government of 
 New-Tork either have, or are about paffing an A£t 
 to revive and continue the fame : Wherefore they 
 humbly pray, that the Governour of that Colony 
 may be ordered, not to pafs any new Aft for that 
 purpofe 5 and if any fuch Aft be already pafs’d, 
 that it may be repeied. 
 
 It is ordered by his Majefly in Council, That 
 the faid Petition (a Copy whereof is hereunto an- 
 nexed) be, and it is hereby referred to the Lords 
 Commiflioners for Trade and Plantations, to exa- 
 mine into the fame, and report to his Majefty, at 
 this Board, what they conceive fit to be done there- 
 in. 
 
 Signed, 
 
 James Vernon. 
 
 ExtraSi of the Minutes of the Right Honour' 
 able the Lords Cotnmiffioners for 'Trade and 
 Plantations, the jth of July, 1724. 
 
 M r. Sharp attending, as he had been defired, 
 with feveral Hew - Tork Merchants, their 
 l .ordlhips took again into Confideration the Order 
 of Council of the 30th of April, mentioned in the 
 Minutes of the firft of May laft, referring to the 
 Board their Petition againft the Renewing an Aft 
 pafled in New-Tork, in November, 1720, entitled. 
 An All for the Encouragement of the Indian Trade, 
 and rendering of it more effeSual to the Inhabitants 
 of this Province, and for prohibiting the felling of 
 
 B 4 Indian 
 
^he History of the 
 
 Indian Goods to the French. And Mr. Sharp, in 
 behalf of the feveral Merchants, acquainted their 
 ix)rdfhips. That he conceived this Adt, tho’ its 
 Intention of gaining the Indians to the Englifh In- 
 would have quite a contrary 
 Fifect, becaufe, it the Trade with the French was 
 prevented, and the Merchants fhould difeontinue 
 tiiat with the Indians, (as he was informed they 
 Would) the French might lay hold of this Oppor- 
 tunity to furmni themfelves with Goods front £«- 
 and fupply the Five Nations of Indians, and 
 thereby gam them to their Intereft : And this, by 
 Kafon of their Situation, would not be in the 
 Power of the Englijh to prevent : That they were 
 two or three hundred Leagues dillant from Albany, 
 and that they could not come to trade with the 
 Englifi but by going down the River St. Laurence, 
 and from thence through a Lake, which brought 
 them within eighteen Leagues dt Albany. 
 
 And that the^ French having made Settlements 
 along the laid River, it would be in their Power, 
 whenever they pleafed, to cut off that Communi- 
 cation. 
 
 That this Adt had been fo great a Dilcourao'e- 
 ment to the Britijh Frade, in general, that there 
 had not been, by far, fo great aCjiantity of Beaver, 
 and other Furs, imported into Great-Britain fince 
 the pairing the faid Adt, as there was before j nor 
 half the Quantity of European Goods exported. 
 
 That feveral Merchants who had fent over to 
 New-Torkconl\6.tx&h\t Quantities oi European Goods, 
 had received Advice from their Correfpondents’ 
 That Ihould another Adt of the like Nature be 
 paired, they could not find a vent for them, and 
 defired they would fend no more. 
 
 Upon the whole, Ux. Sharp defired, in behalf 
 of the Merchants, that Mr. Burnet might be di- 
 redled not to pafs any Adt of the like Nature for 
 the future. 
 
 To 
 
9 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 
 
 To the King’s Moft Excellent Majefty. 
 
 May it fleafe your Majejly ; 
 
 I N Obedience to your Majefty’s Commands, fig- 
 nified to us by your Order in Council of the 
 30th of April laft, referring to us the Petition of 
 feveral Merchants of London trading to New'Tork, 
 fetting forth “ The great Difcouragements that 
 “ have been brought upon the Britijb T rade by an 
 “ Aft palTed in New-Tork the 19th of Novetnber, 
 “ lyzo, entitled, An A5i for the Encouragement of 
 “ the Indian Trade, and rendering of it more bene- 
 “ ficial to the Inhabitants of this Province^ and for 
 “ prohibiting the felling of Indian Goods .to the 
 “ French. And that as the faid Aft is now ex- 
 “ pir’d, the faid Merchants are informed the Go- 
 “ vernment of NeWrTcrk either have, or are about 
 “ pafling an Aft to revive and continue the fame ; 
 “ and therefore pray, that a flop may be put 
 “ thereto.” We humbly take leave to reprefent 
 to your Majefty, 
 
 That we have been attended by the Petitioners, 
 who informed us, that they have found this Aft, 
 by Experience, to be fo great a Difcouragement to 
 the Britijh Tradey that there has not been, by far, 
 fo confiderable a Quantity of Beaver, and other 
 Furs, imported into Great -Britain, from Neyt- 
 Torky fince the pafling the faid Aft, as heretofore, 
 nor half the Quantity of European Goods exported 
 thither ; in confequence whereof the Price of Furs 
 is raifed Five and ‘Twenty and Thirty per Cent, to the 
 great Prejudice of feveral Britijh Manufaftures. 
 
 They likewife affirmed, That it was impraftica- 
 ble to hinder the French from fupplying the In- 
 dians with European Goods : For tho’ New-Tork 
 fhould not furnilh them, the French would find 
 another way to be iupplied therewith, either from 
 
 fome 
 
The History of the 
 
 foi^ other of his Majefty’s Plantations, or, it 
 might be, dirtily from Europe. That it was of 
 dangerous Confequence to force this Trade into a 
 new Channel, many of the Goods which the Indians 
 want being as eafy to be had direftly from France 
 or Holland., as from Great-Britain. 
 
 They fur^er added. That it was not likely the 
 fliould produce the Effedts ex- 
 pedted from it, more particularly that of fecuring 
 the Pive hdtan Nations firmly to the Britijh Inte- 
 reft j becaufe, if the French Ihould once get a Sup- 
 ply of the Goods neceflary for the Indian Trade 
 from My other Place, as the Five Indian Nations are 
 fettl^ upon the Banks of the River of St. Lawrence, 
 mredtly oppofite to Rebeck, two or three hundred 
 Eeapes diftant from the neareft Britijh Settlement 
 id New-Tork, the Vicinity of the French would fur- 
 fUih them with the JMeans of fupplying even the 
 Five Nations with thefe Goods, and conlequently of 
 alienating their Affedions from the Britijh Intereft. 
 And that there was no Profped of obtaining a 
 Trade with the French Indians by this means, be- 
 caufe t\it' French would always be able to prevent 
 their Paflage crofs the Lakes and River of St. Law- 
 rence to our Settlements. 
 
 Thefe were the moft material Objedions made 
 by the Merchants againft the Bill. 
 
 On the other hand, the Preamble of the Ad 
 fets forth, Xhat it was found by Experience, that 
 the French of Canada, by means of Indian Goods 
 brought from that Province, had not only almoft 
 wholly engroffed the Indian Trade, but had in great 
 Me^ure, withdrawn the Affedions of the Five 
 Nations of Indians from the Inhabitants of that Pro- 
 vince, and rendered them wavering in their Alle- 
 giance to your Majefty ; and would, if fuch Trade 
 were not prevented, altogether alienate the Minds 
 of the laid Indians, which would prove of dan- 
 gerous 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 gerous Confequence to the Englijh Intereft in 
 Jmtrka. 
 
 And Mr. your Majt-fty’s jGovernour of 
 
 New-Tork, ii^rms us. That, fmce the palling of 
 this A(5t, feveral of the far Indians had come to 
 Albany to trade j That feme of them came dbove 
 one thoufand Miles, and are no\y. incorporated wiith 
 the Five Nations Tliat he hid likewife IntelJ^noe 
 of more hx Indians that defign’d to -come to 
 bat^t which he -conceives to have been a good Ef- 
 fe(5l proceeding from this Aft : And likewife adds. 
 That he did not doubt but the Cheapnefe of Goods 
 in AHany would induce the Indians to trade ther^ 
 rather than with the French at Montreal j and tliat 
 the Traders of Albany began to be fenfible of -their 
 Error in lharing a Trade with the which they 
 now perceive they can keep wholly to themfelves. 
 
 Upon the whole., being doubtful of feme of the 
 Fafts alledged by the Merchants, and conlideting 
 how far the Britijh Hrade vsceoj be affefted by this 
 Aft, on the one hand *, and how much tlie Security 
 and Intereft of your Majefty’s Colonies in America 
 may be concerned, on the other, we are humbly of 
 Opinion, That noDireftions fhould be fent to New- 
 Tork, upon the Subyeft-Matter of this Aft, till 
 Mr. Burnet fhall have been acquainted with the Ob- 
 jeftions of the Merchants thereto, and his Anfwers 
 and Obfervations received thereupon. For yrhich 
 cfld, if your Majefty feall be gracioully pleafed to 
 approve of this our Propofal, we fhall forthwith 
 fend him Copies both of the Merchants Mempfial, 
 and of what Objeftions they luve made before us 
 to the Subjeft-Mattcr of this Bill. 
 
 "Which is moft humbly fubmitted. Sj^ed, 
 
 Whitehall, 
 
 17 2^4- 
 5 
 
 J. Chetwind, R- Plummer, 
 T. Pelham, , Ed. AJbe. 
 
 M. Bladen, 
 
 rhe 
 
12 
 
 The History of the 
 
 The Report of a Commmittee of the Council held 
 at New-York, November 6, 1724. 
 
 May it plea f your Excellency ^ 
 
 I N Obedience to your Excellency’s Commands 
 in Council, the 29th of OSloher^ referring to us 
 a Petition of feveral Merchants in London^ prefent- 
 ed to the King’s moft excellent Majefly, againft 
 renewing an Aft pafled in this Province, entitled. 
 An A£l for Encouragement of the Indian Trade, and 
 rmdering Jt more effeStual to the Inhabitants of this 
 Province, and for prohibiting the felling of Indian 
 Goods to the French ; as likewife the feveral Alle- 
 gations of the faid Merchants before the Right 
 Hon. the Lords of Trade and Plantations, we beg 
 Leave to make the following Remarks. 
 
 In order to make our Obfervations the more 
 diftinfl and clear, we lhall gather together the fe- 
 veral Affertions of the faid Merchants, both in 
 their Petition, and delivered verbally before the 
 Lords of Trade, as to the Situation of this Pro- 
 vince, with refpeft to xh.t French and Indian Nations, 
 and obferve on them, in the firft Place, they being 
 the Foundation on which all their other Allegations 
 are grounded. Afterwards we lhall lay before 
 your Excellency, what we think necelTary to obferve 
 on the other parts of the faid Petition, in the Order 
 they are in the Petition, or in the Report of the 
 Lords of Trade. 
 
 In their geographical Accounts they fay, “ Be- 
 tides the Nations of Indians that are in the En- 
 glijh Intereft, there are very many Nations of 
 “ Indians, who are at prefent in the Intereft of the 
 “ French, and who lie between New-York and the 
 
 “ Nations of Indians in the Engli/h Intereft. 
 
 The French and their Indians would not permit 
 “ the Englfi Indians to pafs over by their Forts. 
 
 The 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 The f^d A£t “ Reftrains them (the Five Na- 
 « tions) from a free Commerce with the Inhabitants 
 “ of New-Tork. 
 
 “ The Five Indian Nations are fettled upon the 
 « Banks of the River St. Lawrence, diredly op- 
 “ pofite to Rebeck, two or three Hundred Lea- 
 “ gues diftant from the neareft Britijh Settlements 
 “ in New-Tork. 
 
 “ They (the Five Nations of Indians) were^ two 
 
 or three Hundred Leagues diftant from Albaiy j 
 “ and that they could not come to trade with the 
 “ Englijh but by going down the River St. Law- 
 “ rence, and from thence through a Lake, which 
 “ brought them within eighteen Leagues of 
 “ Albany.'* 
 
 Thefe Things the Merchants have thought it fafe 
 for them, and confident with their Duty to his 
 facred Majefty, to fay in his Majefty’s Prefence, 
 and to repeat them afterwards before the Right Hon. 
 the Lords of Trade, though nothing can be more 
 diredtly contrary to the Truth. For there are no 
 Nations of Indians between New-Tork and the Na- 
 tions of Indians in the Englijh Intereft, who are now 
 fix in Number, by the Addition of the Tufcaroras, 
 The Mohawks (called Annies by the French) one of 
 the Five Nations, live on the South-fide of a Branch 
 of Hudfon* s- River, (not on the North-fide, as they 
 are placed in the French Maps) and but forty Miles 
 direftly Weft from Albany, and within the Englijh 
 Settlements, fome of the Englijh Farms upon the 
 fame River being thirty Miles further Weft. 
 
 The Oneidas (the next of the Five Nations) lie 
 likewife Weft from Albany, near the Head of the 
 Mohawks-River, about one Hundred Miles from 
 Albany. 
 
 The Onondagas lie about one Hundred and Thirty 
 Miles Weft from Albany. And the Tufcaroras live 
 partly with the Oneidas, and partly with the Onon- 
 dagas. 
 
 The 
 
H The HisroRT the 
 
 The Cayugas are about one hundredl and fixty 
 Mites from Albany. ^ 
 
 And the5tf««e^^w (the furtheft of ail thefeNa- 
 t«)hs) are not above two hundred and forty Miles 
 fr<jm Albany, as may aj^ear by Mr. Be L'IJle'% 
 Map of Louiftane, who lays down the Five Nations 
 under file Name of Iro^eis. 
 
 And Goods are daily carried from this Province 
 to the Sennekas, as well as to thde Nations that lie 
 warer, by Water all the Way, except three Mites, 
 (or in the dry Seafons,- five Miles) where the Tra- 
 ders carry over Land between the Mohawks-River 
 and the PFodd Creek, which runs into the Oneida- 
 Lakei without going ftear either St.Lawrence-River, 
 or any of the Lakes upon which the French pal's, 
 which are entirely out of their Way. 
 
 The neareil French Forts or Setetements to AU 
 bar^, are Chambly and Menreal, both of them lying 
 about Noith and by Eaft from Albam, and are 
 near two hundred Miles diftant from it. Rebeck 
 lies about three hundred and eighty Miles North- 
 Eaft ixom Albany. So far is it from being true, 
 (hat the Five Nations are fituated upon the Banks 
 ot the Riyer St. Lawrence, oppofite to Rebeck, that 
 Albany lies almofl: diredtly between Rebeck and the 
 Five Ffations. And to fay that thefe Indians cannot 
 cOme to trade at Albany, but by going down the 
 River St. Lawrence, and then into a Lake eighteen 
 Leagues from Albat^ (we fuppofe they mean Lake 
 Gbatnplain) paffing by the French Forts, is to the 
 fame Purpofe as if they fltould fay, that one can- 
 not go from London to Brijiol, but by Way of 
 Editwurgb. 
 
 Before we go on to obferve other Particulars, we 
 beg Leave further to remark, that it is fo far from 
 being true, that the Indians in the French Intereft, 
 lie between New-Tork and our Five Nations of In- 
 dians, that fome of our Nations of Indians lie be- 
 tween the French and the Indians, from whence the 
 
 French 
 
Five Indian Nations, ^c. 
 
 Vrtncb bring the far greateft Quantity of their 
 Furs : For the Sennekas (whom the French call So- 
 noHtoums) are fittiated between Lake Erie and Ca- 
 taraqui Lake, (called by the French Ontario) near the 
 great Fall of Jagara, by which all the Indians that 
 live round Lake Etie, found tlie Lake of the Hu- 
 rons, round the Lake of the Blenois, or Michegan, 
 and round the great Upper Lake, generally pafs ih 
 their Way to Canada. All the Indians fituated up*- 
 on the Branches of the Mijijfippi, muft likewife 
 pafs by the fame Place, if they go to Canada. And 
 all of them likewife in their Way toGz»rt</<?, pafs 
 by our Trading- Place upon tht Cataraqtti Lake, at 
 the Mouth of the Onondaga River. The neareft 
 and fafeft Way of carrying Goods upon the Cata- 
 faqui Lake tO\vards CaHadai being along the South- 
 fide of that Lake, (near whfere our Indians are fet- 
 tled, and our i'rade of late is filted) and hot by the 
 North-fide and Cataraqui, or Front inac Fort, where 
 the French are fettled. 
 
 Now that we have re|)refented to your Excellency, 
 that not one Word of the Geography of thefe 
 Merchants is true, upon which all their Reafoning 
 is founded, it might fecm needlefs to trauble your 
 Excellency with any further Remarks, were it not 
 to (how with what earneftnefs they are promoting 
 the French Intertfi, to the Prejudice of all his Ma- 
 jefty’s Colonies in North America, and that they 
 are not afhamed of aflerting any Thing for that 
 End, even ih the Royal Prel^e. 
 
 Firft, They fay, “ That by the Aft pafled in 
 “ this Province, entitled. An Alt for Encourage- 
 “ ment of the Ihdiah Trade, &c. All Trade what- 
 “ foever is prohibited in the ftrifteft Manner, and 
 
 under the fevereft Penalties, between the Inha- 
 *» bitants of Nen>-Tork Government, and the 
 “ French of Canada!' 
 
 This is not true, for only carrying Goods to the 
 French, which are proper for the Indian T rade, is 
 
 prohibited. 
 
V 
 
 i6 The 'B.iiTO'BiY of the 
 
 prohibited. The Trade as to other Things, is left 
 in the fame State it was before thatAdb was made, 
 as it will appear to any Perfon that lhall read it; 
 And there are yearly large Quantities of other 
 Goods openly carried to Camduy without any Hin- 
 drance from the Government of New-Tork. What- 
 ever may be faid of the Severity and Penalties in 
 that A£t, they are found infufficient to deter fome 
 from carrying Goods clandeftinely to the French ; 
 and the Legiflature of this Province are convinced 
 tlu.t no P enalties can be too levere, to prevent a 
 Trade .jwhich puts thp Safety of all his Majefty’s 
 Subjefts of North America in the greateft Danger. 
 
 Their next Aflertion is, All the Indian Goods have 
 ^ tins A£ly been raifed 25 1 . to 30 1. per Cent. This 
 is the only Allegation in the whole Petition, ti.at 
 there is any Ground for. Neverthelefs, though die 
 common Channel of Trade cannot be altered with- 
 out Ibme Detriment to it in the Spinning, we are 
 aifured from the Cuftom-houfe Books, that there 
 has- been every Year, fince the pafling of this Ad, 
 inore Furs exported from New-Torky than in the 
 •Y^ immediately before the palTing of this Ad. 
 It is not probable, that the greateft Difference be- 
 tween the Fxporution any Year before this Ad, 
 and any Year fince, could fo much alter the Price of 
 %aver, as it is found to be this laft Year, Beaver 
 is carried to Britain from other Parts befides Neva- 
 To/rky and it is certain that the Price of Beaver is 
 not fo much altered here by the Quantity in our 
 Market, as by the Demand for it in Britain. But 
 ^ we cannot be fo well informed here, what occa- 
 fiohs Beaver to be in greater Denrand in Britain^ 
 we muft leave that to lx: enquired after in England. 
 idowever, we are fully fatisfied that it will be found 
 to be for very different Reafons from what the Mer- 
 chants alledge. 
 
 The Merchants go on and fay, Whereas on the 
 tther Handy this Branch of the New- York Tradcy 
 
 ■ '' b 
 
17 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ly the Bifcouragements brought upon it by this ASt., 
 is almofi wholly engrojfed by the French, who have 
 already by this Ably been encouraged to fend proper 
 European Goods to Canada, to carry on this Trade, 
 fo that Jhould this Abl be continued, the New-York 
 Trade which is very conftderable, mujl be wholly loft to 
 
 us, and center in the French.' Though New- 
 
 York Jhould not furnijh them, the French would find 
 another IVay to be f applied therewith, either from 
 fame other of his Majefty's Plantations, or it might 
 
 be direSlly from Europe. Many of the Goods 
 
 which the Indians want being as eafy to be had di- 
 reblly from F ranee or Holland, as from Great-Britain. 
 
 This is eafily anfwered, by informing ycur Ex- 
 cellency, that the principal of the Goods proper 
 for the Indian Market are only of the Manufadtures 
 of Great-Britain, or of the Britijh Plantations, viz. 
 Strouds, or Stroud- Waters, and other Woollens, 
 and Rum. The French muft be obliged to buy all 
 their Woollens (the Strouds efpecially) in England, 
 and thence carry them to France, in order to their 
 I'ranfportation to Canada. The Voyage to §luebeck 
 through the Bay of S/. Lawrence, is well known 
 to be the moft dangerous of any in the World, and 
 only pradlicable in the Summer Months. The 
 French have no Commodities in Canada, by reafon 
 of the Cold and Barrennefs of the Soil, proper for 
 the Weft -India Markets, and therefore have no Rum 
 but by Veffels from France, that touch at their 
 Iflands in the Weft-Indies. New-Tork has, by Rea- 
 fon of its Situation, both as to the Sea and the In- 
 dians, every Way the Advantage of Canada. The 
 New-Tork Veffels make always two Voyages in the 
 Year from England, one in Summer and another in 
 Winter, and feveral Voyages in a Year to the Weft- 
 Indies. It is manifeft therefore, that it is not in the 
 Power of the French to import ^ny Goods near fo 
 cheap to Canada, as they are imported to New- 
 Tork. 
 
 C 
 
 But 
 
'The History of the 
 
 But to put this out of all Controverfy, we need 
 only obfcrve to your Excellency, That Strouds 
 (without which no confiderable Trade can be car- 
 ried on with the Indians) are fold- at Albany for loL 
 a Piece : They were fold at Monreal before this Ad 
 took piacc, at 1 3 /. ^s. 6 d. and now they are 
 fold there for 25 /. and upwards: Which is an evi- 
 dent Proof, that the French have not, in thefe four 
 Years Time (during the Continuance of this Ad) 
 found out any other Way to fupply themfdves 
 with Strouds, and likewife that they cannot trade 
 without them, feeing they buy them at fo extrava- 
 gant a Price. 
 
 It likewife appears, that none ot the neighbour- 
 ing Colonies have been able to fupply the French 
 with tilde Goods •, and thofe that know the Geo- 
 f^raphy of the Country, know it is impradicable 
 to do it at any tolerable Rate, becaufe they mult 
 carry their Goods ten Times further by Land than 
 we need to do. 
 
 We are likewife affured, that the Merchants of 
 Mcnreal lately told Mr. Vaudreuil their Governor, 
 that if the Trade from Albany be not by fome 
 Means or other encouraged, they muft abandon 
 that Settlement. We have Realbn therefore to fuf- 
 ped, that thefe Merchants (at leaft fome of them) 
 have been pradifed upon by the French Agents in 
 London •, for no doubt, the French will leave no 
 Method untried to defeat the prefent Defigns of 
 , this Government, feeing they are more afraid of 
 the Confequences of this Trade between New-T ork 
 and the Indians, than of all the warlike Expeditions 
 that ever v/ere attempted againft Canada.^ 
 
 But to return to the Petitioners, 'hsey conceive 
 nothing can tend more to the -withdrawing the Affec- 
 tions of the Five Nations of Indians from the Englifh 
 In-ereft, than the Continuance of the fatd Alt, which 
 in its EffeHls refrains them from a free Commerce with 
 the Inhabitants of New-York, and may too probably, 
 
 ejlrange 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ejlrange them from the Englifh Intereft, whereas by 
 a Freedom of Commerce^ and an encouraged Inter courfe 
 of Trade with the French and their Indians, the 
 Englifh Intereft might in Time^ be greatly improved 
 and ftrengthened. 
 
 It feems to us a ftrange Argument to fay, that 
 an Aft, the whole Purport of which is to encourage 
 our own People to go among the Indians^ and to 
 draw the far Indians through our Indian Country to 
 Albany (and which has truly produced thefe Effefts) 
 would on the contrary, reftrain them from a free 
 Commerce with the Inhabitants of New-Tork, and 
 may too probably eftrange them from the 
 Intereft, and therefore that it would be much wifer 
 in us to make ufe of the French, to promote the 
 Englifh Intereft ; and for which End, we ought to 
 encourage a free Intercourfe between them and our 
 Indians. The reverfe of this is exafUy true, in the 
 Opinion of our Five Nations ; who in all their pub- 
 lick Treaties with this Government, have repre- 
 fented againft this Trade, as The Building the French 
 Forts with Englifh Strouds : That the encouraging 
 a Freedom of Commerce with our Indians, and the 
 Indians round them, who muft pafs through their 
 Country to Albany, would certainly increafe both 
 the Englifh Intereft and tlieirs, among all the Nati- 
 ons to the Weftward of them •, and that the car- 
 rying the Indian Market to Monreal in Canada, 
 draws all the far Indians thither. 
 
 The laft Thing we have to take Notice, is what 
 the Merchants afferted before the Lords of Trade, 
 viz. That there has not been half the ^lantity of Eu- 
 ropean Goods exported ftnee the pajfmg of this AH, 
 -that ufed to be. 
 
 We are well affured, that tliis is no better ground- 
 ed than the other Fads they affert with the fame 
 Pofitivenefs. For it is well known almoft to every 
 Perfbn in New-Tork, that there has not been a lefs, 
 but rather a greater Quantity of European Goods 
 C 2 imported 
 
20 
 
 'The History of the 
 
 imported into this Place, fince the pafllng of this 
 Aft, than was at any Time before it, in the fame 
 Space of Time. As this appears by the Manifefts 
 in tlie Cuftom-houfe here, the fame may likewife 
 be eafily proved by the Cuftom-houfe Books in 
 London. 
 
 As all the Arguments of the Merchants run upon 
 the ill Effefts this Aft has had upon the Trade and 
 the Minds of the Indians, every one of which we 
 have fliown to be afferted without the leaft Foun- 
 tlation to fupport tliem, there nothing now remains, 
 but to fhow the good Effefts this Aft has pro- 
 duced, which are fo notorious in tliis Province, that 
 we know not one Perfon that now opens his Mouth 
 againft the Aft. 
 
 Before this Aft paffed, none of "the People of 
 this Province travelled into the Indian Countries to 
 trade : We have now above forty young Men, who 
 have been fevcral Times as far as the Lakes a trad- 
 ing, and thereby become well acquainted, not only 
 with the Trade of the Indians, but likewife with 
 their Manners and I^anguages •, and thefe have re- 
 turned with fuch large (^lantities of Furs, that 
 greater Numbers are refolved to follow their Ex- 
 ample. So that we have good Reafon to liope, 
 that in a little Time the Englijh ' n\\\ draw the whole 
 Indian Trade of the Inland Countries to Albany, 
 and into the Country of the Five Nations. This 
 Government has built a publick Trading-houfe up- 
 on Cataraqui Lake, at Irondequat in the Scnnekas 
 L.and, and another is to be built next Spring, at 
 the Mouth of the Onondagas River. All the far 
 Indians pafs by thefe Places, in their Way to Cana- 
 da and they are not above half fo far from tlie 
 Englip Settlements, as they are from the French. 
 
 So far is it from being true what the Merchants 
 fay. That the French Forts interrupt all Communica- 
 tion behveen the Indians and the Englifh, that if thefe 
 Places be well fupported, as they eafily can be from 
 A our 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 our Settlements, in cafe of a Rupture with the 
 French, it will be in the Power ol this Province, 
 ' to intercept the greateft Part of the I'rade between 
 Canada and the Indians, round the I.akes and tlie 
 Branches of the MifiJJippi. 
 
 Since this Act paffed, many Nations have come 
 to Albany to trade, and fettle Peace and Friendfhip, 
 whofe Names had not fo much as been heard of 
 among us. 
 
 In the Beginning of May 1729, a Nation of In- 
 dians came to Albany finging and dancing, with 
 their Calumets before them, as they always do 
 when they come to any Place where they have not 
 been before. We do not find that the Commif- 
 fioners of Indian Affairs, were able to inform them- 
 felves what Nation this was. 
 
 Towards the End of the fame Month, eighty 
 Men, befides Women and Children, came to Al- 
 bany in the fame Manner. Thefe had one of our 
 Five Nations with them for an Interpreter, by 
 whom they informed the Commiflioners, that they 
 were of a great Nation, called Nebkereages, confid- 
 ing of fix Cattles and Tribes; and that they lived 
 near a Place called by the French Mijfilimakinak, 
 between the Upper Lake and the Lake of the II u- 
 rons. Thefe Indians not only defired a free Com- 
 merce, but likewife to enter into a ttridl League of 
 Friendlhip with us and our Six Nations, that they 
 might be accounted the Seventh Nation in the 
 League ; and being received accordingly, they 
 left their Calumet as a Pledge of their Fidelity. 
 
 In Jutte another Nation arrived, but from what 
 Part of the Continent we have not learned. 
 
 In July the Hwighttvies arrived, and brought an 
 Indian Interpreter of our Nations with them, who 
 told, that they were called by French Mamies, 
 and that they live upon one of the Branches of the; 
 River Mi/ijftppi. 
 
22 
 
 The History of the 
 
 At the fame Time fome of the Tahfagrondie In- 
 dians^ who live between Lake Erie and the Lake of 
 the Hurons, near a French Settlement, did come 
 and renew their League with the Englijh, nor durft 
 the French hinder them. 
 
 In July this 'Year, another Nation came, whofe 
 Situation and Name we know not. And in Auguft 
 and September, feveral Parties of the fame Indians 
 that had been here laft Year. But the greateft 
 Numbers of thefe far Indians have been met this 
 Year, in the Indian Country by our Traders, every 
 one of them endeavouring to get before another, 
 in order to reap the Profits ot fo advantageous a 
 Trade, which has all this Summer long, kept about 
 forty Traders conftantly employed, in going be- 
 tween our Trading-places in our Indian Country, 
 and Albany, 
 
 All thele Nations of Indians who came to Al- 
 bany faid, that the French had told them many 
 Itranp Stones of the Englijh, and did what they 
 could to hinder their coming to Albany,, but that 
 they had refolved to break through by Force. The 
 Difference on this Score between the Tahfagrondie 
 Indians and the French (who have a Fort and Set- 
 tlement ^ there, called by them Le Detroit^ role to 
 that Height this Summer, that ^^Ac.Tonti who com- 
 manded there, thought it proper to retire, and re- 
 turn to Canada with many of his Men. 
 
 We are for thefe Reafons well alfured, that this 
 Year there will be more Beaver exported for Great- 
 Britain, than ever was from this Province in one 
 Year ; and that if the Cuftom-houfe Books at Lon- 
 don be looked into, it will be found, that there will 
 be a far greater Quantity of Goods for the Indians, 
 (Strouds elpecially) fent over next Spring, than ever 
 at any one Time to this Provincej for the 
 Merchants here tell us, that they have at this Time, 
 ordered more of thele Goods, than ever was done 
 at any one Time before. 
 
 Thefe 
 
23 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Tilde Matters of Fa£t prove beyond Contradic- 
 tion, that this Aft lias been of the greateft Service 
 to New-Torky in making us acquainted with many 
 Nations of Indians, formerly entirely unknown and 
 Strangers to us ; in withdrawing them from their 
 Dependance upon the French, and in uniting them 
 to us and our Indians, by Means of Trade and mu- 
 tual Offices of Friendffiip. Of what great Confe- 
 quence this may be to tht Britifi' Interefi in general, 
 as to Trade, is apparent to any Body. It is no lefs 
 apparent likewife, that it is of the greateft Confe- 
 quence to the Safety of all the Britijh Colonies in 
 North-America. W e feel too fenlibly, the ill 
 Effefts of the French Intereji in the preient W’^ar 
 betwixt Neva- England, and only one Nation of In- 
 dians fupported by the French. Ot what difmal 
 Confcquenccs then might it be, if the French ffiould 
 be able to influence in the fame Manner, fo many 
 and fuch numerous Nations, as lie to the W eft ward 
 of this Province, Penfylvania and Maryland? On 
 the other Hand, ii all thefe Nations (who aflert 
 their own Freedom, and declare themfelves Friends 
 to thofe that fupply them beft with what they want) 
 be brought to have a Dependance upon the EngliJfj 
 (as we have good Reafon to hope, in a ffiort Time 
 they will) the French of Canada, in cafe of a War, 
 muft be at the Mercy of the Englijh. 
 
 To thefe Advantages muft be added, that many 
 of our young Men having been induced by this 
 Aft to travel among the Indians, they learn their 
 Manners, their Languages, and the Situation of all 
 their Countries, and become inured to all Manner 
 of Fatigues and Hardfliips, and a great many more 
 being refolved to follow their Example ; thefe 
 young Men, in cafe of a War with the Indians, will 
 be of ten Times the Service, that the fame Num- 
 ber of the common Militia can be of. 
 
 The Effefts of tliis Aft have likewife fo much 
 quieted the Minds of the People, w'ith Refpeft to 
 
 C 4 the 
 
24 
 
 ‘The History of the 
 
 the Security of the Frontiers, that our Settlements 
 are now extended above thirty Miles further Weft 
 towards the Indian Countries, than they were before 
 it pafi'ed. 
 
 The only Thing that now remains to anfwer, is 
 an Objeftion which we fuppofe may be made. 
 What can induce the Merchants of l^ondion to petition 
 againji an A£i^ which will be really fo much for their 
 Intereft in the End? The Reafon is in all Probabi- 
 lity, becaufe they only confider their prefent Gain ; 
 and that they are not at all concerned for the Safety 
 of this Country, in encouraging the moft neceffary 
 Undertaking, if they apprehend their Profit for 
 two or three Years may be leflened by it. This 
 Inclination of the IVIerchants has been fo notorious, 
 that few Nations at W^ar with their Neighbours, 
 have been able to reftrain them from fupplying their 
 Enemies with Ammunition and Arms. The Count 
 D'EJlrade, in his Letters in 1638 fays. That when 
 the Dutch were befieging Antwerp^ one Beiland, 
 who had loaded four Fly -boats with Arms and Pow- 
 der ior Antwerp, being taken up by the Prince of 
 Orange's Order, and examined at Amfterdam, faid 
 boldly, That the Burghers of Amfterdam had a 
 Right to trade every where: That he could name a 
 Hundred that were FaSlors for the Merchants at Ant- 
 werp, ana that he was one. That Trade cannot be , 
 intes rupted, and that for his Part he was very free to 
 own, that if to get any Thing by Trade it were neceffary 
 to pafs through Hell, he would venture to burn his Sails. 
 When this Principle fo common to Merchants, is 
 confidered, and that fome in this Place have got 
 Eftates by trading many Years to Canada, it is not 
 to be wondered that they have aded as Fadors for 
 Canada in this Affair, and that tliey have tranf- 
 mitted fuch Accounts to their Correfjpondents in 
 London, as are confiftent with the Truft repofed in 
 them by the Merchants of Canada. 
 
 In 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 In the laft Place, we are humbly of Opinion, 
 that it may be proper to print the Petition of the 
 Merchants of London^ and their Allegations before 
 the Ijords of Trade, together with the Anfwers 
 your Committee has made thereto, in Vindication 
 of the Legillature of this Province, of which we 
 have the Honour to be a Part, if your Excellency 
 lhall approve of our Anfwers : That what we have 
 faid may be expofed to the Examination of every 
 one in this Place, where the Truth of the Matters 
 of Fa6t is beft known ; and that the Correfpondcnts 
 of thefe Merchants may have the moft publick 
 Notice to reply, if they lEall think it proper, or 
 to difown in a publick Manner, that they are the 
 Authors of fuch groundlefs Informations. 
 
 All which is unanimoufly and humbly fubmitted 
 by 
 
 Tour Excellency’s 
 
 Mofi obedient humble Servants, 
 
 R. Walter, 
 Rip Van Dam, 
 John Barberie, 
 Fr. Harrifon, 
 
 Cadwallader Colden, 
 Ja. Alexander, 
 Abraham van Horn. 
 
 A Memorial concerning the Furr-'Trade of the 
 Province of New- York. 
 
 Prefented to his Excellency William Burnet, Efq^ 
 Captain General and Governor, &c. by Cad- 
 wallader Colden, Surveyor General of the faid 
 Province, the loth of November 1724. 
 
 I T has of late been generally believed, that the In- 
 habitants of the Province of New-Tork are foad- 
 vantageouny fituated,withrefpe6l to the IndianTrade, 
 
 and 
 
T^£- History of the 
 
 and enjoy fo many Advantages as to Trade in general, 
 that it is in their Power not only to rival the French 
 ot' Canaday who have almoft entirely engrofled the 
 Furr-Trade of America, but that it is impoffible for 
 tlie French to carry on that Trade in Competition 
 with the People of this Province. The enquirino- 
 into the Truth of this Propofition, may not only 
 be ol fome Confequence, as to the Riches and Ho- 
 nourof the Britifi Nation, (for it is well known 
 how valuable the Furr-Trade of America is) but 
 likewife as to the Safety of all the Britijh Colonies in 
 North-America. New-France (as the French now 
 claim) extends from the Mouth of the River 
 fppi, to the Mouth of the River St. Lawrence , by 
 which the French plainly fltow their Intention of 
 enclofing the Britijh Settlements, and cutting us off 
 from all Commerce with the numerous Nations of 
 Indians, that are every where fettled over the vaft 
 Continent of North-America. The Englijh in Ame- 
 rica have too good Reafon to apprehend fuch a De- 
 fign, when tliey fee the French King’s Geographer 
 publifh a Map, by which he has fet Bounds to the 
 Britifn Empire in America, and has taken in many 
 ot the Englijh Settlements both in South-Carolina and 
 Ncw-Tork, within thefe Boundaries of New-France. 
 And the good Services they intend us, with the In- 
 dians, but too plainly appears at this Day, by the 
 Indian War now carried on againft New-England. 
 
 I have therefore for fome Time paft, endeavour- 
 ed to inforrn myfelf, from the Writings of the 
 French, and from others who have travelled in Ca- 
 nada, or among the Indians, how far the People of 
 this Province may carry on the Indian Trade, with 
 more Advantage than the French can ; or what 
 Difadvantages they labour under, more than the 
 French do. As all Endeavours for the good of 
 ones Country are excufable, I do not doubt but my 
 Intention in this will be acceptable to your P.xcel- 
 lency, though I be not capable of treating the Sub- 
 ject as it deferves. J 
 
27 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 
 
 I fhall begin with Canada, and confider what Ad- 
 vantages they have either by their Situation, or 
 otherwife. Canada is fituated upon the River of St. 
 Lawrence, by which the five great Lakes (which 
 may properly be called, Lbe five Inland Seas of 
 North- America) empty themfelves into the Ocean. 
 The Mouth of this great River is in the Lat. of 
 50 Degrees, overagainft the Body of Newfoundland. 
 It rifes from the Cataracui Lake, (the Eaftermoft of 
 the five great Lakes) about the Lat. of 44 Degrees, 
 and runs from thence about North- Eafh to the 
 Ocean, and is about nine hundred Miles in Length, 
 from that Lake to the Ocean. The five great 
 Lakes which communicate with each other, and 
 with this River, extend about one thoufand Miles 
 Weftward, further into the Continent. So far the 
 French have already difcovered, and their Difcove- 
 ries make it probable, that an Inland Paflage may 
 be found to the South-Sea, by the Rivers which 
 run into thefe Lakes, and Rivers which run into 
 the South-Sea. 
 
 The Method of carrying Goods upon the Rivers 
 of North-America, into all the fmall Branches, and 
 OA'er Land, from the Branches of one River to the 
 Branches of another, was learned from the Indians, 
 and is the only Method prafticable through fuch 
 large Forefts and Deferts as the Traders pafs thro*, 
 in carrying from one Nation to another, it is this i 
 the Indians make a long narrow Boat, made of the 
 Bark of the Birch-tree, the Parts of which they 
 join very neatly. One of thefe Canoes that can 
 carry a Dozen Men, can itfelf be eafily carried upon 
 two Men’s Shoulders ; fo that when they have gone 
 as far by Water as they can (which is further than 
 is eafily to be imagined, bccaufe their loaded Ca- 
 noes don’t fink fix Inches into the Water) they un- 
 load their Canoes, and carry both Goods and Ca- 
 noes upon their Shoulders over Land, into the 
 neareft Branch of the River they intend to follow. 
 
 Thus, 
 
 
28 
 
 V 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Thus, the Fre»cl> have an eafy Communication with 
 all the Countries bordering upon the River of St. 
 ^awrence, and its Branches, with all the Countries 
 bordering upon thefe In-land Seas, and the Rivers 
 which empty themfelves into thefe Seas, and can 
 thereby carry their Burdens of Merchandize thro* 
 all thefe large Countries, which could not by any 
 oAer r^ans than Water-carriage be carried thro’ fo 
 valt a Trad: of Land. 
 
 This, however, but half finillies the View the 
 h^chluve, as to their Commerce in North- Jme- 
 rica. Many of the Branches of the River Mi/iJRppi 
 come lb near to the Branches of feveral of the Ri- 
 vers which emgy themfelves into the great Lakes, 
 that in feveral Places there is but a Ihort Land-Car- 
 mge from the one to the other. As foon as they 
 have got into thtR Wtr Mififfippi, they open to them- 
 
 r^tsoiNortb-Amenca, as was before mentioned with 
 refpedl to the northern Parts. If one confiders the 
 ength of this River, and its numerous Branches, 
 he muft fay, by means of this River, and the 
 jjIt opened to his View fuch a Scene of in- 
 
 land Navigation as cannot be paralleled in any other 
 Part of the World. 
 
 French have, with much Induftry, fettled 
 Imall Colonies, and built ftockaded Forts at all the 
 confiderable PalTes between the Lakes, except be- 
 tween Cataracui Lake (called by the French Ontario) 
 and Lake Erie, one of our Five Nations of Indians, 
 whom we call Sennekas, (and the French Sonontouans) 
 having hitherto refufed them leave to ered any 
 Buildings there. ^ 
 
 The French have been indefatigable in making 
 Uilcoveries and carrying on their Commerce with 
 Nations, of whom the Englifh know nothing but 
 , what they fee in the French Maps and Books. The 
 Barrennels of the Soil, and the Coldnefs of the 
 Climate of Canada, obliges the greatefl: number of 
 
 the 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 the Inhabitants to feek their living by travelling 
 among the Indians, or by trading with thofe that 
 do travel. The Governor, and other Officers, have 
 but a fcanty Allowance from the King, and could 
 not fubfift were it not by the Perquifites they have 
 from this Trade ; neither could their Priefts find 
 any means to fatisfy their Ambition and Luxury 
 without it : So that all Heads and Hands are em- 
 ploy’d to advance it, and the Men of bell Parts 
 think it the fureft way to advance themfelves by 
 travelling among the Indians, and learning their 
 Languages •, even the Bigotry and Enthufiafm of 
 fome hot Heads has not been a little ufeful in ad- 
 vancing this Commerce ; for that Government hav- 
 ing prudently turn’d the Edge of the Zeal of fuch 
 hot Spirits upon converting the Indians, many of 
 them have ipent their Lives under the greateft Hard- 
 Ihips, in endeavouring to gain the Indians to their 
 Religion, and to love the French Nation, while, at 
 the fame time, they are no lefs induftrious to re- 
 prefent the Englijh as the Enemies of Mankind. So 
 that the whole Policy of that Government, both 
 civil and religious, is admirably turn’d to the gene- 
 ral Advancement of this Trade. Indeed the Art 
 and Induflry of the French, efpecially that of their 
 religious Millions, has fo far prevail’d upon all the 
 Indians in North-America, that they are every where 
 direded by French Councils. Even our own Five 
 Nations, (the Iroquois) who formerly were mortal 
 Enemies of the French, and have-^ahvays liv’d in the 
 llrideft Amity with the Englijh, have, ol late, (by 
 the Pradices of the French Priejts) been fo far 
 gain’d, that feveral of the Mohawks, who live nearell 
 the EngliftJ, have left their Habitations, and are 
 gone to fettle near Monreal in Canada ; and all the 
 reft difeover a Dread of the French Power. That 
 much of this is truly owing to the Priejls, appears 
 from many of the Sachems of the Iroquois wearing 
 Crucifixes when they come to Albany : And thofe 
 
 Mohawk 
 
^he History of the 
 
 Mohawk Indians that are gone to Canada^ are now 
 commonly known, both to the French and Englijh^ 
 by the Name of Fbe Praying Indians^ it being cuf- 
 tomary for them to go through the Streets of Mon- 
 real with their Beads, praying and begging Alms. 
 
 But notwithftanding all thefe Advantages, the 
 French labour under DilEculties that no Art or In- 
 duftry can remove. The Mouth of the River of 
 St. Lawrence., and more efpecially the -Bay of St. 
 Lawrence, lies fo far North, and is thereby fo often 
 fubjeft to tempeftuous Weather and thick Fogs, 
 that the Navigation there is very dangerous, and 
 never attempted but during the Summer Montlis. 
 The Widenefs of this Bay, together with the many 
 ftrong Currents that run in it, the many Shelves, 
 and funken Rocks that are every where Ipread over 
 both the Bay and River, and the want of Places 
 for anchoring in the Bay, all increafe the Danger of 
 this Navigation ; fo that a Voyage to Canada is juft- 
 ly efteem’d much more dangerous than to any other 
 Part of America. The many Shipwrecks that hap- 
 pen in this Navigation, are but too evident Proofs 
 of the Truth of this, particularly the Mifcarriage 
 of the laft Expedition ag.ainft Canada. The Chan- 
 nel is fo difficult, and the Tides fo ftrong, that after 
 their Shipping get into the River, they never at- 
 tempt to fail in the Night, tho’ the Wind be fair, 
 and the Weather good. Thefe Difficulties are fo con- 
 fiderable, that die French never attempt above one 
 Voyage in a Year to Europe, or the Weft- Indies, 
 tho’ it be really nearer Europe than any of the Eng- 
 lifto Colonies, where the Shipping that conftantly ufe 
 the Trade, always make two Voyages in the Year. 
 
 The Navigation between Rebeck and Monreal is 
 likewife very dangerous and difficult: The Tide 
 riles about 1 8 or 20 Feet at Rebeck, which occa- 
 fions fo ftrong a Stream, that a Boat of fix Oars 
 cannot make way againft it : The River in many 
 Places very wide, and the Channel at the fame time 
 
 narrow 
 
31 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 narrow and crooked ; there are many Shelves and 
 funken Rocks, fo that the beft Pilots have been de- 
 ceived •, for which reafon the Veflels that carry 
 Goods to Monreal are always obliged to anchor be- 
 fore Night, tho’ both Wind and Tide be fair. The 
 Flood goes no further than Trots Rivieres^ half way 
 to Monrml^ and about ninety Miles from Rebeck : 
 After they pafs this Place they have a ftrong Stream 
 always againft them, which requires a fair Wind 
 and a ftrong Gale to carry the Veffels againft the 
 Stream. And they are obliged in this Part of the 
 River, as well as under the Trots Rivieres^ to come 
 to an anchor at Night, though the Wind be good. 
 Thefe Difficulties make the common Paflages take 
 up three or four Weeks, and fometimes fix Weeks ; 
 tho’ if they have the chance of a Wind to conti- 
 nue fo long, they may run it in five or fix Days. 
 
 After they 'p&W Monreal they have a ftrong Stream 
 againft them till they come near the Lakes ; fo 
 that in all that, which is about one hundred and 
 fifty Miles in Length, they force their Canoes for- 
 ward with fetting Poles, or drag them with Ropes 
 along flioar ; and at five or fix different Places in 
 that way the River falls over Rocks with fuch Force, 
 that they are obliged to unload their Canoes, and 
 carry them upon their Shoulders. They never 
 make this Voyage from Monreal to Cataraeui in 
 lefs than twenty Days, and frequently, twice that 
 Time is neceffary. 
 
 Now 'we are come fo far as the Lake, my De- 
 fign leads me no further, for at this Lake all the 
 far Indians^ tliat go to Canada, muft pafs by our 
 Traders. And from thence the Road to the hdian 
 Countries is the fame from Albany that it is from 
 Monreal. 
 
 Befides thefe Difficulties in the Tranfportation, 
 the French labour under greater in the purchafing 
 of the principal Goods proper for tlie Indian Mar- 
 ket j for the moft confidcrable and moft valuable 
 4 Part 
 
32 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Part of their Cargo confifts in Strouds.^ Buffils, 
 Blankets^ and other Woollens^ which are bought at 
 a much cheaper Rate in England than in France. 
 Tht Strouds (which the Indians value more than any 
 other Cloathing) are only made in England, and 
 muft be tranfported into France before they can be 
 carried to Canada. Rum is another confiderablc 
 Branch of the Indian Trade, which the French have 
 not, by reafon they have no Commodities in Canada 
 fit for the Wefi India Market. This they fupply 
 with Brandy, at a much dearer Rate than Rum can 
 be purchafed at New-Tork, tho’ of no more Value 
 with the Indians- Generally, all the Goods ufed in 
 the Indian Trade, except Gun-Powder, and a few 
 Trinkets, are fold at Monreal for twice their Value 
 at Albany. To this likewife muft be added, the 
 neceflity they are under of laying the whole Charge 
 of fupporting their Government on the Indian Trade. 
 I am not particularly informed of their Duties or Im- 
 pofts, but I am well aflured, that they commonly 
 give fix or feven hundred Livres for a Licence for 
 one Canoe, in proportion to her Largenefs, to go 
 with her Loading into the Indian Country to trade. 
 
 I fliall next confider the Advantages the Inhabi- 
 tants of New-Tork have in carrying on this Trade. 
 In the firji place, the Ships that conftantly ufe the 
 Trade to England, perform their V'oyage to and 
 from London twice evei y Year ; and thofe that go 
 to Brijlol (the Port from whence the greateft part 
 of the Goods for the Indian Trade are exported) 
 frequently return in four Months. Thefe Goods 
 are bought much cheaper in England than in France: 
 They are tranfported in Id's I'ime, with lefs Charge, 
 and much lefs Rifque, as appears by the Premia for 
 Infurance between London and New- 7 'ork, being 
 only Two per Cent. Goods are eafily carried from 
 New-Tork to Albany, up Hudfon'i River, the Dif- 
 tance being only 140 Miles, the River very ftrait 
 all the way, and bold, and very free from Sand- 
 banks, 
 
33 
 
 Five Lndian Nations, &c. 
 
 banks, as well as Rocks ; fo that the Veflels always 
 fail as well by Night as by Day, and have the Advan- 
 tage of the Tide upwards as well as downwards, 
 the Flood flowing z!oQvt Albany. It may therefore be 
 lately concluded^ th^t all forts of Goods can be car- 
 ried to Albany at a cheaper Rate than they can be to 
 Rebeck, which is alfo three times further from the 
 Indian Country than Albany is. To put the Truth of 
 this out of all dilpute, I need only oblerve what is 
 well known both at New-Tork and Albany^ viz 
 That almoft all the Strouds carried by the French 
 into the Indian Countries^ as well as large (iiantities 
 of other Goods, for the Ule of the French them- 
 felves, are carried from Albany to Monreal. There 
 has been an Account kept of nine hundred Pieces 
 of Strouds tranfported thither in one Year, befides 
 other Commodities of very confiderable Value. The 
 Diftance between Albany and Monreal is about two 
 hundred Miles, all by Water, except twelve Miles 
 between Hudfon's River and the IVood-Creek, where 
 they carry their Bark Canoes over Land, and about 
 fixteen Miles between Chambly and La Prairie, over- 
 againit Monreal. And tho* the Pallage be lb Ibort 
 and eafy, thefe Goods are generally fold at double 
 their Value in Albany. 
 
 But as this Path has been thought extremely pre- 
 judicial to the intereft of this Colony, I (hall leave 
 It, and go on to another, that leads direftly from 
 Albany into the Cataracui or Ontario Lake, without 
 going near any of the French Settlements. 
 
 From Albany the Indian Traders commonly carry 
 their Goods fixteen Miles over Land, to the Mo- 
 hawks River at Schenechtady, the Charge of which 
 Carriage is Nine Shillings New^Tork Money, or Five 
 Shillings Sterling each Waggon-Load. From Sche- 
 nechtady they carry them in Canoes up the Mohawks 
 lUver, to the Carrying-place between the Mohawks 
 Art’fr, and the River which runs into the Oneida 
 Lake i which Cartying-place between is only three 
 
 D Miles 
 
I'he History of the 
 
 Miles long, except in very dry Weather, when they 
 are obliged to carry them two Miles farther. From 
 thence they go with the Current down the Onondaga 
 River to the Cataracui Lake. The Diftance be- 
 tween Albany and the Cataracui Lake (this Way) is 
 nearly the fame with that between Albany and Mon- 
 real ; and likewife with that hctvitzViMonreal and the 
 Cataracui Lake, and the Palfage much eafier than the 
 laft, becaufe the Stream ot the Mohawks River is not 
 near lb ftrong as the Cataracui River between the 
 Lake and Monreal, and there is no Fall in the River, 
 fave one Ihort one ; whereas there are (as I have faid) 
 at leaft five in the Cataracui River, where the Ca- 
 noes muft be unloaded. Therefore it plainly fol- 
 lows, that the Indian Goods may be carried at as 
 cheap a Rate from Albany to the Cataracui Lake, 
 as from Albany to Mcnreal. So that the People of 
 Albany plainly fave all theCharge of carrying Goods 
 two hundred Miles from Monreal to that Part of 
 the Cataracui Lake, which the French have to carry 
 before they bring them to the fame Place frorn 
 Monreal, befides the Advantage which the EngUJh 
 have in the Price of their Goods. 
 
 I have faid. That when we are in the Cataracui 
 Lake, we are upon the Level with the French, be- 
 caufe here we can meet with all the Indians that 
 defign to go to Monreal. But befides this Palfage 
 by the Lakes, there is a River which comes from 
 the Country of the Sennekas, and falls into the 
 Onondaga River, by which we have an eafy Car- 
 riage into tliat Country, without going near the Ca- 
 taracui Lake. Fhe Head of this River goes near to 
 Lake Erie, and probably may give a very near Paf- 
 fage into that Lake, much more advantageous than 
 the Way the Fratch are obliged to take by the great 
 Fall of Jagara, becaufe narrow Rivers are much 
 fafer for Canoes than the Lakes, where they are 
 obliged to go alhore if there be any Wind upon 
 the Water, But as this Palfage depends upon a 
 
 further 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 further Difcovery, I lhall fay nothing more of it at 
 this time. 
 
 Whoever then confiders thefe Advantages New- 
 Tork has of Canada^ in the firft buying of their 
 Goods, and in the fafe, I'peedy, and cheap Tranf- 
 portation of them from Britain to the Lakes^ free 
 of ail manner of Duty or Impofts, will readily 
 agree with me, that the Traders of Nc'us-Tork may 
 fell their Goods in the Indian Countries at half the 
 Price the People of Canada can, and reap twice the 
 Profit they do. This will admit of no Difpute 
 with thofe that know that Strouds (the Staple Indian 
 Commodity) this Year are fold ior Ten Pounds apiece 
 at Albany, and at Monreal for T wenty-five Pounds, 
 notwithftanding the great Quantity of Strouds faid 
 to be brought direftly mto^ebeck from Prance, and 
 the great Qiiantities that have been clandeftinely car- 
 ried IxomAlbany. It cannot therefore be denied that 
 it is only neceffary for the Traders oi'New-Tork to 
 apply themfelves heartily to this Trade, in order 
 to bring it wholly into their own Hands •, for in 
 every thing befides Diligence, Induftry, and endur- 
 ing Fatigues, the Engltfi have much the Advan- 
 tage of the French. And all the Indians will cer- 
 tainly buy, where they can, at the cheapeft Rate. 
 
 It muft naturally be objeded. That if thefe things 
 are true, how is it pofftble that the Traders of New- 
 York fhould neglell fo conftderable and beneficial T rade 
 for fo long time ? 
 
 In anfwering this Objeftion, I lliall fliow the Dif- 
 ficulties New-Tork has labour’d under, by giving 
 a fhort Hiftory of the Country, fo far as it relates 
 to this Trade. Which Method, I think, can be 
 liable to the lead Objeftion, and put the whole in 
 the trueft Light. 
 
 When this Country (the Province of New-Tork) 
 came firft under the Crown of Great -Britain, our 
 Five Nations of Indians were mortal Enemies of the 
 French at Canada, and were in a continual War with 
 
 D z them, 
 
36 
 
 ‘The History of the 
 
 them, and all the Nations of Indians round the 
 I^akes ; fo that then it was not fafe for the Englijh to 
 travel further than the Countries of the Five Na- 
 tions •, nor would our Indians permit the far Indians 
 (with whom they had conftant War) to pafs thro’ 
 their Countries x.o Albany. Befides, the Five Nations 
 of Indians viert at that time fo numerous, (confiding 
 of ten times the Number of fighting Men they now 
 do) that the Trade with them alone was very con- 
 fiderable for fo young and fmall a Colony. In the 
 latter End of King Charles's Reign, when the Duke 
 of York., and Poffh Councils prevail’d, the Gover- 
 nor of New-Tork (who was likewife a Papijl) had 
 Orders to ufe all his Endeavours to make up a Peace 
 between our Nations (the Iroquois) and the French j 
 and that he Ihould perfuade the Five Nations to ad- 
 mit French Priejls among them, in order to civi- 
 lize them. The Confequence of which was, that 
 the French thereby obtained a free Commerce upon 
 the Lakes, and obtain’d leave to build Cataraqui 
 Fort upon the North-fide of Cataracui Lake, and have 
 two Veflels of Force upon the fame Lake. From 
 this Time, during all King James's Reign, the 
 French, whenever they had any Differences with 
 our Five Nations, threaten’d, that the Englijh of 
 New-Tork w'ould join with them, and deftroy the 
 Five Nations by which, and the Pradtices of the 
 French Priejls, our Five Nations became very much 
 alienated in their Affedions from the Englijh, and 
 look’d upon them as a People depending upon the 
 French. The Confequcnces of this appeared fo dan- 
 gerous to Colonel Dungan, the Governor of New- 
 Tork, (though, as I have faid, a Papijl) that he 
 again and again complain’d to his Mafter of the ill 
 Offices the French Priejls did the Englijh among our 
 Nations. When the Englijh had- thus procur’d a 
 Peace for the French, they thought they might juftly 
 reap fome Advantage from it ; and it’s hardly to be 
 doubled but that they had Promifes of that kind. 
 
 They 
 
37 
 
 Five Indian Nations, ^c. 
 
 They were therefore encouraged to fend rorty Men, 
 with great Quantities of Goods, into the Lakes, 
 under the Command of Major M Gregory, to trade 
 with the far Nations. At this time Mr. Denonville, 
 Governor of Canada, was gathering together all the 
 Force of Canada, and of the Indians, (Enemies of 
 the Five Nations) in order to furprize the Five Na- 
 tions, . and deftroy them, at the Time they thought 
 themfelves fecure by the Peace fo lately made. Ma- 
 jor M^Gregory, and his Company, were met by a 
 French Officer on Lake Erie, coming with a great 
 Number of Men to the general Rendezvous of tlie 
 French, and he, with all the Rnglijh, were made 
 Prifoners. They were ufed with fuch Severity as 
 has never been practis’d between Chriftian Nations 
 in open War, tho’ the two Crowns, at that tirne, 
 were not only at Peace, but under the ftrifteft Tics 
 of mutual F’riendlhip ; for the French ufed thefe 
 People as Slaves in building Cataraqui Fort, and a 
 poor Frenchman that had condudled them, was 
 publickly fhot to Death, as if he had brought an 
 Enemy into their Country. Such was their Appre- 
 henfions then of the Englijh getting any Footing 
 among the Indians. 
 
 The French Governor furprized a Village of the 
 Five Nations, who, on the French Faith, liv’d in 
 great Security, but feven or eight Leagues from 
 the French Fort, and fent thefe miferable People to 
 the Galleys in France. He afterwards fell upon 
 the Sennekas, and burnt their Villages, but without 
 any Advantage to the French, they having loft more 
 Men than the Indians did. This renew d the ar 
 with greater Fury than ever, between the French 
 and our Indians. For fome time afterwards, our 
 Indians, in a great Body, fell upon the Ifland of 
 Monreal, while Mr. Denonville was in the Town : 
 They burnt and deftroy’ d all the Villages and Houles 
 round Monreal, and kill’d fome hundreds of Men, 
 Women, and Children. Afterwards they came 
 
 X) 2 into 
 
The History 
 
 into the open Fields before Monreal^ and there defy’d 
 tlie French Governor, who did not think, it proper 
 to light them. And when they had done all the 
 Mifchief they could, they retir’d without any Lofs. 
 
 About this Time the Revolution happen’d in 
 Great Britain, which was fucceeded by a War be- 
 tween Great-Britain and France. In February, i6||, 
 a Party of three hundred Men, confifting of equal 
 Ncimbers of French and Indians, furprized Sche- 
 nechtady in the Night-time, when the poor People 
 were in their Bed.', in the greatell Security, where 
 they barbaroully murdered fixty-three Men, Wo- 
 men, and Children, in cold Blood, laid the Village 
 in Alhes, and then retir’d, without reaping any other 
 Advantage befides this cruel Revenge on innocent 
 People, for the Mifchief our Indians had done them. 
 This rais’d a cruel War between the two Colonies, 
 in which there was much Mifchief done, and Blood 
 fhed, without any Advantage to either fide. 
 
 In Time of this War, the moft Chrijiian "King's 
 Governor of Canada was fo much provoked, that 
 he thought fit to follow the Example of our bar- 
 barous Indians, and burn his Indian Prifoners alive, 
 in the moll: cruel Manner, in fight of all the Inha- 
 bitants of Fitueheck, and to deliver up the Englijh 
 Prifoners to the French Indians, who indeed had 
 more Mercy, for ‘they kill’d none of them. 
 
 King William' % Peace put an End to this War ; 
 but the Peace lafted fo lliort a while, that the Peo- 
 ple of this Province hardly had time to re-fettle 
 their Farms on the Frontiers, which they had de- 
 ferred in the Time of the War, much lefs to ad- 
 venture trading in the Indian Countries, fo lately the 
 Scene of fo much Cruelty. But both Colonies hav- 
 ing now an Abhorrence of the Cruelties of the laft 
 War, agreed on a kind of Neutrality for the In- 
 dians, during Queen Anne'% War, in which Time 
 we loft much ground with our own Indians : For 
 the French having Earn’d, by dear Experience, that 
 
39 
 
 Five Indian Nations, ^c. 
 it was not poflible for them to conquer cur Five 
 Indian Nations, refolv’d to try all Means to gain 
 their Alfeitions, and in this Art the French are al- 
 ways more fuccefsful than in that of War ; and the 
 Englifu failing in two ill -concerted Expeditions 
 againft Canada, the Indians loft much of the Opi- 
 nion they had of the Enghjh Power and Valour. 
 
 In Time of this laft War, the clandeftine Trade 
 to Monreal began to be carried on by Indians, from 
 yllbany to Monreal. This gave Rile to the Kah- 
 ntiaga, or Praying Indians, who are entirely made 
 up of Deferters from the Mohawks and River In- 
 dians, and were either enticed thither by the French 
 Priejls, or by our Merchants, in order to cany 
 Goods from Albany to Monreal, or run away for 
 fome Mifchief done here. Thefe Indians now con- 
 fift of about eighty fighting Men, and live about 
 four Leagues above Monreal: I'hey neither plant 
 nor hunt, but depend chiefly upon this private 
 Trade for their Subfiftence. Thefe Indians, in time 
 of War, gave the French Intelligence of all De- 
 figns here againft them : By them likewifetheire»f/6 
 engaged our Five Nations in a War with the Indians 
 Friends of Virginia, and from them we might ex- 
 pert the greateft Mifchief in Time of War, feeing 
 every Part of the Province is as well known to 
 them as to any of the Inhabitants. But if this 
 Trade was entirely at an end, we have reafon to 
 believe, that thefe Indians would return to their 
 own Tribes, for they then could not long fubfift 
 where they now are. 
 
 As foon as the Peace was proclaim’d, an open 
 Trade with Monreal was carried on with fuch Ear- 
 neftnefs, that Monreal was fill’d with Indian Goods, 
 and Albany exhaufted ; by which means Monreal 
 became the principal, if not the only Indian Mar- 
 ket, and the Indians depended entirely on the French 
 for what they wanted. 
 
 D 4 
 
 Our 
 
40 
 
 T'hc History of the 
 
 Our Merchants were fond of the Canada Trade, 
 becaufe they fold large Quantities of Goods with- 
 ^t any 1 rouble, the French taking them from their 
 Doors ; whereas the Trade with the Indians is ear- 
 ned on with a great deal of Toil and Fatigue ; 
 and as to the Intereft of the Country, they either 
 never thought any thing about it, or if they did, 
 had no regard to it. 
 
 Now I have brouglit this Account to 'the Time 
 your Excellency arriv’d ; what has happen’d fince, 
 your Excellency knows better than I can by any 
 me^s inform you. From the whole, it feems 
 plain, that any Difficulties and Diladvantages this 
 Province has been under, have only proceeded from 
 the Wars, which have continued fince the firft fet- 
 tling ol the Province, to the beginning of the laft 
 general Peace. But now, that not only this Pro- 
 vince, but likewife onr Jix Nations of Indians are at 
 Peace, and in Amity, both with the French, and 
 all the Indian Nations with whom we can have any 
 Commerce, thefe Difficulties are all remov’d, and 
 we now enjoy the moft favourable Time, that at any 
 time can be hoped for, in order to extend the Bri- 
 tifh Commerce in North- America, while the French 
 not only labour under the Difficulties which I have 
 ffiown to be infeparable from the Situation of their 
 Colony, but likewife under another Difadvanta°-e, 
 fnot before taken notice of j by the Furr- Trade of 
 Canada being reftrain’d to one Company. This 
 Company is obliged to pay heavy Duties in France 
 upon the Importation of Beaver, or any other Furr ; 
 for which reafon they always fix a Price upon Bea- 
 ver, and their other Furrs, in Canada -, and the 
 Indian Traders of Canada being reftrain’d from fell- 
 ing to any but the Company’s Agents there, they 
 cannot raife the Price of Indian Goods as the Price 
 European rife, or as their Profit on the Goods 
 they fell fo the Indians is leflen’d. 
 
 The 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 The Merchants of New-Tork allow our Indian 
 Traders double the Price for Beaver, that the French 
 Company allow their Indian Traders, the Price 
 eftablifhed by the Company for Beaver, in Canaday 
 being two Livres, or eighteen Pence Sterlingy the 
 Pound-weight ; and the current Price of Beaver in 
 New-Tork being /w Shillings New-Tork Monty y or 
 three Shillings Sterling the Pound-weight. There- 
 fore it plainly follows, that our Indian Traders could 
 under-iell the French TraderSy tho’ they were to 
 give as great a Price for European Goods as t\vt French 
 do, and did tranfport them at as great Charge, be- 
 pufe of the double Price they have for their Furrs 
 in New-Tork. 
 
 But as our Indian Traders not only have a double 
 Price for their Indian Goods, but likewife buy the 
 Goods they fell to the IndianSy at half the Price 
 the French Indian Traders do, the French Traders 
 mull be ruin’d by carrying on this Trade, in Com- 
 petition with the Englijh of New-Tork. And the 
 French Indian Traders had been ruin’d before now, 
 if they had not found means to carry their Beaver 
 to Albany, where they got double the Price they 
 mull have fold for in Canada. 
 
 It may be objected, agajnft this Argument, That 
 the Canada Company as foon as they find that the 
 Traders cannot fell at their eftablifhed Price, will 
 allow a greater Price. But if we confider the Du- 
 ties the French Company is obliged to pay to the 
 King, they cannot allow fo great a Price as the 
 En^ijh can at New-Tork. And if it Ihould be in- 
 fifted. That the French Company may obtain a Re- 
 mijfton of thofe, yet if the clandeftine Trade with 
 Albaf^ be entirely ftopt, the French Traders will be 
 ruin’d before fuch Remiffion can be obtain’d, and 
 their Trade will be at an end. 
 
 My Inclination led me to Ihow what Advantages 
 not only the Indian Trade would reap by extending 
 
42 
 
 '1‘be History of the 
 
 our Frontiers as far as the Lakes, but likewifc the 
 mttjh Trade in fome other Branches, ivhich the 
 larhamenc of Great- Britain fcem to have much at 
 heart, viz. Naval Stores ; for the Soil on both Sides 
 of the Mohavoks Esver being as rich as it is poffible ' 
 (I relieve) for any Land to be, will be found the 
 proper for raifmg of Hemp, of any Part of 
 Jmerua^ and the whole Country round it being full 
 of the argeft Pines, the royal Navy is as likdy to 
 be well provided with Masts there, and at as 
 cheap a rate as any where elfe. But I have already 
 too far prefum’d on your Excellency’s Patience. 
 
 Cadwallader Golden. 
 
 To this it may not be improper to add the 
 following Orignal Letter. 
 
 From J. A. £/yj to Mr. P. C. 0/ London, 
 jheninng the 'Succefs of the Mea Cures take?i 
 at that Fi.ne. 
 
 ^ -f Rf New-Tirk, 1740. 
 
 I F you fhould be at the Pains to read thefe printed 
 Papers, it will be a Pleafurh to you to hear of 
 the Succefs of the IVIealures tEken by Governor 
 net for redeeming the Indian Trade out of theHands 
 of the French. He has fucceeded far above our Ex- 
 pedations. 
 
 _ Governor Burnet., through his earned Applica- 
 tion, and at fird chiefly with his Money, Credit, 
 and Rifque, erefted a Trading-Houfe and Fortifi- 
 cation at the Mouth of the Onondagues River, called 
 Ofneigo, where the Province of New-Tork fupports 
 a Garrifon of Soldiers, confiding of a Lieutenant 
 and twenty Men, which are yearly relieved. 
 
 At 
 
43 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 At this Place a very great Trade is carried on 
 with the remote Indians, who formerly ufed to go 
 down to the French at Monreal, and there buy our 
 Englijh Goods, at fecond Hand, at above twice the 
 Price they now pay for them at Ofneigo ; whilft, at 
 the fame time, the French were chiefly fupplied by 
 one Gentleman at New-Tork, who almoft entirely 
 engrofled the Indian Trade of this Province, and 
 thereby acquired a very great Eftate and Influ- 
 ence. But the prudent Steps taken by our late 
 worthy Governor, to open a free Trade, was the 
 Caufe of the E-ngrolTer’s lofing his. — The Proba- 
 bility of doing this, was the principal Motive of 
 our applying to the King, which is Ihown by thefe 
 printed Papers. 
 
 The Indian Trade, to the great Advantage of this 
 Province, is now divided into feveral hundred Hands, 
 and there have been for many Years paft upwards of 
 one hundred young Men of this Province, who have 
 gone yearly among the Indians, to fupply them with 
 ourGooils. 
 
 By this means, at a modeft Eftimate, I am 
 aflfured, that the Indian Trade of this Province is 
 now far above five times as much as when Gover- 
 nor Burnet began to put his Scheme in execution. 
 
 And this is not all the Advantages reaped there- 
 by, but a much more confiderable one to this, and 
 ail the other Englijh Colonies is, that not only our 
 own fix Nations, but alfo many far and remote In- 
 dian Nations are drawn off from their Dependance 
 on xht French, and made, by Trade and Intercourfe, 
 dependant on the Englijh ■, by this means a great 
 Security and Protedion is acquired by the Englijh, 
 in cafe of a War with France ; and by this Trade 
 our Settlements in this Province are extended up to 
 the Onondagues Carrying-place, which is now well 
 attended with Waggons, for the more commodious 
 tranfporting of Goods to trade in the Lakes. 
 
 And 
 
I’he History of the 
 
 And they are now fettling on the Branches of 
 Sahmhanah River-, and from the weftern Branches 
 of this River, there is but a fmall Land-Carriage 
 XaMegheny^ a Branch of that great River MifiJJippi ; 
 which Branch extending a thoufand Miles from its 
 Mouth, where it enters the laid River ; and which 
 joins lb near to our Settlements, as is above taken 
 notice of, opens us a Trade to that vaft Country, 
 called by the French Loutfianay which they polfefs 
 on the ^JiJJippi. 
 
 I am, 
 
 S I R, 
 
 T 7ur humble Servanty 
 J.A. 
 
 THE 
 
THE 
 
 TREATY 
 
 HELD WITH THE 
 
 I N D I J ■ N S 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 SIX NATIONS, 
 
 A T 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 In yULT, 1742. 
 
 t 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 T H E 
 
 T R E A T Y, 
 
 T he Deputies of the fix Nations having, 
 at their laft Vifit, agreed to releafe their 
 Claim to all the Land on both Sides of 
 the River Sa/quebanab, as far South as this Province 
 extends, and to the Northward to thofe called the 
 Endtefs Mountains, or Kittoebtinny Hills ; in Confi- 
 deration whereof, tliey then received a large Quan- 
 tity of valuable Indian Goods for the Lands fituate 
 on the Eaftern Side of the faid River, but declined 
 at that Time to receive any for thofe on the Weftern 
 Side of the faid River, chufing to defer the fame 
 till another Vifit •, a large Number arrived from 
 thefe Nations at Pbiladelpbia, on Wednesday the 30'^ 
 of June, with Deputies duly impowered to receive 
 the faid Goods *, and acquainted the Governor, that 
 being weary from the Fatigue of their long Jour- 
 ney, they Ihould crave three or four Days to reft 
 themfelves before they proceeded to their Bufinefs i 
 In the mean time they would wait on the Governor 
 to difcourfe, according to their ufual Method, about 
 News and other Occurrences •, which the Governor 
 readily agreed to, and afk’d them when they would 
 chufe to pay their firft Vifit ; which they defiring 
 might be on Friday the a'* of July, in the Afternoon, 
 the Council was accordingly fummon’d, and met at 
 Mr. Logan's Houfe, where were 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
■ : t 
 
 “7 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efqj 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 yames Logan, Samuel Prejlon, ~t 
 
 Clement Plumfted, Thomas Lawrence, I r-r 
 
 Samuel Hafell, Ralph AJheton 
 
 Abraham Taylor, Robert S tret tell, J 
 
 The Chiefs of the Six Nations, with the Chiefs of 
 the Shawanefe. 
 
 CANASSATEEGO, the Onondaga Chief, Speaker. 
 
 CO NRAD JV EISER, Interpreter. 
 
 The Governor opened the Conference as follows. 
 
 brethren, 
 
 * The Proprietor having purchafed certain Lands 
 from your Nations about fix Years ago, a Moietv 
 of what was agreed to be given in Confideration of 
 that Purchale was at that Time delivered to them, 
 and the other being at their Defire left in the 
 Proprietor’s Hands, he prelTed you by Shikalamy 
 to fend laft Year for it, and would have been 
 glad to have feen you, and taken you by the 
 1 land before his Departure. But as the Defign 
 of this Meeting is to hear your News, and con- 
 verfe together in a free and friendly Manner, I 
 ftall fay no more about the Goods than that they 
 lie ready at the Proprietor’s Houle, and will be 
 delivered when you lhall have fufficiently relied 
 from the Fatigue of your Journey.’ 
 
 The Chief of the Onondagoes fpoke. 
 BRETHREN, 
 
 * We propofe to reft four Days, and then come 
 * to the main Bufinefs. At prefent we are at a pri- 
 ‘ vate Conference about News, and have fomething 
 
 ‘ of 
 
49 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 * of this fort to mention to our Brother Onas.' And 
 on the Governor’s fignifying they would be glad 
 to know what it was, the Chief proceeded. 
 
 ‘ BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ It is our Way when we come to our Brethren, 
 
 * or any other Perfons, whom we live in ftridt 
 ‘ Friendfliip with, to remove all ObftrufHons to a 
 
 * good Underftanding j with this View we are to 
 ‘ inform you of a Piece of difagreeable News tliat 
 
 ‘ happen’d in our Journey, Some White Peo- 
 
 ‘ pie living at a Place called Conegocheegoe, whofe 
 ‘ Names we cannot tell, nor whether they belong 
 
 * to this or the neighbouring Government, but one 
 ‘ of them, as we heard, had his Houfe burnt over 
 ‘ his Head fome Years ago, and he was brought 
 ‘ down a Prifoner and committed to the Goal of 
 ‘ this City : Thele People lighting of our young 
 ‘ Warriors, as they were hunting, made fome Pro- 
 ‘ pofals about the Purchafing of Land from them, 
 
 * and our young Men being indifcreet, and unac- 
 ‘ quainted with publick Bufinefs, were foolifh 
 ‘ enough to hearken to them, and to receive five 
 
 * Duffil Strowds for two Plantations on the River 
 ‘ Cohongorento. A Conejtogoe Indian, and a French 
 
 * Indian, and fome others that were in Company, 
 
 ‘ had tliree Duffil Strowds, and went away with 
 ‘ them j and our young Men carried off the other 
 ‘ two. As foon as this came to our Knowledge, 
 
 ‘ we lent for our Warriors, and after examining 
 ‘ and rebuking them feverely, we took away their 
 ‘ two Strowds, and publickly cenfured them for 
 ‘ expofing us to our Brethren of Penfy!vania, in 
 ‘ doing a Thing fo inconfillent with our Engage- 
 ‘ ments to them •, “ You are, faid we aloud, that 
 “ all our People might hear and take Notice, to 
 “ know and remember, that the Six Nations have 
 “ obliged themfclves to fell none of the Land that 
 “ falls within the Province of Fenfylvania, to any 
 
 L “ other 
 
50 
 
 The History of the 
 
 “ other but our Brother Oms^ and that to fell 
 “ Lands to any other is an high Breach of the 
 “ League of Friendfhip.” Brethren, this rafh Pro- 
 ‘ ceeding of our young Men makes us afliamed. 
 ‘ We always mean well, and fliall perform faith- 
 ‘ fully what we have promifed ; And we alTure you, 
 
 * this Affair was tranfafted in the Manner we have 
 ‘ related, without our Privity or Confent. And that 
 ‘ you may be fully convinced of this, and of the 
 ‘ Sincerity of our Intentions, we have brought you 
 ‘ thefe two Strowds [^here he prefented two red 
 ‘ Strowds to the Governor'] they are the very Strowds 
 ‘ our foolifh young Men received j we took them 
 ‘ from them, and we give them to you to return 
 •* to thofe white People who made the Bargain, and 
 
 * defire when the Strowds are returned to them, 
 ‘ they may be told what we now fay, and that we 
 ‘ fhail not confirm fuch Bargains, nor any other 
 ‘ that may interfere with our Engagements to our 
 ‘ Brother Onas.' 
 
 The Governor then fpoke: 
 
 ‘ BRETHRENy 
 
 ‘ I thank you for this Piece of News *, you have 
 ‘ taken this Matter perfedtly right. All Bargaining 
 ‘ for L.and within this Province, is, to be fure, a 
 
 * manifeft Breach of your Contradt with the Pro- 
 ‘ prietors, and what we know you will not coun- 
 ‘ tenancc. We have hitherto found the Six Na- 
 ‘ tions faithful to their Engagements, and this is a 
 
 * frelh Inftance of their Punctuality. You could 
 
 * not help thefe Miftakes of your young Men ; 
 
 * they were not done in your Prefence : But as fe- 
 ‘ veral Inconveniencies may arife from thefe kind of 
 ‘ ckndeftine Sales, or from any fuch loofe Sales of 
 
 * Land by your People, we defire you will, on 
 ‘ your Return home, give publick Notice to all 
 ‘ your Warriors not to bargain for any Land ; or 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 * if they do, that you will not confirm fuch Bargains ; 
 ‘ and that this very Affair, together with what you 
 have done therein, may be particularly reported 
 ‘ to all your Nation affembled in Council.’ 
 
 The Onondaga Chief promifed to give fuch 
 publick Notice j and defiring Liberty to 
 niend his former Speech, he proceeded : 
 
 ‘ brethren, 
 
 ‘ I forgot one Circumftance : Our People, who 
 I^etendcd to fell the Land, demanded a Belt of 
 W ampum of the Buyers to carry to their Chiefs • 
 and on their declaring they had no Wampum! 
 our Warriors faid, they would not anfwer that 
 their Chiefs would confirm this Bargain, fmee 
 they never did any thing of this Nature without 
 Wampum. 
 
 ( 
 
 4 
 
 € 
 
 4C 
 
 (C 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 44 
 
 The Governor, after a Ihort Paufe, fpoke : 
 
 ‘ BRETRHEN of the Six Nations, 
 
 ‘ Opportunity to relate to you a Piece 
 
 of difagreeableNews I received feme Days ago in 
 
 Trader, at 
 
 AUegbeny, who fays, “ That in May laft fome In- 
 dians of the Taway Nation, fuppofed by us to 
 be the Twigbtwees, in their Return from War, 
 called and ftaid fome Time with the Shawanefe • 
 who being afked, and denying they had brought 
 either Scalps or Prifoners, t)it Shawanefe 
 ing them, had the Curiofity to fearch their Bags 
 and finding two Scalps in them, that by the 
 Softnefs of the Hair did not feel like Indian 
 Scalps, they walh’d them clean, and found them 
 to be the Scalps of fome Chrillians. On this Difeo- 
 wry, the Twigbtwees were fo much afhamed, that 
 they ftole away from their Town in the Night- 
 time j and coming, as they afterwards under- 
 E 2 ftood. 
 

 "The History of the 
 
 “ flood, to a little Village belonging to the Shait;- 
 “ anefe, they told our People that their Hearts were 
 “ full of Grief; for, as they came along the Road, 
 “ they found it all bloody ; and having good Caufe 
 “ to believe it was made bloody with the Blood of 
 “ fome of the white Brethren, they had very for- 
 “ rowfully fwept the Road ; and defired them to 
 “ inform the Governor of Penjilvania of their (the 
 “ Twightwees) Grief ; and , how they had fwept the 
 “ Road clean.” ‘ jLe ^ort adds, on Behalf of the 
 ‘ Sbawanefe^ “ That they were much grieved at 
 “ this unfortunate Accident; and prayed, as they 
 “ had no Concern in it, more than by being In- 
 “ ftruments to difcover it, their Brethren would 
 “ not blame them, nor fufl'er a Mifunderftanding 
 “ to arife between them on this Account : They 
 “ would fweep the Road clean, and wipe all the 
 “ Blood away ; and defired their Brethren would 
 “ be fatisfied with this, and not weep too much for 
 “ a Misfortune that might not happen again as 
 “ long as the Sun and Moon Ihone.” 
 
 * The Perl'on who delivered me Le Tort's Let- 
 
 * ter, brought this Bundle of Skins as a Prefent to 
 ‘ me ; but I told the Meflenger, I would not med- 
 ‘ die with it ; he might leave it if he pleafed : The 
 ‘ Affair appear’d to me in a bad Light, and I 
 ‘ would reprefent it to the Six Nations, who were 
 ‘ expefted in Town every Day, This is the Fad, 
 
 * as I have it from Le T ort : I defire to be inform’d 
 
 * if you know any thing of this Matter ; and if 
 ‘ you do not, that you will make diligent Enquiry 
 ‘ who committed the Murder, and who are the 
 
 * unhappy Sufferers, and affifl us to obtain Satif- 
 
 * fadion, if it fhall appear to be any, of our Fel- 
 
 * low-Subieds that have been treated in this Man- 
 ! ner.’ 
 
 To inforce this Reiiueft, I prefent you with 
 this String of Wampum, 
 
 The 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 The Onondago Chief, in Reply, faid : 
 BRE^HRENy 
 
 ‘We take this Infomration kindly at your 
 ‘ Hands ; we will take this String of Wampum 
 ‘ home with us to our Lodgings, and there confult 
 ‘ about the moft regular and proper Steps to be 
 ‘ taken by us to anfwer your Expeftations, and 
 ‘ when we have duly confidered the Matter, we 
 ‘ will return you an Anfwer.’ 
 
 Upon this the Governor put an End to the Con- 
 ference •» and calling for Wine, and other Liquors, 
 according to the Indian Cuftom, after a decent and 
 chearful Entertainment, the Indians withdrew. 
 
 At a COUNCIL held at the Proprietor’s 
 Houfe, July 5, 1742. 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE HHOMASy Efq*, 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 irs; 
 
 James Logan, 
 
 Clement Plumjled, $ ° 
 
 With feveral Gentlemen of the Town. 
 Lhe Chiefs of the Six Nations. 
 
 It being judg’d proper, at this critical I'ime, 
 when we are in daily Expeft.ation ol a French War, 
 to found the Indians, and difeover what Depen- 
 dance we might have on them, in cafe their Aid 
 Ihould be wanted, an handfome Dinner was pro- 
 vided for their Chiefs ; and after they had made an 
 hearty Meal, and drank his Majefty’s Health, the 
 Proprietors, and the Health of the Six Nations, the 
 Chiefs gave the folemn Cry, in Teftimony of their 
 Thanks for the Honour done them. i\nd foon 
 
 E 3 alter 
 
1‘he History of the 
 
 ■ after the Governor began, in a free Way, to en- 
 quire for what Reafon the Senecas were not come 
 down, fmce they had an equal Share of the Goods 
 
 with the other Nations. Canajfateego, their 
 
 Speaker, faid, ‘ The Senecas were in great Diftrefs, 
 ‘ on Account of a Famine that raged in their Coun- 
 ‘ try, which had reduced them to fuch Want, that 
 ‘ a Father had been obliged to kill two of his Chil- 
 ‘ dren to preferve his own, and the reft of his Fa- 
 ‘ mily’s Lives ; and they could not now come 
 ‘ down, but had given Directions about their Share 
 
 ‘ of the Goods.’ ^The Governor exprefs’d his 
 
 Concern for the unhappy Circumftances of their 
 Brethren of the Seneca Nation •, and, after a Ihort 
 Refpite, enquired if any of their Deputies were then 
 at Canada, and whether the French Governor was 
 making any warlike Preparations. And on their 
 anfvvering Tes, the Governor faid, with a fmiling, 
 pleafant Countenance, ‘ I fuppofe, if the French 
 
 * fhould go to War with us, you will join them.’ 
 The Indians conferr’d together for fome Time, and 
 then Canajfateego, in a chearful lively Manner, made 
 
 anfwer. ‘ We affure you, the Governor of Ca- 
 
 ‘ nada pays our Nations great Court at this Time, 
 
 ‘ well knowing of what Confequence we are to the 
 ‘ French Intereft : He has already told us, he was 
 
 * uncovering the Hatchet, and fharpcning it, and 
 ‘ hoped, if he Ihould be obliged to lift it up againft 
 
 * the Englijh, our Nations would remain neuter, 
 
 * and affift neither Side. —- But we will now fpeak 
 ‘ plainly to our Brethren: Why fliould we, who 
 ‘ are one Flefh with you, refufe to help you, when- 
 
 * ever you want our Afliftance ?■ We have con- 
 
 ‘ tinued a long Time in the ftridteft League of 
 
 * Amity and Friendlhip with you, and we lhall 
 ‘ always be faithful and true to you our old and 
 
 ‘ good Allies. The Governor oi Canada talks 
 
 ‘ a great deal, but ten of his Words do not go fo 
 ‘ far as one of yours. We do not look towards 
 
 4 ‘ them ■, 
 
55 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ‘ them •, we look towards you ; and you may de- 
 ‘ pend on our Affillance.’ Whilft the Onondago 
 Chief made this open and hearty Declaration, all 
 the other Indians made frequently that particular 
 Kind of Noife which is known to be a Mark of 
 
 Approbation. The Governor bid the Interpreter 
 
 tell CanaJfateegOy ‘ He did not fet on foot this En- 
 
 * quiry from anySufpicionhe had of the 
 
 * wanting a due Regard for the Englijh.— Our Ex- 
 ‘ perience of their Honour and Faith, faid he,would 
 ‘ not permit us to think any other of them, than that 
 ‘ they would efteem our Friends their Friends, and 
 
 * our Enemies their Enemies, agreeable to the ftridl 
 ‘ Union which had ever fubfifted between us.— As. 
 
 * to the Governor of Canada^ he told them they need 
 ‘ not mind what he faid. — The Englijh^ on equal 
 « Terms, had beat the French, and could beat them 
 ‘ again : And were they but to confider the Ad- 
 « vantages which the Englifo have, by polTefling fo 
 
 * many large and populous Countries, and fo many 
 
 * good Ports on the Continent of America, they 
 ‘ would foon fee who had moft Reafon to fear a 
 ‘ War, the French or the Englijh' 
 
 Here the Converfation dropped ; and after ano- 
 ther Glafs of Wine, the Indians refumed the Dif- 
 courfe, by alking whether their Brethren had not 
 been for fome Time engaged in a War with the 
 King of S^ain, and what Succeffes they had met 
 with. 
 
 The Governor told them, the King of Great- 
 Britain lived in an Illand, and being furrounded 
 with the Sea, his chief Strength lay in ^ his Ships j 
 in which he was fo much fuperior to his Enemies, 
 that they were feldom to be met with on the broad 
 Ocean, but fculk’d and hid themfelves, only 
 venturing out now and then •, and whenever they 
 did, they were almoft fure to be taken ; and 
 
 E 4 that 
 
5^ History of the 
 
 that the King of Great- Britain had with his Ships, 
 beat down, or taken feveral of the Spaniards great 
 Forts in America . — The Indians faid, they were 
 pleafed to hear their Brethren w'ere an Over-maten 
 for their Enemies, and wifh’d them good Succefs. 
 
 The Governor tlien enquired into the State and 
 Condition of the Nations to the Weftward of the 
 Great Lakes, and wliether they Irad any Warriours 
 then in thofe Countries ? Whether they had con- 
 cluded Peace with the Southern And whe- 
 
 ther they had heard what their Deputies had done 
 at Alhatsy ? 
 
 They made Anfwer : That they had always 
 Abundance of their Men out amongft the Nations 
 fituate to the Weft of their Lakes.— That they had 
 kindled a Fire with a vaft many Nations, fome 
 whereof were Tributaries, and they had a good 
 Underftanding with all.— They fet out from their 
 own Country in Company with two Sets of De- 
 puties, one going to hold a Treaty with the Southern 
 Indians, and they believed a Peace would be con- 
 cluded : The other going to meet the Governor of 
 Hew-y 'irk, at Albany^ ; but they could not tell what 
 had been done at either Place. — On their return, 
 diey were to hold a General Council, and would 
 inform their Brethren of thefe Particulars. 
 
 Then the Governor put an End to the Conference, 
 by telling the Indians the Goods would be delivered 
 to them at a Council to be held To-morrow Af- 
 ternoon at the Meeting-Houfe. 
 
 At 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 57 
 
 At a C ou N c I L held ia the Meeting-Houfe, Phi- 
 ladelphia^ July 6 , 1742. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE P HO MA S, Efq; 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 James Logan, Samuel Prejlon, 1 
 
 Clement Plumjied, Ralph AJheton, VEfqrs; 
 
 Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, J 
 
 CANASSATEEGO, Chief of the Onondagoes, 
 Speaker. 
 
 Shicalamy, and a great Number of Indians, 
 whofe Names are as follows, viz. 
 
 ONONTOGOES. 
 
 Saweialy, I c„„„rellors. 
 Caxhayion, i 
 S%guyajfatba, 
 Kayadoghratie, alias Sla^ 
 naghquajy, 
 Rotier-uwughton, 
 Tokaughaah, 
 Tiorughivaghthe, 
 Tokano-ungch, 
 Aronly-oony, 
 Tobanohawighton, 
 Tioghwatoony, 
 Auugbrahyfey. 
 
 C AI Y O Q^U O S. 
 
 IChiefs. 
 
 Tohatgaghthus, J 
 T okany-efus, 
 
 Runbo-bihio, 
 Kanadoghary, 
 Zior-aghquaty, . 
 
 Sagtf-iughwatha, alias 
 Cadcaradafcy, 
 
 Sca-yenties, 
 
 TatS'heghteb, 
 
 Alligh-wabeis, 
 
 Tayo-quario, 
 
 Hogh degh riintu, 
 
 Rotehn Haghtyackon, Cap- 
 tain. 
 
 Sawoaliefelbobaa, 
 
 Sagughfa-eck, 
 
 Uwantakeraa, 
 
 Horuhot, 
 
 Ofogbquaa, 
 
 Tuyanoegon. 
 
 A N O Y I U T S, er 
 O N E I D A S. 
 Sarifiaquoh, 1 
 
 Chiefs. 
 
 atbe, alias r 
 Shikelimo, J 
 T ottowakerha, 
 Taraghkoerus, 
 Onughkallydawwy,z. noted 
 young Chief. 
 
 Onugbttaxqua, 
 
Tloe History of the 
 
 Onughnaxqua, Chief. 
 ^awyiakaarat^ 
 jT ohathuyongocbtba., 
 Sugbnakaarat, 
 TagbnegbdoeruSy 
 'Tokanytadaroeyon, 
 Sagogugbyatbay 
 RabebiuSy 
 ‘Tokanufoegon. 
 JENONTOWANOS, 
 or SENECAS. 
 
 Karugh iagb Ragbquyy 
 
 Captain. 
 
 ^ abtt beentuSy 
 Onontyiack, 
 
 TUSCARROROS. 
 
 Sawontkay -i 
 
 Ti-ieroeSy > Chiefs. 
 
 ClogbfytowaXy 3 
 *Tokaryhoegony Captain. 
 
 Ogbiogbfehy 
 
 J'ieleghwegbfony 
 
 fougrotbay 
 
 TorugbianegOy 
 
 Ot-quebigy 
 
 Squaghkyy 
 
 SayadyiOy 
 
 Omgbfowugbteny 
 
 Cherigb wdjlhoy 
 
 AgbfunterieSy 
 
 "Tion ogh fcdgbtbay 
 
 Saligb wanagbfoHy 
 
 Obn-wdafey, 
 
 Tocar-eber [died fince at 
 Tulpehokin.^ 
 Tobanatdkquay 
 Kanybdag. 
 
 SHAWANOES. 
 Webmoeblakyy Chief. 
 
 Afet teywtty 
 Afogbquay 
 Maya minickyfyy 
 Wawyta Beefe7iy. 
 
 Caneftogo Indians that 
 /peak the OnayiutV 
 Language. 
 
 Lior Haafery'y Chief. 
 Tanigh wackeraUy 
 Karha Cawyiaty 
 Kayen quily quo. 
 CANOYIAS, iirNAN- 
 TIKOKES, of Ca- 
 neftogo. 
 
 Des-fehegy 
 Icbqua que hecky 
 ^efamaagy 
 Ayiok-ius. 
 
 DELAWARES of 
 Shamokin. 
 
 Kelly macquaHy 
 ^itie-yquonty 
 Pijhquitony 
 Nena cby haul. 
 DELAWARES/m» 
 the Forks. 
 OnutpCy 
 
 Lawye quobwony > Chiefs 
 alias NutimuSy 3 
 Loweghkappy. 
 
 Cornel. and others. 
 
 Conrad Weiser, 
 Cornelius Spring, 
 Interpreters. 
 
 And a great Number of 
 the Inhabitants of Pbi^ 
 ladelpbia. 
 
 The 
 
59 
 
 Five Indian Nations, C^c. 
 
 The Governor having commanded Silence, fpoke 
 as follows : 
 
 ‘ Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, 
 
 ‘ Six Years ago a Number of your Chiefs oblig- 
 * ed us with a Vifit, when they agreed on Behalf 
 ‘ of your Nations, to the Releafe of certain Lands 
 ‘ on both Sides the River Safquehannah, to the 
 ‘ Southward of the Endlefs- Mountains, and within 
 ‘ the Limits and Bounds of the King’s Grant of 
 ‘ this Province. In Confideration of which, a cer- 
 ‘ tain Quantity of Goods was agreed on, and de- 
 ‘ livered as a full Satisfadtion for the faid Lands, 
 
 ‘ lying on the Eaftern Side of the faid River: And 
 ‘ for the Lands on the Weftern Side of the faid 
 ‘ River, you defired the Payment fliould be de- 
 ‘ ferr’d till another Opportunity. Thefe Goods, 
 
 ‘ which are exactly the fame in Quantity, as thofe 
 ‘ you received the laft Time the Chiefs of your 
 ‘ Nations were here, have been ready a confider- 
 ‘ able Time, and kept in Expeftation of your 
 ‘ coming for them : Amd now you are come down, 
 
 ‘ fully impowered by your refpedtive Councils to 
 ‘ receive them, we are well pleafed to deliver them ; 
 ‘ leaving it to you to make a fair and equal Di- 
 ‘ vifion of them amongft yourfelves. We are 
 ‘ forry for the Ablence of our Brethren the Senecas, 
 
 ‘ and much more fo, that it fliould be owing to 
 « their Diftrefs at Home by a Famine that rages 
 ‘ in their Country:— A Famine fo great, that you 
 ‘ tell us a Father has been obliged to facrifice one 
 ‘ Part of his Family, even his own Children, for 
 ‘ the Support and Prefervation of himfelt, and the 
 ‘ other Part. — We heartily commiferate their Con- 
 ‘ dition, and do not doubt but you will do them 
 * fair and ample Juftice in the Difpolal of their 
 ‘ Part of the Goods, in fuch Manner as they have 
 ‘ inftrucfed you. You fliall now hear the Lift of 
 ‘ the Goods read to you.’ 
 
 Here, 
 
*The History of the 
 
 Here, by the Governor’s Order, the Lift of the 
 Goods was read over, viz. 
 
 500 Pounds of Powder. 
 600 Pounds of Lead. 
 
 45 Guns. 
 
 60 Strowd-Matchcoats. 
 100 Blankets. 
 
 100 Duffil Matcheoats. 
 200 Tards Half-thick. 
 100 Shirts. 
 
 40 Hats. 
 
 40 Pair Shoes ^ Buckles. 
 40 Pair Stockings. 
 
 100 Hatchets. 
 
 500 Knives. 
 
 100 Hoes. 
 
 60 Kettles. 
 
 100 Pohacco-Pongs. 
 100 Sciffars. 
 
 500 Awl-Blades. 
 
 120 Combs. 
 
 2000 Needles. 
 
 1000 Flints. 
 
 24 Looking-Glaffes. 
 
 2 Pounds of Vermilion 
 100 Tin-Pots. 
 
 1000 Tobacco-Pipes. 
 
 200 Pounds of Tobacco. 
 
 24 Bozen of Garter- 
 
 ing, and 
 
 25 Gallons of Kum. 
 
 Then the Governor told them that the Goods, 
 of which the Particulars had been juft read to them, 
 were in the Mceting-Houfe, and would be fent to 
 whatever Place they would direft. 
 
 The Governor then proceeded : 
 
 BRETHREN, 
 
 You have often heard of the Care that your 
 
 * great and good Friend and Brother miliarn Penn, 
 ‘ took at all Times to cultivate a perfedl o-ood 
 
 * Harmony with all xX\t Indians: Of thefe yourNa- 
 ‘ tions have ever been fully fenfiblei but more 
 
 elpecially a Number of your Chiefs, about ten 
 Years ago, when on the Arrival of a Son of your 
 ‘ faid great Friend William Penn, large and valu- 
 
 * able Prefents were exchanged by us with you ; a 
 ‘ new Road was made and clear’d •, a new Fire 
 
 kindled ; and the Chain of Friendfhip made 
 » ftronger, fo as to laft while the Sun and Moon 
 ‘ endure. 
 
 ‘ And 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 6i 
 
 * And now we cannot but congratulate ourfelves, 
 
 * that your coming fhould happen at a Time, when 
 ‘ we are in daily Expedation of a War being de- 
 ‘ dared between the King of England, and the 
 ‘ French King, well knowing that Ihould fuch a 
 
 * War happen, it muft very fenfibly affed you, 
 
 * confidering your Situation in the Neighbourhood 
 ‘ of Canada. Your coming at this JunAure is 
 ‘ particularly fortunate, lince it gives us an Op- 
 ‘ portunity of mentioning feveral Things that may 
 ‘ be necelfary to be fettled, between People fo 
 ‘ ftriAly and clofely united as we are. — An Union 
 ‘ not to be expreffed by any Thing lefs, than the 
 ‘ affedionate Regards which Children of the fame 
 ‘ Parents bear for each other, as conceiving our- 
 ‘ felves to be one Flefli and one People. 
 
 ‘ The utmoft Care therefore ought mutually to 
 
 * be taken by us on both Sides, that the Road be- 
 
 * tween us he kept perfeAly clear and open, and 
 
 * no Lets nor the lead ObftruAion be fuffered to 
 
 * lie in the Way, or if any fhould by Accident be 
 ‘ found, that may hinder our free Intercourfe and 
 ‘ Correfpondence, it muft forthwith be removed. 
 
 To inforce this, toe lay down a String of IV ompum. 
 
 ‘ In the next Place, we, on our Part, fliall inlargc 
 » our Fire that burns between us. We lhall pro- 
 ‘ vide more Fewel to increafe it, and make it burn 
 
 * brighter and clearer, and give a ftronger and 
 
 * more lading Light and Warmth. 
 
 In Evidence of our ftneere Intentions, we lay 
 down this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 * In the lad Place, confidering the Obligations 
 ‘ we are mutually under by our feveral Treaties, 
 
 “ That we fhould hear with our Ears for you, and 
 “ you hear with your Ears for us.’ We fhall at 
 ‘ Times very willingly give you the earlieft and 
 ‘ bed Intelligence, of any Defigns that may be 
 » form’d to your Difadvantage. — And if you dif- 
 ‘ cover any Preparations that can hurt us, we de- 
 X ‘ fire 
 
6a 
 
 The History of the 
 
 ‘ fire you will immediately difpatch fome fuitable 
 ‘ Perfon in whom we can place a Confidence, to 
 ‘ give us a proper Information, ’ 
 
 To inforce this Requejl, as well as to brighten the 
 Chain^ we lay down this other Belt of IVamputn. 
 
 On the Governor’s concluding the Speech, the 
 folemt\ Cry by Way ot Approbation was repeated 
 by the Indians^ as many Ximes as there were Na- 
 tions prefent; and then Canajfateego role up and 
 fpoke. ^ 
 
 ‘ BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ We thank you for your kind Speech : What 
 ‘ you have faid is very agreeable to us ; and To- 
 ‘ morrow when we have deliberated on the feveral 
 ‘ Matters recommended to us, we will aive you 
 ‘ our Anfwer. We defire, as our Time will be 
 ‘ wholly taken up in Council, you will order the 
 * Goods to be carried back to the Proprietaries to 
 ‘ prevent their being loft, and that they may con- 
 ‘ tinue there till we call for them.’ 
 
 At a CoirNciL held in the Meeting - Houle, 
 July 7, 1742. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq; 
 Lieutenant- G 0 vernor. 
 
 James l.cgan, Samuel Prejlon, 1 
 
 Thomas Uwrence, Samuel Hafell, j.Efqrs; 
 
 Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, \ 
 
 Can AS S A T E EG O’s Speech on Behalf of the 
 Six Nations. 
 
 BRET HR EN, the Governor and Council, 
 
 * and all prefent. 
 
 According to our Promife we now propofe to 
 return you an Anfwer to the feveral Things men- 
 
 ‘ tioned 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 * tioned to us Yefterday, and fliall beg Leave to 
 ‘ fpeak to publick Affairs firft, tho’ they were what 
 ‘ you fpoke to laft. On this Head you Yefterday 
 ‘ put us in Mind, firft, “ Of William Penn's early 
 “ and conftant Care to cultivate Friendlhip with 
 “ all the Indians ; of the Treaty we held with one 
 “ of his Sons, about ten Years ago •, and of the 
 
 Neceflity there is at this Time of keeping the 
 “ Roads between us clear and free from all Ob- 
 “ ftrudtions.” We are all very fenfible of the kind 
 ‘ Regard that good Man William Penn had for all 
 ‘ the Indians^ and cannot but be pleafed to find that 
 ‘ his Children have the fame. We well remember 
 
 * the Treaty you mention held with his Son on his 
 ‘ Arrival here, by which we confirmed our League 
 ‘ of Friendlhip, that is to laft as long as the Sun 
 ‘ and Moon endure : In Confequence of this, we, 
 « on our Part, lhall preferve the Road free from 
 ‘ all Incumbrances 5 in Confirmation whereof we 
 ‘ lay down this String of Wampum. 
 
 ‘ You in the next Place faid you would enlarge 
 ‘ the Fire and make it burn brighter, which we are 
 
 * pleafed to hear you mention j and alTure you, 
 ‘ we lhall do the fame, by adding to it more 
 ‘ Fewel, that it may ftill flame out more ftrongly 
 ‘ than ever : In the laft Place, you were pleafed to 
 ‘ fay that we are bound by the ftridleft Leagues, to 
 ‘ watch for each others Prefervation j that we 
 
 * Ihould hear with our Ears for you, and you hear 
 ‘ with your Ears for us : This is equally agree- 
 ‘ able to us ; and we lhall not fail to give you 
 ‘ early Intelligence, whenever any Thing of Con- 
 ‘ fequence comes to our Knowledge : And to en- 
 ‘ courage you to do the fame, and to nourilh in 
 ‘ your Hearts what you ha>'e fpoke to us with 
 ‘ your Tongues, about the Renewal of our Amity 
 ‘ and the Brightening of the Chain of Friendlhip ; 
 
 * we confirm what we have faid with another Belt 
 ‘ of Wampum.’ 
 
 ^BRETHREN, 
 
The History of the 
 BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘We received from the Proprietors YtfLerday, 
 
 * fome Goods in Confideration of our Releafe of 
 ‘ the Lands on the Weft-fide of Safquehannah. It 
 ‘ is true, we have the full Quantity according to 
 ‘ Agreement ; but if the Proprietor had been here 
 ‘ himfelf, we think, in Regard of our Numbers 
 
 * and Poverty, he would have made an Addition 
 ‘ to them. — If the Goods were only to be divided 
 ‘ amongft the Indians prefent, a fingle Perfon 
 ‘ would have but a fmall Portion •, but if you con- 
 
 * fider what Numbers are left behind, equally en- 
 
 * titled with us to a Share, there will be extremely 
 ‘ little. We therefore defire, if you have the Keys 
 ‘ of the Proprietor’s Cheft, you will open it, and 
 ‘ take out a little more for us. 
 
 ‘ We know our Lands are now become more 
 
 * valuable : The white People think we do not 
 
 * know their Value •, but we are fenfible that the 
 ‘ Land is everlafting, and the few Goods we re- 
 ‘ ceive for it are foon worn out and gone. For 
 ‘ the future, we will fell no Lands but when Bro- 
 ‘ ther Onas is in the Country •, and we will know 
 
 * beforehand, the Quantity of the Goods we are to 
 
 * receive. Befides, we are not well ufed with re- 
 ‘ fpea to the Lands ftill unfold by us. Your Peo- 
 
 * pie daily fettle on thefe Lands, and fpoil our 
 
 * Hunting. — We mull infill on your removing 
 ‘ them, as you know they have no Right to fettle 
 ‘ to the Northward of Ki ttochtmiy -Hills. —\n par- 
 ‘ ticular, we renew our Complaints againlt fome 
 ‘ People who are fettled at Juniata, a Branch of 
 ‘ Zajquahamiah, and all along the Banks of that 
 ‘ River, as far as Mahaniay ; and defire they may 
 ‘ be forthwith made to go off the I .and, for they 
 ‘ do great Damage to our Coufins tne Hslawavcs. 
 
 ‘ We have further to obferve, with reiped to 
 ‘ the Lands lying on the Weft-fide of Safquahm- 
 ^ ‘ nah. 
 
65 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ‘ naby that though Brother 0;wj (meaning the Pro* 
 
 * prietor) has paid us for what his People poflefs, 
 
 * yet fome Parts of that Country have been taken 
 ‘ up by Perfons, whofe Place of Refidence is to 
 ‘ the South of this Province, from whom we have 
 ‘ never received any Confideration. This Affair 
 ‘ was recommended to you by our Chiefs at our 
 ‘ laft Treaty; and you then, at our earneft Defire, 
 
 ‘ promifed to write a Letter to that Perfon who has 
 
 * the Authority over thofe People, and to procure 
 ‘ us his Anfwer : As we have never heard from you 
 ‘ on this Head, we want to know what you have 
 ‘ done in it. If you have not done any I'hing, 
 
 * we now renew our Requeft, and defire you will 
 ‘ inform the Perfon whole People are feated on 
 ‘ our Lands, that that Country belongs to us, in 
 
 * Right of Conqueft; we having bought it with 
 
 * our Blood, and taken it from our Enemies in fair 
 ‘War; and we expert, as Owners of that Land, 
 
 ‘ to receive fuch a Confideration for it as the Land 
 ‘ is worth. We defire you will prefs him to fend 
 
 ‘ a pofitive Anfwer : Let him fay Tes or No : If . 
 
 * he fays Yes, we will treat with him ; if No, we 
 
 * are able to do ourfelves Juftice ; and we will do 
 ‘ it, by going to take Payment ourfelves. 
 
 ‘ It is cuftomary with us to make a Prefent of 
 ‘ Skins, whenever we renew our Treaties. We 
 ‘ are afhamed to offer our Brethren fo few, but 
 ‘ your Horfes and Cows have eat the Grafs our 
 ‘ Deer ufed to feed on. This has made them 
 ‘ fcarce, and will, we hope, plead in Excufe for 
 ‘ our not bringing a larger Quantity. If we could 
 ‘ have fpared more, we would have given more ; 
 
 ‘ but we are really poor ; and defire you’ll not 
 ‘ confider the Quantity, but few as they are, ac- 
 ‘ cept them in Tcftimony of our Regard.’ 
 
 Here they gave the Governor a Bundle of Skins. 
 
 F The 
 
66 
 
 The History of the 
 
 The Governor immediately replied. 
 
 * BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ We thank you for the many Declarations of 
 ‘ Refpedt you have given us, in this folemn Re- 
 ‘ newal of our Treaties : W e receive, and fhall 
 
 * keep your String and Belts of Wampum, as 
 ‘ Pledges of your Sincerity, and defire thofe we 
 
 * gave you. may be carefully preferved, as Tefti- 
 ‘ monies of ours. 
 
 ‘ In Anfwer to what you fay about the Proprie- 
 ‘ taries. — They arc ail abfent, and have taken the 
 ‘ Keys of their Cheft with them •, fo that we can- 
 ‘ nor, on their Behalf, enlarge the Quantity of 
 ‘ Goods : Were they here, they might perhaps, 
 ‘ be more generous *, but we cannot be liberal tor 
 ‘ them. — The Government will, however, take 
 < your Requeft into Confideration ; and in Regard 
 ‘ to your Poverty, may perhaps make you a Pre- 
 ‘ fent. I but juft mention this now, intending to 
 ‘ refer this Part of your Speech to be anfwered at 
 ‘ our next Meeting. 
 
 ‘ The Number of Guns, as w'ell as every Thing 
 
 * elfe, anfwers exadlly with the Particulars fpeci- 
 ‘ fied in your Deed of Conveyance, which is more 
 ‘ than was agreed to be given you. It was your 
 ‘ own Sentiments, that the Lands on the Weft-fide 
 ‘ of Safquahannab, were not fo valuable as thofe on 
 
 * the Eaft ", and an Abatement was to be made, 
 ‘ proportionable to the Difference in Value: But 
 ‘ the Proprietor overlooked this, and ordered the 
 ‘ full Quantity to be delivered, which you will 
 ‘ look on as a Favour. 
 
 ‘ It is very true, tha^ Lands are of late become 
 ‘ more valuable ; but what raifes their Value ? Is 
 ‘ it not entirely owing to the Induftry and Labour 
 
 * ufed by the white People, in their Cultivation 
 and Improvement? Had. not they comeamongft 
 
 ‘ you. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 » you, thefe Lands would have been of no Ule to 
 ‘ you, any further than to maintain you. And is 
 ‘ there nor, now you have fold fo much, enough 
 ‘ left for all the Purpoi'es of Living ? — What you 
 
 * fay ot tire Goods, that they are foon worn out, 
 ‘ is applicable to every Thing •, but you know very 
 ‘ well, that they coll a great deal of Money ; and 
 ‘ the Value of Landis no more, than it is worth in 
 
 * Money. 
 
 ‘ On your former Complaints againft People’s 
 
 * fettling the Lands onjuniata^ and from thence all 
 ‘ along on the River Safquabannah as far as Maha- 
 
 * niahy, fome Magiftrates were fent exprelly to re- 
 ‘ move them, and we thought no Perfons would 
 
 * prefume to Hay after that.’ 
 
 Here they interrupted the Governor, and faid : — 
 “ Thefe Perfons who were fent did not do their 
 “ Duty : So far from removing the People, they 
 “ made Surveys for themfelves, and they are in 
 “ League with the TrefpalTers. We defire more 
 cfFcitual Methods may be ufed, and honefter 
 “ Perfons employed.” 
 
 Which the Governor promifed, and then pro- 
 ceeded : 
 
 ‘ BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ According to the Promife made at our lafl: 
 ‘ Treaty with you, Mr. Logan, who was at that 
 ‘ Time Prefident, did write to the Governor of 
 ‘ Maryland, that he might make you Satisfadfion for 
 ‘ Inch of your Lands as his People had taken up, 
 ‘ but did not receive one Word from him upon 
 ‘ that Head. I will write to him again, and en- 
 
 * deavour to procure you a fatisfadlory Anfwer. 
 
 * We do not doubt but he will do you Juftice: 
 
 * But we exhort you to be careful not to exercife 
 ‘ any Afts of Violence towards his People, as they 
 
 * likewife are our Brethren, and Subjefts of the 
 ‘ fame great King j and therefore Violence to- 
 
 F a wards 
 
History of the 
 
 ‘ wards them, muft be produdive of very evil 
 ‘ Conlequences. 
 
 * I fhall conclude what I have to fay at this Time, 
 ‘ with Acknowledgments for your Prefent *, which 
 ‘ is very agreeable tQ us, from the Expreflions of 
 ‘ Regard ufed by you in prefentirag it : Gifts of 
 *' this Nature receiving their Value from the Affec- 
 ‘ tion of the Giver, and not from the Quantity or 
 * Price of the 'Thing given.’ 
 
 .Efqrs; 
 
 At a COUNCIL held at Philadelphia, July 
 8, *742. 
 
 P R E S E N T, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE ‘THOMAS, Efqt 
 Li cutenant- G overnor. 
 
 James Logan, Samuel Prejlon, 
 
 Clement Plum fled, Thomas Lawrence, 
 
 Samuel Hafell, Ralph Ajheton, 
 
 Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, j 
 
 The Board taking into Confi deration, whether it 
 be proper or not at this Time, to make a Prefent 
 to the Indians of the Six Nations now in Town, in 
 Return for their Prefent to this Government at 
 Yellerday’s Treaty ; 
 
 Refohed, 
 
 That it is highly fit and proper that a Prefent be 
 made to the laid Indians at this Time. 
 
 And it is the Opinion of this Board, that tlie 
 faid Prefent lliould be of the Value of 500/. or at 
 leaft 300/. 
 
 And it is recommended to Mr. Logan, Mr. 
 Prefion, and Mr. Lawrence, to acquaint Mr. Kin- 
 fey, the Speaker of the Aflembly, with the Opinion 
 «f this Board ; and that they requeft him to confer 
 with fuch other Members of Aflembly as are in 
 Town, and report their Sentiments thereupon. 
 
 I'lie Board taking into Confideration the Threats 
 exprefled by the Indians, at the Treaty Yefterday, 
 
 againll 
 
69 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 againft the Inhabitants of Maryland, fettled on cer- 
 tain Lands on the Weft-fide of Safquahannab, which 
 the Indians claim, and for whicli they require Sa- 
 tisfatfion ; and confidering, that fhould thole 
 Threats, in any Sort be put in Execution, not only 
 the Inhabitants of Maryland, but of this Govern- 
 ment, and all his Majefty’s Subjefts on the Northern 
 Continent of America, may thereby be involved in 
 much Trouble: It is the Opinion of this Board, 
 that the Governor write to the Governor of Mary- 
 land without Delay, to inform him of the Indians 
 Complaints and Threats, and to requeft a fatisfactory 
 Anfwer •, and that his Letter be lent by a fpecial 
 MelTenger, at the publick Expence. 
 
 At a COUNCIL held Jtily 9, 1742. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE ‘E HO MAS, Efq^ 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 James Logan, Efq; Samuel PreJlon,'EiQy, 
 
 Element Plumjled, Efq-, Ralph AJbeton, Efq; 
 
 Samuel Haf ell, Efq; Thomas Lawrence, Efq; 
 
 Robert Strettell, Efq; Mr. Peters. 
 
 The Governor informed the Board, that the In- 
 dian Chiefs dining with him Yefterday, after Dinner 
 delivered their Anfwer to two Affairs of Con- 
 fequcnce : 
 
 The firft related to the violent Battery committed 
 on William Webb, in the Forks of Delaware, where- 
 by his Jaw-bone was broke, and his Life greatly 
 endangered, by an unknown Indian. Ganajfatego 
 repeating the Meffage delivered to the Six Nations 
 by Shickcalanp', in the Year 1740, with a String of 
 Wampum, laid in Anfwer; ‘ The 5 A Nations had 
 
 * made diligent Enquiry into the Affair, and had 
 ‘ found out the Indian who had committed the 
 ‘ Fa6f ; he lived near Afopus, and had been ex- 
 
 * amined and fevcrely reprov’d : And they hojred, 
 
 F 3 as 
 
7*3 ^he History of the 
 
 ‘ as William Wchb was recovered, the GovcrnoT* 
 ‘ would not exped any further Punilhmcnt •, and 
 ‘ therefore they returned tire String of Wampum 
 ‘ received from their Brethren, by the Hand of 
 ‘ Shickcalamy, in Token that they'had fully com- 
 
 * plied .with their Requeft.’ 
 
 I thank’d them, faid he, for their Care ; but re- 
 minded them, that though the Man did not die, yet he 
 lay a long Time in extreme Mifery, and would never 
 recover the free Ufeof his Speech, and was render- 
 ed lefs„able to get his Livelihood ; and in fuch Cafes 
 the Englijh Laws obliged the Affailant to make good 
 all Damages, btfides paying for the Pain endured. — 
 But as the Indian was, in all Probability, poor and 
 unable to make Satisfadion, I told them, that for 
 their Sake I would forgive him ; adding, had Webb 
 died, I make no Doubt but you would have put 
 the Indian to Death, juft as we did two of our 
 ^ People who had killed an Indian ; we caufed them 
 to be huhg on a Gallows, in the Prefence of many 
 Hundreds of our People, to deter all others from 
 doing the like. Canajfatego made me this Reply : 
 
 * The Indians know no Punifliment but Death ; they 
 ‘ have no fuch Thing as pecuniary Mulds ; if a 
 ‘ Man be guilty of a Crime, he is either put to 
 ‘ Death, or the Fault is overlook’d. We have 
 
 * often heard of your Hanging-up thofe two Per- 
 ‘ Ions ; but as none of our Indians faw the Men 
 ‘ die, many believe they were not hanged, but 
 ‘ tranfported to fome other Colony : And it would 
 ‘ be fatisfadory to the Indians, . if, for the future, 
 
 * fome of them be fent for, to be WitnelTes of fucH 
 
 * Executions.’ I afilired them, that whoever gave 
 them that Information, abufed them ; for the Per- 
 fons certainly fuffered Death, and in the Prefence 
 of all the People. 
 
 Canajfatego then proceeded to give an Anfwer to 
 what was faid to them the zd Inftant, relating to 
 le Tort’s Utter: * That they had, in Council, 
 
 * confidered 
 
Five Indian Nations, Cfc . 
 
 confidered in what Manner the Matter recoin-: 
 mended to them ought to be conduded ; and 
 they were of Opinion, that as the Shnwuncfst not 
 the ^wightwys (for they knew fo much of it, that 
 the People were of the Twightivy Nation in whole 
 Bao-s the Scalps were found) had font me a Prefent 
 of Skins, I Ihould in return, fend them a Blanket 
 or a Kettle, and with it a very fliarp Meflage, that 
 tho’ they had done well in fweeping the Road from 
 Blood, yet that was but a fmall Part of their 
 Duty •, they ought not to have fuffered the 
 ^wightwys, after tlieir Lve and the Difcoyery of 
 the Scalps, to have left them, ’till they had given 
 ‘ a full and true Account hOw they came by them, 
 
 ♦ whofe Scalps they were, and in what Place, and 
 
 ♦ for what Reafon the Men were kill’d and when 
 ‘ they had been fully fatisfied of all thefe Particu- 
 ‘ lars, then it was their Duty to have given Infor- 
 ‘ mation to the Government where the white Peo- 
 ‘ pie lived, that the Murderers might be complain- 
 ‘ ed againft, and punilhed by the Nation they be- 
 f lon^d to : And as the Shawanefe had omitted to 
 ‘ perform the Part of Brethren, that I Ihould re- 
 ‘ prove them for it, and charge them to make 
 ‘ Amends for their Negleft, by ufing all 
 
 ‘ Expedition to come at the Knowledge of thele 
 
 ♦ Things, and to aid their Brethren the white Peo- 
 ‘ pie in obtaining Juftice. 
 
 The Minutes of the preceding Council being read, 
 Mr. Logatjy in purfuance of the Board’s Diredion 
 of Yefterday, reported, on behalf of himfeli, ana 
 the other Gentlemen to whom it was recommended* 
 that they had confer’d with Mr. and 
 
 ed him to confult the other Members of the Affem- 
 bly concerning the making a Prefent to the In4iaps ; 
 and that Mr. Kinfey having collefted the Sentimehts 
 of feveral Members of the Affembly in Town, 
 whom he had confer’d with on that Subject, 
 them generally of Opinion^ that a Prefent fhould^at 
 
 
72 
 
 The History of the 
 
 this Time be made ; but that they had declined no- 
 minating any Sum : However, that Mr. Kinfey had 
 given it as his own Opinion, that the Governor and 
 Council might go as far as three hundred Pounds. 
 
 And accordingly it is refer’d to Mr. Logan., Mr. 
 Prejton, and Mr. Lavjrence, to confider of, and pre- 
 pare a proper Lift of the Goods whereof the Pre- 
 fent fhould be compofed, to the Value of three hun- 
 dred Pounds, as aforefaid ; advifing with the Inter- 
 preter as to the Quantity and Quality. 
 
 AtaCOUNCIL held at the Proprietor’s, 
 the 9th of July, P. M. 1742. 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq-, 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 James Logan, Robert Slrettell, 
 
 Samuel P reft on, Abraham Taylor, j ‘I'"®’ 
 
 The CHIEFS of the Six Nations. 
 SASSOO N A N, and the Delawares. 
 NUTIAIUS, and the Fork-Indians. 
 CONRAD W E I S E R, Interpreter. 
 
 The Governor fpoke to the Chiefs of tlie Six Na- 
 tions, as follows : 
 
 ‘ BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ The laft Time the Chiefs of the Six Nations 
 *■ were here, they were informed, that your Coufins, 
 
 ‘ a Branch of the Delawares, gave tins Province 
 ‘ fome Difturbance about the Lands the Proprietor 
 
 * purchafed from them, and for which their An- 
 
 ‘ ceftors had received a valuable Confideration above 
 ‘ Years ago, as appears by a Deed now 
 
 ‘ lying on the Table.— Sometime after this, Conrad 
 
 ♦ I'Feifer delivered to your Brother Thomas Penn 
 
 * yout 
 
73 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 * your Letter, wherein you requeft of him, and 
 
 * "James Logan, that they would not buy Land,£jfr. 
 
 * — This has been fhewn to tliem and interpreted \ 
 ‘ notwithftanding which they have continued their 
 
 * former Difturbances, and have had the Infolence 
 ‘ to write Letters to fome of the Magillrates of this 
 ‘ Government, wherein they have abided your good 
 ‘ Brethren, our worthy Proprietaries, and treated 
 ‘ them with the utmoft Rudencfs and Ill-Manners. 
 ‘ Being loth, from our Regard to you, to punirti 
 
 * them as they defer ve, I fent two Meflengers to 
 
 * inform them that you were expected here, and 
 *• Ihould be acquainted with their Behaviour. — As 
 
 * you, on all Occafions, apply to us to remove all 
 
 * white People that are fettled on Lands before they 
 
 * are purchafed from you, and we do our Endca- 
 
 * vours to turn fuch People off •, we now expect 
 
 * from you, that you will caufe thel'e Indians to rc- 
 ‘ move from the Lands in the Forks of Delaware, 
 ‘ and not give any further Difturbance to the Per- 
 ‘ fons who are now in Poffeffion.’ 
 
 To inforce this we lay down a String of Wampum, 
 
 Then were read the feveral Conveyances, the 
 Paragraph of the Letter wrote by the Chiefs of the 
 Six Nations relating to the Delawares ; the Letters 
 of the Fork-Indians to the Governor and Mr. Lang- 
 home, and a Draught of the Land •, thefe were then 
 delivered to Conrad Weifer, who was defired to in- 
 terpret them to the Chiefs, when they Ihould take 
 this Affair into their Confideration. 
 
 
 At 
 
74 
 
 The History of the 
 
 At a COUNCIL, held July lo, 1742. 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMASy Efq; 
 
 The Governor laid before the Board an Extraft 
 from the Treaty held here the 7th Inftant with the 
 Indians of the Six Nations, lb far as it related to the 
 Inhabitants of Maryland ■, as alfo a Letter he had 
 prepared for the Governor of Maryland upon that 
 Subject ; both of which being approved, were or- 
 dered to be tranfcribed fair, in order to be difpatph’d 
 the following Morning. The Letter was as follows ; 
 
 SIR, Philadelphia, July 10, 1742. 
 
 CjfHE inclofed Ex trail of the Speech made by the 
 Chiefs of the Six Nations, before a 'very nume- 
 rous Audience, in this Place, ‘with my Anfwer to it, 
 'is of f great Importance to all his Majejifs Colonies 
 in this Part of his Dominions, and to your Govern- 
 ment in particular, that I haxe employ'd a fpecial 
 Meffenger to deliver it you. I hope you 'mill enable 
 me to fend them a fatisfallery Anfwer. It •mould he 
 impertinent in me to fay more to one fo well informed 
 as you are of thefe Nations, and of their abfoluie 
 Authority over all the Indians bordering upon us, or 
 of the Advantages of maintaining a ftrill Friendfhip 
 with them at aUPimes, but more efpecially at this criti- 
 cal Juniture. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 I am 
 
 Yours, i£c. 
 
 An 
 
Five Indian Nations, ^c, 
 
 . An Account exhibited by Conrad Weifer of -his 
 Expences upon the Indians, and Indian Affairs, frpm 
 February laft to July i, 1742, amounting to 36/. 
 
 1 8 J. 3 was laid before the Board, and examin’d, 
 and allow’d to be a juft and very moderate Account. 
 
 And the Board taking into Confideration the 
 many fignal Services performed by the faid Conrad 
 Weifer to this Government, his Diligence and La- 
 bour in the Service thereof, and his Skill in the In- 
 dian Languages and Methods of Bufinefs, are of 
 Opinion, that the faid Conrad lliould be allowed, as 
 a Reward from the Province at tliis Time, the Sum 
 of Thirty Pounds, at leaft, befides Payment of his 
 faid Account. 
 
 At a COUNCIL held at the [Great Meeting- 
 Houfe, July 10. P.M. 1742. 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, E% 
 Lieutenant-G overnor. 
 
 James Logan, Samuel Prejlon, 
 
 Thomas Lawrence, Samuel Hafell, 
 
 Abraham Taylor, Robert Strettell, 
 
 imcicMAMr, 
 
 CO N RAD WE IS E R, Interpreter. 
 
 And a greatNumber of the Inhabitants of Philadelphia. 
 
 The Governor fpoke to the Indians as follows : 
 
 * BRETHREN, 
 
 f This Meeting will be fhort : It is in order to 
 ^ make you a Prefent from the Governor, the Coun- 
 ‘ cil, the Affembly, and all our People. William 
 ‘ Penn was known to you to be a good and faithful 
 
 * Friend to all the Indians : He made a League of 
 
 * Friendfbip with you, by which we became one 
 
 ‘ People. 
 
76 
 
 7he History of the 
 
 * People. This League has often fince been rc- 
 ‘ new’d by friendly Treaties i and as you have de- 
 ■* dared that the Friendlhip lhall always laft on 
 ‘ your Parts, fo we would have you believe that it 
 
 * fhall remain inviolable on ours while the Sun and 
 
 * Moon endure. 
 
 ‘ I gave you fome Expedation of a Prefent, and 
 ‘ we have it now ready to deliver to you. This 
 
 * Prefent is made you by the Governor, Council, Af- 
 ‘ fembly, and all our People, in Conlideration of 
 
 * the great Miferies and Diftrefles which you our 
 ‘ good Friends have lately fuffered. I'his will be 
 ‘ fome Relief to you for the prefent, and it’s to be 
 
 * hoped your own Induftry will foon retrieve your 
 ‘ Circumftances. 
 
 ‘ It has fometimes happened, and may happen 
 ‘ again, that idle and untrue Stories are carried to 
 
 * you concerning us your Brethren •, but our Defire 
 ‘ is, and wc expect it from you, that you will give 
 
 * no Credit to them ; for we are, and always will 
 ‘ be, your fteady and fincere Friends. 
 
 * It is a Cuftom when we renew our Treaties 
 
 * with our good Friends the Indians^ to clear the 
 ‘ Road, and make our Fire burn bright : We have 
 ‘ done fo upon this Occafion ; and, in Token of 
 
 * our Sincerity, we deliver you, as a Prefent from 
 ‘ the Governor, the Council, the Affembly, and all 
 ‘ the People of Penfylvaniay the following Goods, 
 
 ‘ “viz. 
 
 24 Guns. 
 
 600 Pounds of I,ead. 
 
 600 Pounds of Powder. 
 
 25 Strowdes \Matcb- 
 90 Duffil J Coats. 
 
 30 Blankets. 
 
 62 Tar ds of Half -’I hicks. 
 60 Ruffied Shirts. 
 
 25 Hats. 
 lobo Flints. 
 
 50 Hoes. 
 
 50 Hatchets. 
 
 5 Pounds of Vermilion 
 10 Dozen of Knives. 
 
 8 Dozen of Gimblets. 
 2 Dozen of Tobacco- 
 Tongs. 
 
 2 5 Pair of Shoes. 
 
 25 Pair of Stockings. 
 25 Pair of Buckles. 
 
 Where- 
 
77 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 
 
 Whereupon the Chiefs, and all the Indians, re- 
 turned their folemn Thanks •, and Canaffatego faid, 
 
 ‘ They had no more to fay as to publick Bufinefs 
 * at prefent •, but they had fomewhat under Deli- 
 ‘ beration, which, when they had duly confidered, 
 
 ‘ they would communicate. 
 
 At a COUNCIL held at the Proprietor’s, 
 July 12, 1742. 
 
 PRESENT 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE 'THOM.AS, Efq; 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 James Logan, Clement F/umfied,! 
 
 ‘Thomas Lauorenee, Abraham Taylor, >Efqrs; 
 Robert Strettell, J 
 
 Mr. Richard Peters. 
 
 CANASSATEGO, 1 And fundry Chiefs of the 5 /x 
 SHICKCALAMT, \ Nations. 
 
 SA SSOO NAN, and the Delawares. 
 NUTTIMUS, and the Fork-Indians. 
 
 C 0 N RA D IV E I S E R, Interpreter. 
 Pifquetoman, 1 
 
 Cornelius Spring, > Interpreters to the Fork-Indians. 
 Nicholas Scull, j 
 
 CANASSATEGO faid: 
 
 ‘ BRETHREN, the Governor and Council, 
 
 ‘ The other Day you informed us of the Mifbe- 
 ‘ haviour of our Coufins the Delawares, with re- 
 ‘ fpeft to their continuing to claim, and refufing to 
 ‘ remove from fome Land on the River Delaware, 
 * notwithftanding their Anceftors had fold it by a 
 ‘ Deed under their Hands and Seals to the Proprie- 
 ‘ taries, for a valuable Conhderation, upwards of 
 ‘ fifty Years ago *, and notwithftanding that, they 
 ‘ themfelves had alfo not many Years ago, after a 
 4 ! 
 
'The Hist: OKY of the 
 
 * long and full Examination, ratified that Deed of 
 their Anceftors, and given a Irelh one under their 
 
 * Hands and Seals ; and then you reqticftetl us to 
 ‘ remove them, inforcing your Requeft with a 
 
 * Stringof Wampum.— Afterwards we laid on the 
 « Table our own Letters by Conrad JVeifer -, fome 
 ‘ of our Coufins Letters, and the feveral Writ- 
 
 * ings to prove the Charge againft our Coufins, 
 ‘ with a Draught of the Land in Difpute. — We 
 ‘ now tell you, we have perufed all thefe feveral 
 
 * Papers : We fee v/ith our own Eyes, that they 
 
 * have been a very unruly People, and are altoge- 
 ‘ ther in the Wrong in their Dealings with you.— 
 ‘We have concluded to remove them, and oblio-e 
 ‘ them to go over the River Delaware, and quit Si 
 ‘ Claim to any Lands on this Side for the future, 
 
 ‘ fmee they have received Pay for them, and it is 
 ‘ gone thro’ their Guts long ago.— To confirm to you 
 ‘ that we will fee your Kequeft executed, we lay 
 
 * down this String of Wampum in return for yours.’ 
 
 Then turning to the Delawares, holding a Belt of 
 Wampum in his Hand, he fpoketo them as follows ; 
 
 COUSINS, 
 
 ‘ Let this Belt of Wampum ferve to chaftife 
 you. You ought to be taken by the Hair of the 
 Head and fliaked feverely, till you recover your 
 Senfes and become Ibber. You don’t know what 
 Ground you ftand on, nor what you are doing. 
 Our Brother Onas\ Caufe is very juft and plain, 
 and his Intentions are to preferve Friendlhip. On 
 the other Hand, your Caufe is bad -, your Heart far 
 from being upright j and you are malicioufiy bent 
 to break the Chain of Friendfhip with our Bro- 
 ther Onas, and his People. We have feen with 
 our Eyes a Deed fign’d by nine of your Ancef- 
 tors abowt fifty Years :^o for this very Land, and 
 a Relcafe fign’d, not many Years fince, by fome 
 
79 
 
 Five Indian Nations, ^c. 
 
 ‘ oF yourfelves and Chiefs now living, to the Num- 
 
 * her of fifteen or upwards. — But how came you to 
 ‘ take upon you to fell Land at all ? We conquer- 
 ‘ ed you ; we made Women of you ; you know 
 ‘ you are Women, and can no more fell Land than 
 ‘ Women •, nor is it fit you fhould have the Power 
 ‘ of felling Lands, fince you would abufe it. This 
 
 * Land that you claim is gone thro’ your Guts j 
 ‘ you have been furniflied with Cloaths, Meat, and 
 ‘ Drink, by the Goods paid you for if, and now 
 
 * you want it again, like Children as you are.- — 
 
 * But what makes you fell L.and in the Dark ? Did 
 
 * you ever tell us that you had fold this Land ? 
 
 ‘ Did we ever receive any Part, even the Value of 
 ‘ a Pipe -Shank, from you for it ? You have told 
 
 * us a blind Story, tlut you fent a Meflengcr to us 
 ‘ *to inform us of the Sale, but he never came 
 ‘ amongfl. us, nor we never heard any thing about 
 » it. — This is ading in the Dark, and very diffe- 
 ‘ rent from the Condud our Six Nations obferve 
 
 * in the Sales of L.and •, on fuch Occafions they 
 ‘ give pubhek Notice, and invite all the Indians of 
 ‘ their united Nations, and give them all a Share 
 ‘ of the Prefent they receive for their Lands. — This 
 
 * is the Behaviour of the wife united Nations. — 
 ‘ But we find you are none of our Blood : You ad 
 ^ a diflioneft Part, not only in this, but in other 
 ‘ Matters : Your Ears are ever open to flanderous 
 
 * Reports about our Brethren ; you receive them 
 ‘ with as muchGreedinefs as lewd Women receive 
 
 * the Embraces of bad Men. And for all thefe 
 ‘ Reafons we charge you to remove inftantly ; we 
 ‘ don’t give you the Liberty to think about it. 
 ‘ You are Women. Take the Advice of a wife 
 
 * Man, and remove immediately. You may re- 
 ‘ turn to the^ other Side of Delaware where you 
 ‘ came from : But we do not know whether, con- 
 
 * fidering how you have demean’d yourfe^ves, you 
 ‘ will be permitted to live there ; or whether you 
 
 ‘ have 
 
 i 
 
8o 
 
 7he History of the 
 
 ‘ have not fwallowed that Land down your Throatg 
 ‘ as well as the Land on this Side. We therefore 
 ‘ aflign you two Places to go, either to Wyomen or 
 
 * Shamokin. You may go to either of thefe Places, 
 
 * and then we (hall have you more under our Eye, 
 
 * and (hall fee how you behave. Don’t deliberate ; 
 
 * but remove away, and take this Belt of Wampum.’ 
 
 Tills being interpreted by Conrad IVeifer into Eng- 
 lijhf and by Cornelius Spring into the Delaware Lan- 
 guage, taking a String of Wampum, 
 
 added further. 
 
 * After our juft Reproof, and abfolute Order 
 ‘ to depart from the Land, you are now to take 
 ‘ Notice of what we have further to fay to you. 
 
 * This String of Wampum ferves to forbid you, 
 ‘ your Children and Grand-Children, to the lateft 
 ‘ Pofterity for ever, meddling in Land-Affairs ; 
 ‘ neither you, nor any who (hall defcend from you, 
 ‘ are ever hereafter to prefume to Tell any Land : 
 ‘ For which purpole, you are to preferve this String, 
 
 * in Memory of what your Uncles have this Day 
 
 * given you in Charge. — We have fome other Bufi- 
 
 * ncfs to tranfadt with our Brethren, and therefore 
 ‘ depart the Council, and confider what has been 
 
 * faid to you.’ 
 
 Canajfatego then fpoke to the Governor and Council : 
 ‘ BRETHREN, 
 
 * We called at our old Friend James Logan's,, 
 
 ’ in our Way to this City, and to our Grief we 
 ‘ found him hid in the Bu(hes, and retired, thro’ In- 
 
 * firmiries, from publick Bufinefs. We prefs’d 
 ‘ him to leave his Retirement, and prevailed with 
 
 * him to alTift once more on our Account at your 
 ‘ Councils. We hope, notwithftanding his Age, and 
 
 * the Etfecls of a Pit of Sicknefs, which we unclerftand 
 
 ‘ has 
 
J 
 
 Five Indian Nations, C^c. 8i 
 
 * has hurt his Conftitution, that he may yet con- 
 ‘ tinue a long Time to affift this Province with his 
 
 * Counfels. He is a wife Man, and a faft Friend 
 ‘ to the Indians. And we defire, when his Soul 
 ‘ goes to G O D, you may chufe in his Room juft 
 « fuch another Perfon, of the fame Prudence and' 
 
 ‘ Ability in counfelling, and of the fame tender Dif- 
 
 * pofition and Affeftion for the Indians. In Tef- 
 ‘ timony of our Gratitude for all his Services, and 
 ‘ becaufe he was fo good as to leave his Coun- 
 ‘ try-Houfe, and follow us to Town, and be at 
 
 * the Trouble, in this his advanced Age, to attend 
 
 * the Council, we prefent him with this Bundle of 
 
 * Skins.* 
 
 ‘ BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ It is always our Way, at the Conclufion of a 
 ‘ Treaty, to defire you will ufc your Endeavours 
 
 * with the Traders, that they may fell their Goods 
 
 * cheaper, and give us a better Price for our Deer- 
 ‘ Skins. Whenever any particular Sort of Indian 
 
 * Goods is fcarce, they conftantly make us pay the 
 « dearer on that Account. We muft now ufe the 
 « fame Argument with them : Our Deer are killed 
 « in fuch Quantities, and our Hunting-Countries 
 « grown lefs every Day by the Settlement of white 
 
 * People, that Game is now difficult to find, 
 
 « and we muft go a great Way in queft of it •, they 
 « therefore ought to give us a better Price for our 
 « Skins ; and we defire you would fpeak to them 
 « to do fo. We have been ftinted in the Article of 
 t Rum in Town. We defire you will open the 
 
 * Rum-Bottle, and give it to us in greater Abun- 
 « dance on the Road.’ 
 
 - To inforce our RequeJ}^ aiout tbelndimTraders, 
 we prefent you with this Bundle of Skins. 
 
 G 
 
 BRE^ 
 
Sz 
 
 The History of the 
 BRETHREN, 
 
 ‘ When we firft came to your Houfes, we found 
 ‘ them clean and in Order ; but we have ftaid fo 
 ‘ long as to dirty them ; which is to be imputed 
 ‘ to our different Way of Living from the white 
 ‘ People : And therefore, as we cannot but have 
 ‘ been difagreeable to you on this Account, we pre- 
 ‘ lent you with fome Skins to make your Houfes 
 
 * clean, and put them into the fame Condition they 
 ‘ were in when we came amongft you.’ 
 
 BRETHREN, 
 
 * The Bufinefs the Nations tranfaftwith you 
 
 * is of great Confequence, and requires a Ikilful and 
 
 * honeft Perfon to go between us j one in whom both 
 
 * you and we can place a Confidence. — We efteem 
 
 * our prefent Interpreter to be fuch a Perfon, equally 
 ‘ faithful in the Interpretation of whatever is faid 
 
 * to him by either of us, equally allied to both ; he 
 
 * is of our Nation, and a Member of our Council, 
 ‘ as well as of yours. When we adopted him, we 
 ‘ divided him into two equal Parts ; One we kept 
 ‘ for ourfelves, and one we left for you. He has had 
 
 * a great deal of trouble with us, wore out his Shoes 
 
 * in our Meffages, and dirty’d his Clothes by being 
 ‘ amongfl us, fo that he is become as nafty as an 
 
 * Indian. 
 
 ‘ In Return for thefe Services, we recommend 
 
 * him to your Generofity ; and on our own Behalf, 
 ‘ we give him Five Skins to buy him Clothes and 
 ‘ Shoes with.’ 
 
 BRETHREN, 
 
 * We have ftill one more Favour to afk. Our 
 ‘ Treaty, and all we have to fay about publick I?u- 
 ‘ finefs, is now over, and to-morrow we defign to 
 ‘ leave you. We hope, as you have given us 
 ‘ Plenty of good Provifion whilft in Town, that 
 
 ‘ 7 °*^ 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ‘ you will continue your Goodnefs fo far as to fup- 
 
 * ply us with a little more to ferve us on the Road. 
 ‘ And we likewife defire you will provide us with 
 
 * Waggons, to carry our Goods to the Place where 
 ‘ they are to be conveyed by Water.’ 
 
 To thefe feveral Points the Governor made the 
 following Reply. 
 
 BRETHREN of the Six Nations ^ 
 
 * The Judgment you have juft now pafs’d oft 
 
 * your Cou fins the Delawares, confirms the high 
 ‘ Opinion we have ever entertained of the Juftice of 
 ‘ Six Nations. This Part of your Character, for 
 
 which you are delervedly famed, made us wave 
 ‘ doing ourfclves Juftice, in order to give you an- 
 ‘ other Opportunity of convincing the World of 
 ‘ your inviolable Attachment to your Engagements. 
 
 ‘ Thefe unhappy People might have always liv’d 
 
 * eafy, having never receiv’d the leaft Injury from 
 ‘ us •, but we believe feme of our own People were 
 ‘ bad enough to impofe on their Credulity, and en- 
 ‘ gage them in thefe wrong Meafures, which we 
 ‘ wifti, for their Sakes, they had avoided. 
 
 * We hoped, from what we have conftantly given 
 ‘ in Charge to the Indian Traders, that they would 
 ‘ have adminiftred no juft Caufe of Complaint : If 
 ‘ they do you Wrong, it is againft our Inclinations, 
 
 ‘ and contrary to our exprefs Diredtions. As you 
 ‘ have exhibited no particular Charge againft them, 
 
 ‘ we lhall ufe our beft Endeavours to perfuade them 
 
 * to give you as much for your Skins as they cart 
 » poffibly afford ; and to take Care that their Goods 
 ‘ which they give in Exchange for Skins, be of the 
 ‘ beft Sort. We will likewife order you fomeRum to 
 ‘ ferve you on your journey home, fince you defire-ir, 
 
 ‘ We wilh there had been more Room and bet- 
 
 * ter Houfes provided for your Entertainment ; but 
 
 * ppt expefting fo many of you, we did the beft 
 
 G a ♦ wc 
 
84 
 
 'The History of the 
 
 ‘ we could. *Tis true, there are a great many 
 Houfes in Town, but as they are the Property 
 
 * of other People, who have their own Families to 
 
 * take care of, it is difficult to procure Lodgings 
 ‘ for a large Number of People, efpecially if they 
 
 * come unexpeftedly. 
 
 ‘We entertain the fame Sentiments of the Abi- 
 ‘ lities and Probity of the Interpreter as you have 
 ‘ exprefs’d. We were induc’d at firft to make ufe 
 
 * of him in this important Truft, from his being 
 
 * known to be agreeable to you, and one who had 
 ‘ lived amongft you for fome Years, in good Credit 
 
 * and Efteem with all your Nations ; and have ever 
 ‘ found him equally faithful to both. We are pleas’d 
 ‘ with the Notice you have taken of him, and think 
 ‘ he richly deferves it at your Hands. We lhall 
 ‘ not be wanting to make him a fuitable Gratifica- 
 ‘ tion, for the many good and faithful Services he 
 ‘ hath done this Government. 
 
 ‘ We have already given Orders for Waggons 
 ‘ to carry your Goods, and for a Supply of Provi- 
 ‘ fions to ferve you on the Road in your Return 
 ‘ home, v/here we heartily wilh you may arrive in 
 ‘ good Health.’ 
 
 After the Governor had concluded, Mr. Logan 
 return’d an Anfwcr to that Part of Canajfatego’s 
 Speech which related to him, and faid, ‘ That not 
 ‘ only upon the Account of his Lamenefs, of which 
 ‘ the Indians themfelves were Witneffes •, but on 
 ‘ Account of another Indifpofition, which about 
 ‘ three Years fince had laid him under an Inr 
 
 ‘ Freedom, he had been obliged to live retired in 
 
 * the Country. But that our firft Proprietor, the 
 
 * Honourable IVilliam Penn^ who had ever been a 
 ‘ Father and true Friend to all the Indians, having 
 
 * above forty Years fince recommended them to 
 ‘ his particular Care, he had always, from his own 
 ‘ Inclination,, as well as from that ftrid: Charge, 
 
 * city of exprefllng himfelf with his former 
 
 ‘ endeavoured 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 ‘ endeavoured to convince all the Indians, that he 
 ‘ was their true Friend ; and was now well pleafed, 
 that after a Traft of fo many Years, they were 
 ‘ not infenfible of if. He thanked them kindly 
 ‘ for their Prefent, and heartily joined with them 
 ‘ in their Defires, that this Government may always 
 ‘ be furnilhed with Perfons of equally good Incli- 
 ‘ nations, and not only with fuch, but alfo with 
 ‘ better Abilities to ferve them.’ 
 
 And then Canajfatego faid, he had forgot to men- 
 tion, that Shickcalamy and Caxhayn had been em- 
 ploy’d on feveral Meffages to this Government, and 
 defir’d they might be confider’d on that Account. 
 
 At a COUNCIL held the 1 2th of July, P. M. 1 742. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq; 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 James Logan, Samuel Prejlon, 
 
 Clement Plumjled, Thomas Lawrence, 
 
 Samuel Hafell, Abraham T aylor, 
 
 Robert Strettell, 
 
 Mr. Richard Peters. 
 
 The Board taking into Confideration the Regula- 
 tion of the neceffary Expences of the Indians travel- 
 ling down hither, and. returning and upon an 
 Eftimate made by Conrad H^eifer, amounting to 
 about one hundred Pounds, it appearing that the faid 
 Sum of 100/. will be neceflaiy to be advanced to 
 Conrad JVeifer to defray thofe Expences, Mr. Lo- 
 gan, on the Proprietaries Behalf, propofes to ad- 
 vance 40/. and the Treafurer declaring he had no 
 publick Money in his Hands, and that if he had, 
 he would not advance Money without the Affem- 
 bly’s Order •, it is recommended to Mr. Prefion and 
 Mr. Lawrence, to confer with Mr. Kinfey, and 
 know whether he, as Speaker of the Affembly, 
 G 3 and 
 
.86 
 
 T"he History ^ o/' the 
 
 and Truftee of the Loan-Office, will advance the 
 other 6o /. 
 
 And the Indians having requefted that they might 
 have a fmall Quantity of Rum, to be added to 
 their Provifions, to comfort them on the Road : 
 The Board is of Opinion, that there be added to 
 the faid Eftimate for twenty Gallons of Rum 
 
 for the aforefaid Ufe. And. in Return for their 
 Prefent of Skins, at requefting that the Indian 
 Traders be enjoin’d to fell their Goods cheaper, 
 the Board diredts that two Strouds be prefented. 
 And that five Pounds be given to Caxhayn on the 
 Account of the Province, for his Services ; and to 
 Shickcalamy the like Sum. 
 
 A juft Copy^ compared by 
 
 PATRICK BAIRD, Seer. 
 
 ( .. 
 
 
f 
 
 
 A 
 
 TREATY, 
 
 Held at the To WN of 
 
 hancafier^ in Pensylvania, 
 
 By the Honourable the 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the PROVINCE, 
 
 And the Honourable the 
 
 Commiflioners for the PROVINCES 
 O F 
 
 Virginia 'and Maryland, 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 INDIANS 
 
 O F T H E 
 
 SIX NATIONS, 
 
 In yVNE, 1744. 
 
A Treaty with the INDIANS 
 of the Six Nations. 
 
 In the Court-House in the Town of 
 Lancajter^ on Friday the Twenty-fecond 
 of June^ 1744, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE ’THOMAS., Efq; 
 Lieut. Governor of the Province of Penfyhaniay 
 and Counties of Newcajtky Kent and SuJfeXy on 
 Delaware. 
 
 The Hon**® Thomai Lee, Efq; 1 Commiflioners 
 Colonel William Beverlyy i of Virginia. 
 
 The Hon'*'* Edm. JenningSy Efq; 
 
 The Deputies of the OnandagoeSy Senecas y Cayogoesy 
 Oneidas and T ufcaroraes. 
 
 Conrad Weifery Interpreter. 
 
 T H E Governor and the Commiflioners took 
 fome of the Indian Chiefs by the Hand, 
 and, after they had feated themfelves, the 
 Governor bid them welcome into the Government ; 
 and there being Wine and Punch prepared foi them, 
 the Governor and the fevcral Commiflioners drank 
 Health to Six Nations % and CanajjfategOy Ta- 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 Philip ’Thomas y Elq; 
 Colonel Robert King, 
 Colonel Thomas Colville^ 
 
 chamonthy 
 
History of the 
 
 chanoontia^ and feme other Chief?, returned the 
 Compliments, drinking the Healths of * Oms^ 
 i" Jjfaragoa^ and the Governor of Maryland. 
 
 After they were all ferved with Wine, Punch, 
 Pipes and Tobacco, the Governor told the Indians^ 
 that as it was cuftomary, and indeed necelTary, 
 they fhould have fome Time to reft after fo long a 
 Journey, and as he thought three Days would be 
 no more than fufficient for that Purpofe, he pro- 
 pofed to fpeak to them on 'Monday next ; after 
 which, the honourable Commiflioners would take 
 their own Time to deliver what they had to fay. 
 
 C A N A S S ATE G 0 anl wered "^the Governor : 
 We thank you for giving us Time to reft ; we are 
 come to* you, and fhall leave it intirely to you to 
 appoint the Time when we fhall meet you again. 
 We likewife leave it to the Governor of Maryland^ 
 by whofe Invitation we came here, to appoint a 
 Time when he will pleafe to mention the Reafon of 
 his inviting us. As to our Brother AJfaragoa^ 
 we have at this prefent Time nothing to fay to 
 him ; not but we have a great deal to fay toAJfaragoa, 
 which muft be faid at one Time or another •, but 
 not being fatisfied whether he or we fhould begin 
 firft, we fhall leave it wholly to our Brother Onas 
 to adjuft this between us, and to fay which fhall 
 begin firft. 
 
 * Onas, the Governor of Penfyhania. 
 t ^ffaragoa, the Governor of 
 
Five Indian Nations, 
 
 In the C o u R t*H o u s e at Laftcajier, June 2 5, 
 1744. A, M, 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THO MAS, Efq; 
 Governor, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflloncrs of Virginia. 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Nations. 
 
 Conrad Weifer, Interpreter. 
 
 The Governor fpoke as follows. 
 
 Honourable Gentlemen, Commiffioners for the Govern- 
 ments of Virginia and Maryland, and Brethren, 
 Sachims, or Chiefs of the Indians of the Six 
 Nations. 
 
 A t a Treaty, held by me two Years ago, in 
 'Behalf of the Government of Penfylvania, 
 with a Number of the Chiefs of the Indians of the 
 Six Nations, I was defired by them to write to the 
 Governor of Maryland concerning fome Lands in 
 the back Parts of that Province, which they claim 
 a Right to from their Conquefts over the ancient 
 Poffeffors, and which have been fettled by fome of 
 the Inhabitants of that Government, without their 
 Confent, or any Purchafe made from them. It was at 
 that time underftood that the Claim was u^n Mary- 
 land only i but it has fince appeared, by fome 
 Letters formerly wrote by Mr. Prefident Logan to 
 the late Governor of Maryland, that it related like- 
 wife to fome Lands in the back Parts of Virginia. 
 The Governors of thofe Colonies foon manifefted a 
 truly equitable Difpofition to come to any reafona- 
 ble Terms with the Six Nathns on account of thofe 
 
 Lands, 
 
92 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Lands, and defired, that for that End a Time and 
 Place might be fixed for a Treaty with them; but 
 before this could be clfeded, an unfortunate Skir- 
 mifli happened in the back Parts of Virginia, be- 
 tween fome of the Militia there, and a Party of 
 the Indian Warriors of the Six Nations, with fome 
 Lofs on both Sides. Who were the Aggreflbrs is 
 not at this time to be difcuffed, both Parties having 
 agreed to bury that Affair in Oblivion, and the 
 Government of Virginia having, in Token of the 
 Continuance of their Friendlhip, prefented the Six 
 Nations, through my Hands, with Goods to the 
 Value of One Hundred Pounds Sterling. To pre- 
 vent further Hoftilities, and to heal this Breach, I 
 had, before the Prefent was given, made a Tender 
 of my good Office ; which both Parties accepted, 
 and confented, on my Inftances, to lay down their 
 Amis : Since which the Faith pledged to me has 
 been mutually preferved, and a Time and Place has 
 been agreed upon, through my Intervention, for 
 accommodating all Differences, and for fettling a 
 firm Peace, Union and Friendfhip, as well between 
 the Government of Virginia as that of Maryland, 
 and the Indians of the Six Nations *. The honour- 
 able the Commiffioners for thefe two Governments, 
 and the Deputies of the Six Nations, are now met 
 at the Place appointed for the Treaty. It only re- 
 mains therefore for me to fay, that if my further 
 good Offices ffiall be thought ufeful for the Accom- 
 plifliment of this Work, you may rely moft af- 
 iiiredly upon them. 
 
 But I hope, honourable Gentlemen Commiflion- 
 ers, it will not be taken amifs if I go a little further, 
 and briefly reprefent to you, how efpecially necef- 
 fary it is at this Junfture, for his Majefty’s Service, 
 
 and 
 
 * This was allowed, at a Conference had by the Governor 
 with the Commiflioners, to be a juft State of the Tranfa^liqps 
 preceding the Treaty. 
 
93 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 and the Good of all his Colonies in this Part of his 
 Dominions, that Peace and Friendftiip be eftablilhcd 
 between your Governments and the Indians of the 
 Six Nations. 
 
 Thefe Indians., by their Situation, are a Frontier 
 to fome of them ; and, from thence, if Friends, 
 are capable of defending their Settlements ; if Ene- 
 mies, of making cruel Ravages upon them ; if 
 Neuters, they may deny the French a Paffage 
 through their Country, and give us timely Notice 
 of their Defigns. Thefe are but fome of the Mo- 
 tives for cultivating a Good Underftanding with 
 them ; but from hence the Difadvantages of a Rup- 
 ture are abundantly evident. Every Advantage 
 you gain over them ^ War will be a weakening of 
 the Barrier of thofe Colonies, and confequently be, 
 in cfFcft, Viftories over yourfelves and your Fellow 
 Subjefts. Some Allowances for their Prejudices 
 and Paflions, and a Prelent now and then for the 
 Relief of their Neceffities, which have, in fome 
 Mcafure, been brought upon them by their Inter- 
 courfe with us, and by our yearly extending our 
 Settlements, will probably tie them more clofely to 
 the Britijh Intcreft. This has been the Method of 
 New-Tork and Penfylvania, and will not put you 
 to lb much Expence in twenty Years, as the carry- 
 ing on a War againll them will do in one. The 
 French very well know the Importance of thefe Na- 
 tions to us, and will not fail by Prefents, and their 
 other ufual Arts, to take Advantage of any Mifunder- 
 Handing we may have with them f. But I will de- 
 tain 
 
 . f The two preceding Paragraphs were allowed by the Com- 
 mii&oners of Virginia, whilll they were at Philadelphia, to be 
 very proper to fpoken by the Governor of Pcnjyhania at 
 the Opening of the Treaty ; but taking up an Opinion, from 
 what pafled at the firft friendly Interview with the Indians, that 
 they would not make any Claim upon Lands within the Govern- 
 ment of Virginia, the Governor confented to decline fpcaking 
 the^i in the Prefcnce of the Indians. 
 
 1 
 
94 
 
 History of the 
 
 tain you. Gentlemen, no onger. Your own fu- 
 perior Knowledge will fuggcft to you more than I 
 can fay on this Subjeft, 
 
 Friends and Brethren, Sachems, or Chiefs of the 
 Indians of the Six Nations : 
 
 Thefe, your Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, 
 are come to enlarge the Fire, which was almcft 
 gone out, and to make it burn clearer ; to brighten 
 the Chain which had contra<5ted fome Ruft, and to 
 renew their Friendlhip with you ; which it is their 
 Defire may laft fo long as the Sun, the Moon and 
 the Stars, lhall give Light. Their Powers are de- 
 rived from the Great King of England, your 
 Father ; and whatever Conclufions they {hall come 
 to with you, will be as firm and binding as if the 
 Governors of thele Provinces were themfclves here. 
 
 I am your Brother, and, which is more, I am your 
 true Friend. As you know, from Experience, 
 that I am fo, I will now give you a few Words of 
 Advice. Receive thefe your Brethren with open 
 Arms 1 unite yourfelves to them in the Covenant 
 Chain, and be you with them as one Body, and 
 one Soul. I make no doubt but the Governor of 
 Canada has been taking Pains to widen the Breach 
 between thefe your Brethren of Virginia and you ; 
 but as you cannot have forgot the Hatred the 
 French have always borne to your Nations, and 
 how kindly, on the contrary, you have been treat- 
 ed, how faithfully you have been protefted by the 
 Great King of Fa GhAnif and his Subjefts, you 
 will not be at a Lofs to fee into the Defigns of that 
 Governor. He wants to divide you from us, in 
 order the more eafily to deftroy you, which he will 
 moft certainly do, if you fuffer yourfelves to be de- 
 luded by him. 
 
 As, 
 
 a 
 
Five Indian NAtrroNs,’ 
 
 As to what relates to the Friendfliip eftabliflied 
 between the Government oi Pen^lvania a.x\A yow 
 Nations, I will take another Day to fpeak to you 
 upon it. 
 
 To enforce what had been faid^ the Governor 
 laid down a Pell of IVamputn ; upon which 
 the Indians gave the * Yo-hah. :* 
 
 After a fhort Paufe, the Governor ordered the 
 Interpreter to tell the Indians, that as they had 
 greatly exceeded their appointed Time for meeting 
 the Commiflioners, he recommended to them to 
 ufe all the Expedition poflible in givino- their 
 Anfwer to what had been faid, that they*^ might 
 forthwith proceed to treat with the refpedtive Co^- 
 miflioners on the Biifinefs they came about. 
 
 Then Canajfatego repeated to the Interpreter the 
 Subftance of what the Governor had fpoke, in 
 order to know if he had underftood him right ( a 
 Method generally made ufe of by the Indiam)And 
 when the Interpreter told him he had taken the true 
 Senfe, Canajfatego proceeded to return the Thanks 
 of the Six Nations for the Governor’s kind Advice, 
 promifing to follow it as far as lay in their Power \ 
 but as it was their Cullom when a Belt was given to 
 return another, they would take Time till the Af- 
 ternoon to provide one, and would then give their 
 Anfwer. 
 
 * The denotes Approbation, being a loud Shout or 
 
 Cry, confifting of a few Notes pronounced by all the Indians in 
 * very mufitjal Manner, in the Nature of our Huzza’s. 
 
 in 
 
96 
 
 Hie History of thi 
 
 In the Court-House at Lancafter, June 25, 
 1744. P. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable OR G£ THOMAS^^cfi 
 Governor, 6fr. 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia, 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations, 
 
 Conrad IVeifer, Interpreter. 
 
 CanaiTatego’s Anfwer to the Governor's Speech deli~ 
 vered in the Morning. 
 
 Brother Onas, 
 
 Y OU fpoke in the Prefence of AJfaragoa and 
 the Governor of Maryland to us, advifing 
 us to receive them as our Brethren, and to unite 
 with them in the Covenant Chain as one Body, and 
 one Soul. We have always confidered them as our 
 Brethren, and, as fuch, fhall be willing to brighten 
 the Chain of Friendfliip with them ; but fince there 
 are fome Difputes between us refpeding the Lands 
 poflTeflTed by them, which formerly belonged to us, 
 we, according to our Cuftom, propofe to have thofe 
 Differences firft adjufted, and then we fliall proceed 
 to confirm the Friendfliip fubfifting between us, 
 which will meet with no Obftrudion after thefc 
 Matters are fettled. 
 
 Here 
 
97 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Here they prefente'd the Governor 'usith a 
 Belt of Wampum, in return for the Belt 
 given them in the Morning hy the Gove r- 
 N or ; and the Interpreter was ordered to 
 return the Yo-hah. 
 
 7hen the Gov e r n o r j in Reply ^ fpoke as follows : 
 
 I receive your Belt with great Kindncfs and 
 AfFeftion ; and as to what relates to the Govern- 
 ments of Virginia and Maryland, the lionourable 
 Commiflioners, now prefent, are ready to treat 
 with you* I lhall only add, that the Goods for the 
 Hundred Pounds Sterling, put into my Hands by 
 the Governor of Virginia, as a Token of his good 
 Difpofitions to preferve Friendfhip with you, arc 
 now in Town, and ready to be delivered, in con- 
 fequence of what was told you by Conrad PVeifer 
 when he was laft at Onandago. ^ 
 
 Then the Governor, turning to the Commiflioners 
 of Virginia and Maryland, faid. Gentlemen, I have 
 now finilhed what was incumbent Qpon me to fay , 
 by way of Introduction to the Indians j and as you 
 have a full Authority from your refpedlive Govern- 
 ments to treat with them, I fhall leave the reft in- 
 tifely to you, and either ftay or withdraw, as you 
 Iliall think moft for your Service. 
 
 The Commiflioners laid. They were all of Opi- 
 nion, it would be for their Advantage that the Go* 
 Vernor ftiould ftay with them ; and therefore they 
 unanimoufly defired he would favour them with 
 the Continuance of his Prefence whilft they (hould 
 be in Treaty with the Indians : Which his Honour 
 faid he would at their Inftance very readily do, be- 
 lieving it might expedite their Bufinefs, and pre- 
 vent any Jealoufy the Indians might conceive at his 
 withdrawing. 
 
 H 
 
 ne 
 
98 ‘the History of the 
 
 'Jhe Commiffioiiers of Mary land ordered the Interpre- 
 ter to acquaint the Indians that the Government of 
 
 Maryland -was going to fpeak to them, and then 
 
 fpoke as follows : 
 
 Friends and Brethren of the united Six Nations, 
 
 “Wc, who are deputed from the Government of 
 Maryland by a CommilTion under the Great Seal of 
 that Province, now in our Hands (and which will 
 be interpreted to you) bid you welcome v and in 
 Token that we are very glad to fee you here as 
 Brethren, we give you this String of Wampun>. 
 
 Upon which the Indians the Yo-hah. 
 
 When the Governor of Maryland received the 
 firft Notice, about feven Years ago, of your Claim 
 to fome Lands in that Province, he thought our 
 good Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations had 
 little Reafon to complain of any Injury from Mary- 
 land, and that they would be fo well convinced there- 
 of, on farther Deliberation, as he fliouldhear no more 
 of it •, but you fpoke of that Matter again to the 
 Governor of Penjylvania, about two Years fince, 
 as if you defigned to terrify us. 
 
 It was very inconfiderately faid by you, that you 
 would do yourfelves Juftice, by going to take Pay- 
 ment yourfelves : Such an Attempt would have in- 
 tirely diflblved the Chain of Friendfhip fubfifting, 
 not only between us, but perhaps the other Englijh 
 and you. 
 
 We affure you, our People, who are numerous, 
 courageous, and have Arms ready in their Flands, 
 will not fuffer themfclves to be hurt in their Lives 
 and Eftates. 
 
 Bur, however, the old and wife People of 
 land immediately met in Council, and upon con- 
 lidering very cooly your rafh Exprefllons, agreed 
 to invite their Brethren, the Six Nations, to this 
 
 Place, 
 
99 
 
 • Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Place, that they might learn of them what Right 
 they have to the Land in Maryland^ and, if they 
 had any, to make them fome reafonable Compen- 
 fation for it ; therefore the Governor of Maryland 
 has fent us to meet and treat with you about this Af- 
 fair, and the brightening and ftrengthening the 
 Chain which hath long fubfifted between us. ^And 
 as an Earneft of our Sincerity and Good-will to- 
 wards you, we prefent you with this Belt of Wam- 
 pum. 
 
 On which the Indiizm gave the Yo-hah. 
 
 0\xx'Great King of England, and his Subjefts, 
 have always ix)ireffed the Province of Maryland 
 free and undifturbed from any Claim of the Six 
 Nations for above one hundred Years part, and 
 your not faying any thing to us before, convinces us 
 you thought you had no Pretence to any Lands in 
 Maryland ; nor can we yet find out to what Lands, 
 or under what Tide you make your Claim ; For 
 the Safquahannah Indians^ by a Treaty above ninety 
 Years fince ( which is on the Table, and will be in- 
 terpreted to you) give, and yield to the Englijh Na- 
 tion, their Heirs and Afligns for ever, the greateft 
 Part (if not all) of the Lands we poflTefs, ^rom Patux- 
 ent River, on the Weftern, as well as from Choptank 
 River, on the Eaftern Side of the Great Bay of 
 Cheffapeak, And, near Sixty Years ago, you ac- 
 knowledged to the Governor of New-Tork at Al- 
 tai^, “ That you had given your Lands, and fub- 
 “ mitted yourfelves to the King of England." 
 
 We are that Great King’s Subjeds, and we poflefs 
 and enjoy the Province of Maryland by Virtue of 
 his Right and Sovereignty thereto ; why, then, 
 will you ftir up any Quarrel between you and our- 
 felves, who are as one Man, . under the Proteaion 
 of that Great King ? 
 
 H 2 
 
 We 
 
iCO 
 
 The History of the 
 
 We need not put you in mind of the Treaty 
 (which we fuppofe you have had from your Fathers) 
 made with the Province of Maryland near Seventy 
 Years ago, and renewed and confirmed twice fince 
 that time. 
 
 By thefe Treaties we became Brethren ; we have 
 always lived as fuch, and hope always to continue 
 
 fo. 
 
 We have this further to fay, that akho^ we are 
 not fatisfied of the Juftice of your Claim to any 
 Lands in Maryland, yet we are dcfirous of (liewing 
 our Brotherly Kindnefs and Affeftion , and to pre- 
 vent (by any reafonable Way) every Mifunderfiand- 
 ing between the Province of Maryland and you 
 our Brethren of the Six Nations. 
 
 For this Purpofe we have brought hither a 
 Quantity of Goods for our Brethren the Six Nations, 
 and which will be delivered you as foon as we dial! 
 have received your Anfwer, and made fo bright 
 and large a fire as may burn pure and clear whilft 
 the Sun and Moon (ball (bine. 
 
 We have now freely and openly laid our Bofoms 
 bare to you •, and that you may be the better con- 
 firmed of the Truth of our Hearts, we give you 
 this Belt ol Wampum. 
 
 IFhich vtas rccehed with the Yo-liah. 
 
 After a little Time Can^ffatego fpoke as follows : 
 
 Brother, the Governor of Maryland, 
 
 We have heard what you have faid to us *, and, ■ 
 as you have gone back to old Timer, we cannot 
 give you an Anlwer now, but (hail take what you 
 have faid into Conlideration, and, return you our 
 Anfwer fomc 7'ime to Morrow. He then fat down, 
 and after (bme Idme he fpoke again. 
 
 Brother, 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Brother^ the Governor of Maryland, 
 
 If you have made any Enquiry into Indian Af- 
 fairs, you will know, that we have always had our 
 Guns, Hatchets and Kettles mended when we 
 came to fee our Brethren. Brother and the 
 
 Governor of 2 ork always do this for us ; and we 
 give you this eai ly Notice, that we may not there- 
 by be delayed, being defirous, as well as you to 
 give all pofiible Difpatch to the Bufinefs to be tranf- 
 a6ted between us. 
 
 The Commiffioners of Virginia zud Maryland 
 laid, fince it was cuftomary, they would give Or- 
 <Jers to have every Thing belonging to them mend- 
 ed that Ihould want it. 
 
 In the Co UR t-House at JLancaJier^ fttne 26, 
 1744, P. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable G£ORGjE THOM^S^ Efq; 
 Governor, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflroners of Virginia. 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad PV dfer^ Interpreter. 
 
 C A NAS S AP EGO fpoke as follows : 
 Brotber^ the Governor of Maryland, 
 
 W HEN you invited us to kindle a Council 
 Fire with you, Conedogwainet was the Place 
 agreed upon ; but afterwards you, by Brother Onas^ 
 upori ftcond Thoughts, confidering that it would 
 be difficult to get Provifions and other Accommo- 
 
 n 3 dations 
 
 lOI 
 
102 
 
 *Tbe History of the 
 
 dations where there were but few Houfes or Inhabi- 
 tants, defired we would meet our Brethren at LaJt- 
 cajter^ and at his Inftances we very readily agreed 
 to meet you here, and are glad of the Change •, for 
 we have found Plenty of every thing ; and as 
 Yefterday you bid us welcome, and told us you 
 were glad to fee us, we likewife aflure you we 
 are as glad to fee you and, in Token of our 
 Satisfadion, we prefent you with this String of 
 , Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Brother, the Governor of Maryland, 
 
 You tell us, that when about Seven Years ago you 
 heard, by our Brother Onas, of our Claim to fome 
 Lands in your Province, you took no Notice of it, 
 believing, as you fay, that when we Ihould come to 
 reconfider that Matter, we fhould find that we had 
 no Right to make any Complaint of the Governor 
 of Maryland, and would drop our Demand. And 
 that when about two Years ago we mentioned it 
 again to our Brother Onas, you fay we did it in fuch 
 Terms as looked like a Defign to terrify you ; and 
 you tell us further, that we mull be befide ourfelves, 
 in ufing fuch a rafli Expreffion as to tell you. We 
 know how to do ourfelves Jultice if you ftill re- 
 fufe. It is true we did fay fo, but without any ill 
 Defign ; for we mull inform you, that when we 
 firft defired our Brother Onas to ufe his Influence 
 with you to procure us Satisfadtion for our Lands, 
 we, at the fame time, defired him, in cafe you 
 ihould difregard our Demand, to write to the Great 
 King beyond the Seas, who would own us for his 
 Children as well as you, to compel you to do us 
 Jufticc : And, two years ago, when we found that 
 you had paid no Regard to our juft Demand, nor 
 that Brother Onas had convey’d our Complaint to 
 the Great King over the Seas, we were refolved to 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 103 
 
 life fuch E<pr fTlons as would make thegrcateft Im- 
 preffions on your Minds, and we find it had its 
 EfFc(fl i for you tell us, “ That your wife Men 
 “ held a Council together, and agreed to invite us, 
 
 “ and to enquire of our Right to any of your 
 “ Lands, and if it Ihould be found that we had a 
 “ Right, we were to have a Compenfation made 
 “ for them : And likewife you tell us, that our 
 “ Brother, the Governor of Maryland^ by the ad- 
 “ vice of thefe wife Men, has fent you to brighten 
 “ the Chain, and to alTure us of his Willingnefsto 
 “ remov’e whatever impedes a good Underftand- 
 “ ing between us.’* This fliews that your wife 
 Men underftood our Expreflions in their true Senfe. 
 
 We had no Defign to terrify you, but to put you 
 on doing us the Juftice you had fo long delayed. 
 
 Your wife Men have done well ; and as there is no 
 Obftacle to a good Underftanding between us, ex- 
 cept this Affair of our Land, we, on our Parts, do 
 give you the ftrongeft Aflurances of our good Dif- 
 pofition towards you, and that we are as defirous as 
 you to brighten the Chain, and to put away all 
 Hindrances to a perfefl good Underftanding; and, 
 in Token of our Sincerity, we give you this Belt 
 of Wampum. 
 
 IV hie b was received, and the Interpreter or~ 
 
 Aered to give the Yo-hah. 
 
 Brother, the Governor of Maryland, 
 
 When you mentioned the Affair of the Land 
 Yefterday, you went back to old Times, and told 
 us, you had been in Poffeflion of the Province of 
 Maryland above One Hundred Years ; but what i* 
 
 One Hundred Years in Comparifon of the Length 
 of Time fince our Claim began ? fince we came out 
 of this Ground ? For we muft tell you, that long 
 before One Hundred Years our Anceftors came out 
 of this very Ground, and their Children have re- 
 
 H 4 mained 
 
104 ^bc History of the 
 
 maincd here ever fince. You came out of the 
 Ground in a Country that lies beyond the Seas, 
 there you may have a juft Claim, but here you muft 
 allow us to be your elder Brethren, and the Lands 
 to belong to us long before you knew any thinw of 
 them It is true, that above One Hundred Years 
 ago the Dutch came here in a Ship, and brought 
 with them ieveral Goods; fuch as Awls, Knives, 
 Hatchett, Guns, and many other Particulars, which 
 they gave us •, and when they had taught us how 
 to ufe their 1 hings, and we law what fort of Peo- 
 ple they were, we were fo well pleafed with them, 
 that we tied their Ship to the Bufhes on the Shore • 
 and afterwards, liking them ftill better the longer 
 j thinking the Bufhes too 
 
 flender, we removed the Rope, and tied it to the 
 Trees ; and as the Trees were liable to be blown 
 down by high Winds, or to decay of themfelves, 
 we, from the Affeeftion we bore them, again re- 
 moved the Rope, and tied it to a ftrong and big 
 Rock \^here the Interpreter faid^ They mean the 
 0:v d ; Country'] and not content with this, for its 
 further Security we removed the Rope to the big 
 Mountain [here the Interpreter fays they mean the 
 Onandago Country ] and there we tied it very faft, 
 and rollM Wampum about it ; and, to make it 
 ftill more fecure, we flood upon the Wampum, and 
 fat cown upon it, to defend it, and to prevent any 
 Hui t corning to it, and did our beft Endeavours 
 remain uninjured for ever. During all 
 this lane the New-comers, the acknow- 
 
 ledged our Right to the Lands, and follicited us, 
 from Time to Time, to grant them Parts of our 
 Country, and to enter into League and Covenant 
 With us, and to become one People with us. 
 
 After this the Englifo came into the Country, 
 ^d, as we were told, became one People with the’ 
 putch. About two Years after the Arrival of the 
 
 Englijh^ 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 Englijh^zn Englijh Governor came va Albany, and find- 
 ing what great Friendfliip fubfifted between us and 
 the Dutch, he approved it mightily, and defired to 
 make as ftrong a League, and to be upon as good 
 Terms with us as the Dutch were, with whom he 
 was united, and to become one People with us : 
 And by his further Care in looking into what had 
 paired between us, he found that the Rope which 
 tied the Ship to the great Mountain was only faftened 
 with Wampum, which was liable to break and rot, 
 and to perilh in a Courfc of Years ; he therefore 
 told us, he would give us a Silver Chain, which 
 would be much ftronger, and would laft for ever. 
 This we accepted, and faftened the Ship with it, 
 and it has larted ever ftnce. Indeed we have had 
 feme fmall DifFerencts with the Englifo, and, during 
 thefe Mifunderftandings, fomc of their young Men 
 would, by way of Reproach, be every now and 
 then telling us, that we Ihould have perilhed if they 
 had not come into the Country and furnifhed us 
 with Strowds and Hatchets, and Guns, and other 
 Things neceflary for the Support of Life ; but we 
 always gave them to underftand that they were 
 miftaken, that wc lived before they came amongft 
 us, and as well, or better, if wc may believe what 
 our Forefathers have told us. We had then Room 
 enough, and Plenty of Deer, which was cafily 
 caught and the’ we had not Knives, Hatchets, or 
 Guns, fuch as we have now, yet we had Knives of 
 Stone, and Hatchets of Stone, and Bows and Ar- 
 rows, and thofe ferved our Ules as well then as the 
 Englijh ones do now.. We are now ftraitened, and 
 fometimes in want of Deer, and liable to many 
 other Inconveniencies fince the Englijh came among 
 us, and particularly from that Pen-and-ink Work 
 that is going on at the Table {pointing to the Secre- 
 tary) and we will give you an Inftance of this. 
 Pur Brother Onas, a great while ago, came to 
 
 Albany 
 
io6 '^he History of the 
 
 Albany to buy the Safquahannah Lands of us, but 
 our Brother the Governor of Neie’-Tork, .vho, as 
 we fuppofe, had not a good Undeftanuing with our 
 Brother Onas, advifed us not to fell him any Land, 
 for he would make an ill Ufe of it ; and, pretend- 
 ing to be oiur good Friend, he advifed us, in order 
 to prevent Onas\ or any other Perfon’s impofing 
 upon us, and that we might always have our Land 
 when we Ihould want it, to put it into his Hands ; 
 and told us, he would keep it for our Ufe, and 
 never open his Hands, but keep them clofe ihut, 
 and not part with any of it, but at our Requeft. 
 Accordingly we trufted him, and put our Land 
 into his Hands, and charged him to keep it fafe 
 for our Ufe ; but, fome Time after, he went to 
 England, and carried our Land with him, and there 
 fold it to our Brother Onas for a large Sum of 
 Money ; and when, at the Inftance of our Brother 
 Onas, we were minded to fell him fome Lands, he 
 told us we had fold the Safquabannah Lands already 
 to the Governor of New-Tork, and that he had 
 bought them from him in England ; tho’, when he 
 came to underftand how the Governor of New-Tork 
 had deceived us, he very generoufly paid us for our 
 Lands over again. 
 
 Tho’ we mention this Inftance of an Impofition 
 put upon us by the Governor of New-Tork, yet we 
 muft do the Englift) the Juftice to fay, we have had 
 their hearty Afliftances in our Wars with the French, 
 who were no fooner arrived amongft us than they 
 began to render us uneafy, and to provoke us to 
 War, and we had feveral Wars with them ; during 
 all which we conftantly received Afllftance from 
 the Englijlo, and, by their Means, we have always 
 been able to keep up our Heads againft their 
 Attacks. 
 
 We now come nearer home. We have had your 
 Deeds interpreted to us, and we acknowledge them 
 
 to 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. ' 107 
 
 to be good and valid, and that the Conefiogoe or 
 Safqmhamah Indians had a Right to fell thofe I^nds 
 to you, for they were then theirs •, but fince tliat Time 
 we have conquered them, and their Country now 
 belongs to us, and the Lands we demanded Satis- 
 fadlion for are no Part of the Lands comprized in 
 thofe Deeds •, they are the * Cohongorontas Lands j 
 thofe, we are fure, you have not poflelTed One 
 Hundred Years, no, nor above Ten Years, and 
 we made our Demands fo foon as we knew your 
 People were fettled in thofe Parts. Thefe have 
 never been fold, but remain ftill to be difpofed of ; 
 and we are well pleafed to hear you are provided 
 with Goods, and do alTure you of our Willingnels 
 to treat with you for thofe unpurchafed Lands ; in 
 Confirmation whereof, we prefent you with this 
 Belt of Wampum, 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. 
 
 CANASSATEGO added, that as the three 
 Governors of Virginia., Maryland, and Penfylvania, 
 had divided the Lands among them, they could 
 not, for this Reafon, tell how much each had got, 
 nor were they concerned about it, fo that they were 
 paid by all the Governors for the feveral Parts each 
 poflelTed, and thk they left to their Honour and 
 Juftice. 
 
 * Cohongorontas, i. e. Potomaci. 
 
 In 
 
In the Court-House at Lancafier, June 27 
 1744, A. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THO MAS,'Ei:qi 
 Governor, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflloners of Viv^inin. 
 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners Maryland. 
 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad IVeifer^ Interpreter. 
 
 •The Commiffioncrs of Virginia ordered the Interpreter 
 to let the Indians know the Government of Viro-inia 
 was going to fpeak to them, and then they %oke 
 as follows : 
 
 Sachems and Warriors of the Six United Nations, 
 our Friends and Brethren, 
 
 A t our Defire the Governor of Penfylvauia 
 invited you to this Council Fire ; we have 
 waited a long Time for you, but now you are come, 
 you are heartily welcome ; we are very glad to fee 
 you ; we give you this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with their ufual Approbation. 
 
 Brethren, 
 
 In the Year 1736, four of your Sachems wrote 
 a Letter to James Logan, Efq; then Prdfident of 
 P enfylvania, to let the Governor of Virginia know 
 that you expeded fome Confideration for Lands in 
 the Occupation of fome of the People of Virginia. 
 Upon feeing a Copy of this Letter, the Governor, 
 with the Council of Virginia, took fome Time to 
 confider of it. They found, on looking into the 
 
 old 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 old Treaties, that you had given up your Lands to 
 the Great King, who has had Pofleflion of Virgittis 
 above One Hundred and Sixty Years, and under 
 that Great King the Inhabitants of Virginia hojd 
 their Land, fo they thought there might be Ibme 
 Miftake. 
 
 Wherefore they defired the Governor of Nevn- 
 Tork to enquire of you about it. He fenthis Inter- 
 preter to you in May, 1749, who laid this before 
 you at a Council held at Onandago, to wliich you 
 anfwer, “ That if you had any Demand or Pre- 
 “ tenfions on the Governor of Virginia any way, 
 “ you would have made it known to the Governor 
 “ of liew-Terky This correfponds with what 
 you have faid to Governor Thomas, in the Treaty 
 made with him zx. Philadelphia in ’July, 1742 ; for 
 then you only make your Claim to Lands in the 
 Government of Maryland. 
 
 We are fo well pleafed with this good Faith of 
 you our Brethren of the Six Nations, and your Re- 
 gard to the Treaties made with Virginia, that we 
 are ready to hear you on the Subjeft of your Meflage 
 eight years fince. 
 
 Tell us what Nations of Indians you conquered 
 any Lands from in Virginia, how long it is fince, 
 and what Pofleffion you have had ; and if it does 
 appear, that there is any Land on the Borders of 
 Virginia that the Six Nations have a Right to, we 
 are willing to make you Satisfaftion. 
 
 Then laid down a String of Wampum, which 
 was accepted with the ufual Ceremony, and 
 then added. 
 
 We have a Chefl: of new Goods, and the Key is 
 in our Pockets. You are our Brethren ; the Great 
 King is our common Father, and we will live with 
 you, as Children ought to do, in Peace and Love. 
 
 We 
 
 5 
 
^he History of the 
 
 We will brighten the Chain, and ftrengthen the 
 Union between us •, fb that we fliall never be divid- 
 ed, but remain Friends and Brethren as long as the 
 Sun gives Light ; in Confirmation whereof, we give 
 you this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony, 
 
 •I A CHANOOmiA replied : 
 
 Brothir Aflaragoa, 
 
 You have made a good Speech to us, which is 
 very agreeable, and tor which we return you our 
 Thanks. We fhall be able to give you an Anfwer 
 to every Part of it fome Time this Afternoon, and 
 we will let you know when we are ready. 
 
 In the Court-House at Lane aft er^ June 27, 
 1744, P. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efq; 
 Governor, &c. 
 
 The Flonourable the Commiflioners of Virginia. 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conred Weifer, Interpreter. 
 
 T AC H AN 00 NT 1 A /poke as follows: 
 Brother Aflaragoa, 
 
 S INCE you have joined with the Governor of 
 Maryland and Brother Onas in kindling this 
 Fire, we gladly acknowledge the Plcafure we have 
 in feeing you here, and obferving your good Difpo- 
 
 fitions 
 

 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 fuions as well to confirm the Treaties of Friend- 
 fhip, as to enter into further Contrails about Land 
 with us ; and, in Token of our Satisfadion, we 
 prefcnt you with this String of Wampum. 
 
 IVbicb was received with the ufual Ceremonies. 
 
 Brother Aflaragoa, 
 
 In your Speech this Morning you were pleafed to 
 fay we had wrote a Letter to James Logan, about 
 feven Years ago, to demand a Confideration for our 
 Lands in the Pofleffion of feme of the Virginians ; 
 that you held them under the Great King for up- 
 wards of One Hundred and Sixty Years, and that 
 we had already given up our Right ; and that there- 
 fore you bad defired the Governor of New-Tork to 
 fend his Interpreter to us laft Year to Onandage, 
 which he did , and, as you lay, we in Council at 
 Onandago did declare, that we had no Demand upon 
 you for Lands, and that if we had any Pretenfions, 
 we Ihould have made them known to the Governor 
 of New-Tork •, and likewife you defire to know if 
 we have any Right to the Virginia Lands, and that 
 we will make fuch Right appear, and tell you 
 what Nations of Indians we conquered diolc Lands 
 from. 
 
 Now we anfwer. We have the Right of Conquclf, 
 a Right too dearly purchafed, and which coft us too 
 much Blood, to give up without any Reafon at all, 
 as you fay we have done at Albany ; but we Ihould 
 be obliged to you, if you would let us fee the Letter, 
 and inform us who was the Interpreter, and whofe 
 Names are put to that Letter ; for as the whole 
 Tranfaftion cannot be above a Year’s Handing, it 
 mull be frelh in every Body’s Memory, and fome 
 of our Council would eafily remember it ; but we 
 afiure you, and are well able to prove, that neither 
 we, nor any Part of us, have ever relinquiflied our 
 Right, or ever gave fuch an Anfwer as you lay is 
 
 mentioned 
 
 4 
 
History of the 
 
 mentioned in your Letter. Could we, fo few Years 
 ago, make a formal Demand, by ^ames Logan, and 
 not be fenfible of our Right ? And hath any thing 
 happened fince that Time to make us lefs fenfible? 
 No ; and as this Matter can be eafily cleared up, 
 we are anxious it fliould be done ; for we are pofitive 
 no fuch thing was ever mentioned to us at Qnandago, 
 nor any where elfe. All the World knows we con- 
 quered the feveral Nations living on Safquahannah, 
 Cohongoronta, and on the Back of the Great 
 Mountains in Virginia ; the Conoy-uchfiich-roana, 
 Coeb-now-was-reonan, Lohoa-irougb-roonan, and 
 Connutjkin-ough-roonaw, feel the Etfeds of our Con- 
 quefts, being now a Part of our Nations, and their 
 Lands at at our Difpofal. We know very well, it 
 it hath often been faid by the Virginians, that the 
 Great King of England, and the People of that 
 Colony, conquered the Indians who lived there, 
 but it is not true. We will allow they have con- 
 quered the Sachdagtighroonaw, and drove back the 
 Tufearroraws, and that they have, on that Account, 
 a Right to fome Part of Virginia -, but as to what 
 lies beyond the Mountains, we conquered the Na- 
 tions refiding there, and that Land, if the Virgin 
 nians ever get a good Right to it, it muft be by us } 
 and in Teftimony of the Truth of our Anfwer to 
 this Part of your Speech, we give you this String 
 of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ttfual Ceremony. 
 
 Brother Aflaragoa, 
 
 We have given you a full Anfwer fo the firlt 
 Part of your Speech, which we hope will be fatis- 
 fadtory. We are glad to hear you have brought 
 with you a big Cheft of new Goods, and that you 
 have the Key in your Pockets. We do not doubt 
 but wefhall have a good Underftanding in all Points, 
 and come to an Agreement with you. 
 
 We 
 
Five India5i Nations, &c. 
 
 We (hall open all our Hearts to youj that you tnay 
 know every thing in them ; we will hide nothing 
 from you } and we hope, if there be any thing ftill 
 remaining in yout Breall that may occafion any Dif- 
 pute between us, you will take the Opportunity to 
 unbofom your Hearts, and lay them open to us, 
 that henceforth there may be ho Dirt, riof any 
 other Obftacle in the Road between us j and in 
 Token of our hearty Wiflics to bring about fo good 
 an Harmony, we prcfcnt you with this Belt of 
 Wampum. # 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 ■ Brother AlTaragoa, 
 
 We muft now tell you what Mountains we mean 
 that we fay are the Boundaries between you and us. 
 You may remember, that about twenty Years ago 
 you had a Treaty with us at Albany., when you took 
 a Belt of Wampum, and made a Fence with it on 
 the Middle of the Hill, and told us, that if any of 
 the Warriors of the Six Nations came on your Side 
 of the Middle of the Hill, you would hang them s 
 and you gave us Liberty to do the fame with any 
 of your People who Ihould be found on our Side of 
 the Middle of the Hill. This is the Hill we mean, and 
 we defire that Treaty may be now confirmed. After 
 we left Albany, we brought our Road a great deal 
 more to the Wefl:, that we might comply with your 
 Propofal ; but, tho’ it was of your own making, 
 your People never obferved it, but came and lived 
 on our Side of the Hill, which we don't blame you 
 for, as you live at a great Diftance, near the Seas, 
 and cannot be thought to know what your People 
 do in the Back-parts : And on their fettling, con- 
 trary to your own Propofal, on our new Road, it 
 fell out that our Warriors did feme Hurt to your 
 People’s Cattle, of which a Complaint was made, 
 and tranfmitted to us by our Brother Onas •, and we, 
 
 1 at 
 
114 History of the 
 
 at his Requefl-, altered the Road again, and brought 
 it to the the Foot of the Great Mountain, where 
 it now is i and it is impoQible for us to remove it 
 any further to the Weft, thofe Parts of the Country 
 being abfolutely impaflable by cither Man or 
 Beaft. 
 
 We had not been long in the Ufe of this new 
 Road before your People came, like Flocks of Birds, 
 and fat down on both Sides of it, and yet we never 
 made a Complaint to you, tho’ you muft be ftnfible 
 thofe Things muft have been <^ne by your People 
 in manifeft Breach of your own Propofal made at 
 Albany ; and therefore, as we are now opening our 
 Hearts to you, we cannot avoid complaining, and 
 defire all thcfe Affairs may be fettled, and that you 
 may be ftronger induced to do us Juftice for what is 
 paft, and to come to a thorough Settlement for the 
 future, we, in the Prefence of the Governor of 
 Maryland^ and Brother Onasy prefent you with this 
 Belt of Wampum, 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Then Tachanoontia added : 
 
 I'hat he forgot to fay, that the Affair of the Road 
 muft be looked upon as a Preliminary to be fettled 
 before the Grant of Lands ; and, faid he, either the 
 Virginia People muft be obliged to remove more 
 Eafterly, or, if they are permitted to ftay, our 
 Warriors, marching that Way to the South- 
 ward, (hall go Sharers with them in what they 
 plant. 
 
 In 
 
Five Indian Nations, & c . 
 
 1 15 
 
 In the Court-House at Lancajiert June 28, 
 1744. A. M, 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE rHOMAS,'Eiq% 
 Governor, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia. 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad Weifer^ Interpreter. 
 
 The Governor fpoke as follows. 
 
 Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, 
 
 I Am always forry when any thing happens that 
 may create the leaft Uneafinefs between us ; but 
 as we are mutually engaged to keep the Road be- 
 tween us clear and open, and to remove every Ob- 
 ftruftion that may lie in the Way, I muft inform 
 you, that three of the Delaware Indians lately 
 murdered John Armjlrong, an Indian Trader, and 
 his two Men, in a moft barbarous Manner, as he 
 was travelling to Allegheny ^ and ftole his Goods of a 
 confiderable Value. Shick Calamy, and the Indians 
 fettled at ShamokiUj did well ; they feized two of 
 the Murderers, and fcnt them down to our Settle- 
 ments 5 but the Indians^ who had the Charge of 
 them, afterwards fuffered one of them to efcape, 
 on a Pretence that he was not concerned in the 
 bloody Deed ; the other is now in Philadelphia 
 Goal. By our Law all the Acceflaries to a Murder 
 are to be tried, and put to Death, as well as the 
 Perfonwho gave the deadly Wound. If they con- 
 fcnted to it, encouraged it, or any ways aflifted in 
 it, they are to be put to Death, and it is juft it 
 
 I 2 Ihould 
 
Tloe History vf the 
 
 ihould ^ fo. If, upon Trial, the Perfons prcfent 
 at the rClurder are found not to have done any of 
 thefe Things, they are fet at Liberty. Two of our 
 People were, not many Years ago, publickly put 
 to T)eath for killing two Indians', we therefore ex- 
 peit you will take the nioft effetftual Mcalures to 
 feize and deliver up to us the other two Indians pre- 
 fent at thefe Murders, to be tried with the Princi- 
 pal now in Cuftody. If it lhall appear, upon their 
 Trial, that they were not advifing, or any way 
 aflifting in this horrid Fadt, they will be acquitted, 
 and fent home to their Towns. And that you may 
 be fatisfied no Injuftice will be done to them, I do 
 now invite you to depute three or four Indians to 
 be prefent at their Trials. I do likewife expedt that 
 you will order ftridt Search to be made for the Re- 
 mainder of the ftolen Goods, that they may be re- 
 Ilored to the Wife and Children of the Decealed. 
 That what I have faid may have its due Weight 
 with you, I give you this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was accepted with the Yo-hah. 
 
 The Governor afterwards ordered the Interpreter 
 to tell them, he expedfed a very full Anfwer from 
 them, and that they might take their own Time to 
 give it } for he did not defire to interfere with the 
 Bufinefs of Virginia and Maryland. 
 
 They faid they would take it into Confideration, 
 and give a full Anfwer. 
 
 Then the Commilfioners of Virginia let them 
 know, by the Interpreter, that they would fpeak 
 to them in the Afternoon. 
 
117 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 
 
 In the Court-House Chamber zt. Lancajicr^ 
 June 28, 1744, P. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad IVeifer^ Interpreter. 
 
 The Commijfioners dejired the Interpreter to tell the 
 Indians they were going to fpeak to them. Mr. 
 Weifer aaiuainted them herewith. After which 
 the faid Qommiffioners /poke as follows: 
 
 Our good Friends and Brethren., the Six united 
 Nations, 
 
 W E have confidered what you faid concerning 
 your Title to fome Lands now in our Pro- 
 vince, and alfo of the Place where they lie. Altho* 
 we cannot admit your Right, yet we are fo refolvcd 
 to live in Brotherly Love and Affedtion with the 
 Six Nations, that upon your giving us a Releafe in 
 Writing of all your Claim to any Lands in Irlary- 
 land, we fliall make you a Compenfation to the 
 Value of Three Hundred Pounds Currency, for 
 the Payment of Part whereof we have brought fome 
 Goods, and (hall make up the reft in what Manner 
 you think fit. 
 
 As we intend to fay fomething to you about our 
 Chain of Friendlhip after this Affair of the Land is 
 fettled, we defire you will now examine the Goods, 
 and make an End of this Matter. 
 
 We will not omit acquainting our good Friends 
 the Six Nations, that notwithftanding we are likely 
 to come to an Agreement about your Claim of 
 Lands, yet your Brethren of Maryland look on you 
 to be as one Soul and one Body with themfelves ; 
 
 I 3 and 
 
jj8 T^he History of the 
 
 and as a broad Road will be made between us, we 
 fhall always be defirous of keeping it clear, that we 
 may, from Time to Time, take care that the Links 
 of our Friendfhip be not rufted. In Teftimony 
 that our Words and our Hearts agree, we give you 
 this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 On prefenting of which the Indians gave the 
 ufual Cry of Approbation. 
 
 Mr. Weifer acquainted the Indians, they might 
 now look over the feveral Goods placed on a Table 
 in the Chamber for that Purpofe •, and the honourable 
 Commiflioners bid him tell them, if they diOiked any 
 of the Goods, or, if they were damaged, the Com- 
 miflioners would put a lefs Price on fuch as were 
 either difliked or damnified. 
 
 The Indians having viewed and examined the 
 Goods, and feeming dilTatisfied at the Price and 
 Worth of them, required Time to go down into 
 the Court- Houfe, in order for a Confultation to be 
 had by the Chiefs of them concerning the faid 
 Goods, and likewife that the Interpreter might re- 
 tire with them, which he did. Accordingly they 
 went down into the Court- Houfe, and foon after 
 returned again into the Chamber. 
 
 Mr. Weifer fat down among the Indians, and dil- 
 courfed them about the Goods, and in fome Ihort 
 Time after they chofe the following from among the 
 others, and the Price agreed to be given for them 
 
 by the Six Nations was, viz. 
 
 Four Pieces of Strowds, at 7 1 . 
 
 Two Pieces Ditto, 5 /. — 
 
 Two Hundred Shirts, — 
 
 Three Pieces Half-Thicks, — 
 Three Pieces Duffle Blankets, at 7 /. 
 
 One Piece Ditto, 
 
 Forty Seven Guns, at i /. 6 s. 
 
 1 . s. d. 
 28 00 00 
 10 00 00 
 63 12 00 
 n 00 00 
 21 00 00 
 6 10 00 
 61 02 00 
 One 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. ,1^9 
 
 /. s. d. 
 
 One Pound of Vermillion, — oo i8 oo 
 One Thoufand Flints, - oo i8 oo 
 
 Four Dozen Jews Harps, oo 14 oo 
 
 One Dozen Boxes, — 00 i 00 
 
 One Hundred Two Quarters Bar- Lead, 3 00 00 
 Two Quarters Shot, — i 00 00 
 
 Two Half-Barrels of Gun- Powder, 13 00 00 
 
 220 15 00 
 Penfylvamia Currency. 
 
 When the Indians had agreed to take thefe Goods 
 at the Rates above fpecified, they informed the In- 
 terpreter, that they would give an Anfwer to the 
 Speech made to them this Morning by the honour- 
 able the CommilTioners of Maryland, but did not 
 exprefs the Time when fuch Anfwer Ihould be made. 
 At 12 o’clock the Commiflioners departed the 
 Chamber. 
 
 In the Co u R t-Ho us E at Lancajler, June 28, 
 1744. P. M. 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THO MAS, Efq; 
 Governor, L?r. 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia^ 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad iVeifer, Interpreter. 
 
 7 he Commiffioners of Virginia deftred the Interpreter 
 to let the Indians know, that their Brother Afla- 
 ragoa was now going to give his Reply to their 
 Anfwer to his firfi Speech, delivered them the Day 
 before in the Forenoon. 
 
 Sachems and Warriors of the united Six Nations, 
 
 ■1 XT' E are now come to anfwer what you faid to 
 Vy us Yefterday, fince what we faid to you 
 I 4 before 
 
^he History of the 
 
 before on the Part of the Great King, our Father, 
 has not been fatisfaftory. You have gone into old 
 Times, and fo muft we. It is true that the Great 
 King holds Virginia by Right of Conqueft, and 
 the Bounds of that Conqueft to the Weftward is 
 the Great Sea. 
 
 If the Sin Nations have made any Conqueft over 
 Indians that may at any Time have lived on the 
 Weft-fide of the Great Mountains of Virginia, yet 
 they never pofll-fled any Lands there that we have 
 ever heard of. That Part was altogether deferred, 
 and free for any People to enter upon, as the Peo- 
 ple of Virginia have done, by Order of the Great 
 King, very juftly, as well by ancient Right, as by 
 its being freed from the Pofleflion of any other, and 
 from any Claim even of you the Six Nations, our 
 Brethren, until within thefe eight Years. The firft 
 Treaty between the Great King, in Behalf of his 
 Subjeifts of Virginia, and you, that we can find, 
 was made at Albany, by Colonel Henry Courfey, 
 Seventy Years fince ; this was a Treaty of Friend- 
 fliip, when the firft Covenant Chain was made, 
 when we and you became Brethren. 
 
 The next Treaty was alfo it Albany, above Fifty- 
 eight Years ago, by the Lord Howard, Governor 
 of Virginia ; then you declared yourfelves Subjects to 
 the Great King, our P’ather, and gave up to him 
 all your Lands for his Protcdlion. This you own 
 in a Treaty made by the Governor of New-Terk 
 with you at the fame Place in the Year 1687, and 
 you exprefs yourfelf in thefe Words, “ Brethren, 
 “ you tell us the King of England is a very great 
 “ King, and why Ihould not you join with us in a 
 very juft Caufe, when the French join with our 
 f ‘ Enemies in an unjuft Caufe ? O' Brethren, we 
 fee the Reafon of this ; for the French would 
 fain kill us all, and when that is done, they 
 \vo\jld carry all the Beaver Trade to Canada, and 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 “ the Great King of England would lofe the 
 “ Land likewife •, and therefore, O Great Sachem, 
 beyond the Great Lakes, awake, and fuffer not 
 “ thofe poor Indians y that have given themfelves 
 “ and their Lands under your Protedlion, to be de- 
 ftroyed by the French without a Caufe.” 
 
 The laft Treaty we lhall fpeak to you about is that 
 made at Albany by Governor Spot/wood, which you 
 have not recited as it is : For the white People, 
 your Brethren of Virginiay are, in no Article of 
 that Treaty, prohibited to pafs, and fettle to the 
 Weftward of the Great Mountains. It is the /«- 
 dianSy tributary to Virginiay that are reftrained, as 
 you and your tributary Indians are from pafling to 
 the Eaftward of the fame Mountains, or to the 
 Southward of CohongorootoHy and you agree to this 
 Article in thcfe Words j “ That the Great River 
 “ of Fotowmacky and the high Ridge of Moun- 
 tains, which extend all along the Frontiers of 
 “ Virginia to the Weftward of the prefent Settle- 
 “ ments of that Colony, flialj be for ever the efta- 
 “ blifhed Boundaries between the Indians fubjedt 
 to the Dominions of Virginiay and the Indians 
 “ belonging to and depending on the Five Nati- 
 “ ons ; io that neither our Indians lliall on any Pre- 
 “ tence wliatfoever, pafs to Northward or Weft- 
 “ ward of the faid Boundaries, without having to 
 “ produce a PalTport under the Hand and Seal of the 
 “ Governor or Commander in Chief of Virginia ; 
 “ nor your Indians to pafs to the Southward or Eaft- 
 “ ward of the faid Boundaries, without a Paflport 
 “ in like Manner from the Governor or Comman- 
 der in Chief of New-Tork” 
 
 And what Right can you have to Lands that 
 you have no Right to walk upon, but upon certain 
 Conditions ? It is true, you have not obferved this 
 Part of the Treaty, and your Brethren of Virginia 
 
 have 
 
■ 
 
 122 
 
 The History c/* the 
 
 have not infiftcd upon it with a due Stridnefs, 
 which has occafioned fome Mifchief. 
 
 This Treaty has been fent to the Governor of 
 Vtrgtnia by Order of the Great King, and is what 
 we muft rely on, and, being in Writing, is more 
 certain than your Memory. That is the Way the 
 white People have of preferving Tranfadlions of 
 every Kind, and tranfmitting them down to their 
 Childrens Children for ever, and all Difputes among 
 them are fettled by this faithful kind of Evidence, 
 and muft be the Rule between the Great King and 
 This Treaty your Sachems and Warriors fign- 
 cd fome Years alter the fame Governor Spotfwoody 
 m the Right of the Great King, had been, with 
 fome People of Firgitiia, in Pofleflion of thefe very 
 
 Lands, which you have fet up your late Claim 
 
 to. 
 
 The Commiflioners for Indmt Affairs at JBatiy 
 gave the Account we mentioned to you Yefterday to 
 the Governor of New-Torky and he fent it to the 
 Governor of Virginia *, their Names will be given 
 you by the Interpreter. 
 
 brethren. 
 
 This Difpute is not between Virginia znd you ; it is 
 I^ttif'Sup your Right againft the Great King, under 
 whofe Grants the People you complain of are fettled. 
 Nothing but a Command from the Great King can 
 remove them \ they are too powerful to be removed 
 by any Force of you, our Brethren ; and the Great 
 King, as our common Father, will do equal Juftice 
 to all his Children ; wherefore we do believe they 
 will be confirmed m their Poflefllons. 
 
 As to the Road you mention, we intended to 
 prevent any Occafion for it, by making a Peace be- 
 tween you and the Southern Indians^ a few Years 
 fince, at a confiderable Expence to our Great King, 
 which you confirmed at Albany. It feems, by your 
 
 being 
 

 Five Indian Nations, &c. 123 
 
 being at War with the Catawbas, that it has not 
 been long kept between you. 
 
 However, if you defire a Road, we will agree 
 to one on the Terms of the Treaty you made with 
 Colonel Spot/wood, and your People, behaving 
 themfelves orderly like Friends and Brethren, lhall 
 be ufed in their Paffage through Virginia with the 
 fame Kindnefs as they are when they pafs through 
 the Lands of your Brother Onas, This we hope, 
 will be agreed to by you our Brethren, and we will 
 abide by the Promife made to you Yefterday. 
 
 We may proceed to fettle what we are to give 
 you for any Right you may have, or have had to 
 all the Lands to the Southward and Weftward of the 
 Lands of your Brother the Governor of Maryland^ 
 and of your Brother Onas ; tho’ we are informed 
 that the Southern Indians claim thefe very Lands 
 that you do. 
 
 We are defirous to live with you, our Brethren, 
 according to the old Chain of Friendlhip, to fettle 
 all thefe Matters fairly and honeftly j and, as a 
 Pledge of our Sincerity, we give you this Belt of 
 Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
^^4 ^he History of the 
 
 In the Co u R t-H o u s e Chamber at Lancajier, 
 June 29, 1744, A, M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland, 
 I’he Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conr ad W 'lifer., I ntcrpreter. 
 
 Mr. Weifer informed the honourable Commiffioners, 
 that the Indians were ready to give their Anfwer to 
 the Speech mads to them here Teferday 'Morn- 
 ing by the Commiffioners ; whereupon Canaflkcgo 
 fpoke as follows, looking on a Deal-board, where 
 were fome black Lines, defcribing the Courfes of 
 Potowmack and Safquahanna : 
 
 Brethren, 
 
 Y esterday you fpoke to us concerning 
 the Lands on this Side Potowmack River, and 
 as we have deliberately confidered what you faid to 
 us on that Matter, we are now very ready to fettle 
 the Bounds of fuch Lands, and releale our Right 
 and Claim thereto, 
 
 Wc are v.’illing to renounce all Right to Lord 
 Baltimore of all thofe Lands lying two Miles above 
 the uppermoft Fork of Potowmack or Cohongoruton 
 River, near which Lhomas Creffap has a hunting or 
 trading Cabin, by a North-line, to the Bounds of 
 Penfylvania. But in cafe fuch Limits lhall not in- 
 clude every Settlement or Inhabitant of Maryland, 
 then fuch other Lines and Courfes, from the faid two 
 Miles above the Forks, to the outermoft Inhabi- 
 tants or Settlements, as fhall include every Settle- 
 ment and Inhabitant in Maryland, and from thence, 
 by a North-line, to the Bounds of Penfylvannia, 
 fhall be the Limits. And further. If any People 
 already have, or fhall fettle beyond the Lands now 
 delcribed and bounded, they fhall enjoy the fame 
 free from any Difturbance whatever, and w'e do, and 
 
Five Indian Nations, (^c, 
 
 fliall accept thefe People for our Brethren, and as 
 ^ch always treat them. 
 
 We earneftly defire to live with you as Brethren, 
 and hope you will Ihew us all Brotherly Kindnefs ; 
 in Token whereof, we prefent you with a Belt of 
 Wampum. 
 
 JVhich was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 Soon after the Commiffioners and Indians departed 
 from the Court-Houfe Chamber. 
 
 In the C o u R t-H o u s e Chamber at Lancafier., 
 June 30, 1744, A. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad JVeifer^ Interpreter. 
 
 Gachradodow, Speaker for the Indians, in anfwer 
 to the Commiffioners Speech at the loft Meetingy 
 with a ftrong Voice, and proper Altion, [poke as 
 follows : 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 N E World at the firft was made on the 
 JL other Side of the Great Water different from 
 ** Side, as may be known from the 
 
 different Colours of our Skin, and of our Fleffi, 
 and that which you call Juftice may not be fo 
 amongft us ; you have your Laws and Cuftoms, 
 and fo have we. The Great King might fend you 
 ^er to conquer the Indians, but it looks to us that 
 God did not approve of it ; if he had, he would 
 not have placed the Sea where it is, as the Limits 
 between us and you. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 1 ho’ great Things are well remembered among 
 us, yet we don’t remember that we were ever con- 
 quered 
 
T^he History of the 
 
 quered by the Great King, or that we have been 
 employed by that Great King to conquer others j 
 if it was fo, it is beyond our Memory. We do re- 
 member we were employed by Maryland to conquer 
 the Coneflogoes, and that the fecond time we were 
 at War with them, we carried them all off. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 You charge us with not adding agreeable to our 
 Peace with the Catawbas, we will repeat to you 
 truly what was done. The Governor of New-Tork, 
 at Albany^ in Behalf of Affaragoa, gave us feveral 
 Belts of Wampum from the Cherikees and Catawbas, 
 and we agreed to a Peace, if thofe Nations would 
 fend fome of their great Men to us to confirm it 
 Face to Face, and that they would trade with us ; 
 and defired that they would appoint a Time to meet 
 at Albany for that Purpofe, but they never came. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 We then defired a Letter might be fent to the 
 Catawbas and Cherikees, to defire them to come 
 and confirm the Peace. It was long before an An- 
 fwer came •, but we met the Cherikees, and confirmed 
 the Peace, and fent fome of our People to take 
 care of them, until they returned to their own 
 Country. 
 
 I'he Catawbas refufed to come, and fent us 
 word. That we were but Women, that they were 
 Men, and double Men, that they could make 
 Women of us, and would be always at War with 
 us. They are a deceitful People. Our Brother 
 ragoa is deceived by them ; we don’t blame him for 
 it, but are forry he is fo deceived. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 We have confirmed the Peace with the Cherikees, 
 but not with the Catawbas. They have been trea- 
 cherous. 
 
 4 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 cherous, and know it •, fo that the War muft con- 
 tinue till one of us isdeftroyed. This we think pro- 
 per to tell you, that you "may not be troubled at 
 what we do to the Catawbas. 
 
 Brother AfTaragoa, 
 
 We will now fpeak to the Point between us. 
 You fay you will agree with us as to the Road j 
 we defire that may be the Road which was 
 laft made (the Waggon-Road.) It is always, a 
 Cuftom among Brethren or Strangers to ufe each 
 other kindly ; you have fome very ill-natured Peo- 
 ple living up there ; fo that we defire the Perfons in 
 Power may know that we are to have refonable 
 Vidtuals when we are in want. 
 
 You know very well, when the white People 
 came firft here they were poor \ but now they 
 have got our Lands, and are by them become 
 rich, and we are now poor ; what little we have 
 had for the Land goes foon away, but the 
 Land lafts for ever. You told us you had 
 brought with you a Cheft of Goods, and that 
 you have the Key in your Pockets ; but we 
 have never feen the Cheft, nor the Goods that 
 are faid to be in it; it may be fmall, and the 
 Goods few ; we want to fee them, and are de- 
 firous to come to fome Conclufion. We have 
 been fleeping here thefe ten Days paft, and have 
 not done any thing to the Purpofe. 
 
 The Commiflioners told them they Ihould fee 
 the Goods on Monday, 
 
 In 
 
128 
 
 *The History of the 
 
 In the Cou R t-Hou s E at Lancajlery June 30, 
 1744, P. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE Efq; 
 
 Governor, 
 
 The Honourable Cotnmiffioner of Virginia. 
 
 The Honourable the Gjmmiffioners of Maryland. 
 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad Weijery Interpreter. 
 
 T he three Governments entertained the 7 «- 
 diansy and all the Gentlemen in Town, with 
 a handfome Dinner. The Six NationSy in their 
 Order, having returned Thanks with the ufual So- 
 lemnity -of To-ha-hany the Interpreter informed the 
 Governor and the Commiflioners, that as the Lord 
 Proprietor and Governor of Maryland was not 
 known to the Indians by any particular Name, 
 they had agreed, in Council, to take the firft Op- 
 portunity of a large Company to prefent him with 
 one ; and as this with them is deemed a Matter of 
 great Confequence, and attended with Abundance 
 of Form, the feveral Nations bad drawn Lots for 
 the Performance of the Ceremony, and the Lot 
 falling on the Cayogo Nation, they had chofen 
 GachradodoWy one of their Chiefs, to be their 
 Speaker, and he defired Leave to begin ; which 
 being given, he, on an elevated Part of the Court- 
 Houfe, with all the Dignity of a Warrior, the 
 Geftureof an Orator, and in a very graceful Pofture, 
 faid that: 
 
 “ As the Governor of Maryland had invited them 
 ‘ “ here to treat about their Lands, and brighten the 
 
 “ Chain 
 
129 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 “ Chain of Friendfliip, the united Nations thought 
 “ themfdves fo much obliged to them, that they 
 had come to a Refolution in Council to~give to 
 “ the great Man, who is Proprietor of Mary- 
 “ tandf a particular Name, by which they might 
 “ hereafter correl'pond with him ; and as it had 
 “ fallen to the Cayogoes Lot in Council to con- 
 “ lider of a proper Name for that chief Man, they 
 “ had agreed to give him the Name of Tocarry- 
 “ bogariy denoting Precedency, Excellency, or 
 living in the middle or honourable Place betwixt 
 “ Affaragoa2Xi^.^da.tvc Brother by whom their 
 “ Treaties might be better carried on.'* And then, 
 addrefling himfelf to his Honour the Governor of 
 Penfylvaniay the honourable the Commiflioners of 
 Virginia and Maryland^ and to the Gentlemen then 
 prefent, he proceeded : 
 
 “ As there is a Company of great Men now 
 “ alTembled, we take this Time and Opportunity 
 “ to publilh this Matter, that it may be known 
 “ Tocarry-hogan is our Friend, and that we arc 
 “ ready to honour him, and that by fuch Name he 
 “ may be always called and known among us. 
 “ And we hope lie will ever aft towards us accord- 
 “ ing to the Excellency of the Name we have now 
 “ given him, and enjoy a long and happy Life.” 
 The honourable the Governor and Commifli- 
 oners, and all the Company prefent, returned the 
 Compliment with three Huzza’s, and, after drink- 
 ing Healths to our gracious King and the Six 
 NationSy the Commiflioners of Maryland proceeded 
 to Bulinefs in the Court-Houle Chamber with the 
 Indians^ where Conrad IVeifer^ the Interpreter, was 
 prelent. 
 
 The honourable the Commiflioners ordered Mr. 
 fV iifer to tell the Indians, that a Deed, releafing 
 all their Claim and Tide to certain Lands lying in 
 the Province of Maryland, which by them was 
 agreed to be given and executed for the Ufe of the 
 
 K Lord 
 
T'he History of the 
 
 Lord Baron of Baltimore, Lord Proprietary of that 
 Province, was now on the Table, and Seals ready 
 fixed thereto. The Interpreter acquainted them 
 therewith as defired, and then gave the Deed to 
 Canajfatego, the Speaker, who made his Mark, 
 and put his Seal, and delivered it ; after which, 
 thirteen other Chiefs or Sachems of the Six Nations 
 executed it in the fame Manner, in the Prefence of 
 the honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia, and 
 divers other Gentlemen of that Colony, and of the 
 Provinces of Penjylvania and Maryland. 
 
 At the Houfe of Mr. George Sanderfon in Laneajler, 
 July 2, 1744* A. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad fVeifer, Interpreter. 
 
 T H E feveral Chiefs of the Indians of the Six Na- 
 tions, viho had not figned the Deed of Releafe 
 of their Claim to fome Lands in Maryland, tendered 
 to them on Saturday laft, in the Chamber of the 
 Court-Houfe in this Town, did now readily execute 
 the fame, and caufed Mr. JVeifer likewife to fign it, 
 as well with his Indian, as with his own proper 
 Name of Wefer, as a Witnefs and Interpreter. 
 
 In 
 
Fivf: Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 In the Court-House at Lancafterf July 2, 
 1744, A. M. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS, Efqj 
 Governor, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Maryland, 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad fVeifer, Interpreter. 
 
 CAN ASS AT EGO /poke as follows : 
 Brother Onas, 
 
 T H E other Day you was pleafed to tell us, 
 you were always concerned whenever any 
 thing happened that might give you or us Uneafi- 
 nefs, and that we were mutually engaged to pre- 
 ferve the Road open and clear between us 5 and 
 you informed us of -the Murder of John Armjlrong, 
 and his two Men, by fome of the Delaware Indi- 
 ans, and of their Healing his Goods to a confidera- 
 ble Value. The Delaware Indians, as you fup- 
 pofe, are under our Power. We join with you in 
 your Concern for fuch a vile Proceeding ; and, to 
 teftify that we have the fame Inclinations with you 
 to keep the Road clear, free and open, we give 
 you this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Brother Onas, 
 
 Thefe Things happen frequently, and we defire 
 you will confider them well, and not be too much 
 
 K a con- 
 
'The History of the 
 
 concerned. Three Indians have been killed at dif- 
 ferent Times at Ohioy and we never mentioned any 
 of them to you, imagining it might have been oc- 
 cafioned by fome unfortunate Quarrels, and being 
 unwilling to create a Difturbance. We therefore 
 defire you will confider thefe Things well, and, to 
 take the Grief from your Heart, we give you this 
 String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. 
 
 Brother Onas, 
 
 We have heard of the Murder of John Jrmjirongy 
 and, in our Journey here, we had Conference with 
 our Coufins the Delawares about it, and reproved 
 them feverely for it, and charged them to go down 
 to our Brother Onas, and make him Satisfaction, 
 both for the Men that were killed, and for the 
 Goods. We underftood, by t.hem, that the prin- 
 cipal ACtor in thefe Murders is in your Prifon, and 
 that he had done all the Mifchief himfelf ; but that 
 befides him, you had required and demanded two 
 others who were in his Company when the Murders 
 were committed. We promife faithfully, in our 
 Return, to renew our Reproofs, and to charge the 
 Delawares to fend down fome of their Chiefs with 
 thefe two young Men ( but not as Prifoners ) to be 
 examined by you ; and as we think, upon Examina- 
 tion, you will not find them guilty, we rely on your 
 Juftice not to do them any Harm, but to permit 
 them to return home in Safety. 
 
 We likewife underftand, that Seareh has been 
 made for the Goods belonging to the Deceafed, and 
 that fome have been already returned to your People, 
 but that fome are ftill miffing. You may depend 
 upon our giving the ftriCleft Charge to the Delawares 
 to learch again with more Diligence for the Goods, 
 and to return them, or the Value of them, in Skins. 
 
 And, 
 
7 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 133 
 
 And, to confirm what we have faid, we give you 
 this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. 
 
 Bratber On as, 
 
 The Conoy Indians have informed us, that they 
 fent you a Mcflage, fome Time ago, to advife you,, 
 that they were ill ufed by the white People in the 
 Place where they had lived, and that they had come 
 to a Refolution of removing to Shamokin^ and re- 
 quefted fome fmall Satisfaftion for their Land ; and 
 as they never have received any Anfwer from you, 
 they have defircd us to fpeak for them ; we heartily 
 recommend their Cafe to your Generofity. And, 
 to give Weight to our Recommendation, we pre- 
 fent you with this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Ibe Governor having conferred a little ‘Time with the 
 honourable Commifftoners of Virginia and Mary- 
 land, made the following Reply : 
 
 Brethren., 
 
 I am glad to find that you agree with me in the 
 Neceflity of keeping the Road between us clear 
 and open, and the Concern you have exprefled on 
 account of the barbarous Murders mentioned to you, 
 is a Proof of your Brotherly Affeftion for us. If 
 Crimes of this Nature be not ftridtly enquired into, 
 and the Criminals feverely punilhed, there will be 
 an End of all Commerce between us and the Indi- 
 ans., and then you will be altogether in the Power 
 of the French. They will fet what Price theypleafc 
 on their own Goods, and give you what they think 
 fit for your Skins ; fo it is tor your own Intercft 
 that our Traders Ihould be fafe in their Perfons and 
 Goods when they travel to your Towns. 
 
 Brethren^ 
 
T^he Histoky of the 
 Brethren^ 
 
 I confidered this Matter well before I came from 
 Philadelphia, and I advifed with the Council there 
 upon it, as I have done here with the honourable 
 the Commiflioners of Virginia and Maryland. I 
 never heard before of the Murder of the three In- 
 dians at Ohio ; had Complaint been made to me of it, 
 and it had appeared to have been committed by any 
 of the People under my Government, they fliould 
 have been put to Death, as two of them were, fome 
 Years ago, for killing two Indians. You are not 
 to take your own Satisfaftion, but to apply to me, 
 and I will fee that Juftice be done you •, and Ihould 
 any of the Indians rob or murder any of our People, 
 I do expeft that you will deliver them up to be 
 tried and punilhed in the fame Manner as white 
 People are. This is the Way to preferve Friendfhip 
 between us, and will be for your Benefit as well as 
 ours. I am well pleafed with the Steps you have 
 already taken, and the Reproofs you have given to 
 your Coufins the Delawares, and do expert you will 
 lay your Commands upon fome of their Chiefs to 
 bring down the two young Men that were prefent 
 at the Murders •, if they arc not brought down, I 
 ifhall look upon it as a Proof of their Guilt, 
 
 If, upon Examination, they fhall be found not 
 to have been concerned in the bloody Adion, they 
 fhall be well ufed, and fent home in Safety : I will 
 take it upon myfelf to fee that they have no Injuftice 
 done them. An Inventory is taken of the Goods 
 already reftored, and I cxpeft Satisfaction will be 
 made for fuch as cannot be found, in Skins, accord- 
 ing to Promife. 
 
 I well remember the coming down of one of the 
 Conoy Indians with a Paper, fetting forth. That the 
 Conoys had come to a Rcfolution to leave the Land 
 referved for them by the Proprietors, but he made 
 no Complaint to me of ill Ufage from the white 
 
 People. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 People. The Reafon he gave for their Removal 
 was^ That the fettling of the white People all round 
 them had made Deer fcarce, and that therefore thev 
 chofe to remove to Juniata for the Benefit of 
 Hunting I ordered what they faid to be entered 
 in the Council-Book. The old Man’s Expences 
 were born, and a Blanket given him at his Return 
 home. I have not yet heard from the Proprietors 
 on this Head j but you may be affured, from the 
 Favour and Juftice they have always ftiewn to the 
 Indians^ that they will do every thing that may be 
 reafonably expefted of them in this Cafe. 
 
 In the Court-House Chamber at Ijincaji(Ty 
 July 2 , 1744, P. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Virginia. 
 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad fVeifery Interpreter. 
 
 <fhe Indians being toldy by the Interpreter, that their 
 Brother Affaragoa was going to /peak to Wenty 
 the CommiJJioners /poke as follows : 
 
 Sachems and Warriors, our Friends and Brethren, 
 
 « A S we have already faid enough to you on the 
 A Subjeftof the Title to the Lands you claim 
 Uom Virginia, we have no Occafion to % ariy 
 thing more to you on that head, but come direftly 
 
 We^ave opened the Cheft, and the (^ods are 
 nowhere before you •, they coft ^ wo Hundred 
 Pounds Penfylvania Money, and were bought by 
 a Perfon recommended to us by the Governor of 
 Penfyhania with ready Calh. We ordered them 
 
 K 4 
 
The History of the 
 
 ^ good in their Kinds, and we believe they are fo. 
 I hele Goods, and Two Hundred Pounds in Gold 
 which he on the Table, we will give you, our Bre- 
 thren of the Six Nation!^ upon Condition that you 
 immediate y make a Deed recognizing the KinVs 
 Right to all the Lands that are, or lhall be, by his 
 Majefty s Appointment in the Colony of Virginia. 
 
 we agree you fhall have one, 
 and the Regulation is in Paper, which the Inter- 
 preter now has in his Cuftody to (hew you. The 
 People of Virginia lhall perform their Part, if you 
 and your Indians perform theirs ; we are your Bre- 
 thren, and will do no Hardlhips to you, but, on 
 the contrary, all the Kindnefs we can.” 
 
 T\\t Indians agreed to what was faid, and Canaffa- 
 tego defired they would reprefent their Cafe to the 
 King, in order to have a further Confideration when 
 the Settlement incrcafed much further back. To 
 which the Commiflloners agreed, and promifed 
 they would make fuch a Reprefentation faithfully 
 and honefljy j and, for their further Security that 
 they would do fo, they would give them a Writing, 
 under their Hands and Seals, to that Purpofe. 
 
 They defired that Ibme Rum might be given 
 them to drink on their Way home, which the Com- 
 rnilTioners agreed to, and paid them in Gold for 
 
 ofv j Carriage of their Goods from 
 
 Philadelphia, mot Pounds Thirteen Shillings, and 
 Three-pence, Penfylvania Money. 
 
 Canaffatego further faid. That as their Brother 
 Tocarry-hogan fent them provifion on the Road here, 
 which kept them from ftarving, he hoped their 
 Brother AJfaragoa would do the lame for them back, 
 
 ^ r Goods he gave them carried to the 
 
 ^ j Hace ; which the Commiffioners agreed to, 
 and ordered Provifions and Carriages to be provided 
 accordingly. 
 
 After this Conference the Deed was produced, 
 and the Interpreter explained it to them ; and they, 
 
 according 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. ' 
 
 according to their Rank and Quality, put their 
 Marks and Seals to it in the Prefence of feveral 
 Gentlemen of Maryland^ Tcnfylvaniaz'nCi Virginia \ 
 and when they delivered the De?d, Canajfatego de- 
 livered it for the Ufe of their Father, the Great 
 King, and hoped he would confider them on 
 which the Gentlemen and Indians then prefent »ave 
 three Shouts. 
 
 In the Court-House at Lancafter^ Tttefda)\ 
 
 > 744 * 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE I' HO MAS, Efq; 
 Governor, (Ac. 
 
 The Honourable the CommilTioners of Virtrinia 
 The Honourable theCommiffioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad Weifer, Interpreter. 
 
 ^he Governor [poke as follc-jss : 
 
 Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, 
 
 A t a Treaty held with many of the Chiefs of 
 your Nations Two Years ago, the Road be- 
 tween us was made clearer and wider ; our Fire was 
 enlarged, and our Friendlhip confirmed by an Ex- 
 change of PrefcBts, and many other mutual good 
 Offices. 
 
 We think ourfelves happy in having been inftru- 
 mental to your meeting with our Brethren of Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland ; and we perfuade ourlelves, 
 that you, on your Parts, will always remember it 
 as an inffance of our Good-will and Afieftion for 
 you. This has given us an Opportunity of feeing 
 
 you 
 
’The History of the 
 
 you fooncr than perhaps we fhould otherwife have 
 done V and, as we are under mutual Obligations by 
 Treaties, we to hear with our Ears for you, and 
 you to hear with your Ears for us, we take this 
 Opportunity to inform you of what very nearly 
 concerns us both. 
 
 The great King of England and the French 
 King have declared War againft each other. Two 
 Battles have been fought, one by Land, and the 
 other by Sea. The great King of England com- 
 manded the Land-Army in Eerfon, and gained a 
 compleat Victory. Numbers of the French were 
 killed and taken Prifoners, and the reft were forced 
 to pais a River with Precipitation to fave their Lives. 
 The Great God covered the King’s Head in that 
 Battle, fo that he did not receive the leaft Hurt •, 
 for which you, as well as we, have Reafon to be 
 very thankful. 
 
 The Engagement at Sea was likewife to the Ad- 
 vantage of the Englifh. The French and Spaniards 
 joined their Ships together, and came out to fight 
 us. The brave Englip Admiral biirnt one of their 
 larc^eft Ships, and many others were fo lhattered, 
 that they were glad to take the Opportunity of a 
 very high Wind, and a dark Night, to run away, 
 and to hide themfelves again in their own Har- 
 bours. Had the Weather proved fair, he would, 
 in all Probability, have taken or deftroyed them all. 
 
 I need not put you in mind how much William 
 Penn and his Sons have been your Friends, and the 
 Friends of all the Indians. You have long and 
 often experienced their Friendfhip for you ; nor 
 need I repeat to you how kindly you were treated, 
 and what valuable Prefents were made to you two 
 Years ago by the Governor, the Council, and the 
 Alfembly of Penfyhania. The Sons of William 
 Penn are all now in England, and have left me in 
 their Place, well knowing how'much I regard you 
 and all the Indians. As a frelh Proof of this, I 
 . have 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 have left my Houfe, and am come thus far to fee 
 you, to renew our Treaties, to brighten the Cove- 
 nant-Chain, and to confirm our Friendfhip with 
 you. In Tcftimony whereof, 1 prefent you with 
 this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 JVhicb was received with the Yo-hah. 
 
 As your Nations have engaged themfelves by 
 Treaty to aflill us, your Brethren of Penfylvania, 
 in cafe of a War with the French, we do not doubt 
 but you will pundtually perform an Engage- 
 ment fo folemnly entered into. A War is now de- 
 clared, and we expert that you will not i’uffer 
 the French, or any of the Indians in Alliance with 
 them, to march through your Country to difturb 
 any of our Settlements *, and that you will give us 
 the earlieft and beft Intelligence of any Defigns 
 that may be formed by them to our Difadvantage, 
 as we promife to do of any that may be to yours. 
 To enforce wliat I have now faid to you in the 
 ftrongeft Manner, I prefent you with this Belt of 
 Wampum. 
 
 Winch was received with the Yo-hah. 
 
 After a little Paufe his Honour, the Governor, 
 fpoke again : 
 
 Friends and Brethren of the Six Nations, 
 
 What I have now faid to you is in Conformity 
 to Treaties fublUling between the Province of which 
 I am Governor and your Nations. I now pro- 
 ceed, with the Confent of the honourable Commif- 
 fioners for Virginia and Maryland, to tell you, that 
 all Differences having been adjulled, and the Roads 
 between us and you made quite clear and open, we 
 are ready to confirm our Treaties with your Na- 
 tions, and eftablilh a Friendfhip that is not to end, 
 but with the World itfelf. And, in Behalf of the 
 Province of Petijylvania, I do, by this fine Belt of 
 
 Wampum, 
 
7he of the 
 
 Wampum, and a Prefent of Goods, to the Value 
 ot three hundred Pounds, confirm and eftablifh the 
 faid Treaties of Peace, Union and Friendfnip, you 
 on your Parts doing the fame. 
 
 Which was received with a loud Yo-hah. 
 
 /The Governor further added. The Goods bought 
 with the one hundred Pounds Sterling, put into 
 my Hands by the Governor of Virginia^ are ready 
 to be delivered when you pleafe. The Goods bought 
 and fent up by the People of the Province of Pen* 
 fylvania^ according to the Lift which the Interpre- 
 ter will explain, are laid by themfelves, and are like- 
 wife ready to be delivered to you at your own time. 
 
 After a little Paufe the Commijfioners of Virginia 
 fpoke as follows : 
 
 Sachems and Warriors of the Six Nations, 
 
 The Way between us being made fmooth by 
 what paffed Yefterday, we defire now to confirm 
 all tormer Preatics made between Virginia and you, 
 our Brethren of the Six Nations^ and to make our 
 Chain of Union and P>icndftiip as bright as the Sun, 
 that it may not contrafl any more Ruft for ever ; 
 that our Childrens Children may rejoice at, and con- 
 firm what we have done ; and that you and your 
 Children may not forget it, we give you one hun- 
 dred Pounds in Gold, and this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Friends and Brethren^ 
 
 Altho’ we have been difappointed in our En- 
 deavours to bring about a Peace between you and 
 the Catawbas^ yet we defire to fpeak to you fome- 
 thing more about them. We believe they have 
 been unfaithful to you, and fpoke of you with a 
 foolifh Contempt ; but this may be oniy the Rafh- 
 Refs of fomc of their young Men. In this Time 
 4 of 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 of War with our common Enemies the French and 
 Spaniards., it will be the wifeft way to be at Peace 
 among ourfelvcs. They, the Catawbas, are alfo 
 Children of the great King, and therefore we defire 
 you will agree, that we may endeavour to make a 
 Peace between you and them, that we may be all 
 united by one common Chain of Friendlhip. We 
 give you this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Brethren., 
 
 Our Friend, Conrad Weifer, when he is old, will 
 go into the other W orld, as our Fathers have done, 
 our Children will then want luch a Friend to go be- 
 tween them and your Children, to recoiKile any 
 Differences that may happen to arife between them, 
 that, like him, may have the Ears and Tongues of 
 our Children and yours. 
 
 The Way to have fuch a Friend, is for you to 
 fend three or four of your Boys to Virginia, where 
 we have a fine Houfe for them to live in, and a 
 Man on purpofe to teach the Children of you, our 
 Friends, the Religion, Language and Cufloms of 
 the white People. To this Place we kindly invite 
 you to fend fome of your Children ; and we pro- 
 mife you tliey lhall have the fame Care taken of 
 them, and be inftrufted in the fame Manner as our 
 own Children, and he returned to you again when 
 you pleafe ; and, to confirm this, we give you this 
 String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 'Then the Commijf oners of Maryland [poke as follows: 
 
 Friends and Brethren, the Chiefs or Sachems of 
 the Six united Nations, 
 
 The Governor oS. Maryland invited you hither, 
 we have treated you as Friends, and agreed with 
 you as Brethren. 
 
142 1‘he History of the 
 
 As the Treaty now made concerning the Lands 
 in Maryland will, we hope, prevent efFeftually every 
 future Mifunderftanding between us on that Ac- 
 count, we will now bind fafter the Links of our 
 Chain of Friendlhip, by a Renewal of all our for- 
 mer Treaties ; and that they may Hill be the better 
 fecured, we lhall prefent you with one hundred 
 Pounds in Gold. 
 
 What we have further to fay to you is, I^et not 
 our Chain contratT any Ruft •, whenever you per- 
 ceive the lead Speck, tell us of it, and we will 
 make it clean. 'I’his we alfo expeft of you, that it 
 may always continue fo bright as our Generations 
 may fee their Faces in it ; and, in Pledge of the 
 Truth of what we have now fpoken, and our Af- 
 feftion to you, we give you this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 Which was rccehed with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 CANASSATEG Oy in ret urn y /poke as follows: 
 
 Brother Onas, AlTaragoa, and Tocarry-hogan, 
 
 We return you Thanks for your feveral Speeches, 
 which are very agreeable to us. They contain 
 Matters of fuch great Moment, that we propofe to 
 give them a very ferious Confideration, and to an- 
 fwer them fuitably to their Worth and Excellence ; 
 and this will take till to-morrow Morning, and 
 when we arc ready we will give you due Notice. 
 
 You tell us you beat the French ; if fo, you 
 mull have taken a great deal of Rum from them, 
 and can the better fpare us fome of that Liquor 
 to make us rejoice with you in the Victory. 
 
 The Governor and Commiflloners ordered a 
 Dram of Rum to be given to each in a fmall Glafs, 
 calling it, A French Glafs. 
 
 In 
 
Five Indian Nations, & c . 
 
 H3' 
 
 IntheCouRT-HousE at LmcaJler,July 1 744,^/. M 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The Honourable GEORGE THOMAS^ Efqj 
 Governor, fcfr. 
 
 The Honourable the Commiffioners of Virginia. 
 The Honourable the Commiflioners of Maryland. 
 The Deputies of the Six Nations. 
 
 Conrad fVeifer, Interpreter. 
 
 CANASSATEGO Speaker. 
 
 Brother Onas, 
 
 Y esterday you expreffed your Satisfac- 
 tion in having been inftrumental to our meet- 
 ing with our Brethren of Virginia and Maryland, 
 we, in return, alTure you, that we have great Plea- 
 fure in this Meeting, and thank you for the Part you 
 have had in bringing us together, in order to create 
 a good Underftanding, and to clear the Road ; 
 and, in Token of our Gratitude, we prefent you 
 with this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Brother Onas, 
 
 You was pleafed Yeftcrday to inform us, “ That 
 “ War had been declared between the great King of 
 England and the French King j that two great 
 “ Batdes had been fought, one by Land, and the 
 “ other at Sea ; with many other Particulars.” 
 We are glad to hear the Arms of the King of Eng- 
 land were fuccefsful, and take part with you in your 
 Joy on this Occafion. You then came nearer 
 Home, and told us, “ You had left yOur Houfe, 
 “ and were come thus far on Behalf of the whole 
 “ People of Penfylvania to fee us ; to renew your 
 Treaties, to brighten the Covenant- Chain, and 
 
 “ to 
 
144 
 
 The History of the 
 
 “ to confirm your Friendfliip with us.” We ap- 
 prove this Propofition, we thank you for it. We 
 own, with Pleafure, that the Covenant-Chain be- 
 tween us and Penfylvania is of old Standing, and 
 has never contracted any Ruft 5 we wilh it may 
 always continue as bright as it has done hitherto i 
 and, in Token of the Sincerity of our Wilhes, we 
 prefent you with this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the Yo-hah. 
 
 Brother Onr-s, 
 
 You was pleafed Yefterday to remind us of our 
 mutual Obligation to affift each other in cafe of a 
 War with the French^ and to repeat the Subftance 
 of what we ought to do by our Treaties with you ; 
 arid that as a War had been already entered into 
 with the French, you called upon us to affift you, 
 and not to luller the French to march through bur 
 Country to difturb any of your Settlements. 
 
 In’ anfwer, we allure you we have all thefe Par- 
 ticulars in our Hearts, they are frefh' in our Me- 
 mory. W e lliall never forget that you and we have 
 but one Pleart, one Head, one Kye, one Ear, and 
 one Haikl. W e ffiall have all your Country under 
 our Eye, and take all the Care we can to prevent 
 any Enemy Irom coming into it i and, in proof of 
 out Care, we mult inform you, that before we 
 came here, we told ’ Onandio, our Father, as he is 
 called, that neit.hcr he, nor any of his People, 
 Ihould come thro’ugh our Country, to hurt our 
 Brethren the Englijh, or any of the Settlements 
 ^longing to them ; there was Room enough at 
 Sea to figlit, there he m.ight do what he pleafed, 
 but he Ihould not come upon our Land to do any 
 Damage to our Brethren. And you may depend 
 upon our tiling our utmoft Care to Ice this effec- 
 tually done •, and, in loken of our Sincerity, we 
 j'rck'JiC yo’U with this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 Wmeb was received with the tifual Ceremony. 
 
 ‘ Governor of Canada. 
 
 Jfter 
 
Five Indian Nations, (^c. 
 
 After form little Time the Interpreter /aid, Canaf- 
 fatego had forgot fomething material^ and de- 
 Jired to mend his Speech, and to do fo as often 
 as he fhoutd omit any thing of Moment, and 
 thereupon he added: 
 
 The Six Nations have a great Authority and In- 
 fluence over fundry Tribes of Indians in Alliance 
 with the French, and particularly over the Praying 
 Indians, formerly a Part with ourfelves, who ftand 
 in the very Gates of the French ; and, tp fhew our 
 further Care, we have engaged thefe very Indians, 
 and other Indian Allies of the French for you. They 
 will not join the French againll you. They have 
 have ^reed with us before we fet out. We have 
 put the Spirit of Antipathy againft the French in 
 thofe People. Our Intereft is very confiderable with 
 them, and many other Nations, and as far as ever 
 it extends, we fhall ufe it for your Service. 
 
 The Governor faid, Canajfatego did well to mend 
 his Speech j he might always do it whenever his 
 Memory Ihould fail him in any Point of Confe- 
 quence, and he thanked him for the very agreeable 
 Addition. 
 
 Brother AlTaragoa, 
 
 You told us Yefterday, that all Difputes with 
 you being now at an end, you defired to confirm 
 ail former Treaties between Virginia and us, and to 
 make our drain of Union as bright as the Sun. 
 
 We agree very heartily with you in thefe Pro- 
 pofitions •, we thank you for your good Inclina- 
 tions V we defire you will pay no Regard to any 
 idle Stories that may be told to our Prejudice. 
 And, as the Difpute about the Land is now intirely 
 over, and we perfedlly reconciled, we hope, for 
 the future, w'e lhall not aft towards each other but 
 as becomes Brethren and hearty Friends. 
 
 L 
 
 We 
 
i|! 
 
 
 It 
 
 ^he History of the 
 
 We are very willing to renew the Friendfhip 
 with you, and to make it as firm as poflible, for 
 us and our Children with you and your Children to 
 the lateft Generation, and we defire you will im- 
 print thefe Engagements or» your Hearts in the 
 ilrongell Manner i and, in Confirmation that we fhall 
 do the fame, we give you this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 Which •was received with Yo-hah from the 
 hiterpreter^ and all the Nations. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 You did let us know Yefterday, that tho’ you 
 had been difappointed in your Endeavours to bring 
 about a Peace between us and the Catawbas., yet 
 you would ftili do the beft to bring fuch a Thing 
 about. We are well pJeafed with yourDefign, and 
 and the more lb, as we hear you know what fort 
 of People the Catawbas are, that they are fpiteful 
 ;^nd olfenfive, and have treated us contemptuoufly. 
 vVe are glad you know thefe 'Phings of the Ca- 
 tawbas V we believe what you fay to be true, that 
 there arc, notwithftanding, fome amongft them 
 who are wifer and better •, and, as you lay, they 
 are your Brethren, and belong to the great King 
 over the Water, we fhall not be againft a Peace 
 on reafonablc Terms, provided they will come to 
 ^he Northward to treat about it. In Confirmation 
 pf what we fay, and to encourage you in your Un- 
 dertaking, we give you this String ot Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremonies. 
 
 Brother Afiaragoa, 
 
 You told us. likewife, you had a great Houfc 
 provided for the Education of Youth, and that 
 there were feveral white People and Indians Chil- 
 dren there to learn Languages, and to write and 
 read, and invited us to fend fome of our Children 
 amongft you, i^c. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 We muft let you know we love our Children 
 too well to fend them fo great a Way, and the In- 
 dians are not inclined to give their Children Learn- 
 ing. We allow it to be good, and we thank you 
 for your Invitation ; but our Cuftoms differing 
 from yours, you will be fo good as to excufe us. 
 
 We hope “ Tarachawagon will be preferved by 
 the good Spirit to a good old Age *, when he is 
 gone under Ground, it will be then time enough 
 to look out for another ; and no doubt but amongft 
 fo many Thouiands as there are in the World, one 
 fuch Man may be found, who will ferve both Par- 
 ties with the fame Fidelity as Tarachaivagon does ; 
 while he lives there is no Room to complain. In 
 Token of our I'hankfulnefs for your Invitation, 
 we give you this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufual Ceremony. 
 
 Brother Tocarry-hogan, 
 
 You told us Yellerday, that fince there was now 
 nothing in Controverfy between us, and the Affair 
 of the Land was fettled to your Satisfadlion, you 
 would now brighten the Chain of Friendfhip which 
 hath fubfifted between you and us ever lince we 
 became Brethren j we are well pleafed with the Pro- 
 pofition, and we thank you for it ; we alfo are in- 
 clined to renew all Treaties, and keep a goodCorre- 
 fpondence with you. You told us further, if ever 
 we lliould perceive the Chain had contracted any 
 Rufl, to let y'ou know, and you would t.ake care 
 to rake the Ruff out, and prefeiwe it bright. We 
 agree with you in this, and lliall, on our Parts, do 
 every thing to preferve a good Underftanding, and 
 to live in the fame Friendfhip with you as with our 
 Brother Onas and JJfaragoa ; in Confirmation 
 whereof we give you this Belt of Wampum. 
 
 On which the ufual Cry of Yo-hah was given. 
 
 L 2 Bre- 
 
 ’ Tarath^ioagon, Ctnrad If'dfr, 
 
148 
 
 The History of the 
 
 Brethren^ 
 
 W E have now finifhed our Anfwer to what you 
 fdd to us Yefterday, and fliall now proceed to In- 
 dian Affairs, that are not of fo general a Concern. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 There lives a Nation of Indians on the other 
 Side of your Country, the Tufearoraes., who are 
 our Friends, and with whom we hold Correfpon- 
 dence •, but the Road between us and them has 
 been flopped for fome Time, on account of the 
 Mifbehaviour of fome of our Warriors. We have 
 opened a new Road for our Warriors, and they 
 fhall keep to that j but as that would be inconve- 
 nient for Meffengers going to the Tufearoraes^ we 
 defire they may go the old Road. We frequently 
 fend Meffengers to one another, and lhall have more 
 Occafion to do fo now that we have concluded a 
 Peace with the Cheyikees. To enforce our Rcqueft, 
 we giye you this String of Wampum. 
 
 Which was received with the ufugl Cry of 
 Approbation. 
 
 Brother Affaragoa, 
 
 Among thefe Tufearoraes there live a few Fami- 
 lies of the Conoy Indians., who are defirous to leave 
 them, and to remove fo the reft of their Nation 
 among us, and the ftrait Road from them to us 
 lies through the Middle of your Country. We 
 defire you will give them free Paffage through Fifr- 
 ginia, and furnifh them with Paffes ; and, to en- 
 force our Requeft, we give you this String of 
 Wampum. Which was received with the ufual 
 
 Cry of Approbation. 
 
 Brother Onns, Affaragoa, arid Tocarry-hogan, 
 
 At the Clofc of your refpedlive Speeches Yef- 
 terday, you made us very handfome Frefents, and 
 
 ■ ■ . « - ' ' ■ ' we 
 
149 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 V‘c fhould return you fomething fuitable to your 
 Generofity •, but, alas ! we are poor, and fliall ever 
 remain fo, as long as there are fo many Indian 
 Traders among us. Theirs and the white Peoples 
 Cattle have eat up all the Grafs, and make Deer fcarce. 
 However, we have provided a fmall Prefent for 
 you, and though fome of you gave us more than 
 others, yet, as you are all equally our Brethrejri 
 we fliall leave it to you to divide it as you pleafe.— 
 And then prefcnted tliree Bundles of Skins, whicli 
 were received with the ufual Ceremony from the 
 three Governments. 
 
 W F. have one Thing further to fay, and that is. 
 We heartily recommend Union and a good Agree- 
 ment between you our Brethren. Never difagree, 
 but preferve a ftridt Friendfliip for one another, 
 and thereby you, as well as we, will become the 
 ftronger. 
 
 Our wife Forefathers eftabliflied Union and 
 Amity between the Five Nations this has made us 
 formidable •, this has given us great Weight and 
 Authority with our jaeighbouring Nations. 
 
 W E are a powerful Confederacy ; and, by your 
 obferving the fame Methods our wife Forefathers 
 have taken, you will acquire frefli Strength and 
 Power ; therefore whatever befals you, never fall 
 out one with another. 
 
 The Governor replied ; 
 
 The honourable Commiflioners of Virginia and 
 Maryland have defired me to fpeak for them ; there- 
 fore I, in Behalf of thofe Governments, as well as 
 of the Province of Penfylvania, return you Thanks 
 for the many Proofs you have given in your Speeches 
 of your Zeal for the Service of your Brethren the 
 Englijh^ and in particular for your having fo early 
 engaged in a Neutrality the feveral Tribes of Indians 
 in the French Alliance. We do not doubt but you 
 will faitlifully difeharge your Promifes. As to 
 L s , your 
 
 \ 
 
*r/je History of the 
 
 yourPrefents,we never eftimate thefeXhings by their 
 real Worth, but by the Difpofition of the Giver. 
 In this Light we accept them with great Fleafure, 
 and put a high Value upon them. We are obliged 
 to you for recommending Peace and good Agree- 
 ment amongft ourfelves. We are all Subjecls, as 
 well as you, of the great King beyond the Water ; 
 and, in Duty to his Majefty, and from the good 
 Affedtion we bear to each other, as well as from a 
 Regard to our own Intereft, we fliall always be in- 
 clined to live in Friendlhip. 
 
 Then the Commifiioners of Virginia prefented 
 the hundred Pounds in Gold, together with a Paper, 
 containing aPromife to recommend the Six Nations 
 for further Favour to tlie King ; which they re- 
 ceived with To~hah, and the Paper was given by 
 them to Conrad Weifer to keep for them. The 
 Commjflioners likewife promifed that their publick 
 Meffengers fliould not be molefted in tlicir PatTage 
 through Virginia, and that they would prepare 
 PalTes for fuch of the Conoy Indians as were will- 
 ing to remove to tire Northward. 
 
 ^'hen the Comminioners of Maryland prefented 
 their hundred Pounds in Gold, which was likewife 
 received with the To-hah, 
 
 Canaffatego faid. We mentioned to you Yefter- 
 day the Booty you had taken from the French, and 
 afked you for'lbme of the Rum which we fuppolcd to 
 be Part of it, and you gave us Ibme •, but it^turned 
 out unfortunately that you gave it in French Glaffes, 
 we now defire you will give us fome in E^iglip 
 Glaffes. 
 
 The Governor m.ade anfwcr, We are glad to 
 hear you have fuch a Didike lor what is French, 
 They cheat you in your Glafies, as well as in every 
 thing elfe. You muff confider we are at a Diitance 
 from I'PHlianiJl'urg, Annapolis, and Philadelphia, 
 where our Rum Stores are, and that although we 
 
 brought 
 
Five Indian NAtioNSj &Ci 151 
 
 brought up a good Quantity with us, you have 
 almoll drunk it out ; but, notwithftanding this, we 
 have enough left to fill our Eaglijh Glafles, and will 
 fliew the Difference between the Narrownefs of the 
 French, and the Generofity of your Brethren the 
 Englip towards you. 
 
 Fuz Indians gave, in tlieir Order, five To-hahsy 
 and the honourable Governor and Commiffioners 
 calling for fome Rum, and fome middle-fized 
 Wine-Glaffes, drank Health to the great King of 
 England, and the Six NationSi and put an end to 
 the Treaty by three loud Huzza’ s^ in which all the 
 Company joined. 
 
 In the Evening the Governor went to take his 
 Leave of the Indians^ and, prefenting them with 
 a String of Wampum, he told them, that was in 
 return for one he had received of them, with a 
 Mcflage to defire the Governor of Virginia to fuffer 
 their Warriors to go through Virginia unmoleftedv 
 which was rendered unneceffary by the prefent 
 Treaty. 
 
 Then, prefenting them with another String of 
 Wampum, he told them, that was in return for 
 theirs, praying him, that as they had taken away 
 one Part of Conrad IVeifer’s Beard, which frightened 
 their Children, he would pleafe to take away the 
 other, which he had ordered to be done. 
 
 The Indians received thefe two Strings of 
 Wampum with the uftial Yo-hah. 
 
 The Governor then afkcd them,- what was the 
 Reafon that more of the Sbawanaes, from their 
 Town on Hohio, were not at the Treaty ? But fee- 
 ing that it would require a Council in Form, and 
 perhaps another Day to give an Anfwer, he defired 
 they would give an Anfwer to Conrad Weifer upon 
 |:he Road on their Return home, for he w'as to fet- 
 out for Philadelphia the next Morning. 
 
 L 4 
 
 GAFUS- 
 
*The History of the 
 
 CANASSATEGO in Conclujion fpoke as follows: ' 
 
 We have been hindered, by a great deal of Bu- 
 finefs, from waiting on you, to have fome private 
 Converfation with you, chiefly to enquire after the 
 Healths of Onas beyond the Water j we defire you 
 will tell them, we have a grateful Senfe of all their 
 Kindneflfes for the Indians. Brother Onas told us, 
 when he went away, he would not ilay long from 
 us •, we think it is a great while, and want to know 
 when we may expeft him, and defire, when you 
 write, you will recommend us heartily to him ; 
 which the Governor promifcd to do, and then took 
 his Leave of them. 
 
 The CommilTioners of Virginia gave Canaffatego 
 a Scarlet Camblet Coat, and took their Leave of 
 them in Form, and at the fame time delivered the 
 Pafles to them, according to their Requeft. 
 
 The Commifiloners ot Maryland prelentedG^c/&- 
 radodow with a broad Gold-laced Hat, and took 
 their Leave of them in the fame Manner. 
 
 A true Copy^ compared by 
 
 Richard Peters, Seer, 
 
A 
 
 T R E A T Y 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 riis EXCELLENCY 
 The Honourable George Clinton, 
 
 Captain-General and Governor in Chief of the 
 Province of New-Tork, and the Territories 
 thereon depending in America, Vice- 
 Admiral of the fame, and Vice-Admiral of 
 the Red Squadron of His Majelly’s Fleet. 
 
 AND 
 
 The Six United Indian Nations, and other Indian 
 Nations, depending on the Province of NEW- 
 TORK. 
 
 Held at ALB A N T in the Months of Auguft and 
 September, 1746. 
 

A TREATY between his Excellency 
 the Governor of the Province ^New- 
 York, and the Six Nations, and other 
 Indian Nations depending on faid 
 Province. 
 
 I T is well known in the Province of Nm-Terk, 
 that the Six Nations of Indians depending on 
 this Province, (called Iroquois by the French) 
 had lately on feveral Occafions, appear’d diffatisfied 
 and wavering in their Fidelity to the Britijh Crown. 
 No doubt, this was principally occafion’d by the 
 Artifices of the French of Canada, who had con- 
 ftantly Emiffaries among them : But at the fame 
 Time there is Realbn to think, the fufpicious Be- 
 haviour of thefe Nations, in Favour of their once 
 inveterate Enemy the French, could not have ar- 
 riv’d to the Pitch it did, otherwife than by fome 
 Negleds or Mifeondud of thole who were entrufted 
 by the Government of Neip-Tork with the Manage- 
 ment of the Indian Affairs. 
 
 His Excellency the Governor of New-Tork, hav- 
 ing received his Majefty’s Commands, to engage 
 the Indian Nations depending on his Government, 
 to join in the Expedition then intended againft Ca- 
 nada, and to make them the ufual Prefents on that 
 Occafion j and being fenfible of the great Ufe thefe 
 Nations might be to the Succefs of this Enterprize, 
 and likewife of the Difficulties that probably might 
 attend his Endeavours at this Time, was defirous 
 to have had the Affiftance of as many of the Mem- 
 bers of his Majefty’s Council as the Circumftances 
 
The HiSTdRY 
 
 of Affairs would permit ; but they all declined to 
 give their Attendance, except Mr. Golden and Mr. Liv- 
 ingfion. His Excellency was therefore obliged to 
 aft with the fmalleft Number of Members, which 
 by his Majefty’s Commiflion can form a Council, 
 viz. Three •, the aSovc two Gentlemen and Capt. 
 Rutherffirdi who was then at his Poll in Albany. 
 
 As foon as his Excellency received his Majefty’.s 
 Coriinriands, he difpatched from Albany fuch Per- 
 fons as, by the belt Information he could receive, 
 had Influence among the Six Nations, to invite 
 them leverally to meet him at Alba 7 iy, on the 20th 
 of July. His Excellency arriv’d at Albany the 21ft 
 of July, where having heard, that, befides the Smail- 
 Pox, (which his Excellency never had) many were 
 Tick of a contagious malignant Fever, he continued 
 on board the Sloop which carried him up, to con- 
 lider where to lodge with the leall Danger to his 
 Perfon from the Infeftion of thefe Diftempers ; and 
 the next Morning refolved to go into the Fort. He 
 was received at his Landing with the ufual Marks of 
 Refpeft from the Corporation, the independent 
 Companies of regular Troops then in the Place, 
 and the Militia, under a Difcharge of the Cannon 
 of the Fort and I'own. 
 
 In the Afternoon of the fame Day on which his 
 Excellency came on flrore, three Ltdians, viz. two 
 Onandagos and an Oneydo, brought two French Scalps 
 and prefented to his Excellency : At which Time 
 the Leader of the Party made a formal Speech to 
 the following Purpofe : ‘ That having had repeat- 
 ‘ ed Accounts of the Mifehiefs done by the French, 
 
 ‘ and of the frequent Murders committed by them, 
 
 ‘ and that the Mohawks, notwithffanding their 
 ‘ Profeflions of Friendfliip, fuffered this Bloodflied 
 ‘ to remain unrevenged, his Heart could bear it 
 ‘ no longer •, he thereupon refolved to open for his 
 ‘ Brethren tire Path to Revenge : That thefe two 
 ‘ Scalps which he irow prefented were taken at Noon- 
 
 ‘ day 
 
157 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ‘ day in fight of the French Fort at Crown Point' 
 His Excellency told him how well he took this fpe- 
 cial Mark of his Fidelity, and alfuredhim, that hp 
 would not only now reward him’ and his Compa- 
 nions, by particular Prefents, byt would always re- 
 member this Aa of Friendlhip. They liad already 
 received the Reward given by the Aft of Alfembly. 
 His Excellency gave, each of them four Dol- 
 
 lars i to the Leader a fine laced Coat and Hat, and 
 a filver Breaft-Plate ; and to each of the others a 
 Stroud Blanket and lac’d Hat. 
 
 Thefe Indians told us, that they lay feveral Days 
 among the Bullies, from whence they could fee 
 every Man that came out of the bort-Gate. They 
 pndeavoured for iome time to take a Pfilbncr, but 
 Obferving that none went to fuch a Diftange from 
 the Fort that they could hope to carry him off, 
 they refolved to take the firft Opportunity for a 
 Scalp : Two Soldiprs coming out of the Fort, after 
 the Chapel Bell had rung about Noon, one of the 
 Indians, by their Leader’s Order, fired with Swan 
 Shot upon them while they were near to each other. 
 It is a conftant Rule among thefe fculking Parties, 
 pever to fire without Orders from their Leafier. 
 One of the French Men was killed upon the Spot, 
 tlie other wounded, and fled immediately towards 
 the Fort Gate, the Indian who had fired, purfu’d, 
 and with his Hatchet brought him down within a 
 hundred Steps of the bort Gate ; and, though the 
 French in the bort ruflied out at the Gate, he took 
 his Scalp off i the others had fcalped die Man that 
 was firft killed, and then they all fled. The French 
 in their Hurry had run out without their Arms, 
 jnd upon recolleding themfelyes return’d to arm, 
 which facilitated the Efcape of the Indians. 
 
 His Excellency being informed, that the Leader 
 of this Party was defirous to be diftinguilhed by 
 his Excellency’s giving him a new Name, and 
 that a Name, which in the Language of the Six 
 • Nations 
 
History of the 
 
 Nations fignified the Path-opener, would be moft 
 acceptable to him ; his Excellency honour’d him 
 with that Title ; which he accepted very thankfully, 
 and feem’d exceedingly pleafed with it : "Where- 
 upon he faid, that the other two Indians having affo- 
 ciated with a Mehikander, or River Indian, were 
 refolved to go out againft the Enemy : But as he 
 thought he might be more ufetul by flaying, to 
 aflift at the enfuing Treaty, he was refolved to re- 
 main here. He added, that in cafe the Interpreter, 
 and others fent to invite the Six Nations to meet 
 here, fail’d in any Part, he would go among the Six 
 Nations, and doubted not to bring many by his In- 
 fluence, who otherwife might flay. 
 
 In a Day or two after, fix of feven Indians, who 
 had been fent out by the Cominilfioners for Indian 
 Affairs to Crown-Point, to take Prifoners, and gain 
 Intelligence, returned and faid, I'hat they had gone 
 to that Place, and that in fight of it they had fcpa- 
 rated,with Defign thereby to furprize anyStragler that 
 might have come out of the Fort : That while they 
 were thus feparated, two of their Number "were 
 fuddenly furrounded and taken by the Enemy ; One 
 of thefe two, after having been detained three or 
 four Days, join’d the others at Saraghloga. He 
 faid, that he had been threatened with death by the 
 Jdircndacks * but that the Cahniiagas ^ interpos’d, 
 and by their interceffion he was fet at Liberty ; and 
 fome of the Cahnuagas conducted him through Lac 
 Sacrement. He reported, that there was a great Num- 
 ber of Men, French and Indians, at CrowurPoint. 
 I'he other Prifoner, an Onondaga, confented to remain 
 with the French, and was fent to Canada. 
 
 Soon 
 
 * A Nation of Indians living in Canada, who have always 
 been firm Friends to the French, and formerly were at War with 
 the Six Nations. 
 
 ^ A Number Indians originally of the Fi^e Nations, and 
 Deferters from them, now fettled near Montreal, by whom the 
 illicit 7 rade between j^lbany and Montreal was carried on ; They 
 are well acquainted with the Country about Albany, 
 
159 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Soon after this, fixteen Mohawk Indians came to 
 the Town, who had been fent out from the lower 
 Mohawk Caftle by Mr. Johnfon., to gain Intelligence 
 near Crown-Point, and to take Prifoners. They re- 
 ported that they had difcovered fo great a Number 
 of French and Indians at Crown-Point, that they had 
 no Hopes of being able to bring off any Prifoners, 
 and thought it advifeable to return fpeedily and in- 
 form of the great Danger they thought this Place 
 was in. His Excellency invited them to go thi- 
 ther again, in order to defcry the Motions of the 
 tinemy : And as a farther Encouragement to them, 
 to either Scalp or take Prifoners, he offered every 
 Perfon of faid Party that fliould take a Scalp or 
 Prifoner, a Piece of Stroud, and a Suit of laced 
 Clothes, befides the Bounty -, but they, being fright- 
 ened with the Apprehenfions of Danger, declined 
 going back, and laid, they muft return Home and 
 acquaint their Friends and Relations with what they 
 had heard and feen. Several other Indians likewifc 
 alarmed the Mohawks, by telling them that the 
 French had a great Force at Crown-Point, and that 
 they would certainly attack either Albany or Sche- 
 netiade, or the Settlements on the Mohawks River, 
 or perhaps fevcral Places at the fame Time. 
 
 Mr. John [on, and the commanding Officer of the 
 Garrilbn of regular Troops in the Mohawks Coun- 
 try, by their Letters to his Excellency, confirm’d 
 thefe Reports •, and added, the Mohawks had en- 
 tertain’d Apprehenfions of the French Force at 
 Crown-Point, which was like to have a bad Effeft. 
 On this his Excellency wrote to Mr. Johnfon, that 
 all thefe Stories of the French Force at Crown-Point 
 were only Artifices of the French to intimidate the 
 Indians, or to amufe them, with Defign to fruftratc 
 the Treaty which he intended to have with them •, 
 and that he was to affure the Indians, that they 
 could be in no Danger from the French : However, 
 that they might fee that he would omit nothing 
 
 which 
 
' The History of the 
 
 which they might think neceflary for their Security, 
 he had ordered a Lieutenant of Militia, with thirty 
 Men, to reinforce the lower Caftle, and had likewife 
 ordered the Captain of Militia near the upper Caftle, 
 to affift the Indians there in fortifying their Caftle, 
 and to hold himfelf in Readinefs to fupport them on 
 any Emergency. 
 
 One John Colan, a Frenchman^ who fome Years 
 fince had removed from Canada, and fettled and 
 married at Scheneliade, and who has fince tliat Time 
 lived in good Reputation there, was fent by Major 
 Glen to inform his Excellency, that one Aaron, a 
 noted Mohawk Sachem, who with feveral others of 
 the Six Nations, had been laft Spring in Canada to 
 treat with the Governor there, did then entertain 
 two Cahnuaga Indians. This Man, John Colan, ac- 
 quainted his Excellency, that having difeovered the 
 Cahnuaga Indians, he told them he was z. Frenchman, 
 and was defirous of returning to his own Country, on 
 which they began prefently to propofe to him Me- 
 thods for his Efcape j at which Time, this Aaron 
 coming near them, he exprefs’d his Fears of being 
 difeovered by him. They anfwered, that he need 
 not fear Aaron, for he was their Friend, and de- 
 figned to go with them. As they propofed to him 
 to efcape privately by himfelf, and to meet them 
 at a Place they named, he told them of his Fears, 
 in that Cal'e, of meeting with the French Indians 
 while he was alone, 'fhey anfwered, that if he 
 dreft’d himfelf like an Indian, the French Indiarts 
 would do him no Hurt, without ftrft calling to 
 him j upon which, if he flopp’d anti call’d out Ma- 
 ria, the French Indians would be fo far from hurt- 
 ing him, that they would immediately come up to 
 him and take him by the Hand. From this, and 
 feveral other Incidents, which it would be tedious 
 to relate, his Excellency was convinced of fome fe- 
 cret Underftanding between the Six Nations and the 
 Cahnuagas, or French Indians: And that, however 
 
 any 
 
Five Indian Nations, i6i 
 
 any Party of our Inmans might be induced to fall 
 upon t\\.eFrenchf they would not at that Time moleft 
 
 French Indians y nor prevent theMifchiefs which 
 the Inhabitants received from their fculking Parties. 
 
 For this Reafon, his Excellency endeavoured to 
 fend out again the Company of Rangers, which 
 had formerly been employed againft the fculking 
 Indians: But, as the Aflembly had made noProvi- 
 fion for this Expence, they refufed to go, unlefs 
 he gave his perfonal Bond for their Pay, at three 
 Shillings a Day for each private Man, befides their 
 Provifion ; and would not be fatisfied with the Pro- 
 mifes that he, by the Advice of the Council, made 
 them of recommending their Service to the Gene- 
 ral Aflembly, and the Aflurances he gave them of 
 their being rewarded as they defired. 
 
 On their continuing obftinate, his Excellency 
 was of Opinion, that no confiderable Service could 
 be expefted from Men, who were moved by no 
 other Principle but that of exceflive Wages : And 
 he had Reafon afterwards to be confirmed in this 
 Opinion, when Captain LangdeUy and afterwards 
 Captain 1‘hebout, vduntarily went with their Com- 
 panies of the new-levied Troops to fcour the Woods, 
 and took fome of thefe Albany Men with them as 
 Guides, who whenever they apprehended them- 
 lelves in Danger, by theDifcovery of recent Trafls, 
 fome one or other of them could not be kept from 
 firing their Guns, or making fome Noife, by which 
 xhtFrenchIndianSy if any were near them, muft know 
 how to avoid them. Some Indians, who were like- 
 wife fent out in Company with thefe Men, com- 
 plained in like Manner. 
 
 The publick Interpreter, whom the Governa|- 
 (as before obferved) had fent with others, to invite 
 tlie Six Nations to meet him at Albany,^ wrote to 
 the Commiflioners for Indian Affairs^vThat they 
 met with great Difficulties and ObftruBions from 
 the Sachems, who had been lately at Canada : That 
 
 M ^ the 
 
*rhe H^ctory of the 
 
 tlK Qneydses refufed tP give my Anfwer, tho’ they 
 had ftmU there thirteen enUciivouring to per- 
 fuade them •, and tiwt the Ce^ugns had abiblutply 
 rehifed to meet the Govefncr- Qn wideh Kx- 
 ceikncy defired to be infottned by the Coflimil- 
 fiona-s of hMan Affairs, whether they knew .of any 
 ferkjn of Iitftuenee or InteiPtA with the Indtam, and 
 fit to be fcat among them w this Ootaffon. 'i'hey 
 anl\vercd, that they knew of none ; and that the 
 Jnikms v/erc in a very bad Difpofition* and much 
 under the Influence of the French. 
 
 About this time bis E^oeUency being informed, 
 that the Interpreter, and otl^eri fent wim hini, had 
 neglefted to fend proper Invitactons to the Indians 
 living on the Branches of ^uf^fbemah River ; and 
 that Captain Vtmavy of Sfoharyy was a proper Per- 
 fian to ^ fent to thole Indians j he lent him, in Com- 
 pany with Captain Sfaats, with 4 Beh of Wampum 
 to invite them. 
 
 While the Indscm Affairs appear’d in this dif- 
 cour^ing State, an Account came to Town, that 
 about twenty young CMchefieont were come to the 
 Senekasy to defire them to fhew them tlie Way to 
 Canada. I’he Chickejims had 4ways been Enemies 
 to the French : A Party of about five hundred Men 
 had, four Years before, been tera: out againft tliem 
 horn Canaduy who were |b entirely routed by the 
 Chickefa'iUSy that few returned. Thcfe young Chicke- 
 fa'cvs told the Senckasy that the French of Canada 
 had, about four Years fiuce, made them a Vifit, 
 and were lb kind to leave tlrem four hundred Guns, 
 which were now wore out ; and, fince the French 
 had not thought fit to bring them any more Guns, 
 they were refolved to go to Canada to fetch new 
 ones ', and promifed, that if the Sentkas would 
 Ihew them the Way, they would go Home and 
 return with four hundred ftout Fellows. Some 
 other Indian Nations who lived to the Weft ward, 
 difeovering their Averfion to the French at the fame 
 
 Time, 
 
163 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Time, theie Incidents afllfted the Governor’s Mef- 
 fengers in bringing more Indians to Albany than 
 they expefted, when they wrote to the Commif- 
 fioners for Indian Affairs. 
 
 While the Interpreter was at the more diftant 
 Indian CafUes, Mr. William Johnfon was indefatiga- 
 ble among the Mohawks ; he drelTed himfelf after 
 the Indian Manner, made frequent Dances, accord- 
 ing to their Cuftom when they excite to War, and 
 ufed all the Means he could think of, at a confider- 
 able Expence, (which his Excellency had promifed 
 to repay him) in order to engage them heartily in 
 the War againft Canada. Tho’ he fucceeded, be- 
 yond what any Man in Albany thought could be 
 done, • yet feveral of the Sachems (in the Conajohary^ 
 or upper Mohawk Caftle, chiefly) refufed to en- 
 gage in the War; but infifted, that as this War 
 was entred into between the Englijh and French.^ in 
 which they had no Intereft, they ought to remain 
 neuter. The Englijh and French^ they faid, could 
 at any Time make Peace ; but if they Ihould enter 
 into the War, Indians could not make up the 
 Quarrel among themfelves, otherwife than by the 
 Deftrdftion of one or the other. The French 
 could have no Hopes of engaging the Six Nations 
 on their Side againff the Englijh^ and therefore 
 wifely play’d this Game of endeavouring to make 
 them ftand neuter, which they could enforce by 
 ftrong political Arguments, of which the Indians 
 were fenfible enough. It is your Intereft., the French 
 Emillaries faid, not to fuffer either the French or the 
 Englifh to be abfolute Mafters ; for in that Cafe you 
 muft become Slaves to the one or the other. From 
 this politic View chiefly, the Interpreter met with fo 
 muchOppofition everywhere : Tho’ it is not to be 
 doubted, but that at the fame Time the French had 
 gain’d fome particular Sachems entirely into their 
 Intereft ; however, many were prevailed on to come 
 to Albany, to hear what the Governor ol New-Tork f 
 
 M 2 had 
 
T^he History of the 
 
 had to fay to them \ tho’ feveral Sachems (laid be- 
 hind. When they of the more diftant Nations 
 came along with the Interpreter to the lower Mo- 
 hawk Cattle, and found that Mr. Jobnfon had al- 
 ready engaged many of the young Men there to 
 join the Army againtt Canada^ the others blamed 
 the Mohawks ; telling them with fome Warmth, 
 That they had been very- ralh in engaging lb far. 
 
 * They ought, the others /aid, to have confidered 
 ‘ that they, the Mohawks^ were the fmalleft in 
 ‘ Numljer of any of the Six Nations, and ought 
 ‘ not to have proceeded to fo great a Length, with- 
 ‘ out the previous Confent of the others.’ To 
 this the Mohawks anfwered. It is true, we are lefs 
 conftderable as to Number, than any of the other Na- 
 tions i but our Hearts are truly Englilh, and all of 
 us are Men ’ •, fo that, if our Force be put to the 
 ’Trial, perhaps it will be found greater than you ima- 
 gine. Thefe Difputes, however, continued fo far, 
 that the Mohawks, and tlie other Five Nations, 
 could not go in Company to Albany ; tht Mohawks 
 marched on one fide of the River, while the other 
 Nations went on the other fide. \There are two 
 Roads from the Mohawks Cajlle to Schenedlada, one 
 on each fide of the Mohawks River.] 
 
 When die Indians came near the Town of Albany, 
 on the 8'" of Augufi, Mr. Johnfon put himfelf at 
 the Head of the Mohawks, drelTed and painted 
 after the Manner of an Indian War-Captain •, and 
 the Indians who followed him, were likewife dreffed 
 and painted, as is ufual with them when they fetout 
 in War. The Indians faluted the Governor as they 
 patted the Fort, by a running Fire ; which his Ex- 
 cellency ordered to be anfwered by a Difcharge of 
 fome Cannon from the Fort : He afterwards received 
 the Sachems in the Fort- Hall, bid them Welcome, 
 and treated them with a Glafs of Wine. 
 
 As, 
 
 * The Six Nation} reckon all other Indian Nations Women, 
 in coniparifon to themfelves. 
 
S&S3 
 
 \ 
 
 Five Indian Nations, C^c. 
 
 165 
 
 As, by all Accounts, the Dilpofition of the\9/Ar 
 Nations feemed at this Time Icfs in Favour of the 
 Britifi) Intereft than was to be wilhed, his Excel- 
 lency thought it necdfary to have frequent Confe- 
 rences, in private, with the principal Sachems of 
 each Nation ; fometimes feparatdy and fingly, at 
 other Times with fome of each Nation jointly. 
 There were only two of the Mohawks Sachems (be- 
 fides Aaron before mentioned, wlio left the Caftle 
 at this Time) that could not be prevailed on by 
 Mr. Johnfon to declare themfelves for entering into 
 the War againft Canada : They were both of the 
 Conajohary or Upper-Caftle, and one of them the 
 Head of the Tribe called the Tortoife •, (which, tho* 
 not fo numerous as that of the Beary yet is looked 
 on as the firft in Rank or Dignity ;) and, as he 
 had been with the Governor of Canada laft Spri.ng, 
 it was thought to be of fome Confequence to gain 
 him. Mr. Colden, above twenty Years fince, liad 
 the Complement of being received into that Caftle-, 
 and, about feven Years fince (the laft Time he had 
 been with the Mohawks) had contrafted fome more 
 particular Acquaintance with thefe two Sachems : 
 Fie invited them to a private Conference, at which 
 the Reverend Mr. Barclay afiifted as Interpreter ; 
 they met him, and brought five more with them : 
 After this Conference thefe Sachems appear’d as 
 hearty as any of the others. He that was Head of 
 the Tribe call’d the TortoifCy faid, ‘ His Uncle 
 ‘ had been the chief War-Captain among the Mo- 
 
 * hawks: That his Uncle hil particularly diftin- 
 ‘ guiftied himfelf in their Wars againft the French^ 
 
 * and he was refolved to fhew himfelf not unwor- 
 ‘ thy of his Anceftors, nor of his Uncle’s Name, 
 ‘ which he had obtained after his Death.* 
 
 After the principal Sachems had, at thefe Con- 
 ferences, been brought to a good Dilpofition,- his 
 Excellency advifed with the Gentlemen of the Coun- 
 cil, and thf Commiflioners from the Maffachufets 
 
 M 3 
 
 Bay, 
 
i66 ^he History of the 
 
 Bay, on what might be proper to be faid to the Six 
 Nations in the publick Speech, which he now pro- 
 pofed to make to them. Col. Wendell and Mr. Wells 
 had arrived from Bojlon about the End of July, and 
 foon after they came to Town, his Excellency or- 
 dered the Gentlemen of the Council to communi- 
 cate to them all the Information which had been re- 
 ceived, with refpect to the Indian Affairs ; And they 
 had frequent Conferences together from Time to 
 Time, as Occafion required : It was likewife thought 
 proper to communicate^ what his Excellency in- 
 tended to lay to fome of the Sachems of each Na- 
 tion, who were thought moft hearty in the Britijb 
 Intereft who faid, that it was well conceiv’d as 
 could have been done, had they themfelves advifed 
 upon the Subjed ; only as it had been advifed to 
 obferve in the firft Draught, That fome of his Ma- 
 jefty’s Subjects had been inftigated by the French 
 to rife in Rebellion againft the King •, that they had 
 been defeated by one of the King’s Sons ; tliat 
 thefe poor People were now utterly ruined, and had 
 nothing left but to bewail their Folly in the Mifery 
 that was brought upon them, by fuffering them- 
 felves to be deluded by the Promifes of the French ; 
 they faid, that they did not underftand the Affairs 
 on the other Side of the Sea, nor did they trouble 
 their Heads about them ; and as they hai^ no Me- 
 thod (ff retaining wkat is fpoke to them but by 
 their Memories, they were afraid that this might 
 perplex their Memories, and make them lefs atten- 
 tive to what was properly their Bufinefr ; and advifed, 
 that it lliould be left out ; which accordingly was 
 done. 
 
 Another Difficulty remained ; the publick Inter- 
 preter had been taken dangeroufly ill in his Return 
 to Jlbany, and was at this Time confined to his 
 Bed. l^ho’ feveral were employed, who had Know- 
 ledge fufficient in the Language of the Six Nations, 
 to mike themlclves be underftoo^, and to under- 
 ftand 
 
167 
 
 FlV® IWDIAN NATtONS, 
 
 Hand what was fpoke to them ; yet none of them 
 were fo much Mafters of the Language,, as t»' I'psak 
 with that Propriety and Diftindnefs that is exped- 
 ed, and ufual On lb felemrt art OCcafion. It was 
 thought thefelOre proper, «© make one df the Sa- 
 chems undcfftand the Speech* by the AffiftanCe of 
 the common Interpreters* that he miglit be abl& t6 
 deliver it Paragraph by Paragraph, as it fliould be 
 fpoke. At firft- a Mbkiwt Sadttm 'liras pitdWd 
 upon ; but the Sachems thetrifefves told us. That 
 for fome time paft a kind ftf Party-Dlvifion amoiig 
 the Six Nations had fobftfted: That the Moba-wks, 
 Onandagas, and SenekaSt form’d oae Party ; an^ the 
 Ontydois, "TafiariPras, and Cc^ug'as, the other : That, 
 as t\\t Mobait}ki ffti^ht be fuf|)ed^ to' be more j 5 ^- 
 tial to fhe Engltfi), it would be of more life to em- 
 ploy one of the othd Paity j and an O'fuydd^^hitm 
 was propofed for that Purpofe. T his Man was 
 cafily ehWgh madfe to underftahd the ^eech; and 
 he repeated it leveral Times over in private, ami 
 was iitftrtided where to make the proper Sthp& 
 After the %eech was delivered, fome of the Gom- 
 miftioners for Mian Affairs, and other Perfons pre- 
 fent at the t)elivery, who underftood both Lan- 
 guages, acknowledged, that this Indian bad acquit- 
 ted Hinilelfof his Trull fakhfully, and had deliver- 
 ed the Senfe of* the Speech clearly and dlllihiflly. 
 
 While thele laft Preparations were making, his 
 Excellency was taken iU of a Fever, #hich bcca- 
 lioned fome' further Delay } and as his Exeetlertcy 
 did not recover fo foon as was wilbed, die Sachems 
 were told, that his Excellency being unwilling to 
 detain them witliout neceflity, would* if they dt- 
 fired it, direft Mr. CoideH to fpeak to thlsn ih hiS 
 Name, what he defjgned to fay. They anfwered, 
 that they would be well plcafcd to hear k from 
 Mr. CeidfH*% Hotith. 
 
 M 4 At 
 
i68 
 
 ‘the History of the 
 
 At ALB ANT the Nineteenth of Augufiy 1746. 
 
 PRESENT, 
 
 The 
 
 Hon”'' 
 
 
 CaDWALLADER Golden, TE fqrs; of his Ma- 
 
 Philip Livingston, i Council 
 
 _ _ f for the Province 
 
 John Rutherford, J of NewYork. 
 
 The Commiflloners from the Government of the 
 Majfachufets-Bay. 
 
 The Commiflloners of the Province of New-Tork 
 for Indian Affairs, 
 
 The Mayor and Corporation of Albany. The Of- 
 ficers of the Independent Companies, and of the 
 new Levies then at Albany. Several Gentlemen 
 of the Province of New-Tork : And Strangers. 
 
 Colden introduced the Speech as follows : 
 
 H IS Excellency our Governor having been 
 taken ill, and as yet not fo well recovered as 
 that he can fafely come abroad ; has ordered me 
 (being the next Perfon to him in the Adminiftration) 
 to fpeak to you in his Name, which I lhall do in 
 the fame Words which he defigned to have fpoke, 
 had he not been prevented by Sicknefr. 
 
 Brethren, 
 
 “TAM glad to fee fo many of our ancient Friends 
 X here, and heartily bid you Welcome. 
 
 [Gave three Strings of Wampum . ] 
 “ I have call’d you to this Place for two great 
 Ends, in which the Province of the 
 Bay have fent Commiflloners to concur with me, 
 “ who are here prefent. 
 
 “ The Firjl is, to renew the Covenant- Chain 
 “ with you; and I now by thisJBelt, in your Fa- 
 
 “ ther the King of Grw/-A/7Vtf/»’s Name, in Behalf 
 
 of 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 169 
 
 “ of his Majefty’s Subjeds in North-America^ re- 
 “ new and confirm the Covenant-Chain, and all 
 “ former Treaties and Engagements entered into 
 “ with you. This Chain has from the Beginning, 
 
 “ remained fo firm and ftrong, that it has never 
 “ once broke or dipt fince it was firft made ; and 
 “ we, on our Parts, fliall endeavour that it remain 
 fo, unfhaken, as long as the Sun and Moon Ihall 
 “ endure. [Gave a Belti\ 
 
 “ Brethren^ Laft Fall I told you, that his Ma- 
 “ jefty’s Subjefts in this Country had, the Sum- 
 “ mcr before, lain ftill, without attempting any 
 thing againft the French Settlements ; But that 
 “ the French had by Surprize, attacked and de- 
 ftroyed a fmall Place near Caf e-Breton^ belong- 
 “ ing to us. 
 
 “ That they afterwards laid Siege to AnnapolU- 
 “ Royal., and were beat off. 
 
 “ I likewife told you. That the Governor of the 
 “ Maj^achufets-Bay, in Conjundion with ConneAi- 
 ** cut and Nenv-Hampfhire, had, in Revenge to 
 “ thefe Injuries, fent an Army againfl: Louijburgy * 
 
 “ on the Ifland of Cape-Breton ; that the Army was 
 “ joined by a Number of his Majefty’s Ships of 
 “ War, under the Command of your Friend Ad- 
 “ miral Warren. 
 
 “ I told you, that the Town of Louifiurg,'fi\ach 
 “ is the ftrongeft the French have in America, was 
 “ reduced by this Force •, and that the French 
 “ there had furrendered themfelvcs and their Coun- 
 “ try to the -Englijh. 
 
 I likewife told you, how we, in this Part of 
 “ the Country, had lain ftill, hoping that the 
 “ French in Canada, would either be quiet, or carry 
 “ on the War in a manly Manner, and after the 
 “ Manner of Chriftians. And to induce them 
 thereto, a Meflage had been fent from this Place 
 “ to the Governor of Canada, to tell him. That if 
 “ he ftrould revive the inhuman Cuftom of mur- 
 
 “ dering 
 
V 
 
 ‘The HisToif? the 
 
 dering private People, bf fculking IfUiidHS, that 
 “ the feveral Governors of his Majeily’s Colonies', 
 “ together with you our Brethren of the Stv Na~ 
 “ tionSf would join and make Reprifals on them 
 “ in the like Manner *, afwlMch time yoti pubUekly 
 “ declared, that if any of his Majefty’s Subjects, 
 “ in any Part of his Governments, fhculd be killed 
 “ by any Indims, you would' ioKnedtitely join irt 
 the War againft them, and the French. 
 
 And laft Fall, wheh I delivered the Hatchet 
 into your Hands, you told me, and cenfirtii’d 
 “ it with a Belt, That you would fend fome of 
 « your People (who were then ready) to Caitada^ 
 “ to demand Satisfadion *, and that if Satisfadfeion 
 “ was refufed, you would ufe tht Haicliet againft 
 “ them, whenever I Ihould order it. 
 
 “ And you further promifed. That if the Ene- 
 « my Ihould commit any further Hoftilitics, you 
 would then (upon my Commands)^ immediatfcly 
 ** make Ufe of the Hafcllet. 
 
 « I need not tell you, how far the French have 
 « been from giving Satisfadion -, on the contrary, 
 “ you are well acquainted with the crUel and bai*- 
 “ barous Murders that have been committed, fmee 
 “ that Time, by the French Indians at Saraghtoga^ 
 “ and in the Neighbourhoods of this Placef and 
 “ on the Frontiers of New-Engiiind *, as yOu have 
 “ not hitherto fulfilled your Promifes, I fufped 
 “ that they did not come from your Hearts : F 
 “ therefore, by this Belt, demand an immediate 
 ^ Performance of your Promifes, to fhew that 
 « they come from the Bottom of your Hearts ; as 
 “ all the Promifes I make come from mine, and 
 ever fbali. [Gove a Selt,^ 
 
 “ Brethren., I now come to the fecond and prin^ 
 « cipal Defign of our prefent Meeting, in which I 
 “ hope and exped to find you hearty, and united 
 in your CouiKils and Opinions. [Gave a Belt.^ 
 
 “ The 
 
Five Indian Natkjns, 
 
 The King your Father, having been informed 
 “ of the-unmanly Murders committed on the Fron- 
 « tiers of ISm-England, ami of this Province, is 
 “ refolved to fub^e the Country of Canada, and 
 “ thereby put an End to all the mifchievous De- 
 ligns of the French in thele Parts. And for this 
 “ purpofe, he has ordered hb Governors of Vir- 
 ” ginia, Maryland, Penfylvania, and New^Jerfey, 
 “ to join their Forces to the Forces of this Pro- 
 “ vince, to attack Canada by Land r They are all 
 “ now upon their March, and you will foon feft 
 “ them here. 
 
 “ At the fame Time the Forces of the Majfa- 
 chufets-Bay, Conneaicut, Bhode-Ijlcmd, and Flew- 
 “ Hampjhire, are to go in Ships to Gips-Brete»i 
 ^ “ and there join with his Majefty’s Ships of War, 
 “ and a great Army of experienc’d Soldiers from 
 “ Great-Britain. 
 
 Many Slitps of War are already arrived there, 
 “ and fomethoufand of Soldiers; many more Ships 
 and Soldiers are following ; and I expeft every 
 “ Hour to hear of tiieir Arrival ; after which the 
 “ Attack upon Canada will be made on all Sdes, 
 both by Sea and Land» 
 
 “ You may perceive the King has ordered a 
 “ Strength fufficicnt to fubdue Canada ; but at the 
 “ fameTime, theKing y^r Father expefts and orders 
 “ you his Children, to join with your whole- Force 
 “ in thisEnterprize ; and thereby gives xhtSixDia- 
 tions a gloriooi Opportunity of ellabliftiing tlieir 
 “ Fame and Renown over all the Indian Nations 
 “ in America^ in the Conqueft of your inveterate 
 “ Enemies the French', who, however they may 
 “ diflemble and profefs Friendlhip, can never for- 
 “ get the Slaughter which your Fathers made of 
 “ them ; and for diat purpofe, carefs thofe Nations 
 “ who have always been your inveterate Enemies, 
 ‘‘ and who defire nothing fo much as to fee the 
 
 “ Name 
 
I’he History of the 
 
 “ Name of the Six Nations become obliterate, and 
 “ forgot for ever. [Gave a Belt.^ 
 
 “ Brethren^ The French^ on all Occafions, fhew, 
 “ that they adl againft your Brethren the Englijh^ 
 “ like Men that know they dare not look them in 
 the Face in Day-Light j and therefore, like 
 Thieves, fteal upon poor People, who do not 
 ** expect them in the Night, and confequently are 
 “ not prepared for them : Your Brethren in their 
 Revenge have afted like Men of Courage ; they 
 “ do not attack poor Farmers at their Labour, but 
 “ boldly attempted the Reduction of Louijburg^ 
 “ the ftrongeft Town the French had in Atnericay 
 “ in the fortifying of which they had fpent above 
 “ twenty Years : It was furrounded with ftrong 
 “ Walls and Forts, in which they had planted their 
 “ largeft Cannon in every Place, where they thought 
 the Englijh could come near them ; notwithftand- 
 “ ing of all thefe Precautions and Advantages, they 
 “ were forced to fubmit to the Englijh Valour. 
 
 “ You muft have heard from your Fathers, and 
 “ I doubt not feveral of your old Men ftill remem- 
 “ ber what the French did at Onondaga ; how they 
 “ furprized your Countrymen at Cadarackui ; how 
 “ they invaded the SenekaSy and what Mifchiefs 
 “ they did to the Mohawks ; how many of your 
 Countrymen fuffered by the Fire at Montreal. 
 “ Before they entered upon thefe cruel and mif- 
 chievous Defigns, they fent Priefts among you 
 “ to delude you, and lull you afleep, while they 
 “ were preparing to knock you on the Head ; and 
 “ I hear they are attempting to do the fame now. 
 
 \Gave a Belt,'\ 
 
 “ I need not put you in mind what Revenge 
 “ your Fathers took for thefe Injuries, when they 
 “ put all the Illand of Montreal, and a great Part 
 of Canada, to Fire and Sword ; can you think 
 “ that the French forget this ? No, they have the 
 ^ Ax privately in their Hands againft you, and 
 4 ‘‘ ufe 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 “ ufe thefe deceitful Arts, by which only they have 
 “ been able to gain Advantage over you, that by 
 “ your trufting to them, they may at fome time 
 “ or other, at one Blow, remove from the Face of 
 “ the Earth, the Remembrance of a People that 
 “ have fo often put them to Shame and Flight. 
 
 “ If your Fathers could now rife out of their 
 “ Graves, how would their Hearts leap with Joy 
 “ to fee this Day •, when fo glorious an Opportu- 
 “ nity is put into their Hands to revenge all the 
 “ Injuries their Country has received from the 
 “ French., and be never more expofed to their 
 “ Treachery and Deceit. I make no doubt you 
 “ are the true Sons of fuch renowned and brave 
 “ Anceftors, animated with the fame Spirit for 
 your Country’s Glory, and in Revenge of the 
 “ Injuries your Fathers received, uncapable of be- 
 “ ing deluded by the flattering Speeches of them, 
 “ who always have been, and always muft be, in 
 “ their Hearts, your Enemies, and who defire no- 
 “ thing more, than the DeftruCtion of your Na- 
 “ tions. 
 
 “ I therefore invite you. Brethren, by this Belt, 
 “ to join with us, and to lliare with us, in the Ho- 
 nour of the Conqueft of our, and your deceit- 
 “ ful Enemies ; and that you not only join all the 
 “ Force of the Six Nations with us, but likewife 
 “ invite all the Nations depending on you, to take 
 “ a Share in this glorious Enterprize : And I will 
 “ furnilh your fighting Men with Arms, Ammu- 
 “ nition, Cloathing, Provifions, and every Thing 
 “ neceflary for the War; and in their Abfence, 
 “ take Care of their Wives and Children. 
 
 [Gave the fVar-Belt.l 
 “ Brethren, You have feen how daring and in- 
 fulting on you, as well as us, the French Indians 
 “ have been, in cruelly murdering feveral of our 
 “ People, fince you have come to this Phee ; and 
 “ therefore, for the many Reafons now laid before 
 
 “ you. 
 
1/4 *7"^ History of the 
 
 you, I make no doubt but your Anfwer ■will 
 clearly manifeU your Duty to the King your Fa- 
 ‘‘ ther, and your Love to your Brethren ; and by 
 ‘‘ this Belt I do affurc you, that our Intent is, to 
 live and die togetter.” \Gavt a Belt of Friendjhip?^ 
 
 At ev^ Stop where a Belt was given, one of the 
 Sachems caH’d out ro-hay^ to which all the reft an- 
 fwered in a Sound which cannot be exprefted in our 
 Letters, but feem’d to confift of two Words re- 
 markably diftinguifhed in the Cadence ; it feem’d 
 to this purpofe ; the Sachem calls. Bo your hear ? 
 The Anfwer is. We attend and remember, or un- 
 derftand *, or elfe it is a Kind of Plaudit our In- 
 terpreters could not explain. At the Clofe of the 
 Speech, one Sachem of each Nation call’d out feve- 
 rally the To-hay^ to which the others of the fame 
 Nation anfwer’d feverally : But when the War-Belt 
 was thrown down, they gave the War-Shout. We 
 expeifted but fix of thefe Plaudits, according to 
 the Number of the Six Nations^ but eight were di- 
 ftindUy delivered ; by which we underftood Ibme 
 other Nations were united with them on this Oc- 
 cafion. 
 
 After the Speech was delivered, the Sachems of 
 the feveral Nations had Conferences together ; and 
 ibme time being fpent in deliberating, they acquaint- 
 ed his Excdlency, * That they had agreed upon 
 
 * their Anlwer, which they were ready to give 
 
 * whenever he would appoint a Time to receive it 
 and he named the next Day. 
 
 Accordingly on the 23'* of Augufi, His Excel- 
 lency being prefent the Gentlemen of the 
 Council 1 the Commilfioners from Bojion-, the 
 Commifiioners for Indian Affairs ; the Corpo- 
 ration of j and many Gentlemen, as at 
 the Time when his Excellency’s Speech was 
 delivered, 
 
 4 
 
 An 
 
*75 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Aii t)ii0i(4ag4 Sachem, who had formerly been 
 Speaker for Six Nations on feveral publick Oc- 
 cidions, roie up and fpoke : What he faid was pub- 
 lickly interpreted, in th/e Hearing of feveral who 
 uoderiiood the Indian Language well, as follows : 
 
 Brethren of Nevs-Tork^ and of the Majfacbufets^ 
 Bayy 
 
 JJ/'B the Six Nations are now ajfembled together as 
 one Matty and we take in the Meflefagues for 
 the feventh Nekton ; and what is now to be fpoken by 
 one Mouthy are the joint and ftneere thoughts of 
 every Heart. 
 
 IVe are ■pleas’d that you follow the Steps of our 
 Fere-fathersy in wiping off the forrowful T cars from 
 our ^'esy by which the Stoppage of our I'broats are 
 openedy and the bloody Bed wajh'd clean. 
 
 [Gave three Strings of Wampum.] 
 
 Brethren, The firfi Time we met together y we only 
 fainted each other by Jhaking of Hands we after- 
 wards made a Covenant Chain of Silvery which we 
 mutually have held faft to this Day *, jhould it now 
 flip front either of our Handsy it would prove Deflruc- 
 tion to both Sides, ftnee our Enemies have drawn the 
 Sword. [Gave a Belt.] 
 
 Brother of New-7'ork Lafl Tear you gave us the 
 Hatchet to be made Ufe of againft your Enemies, the 
 French, which we accepted and proraifed to make 
 ufe of it if they Jhould commit any farther Hoflilities 
 upon the Engljfh, which they have now done by de- 
 ftroying Saraghtoga, and Jhedding a great deal of 
 Blood : Hitherto we have made no ufe of the Hatchet ; 
 but as you now call upou us, we are ready, and do 
 declare from the Bottom of our Hearts, that we will 
 from this Day, make ufe of it againft the French, and 
 their Children, (meaning their Indians.) 
 
 [N. B. The Queftion was afked them by his Ex- 
 cellency, Whether by the Words their Children, 
 
 they 
 
V' 
 
 The History of the 
 they meant all the Indians in Alliance with the 
 French ? to which they anfwered, TesJ] 
 
 [At the End of the foregoing Paragraph, the 
 Speaker threw dotvn a War-Belt of Wampum 
 on the Ground, it being the Indian Cuftom 
 to deliver War- Belts, or make Declaration of 
 War in this Manner : This he did with a re- 
 markable Shew of Indignation, intending 
 thereby to exprefs their Refentment againlt 
 the French and their Allies, and their Zeal for 
 the Englijh.'] [Gave a Belt.} 
 
 Brother of Nevj-Tork According to your Exhor- 
 tation in your Speech to us, we are firmly united toge- 
 ther from this Time, to all as having one Heart ; the 
 MelTefagucs are in the fame Planner joined and united 
 with us, likewife the Southern Nations bordering upon 
 vs -, and we hope that you, and the other Governors 
 on \be Continent, will be in the fame Manner joined 
 and united together. [Gave a Belt.] 
 
 [They repeated over his Excellency’s Speech in 
 Relation to the Conqueft of Cape-Breton •, and 
 added, H’e hope that our Fleet and Army will be 
 alfo victorious in the prefent Expedition againft 
 Canada v for the French are a mifehievous Peo- 
 ple. [Gave a Belt.] 
 
 As to your Sufpicions of our admitting French 
 Priejis among us, they are become groundlefs, fince 
 we have now declared War againft them : The ad- 
 mitting of Priefts, would only tend to lull us afleep to 
 our Deftruition-, Jhould any now dare to come, we 
 know no Ufe for them but to roaft them. The Thoughts 
 of the Treatment we formerly received from the French, 
 /W the Means of their Priefts, and which you now 
 feafonably have brought to our Remembrance, makes 
 our Blood to boil. 
 
 Brother of New-Tork This is the fecond Time you 
 have put the Hatchet into our Hands,which we accept, 
 and are ready to go upon Service. Ten may fee that we 
 
 have 
 
Five Indian Nations, ( He . i 
 
 have but a Handful of fighting Men here at prefent ; 
 however y fame of them from each Nation fhall be left 
 behind us to follovj your Orders. 
 
 When we return to our refpelUve Cajiks, we jhall 
 fend down a great Number of our Warriors., and of 
 thofe of the Nations in Alliance with us, as foon as 
 pojftble. 
 
 This we ajfure you of from the Truth and Sincerity 
 of our Hearts •, and we receive, and Jhall preferve 
 this large Belt, [holding it up at the fame Time] 
 which you have now given us, as a War-Hatchet. 
 
 Brethren, This is the Belt of Union with which 
 we are to go Hand in Hand to the Gate of our Ene- 
 mies, and by it we declare our Intention to conquer or 
 die in the common Caufe. 
 
 There is a Nation call d the Meflefagues, whofe 
 Delegates are here prefent : They confift of five Cajlles, 
 containing eight hundred Men, who are all determined, 
 and do agree to join us, in this common Caufe, againft 
 our Enemies the French, and their Indians ; and we 
 hope you, and the Commifftoners from Bofton, will 
 ufe them in fuch a Manner that they will go home 
 content and fatisfied. 
 
 [Gave a Belt of Union, in which the Figures 
 of feveral Perfons join’d Hand in Hand, 
 was wrought. 
 
 The Perfon who interpreted, returned the To-hab 
 at the End of every Paragraph, and having done 
 the fame at the Time they declared War, it occa- 
 fioned Laughter among them ; upon which, ob- 
 ferving his Miftake, he began the War-Shout, in 
 which all the Indians 
 
 The Mejfefagues are a Nation of Indians, living 
 near the Place called De Troit by the French, and 
 fituate between Lake Erie and the Huron Lake. 
 
 After the Speaker had finilhed, his Excellency 
 told them by the Interpreter, that the King their 
 Father had ordered him to make them a Preient on 
 
 N thjis 
 
<The History of the 
 
 this Occafion ; and that the Government of Virginia 
 had on the lame Occafion, fent them a Prefent. 
 The Commiflioners from Bojlon at the fame Time 
 told them, that they had a Prefent from their Go- 
 vernment and as they were foon to return Home, 
 defired the Six Nations to come to their Lodgings 
 to receive it •, on which tlie Indians defired his Ex- 
 cellency to delay his Prefent to next Day, and they 
 immediately went to receive their Prefents from 
 the Commiflioners of the Majfachufets-Bay. 
 
 The next Day, the Prefents from the King being 
 expofed on one Part, and thofe from Virginia fe- 
 parately near them, it was agreed by the People of 
 Albany, who had feen many publick. Prefents given 
 to the Six Nations on Treaties with them, that this 
 was the moft valuable ever given. His Excellency 
 on giving the Prefents, faid j 
 
 “ Brethren, 
 
 O U here fee a Token of the Regard the 
 « ^ King your Father has for you *, and there 
 
 “ is a Token of the Friendlhip of the Government 
 “ ol Virginia : But on this Occafion I cannot for- 
 bear taking Notice to you, that fome of your 
 “ People being at Canada, when the News of the 
 “ Reduftion of came there, and when 
 
 “ the French expeded that ^ebec would be im- 
 “ mediately attacked in Confequence of it, feveral 
 of them joined with the French, and promifed 
 “ them Affiftance. I'his occafioned fome Uneafi- 
 “ nefs to your Brethren, being contrary to the 
 “ Faith of your Nations, as well as to your Bre- 
 “ thren’s Expedations 5 however, you may now, 
 “ by performing the Promifes you Yefterday made 
 “ in the moft folemn Manner, remove all Sufpi- 
 “ cions i and for ever fecure the Friendfhip of your 
 “ Brethren, which liitlurto has from the Beginning, 
 “ remained unviolated on their Parts. The Goods 
 “ now before you, are Prefents to the Six Nations ; 
 
 “ and. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 « and, as we have received the Mejfefagues into the 
 “ Covenant between you and us, I expedt that they 
 “ fhall lhare with you. Befides thefe general Pre- 
 “ fents now made to your Nations, I have pre- 
 “ pared proper Cloathing for your War-Captains, 
 “ and the Warriors who ftiall go under their Com- 
 
 mand ; together with Arms, Ammunition and 
 “ Provifions, which lhall be delivered to the fe- 
 “ veral Parties at the Time they fhall go out on 
 “ Service.” 
 
 What his Excellency faid having been interpret- 
 ed by a Mohawk Sachem, the Sachem added of his 
 own Head, Tou now fee how you are here treated^ 
 really like Brethren \ the Governor of Canada does not 
 treat his Indians fo ; th^ are fet on like his Bogs, and 
 they run on without Thought or Conjideration: Tou fee 
 what a noble Prefent is made to you ; if the Governor 
 of Canada Jhould feize all the Goods in that Country^ 
 it would not be in his Power to make fuch a Prefent. 
 
 The Onondaga Sachem, Speaker of the Six Na^ 
 tions, immediately replied. 
 
 Brethren of New-Tork, New-England, and 
 Virginia j 
 
 fjfTE heard, and ohferve well, what you now and 
 formerly fpoke to us and we beg no mention may 
 hereafter be made of what pajfed laft Fall, ftnce we 
 are now heartily enter'd into the War with you, and 
 have promifed as many fighting Men from each Cafile 
 as can be fpared\ and likewife to engage as great 
 Numbers of every Nation in Alliance with us, as we 
 can, to join immediately with us in the War againji 
 the French, and the Nations who adhere to them. 
 
 Brethren of New-Tork, New-England, and 
 Virginia,^ 
 
 Toumujl not fufpebl that it proceeds from any Bach- 
 war dnefs in us, that a greater Number of our People 
 N 2 do 
 
<i’he History of the 
 
 do not at this Inftant join with you *, the Reafon is', 
 our Cajiles have but few fighting Men in ihem^ many 
 are now Abroad, fame hunting and trading with far 
 diftant Nations, and others out fighting againft our 
 Enemies ■, all ihefe we ftsall recall Home as foon as 
 fojfible, in order to' enter with all our Force, into the 
 IVar againft your and our common Enemy. 
 
 Brother, IVe have no more to fay at this Time, hut 
 only to tell you, we are forry that we can fo little fhew 
 our Hearts by thePrefents we now offer-, our hunting 
 has been fo very poor, that we cannot make you Pre- 
 fents fuitable to our Inclinations. 
 
 The Mohawks added feparately ; IFe have been 
 employed all Summer in your Service as Out-fcouts, to 
 gain Intelligence, or in feme Manner or other, and 
 thereby kept from hunting : JVe have no Furrs to offer 
 you, but we here prefent our Perfons, to fervs you 
 wherever you Jhall command. 
 
 That Day was fpent in dividing the Prefents 
 among themfelves. We were told, that thefe Pre- 
 lents were divided into eight equal Parts, ot which 
 they gave two to the Deputies. 
 
 The next Day the W ar-Kettle was fet oyer the 
 Fire, and towards Evening tlie Indians in his Ex- 
 cellency’s Prefence, where many Gentlemen at- 
 tended him, began the War-Dance, and continued 
 it till late in the Night : They were painted as when 
 they go to War. The Dance is a flow and folemn 
 Motion, accompanied with a pathetick Song. The 
 Indians in their Turns perform this flngly, but it is 
 not eafy to deferibe the Particularities of it. 
 
 His Excellency call’d feveral of the chief Sa- 
 chems who had been ufeful in the Treaty, to him 
 in private, and gave them Prefents feverally -, nei- 
 ther did he forget the Meffefague Deputies : He had 
 a particular Conference with one of them in pri- 
 vate, the other was fick of the Small-Pox. At this 
 Conference, this Deputy aflured his Excellency ot 
 
Five Indian Nations, i8i 
 
 the good Inclinations of his Nation to the 
 
 and their Averfion to the French \ he faid, ‘ 'I'hat 
 
 ^ many of the Nations to the Weftward of them, 
 
 ‘ difliked the French and as an Inllance of it, he 
 told, ‘ That the French lately having prefled a 
 ‘ neiglibouring Nation to take up the Hatchet 
 * againft the Englijht they received it ; but made 
 ‘ Ufe of it againft the French thcmfelves, and 
 ‘ kill’d all the French then with them, being fixty 
 ‘ in Number, with the Lofs of only one Man of 
 ‘ their own Nation.’ His Excellency made him 
 handfome Prefenrs, and gave him a Belt to carry 
 to his Nation, with an Invitation to join in the War 
 againft the French ; the Mejfefague received them 
 with a ProfeflTion of the moft fincere and hearty 
 Eriendfhip and that he made no doubt of bring- 
 ing two, three, or four hundred Men of his Nati- 
 on, to ferve this Fall againft the French. Pie added, 
 
 ‘ Tliat he and feveral of his Relations would im- 
 ‘ mediately ufe their beft Endeavours, with feve- 
 ‘ ral other Nations to the Weftward of them, who 
 ‘ were numerous, to join againft the French ; in 
 ‘ which, he faid, he had great Hopes of Succefs, 
 
 ‘ becauft they were diflatisfied with the French.' 
 
 His Excellency took all poffible Care of the fick 
 Mejfefague, had him brought into a Houfe, and or- 
 dered him, to be attended by two Phyficians j but 
 the poor Man had the Misfortune to die, after he 
 had been above a P’ortnight ill. When he found 
 himfelf near his End, he fent to the Governor, to 
 defire him as his laft Requeft, that his Excellency 
 would fend the firft French Scalp that ftiould be 
 taken, to his Mother •, and when he was told that 
 his Excellency had promifed it, he (hewed a Con- 
 tentednefs and Refignation to Death. This Misfor- 
 tune was increafed by the Death of the other Meffe- 
 fague Deputy likewife, who was taken ill in his Way 
 Plome, and died. The Six Nations took Care of 
 their Wives and Children, who had come with 
 ■’ N 3 them j 
 
The History of the 
 
 them *, and it was not doubted but that they, and 
 all the Prefents given them, would be fafely con- 
 veyed to their own Homes. 
 
 Having fo far given an Account of what pafTed 
 with the Six Nationsy it may be proper next to re- 
 late the Treaty with the MebikanderSy or River In- 
 dians y viz. The feveral Tribes of Indians living at 
 feveral Places on each Side of Hudfon'i River. 
 
 On his Excellency’s Arrival at Albany, having 
 found that there had been a Neglefl: in fending for 
 the Efopus and I/Eniffmk Indians, he fcnt Orders for 
 them to be invited. The Mehikanders being con- 
 vcened the 21ft, his Excellency direfted Mr. Col- 
 den to fpeak to them in his Name and Words ; 
 which Mr. Colden did ; the other Gentlemen of the 
 Council, the Commiflioners from Bojlon, the Com- 
 miffioners for Indian Affairs, and feveral other Gen- 
 tlemen being prefent, in the Words following : 
 
 “ Children, 
 
 “TAM glad to meet you at this Time, as are 
 “ X likewife the Commiflioners from the Majj’a- 
 “ cbufeis-Bay, who are now come hither to concur 
 “ with me upon the prefent Occafion and I take 
 “ this Opportunity to renew the ancient Covenant 
 “ Chain with you, in Behalf of this and all his 
 “ Majefty’s Governments in America, which you 
 “ know has always been kept bright and clean, 
 “ without any of the leaft Stain or Rurt, and which 
 “ by this Belt I ftrengthen. [Gave a Belt."] 
 
 “ Cbildren, My meeting you here, befides re- 
 “ newing the Covenant Chain, is with Intention 
 “ that you fhould join your Force with ours, by 
 “ taking up the Hatchet againfl our and your com- 
 “ mon Enemies tlie French, and their Indians ; 
 “ who have in a very unmanly Manner, by fculk- 
 “ ing Parties, murdered in cold Blood, many of 
 your Brethren in this and the Province of the 
 “ MaffachuJeC s-Bay. 
 
 “ This 
 
(C 
 
 €C 
 
 if 
 
 CC 
 
 CC 
 
 CC 
 
 CC 
 
 (C 
 
 Five Indian Nations, (s’c. 183 
 
 “ Tliis Behaviour lays us under a Neceflity of 
 “ making Reprifals on them in like Manner, in 
 “ which I make no doubt of yotir Afliftance ; and 
 ‘‘ we are refolved to take a thorough Revenge of 
 our and your perpetual Enemies, by reducing 
 the Country of Canada, that it may not be in 
 the Power of thefe perfidious, deccitlul, and 
 cruel People, to do you or us any Injury for 
 the future : For which Purpofe all the neighbour- 
 ing Colonies, together with many Ships of War 
 « and Soldiers from Great-Britain, are refolved to 
 “ unite their Force, and to attack Canada in all 
 Parts, both by Sea and Land ; and I make no 
 doubt, you will on this Occafion fliew yourfelves 
 dutiful Children, in joining heartily with us and 
 the Six Nations, in this glorious Enterprize ; by 
 “ which you will not only gain Honour and Re- 
 « nown, but alfo Safety and Profperity to your- 
 “ felves, your Wives, and Cliildren for ever after- 
 « wards : And for which End I will furnilh your 
 “ fighting Men with Arms, Ammunition, Cloath- 
 « in^, Provifions, and every Thing neceflary for 
 “ the War.” [Gave a fVar-Belt.} 
 
 On the 26th they gave their Anfwer, which was 
 interpreted in the following Words ; (the fame 
 Perfons being prefent, that were when the Gover- 
 nor’s Speech was delivered to them.) 
 
 Father, 
 
 JJ/'E are glad to fee you-, and we are come to re- 
 '' new the Covenant Chain, and make it faji and 
 bright as ever, and free from Rujt, and as a Token 
 thereof we give you this Belt. [Gave a Belt, j 
 
 Father, Tou have told us what Mifchief the 
 French have done, and what Murders upon the Chrif- 
 tians they have committed-, therefore we declare from 
 our Hearts, and not from our Lips only, that as you 
 have ordered us to Ooed the Enemies Blood in Return 
 
 N 4 
 
 I- lit 1 
 
 III i 
 
 V/ V 
 
 I 
 
 nil : 
 
 , 
 
 'll ? 
 
 i ^ 
 
 
 
The History of the 
 
 for what they have done^ voe are refolved to live and 
 die with you in the common Caufe. 
 
 When you Chrifiians are at War., you make Peace 
 with one another, hut it is not fo with us, therefore 
 we depend upon you to take Care of us ; in Confidence 
 of which, we now take up the Hatchet, and will 
 make Ufe of it againft the French, and their Indians. 
 
 [Gave a Beit with a Hatchet.] 
 
 After their Anfwer they began the War-Dance, 
 and his Excellency ordered a confiderable Prefent 
 in Goods to be publickly given them. None of 
 thefe are fufpedcd to be under French Influence. 
 
 As there was no Advice of the Arrival of the 
 Fleet, and no Plan of Operations agreed on in Cafe 
 the Fleet did not arrive, the fupporting of about 
 feven hundred Indians was a great Expence to his 
 Excellency, for which he had no Allowance from 
 the Province of NeimTork, or for any other Charge 
 attending this Treaty : And as many of the Indi- 
 ans, (above twenty) had got the Small-pox, it be- 
 ing impracticable to prevent their going into Town, 
 or converfing with the Town’s People, and the In- 
 dians becoming uneafy by Rcafon of the Sicknefs 
 of many, and Death of fome •, his Excellency 
 thought it moft prudent to difmifs them as foon as 
 poffible from this Place, and to give Orders to Mr. 
 Johnfon, to fend out feveral Parties from Schenehfade, 
 or his own Settlement near the lower Mohawk 
 Caftle, to karrafs the French Settlements in Canada ; 
 and for that Purpofe delivered to him Cloathing, 
 Arms and Ammunition, to be given to the fight- 
 ing Men, as his Excellency had promifed them 
 whenever they entered on Service, and impowered 
 him to furnifh them with Provifions, and whatever 
 Neceflaries they fliould want. 
 
 Before they went, his Excellency fent to them, 
 to defire them to leave their Sick, with a Promil'e 
 to take all Care poffible of them, and that he would 
 
 order 
 
J Five Indian Nations, G?r. 
 
 ' order Phyficians to attend them. They were very 
 
 J lenfible of this Kindnefs, and acknowledged itj 
 
 I but not above two or three could be prevailed to 
 ftay, who were fo ill that they could not be re- 
 moved : All poflible Care was taken of the other 
 Sick, in the Waggons which carried them to 
 ScheneSade. 
 
 On the 26th of September, the Captains Slants 
 and Vromen, brought the Indians living on the 
 Branches of the Sufqiiebannah River ; they came in 
 the Indian Order, marching in a fingle Line one 
 after tlie other, and as they pafled the Fort, fa- 
 luted by a running Fire along the Line ; which 
 Salute the Governor ordered to be returned, by a 
 Difcharge of fome Cannon from the Fort. 
 
 On Monday the 8th of the fame Month his Ex- 
 cellency fpoice to them, telling them the Sub- 
 ftance of what he had ordered to be faid to the 
 Six Nations, and their Anfwer •, and as this has 
 been fet forth at Length before, it is needlefs to 
 repeat what was then faid. The Reafon of his Ex- 
 cellency’s fpeaking to them in this Manner was, 
 becaufe thefe Nations living on the Sufquebannab 
 River and its Branches, are known to be Depen- 
 dents on the Six Nations. 
 
 The next Day tliey gave their Anfwer ; the Gen- 
 tlemen of the Council, the Commiflioners for /»- 
 dian Affairs, the Corporation of Albany, the Officers 
 of the four Independent Companies, and feveral 
 Officers of the new Levies, and other Gentlemen 
 being prefent, as they were when his Excellency 
 fpoke to the Indians ; Their Anfwer was publickly 
 interpreted as as follows ; 
 
 Brother of New-Tork, 
 
 I Ohguago i what News you fend to 
 
 ; the Six Nations is not truly reported to us, nor 
 
 what the Governor of Canada fends to them -, we have 
 1 not beenproperly taken Notice of, nor timely acquaint- 
 ed 
 
‘The History of the 
 
 ed with your Deftgn to treat with the Six Nations, 
 tiU near tbeTime that your Interview with them was 
 over-, otherwife we jhould have readily eome along 
 with them^ to hear what our Brother had to propofe 
 to us i and if we had received earlier Notice^ a much 
 larger Humber of our fighting Men would have come 
 along with us: Our Settlements are fcattering^ and 
 fame of them at a great Dijlance from others.^ and many 
 of our Men are from Home a hunting j we have, 
 howev^, fent the Belt of Invitation forward to tbofe 
 who live at a greater Diftance^ that they may be able 
 at the Time appointed^ to come and join us in the War^ 
 as by your Belt we were defired. 
 
 Brother, Tou Tejlerday informed us of what you 
 had f aid to the Six Nations, and their Anfwer ; we 
 are grieved that the Six Nations have not already 
 made ufe of the Hatchet ^ but have hitherto kept it by 
 them^ and have not fent out their young Men to re- 
 venge the Murders which have been committed by the 
 Enemy. 
 
 Tf^e are refolved to make ufe of the Hatchet againfi 
 the French, to revenge the Injuries done to you and 
 your People, our Brethren. 
 
 We have received at Times veyy different Kind of 
 News from the Six Nations, fometimes it feemed as if 
 the French would be Mafters ; but it cannot be fo, 
 they are a deceitful People, and cannot be trujied *, 
 they make fair Promifes, and have no Intention to 
 perform them ; they flatter themfelves with Hopes to 
 be Mafiers, but they jlmll be difappointed •, for we 
 floall keep the Hatchet firmly in our Hands, and are 
 refolved to make Ufe of it. 
 
 We know feveral Roads that lead to Canada, we 
 want to fee the Hatchet, that we may take it up. 
 
 Upon which his Excellency threw down a 
 Hanger, which the Speaker took up and began 
 the War-Dance, and Icveral otiiers danced the fame 
 after him. 
 
Five Indian Nations, 187 
 
 After which they defired his Excellency to take 
 Care of them, as he had promifed. 
 
 His Excellency returned them Thanks for their 
 fo readily taking up the Hatchet •, he faid, that he 
 would prcfently fet the War-Kettle over the Fire, 
 and provide them with every Thing ncceffary for 
 the War. His Excellency gave them a handfome 
 Prefent in publick for their Is^ions in general, and 
 private Prefents to their principal Sachems ; one of 
 which promifed, that after his return Home, he 
 would go round all the Indian Settlements, to in- 
 vite them into the War againft the French^ and their 
 Indians •, and tlut he did not doubt to be able to 
 bring fix hundred Men from the Indian Settlements 
 on the Sufquehannab River and its Branches, to 
 march at any Time, and to any Place, his Excel- 
 lency fliould appoint, in order to join the Forces in- 
 tended againft Canada-, in the mean Time they 
 would caufe a Party of their Men to go out with 
 his Men to fcour the Woods, and clear them of 
 the French fculking Indians. 
 
 About this Time, a Serjeant of Capt. Living- 
 Jlon's Company was furprized and killed by a fculk- 
 ing Party of French Indians : In a few Minutes af- 
 ter the Account of this came to his Excellency, who 
 happened to be dining at that Time in Capt. fFrex- 
 alls lent, fourteen of the Safquehannah Indians 
 were obferved running paft the Tent, in order to 
 crofs the River, and meet the French Indians-, 
 which his Excellency obferving, and being appre- 
 henfive that they might meet with fome of the 
 Parties of the new Levies that were gone out for 
 the fame Purpofe, and that they might be in Dan- 
 ger of being attacked through Miftake ; he afk’d 
 if any of the Guard which then attended, would 
 voluntarily go along with the Indians ? Two Men 
 offered themfelves, who went with one who un- 
 derftood the Indian Language, in order to prevent 
 Miftakes. Happy it was that this Precaution was 
 4. taken •, 
 
^he History of the 
 
 taken •, for Capt. Faming with a great Part of his 
 Company, having gone out with the fame Inten- 
 tion of intercepting the French Indians, he difeover- 
 ed this Party of our Indians, and taking them to 
 be French Indians, he kept his Men under the Cover 
 of fome Bufhes,, with their Arms ready to fire, 
 expefting the nearer Approach of the Indians ', 
 w'hen one of the Chriftians who were with them, 
 obferving Capt. Fanning'^ Men, called out,, and 
 came up to Capt. Fanning when his Men werd ready 
 to fire. None of the Parties that went out were 
 able to difeover any of the Enemy. 
 
 His Excellency afterguards lent out fixteen of 
 thefe Indians, and cloathed them for that Purpofe, 
 together with about fixty Men detached from the 
 Companies levied in the County of Albany, in order 
 to fcour the Woods, and to advance as far as the 
 Lakes to gain Intelligence, by taking Prifoners or 
 otherwife. While this Party was out, fome of the 
 Indians fell fick, and the others being apprehenfive 
 of the lame Misfortune, they return’d, after having 
 been but a few Days in the Woods. His Excel- 
 lency then perceiving the Uneafinefs the Indians 
 were tinder from the Apprehenfions of Sicknefs, 
 found it nccelfary to difmifs them all, on their Pro- 
 inife to return, whenever his Excellency Ihould or- 
 der, with all the Force they lliall be able to colledb ; 
 and which, they faid, as before obferved, might 
 amount to fix hundred Men. The Number of In- 
 dians that came at this Time from the Sufqnehannah 
 River, confifted only of about fixty fighting Men, 
 befides old Men, Women, and Children: More 
 had come near to Albany, but having there heard 
 of the Small-pox and Sicknefs that was at Albany, 
 and that many of the 5ix Nations had catched the 
 Infeftion, and feveral of them were dead, they re- 
 turned back. 
 
 After the Six Nations left Albany, many of them 
 were taken fick on their Way Home, before they 
 
 reached 
 
Five Indian Nations, ©’r. 
 
 reached the Mohawk Caftles, and a confiderable 
 Number of the briflceft young Men of the Mohawks 
 died. This retarded the Execution of the Order 
 given to Mr. Johnfon^ to fend out Parties to harrafs 
 the French Settlements in Canada, though he ufed 
 all the Means in his Power to effedl it. While he 
 was prefllng them to this Purpofe, one of the Sa- 
 chems who had promifcd to head a Party from the 
 Canajohary Cattle, faid, Tou feem to think that wt 
 are Brutes, that we have no Senfe of the Lofs of eur 
 dearejl Relations, and feme of them the braveji Men 
 we had in our Nation : Tou muft allow us Time to be- 
 wail our Misfortune. 
 
 About ten Days before his Excellency left Albany, 
 a Party of upwards of feventy Men, confifting of 
 fome of each Nation, went againtt Canada : Some 
 Chrittians were of the Party to alTitt and diredl, and 
 to be Witneffes of the Behaviour of the Indians. 
 They were to avoid all the Lakes, and the ufual 
 Roads and Paffes to Canada, and were to go thro’ 
 the Woods over Mountains, that are feldom patted, 
 to prevent the Enemies difeovering them : But 
 after thefe had been out, Capt. Butler's Son, to 
 whom the chief Direction of this Party was com- 
 mitted, was uken ill of the Small-pox, and five 
 of the Indians were obliged to return to carry him 
 Home. Another fmall Party was lent out to take 
 Prifoners, and gain Intelligence at Crown-Foint. At 
 the writing of this, it is not known what Succefs 
 they have had. 
 
 When the Six Nations had come as far as the 
 lower Mohawk Cattle, in their return Home, they 
 were met by about fix Men of their own Nations, 
 who delivered a MelTage from Canada, which had 
 been brought by the Indian who was taken by the 
 French at Crown Point, and carried to Canada. The 
 Mettage was interpreted in the following Words : 
 “ The Governor of Canada had called thiCahnu- 
 “ aga Indians to him, and’ then complained to 
 * “ them. 
 
igo The History of the 
 
 “ them, that fome of the Six Nations, his Chil- 
 “ dren, had killed fome of his People : You all 
 know, he faid, that I am not hafty or paffionate, 
 “ but will rather bear a great deal than Ihew Re- 
 “ fentment, wherefore I am refolved to pafs this 
 “ over •, but in the mean Time I muft dcfire you 
 “ to go among the Six Nations, to find out the 
 “ Reafon of this Proceeding, and to tdl them, 
 “ that if any Thing like it happen again, 1 will 
 “ make them fmart : You may neverthelefs afliire 
 “ my Children * of the Six Nations, that I love 
 and efteem them equally with the Cahnuagas, 
 “ or Sbawsndadies *>, being of the fame Blood. 
 “ And to convince them ol my Love, I now fend 
 “ back to them one of their People tliat was taken 
 “ at Crown Point, without eating his Flefli. And 
 “ now Cahnuagas, my Children, I would not have 
 “ you fpill any more Blood from /ilbany upwards, 
 tor I begin to pity their Weaknefs ; but turn 
 “ your Arms towards New-England, againft your 
 moft inveterate itnemies, there is the Place for 
 “ you to gain Honour now.** 
 
 The Cahnuagas gave the following Anfwer to 
 the Governor of Canada: Father, I'oti are in the 
 wrong, to dcfire us to go among the Six Nations for 
 Intelligence, or with Menaces •, for fuch will only jfiir 
 them uf, and bring them and all their Mies {who are 
 very numerous) upon you, to dejlroy you at once. hFe 
 know they are not to be bullied by your Words or ours, 
 wherefore. Father, we mufi leave you to go through 
 this H 'urk by yourfclf. 
 
 After having as above, related what had pafled 
 between them and the Governor of Canada, they 
 fent the following Mcffage from themfelvcs. 
 
 Brethren 
 
 * The (jovernor of CavaJa calls the Six Nations, {and all the 
 Indian Nations depending on him) Children, as the Governor of 
 Nciv-Tork calls them Brethretj. 
 
 *> Another Settlement of Dcfcrtcrs from the Six Nations, and 
 dwell.Tig hear Montreal. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Brethren of the Six Nations, “We hear the Go- 
 “ vernor of New-Tork has invited you to meet 
 “ him i we intreat you not to mind any Thing he 
 « fhall fay, in order to fet you againft us ; for if 
 “ you do, you, as well as we, muftalldie. Where* 
 “ fore. Brethren, we conjure you by all the Ties of 
 “ Friendlhip fubfifting between us, to inform us of 
 “ any Defign that is plotting againft us ■, and that 
 “ when any fuch Thing Ihdl be difcovered, you 
 “ will fend an Exprefs to Cadarackui », where our 
 “ Fire always burns. 
 
 “ Brethren, We ftiall be glad to fee you next 
 “ Spring at Cabnmga, to hold a Council toge- 
 “ ther, where you lhall be as fafe and welcome as 
 “ ever. 
 
 “ Brethren, The Governor our Father, being in- 
 “ formed, that your Governor is raifing Men to 
 “ come againft Canada, defires us to tell you, that 
 “ he has one thoufand eight hundred Men at Crown 
 “ Point, ready to give them Battle i in which 
 “ Number, the Men of eight Caftles of the Uta- 
 “ wawas are included. 
 
 “ Brethren, Be not angry at our deftroying Sa- 
 “ ragbtoga laft Fall •, Col. Schuyler dar’d us to it, 
 “ by faying he wiflied to fee a French Army there : 
 “ We gratified him in hisWilh.” 
 
 A Cabnuaga Indian was fent along with the Pri- 
 foner that was reftored ; but when he came near the 
 Settlements of the Six Nations, his Heart fail’d 
 him, and he fent the Prifoner forward by himfelf 
 with the Meffage. 
 
 The Readinefs with which the Six Nations com- 
 municated this Meflage, and the fiight they in all 
 Appearance put upon it, is fome Proof of their Sin- 
 cerity in the Promifes they made to his Excellency ; 
 neither from any Thing which has happened can it 
 be Ihewn, that they were not fincere. On the con- 
 trary, 
 
 French Fort oppodte' to Ojkvego, and the Eafi End of 
 Ceattradui Lake, or Lake Frentenae, 
 
^he History of the 
 
 trary, it appears by Mr. Jobnfon's Letter to his Ex- 
 cellency of the 2 ift of ORober^ that feveral Parties 
 are now out againft the French ; and that Mr. "John- 
 fen having received Orders from Col. Roberts^ to 
 fend as many Indians as poffible to join the Army, 
 all the Moha'wksy even their oldeft Men, were fitted 
 * out and ready ; and having fent to the upper 
 Caftles at the fame Time, they appeared fo hearty, 
 that there would not have remained above three old 
 Men in any of the next Caftles : And that Col. 
 Roberts afterwards contradi6Ung thefe Orders, they 
 had appeared very uneafy on their being ftopt. It 
 was not expefted that they would enter into the 
 War without us, or by themfelves, neither are 
 they a People of fo little Thought, as to give any 
 Reafon to expeft it from them. 
 
 When the Companies raifed in Penfylvania ar- 
 rived at Albany, his Excellency was informed by 
 their Captains, that Mr. ’Thomas Governor of that 
 Province, had fent Conrad Weifer their publick In- 
 terpreter, among the Sufquehannah Indians-, and 
 that they expeded his Arrival at this Place in a 
 little Time, with at leaft three hundred Indians. 
 The Treaties with the Indians, which Mr. Thomas 
 has publiflied, gave great Hopes of the Succefs that 
 Interpreter would have ; and thereby increafed the 
 Difappointment, when Mr. Weifer arrived a few 
 Days before his Excellency left Albany, and did not 
 bring one Indian with him. 
 
 Elis Excellency Governor Clinton, had perhaps 
 more Difficulties to ftruggle with on this Occafion, 
 than any Governor of New-Tork had at any Time : 
 The Six Nations had on feveral Occafions given 
 Grounds of Miftruft ; the Governor of Canada was 
 attempting all the Means in his Power to divert 
 their Affedions from us ; the People of the County 
 of Alba7iy had for fome Time paft, entertained a 
 Difiatisfad.ion in the Conduct of the Commiffioners 
 for Indian Affairs -, the Commiffioners themfelves 
 
 were 
 
193 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 were tlividcd in their Sentiments, and feveral of 
 them refufed to attend their Meetings ; and they 
 confefled to his Excellency, that they had loft all 
 Influence on the Indians-, Mr. Gooch having de- 
 clined the Command of the Forces at Albany, his 
 Excellency was forced likewife to undertake a new 
 and great Care, which he in no Manner expefted 
 when he left the City of New-Tork, and which 
 from many Incidents, was attended with many 
 Difficulties. If thefe Things be duly confidered, 
 and the Dangers his Perl'on was in from the Infec- 
 tion of two different Difeafes, which at that Time 
 raged in the City of Albany, of which great Num- 
 bers died during his Refidence there of near three 
 Months ; none can doubt of his hearty Zeal for 
 the Succefs of an Affair, in which the Safety and 
 Profperity of all the Colonies in North America, 
 were immediately concerned. 
 
 But as every one may not be fufHciently apprized 
 of what Confequence the Six Nations being hearty, 
 is to the Intereft of Great-Britain, it may be 
 proper to obferve. That though a Number of In- 
 dians to march with the Army, which was intended 
 to attack Canada, would be of great Ufe in dif- 
 covering and defeating the Ambulhes of the Ene- 
 my’s while tiiey were every Day to be 
 
 guarded againft by the Forces which were to march 
 by Land, and would by their Incurfions into the 
 Enemy’s Country, terribly harafs them, and keep 
 them from joining their Forces into any great Body 
 to oppofe the Defign ; thefe are not the moft con- 
 fiderable Advantages might be gained from the Af- 
 fedfion of the Six Nations at this Time, or any 
 Time of War; for if the inland Extent of the Co- 
 lonies from Nova Scotia to Georgia Jot confidered, 
 and at the lame Time the numerous Indian Nations 
 on the Continent of America, who may by the Ar- 
 tifices of the French be induced to make Incurfions 
 every where ; and tlie cruel Methods by which the 
 
 O Indians 
 

 '54 
 
 *The History of the 
 
 Indians mike Incurfiohs in fmall Parties, from the 
 vail Foreft which every where covers the Continent, 
 and which in many Places fs impenetrable ; it mull 
 evidently appear, that though the f,nglijh Colonies 
 be of much fuperior Force in Num&rs of Men, 
 yet their Number would not be fuffident to pfoteft 
 their FVbritiCTS from theincurfions of the Indians in 
 every Place : And, that while their Forces mult in 
 this Cafe be divided aind fcattered all over thdr 
 Frontiers, it may be in the Power of the French in 
 Canada., to invade with Succefs any Part of the 
 Englijh Colonies. On the othd Hand, if a proper 
 Attempt were to be made by the Northern Colonies 
 alone, without the Afliftance of their Mother Coun- 
 try, but with the Affiftarice of the Indians^ it would 
 in all Appearance be fuffident to reduce Canada •, 
 for if the Indian Nations can be perfuaded to join 
 heartily, (as from what is above related it feems 
 probable they may) it will be impoffible for the In- 
 habitants of Canada to defend themfelves from the 
 Incurfions of thefe numerous Indian Nations, and 
 from a Body of regular Troops at the fame Time. 
 As the French are very fenfible of thefe Advantages 
 to be gain’d from the F'riendlhip of the Indian Na- 
 tions, they negleft no Means in their Power to pro- 
 cure them ; And it is to be hoped, that the North- 
 ern Colonies will be no lefs affiduous in a Matter on 
 which their Well-being at leaft depends. 
 
 Some People wifli that the Indians may remain 
 neuter, and think it advifcable to purfue Meafures 
 for that Purpofc, by which many horrid Barbarities 
 would be prevented. No doubt this is to be 
 wifhed •, but can the Englijh Colomts by any Means 
 be aflfured, that the French will be Hncere in pre- 
 fcrving fuch a Neutrality ? And if they be not fin- 
 cere, we lhall more certainly expofe ourfelves to all 
 thefe Calamities, than we arc now by Indians being 
 engaged on both Sides. The Six Nations are by 
 their natural Inclinations, dil'pofed to War-like En- 
 
 terprizes ; 
 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 prizes : They never have been at Peace with all 
 their Neighbours, fince they were known to Chrif- 
 tians. The Reputation they have gained among all 
 the Indian Nations in North America^ gives them 
 an Influence in the Councils of every Nation. It 
 may then be eafy for French to turn thisDifpo- 
 fition to War in the Six Nations^ againft us, and 
 by their Influence draw all the Indian Nations in 
 North America upon us. The Genius of the Six 
 Nations will not fuffer them to remain inadive, 
 while their Neighbours are at War. 
 
 In the laft Place, it may not be improper to ob- 
 ferve at this Time, that though the Colonies to the 
 Southward (and the Inhabitants of the Parts of the 
 Northern Colonies, which are lefs expofed to the 
 Incurfions of Indians) think themfelves little con- 
 cerned in Intereft, or in the Confequences of the 
 prefent War; yet if they would confider that the 
 Northern Colonies are really their Frontiers, and 
 that they defend the others from all the Calamities 
 of a moll barbarous War ; the Southern Colonies 
 muft think that any Contribution of Men and Mo- 
 nqy, which is expeded from them, is an eafy Pur- 
 chaie of the Freedom from fuch Calamities, to 
 which their Brethren are fubjeded ; and that while 
 they can follow their Occupations at Eafe, they are 
 much better enabled to fupport the Expence of a 
 War than the Northern Colonies are, where the In- 
 habitants are every Day in Danger of their Lives 
 from a cruel Enemy, while at their daily and inno- 
 cent Labours. If the Southern Colonies negled to 
 keep the War at a Diftance from them, they may 
 at an improper Time, become fenfible of the Evils 
 their Brethren fuffer, and of their own Folly at the 
 fame Time. 
 
 New-Torky Dec. 2, 1746. 
 The Party of feventy Indians and Whites men- 
 tioned in this Treaty, did not go out together as 
 
 O 2 was 
 
Was at firft intended, Sicknefs and other Incidents^ 
 made it neceffary to alter the Meafures at firft pro- 
 pofed. One Party of thirty Indians and ten Whites 
 went by thcmfelves. Thefe fell upon a French 
 Settlement on the North-fide of St. Lawrence River, 
 about lo Leagues above Montreal^ and brought 
 away eight French Prifoners, one of them a Cap- 
 tain of Militia, and four Scalps. Another Party 
 of nine Indians went to the Cahnuagas^ under Pre- 
 tence of continuing the Neutrality with them, they 
 
 rem Prefents: 
 elligence they 
 is, they adled 
 i feveral Let- 
 Mmtreal., and 
 the Comman- 
 oint. In their 
 return Home, 
 11 Fort, killed 
 and one Scalp, 
 id the Letters 
 and informed 
 at Montreal. 
 
 A 
 
A 
 
 COLLECTION 
 
 O F 
 
 CHARTERS 
 
 AND OTHER PUBLICKACTS, 
 
 RELATING TO THE 
 
 Province of PENSYLVANIA, 
 
 VIZ. 
 
 I. The ROYAL CHARTER to WILLIAM 
 
 PENN, Efq; 
 
 II. The firft FRAME of Government, granted in 
 
 England, in 1682. 
 
 III. LAWS agreed upon in England. 
 
 IV. Certain CONDITIONS or CONCESSIONS. 
 
 V. The ACT of SETTLEMENT, made at 
 
 1682. 
 
 VI. The fecond F R AM E of Government, granted 1683. 
 
 VII. The CHARTER of the CITY of PHILA- 
 
 D ELP HI A, granted 25, 1701. 
 
 VIII. The New CHARTER of PRIVILEGES 
 to the Province, granted October 28, 1701. 
 
 \ 
 
r 
 
 the CHARTER c/ C harles II. 
 of England, Scotland, France, and 
 Ireland, King, Defender of the 
 Faith, &c. 
 
 Unto WilliamPenn, Proprietary and Go- 
 vernor of the Province of Penfylvania. 
 
 C HA RLE Si by the Grace of GOD, King 
 of Englandy Scotland, France, and Ireland, 
 Defender of the Faith, To all to whom 
 thel'e Prefcnts fliall come. Greeting. WHERE- 
 AS our trufty and well-beloved Subjedl JVtlltam 
 Penn, Efq; Son and Heir of Sir Wiiltam Penn de- 
 ceafed, (out of a commendable Defire to enlarge 
 our Englijh Empire, and promote fuch ufeful C^- 
 modities as may be of Benefit to us and our Do- 
 minions, as alfo to reduce the favage Natives by 
 gentle and juft Manners, to the love of civil Society 
 mid the Chriftian Religion) hath humbly befought 
 Leave of us, to tranfpdrt an ample Colony unto a 
 certain Country herein after defcribed, in the Parts 
 of America, not yet cultivated and planted ; and 
 hath likewife fo humbly befought our Royal Ma- 
 iefty to give, grant, and confirm all the f^d Coun- 
 try, with certain Privileges and Junfdiflions, re- 
 quifite for the good Government and Safety ot the 
 laid Country and Colony, to him and his Heirs tor 
 
 ever. 
 
 SEC X. !• 
 
 KNOW YE THEREFORE, That we 
 (favouring the Petition and good Purpofe of the 
 ° O 4 
 
‘The History of the 
 
 faid William Penn, and having Regard to the Me- 
 mory and Merits of his late Father in divers Ser- 
 vices, and particularly to his Conducl:, Courage, 
 and Diferction under our deareft Brother J A ME S 
 Duke of Tork, in that fignal Battle and Vidory 
 fought and obtained againtt the Dutch Fleet, com- 
 manded by the Heer Van Opdam, in the Year 1 665 : 
 In Confideration thereof, of our fpecial Grace, cer- 
 tain Knowledge, and mecr Motion) have given and 
 granted, and by this our prefent Charter, for us, 
 our Heirs and Succeffors, do give and grant unto 
 the faid William Penn, his Heirs ^and Affigns, all 
 that Trad or Part of Land in America, with the 
 Hands therein contained, as the fame is bounded on 
 the Eaft by Belawar River, from twelve Miles 
 Diftance Northwards of Newcajlle Town unto the 
 three and fortieth Degree of Northern Latitude, if 
 the faid River doth extend fo far Northward : But 
 if the faid River fliall not extend fo far Northward, 
 then by the faid River fo far as it doth extend, and 
 from the Head of the faid River the Eaftern Bounds 
 are to be determined by a Meridian Line, to be 
 drawn from the Head of the faid River, unto tlic 
 faid forty-third Degree. The faid Land to extend 
 Weftward five Degrees in Longitude, to be com- 
 puted from the laid Eaftern Bounds ; and the faid 
 Lands to be bounded on the North by the Begin- 
 ning of the three and fortieth Degree of Nortliern 
 Latitude, and on the South by a Circle drawn at 
 twelve Miles Diftance from Newcajlle Northward, 
 and Weftward unto the B: ginning of the fortietli 
 Degree of Northern Latitude, and then by a. ftrait 
 Line Weftwards to the Limits of Longitude above- 
 mentioned. 
 
 SECT. II. 
 
 W E do alfo give and grant unto the faid Wil- 
 liam Penn, his Flcirs and Afiigns, the free and un- 
 difturbed Ufe and Continuance in, and PalTage unto, 
 and out of all and fingular Ports, Harbours, Bays, 
 
 Waters, 
 
201 
 
 Five Indian Nations, C^c. 
 
 Waters, Rivers, Itles, and Inlets, belonging unto, 
 or leading to and from the Country or Iflands afore- 
 faid, and all the Soils, Lands, Fields, Woods, 
 Underwoods, Mountains, Hills, Fenns, Kies, Lakes, 
 Rivers, Waters, Rivulets, Bays, and Inlets, fitu- 
 ated or being within, or belonging to the Limits 
 or Bounds aforefaid, together with the Filhing of 
 all Sorts of Fifh, Whales, Suirgeon, and all royal 
 and other Fiflies, in the Seas, Bays, Inlets, Waters, 
 or Rivers within the Premifles, and all the FKb 
 therein taken •, and alfo all Veins, Mines, Minerals, 
 and Quarries, as well difcovered as not difcovercd, 
 of Gold, Silver, Gemms, and precious Stones, 
 and all other whatfoever, be it Stones, Metals, or 
 of any other Thing or Matter whatfoever, found 
 or to be found within the Country, Klcs, or Limits 
 aforefaid. 
 
 SECT. III. 
 
 AND him, the faid William Penn., his Heirs and 
 Afligns, we do by this our Royal Charter, for us, our 
 Heirs and Succeflbrs, make, create, and conftitute, 
 the true and abfolute Proprietary of the Country 
 aforefaid, and of all other the Premifles : Saving al- 
 ways to us, our Heirs and Succeflfors, the Faith and 
 Allegiance of the faid William Penn., his Heirs and 
 Afligns, and of all other Proprietaries, Tenants, and 
 Inhabitants, that are or (hall be within the Territories 
 and Precinfts aforefaid ; and faving alfo, unto us, 
 our Heirs and Succeflfors, the Sovereignty of the 
 aforefaid Country, to have, hold, poflfefs, and en- 
 joy the faid Trait of Land, Country, Ifles, Inlets, 
 and other the Premiflfes, unto the faid William Penn^ 
 his Heirs and Afligns, to the only proper Ufe 
 and Behoof of the faid William Penn, his Heirs 
 and Afligns, for ever, to be holden of us, our 
 Heirs and Succeflfors, Kings of England, as of 
 our Caftle of Windfor in our County of Berks, in 
 free and common Soccage, by Fealty only for all 
 Services, and not in Capite or by Knights Service : 
 
 Yield- 
 
302 
 
 ^he History ^ the 
 
 Yielding and paying therefore to us, out Heirs ^nd 
 Sueeeflbrs, two Beaver- fkins, to be delivered at our 
 Caftle of Windfor on the firft Day of January in 
 every Year ; and alfo the fifth Part of all (jold and. 
 Silver Oar, which fli^ll from Time to Time hiip- 
 pen to be found within the Limits aforefaid, clear 
 ef all Charges. And of our further Grace, cer- 
 tain Knowledge, and meer Motion, we have thought 
 fit to ereft, and we do hereby ere6l the aforelaid 
 Country and Hands into a Province and Seignorie, 
 and do call it PENSYJL.VANIA, and fo from 
 henceforth will have it called. 
 
 SECT. IV. 
 
 AND forafmucli as we have hereby made and 
 ordained the aforefaid William Penn., his Heirs and 
 Afligns, the true and abfolute Proprietaries of all 
 the Lands and Dominions aforefaid, KNOW YE 
 THEREFORE, That we (repofing fpecial 
 Truft and Confidence in the Fidelity, Wifdom, 
 Juftice, and provident Circumfpedlion of the faid 
 William Penn) for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, dp 
 grant free, full, and ablblute Power (by Virtue of 
 thefe Prefents) to him and his Heirs, to his and 
 their Deputies, and Lieutenants for the good and 
 happy Government of the faid Country, to ordain, 
 make, and enaft, and under his and their Seals to 
 publilh any Laws whatfoever, for the raifing of 
 Money for publick Ufes of the faid Province, or 
 for any other End, appertaining either unto the 
 publick State, Peace, or Safety of the faid Coun- 
 try, or unto the private Utility of particular Per- 
 fons, according unto their beft Dilcretion, by and 
 with the Advice, Affent, and Approbation of the 
 Freemen of the faid Country, or the greater Part 
 of them, or of their Delegates or Deputies, whom 
 for the enabling of the faid Laws, when, and as 
 often as Need fhall require, we v/ill that the faid 
 William Penn and his Heirs, ihall alfemble in fuch 
 
 Sott 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Sort and Form, as to him and them fhall feem beft, 
 and the fame Laws duly to execute, unto and upon 
 all People within the faid Country and Limits 
 thereof. 
 
 SECT. V. 
 
 AND we do likewife give and grant unto the 
 faid William Penn., and to his Heirs, and their De- 
 puties and Lieutenants, full Power and Authority, 
 to appoint and eftablifh any Judges and Jultices, 
 Magiftrates and other Officers whatlbevcr, for what 
 Caufes foever, (for the Probates of Wills, and for 
 the granting of Adminiftrations within the Precinds 
 aforefaid) and with what Power foever, and in fuch 
 Form, as to the faid William Penn or his Heirs, 
 lhall feem moft convenient : Alfo to remit, releafe, 
 pardon, and abolifh (whether before Judgment or 
 after) all Crimes and Offences whatfoever, com- 
 mitted within the faid Country, againft the laid 
 Laws, (Treafon and wilful and malicious Murder 
 only excepted, and in thofe Cafes to grant Re- 
 prieves, until our Pleafure may be known therein) 
 and to do all and every other Thing and Things, 
 ■which unto the compleat Eftablifh ment of Juftice 
 unto Courts and Tribunals, Forms of Judicature, 
 and Manner of Proceedings do belong, although 
 in thefe Prefents exprefs Mention be not made 
 thereof; and by Judges by them delegated, to 
 award Procels, hold Pleas, and determine in all 
 the faid Courts and Tribunals all Aftions, Suits, 
 and Caufes whatfoever, as well criminal as civil, 
 perfonal, real, and mixt ; which Laws fo, as afore- 
 faid, to be publifhed, our Pleafure is, and fo we 
 enjoin, require, and command, fhall be moft abfo- 
 lute and available in Law ; and that all the Liege 
 People and Subjedls of us, our Heirs and Succef- 
 fors, do obferve and keep the fame inviolably in 
 thofe Parts, fo far as they concern them, under the 
 Pain therein expreffed, er to be expreffed. PRO- 
 VIDED 
 
204 
 
 ’The History of the 
 
 VIDED neverthelefs. That the fame Laws be 
 confonant to Reafon, and not repugnant or con- 
 trary, but (as near as conveniently may be) agree- 
 able to the Laws and Statutes, and Rights ot this 
 our Kingdom of England, and faving and relerving 
 to us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, the receiving, hear- 
 ing, and determining of the Appeal and Appeals 
 of all or any Perfon or Perfons, of, in, or belong- 
 ing to the Territories aforefaid, or touching any 
 Judgment to be there made or given. 
 
 SECT. VI. 
 
 AND forafmuch as in the Government of fo 
 great a Country, hidden Accidents do often hap- 
 pen, whereunto it will be neceflary to apply Reme- 
 dy before the Freeholders of the faid Province, or 
 their Delegates or Deputies can be aflembled to the 
 making ot Laws ; neither will it be convenient that 
 inftantly upon every fuch emergent Occafion, fo 
 great a Multitude Ihould be called together : There- 
 fore (for the better Government of the faid Coun- 
 try) we will, and ordain, and by thefe Prefents, 
 for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do grant unto 
 the faid William Penn and his Heirs, by themfelves, 
 or by their Magiftrates and Officers, in that Behalf 
 duly to be ordained as aforefaid, to make and con- 
 ftitute fit and wholefome Ordinances, from Time 
 to Time, within the faid Country to be kept and 
 oblerved, as well for the Prefervation of the Peace, 
 as for the better Government of the People' there 
 inhabiting ; and publickly to notify the fame to all 
 Perfons, whom the fame doth or may any Ways 
 concern. Which Ordinances our Will and Pleafure 
 is, Iball be oblerved inviolably within the faid Pro- 
 vince, under the Pains therein to be expreffed, fo 
 as the faid Ordinances be confonant to Reafon, and 
 be not repugnant nor contrary, but (fo far as con- 
 veniently may be) agreeable with the Laws of our 
 Kingdom of England, and fo as the faid Ordinances 
 
 be 
 
 A 
 
205 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 be not extended in any Sort to bind, change, or 
 take away ■ the Right or Intereft of any Perfon or 
 Perfons, for or in their Life, Members, Freehold, 
 Goods, or Chatties. And our farther Will and 
 Pleafureis, That the Laws for regulating and go- 
 vernir.g of Property within the faid Province, as 
 well for the Defcent and F.njoyment of Lands, as 
 likewife for the Enjoyment and Succeflion of Goods 
 and Chatties, and likewife as to Felonies, lhall be 
 and continue the fame’, as they lhall be for the 
 Time being, by the general Courfe of the Law in 
 our Kingdom of England, until the faid Laws fliall 
 be altered by the faid William Penn, his Heirs or 
 AlTigns, and by the Freemen of the faid Province, 
 their Delegates or Deputies, or the greater Part of 
 them. 
 
 SECT. VII. 
 
 A N D to the End that the faid William Penn, or 
 his Heirs, or other the Planters, Owners, or Inha- 
 bitants of the faid Province, may not at any Time 
 hereafter (by Mifconftruftion of the Power afore- 
 faid) through Inadvertency or Defign, depart from 
 that Faith and due Allegiance, which by the Laws 
 of this our Realm of England, they and all our 
 Subjects, in our Dominions and Territories, always 
 owe to us, our Heirs and Succelfors, by Colour of 
 any Extent or Largenefs of Powers hereby given, 
 or pretended to be given, or by Force or Colour of 
 any Laws hereafter to be made in the faid Province, 
 by Virtue of any fuch Powers; OUR farther 
 Will and Pleafure is. That a Tranfcript or Dupli- 
 cate of all Laws, which lhall be fo as aforefaid made 
 and publilhed within the faid Province, lhall within 
 five Years after the making thereof, be tranfmitted, 
 and delivered to the Privy Council, for the Time 
 being of us, our Heirs and Succelfors ; And it any 
 of the faid Laws within the Space of fix Months 
 alter that they lhall be fo tranfmitted and delivered. 
 
2o6 "The History of the 
 
 be declared by us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, in ouf 
 or their Privy Council^ inconfiftent with the Sove- 
 reignty, or lawful Prerogative of us, our Heirs or 
 Succeffors, or contrary to the Faith and Allegiance 
 due to the legal Government of this Realm, from 
 the f^d William Penny or his Heirs, or of the 
 Planters and Inhabitants of the faid Province, and 
 that thereupon any of the faid Laws fhall be ad^ 
 judged and declared to be void by us, our Heirs 
 and Succeflbrs, under our or their Privy Seal, that 
 then and from thenceforth, fuch Laws, concerning 
 which fuch Judgment and Declaration fhall be 
 made, fhall become void : Otherwife the faid 
 Laws fo tranfmitted, fhall remain, and ftand in full 
 Force, according to the true Intent and Meaning 
 thereof. 
 
 SECT. VIII. 
 
 FURTHERMORE, that this new Colony 
 may the more happily increafe, by the Multitude 
 of People reforting thither j Therefore we, for us, 
 our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give and grant by 
 thefe Prefents, Power, Licence, and Liberty un 
 to all the Liege People and Subjefts, both prefent 
 and future, of us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, (ex- 
 cepting thofe who fhall be efpecially forbidden) to 
 tranfport themfelves and Families unto the faid 
 Country, with fuch convenient Shipping as by the 
 Laws of this our Kingdom of England they ought 
 to ufe, and with fitting Provifion, paying only the 
 Cuftoms therefore due, and there to fettle them- 
 felves, dwell and inhabit, and plant, for the pub- 
 lick, and their own private Advantage. 
 
 SECT. IX. 
 
 AND FURTHERMORE, that our Sub- 
 jefts may be the rather encouraged to undertake 
 this Expedition with ready and chearful Minds, 
 KNOW YE, That we, of our fpecial Grace, cer- 
 tain 
 
207 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 tain Knowledge, and mere Motion, do give and 
 o-rant by virtue of thefe Prefents, as well unto the 
 ftid IFilliam Penn, and his Heirs, as to all others, 
 who lhall from time to time repair unto the faid 
 Country, with a Purpofe to inhabit or trade with 
 the Natives of the faid Country, full L-icence to 
 lade and fre^ht in any Ports whatfoever, of us, our 
 Heirs and Succeffors, according to the Laws made, 
 or to be made within our Kingdom of England, and 
 unto the faid Country, by them, their Servants or 
 Affigns, to tranfport all and fingular their Goods, 
 Wares and Merchandizes, as likewife ail Sorts of 
 Grain whatfoever, and all other Things whatfoever, 
 neceffary for Food or Clothing, not prohibited by 
 the Laws and Statutes of our Kingdom and Domi- 
 nions to be carried out of the faid Kingdom, with- 
 out any Let or Moieftation of us, our Heirs or 
 Succeffors, or of any of the Officers of us, our 
 Heirs or Succeffors •, faving always to us, our Heirs 
 and Succeffors, the legal Impofitions, Cuftoms, or 
 other Duties and Payments, for the faid Wares and 
 Merchandizes, by any Law or Statute due, or to 
 be due to us, our Heirs and Succeffors. 
 
 SECT. X. 
 
 AND we do further, for us, our Heirs and 
 Succeffors, give and grant unto the faid JVillicm 
 Penn, his Heirs and Affigns, free and abfolute 
 Power, to divide the faid Country and Hands into 
 Towns, Hundreds and Counties, and to eredt and 
 incorporate Towns into Boroughs, and Boroughs 
 into Cities, and to make and conftitute F^rs and 
 Markets therein, with all other convenient Privi- 
 leges and Immunities, according to the Merits of 
 the Inhabitants, and the Fitnefs of the Places, and 
 to do all and every other Thing and Things touch- 
 ing the Premifes, which to him or them Iball feem 
 meet and requifite •, albeit they be fuch, as of their 
 own Nature might otherwife require a more fpeciai 
 . Com- 
 
^he History of the 
 
 Commandment and Warrant, than in thefe Pre- 
 fents is exprdTed. 
 
 SECT. XI. 
 
 WE will alfo, and by thefe Prefents, for us, our 
 Heirs and Succeflbrs, we do give and grant Licence 
 by this our Charter, unto the faid William Penn, 
 his Heirs and Afligns, and to all the Inhabitants 
 and Dwellers in the Province afordaid, both pre- 
 fentand to come, to import or unlade, by them- 
 felves or their Servants, Fadors, or Afligns, all 
 Merchandizes and Goods whatfoever, that Ihall arife 
 of the Fruits and Commodities of the faid Province, 
 either by Land or Sea, into any of the Ports of us, 
 our Heirs or SucceflTors, in our Kingdom of Eng- 
 land, and not into any other Country whatfbver : 
 And we give him full Power to difpofe of the faid 
 Goods, in the laid Ports ; and if need be, within 
 one Year next after the Unlading of the fame, to lade 
 the faid Merchandize and Goods again into the fame 
 or other Ships, and to tranfport the fame into 
 any other Countries, either of our Dominions or 
 foreign, according to Law ; provided always, that 
 they pay fuch Cuftoms and Impofitions, Subfidies 
 and Duties for the fame, to us, our Heirs and Suc- 
 ceflbrs, as the reft of our Subjedls of our Kingdom 
 of England, for the Time being, fliall be bound to 
 p.ay, and do obferve the Adts of Navigation, and 
 other Laws in that Behalf made. 
 
 SECT. XII. 
 
 AND FURTHERMORE, of our ample 
 and fpccial Grace, certain Knowledge, and mere 
 Motion, we do, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, 
 grant unto tlie faid William Penn, his Heirs and 
 Aflagns, full and abfolute Power and Authority, 
 to make, eredf, and conftitute, within the faid Pro- 
 vince, and the Ifles and Inlets aforefaid, fuch and 
 fo many Sea- ports, Harbours, Creeks, Havens, 
 
 Keys, 
 
t'lVE Indian Nations^ G?r. 2oy< 
 
 Keys, and other Places, for Difcharging and Un- 
 lading of Goods and Merchandizes out of the 
 Ships, Boats, and other Vdfels, and landing them 
 unto fuch and fo many Places, and with fuch 
 Rights, Jurifdiftions, Liberties and Privileges unto 
 the laid Ports belonging, as to him and them lhall 
 feem moft expedient and that all and fingular the 
 Ships, Boats, and other VelTels, which flaall come 
 for Merchandize and Trade into the faid Province, 
 or out of the fame, lhall be laden or unladen only 
 at fuch Ports as lhall be created and conllituted by 
 the faid William Penn, his Heirs or AiTigns, (any 
 Ufe, Cuftom, or Thing to the contrary notwith- 
 ftanding.) Provided, that the faid William Penn, 
 and his Heirs, and the Lieutenants and Governors 
 for the Time being, fliall admit and receive in, and 
 about all fuch Havens, Ports, Creeks and Kep, all 
 OHicers and their Deputies, who fliall from Time to 
 Time be appointed for that Purpofe by the Farmers 
 or Commifiioners of our Cuftoms for theTime being. 
 
 SECT. XIII. 
 
 AND we do further appoint and ordain, and 
 by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, 
 we do grant unto the faid William Penn, his Heirs 
 and AlTigns, That he, the faid Willian Penn, his Heirs 
 and Afligns, may from time to time for ever, have 
 and enjoy the Cuftoms and Subfidies, in the Ports, 
 Harbours, and other Creeks and Places aforefaid, 
 w;thin the Province aforefaid, payable or due for Mer- 
 chandize and Wares there to be laded and unladed, 
 the faid Cuftoms and Subfidies to be rcafonably 
 aflefled upon any Occafion, by themfelves and the 
 People there as aforefaid to be alfembled, to whom 
 we give Power by thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs 
 and Succeflbrs, upon juft Caufe and due Proportion 
 to aflefs and impofe the fame *, faving unto us, our 
 Heirs and Succeflbrs, fuch Impofitions and Cuftoms, 
 as by A<5t of Parliament arfe and lhall be appointed. 
 
 p SEC r. 
 
SIO 
 
 *The History of the 
 SECT. XIV. 
 
 AND it is our farther Will and Pleafure, That 
 the faid William Pern, his Heirs and Affigns, fhall 
 from Time to Time conftitute and appoint an At- 
 torney or Agent, to refide in or near our City of 
 London, who lhall make known the Place where 
 he fhall dwell, or may be found, unto the Clerks 
 of our Privy-Council for the Time being, or one 
 of them, and fhall be ready to appear in any of 
 our Courts at Wefiminfter, to anfwer for any Mifde- , 
 meaner that fhall be committed, or by any wilful 
 Default or Negled permitted by the faid William 
 Penn, his Heirs or Afligns, againft the Laws of 
 Trade and Navigation ; and after it lhall be afeer- 
 tained in any of our faid Courts, what Damages 
 we or our Heirs or Succeffors lhall have fuftained 
 by fuch Default or Negleft, the faid William Penn, 
 his Heirs or Afligns, lhall pay the fame within one 
 Year after fuch Taxation, and Demand thereof, 
 from fuch Attorney ; or in cafe there lhall be no 
 fuch Attorney by the Space of one Year, or fuch 
 Attorney lliall not make Payment of fuch Damages 
 within the Space of a Year, and anfwer fuch other 
 Forfeitures and Penalties within the faid Time, as 
 by the Adis of Parliament in England are and fhall 
 be provided, according to the true Intent and 
 Meaning of thefe Prefents •, then it lhall be lawful 
 for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, to feize and re- 
 fume the Government of the faid Province or Coun- 
 try, and the fame to retain until Payment fhall be 
 made thereof : Put notwithftanding any fuch Seizure 
 dr Refumption of the Government, nothing con- 
 cerning the Propriety or Ownerfhip of any Lands, 
 Tenements, or other Hereditaments, or Goods or 
 Chatties, of any of the Adventurers, Planters, or 
 Owners, other than the refpedlive Offenders there, 
 fhall any ways be affedted or molefted thereby. 
 
 SECT. 
 
Five Indian Nations, 
 
 SECT. XV. 
 
 PROVIDED always, and our Will and Plea- 
 fure is. That neither the faid William Penny nor 
 his Heirs, or any other the Inhabitants of the faid 
 Province, lhall at any Time hereafter have or main- 
 tain any Correfpondence with any other King, Prince, 
 or State, or with any of their Subjeds, who lhall 
 then be in War againft us, our Heirs and Succef- 
 fors ; nor lhall the faid William Penny or his Heirs, 
 or any other Inhabitants of the faid Province, make 
 War, or do any Ad of Hoftility againft any other 
 King, Prince, or State, or any of their Subjeds, 
 who lhall then be in League or Amity with us, 
 our Heirs and Succeflbrs. 
 
 SECT. XVI. 
 
 AND, becaufe in fo remote a Country, and 
 fituate near many barbarous Nations, the Incurfions 
 as well of the Savages themfelves, as of other Ene- 
 mies, Pirates and Robbers, may probably be fear- 
 ed i Therefore we have ^ven, and for us, our 
 Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give Power by thefe Pre- 
 fents to the faid William Penny his Heirs and AlTigns, 
 by themfelves or their Captains, or other their Offi- 
 cers, to levy, mufter and train all Sorts of Men, 
 of what Condition foevcr, or wherelbever born, in 
 the faid Province of Penftlvania for the Time beintr, 
 and to make War, and to purfue the Enemies aiui 
 Robbers atbrefaid, as well by Sea as by Land, even 
 without the Limits of the faid Province, and by 
 God’s Afliftance to vanquilh and take them, and 
 being taken to put them to Death by the Law of 
 War, or to fave them at their Pleafure, and to do 
 all and every other Thing which unto the Charge 
 and Office of a Captain-General of an Army be- 
 longeth, or hath accuftomed to belong, as fully and 
 freely as any Captain-General of an Army hath 
 ever had the fame. 
 
 P 2 SECT. 
 
212 
 
 
 T/je History of the 
 SECT. XVII. 
 
 AND FURTHERMORE, of our fpecial 
 Grace, and of our certain Knowledge and mere 
 Motion, we have given and granted, and by thefe 
 Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeflbrs, do give 
 and grant unto the laid William Penn, his Heirs and 
 Affigns, full and abfolute Power, Licence and Au- 
 thority, that he, the faid William Penn, his Heirs 
 and Afligns, from time to time hereafter for ever, 
 at his or their own Will and Pleafure may affign, 
 alien, grant, demife, or enfeoff of tlie Premilfes 
 lb many and fuch Parts and Parcels to him that fliall 
 be willing to purchafe the fame, as they fhall think 
 fit, to have and to hold to them the faid Perfon anti 
 Perfons willing to take and purchafe, their Heirs 
 and AiTigns, in Fee-fimple or Fee-rail, or for the 
 Term of Life, Lives or Years, to be held of the 
 faid William Penn, his Heirs or Alfigns, as of the 
 faid Seigniory of Windfor, by fuch Services, Cuf- 
 toms or Rents, as fhall feem meet to the laid Wil- 
 liam Penn, his Heirs or Afligns, and not immedi- 
 ately of us, our Heirs or Siicceffors. 
 
 SECT. XVIII. 
 
 AND to the fame Perfon or Perfons, and to 
 all , and every of them, w’e do give and grant by 
 thefe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succelfors, 
 Idcence, Authority and Power, that fuch Perfon 
 or Perfons may take the Premiffes, or any Parcel 
 thereof, of the aforefaid William Penn, his Heirs or 
 Afligns, and the fame hold to themfelves, their 
 Fleirs and Affigns, in what Eftate of Inheritance 
 foever, in Fee-fimple or in Fee-tail, or otherwife, 
 as to him, the laid William Penn, his Heirs or Al- 
 figns, fhall feem expedient : The Statute made 
 in the Parliament of EDWARD, Son of King 
 HENRT, late King of England, our PredccefTor, 
 (coiTUiignly called The Statute <iyiA emptores 
 
 TERRARUM, 
 
217 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 TERRARUM, lately publiflied in our Kingdom of 
 England) in any wife notwithftanding. 
 
 SECT. XIX. 
 
 AND by thefe Prefents we give and grant Li- 
 cence unto the faid Willidm Penn^ and his Heirs, 
 and likewife to all and every fuch Perfon or Pcrfons 
 to whom the faid William Penn, or h's Heirs, ikall 
 at any Time hereafter grant any Eftate or Inheri- 
 tance as aforefaid, to credl any Parcels of Land 
 within the Province aforefaid into Manors, by and 
 with the Licence to be firft had and obtained for 
 that Purpolj?, under the Hand and Seal of the faid 
 William Penn, or his Heirs ; and in every of the 
 faid Manors to have and to hold a Court-Baron, 
 with all things whatfoever which to a Court-Baron 
 do belong, and to have and to hold View of Frank- 
 Pledge for the Confervation of the Peace, and the 
 better Government of thofe Parts, by themfelves 
 or their Stewards, or by the Lords for the Time 
 being of the Manors to be deputed when they fhall 
 be eredted, and in the fame to ufe all Things be- 
 longing to the View of Frank-Pledge. AN D we 
 do further grant Licence and Authority, That every 
 fuch Perfon or Pcrfons who fhall ereT any fuch 
 Manor or Manors, as aforefaid, fhall or may grant 
 all or any Part of his faid Land to any Perlbn or 
 Pcrfons, in Fee-fimple, or any other Eftate of In- 
 heritance to be held of the faid Manors refpedtively, 
 fo as no farther Tenure fhall be created, but that 
 upon all further or other Alienations thereafter to 
 l)e made, the faid Lands fo aliened fhall be held of 
 the fame Lord and his Heirs, of whom the Aliener 
 did then before hold, and by the like Rents and 
 Services which were before due and >accuftomed. 
 
 S E C T. XX. 
 
 AND FURTHER our Pleafure is, and by 
 tlicfe Prefents, for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, 
 
 P 2 we 
 
The History of the 
 we do covenant and grant to and with the faid William 
 Pem^ his Heirs and Afligns,That we, our Heirs and 
 Succeffors, (hall at noTime hereafter fet or make, or 
 caufe to be fet or made, any Impofition, Cuftom, or 
 other Taxation, Rate or Contribution whatfoever, in 
 and upon theDwellers and Inhabitants of the aforefaid 
 Province, for their Lands, Tenements, Goods or 
 Chatties within the faid Province, or in and upon any 
 Goods or Merchandizes within the Province, or to be 
 laden or unladen within the Ports or Harbours of the 
 faid Province, unlefsthe fame be with the Confent of 
 the Proprietary, or chief Governor, or Affembly, 
 or by Ad of Parliament in England, 
 
 SECT. XXI. 
 
 AND our Pleafure is, and for us, our Heirs 
 and Succelfors, we charge and command. That 
 this our Declaration fhall from henceforth from Time 
 to Time be received and allowed in all our Courts, 
 and before all the Judges of us, our Heirs and Suc- 
 ceflbrs, for a fufficient lawful Difcharge, Payment 
 and Acquittance j commanding all the Officers and 
 Minifters of us, our Heirs and Succeffors, and en- 
 joining them upon Pain of our higheft Difpleafure, 
 that they do not prefume at any Time to attempt 
 any thing to the contrary of the Premiffes, or that 
 do in any fort withftand the fame, but that they be 
 at all Times aiding and affifting, as is fitting to the 
 {zid William Penn, and his Heirs, and unto the In- 
 habitants and Merchants of the Province aforefaid, 
 thfir Servants, Minifters, Faftors, and Affigns, in 
 the full Ufc and Fruition of the Benefit of this our 
 Charter. 
 
 SECT. XXII. 
 
 AND our farther Pleafure is, and we do here- 
 by, for us, our Heirs and Succeffors, charge and 
 require. That if any of the Inhabitants of the faid 
 Province, to the Number of Twenty, ftrall at any 
 Time hereafter be defirous, and fhall by any Writ- 
 ing, 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 ing, or by any Perfon deputed by them, fignify 
 fuch their Defire to the Bifhop of London for the 
 Time being, That any Preacher or Preachers, to 
 be approved of by the faid Bilhop, may be fent 
 unto them for their InftruAion ; That then fuch 
 Preacher or Preachers fhall and may refide with- 
 in the faid Province, without any Denial or Mo- 
 leftation whatfover. 
 
 SECT. XXIII. 
 
 AND if perchance hereafter any Doubt or Quef- 
 tion Ihould arife, concerning the true Senfe and 
 Meaning of any Word, Claufc, or Sentence con- 
 tained in this our prefent Charter, we will, ordain, 
 and command. That at all Times, and in all Things, 
 fuch Interpretation be made thereof, and allowed 
 in any of our Courts whatfoever, as fliall be ad- 
 judged moft advantageous and favourable unto thfc 
 faid miliarn Penn^ his Heirs and Afligns : Provid- 
 ed always no Interpretation be admitted thereof, 
 by wdiich the Allegiance due unto us, our Heirs 
 and Succeffors, may fuffer any Prejudice or Dimi- 
 nution j although exprefs Mention be not made in 
 thefe Prefents of the true yearly Value, or Cer- 
 tainty of the Premiffes, or any Part thereof, or of 
 other Gifts and Grants made by us and our Pro- 
 genitors or Predeceflbrs unto the faid Wtlliant P enn : 
 Any Statute, Aft, Ordinance, Provifion, Procla- 
 mation, or Reftraint heretofore had, made, pub- 
 lilhed, ordained, or provided, or any other Thing, 
 Caufe or Matter whatfoever, to the contrary thereof 
 in any wife notwithftanding. IN WITNESS 
 whereof we have cauled thefe our Letters to be 
 made Patent : Witnefs OUR SELF, at JVeJimin- 
 Jler, the Fourth Day of March, in the three and 
 thirtieth Year of our Reign. Annoque Domini Ona 
 L’boufand Six Hundred and Eighty-one. 
 
 By Writ of Privy Seal, 
 
 pigott. 
 The 
 
 P 
 
V 
 
 210 'Tlje History of the 
 
 The FRAME of the Government of the 
 Province of Pen/ihaniamAmerica: Together 
 with certain LAW S agreed upon xwEnglanJ. 
 By the Governor and divers Freemen of the 
 afbrefaid Province. To be further explain- 
 ed and continued there, by the firft Provincial 
 Council that fhall be held, if they fee meet. 
 
 The PREFACE, 
 
 W AIEN t^e great and •wife GOD had made 
 the World, of all his Creatures it pleafed him 
 to chufe Mail his Deputy to rule it •, and to fit him 
 for fo great a Charge and Trtijl, he did not only qtia- 
 lify him "with Skill and Power, but with Integrity to 
 ufe them jufily. ‘This native Goodnefs was equally his 
 Honour and his Happinefs ; and whilji he food here, all 
 went •i^'elT, there was no need of coercive or com- 
 pulfive Means •, the Precept of divine Love and Truth 
 in his Bofom was the Guide and Keeper of his Inno- 
 cency, But Lujt prevailing againjt Duty, made a 
 lamentable Breach upon it and the Law, that bad 
 before no Powef over him, took place upon him and 
 his difobedient Poficrity, that fuch as would not live 
 conformable to the holy Law within, Jhould fall under 
 the Reproof and Correblion of the juji Law without, 
 in a judicial Adminijlraticn. 
 
 TH IS the Apoflle teaches in divers of his Epifiles : 
 7'he Law ( fays he ) was added becaufc of I'ranf- 
 greffion : In another Place, Knowing that the Law 
 was not ir,ade for the righteous Man •, but for the 
 difobedient and ungodly, for Sinners, for unholy 
 and prophane, for Murderers, for Whoremongers, 
 for theni that defile themfelves with Mankind, and 
 for Men-ftealers, for Liars, for perjured Perfons, 
 B}it this is not all, he opens and carries the 
 filQtter of Govermnent a littk j'urther : Let every 
 Soul be fubjtfft to the higher Powers j for there 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 217 
 
 no Power hot of GOD. The Powers that be are 
 ordained of GOD : Wliofoevcr drerefore refifteth 
 the Power, refifteth the Ordinance of GOD. For 
 Rulers are nor a Terror to good Works, but to 
 evil : Wilt thou then not be afraid of the Power ? 
 do th-at which is good, and thou (halt have Praife 
 of the fame. — He is the Minifter of GOD to thee 
 for good. — Wherefore ye muft needs be fubjedt, 
 not only for Wrath, but for Confcience fake. 
 
 I" HIS fettles the divine Right of Government be- 
 yond Exception, and that for two Ends : Firjl to terrify 
 evil Doers-, Secondly to cherifh thofe that do well\ 
 which gives Government a Life beyond Corruption^ 
 and makes it as durable in the fVord, as good Men 
 fhall be. So that Government feems to me a Part of 
 Religion itfelf, a Thing facred in its Inftitution and 
 End. For if it does not direlily remove the Caufe, it 
 crufhes the Effebis of Evil, and is as fuch ( though a 
 lower yet ) an Emanation of the fame divine Power, 
 that is both Author and Objebt of pure Religion the 
 Difference lying here, that the^ one is more free and 
 mental, the other more corporal and compuljive in its 
 Operations : But that is only to evil Doers ; Govern- 
 ment itfelf being otberwife as capable of Kindnefs, 
 Goodnefs, and Charity, as a more private Society. 
 
 They weakly err, that think there is no other Ufe of 
 Government than Correction, which is the coarfejb 
 Part of it : Daily Experience tells us, that the Care 
 and Regulation of many other Affairs, more foft and 
 daily necejfary, make up much the greateft Part of 
 Government -, and which muft have followed the Peo- 
 pling of the tyorld, had Adam never fell, and wilt 
 continue among Men on Earth under the higheft At- 
 tainments they may arrive at, by the coming of the 
 bjeffed Second Adam, the LORD from Heaven. 
 
 Thus much of Government in general, as to its Rife 
 and End. 
 
 FOR particular Frames and Models, it will be- 
 come me to fay little ; and comparatively I will fay 
 
 nothing^ 
 
Hhe History of the 
 
 nothing. My Reafons are : Firft, That the Age is 
 too nice and difficult for it ; there being nothing the 
 Wits of Men are more bufy and divided upon, ’Tis 
 true, they feem to agree in the End, to wit, Happi- 
 nefs ; but in the Means they differ, as to divine, fo to 
 this human Felicity •, and the Caufe is much the fame, 
 not always Want of Light and Knowledge, but Want 
 of U/ing them rightly. Men fide with their Pajftons 
 againfi their Reafon, and their finifter Interefts have 
 fo Jlrtmg a Biafs upon their Minds, that they lean to 
 them againfi the good of the things they know. 
 
 Secondly, I do not find a Model in the World, that 
 Time, Place, and fame fingular Emergencies have not 
 neceffarily altered ; nor is it eafy to frame a civil Go- 
 iiernment, that Jhall ferve all Places alike. 
 
 Thirdly, I know what is faid by the fever al Ad- 
 mirers of Monarchy, Ariftocracy, and Democracy, 
 which are the Rule of one, a few, and many, and 
 are the three common Ideas of Government, when 
 Men difcourfe on that Subjebt. But I chufe to folve 
 the Controverfy with this fmall DifiinSlion, and it be- 
 longs to all three : Any Government is free to the 
 People under it (whatever be the Frame) where the 
 Laws rule, and the People are a Party to thofe 
 Laws ; and more than this is Tyranny, Oligarchy, or 
 Confufion. 
 
 BUT Laftly, when all is faid, there is hardly one 
 Frame of Government in the W rrld fo ill defigned by 
 its firfi Founders, that in good Hands would not do 
 well enough ; and Story tells us, the befi in ill ones 
 can do nothing that is great or good ; Witnefs the 
 Jewilh and Roman States. Governments, like Clocks, 
 go from the Motion Men give them ; and as Govern- 
 ments are made and monied by Men, fo by them they 
 are ruined to^. Wherefore Governments rather depend 
 upon Men, than Men upon Governments. Let Men 
 be good, and the Government can't be bad ; if it be 
 illi they will cure it. But if Men be bad, let the 
 
 Govern- 
 
2Ip 
 
 Five Indian Nations, i ^ c . 
 
 Government he never fo good, they will endeavour to 
 warp and [foil it to their 1’urn. 
 
 I know fome fay. Let us have good Laws, and no 
 matter for the Men that execute them : But let them 
 conjider, 'That though good Laws do well, good Men 
 do better : For good Laws may want good Men, and 
 be abolijhed or evaded by ill Men but good Men will 
 never want good Laws, nor fuffer ill ones. ^Tis true, 
 good Laws have fome awe upon ill Minijlers, but 
 that is where they have no Power to efcape or abolifh 
 them, and the People are generally zvife and good : But 
 a loofe and depraved People ( which is to the^ejiion ) 
 love Laws and an Adminiftration like themfelves. That 
 therefore which makes a good Conjlitution, mufi keep 
 it, viz. Men of JVifdom and Virtue, S^ualities, that 
 hecaufe they defcend not with worldly Inheritances, 
 mujl be carefully propagated by a virtuous Education 
 of Toutb ; for which After- Ages will owe more to 
 the Care and Prudence of Founders and the fucceffive 
 Magijlracy, than to their Parents for their private 
 Patrimonies. 
 
 THESE Conjiderations of the Weight of Govern- 
 ment,. and the nice and various Opinions about it, 
 made it uneafy to me to think of publijhing the enfuing 
 Frame and conditional Laws, forefeeing, both the 
 Cenfures they will meet with from Men of differing 
 Humours and Engagements, and the Occafion they may 
 give of Difcourfe beyond my Bejign. 
 
 BUT next to the Power of NeceJJity, (which is a 
 Solicitor that will take no Denial ) this induced me to 
 a Compliance, that we have ( with Reverence to GOD 
 and good Confcience to Men) to the bejt of our Skill, 
 contrived and compofed FRAME and LAWS 
 of this Government, to the great End of all Go- 
 vernment, viz. To fupport Power id Reverence 
 with the People, and to fecure the People from the 
 Abufe of Power •, that they may be free by their juft 
 Obedience, and the Magiftrates honourable for their 
 juft Adminiftration : For Liberty without Obedience is 
 
 Cenfufton, 
 
220 
 
 •The HistoRV of the 
 
 Confuftony and Obedience without Liberty is Slavery. 
 To carry this Evennefs is partly owing to the Conjii- 
 tutiony and partly to the Magiftracy : Where either 
 of thefe fatly Government will be fubjebl to Convul- 
 fions -y but where both are wantingy it mujl be totally 
 fubverted : Lhen where both meety the Government is 
 'like to endure. Which I humbly prayy and hope GOD 
 will pleafe to make the Lot of this of Penfilvania. 
 
 The FRAME, &c. 
 
 . _ , "EOPLE, To whom thefe Pre- 
 
 CHARLES the Secondy by his Letters Patents, 
 under the great Seal of England, for the Confider- 
 ation therein mentioned, hath been gracioudy pleafed 
 to give and grant unto me William Penn (by the 
 Name of William Penn, Efq; Son and Heir of Sir 
 William Penn deceafed) and to my Heirs and Af- 
 figns for ever, all that Trad of Land, or Province 
 c^led Penfilvania, in America, with divers great 
 Powers, Preheminences, Royalties, Jurifdictions, 
 
 for the Well-being and Government of the laid 1 ro- 
 vince, and for the Encouragement of all the Free- 
 men and Planters that may be therein concerned, in 
 Purfuance of the Powers afore-mentioned, I the 
 faid William Penn have declared, granted and con- 
 firmed, and by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs 
 and Afligns, do declare, grant and confirm unto 
 all the Freemen, Planters and Adventurers, of, in 
 and to the faid Province, thefe L.iberties, Franchifes, 
 and Properties, to be held, enjoyed and kept by 
 the Freemen, Planters and Inhabitants ot the faid 
 Prgvince of ra/,kmi„ for tyer „ „ „ , ^ . 
 
 Awen. 
 
 William Penn. 
 
 come. WHEREAS King 
 
Five Indian Nations, £?<•. 
 
 221 
 
 IMPRIMIS. 
 
 THAT the Government of this Province fiial!, 
 according the Powers of the Patent, confift of the 
 Governor and Freemen of the faid Province, in 
 Form of a Provincial Council and General Affem- 
 bly, by whom all Laws fhall be made, Officers 
 chofen, and publick Affairs tranfafted, as is here- 
 after refpeftively declared. Ibat is to fay, 
 
 II. 
 
 THAT the Freemen of tie faid Province lhall 
 ©n the twentieth Day of the twelfth Month, which 
 lhall be in this prefent Year One Thoufand Six Hun- 
 dred Eighty and T voo, meet and affemble in Ibme 
 fit Place, of which timely Notice lhall be before- 
 hand given by the Governor or his Deputy, and 
 then and there lliall chufe out of themfelves Se- 
 venty-two Ferfons of moft Note for their Wif- 
 dom. Virtue and Ability, who lhall meet on the 
 tenth Day of the firft Month next enfuing, and 
 always be called and aft as the provincial Council 
 of the faid Province. 
 
 III. 
 
 THAT at the firft Choice of fuch provincial 
 Council, one third part of the faid provincial Coun- 
 cil lhall be chofen to ferve for three Years then next 
 enfuing, one third part for two Years then next 
 enfuing, and one third part for one Year then next 
 following fuch Eleflion, and no longer ; and that 
 the faid third part lhall go out accordingly : And 
 on the twentieth Day of the twelfth Month as afore- 
 faid, yearly for ever afterward, the Freemen of 
 the faid Province fhall in like Manner meet and 
 affemble together, and then chufe Twenty-four 
 Perfons, being one third of the faid Number, to 
 ferve in provincial Council for three Years : It be- 
 ing intended, that one third part of the whole pro- 
 vincial Council (always confifting, and to confift 
 
222 
 
 ^he History of the 
 
 of feventy-two Perfons, as aforefaid) falling off 
 yearly, it (hall be yearly fupplied by fuch new 
 yearly Elsdtions, as aforefaid •, and that no one Per- 
 fon fhall continue therein longer than three Years : 
 And in cafe any Member lliall deceafe before the 
 laft Eleftion during his Time, that then at the next 
 Eledlign enfuing his Deceafe, another fhall be chofen 
 to fupply his Place for the remaining Time he was 
 to have ferved, and no longer. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THAT after the firft feven Years, every one 
 of the laid third paits that goeth yearly off, fhall be 
 uncapable of being chofen again for one whole 
 Year following : I'hat fo all may be fitted for Go- 
 vernment, and have Experience of the Care and 
 Burden of it. 
 
 V. 
 
 THAT the provincial Council in all Cafes and 
 Matters of Moment, as their arguing upon Bills 
 to be paft into Laws, eredting Courts of Juftice, 
 giving Judgment upon Criminals impeached, and 
 Choice of Officers, in fuch Manner as is herein after- 
 mentioned ; not lefs than two-thirds of the whole 
 provincial Council fliall make a ^orum ; and that 
 the Confent not Approbation of two-thirds of fuch 
 ^luorum fhall be had in all fuch Cafes and Matters 
 of Moment. And moreover, that in all Cafes and 
 Matters of lelTer Moment, twenty-four Members 
 of the laid provincial Council fhall make a ^orumy 
 the Majority of which twenty-four ffiall and may 
 always determine in I'uch Cafes and Caufes of ieffer 
 Moment. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THAT in this provincial Council the Gover- 
 nor, or his Deputy, fliall or may always prefide, 
 and have a treble Voice •, and the faid provincial 
 Council fliall always continue, and fit upon its 
 own Adjournments and Committees. 
 
 yii. 
 
Five Indian Nations, 
 
 VII. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall prepare and propofe to the general Allembly 
 hereafter mentioned, all Bills, which they lhall at 
 any Time think fit to be pafled into Laws within 
 the faid Province •, which Bills lhall be publilhed 
 and affixed to the moll noted Places in the inha- 
 bited Parts thereof, thirty Days before the Meet- 
 ing of the general Aflembly, in order to the paffing 
 them into Laws, or rejefting of them, as the ge- 
 neral Aflembly lhall fee meet. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall take care, that all Laws, Statutes and Ordi- 
 nances, which lhall at any Time be made within 
 the faid Province, be duly and diligently executed. 
 
 IX. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall at all Times have the Care of the Peace and 
 Safety of the Province, and that nothing be by any 
 Perfon attempted to the Subverfion of this Frame 
 of Government. 
 
 X. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall at all Times fettle and order the Situation of 
 all Cities, Ports, and Market-Towns in every 
 County, modelling therein all publick Buildings, 
 Streets, and Market-Places, and lhall appoint all 
 ncceflary Roads and Highv/ays in the Province. 
 
 XI. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 lliall at all Times have Power to infpeft the Ma- 
 nagement of the publick Treafury, and punilh thofe 
 who lhall convert any Part thereof to any other 
 4 Ufe, 
 
I 
 
 T!he History of the 
 
 Ufe, than what hath been ^reed upon by the Go- 
 vernor, provincial Council, and general Affembly. 
 
 XII. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 fhall ereft and order all publick Schools, and en- 
 courage and reward the Authors of ufeful Sciences 
 and laudable Inventions in the'faid Province. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 T H AT for the better Management of the Powers 
 and Truft aforefaid, the provincial Council {hail 
 from time to time divide itfelf into four diftin«5t 
 and proper Committees, for the more eafy Admini 
 ftration of the Affairs of the Province, which divides 
 the Seventy-two into four Eighteens, every one of 
 which Eighteens fhall confift of fix out of each of 
 the three Orders or yearly Elections, each of which 
 (hall have a diftinft Portion of Bufinefs, as follow- 
 eth : Firft, a Committee of Plantations, to fituate and 
 fettle Cities, Ports, and Market-Towns, and High- 
 ways, and to hear and decide all Suits and Contro- 
 verfies relating to Plantations. Secondly, a Com- 
 mittee of Juftice and Safety, to feaire the Peace 
 of the Province, and punifh the Male-Adminiftra- 
 tion of thofe who fubvert Juftice to the Prejudice 
 of the publick or private Intereft. Thirdly, a Com- 
 mittee of Trade and Treafury, who fhall regulate 
 all Trade and Commerce according to Law, en- 
 courage Manufacture and Country-Growth, and 
 defray the publick Charge of the Province. And 
 Fourthly, a Committee of Manners, Education, 
 and Arts, that all wicked and fcandalous Living 
 may be prevented, and that Youth may be fuc- 
 ceflively trained up in Virtue and ufeful Knowledge 
 and Arts : The ^orum of each of which Com- 
 mittees being fix, that is, two out of each of the 
 three Orders or yearly Elections, as aforefaid, make 
 a conftant and Handing Council of Twentv-four, 
 
 which 
 
 V 
 
225 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 which will have the Power of the provincial Coun- 
 cil, being the 9^uorum of it, in all Cafes not ex- 
 cepted in the fifth Article ; and in the faid Com- 
 mittees and Handing Council of the Province, the 
 Governor or his Deputy lliall or may prefide, as 
 aforefaid ; and in the Abfence of the Governor or 
 his Deputy, if no one is by either of them ap- 
 pointed, the faid Committees or Council lhall ap- 
 point a Prefident for that Time, and not other- 
 wife ; and what lhall be refolved at fuch Commit- 
 tees, lhall be reported to the faid Council of the 
 Province, and lhall be by them refolved and con- 
 firmed before the fame lhall be put in Execution ; 
 and that thefe refpeflive Committees lhall not lit at 
 one and the fame Time, except in Cafes of Necef- 
 fity. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 AND, to the End that all Laws prepared by 
 the Governor and provincial Council aforefaid, may 
 yet have the more full Concurrence of the Free- 
 men of the Province, it is declared, granted, and 
 confirmed. That at the Time and Place or Places 
 for the Choice of a provincial Council as aforefaid, 
 the faid Freemen lhall yearly chufe Members to 
 ferve in a general AlTembly as their Reprefentatives, 
 not exceeding two hundred ?erfons, who lhall yearly 
 meet from the twentieth Day of the fecond Month, 
 which lhall be in the Year One 'Thoufand Six Hun- 
 dred Eighty and Three following, in the capital 
 Town or City of the faid Province, where during 
 eight Days the feveral Members may freely confer 
 with one another j and, if any of them lee meet, 
 with a Committee of the provincial Council (con- 
 fifting of three out of each of the four Committees 
 aforefaid, being twelve in all) which lliall be at that 
 Time, purpofely appointed to receive from any of 
 them Propofals ibr the Alterations or Amendment 
 of any of the faid propofed and promulgated Bills : 
 And on the ninth Day from their fo meeting, the 
 
 faid 
 
226 
 
 ne History of the 
 
 laid general AfiTembly, after Reading over the pro- 
 pofed Bills by the Clerk of the provincial Council, 
 and the Occafions and Motives for them being 
 opened by the Governor or his Deputy, lhall give 
 their Affirmative or Negative, which to them feem- 
 cth beft, in fuch Manner as herein after is exprefs’d. 
 But not lefs than two-thirds ffiall make a ^orum 
 in the Faffing of Laws, and Choice of fuch Offi- 
 cers as are by them to be chofen. 
 
 XV. 
 
 THAT the Laws fo prepared and propofed as 
 aforefaid, that are affented to by the general AiTem- 
 bly, ffiall be enrolled as Laws of the Province, with 
 this Stile : By the Governor, voith the JJfent and Jp- 
 probation of the Freemen in provincial Council and ge- 
 neral JJfembly. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 T H AT, for the better Eftabliffiment of the Go- 
 vernment and Laws of this Province, and to the 
 End there may be an univerfal Satisfaftion in the 
 Laying of the Fundamentals thereof ; the general 
 Affembly ffiall, or may for the firft Year, confift 
 of all the Freemen of and in the faid Province, and 
 ever after it ffiall be yearly cholen as aforefaid ; 
 which Number of two- hundred ffiall be enlarged 
 as the Country ffiall encreafe in People, fo as it do 
 not exceed five hundred at any Time : The Ap- 
 pointment and Proportioning of which, as alfo the 
 Laying and Methodizing of the Choice of the pro- 
 vincial Council and general Affembly in future 
 Times, moft equally to the Divifions of the Hun- 
 dreds and Counties, which the Country ffiall here- 
 after be divided into, ffiall be in the Power of the 
 provincial Council to propofe, and the general Af- 
 fembly to refolve. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THAT the Governor and the provincial Coun- 
 cil ffiall ere6l from time to time ftanding Courts of 
 
 Juftice, 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Juftice, in fuch Places and Number as they fliall 
 judge convenient for the good Government of the 
 faid Province. And that the provincial Council 
 lhall on the thirteenth Day of the firft Month yearly, 
 eleft and prefent to the Governor or his Deputy, a 
 double Number of Perfons, to ferve for Judges, 
 Treafurers, Mailers of Rolls, within the faid Pro- 
 vince for the Year next enfuing ; and the Freemen 
 of the faid Province in the County -Courts, when 
 they lhall be erefted, and till then in the general 
 AlTembly, lhall on the three and twentieth Day of 
 the fecond Month yearly, eleft and prefent to the 
 Governor or his Deputy, a double Number of Per- 
 fons to ferve for Sheriffs, Juftices of the Peace, 
 and Coroners, for the Year next enfuing ; out of 
 which refpedtive Eledions and Prefentments, the 
 Governor or his Deputy lhall nominate and com- 
 miffionate the proper Number for each Office the 
 third Day after the faid Prefentments or elfe the 
 firft named in fuch Prefentment for each Office, 
 lhall Hand and ferve for that Office the Year en- 
 fuing. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 BUT forafmuch as the prefent Condition of 
 the Province requires fome immediate Settlement, 
 and admits not of fo quick a Revolution of Offi- 
 cers ; and to the End the faid Province may, with 
 all convenient Speed, be well ordered and fettled, I 
 William Penn do therefore think fit to noifiinate 
 and appoint fuch Perfons for Judges, Treafurers, 
 Mailers of the Rolls, Sheriffs, Juftices of the Peace, 
 and Coroners, as are moll fitly qualified for thofe 
 Employments ; to whom I lhall make and grant 
 Commiffions for the faid Officers, refpe£lively, to 
 hold to them to whom the fame lhall be granted, 
 for fo long Time as every fuch Perfon lhall well 
 behave himfelf in the Office or Place to him re- 
 fpe£lively granted, and no longer. And upon the 
 Deceafe or Difplacing of any of the faid Officers, 
 
 0^2 the 
 
228 
 
 ■ T^he History of the 
 the fucceeding Officer or Officers fhall be chofen as 
 aforefaid. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 THAT the general Airembly fhall continue fo 
 long as may be needful to impeach Criminals fit to 
 be, there impeached, to pafs Bills into Laws that 
 they ffiall think fit to pafs into Laws, and till luch 
 Time as the Governor and provincial Council fhall 
 declare that they have nothing further to propofe 
 unto them for their Aflent and Approbation : And 
 that Declaration fhall be a Difmifs to the general 
 Affembly for that time •, which general Affembly 
 ffiall be notwithftanding capable of aflcmbling to- 
 gether upon the Summons of the provincial Coun- 
 cil, at any Time during that Year, if the faid pro- 
 vincial Council fhall fee Occafion for their fo affem- 
 bling. 
 
 XX. 
 
 THAT all the Eleilipns of Members or Re- 
 prefentatives of the People to ferve in provincial 
 Council and general Affembly, and all Queftions 
 to be determined by both or either of them, that 
 relate to pafilng of Bills into Laws, to the Choice 
 of Officers, to Impeachments made by the general 
 Affembly, and Judgment of Criminals upon fuch 
 Impeachments by the provincial Council, and to 
 all other Cafes by them refpeiftively judged of Im- 
 portance, ffiall be refolved and determined by the 
 Ballot j and unlefs on fudden and indifpenfible Oc- 
 cafions, no Bufinefs in provincial Council, or its 
 refpeftive Committees, ffiall be finally determined 
 , the fame Day that it is moved. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 THAT at all times, when, and fo often as it 
 ffiall happen that the Governor ffiall or may be an 
 Infant under the Age of one and twenty Years, 
 and no Guardians or Commiffioncrs are appointed 
 in Writing by the Father of the faid Infant, or that 
 
 fuch 
 

 Five Indian Nations, &c. 229 
 
 fuch Guardians or CommilTioners fhall be deccafed;^ 
 that during fuch Minority, the provincial Council 
 lhall from Time to Time, as they fhall fee meet, 
 conftitute and appoint Guardians or Commiflioners, 
 not exceeding three ; one of which three fhall pre- 
 fide as Deputy and chief Guardian, during fuch 
 Minority, and fhall have, and execute, with the 
 Confent of the other two, all the Power of a Go- 
 vernor, in all the pubiick Affairs and Concerns of 
 the faid Province. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 THAT as often as any Day of the Month 
 mentioned in any Article of this Charter, fhall fall 
 upon the firft Day of the Week, commonly called 
 the Lord's Day, the Bufinefs appointed for that 
 Day fhall be deferred till the next Day, unlefs in 
 cafe of Emergency. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 THAT no A£t, Law, or Ordinance whatfo- 
 ever, flrall at any time hereafter be made or done 
 by the Governor of this Province, his Heirs or 
 Afiigns, or by the Freemen in the provincial Coun- 
 cil, or the general Affembly, to alter, change or 
 diminifli the Form or Effed of this Charter, or any 
 Part or Claufe thereof, or contrary to the true In- 
 tent and Meaning thereof, without the Confent of 
 the Governor, his Heirs or Afligns, and fix Parts 
 of feven of the faid Freemen in provincial Council 
 and general Affembly. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 AND LASTLY, That I the William Pern, 
 for myfelf, my Heirs and Afiigns, have folemiily 
 declared, granted, and confirmed, and do hereby 
 folemnly declare, grant, and confirm. That neither 
 I, my Heirs nor Afiigns, fhall procure or do any 
 Thing or Things, whereby the Liberties in this 
 
 3 Charter 
 
7’he History of the 
 
 Charter contained and expreffed lhall be infringed 
 or broken •, and if any Thing be procured by any 
 Perfon or Perfons contrary to thefe Premiffes, it 
 fhall be held of no Force or EfFeft. IN WIT- 
 NESS whereof, I the izxd. William Penn have unto 
 this prefent Charter of Liberties fet my Hand and 
 broad Seal, this/^^^ and twentieth Day of the fecond 
 Month, vulgarly called April, in the Year of our 
 LORD One Thou f and Six Hundred and Eighty-two. 
 
 L AW S agreed upon in England, ^c. 
 
 HAT the Charter of Liberties, declared. 
 
 granted, and confirmed the five and twentieth 
 Day of the fecond Month, called April, 1682, be- 
 fore divers 'Witnefies, by William Penn, Governor 
 and chief Proprietor of Penfilvania, to all the Free- 
 men and Planters of the faid Province j is hereby 
 declared and approved, and fhall be for ever held 
 for Fundamental in the Government thereof, accord- 
 ing to the Limitations mentioned in the faid Charter. 
 
 THAT every Inhabitant in the faid Province, 
 that is or fhall be a Purchafer of one hundred Acres 
 of Land, or upwards, his Heirs and Afligns, and 
 every Perfon who fhall have paid his Paffage, and 
 taken up one Iiundred Acres of Land at one Penny 
 an Acre, and have cultivated ten Acres thereof j 
 and every Perfon that hath been a Servant or Bonds- 
 man,- and is free by his Service, that fliall have 
 taken up his fifty Acres of Land, and cultivated 
 tvrcnty thereof 5 and every Inhabitant, Artificer, or 
 other Refident in the faid Province, that pays Scot 
 and Lot to the Government, fhall be deemed and 
 
 William Penn. 
 
 I. 
 
 II. 
 
231 
 
 Five Indian Nations, ^c. 
 
 accounted a Freeman of the faid Province : And 
 every fuch Perfon ftiall and may be capable of eleft- 
 ing, or being elected Reprefentatives of the People 
 in provincial Council or general Affembly in the 
 faid Province. 
 
 III. 
 
 THAT all Eledions of Members, or Repre- 
 fentatives of the People and Freemen of the Pro- 
 vince of Perjilvania^ to ferve in provincial Council 
 or general Affembly to be held within the faid Pro- 
 vince, Ihall be free and voluntary : And that the 
 Eledor, that fhall receive any Reward or Gift, in 
 Meat, Drink, Monies, or otherwife, fliall forfeit 
 his Right to eled 5 and fuch Perfon as fhall dired- 
 ly or indiredly give, promife, or beftow any fuch 
 Reward as aforefaid, to be eleded, fhall forfeit his 
 Eledion, and be thereby incapable to ferve as afbre- 
 faid : And the provincial Council and general Af- 
 fembly fhall be the foie Judges of the Regularity 
 or Irregularity of tlie Eledions of their own refpec- 
 tive Members. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THAT no Money or Goods fhall be raffed 
 upon, or paid by any of the People of this Pro- 
 vince by way of publick Tax, Cuftom, or Contri- 
 bution, but by a Law for that Purpofe mitde •, and 
 whofoever fhall levy, colled, or pay any Money 
 or Goods contrary thereunto, fliall be held a pub- 
 lick Enemy to the Province, and a Betrayer of the 
 Liberties of the People thereof. 
 
 V. 
 
 THAT all Courts fhall be open, and Juftice 
 fhall neither be fold, denied, nor delayed. 
 
 VI. 
 
 TH AT b all Courts, all Perfons of all Perfua- 
 fions may freely appear in their own Way, ^d ac- 
 cording to their own Manner, and there perfonally 
 ^ ~ CL4 plead 
 
The History of the 
 
 plead their own Caufe themfelvcsi or if unable, 
 by their Friend : And the firft Procefs iball be the 
 Exhibition of the Complaint in Court, fourteen 
 Days before the Trial ; and that the Party com- 
 plained againft may be fitted for the fame, he or 
 fhe fliall be fummoned, no lefs than ten Days be- 
 fore, and a Copy of the Complaint delivered him 
 or her, at his or her Dwelling-houfe. But before 
 the Complaint of any Perfon be received, he fiiall 
 folemnly declare in Court, That he believes in his 
 Confcience his Caufe is juft. 
 
 VII. 
 
 THAT all Pleadings, Procefles, and Records 
 in Court ftiall be fhort, and in Englijh^ and in an 
 ordinary and plain Charafter, that they may be un- 
 derftood, and Juftice fpeedily adminiftred. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 THAT all Trials ftiall be by twelve Men, and 
 as near as may be. Peers or Equals, and of the 
 Neighbourhood, and Men without juft Exception 
 in Cafes of Life, there ftiall be firft twenty-four re- 
 turned by the Sheriffs for a Grand Inqueft, of whom 
 twelve at leaft ftiall find the Complaint to be true ; 
 and then the twelve Men, or Peers, to be likewife 
 returned by the Sheriff, ftiall have the final Judg- 
 ment. But reafonable Challenges ftiall be always 
 admitted againft tiie faid twelve Men, or any of 
 them. 
 
 IX. 
 
 THAT all Fees in all Cafes ftiall be moderate, 
 and fettled by the provincial Council and general 
 Alfembly, and be hung up in a Table in every re- 
 fpeftive Court; and whofoever ftiall be convifted 
 ot taking more, ftiall pay two-fold, and be difmiffed 
 his Employment, one Moiety of which ftiall go to 
 the Party wronged. 
 
 X. 
 
233 
 
 Five Indian Nations, Gfc. 
 
 X. 
 
 THAT all Prifons fhall be Work-houfes for 
 Felons, Vagrants, and loofe and idlePerfons ; whereof 
 one lhall be in every County. 
 
 XI. 
 
 THAT all Prifoners lhall be bailable by fulH- 
 cient Sureties, unlefs for capital Offences, where the 
 Proof is evident, or the Prefumption great. 
 
 XII. 
 
 THAT all Perfons wrongfully imprifoned or 
 profecuted at Law, lhall have double Damages 
 againft the Informer or Profecutor. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 THAT all Prifons lhall be free as to Fees, Food, 
 and Lodging. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 THAT all Lands and Goods lhall be liable to 
 pay Debts, except where there is legal Iflue, and then 
 all the Goods, and one third of the Land only. 
 
 XV. 
 
 THAT all Wills in Writing attefted by two 
 WitnelTes, lhall be of the fame Force, as to Lands, 
 as other Conveyances, being legally proved within 
 forty Days, either within or without the faid Pro- 
 vince. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 THAT feven Years quiet PolfelTion lhall give 
 an unqueftionable Right, except in Cafes of Infants, 
 Lunaticks, married Women, or Perfons beyond 
 the Seas. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THAT all Briberies and Extortions whatfoever, 
 lhall be feverely punilhed. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
234 History of the 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 THAT all Fines Ihall be moderate, and faving 
 Mens Contenements, Merchajidize, or Wainage. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 THAT all Marriages (not forbidden by the 
 Law of God, as to Nearnefs of Blood and Affinity 
 by Marriage) lliall be encouraged ; but the Parents 
 or Guardians ffiall be firft confulted, and the Mar- 
 riage fhall be publifhed before it be folemnized 
 and it fhall be folemnized by taking one another as 
 Hufband and Wife, before credible Witneffes, and 
 a Certificate of the whole, under the Hands of Par- 
 ties and Witneffes, fhall be brought to the proper 
 Regifler of that County, and fhall be regiftred in 
 his Office. 
 
 XX. 
 
 AND to prevent Frauds and vexatious Suits 
 within the faid Province, that all Charters, Gifts, 
 Grants, and Conveyances of Land, (except Leafes 
 for a Year or under) and all Bills, Bonds, and Spe- 
 cialties above Jive Pounds^ and not under three 
 Months, made in the faid Province, fhall be en- 
 rolled or regifti-ed in the publick Enrolment-Office 
 of the faid Province, within the Space of two 
 Months next after the Making thereof, elfe to be 
 void in Law. And all Deeds, Grants, and Con- 
 veyances of Land (except as aforefaid) within the 
 faid Province, and made out of die faid Province, 
 fhall be enrolled or regiftred as aforefaid, within fix 
 Months next after the Making thereof, and fettling 
 and conftituting an Enrolment-Office or Regiftry 
 within the faid Province, elfe to be void in Law againft 
 all Perfons whatfoever. 
 
 XXL 
 
 THAT all Defacers or CoiTupters of Charters, 
 Gifts, Grants, Bonds, Bills, Wills, Contrafts, and 
 Conveyances, or that fhall deface or falfify any En- 
 rolment, Regiftry or Record within this Province, 
 
 fhall 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 fliall make double Satisfaftion for the fame ; half 
 whereof fliall go to the Party wronged, and they fliall 
 be difmifled of all Places of Truft, and be publickly 
 difgraced as falfe Men. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 THAT there fliall be a Regifter for Births, Mar- 
 riages, Burials, Wills, and Letters of Adminiftra- 
 tion, diftin6l from the other Regiftry. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 T H AT there lhall be a Regifter for all Servants, 
 where their Names, Time, Wages, and Days of Pay- 
 ment fliall be regiftred. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 TH AT all Lands and Goods of Felons fliall be 
 liable to make Satisfadbion to the Party wronged 
 twice the Value •, and for Want of Lands or Goods, 
 the Felons fliall be Bondmen to work in the common 
 Prifon or Work-houfe, or otherwife, till the Party 
 iniured be fatisfied. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 T H AT the Eftates of capital Offenders, as Trai- 
 tors and Murderers, fliall go one third to the next of 
 kin to the Sufferer, and the Remainder to the next of 
 kin to the Criminial. 
 
 XXVI. 
 
 THAT all Witneffes, coming or called to tef* 
 tify their Knowledge in or to any Matter or Thing 
 in any Court, or before any lawful Authority within 
 the faid Province, fliall there give or deliver in 
 their Evidence or Teftimony by folemnly pro.mi- 
 fing to fpeak the Truth, the whole Truth, and no- 
 thing but the Truth, to the Matter or Thing in 
 Queftion. And in cafe any Perfon fo called to 
 Evidence, fliall be convidted of wilful Falfliood, 
 fuch Perfon fliall fuffer and undergo fuch Damage 
 or Penalty, as the Perfon or Perfons againft whom 
 he or flie bore falfe Witnefs, did or fliould under- 
 go 5 and fliall alfo make Satisfadbion to the Party 
 
 wronged. 
 
T^'he History 
 
 wronged, and be publickly expofed as a falfe Wit- 
 nefs, never to be credited in any Court, or before 
 any Magiilrate in the faid Province. 
 
 XXVII. 
 
 AND to the end that all Officers chofen to 
 ferve witliin this Province, may with more Care and 
 Diligence anfwer the Truft repofed in them, it is^ 
 agreed. That no fuch Perfon flrall enjoy more than 
 one publick Office at one Time. 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 THAT all Children within this Province of the 
 Age of twelve Years, fhall be taught fome ufeful 
 Trade or Skill, to the end none may be idle, but 
 the Poor may work to live, and the Rich, if they 
 become poor, may not want. 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 THAT Servants be not kept longer than their 
 Time, and fuch as are careful, be both juftly and 
 kindly ufed in their Serv'icc, and put in fitting Equi- 
 pj^e at the Expiration thgreof, according toCulIom. 
 
 XXX. 
 
 THAT all fcandalous and malicious Reporters, 
 Backbiters, Del'amers, and Spreaders of falfe News, 
 whether againft Magiltrates or private Perfons, 
 fhall be accordingly feverely punifhed, as Enemies 
 to the Peace and Concord of this Province. 
 
 XXXI. 
 
 THAT for the Encouragement of the Planters 
 and Traders in this Province, who are incorporated 
 into a Society, the Patent granted to them by Wii- 
 liam Fsnr.y Governor of the faid Province, is here- 
 by ratified and confirmed. 
 
 XXXII. 
 
Five Indian Nations, 237 
 
 XXXII. 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 T H AT all Faftors or Correfpondents in the faid 
 Province, wronging their Employers, lliall make 
 Satisfaftion and one third over, to their faid En.- 
 ploycrs : And in cafe of the Death of any fuch 
 Faftor or Correfpondent, the Committee of Trade 
 fhall take care to fecure fo much of the deceafed 
 Party’s Eftate, as belongs to his faid refpedive Em- 
 ployers. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 THAT all Treafurers, Judges, Mailers of the 
 Rolls, Sheriffs, Juftices of the Peace, and other 
 Officers and Perfons whatfoever, relating to Courts 
 or Trials of Caufes, or any other Service in the 
 Government •, and all Members elefted to ferve in 
 provincial Council and general Aflembly, and all 
 that have Right to elefl fuch Members, Ihall be 
 fuch as profefs Faith in Jefus Chrift, and that are 
 not convifled of ill Fame, or unfober and difhoneft 
 Converfation, and that are of twenty- one Years of 
 Age at lead ; and that all fuch fo qualified, Ihall 
 be capable of the faid feveral Employments and Pri- 
 vileges as aforefaid. 
 
 XXXV. 
 
 T H AT all Perfons living in this Province, who 
 confefs and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eter- 
 nal God, to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of 
 the World ; and that hold themfelves obliged in 
 Confcience to live peaceably and juftly in civil So- 
 ciety, fliall in no Ways be molelied or prejudiced 
 for their religious Perfuafion or Pradlice in Matters 
 of Faith and Worfliip, nor Ihall they be compell’d 
 at any Time to frequent or maintain any religious 
 Worffiip, Place or Miniftry whatever. 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
238 
 
 The History of the 
 
 XXXVI. 
 
 T H AT according to the good Example of the 
 primitive Chriftians, and the Eafe of the Creation, 
 every jirjt Day of the Week, called the Lord’s 
 Day, People fliall abftain from their common daily 
 Labour, that they may the better difpofe themfelves 
 to worlhip God according to their Underftandings. 
 
 XXXVII. 
 
 T H AT as a carelefs and corrupt Adminiftration 
 of Juftice draws the Wrath of God upon Magi- 
 ftrates, fo the Wildnefs and Loofenefs of the Peo- 
 ple provoke the Indignation of God againft a Coun- 
 try ; Therefore, That all fuch Offences againft God, 
 as Swearing, Curfing, Lying, prophane Talking, 
 Drunkennefs, Drinking of Healths, obfcene Words, 
 Inceft, Sodomy, Rapes, Whoredom, Fornication, 
 and other Uncleannefs (not to be repeated) allTrea- 
 fons, Mifprifions, Murders, Duels, Felony, Sedi- 
 tion, Maims, forcible Entries, and other Violences, 
 to the Perfons and Eftates of the Inhabitants within 
 this Province. All Prizes, Stage-plays, Cards, 
 Dice, Maygames, Gamefters, Mafques, Revels, 
 Bull-baitings, Cock-fightings, Bear-baitings, and 
 the like, which excite the People to Rudenefs, Cru- 
 elty, Loofenefs, and Irreligion, fhall be refpedively 
 difcouraged and feverely punilh’d, according to the 
 Appointment of the Governor and Freemen in pro- 
 vincial Council and general Aifembly i as alfo all 
 Proceedings contrary to thefe Laws, that are not 
 here made exprefiy penal. 
 
 * XXXVIII. 
 
 T H AT a Copy of thefe Laws lhall be hung up 
 in the provincial Council, and in publick Courts of 
 Juftice : And that they ^all be read yearly at the 
 Opening of every provincial Council and general Af- 
 fembly, and Court of Juftice j and their Affent lhall be 
 
 teftified. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 teftified, by their (landing up after the Reading 
 thereof. 
 
 XXXIX. 
 
 T H AT there fliall be at no time any Alteration 
 of any of thefe I^aws, without the Confent of the 
 Governor, his Heirs or Affigns, and fix Parts of 
 feven of the Freemen, met in provincial Council and 
 general AlTembly. 
 
 XL. 
 
 THAT all other Matters and Things not herein 
 provided for, which (hall and may concern the pub- 
 lick Juftice, Peace or Safety of the faid Province •, 
 and the raifing and impofing Taxes, Cuftoms, Du- 
 ties, or other Charges whatfoever, (hall be and are 
 hereby referred to the Order, Prudence and Deter- 
 mination of the Governor and Freemen in provin- 
 cial Council and general AlTembly, to be held from 
 time to time in the faid Province. 
 
 Signed and Sealed hy the Governor and Freemen 
 aforefaid, the fifth Day of the third Months 
 called May, One ^hottfand Six Hundred and 
 Eigbty-^wo, 
 
 Certain Conditions or Concessions agreed 
 upon by William Penn, Proprietor and 
 Governor of the Province ^Penfilvania, and 
 thofe who are the Adventurers and Pur chafers 
 in the fame Province^ the Eleventh of July, 
 One ^Thoufand Six Hundred and Eighty-one. 
 
 FIRST. 
 
 T hat fo foon as it pleafetli God, that the 
 abovefaid Perfons arrive there, a certain Quan- 
 tity of Land or Ground Plat, (hall be laid out for 
 a large Town or City, in the mod convenient Place 
 upon the River for Health and Navigation 5 and 
 
 every 
 
V ^ -- 
 
 The History of the 
 
 every Purchaicr and Adventurer, fhall by Lot have 
 fo much Land therein as will anfwer to the Porpor- 
 tion which he hath bought or taken up upon Rent : 
 But it is to be noted, that the Surveyors lhall con- 
 fider what Roads or Highways will be neceflary to 
 the Cities, Towns, or thro’ the Lands. Great Roads 
 from City to City lhall not contain lefs than forty Foot 
 in Breadth, and lhall be lirft laid out and declared 
 to be for Highways, before the Dividend of Acres 
 be laid out tor the Purchafer •, and the like Obfer- 
 vation to be had for the Streets in the Towns and Ci- 
 ties, that there may be convenient Roads and Streets 
 preferved, not to be incroached upon by any Planter 
 or Builder, that none may build irregularly to the 
 Damage of another. In thisy Cujiom governs. 
 
 II. 
 
 THAT the Land in the Town be laid out to- 
 gether after the Proportion of ten thoufand Acres of 
 the whole Country, that is, two hundred A.crt% if the 
 Place will bear it : However, that the Proportion 
 be by Lot, and entire, fo as thofe that defire to be 
 together, efpecially thofe that are by the Catalogue 
 laid together, may be fo laid together both in the 
 Town and Country. 
 
 III. 
 
 THAT when the Country-Lots are laid out, 
 every Purchafer, from one thoufand to ten thoufand 
 Acres, or more, not to have above one thoufand 
 Acres together, unlefs in three Years they plant a 
 Family upon every thoufand Acres •, but that all 
 fuch as purchafe together, lie together ; and if as 
 many as comply with this Condition, that the whole 
 be laid out together. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THAT where any Number of Purchafers, more 
 or lefs, whofe Number of Acres amounts to five or 
 4 ten 
 
241 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. ' 
 
 ien iboufand Acres, defire to fit together in a Lot 
 or Townfhip, they fliall have their Lot or Town- 
 fhip caft together, in fuch Places as have conve- 
 nient Harbours or navigable Rivers attending it, if 
 fuch can be found ; and in cafe any one or more 
 Purchafers plant not according to Agreement in this 
 Concefllon, to the Prejudice of others of the fame 
 Townlhip, upon Complaint thereof made to the 
 Governor or his Deputy, with Afliftance, they may 
 award (if they fee Caufe) that the complaining Pur- 
 chafer may, paying the Survey-Money, and Pur- 
 chafe-Money, and Intereft thereof, be entitled, in- 
 rolled and lawfully invefted in the Lands fo not 
 feated. 
 
 V. 
 
 THAT the Proportion of Lands that lhall be 
 laid out in the firft great Town or City, for every 
 Purchafer, lhall be after the Proportion of ten 
 Acres for every /w hundred Acres purchafed, if the 
 Place will allow it. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THAT notwithftanding there be no mention 
 made, in the feveral Deeds made to the Purchafers, 
 yet the faid William Penn does accord and declare, 
 that all Rivers, Rivulets, Woods and Underwoods, 
 Waters, Water-courfes, Quarries, Mines and Mi- 
 nerals (except Mines Royal) lhall be freely and fully 
 enjoyed, and wholly by the Purchafers, into whofe 
 Lot they fall. 
 
 VII. 
 
 THAT for tv try fifty Acres that lhall be allot- 
 ted to a Servant at the End of his Service, his Quit- 
 Rent lhall be two Shillings per Annum^ and the 
 Mailer or Owner of the Seiwant, when he lhall take 
 up the other fifty Acres, his (^it-Rent lhall be 
 four Shillings by the Year, or if the Mailer of the 
 Servant (by Reafon in the Indentures he is fo obliged 
 to do) allot out to the Servant fifty Acres in his own 
 Divifion, the faid Mailer lhall havp«n Demand al- 
 
 R lotted 
 
T'he History af the 
 
 lotted him, from the Governor, the one hundred 
 Acres at the chief Rent of jSif^‘‘Shdlin^s per Annum. 
 
 vin. 
 
 and for the Encouragement of fuch as are in- 
 genious and willing to fearch out Gold and Silver 
 Mines in this Province, it is hereby agreed, that 
 they have v-iberty to bore and dig in any Man’s 
 Property, fully paying the Damage done i and in 
 cafe a Difeovery fliould be made, that the Difeo- 
 verer have one fifth, the Owner of the Soil (if not 
 
 the Difeoverer) a Part, the Governor two fifths, 
 
 and the reft to the publkk 'Freafury, faving to the . 
 King the Share referved by Patent, 
 
 IX. 
 
 IN every hundred thoujand Acres, the Gowrnor 
 and Proprietary, by Lot, referveth ten to himfelf, 
 what fhall lie but in one Place. 
 
 X. 
 
 THAT every Man lhall be bound to plant or 
 man fo much of his Share of Land as foall be fet 
 out and furveyed, within three Years after it is fo 
 fet out and furveyed, or elfe it fhall be lawful for 
 new Comers to be fettled thereupon, paying to them 
 their Survey-Money, and they go up higher for 
 their Shares. 
 
 XI. 
 
 there fltall be no buying and felling, be it 
 with Indian, or one among another, of any Goods 
 to be exported, but what fhall be performed m pub- 
 lick Market, when fuch Places foall be fet apart or 
 erected, where they fhall pafs the pubiick Stamp or 
 Mark. If bad Ware, and prized as, good, or de-' 
 ceitful in Proportion or Weight, to forfeit the Value 
 as if good and full Weight and Prooort.von, to the 
 nublick Treafury of the Province, whether it be the 
 Merchandize of the Indian, or that of the Plan^i^. 
 
Fiv£ Indian Nations, &c. 243 
 
 XII. 
 
 AND FORASMUCH as it is ufual with 
 the Planters, to over-reach the poor Natives of the 
 Country in Trade, by Goods not being good of 
 the Kind, or debafed with Mixtures, with which 
 they are fenfibly aggrieved, it is agreed, whatever 
 is fold to the Indians^ in Confidcration of tlieir Furs, 
 fhali be fold in the Market-Place, and there fuffer 
 the Teft, whether good or bad j if good, to pafs ; 
 if not good, not to be fold for good, that the Na- 
 tives may not be abufed nor provoked. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 THAT no Man ftiall by any Ways or Means, 
 in Word or Deed, affront or wrong any Indian, but 
 he (hall incur the fame Penalty of the Law, as if he 
 had committed it againft his Fellow- Planter j and 
 if any Indian lhall abufe, in Word or Deed, any 
 Planter of this Province, that he lhall not be his 
 own Judge upon the Indian, but he lhall make his 
 Complaint to the Governor of the Province, or his 
 Lieutenant or Deputy, or fome inferior Magiftrate 
 near him, who lhall, to the utmoft of his Power, 
 take Care with the King of the faid Indian, that all 
 reafonable Satisfaction be made to the laid injured 
 Planter. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 T H AT all Differences between the Planters and 
 the Natives, lhall alfo be ended by twelve Men, 
 that is, by ftx Planters and fix Natives, that fo we 
 may live friendly together as much as in us lieth, 
 preventing all Occafions of Heart-burnings and Mif- 
 chief. 
 
 XV. 
 
 T H AT the Indians lhall have Liberty to do all 
 Things relating to the Improvement of theirGround, 
 and providing Suftenance for tlicir Families, that 
 any of the Planters lhall enjoy. 
 
 R 2 
 
 XVI. 
 
f 
 
 ^he History of the 
 
 XVI. 
 
 THAT the Laws as to Slanders, Drnnkennefsr 
 Swearing, Curfing, Pride in Apparel, Trefpaffes, 
 Diftreffes, Replevins, Weights and Meafures, fhall 
 be the fame as in England, till altered by Law in 
 this Province. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THAT ail lhall mark their Hogs, Sheep and 
 other Cattle, and what are not marked within three 
 Months after it is in their Pofleflion, be it young 
 or old, it fhall be forfeited to the Governor, that 
 fo People may be compelled to avoid the Occafions- 
 of much Strife between Planters. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 THAT in clearing the Ground, Care be taken 
 to leave one Acre of Trees for every /re Acres 
 clear’d, efpecially to preferve Oak and Mulberries for 
 Silk and Shipping. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 THAT all Ship-Mafters lhall give an Account 
 of their Countries, Names, Ships, Owners, Freights 
 and PalTengers, to an Officer to be appointed for 
 that Purpofe, which fhall be regiftred within two 
 ir^ays after their Arrival ; and if they fhall refufe fo to 
 do, that then none prefume to trade with them, 
 upon Forfeiture thereof ; and that fuch Mailers be 
 looked upon, as having an evil Intention ter the 
 Province. 
 
 XX. 
 
 THAT no Perfon leave the Province, without 
 Publication being made thereof, in the Market- 
 Place, three Weeks before, and a Certificate from 
 fome Jullice of the Peace, of hiS Clearnefs with 
 his Neighbours, and thofe he hath dealt withal, fo 
 far as fuch an AlTurance can be attained and given : 
 And if any Mailer of a Ship lhall, contrary here- 
 unto, receive and carry away any Perfon, that hath 
 
 not 
 
24S 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 
 
 not -given that publick Notice, the faid Mafter 
 ihall be liable to all Debts owing by the faid Per- 
 fon, fo fecretly tranfported from the Province. 
 Lajily^ that thefe are to be added to, or correded, 
 by and with the Confent of the Parties hereunto 
 fubfcribed. 
 
 Sealed and delivered in 
 the Prefence of 
 
 William Penn.' 
 
 William Boelham, 
 Harbert Springet, 
 Thomas Prudyard. 
 
 Sealed and delivered in the Prefence of all the Pro- 
 prietors who have hereunto fubfcribedy except 
 Thomas Farrinborrough and John Goodfon, in 
 the Prefence of 
 
 Hugh Chamberlen, William Powel, 
 
 R. Murray, Richard Davie, 
 
 Harbert Springet, Griffith Jones, 
 
 Humphry South, Hugh Lambe, 
 
 Thomas Barker, Thomas Farrinborrough, 
 Samuel Jobfon, John Goodfon. 
 
 John-Jofeph Moore, 
 
 AB ACT ^ Settlement, made at 
 Chefter, 1682. 
 
 W HEREAS William Penn, Proprietary 
 and Governor of the Province of Penfyl- 
 vania, and Territories thereunto belonging, hath, 
 out of his great Kindnefs and Goodnefs to the In- 
 habitants thereof, been favourably pleafed to give 
 and grant unto them a Charter of liberties and Pri- 
 vileges, dated the twenty-fifth Day of the fecond 
 Month, One Thoufaud Six Hundred and Eighty-two ; 
 By which Charter it is faid, the Government Ihall 
 
 R 3 confift 
 
J’he History of the 
 
 confift of the Governor and Freemen of the faid 
 Province, in the Form of a provincial Council and 
 general AffemUy ; and that the provincial Council 
 fhall confift oi f evenly- two Members, to be chofen 
 by the Freemen and that the general AfTembly 
 may, the JirJt Year ^ confift of the whole Body of the 
 Freeholders, and ever after of an elected Number, 
 not exceeding two hundred Perfons, without the 
 Confent of the provincial Council and general Af- 
 fembly : And fuch Affembly to fit yearly on the 
 twentieth Day of the third Month, as in the firfty 
 feccnd, third, ftxth, fourteenth and fixieenth Arti- 
 cles of the Charter, Reference being thereunto had, 
 doth more at large appear. 
 
 AND FORASMUCH as this Charter was 
 the firft of thofe probationary Laws, that were 
 agreed to and made by and between the Proprietary, 
 and Governor, and Freemen in England, that were 
 Purchafers in this Province, which faid Laws, in 
 the whole and in every Part thereof, were to be fub- 
 mitted to the Explanation and Confirmation of the 
 firjl provincial Council and general yAflembly that 
 was to be held in this Province, as by the Title and 
 fnjl Law of the faid Agreement, doth plainly ap- 
 pear. 
 
 AND WHEREAS, the Proprietary and Go- 
 vernor hath, according to that Charter, ifilied out 
 W rits to the refpedlive Sheriffs of the fx Counties 
 of this Province, to fummon the Freemen thereof, 
 to chufe in each County twelve Perfons of moft 
 Note for their Sobriety, Wiftlom, and Integrity, to 
 ferve in provincial Council and alfo to inform the 
 Freemen that they might come, for this Time, in 
 their own Perfons, to make up a general Affembly, 
 according to Charter. And that the faid refpedtive 
 Sherifls by their Returns, and the Freemen by their 
 Petitions to the Proprietary and Governor, have 
 plainly declared, that the Fewnefs of the People, 
 CiU'ir Inability in Eftate, and Unflcilfulnefs in Mat- 
 ters 
 
Five Indian Nations^ ^47 
 
 ters of Government, will hot permit them to feive 
 in fo large a Council and Aflembly, as by the Char- 
 ter is exprefled *, and thcrelore do defire, that the 
 Members now cliofen to be their Deputies and Rc” 
 prefentatives, may ferve both for provincial Coun- 
 cil and general Affembly •, that is to fay, three out 
 of each County for the provincial Council, and the 
 remaining nine tor the general Affembly, accorui^ 
 to Aft, as fully and amply as if the faid provincial 
 Council and general Affembly had confifted of the 
 faid Numbers of Members mentioned in the Char- 
 ter of Liberties', upon Gonfideration of the Pre- 
 mifes and that the Proprietary and Goverrior may 
 teftify his great Willingnefs to comply with that 
 which may be moft eafy and pleafing, he is willing 
 that it be enafted. 
 
 AND BE IT ENACTED by the Proprietary 
 and Governor, by and with the unanimous Advice 
 and Confent of the Freemen of this Province, and 
 Territories thereunto belonging, in provincial Coun- 
 cil and general Affembly met. That the Nunrbers 
 defired by the Inhabitants in their feveral Petitions, 
 and exprefs’d to be their Defires by the Sheriffs 
 Returns to the Proprietary and Governor, to Icrve 
 as the provincial Couticil and general Affembly, 
 be allowed and taken, to all Intents and Purpoles, 
 to be the provincial Council and general Affembly 
 of this Province : And that the ^orum m^u 
 proportionably fettled, according to the Method 
 exprefs’d in the fifth Article •, that is to fay, mo 
 thirds to make a ^orum in extraordinary Cales, 
 and one third in ordinary Cafes, as is provided m 
 the faid fifth Article: Which faid provincial Coun- 
 cil and general Affembly, fo already chofen, are 
 and fliall be held and reputed the legal provincial 
 Council and general Affembly of the Province and 
 Territories thereof, for this prefent Year •, and that 
 from and after the Expiration of this pfefent Year, 
 the provincial Council lhall confift of three Perfons 
 ^ R 4 m 
 
The History of the 
 out of each County, as aforcfaid ; and the AfTeni« 
 bly fhall confift oi fix Perfons out of each County, 
 which faid provincial Council and general AfTembly 
 may be hereafter enlarged, as the Governor, and 
 provincial Council and Affembly fhall lee Caufe, 
 fo as the faid Number do not, at any time, exceed 
 the Limitations exprefs’d in the third and fixteenth 
 Arttcle of the Charter, any Thing in this Aft, or 
 any other Aft, Charter or Law, to the contrary in 
 any wife notwithftanding. 
 
 AND becaufe the Freemen of this Province and 
 Territories thereof, are deeply fenfible of the kind 
 and good Intentions of the Proprietary and Gover- 
 nor in this Charter, and of the fingular Benefit that 
 redounds to them thereby, and are defirous that it 
 may in all Things beft anfwer the Defign of the 
 publick Good, the Freemen of the faid provincial 
 Council and general Affembly met, having unani- 
 moufly requefted fome Variations, Explanations 
 and Additions, in and to the faid Charter, he the 
 Proprietary and Governor, hath therefore yielded 
 that it be enafted : 
 
 AND it is hereby ENACTED, That the 
 Time for the Meeting of the Freemen of this Pro- 
 vince and Territories thereof, to chufe their Depu- 
 ties to reprefent and ferve them, in provincial 
 Council and general Allembly, fhall be yearly here- 
 after, on the tenth Day of the firfi Month, which 
 Members fo chofen for the provincial Council, fhall 
 make their Appearance, and give their Attendance, 
 in provincial Council, within twenty Days after their 
 Eleftion ; and the faid Members elefted to ferve 
 in general Affembly, fhall yearly meet and affemblc, 
 on the tenth Day of the faid third Month, to the 
 End and Purpofes declared in the Charter, at and 
 in fuch Place as is limited in the faid Charter, un- 
 lefs the Governor and provincial Council fhall, at 
 any time, fee Caufe to the contrary. 
 
 AND 
 
Five Indian Nations-, &c. 
 
 AND WHEREAS it is exprefs’d in the faid 
 Charter, That the Governor and provincial Coun- 
 cil fliall prepare and propofe to the general Affem- 
 bly, all Bills which they lhall think fit to pafs into 
 Laws, within the faid Province: BE IT EN- 
 ACTED by the Authority aforefaid. That the 
 Governor and provincial Council, lhall have the 
 Power of preparing and propofing to the general 
 AlTembly, all Bills that they lhall jointly alfent to 
 and think fit to have pafs’d into Laws, in the faid 
 Province and Territories thereof, that are not in- 
 confiftent with, but according to the Powers grant- 
 ed by the King’s Letters Patents to the Proprietary 
 and Governor aforefaid ; which Bills lhall be pub- 
 lilhcd in the moft noted Towns and Places in the 
 faid Province and I'erritories thereof, twenty Days 
 before the Meeting of the general AlTembly afore- 
 faid. 
 
 AND for the better Decifion and Determination 
 of all Matters and Queftions upon Elections of Repre- 
 fentatives, and Debates in provincial Council and 
 general AlTembly, It is hereby declared and EN- 
 ACTED, iSc. That all Queftions upon Eledlions 
 of Reprefentatives, and Debates in provincial Coun- 
 cil and general AlTembly, in perfonal Matters, lhall 
 be decided by the Ballot ; and all Queftions about 
 preparing and enading Laws, lhall be determined 
 by the Vote. 
 
 AND that fo united an Intereft may have an 
 united Term and Stile to be exprefs’d by, It is 
 hereby declared and ENACTED, That the ge- 
 neral AlTembly lhall be henceforth termed or call- 
 ed THE Assembly ; and the Meeting of the Go- 
 vernor, provincial Council, and AlTembly, and 
 their Ads and Proceedings, lhall be ftiled and 
 called the Meetings, Sessions, Acts or Pro- 
 ceedings of the General Assembly of the Pro- 
 vince of Penfilvania, and the Territories thereunto be- 
 longing, And that the Freemen of this Province, 
 
250 
 
 *The History of the ' 
 
 and the Territories thereof, may not on their Part, 
 feem unmindful or ungrateful to their Proprietary 
 and Governor, for the Teftimony he hath been 
 pleafed to give, of his great Good-Will towards them 
 and theirs, nor be wanting of that Duty they owe 
 to him and themfelves, they have prayed Leave 
 hereby to declare their moft hearty Acceptance of 
 the faid Charter, and their humble Acknowledg- 
 ments for the fame, folemnly promifuig, that they 
 - will inviolably obferve and keep the fame, except 
 as is therein excepted, and will neither direftly nor 
 indirefUy contrive, propole, enaft, or do any Thing 
 or Things whatloever, by Virtue of the Power 
 thereby granted unto them, that lhall or may re- 
 dound to the Prejudice or Difadvantage of the Pro- 
 prietary and Governor, his Heirs and SiiccelTors, in 
 their juft Rights, Properties and Privileges, grant- 
 ed to him and them by the King’s Letters Patents, 
 and Deeds of Releafe and Feoffment made to him 
 by yjMES Duke ef York and AlbanV, 
 and whom they defire may be hereby acknowledged 
 and recognized the true and rightful Proprietaries 
 and Governors of the Province of Penfylvaniat and 
 Territories anne5ted, according to the King’s Let- 
 ters Patents, and Deeds of Releafe and Feoffment 
 from Jarnes^ Duke of Tork and Albany, unto the 
 faid Proprietary and Governor, his Heirs and Snc- 
 celfors j any Thing in this Act, or any other A6t, 
 Grant, Charter, or Law, to the contrary of thefe 
 Things herein and hereby explained, altered, limit- 
 ed, promifed, declared, and enadled, in any wife 
 notwithftanding. 
 
 rhe 
 
251 
 
 Five Indian Nations, C^c. 
 
 ^he FRAME of the Government of the 
 Province f Penfylvania, and Territories 
 thereunto annexed in America. 
 
 ty^O ALL PERSONS, To whom thefe 
 jjL Prefents may come. WHEREAS King 
 CHARLES the Second^ by his Letters Patents, 
 under the great Seal of England^ bearing Date the 
 fourth Day of March, in the thirty and third Year 
 of the King, for divers Confiderations therein men- 
 tioned, hath been gracioufly pleafed to give and 
 grant unto me JVilliam Penn (by the Name of 
 William Penn, Efq-, Son and Heir of Sir William 
 Penn deceafed) and to my Heirs and Afligns for 
 ever, all that Tra6t of Land, or Province called 
 Penfylvania, in America, with divers great Powers, 
 Preheminences, Royalties, Jurifdictions, and Au- 
 thorities, necelTary for the Well-being and Govern- 
 ment thereof. AND WHEREAS the King’s 
 deareft Brother, fames Duke of York and Albany, 
 &c. by his Deeds of Feoffment, under his Hand 
 and Seal, duly perfected, bearing Date the four 
 and twentieth Day of Augujl, One Yhoufand Six 
 Hundred Eighty and Ywo, did grant unto me, my 
 Heirs and Alfigns, all that Traft of Land, lying 
 and being from twelve Miles Northward of New- 
 cajlle upon Delaware River, in America, to Cape 
 Hinlopen, upon the faid River and Bay of Delaware 
 Southward, together with all Royalties, Franchifes, 
 Duties, Jurifdiftions, Liberties and Privileges there- 
 unto belonging. 
 
 NOW KNOW YE, That for the Well-be- 
 ing and good Government of the faid Province and 
 I'erritories thereunto annexed, and for the Encou- 
 ragement of all the Freemen and Planters, that may 
 be therein concerned, in Purfuance of the Rights 
 and Powers afore-mentioned, I the faid William 
 Penn have declared, granted and confirmed, and 
 by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs and Afligns, 
 
'^he History cf the 
 
 do declare, grant and confirm unto all the Free- 
 men, Planters and Adventurers of, in and to the 
 fold Province and Territories thereof, thefe Liber- 
 ties, Franchifes and Properties, fo far as in me 
 lieth, to be held, enjoyed and kept by the Free- 
 men, Planters and Adventurers of and in the faid 
 Province of Penfylvania. and Territories thereunto an-, 
 nexed, for ever. • 
 
 IMPRI MIS. 
 
 THAT the Government of this Province and 
 Territories thereof fhall, from Time to Time, ac- 
 cording to the Powers of the Patent and Deeds of 
 Feoffment aforefaid, confift of the Proprietary and 
 Governor, and Freemen of the faid Province and 
 Territories thereof, in Form of provincial Council 
 and Affembly, which provincial Council fhall con- 
 fifl; of eighteen Perfons, being three out of each 
 County, and which Affembly fhall confift of thirty- 
 fix Perfons, being^&c out of each County, Men of 
 moft Note for their Virtue, Wifdom and Ability, 
 by whom all Laws fhall be made. Officers chofen, 
 and publick Affairs tranfadted, as is hereafter limit- 
 ed and declared. 
 
 II. 
 
 THERE being Perfons already chofen 
 for every refpedive County of this Province and 
 Territories thereof, to ferve in the provincial Coun- 
 cil, one of them for three Years, one for two Years, 
 and one for one Year j and one of them being to go 
 off yearly in every County *, that on the tenth Day 
 of thtfirjl Month yearly, for ever after, the Free* 
 men of the faid Province and Territories thereof 
 fliall meet together in the moft convenient Place in 
 every County of this Province and Territories thereof, 
 then and there to chufc one Perfon, qualified as 
 aforefaid, in every County, being one third of the 
 Number to ferve in provincial Council, for three 
 Years; it being intended, that one third of the 
 whole provincial Council, confifting and to confift 
 
 of 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 of eighteen Perfons, falling off yearly, it Ihall be 
 yearly fupplied with fuch yearly Eleftions, as afore- 
 faid ; and that me Perfon lhall not continue in 
 longer than three Years j and in Cafe any Member 
 fliall deceafe before the laft Eleftion, during his 
 Time, that then at the next Eleftion enfuing his 
 Deceafe, another fhall be chofen to fupply his Place 
 for the remaining Time he was to have ferved, and 
 no longer. 
 
 III. 
 
 THAT after the JirJl /even Years, every one 
 of the faid third Parts that goeth yearly off, fhall 
 be incapable of being chofen again for one whole* 
 Year following, that fo all that are capable and 
 qualified as aforefaid, may be fitted for Govern- 
 ment, and have a Share of the Care and Burthen 
 of it. 
 
 IV. 
 
 THAT the provincial Council in all Cafes and 
 Matters of Moment, as their arguing upon Bills 
 to be paffed into Laws, or Proceedings about ereft- 
 ing of Courts of Juftice, fitting in Judgment upon 
 Criminals impeached, and Choice of Officers in 
 fuch Manner as is herein after exprelTed, not lefs 
 than two thirds of the whole lhall make a §^orum ; 
 and that the Confent and Approbation of two thirds 
 of that ^orum fhall be had in all fuch Cafes or 
 Matters of Moment: And that in all Cafes and 
 Matters of leffer Moment, one third of the whole 
 lhall make a Quorum, the Majority of which fhall 
 and fnay always determine in fiich Cafes and Caufes 
 of lefler Moment. 
 
 V. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council, 
 fhall have the Power of preparing and propofing to 
 the Aflcmbly hereafter mentioned, all Bills which 
 they fhall fee needful, and that fliall at any Time 
 be part into Laws within the faid Province and Ter- 
 ritories thereof, which Bills lhall be publilhed and 
 
 4. affixed 
 
^he History of the 
 
 affixed to the moft noted Place in every County of 
 this Province and Territories thereof, twenty. Days 
 before the Meeting of the Aflembly, in order to 
 pairing them into Laws. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall take Care, that all La\Vs, Statutes, and Ordi- 
 nances, which lhall at any Time be made within the 
 faid Province and Territories, be duly and dili- 
 gently executed. 
 
 VII. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 fhall, at all Times, have the Care of the Peace and 
 Safety of this Province and Territories thereof ; 
 and that nothing be by any Perfon attempted to 
 the Subverfion of this Frame of Government. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 THAT the Governor and provincial Council 
 Iball, at all Times, fettle and order the Situation 
 of all Cities and Market-towns in every County, 
 modelling therein all publick Buildings, Streets, and 
 Market-places; and lhall appoint all necelTary 
 Roads and Higliways in this Province and Terri- 
 tories thereof. 
 
 IX. 
 
 T H A T the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall, at all Times, have Power to infpeft the Ma- 
 nagement of the publick Treafury, and punilh 
 thofe who lhall convert any Part thereof to any 
 other Ufe, than what hath been agreed upon by the 
 Governor, provincial Council, and Aflembly. 
 
 X. 
 
 TFIAT the Governor and provincial Council, 
 lhall ereft and order all publick Schools, and en- 
 courage and reward the Authors of ufeful Sciences 
 and laudable Inventions, in the faid Province and 
 Territories thereof. XI. 
 
Five Indian NAtioNs, &c, 
 
 XI. 
 
 THAT one third of the provincial Council re- 
 fuling with the Governor, fliall with the Governor, 
 from Time to Time, have the Care of the Mcinage- 
 ment of all publick Affairs, relating to the Peace, 
 Juftice, Treafury, and Improvement of the Pro- 
 vince and Territories, and to the good Education 
 of Youth, and Sobriety of the Manners of the In- 
 lubitants therein, as aforefaid. 
 
 XII. 
 
 THAT the Governor or his Deputy, fhall al- 
 ways prefide in the provincial Council, and that he 
 fhall at no I'ime therein perform any publick Aft 
 of State whatlbever, that fhall or may relate unto 
 the Juftice, Trade, Treafury, or Safety of the Pro- 
 vince and Territories aforefaid, but by and with 
 tlie Advice and Confent of the provincial Council 
 thereof. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 AND to the End that all Bills prepared and 
 agreed by the Governor and provincial Council, as 
 aforefaid, may yet have the more full Concurrence 
 of the Freemen of the Province and Territories 
 thereof, it is declared, granted and confirmed, that 
 at the Time and Place in every County, for the 
 Choice of one Perfon to fcrve in provincial Council, 
 as aforefaid, the refpeftive Members thereof, at 
 their laid Meeting, lliall yearly chufe crut of them- 
 felves fix Perfons of moft Note, for Virtue, Wif- 
 dom, and Ability, to ferve in AlTembly, as theif 
 Rcprefentatives, who fhall yearly meet on the tenth 
 Day of the third Month, in the capital Town or 
 City of the faid Province, unlefs the Governor and 
 provincial Council fhall think fit to appoint ano- 
 ther Place to meet in, where, during eight Days, 
 the feveral Members may confer freely with one 
 another j and if any of them fee meet, with a Com- 
 mittee 
 
^he History of the 
 
 mitte of the provincial Council, which fhall be at 
 that Time purpofely appointed, to receive from 
 any of them, Propofals for the Alterations or 
 Amendment of any of the faid propofed and pro- 
 mulgated Bills ; and on xhtn{ntb Day from their 
 fo meeting, the faid Aflembly, after their reading 
 over of the propofed Bills, by the Clerk of the 
 provincial Council, and the Occafions and Motives 
 for them being opened by the Governor or his De- 
 puty, fliall, upon the Queftion by him put, give 
 their Affirmative or Negative, which to them 
 feemeth beft, in fuch Manner as is hereafter ex- 
 preded : But not lefs than /wo thirds lhall make a 
 ^isi'Uiit in the paffing ot all BHls into Laws, and 
 Choice of fuch Officers as are by them to be chofen. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 THAT the Laws lb prepared and propofed as 
 aforefaid, tliat are alleiited to by the Alfembly, 
 ffiall be enrolled as I^aws of this Province and Ter- 
 ritories thereof, with this Stile, By the Governor, 
 with the ylpnt and Approbation of the Freemen in 
 provincial Council and Ajjcmhly met •, and from hence- 
 forth, the Meetings, Seffions, Ads, and Proceed- 
 ings of the (jovernor, provincial Council and Af- 
 fembly, lliall be ftilcd and called, Fhe Meeting, 
 Seffions, and proceedings, of the general Afjembly of 
 the Province of Pcnfylvajiia, and the Territories 
 thereunto belonging. 
 
 XV. 
 
 AND that the Reprefentatives of the People in 
 provincial Council and Aflembly, may in after Ages 
 bear fome Proportion with the Increafe and multi- 
 plying of the People, the Number of fuch Repre- 
 fentatives of the People, may be from Time to 
 Time increaied and enlarged, lo as at no Time the 
 Number exceed feventy-two for the provincial Coun- 
 cil, and two hundred for the Aflembly •, the Ap- 
 pointment and Proportion of which Number, as 
 
Five Indian Nations, 
 
 allb tlie laying and methodizing of the Choice of 
 fuch Reprefentatives in future Time, moft equally 
 to the Divifion of the Country, or Number of the 
 Inhabitants, is left to the Governor and provincial 
 Council to propofe, and the Affembly to refolve, 
 fo that the Order of Proportion be ftrictly obferved, 
 both in the Choice of the Council and the refpec- 
 tive Committees thereof, viz. one third to go off 
 and come in yearly. 
 
 XVL- 
 
 THAT from and after the Death of this pre- 
 ftnt Governor, the provincial Council lhall, toge- 
 ther with the fucceeding Governor, ereft from 
 Time to Time, Handing Courts of Juftice, in fuch 
 Places and Number, as they fhall judge con-lenient 
 for the good Government of the faid Province and 
 Territories thereof-, and that the provincial Council 
 fliall, on the thirteenth Day of the fecond Month 
 then next enfuing, elect and prefent to the Gover- 
 nor or his Deputy, a double Number of Perfons, 
 to ferve for Judges, Treafurcrs, and Matters of 
 the Rolls, within the faid Province and Territories, 
 to continue fo long as they lhall well behave them- 
 felves in thofe Capacities refpedlively ; and the Free- 
 men of the faid Province, in an Affembly met on 
 the thirteenth Day of the third Month, yearly, lhall 
 eledt and then prefent to the Governor or his De- 
 puty, a double Number of Perlbns to ferve for 
 Sheriffs, Juttices of the Peace and Coroners, for 
 the Year next enfuing ; out of which refpedtive 
 Eledlions and Prefentments, the Governor or his 
 Deputy, lhall nominate and commillionate the pro- 
 per Number for each Office, the thirdDay after the 
 lard refpedtive Prefentments ; or elfe the firft named 
 in fuch Prefentment for each Office as aforefaid, 
 fliall Hand and ferve in that Office, the Time be- 
 fore refpedlively limited ; and in Cafe of Death or 
 Default, fuch Vacaiicy fhall be fupplied by the 
 
 S Governor 
 
 257 
 
 I 
 
^'he History of the 
 Govei-nor and provincial Council in Manner afbre- 
 faid. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THAT the Affembly lhall continue fo fong as 
 may be needful, to impeach Criminals fit to be 
 there impeached, to pafs fuch Bills into Laws as are 
 propofed to them, which they fliall think fit to 
 pafs into I.aws •, and till fuch Time as the Governor 
 and provincial Council lhall declare. That they have 
 nothing further to propofe unto them for their Affent 
 and Approbation •, and that Declaration lhall be a 
 Difmifs to the AlTembly for that Time i which Af- 
 fembly lliall be notwithftanding, capable of aflem- 
 bling 'together, upon the Summons of the Gover- 
 nor and provincial Council, at any Time during 
 that Year, if the Governor and provincial Council 
 lhall fee 'Occafion for their fo affembling. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 THAT all the Eleftions of Members or Re- 
 prefentatives of the People to ferve in provincial 
 Council and Aflembly, and all Queftions to be de- 
 termined by both or either of them, that relate to 
 Choice of Officers, and all or any other perfonal 
 Matters, Hull be refolved or determined by the 
 Ballot •, and all Things relating to the preparing 
 and pairing of Rills into Laws, lhall be openly de- 
 clared and refolved by the Vote. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 THAT at all Times when the Proprietary and 
 Governor fliall happen to be an Infant, and under 
 the Age of one and twenty Years, and no Guardians 
 or Commiffioners are appointed in Writing, by the 
 Father of the faid Infant, or that fuch Guardian 
 lhall be deceafed, that during fuch Minority, the 
 provincial Council llull, Ironi Time to Time, as 
 ^ '■ they 
 
Five Indian Nations, 
 
 they fee meet, conftitute 2nd appoint Guar- 
 dians and Commiflioners not exceeding three, one 
 of which lhall prefide as Deputy and chief Guar- 
 dian during luch Minority, and lhall have and ex- 
 ecute, with the Confent of one of the other two, 
 all the Power of a Governor in all publick Affairs 
 and Concerns of the faid Province and Territories 
 thereof, according to Charter ; which faid Guardian 
 fo appointed, lhall alfo have the Care and Overfight 
 of the Eftate of the feid Minor, and be yearly ac- 
 countable and refponfible for the fame to the pro- 
 vincial Council, and the provincial Council to the 
 Minor, when of Age, or to the next Heir, in cafe 
 of the Minor’s Death, for the Trull before expr?lTed. 
 
 XX. 
 
 THAT as often as any Days of the Month men- 
 tioned in any Article of this Charter, lhall fall upon 
 the JirJi Day of the Week, commonly called the 
 LortTs-day, the Bufinefs appointed for that Day, 
 lhall be deferred until the next Day, unlefs in Cafes 
 of Emergency. 
 
 XXI. 
 
 AND for the Satisfadlion and Encouragement 
 of all Aliens, I do give and grant, lhat if any 
 Alien, who is or fliall be a Purchafer, or who doth 
 or lhall inhabit ip this Province or 1 erritories there- 
 of, lhall deceafe at any Time before he can well be 
 naturalized, his Right and Interell therein, lhall 
 notwithftanding defeend to his Wife and Children, 
 or other his Relations, be he Teftate or Intellate, 
 according to the Laws of this Province and Terri- 
 tories thereof in fuch Cafes provided, in as free 
 and ample Manner, to all Intents and Purpofes, as 
 if the faid Alien had been naturalized. 
 
 XXII. 
 
 AND that the Inhabitants of this Province and 
 Territories thereof, may be accommodated with 
 
 S 2 ' . fuch 
 
*tbe History of the 
 
 fuch Food and Suftenance, as God in his Provi- 
 dence hath freely afforded, I do alfo further grant 
 to the Inhabitants of this Province and Territories 
 thereof, Liberty to fowl and hunt upon the Lands 
 they hold, and all other Lands therein not enclofed *, 
 and to fifh in all Waters in the faid Lands, and in 
 all Rivers and Rivulets in and belonging to this 
 Province and Territories thereof, with Liberty to 
 draw his or their Fifh on Shore on any Man’s Lands, 
 fo as it be not to the Detriment or Annoyance of 
 the Owner thereof, except fuch Lands as do lie up- 
 on Inland Rivulets that are not Beatable, or which 
 are or may be hereafter ereded into Manors. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 AND that all the Inhabitants of this Province 
 and Territories thereof, whether Purchafers or others* 
 may have the laft worldly Pledge of my good and 
 kind Intentions to them and theirs, I do give, 
 grant, and confirm to all, and every one of them, 
 f ull and quiet Poffeflion of their relpedive Lands, 
 to which they have any lawful or equitable Claim, 
 faving only fuch Rents and Services for the fame as 
 are or cuftomarily ought to be referved to me, my 
 Heirs or Affigns. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 THAT no Ad, Law or Ordinance whatfoever, 
 fhall at any Time hereafter be made or done by the 
 Proprietary and Governor of this Province and 
 Territories thereunto belonging, his Heirs or Af- 
 figns, or by the Freemen in provincial Council or 
 Affembly, to alter, change, ordiminifb, the Form 
 or Effed of this Charter, or any Part or Claufe 
 thereof, contrary to the true Intent and Meaning 
 thereof, without the Confent of the Proprietary and 
 Governor, his Heirs or Alfigns, and Jix Parts of 
 /even of the faid Freemen in provincial Council and 
 Affembly met. 
 
 XXV. 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 26 1 
 
 XXV. 
 
 AND LASTLY, I the m Pulliam Penny 
 Proprietary and Governor of the Province of Pen^ 
 fylvania and Territories thereunto belonging, for 
 me, my Heirs and Afiigns, have folemnly de- 
 clared, granted and confirmed, and do hereby fo- 
 lemnly declare, grant and confirm, that neither I, 
 nor my Heirs nor Afiigns, lhall procure or do anjr 
 Thing or Things, whereby the Liberties in this 
 Charter contained and exprefifed, lhall be infringed 
 or broken : And if any Thing be procured by any 
 Perfon or Perfons, contrary to thefe Premifes, it 
 lhall be held of no Force or Effeft. IN WIT- 
 NESS whereof, I the faid William Penn, at Phi- 
 ladelphia in Penfylvania, have unto this prefent Char- 
 ter of Liberties fct my Hand and broad Seal,, this 
 fecond Day of the fecond Month, in the Year of our 
 Lord one ‘Thoufand fix Hundred Eighty and "Three, 
 being the five and thirtieth Year of the King, and 
 the third Year of my Government. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 V 
 
 THIS within CHARTER, winch we have 
 diftinSly heard read and thankfully received, 
 Jhall be by us inviolably kept ; at Philadelphia, 
 the fecond Hay of the fecond Month, one 
 Thoufand fix Hundred Eighty and Three. 
 
 The Members of the 
 
 William Markham, 
 John Moll, 
 
 William Haige, 
 Chriftopher Taylor, 
 John Simcock, 
 
 William Clayton, 
 Francis Whittwel, 
 Thomas Holme, 
 
 provincial Council prefent. 
 
 William Clark, 
 
 William Biles, 
 
 James Harrifon, 
 
 John Richardfon, 
 Philip-Thomas Lenman, 
 Seer. Gov. 
 
 Richard Ingelo, Cl. Coun. 
 
 The 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
263 
 
 I 
 
 The Hi s "TOR V of the 
 
 The Members of 
 Cafp'arus Harmariy 
 John Darby.^ 
 
 Benjamin WilliamSy 
 William Guejiy 
 Valentine HolUngfworthi 
 "James Boyden, 
 
 Bennony Bijhop^ 
 
 John Beazor, 
 
 John Harding, 
 
 Andrews Bringftony 
 Simon Irons, 
 
 John Wood, 
 
 John Curtis, ~ 
 
 Daniel Brown, 
 
 William Futcher, 
 
 John Kipjhaven, 
 Alexander Molejline, 
 Robert Bracy, fen. 
 ‘Thomas Bracy, 
 
 William Tardly, 
 
 John HaftingSj, 
 
 Robert Wade, 
 
 the Affembly prefent. 
 Thomas Hajfald, 
 
 John Hart, 
 
 Robert Hall, 
 
 Robert Bedwell, 
 
 William Simfmore, 
 
 Samuel Darke, 
 
 Robert Lucas, 
 
 James Williams, 
 
 John Blunfton, 
 
 John Songhurft, 
 
 John Hill, 
 
 Nicholas Wain, 
 
 Thomas Fitzwater, 
 
 John Oows, 
 
 Luke Watfon, 
 
 Jofeph Phipps, 
 
 Dennis Rotchford, 
 
 John Brinklair, 
 
 Henry Bowman, 
 
 Cornelius Verhoofe, 
 
 John Southworth, C!. of 
 the Synod. 
 
 Some of the Inhabitants of Philadelphia prefent. 
 
 William Howel, Henry Lewis, 
 
 Edmund Warner, Samuel Miles. 
 
 C H A R T E R t?/ the Citj ^PHI- 
 LADELPHIA. 
 
 W ILLIAM PENN, Proprietary and Go- 
 vernor of the Province of Penjylvania, &c. 
 To all to whom thefe Prefents fhall come, fends 
 greeting. KNOW YE, That at the humble 
 
 Requeft 
 
263 
 
 Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 Requeft of the Inhabitants and Settlers of this 
 Town of Philadelphia^ being fome of the lirft Ad- 
 venturers and Purchafers within this Province, foe 
 their Encouragement, and for the more immediate 
 and entire Government of the faidTown, and bet- 
 ter Regulation of Trade therein : I have by Virtue 
 of the King’s Letters Patent, under the Great Seal 
 of England^ erefled the faid Town into a Borough^ 
 and by thefe Prefents do ere£l the faid I’own and 
 Borough of Philadelphia into a C I T Y 5 which 
 faid City fliall extend the Limits and Bounds, as it 
 is laid out between Delaware and Skuylkill. 
 
 AND I do for me, my Heirs and Adigns, 
 grant and ordain, that the Streets of the faid City, 
 lhall for ever continue as they are now laid out and 
 regulated •, and that the End of each Street extend- 
 ing into the River Delaware^ lhall be and continue 
 free for the Ufe and Service of the faid City, and 
 the Inhabitants thereof, who may improve the fame 
 for the beft Advantage of the City, and build 
 Wharfs fo far out into the River there, as the 
 Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-council, herein 
 after mentioned, lhall fee meet. 
 
 AND I do nominate Edward Shippen to be the 
 prefent Mayor, who lhall fo continue until another 
 be chofen, as is herein after directed. 
 
 AND I do hereby aflign and name 'Thomas Story 
 to be prefent Recorder, to do and execute all Things 
 which unto the Office of Recorder of the faid City 
 doth or may belong. 
 
 AND I do appoint Thomas Farmer to be the 
 prefent Sheriff, and Robert Asjheton to be the pre- 
 fent Town-clerk, and Clerk of the Peace, and 
 Clerk of the Court and Courts. 
 
 AND I do hereby name, conftitute, and ap- 
 point, JoJhua CarpenteTy Griffith JoneSy Anthony 
 MorriSy Jofeph WtlcoXy Nathan Stanburyy Charles 
 Rea , Thomas MaJlerSy and William Carter y Citi- 
 
 S 4 zens 
 
The History of the 
 
 zens and Inhabitants of the faid City, to be the 
 prefent Aldermen of the faid City of Philadelphia. 
 
 AND I do alfo nominate and appoint John 
 Parfons, William Hudfon, William Lee^ Nehemiah 
 Alleiiy ‘Thomas Pafcbaly John Budy jun. Edward 
 Smouty Samuel Buckley y James Atkinfony Pentecoft 
 TeaguCy Francis Cooky and Henry Badcockcy to be the 
 twelve prefent Common-council Men of the faid City. 
 
 AND I do by thefe Prefents, for me, my Heirs 
 and SuccelTors, give, grant and declare, that the 
 faid Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Common- 
 council Men for the Time being, and they which 
 hereafter lhall be Mayor, Recorder, Aldernlen and 
 Common-council Men within the faid City, and 
 their SuccelTors, for ever hereafter be and (hall be, 
 by Virtue of thefe Prefents, one Body corporate 
 and politick in Deed, and by the Name of the 
 Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadel- 
 phiay in the Province of Penfylvania : And them 
 by the Name of Mayor and Commonalty of the 
 City of Philadelphia, one Body politick and cor- 
 porate in Deed and in Name, I do for me, my 
 Heirs and SuccelTors, fully create, conftitute and 
 confirm, by thefe Prefents ; and that by the fame 
 Name of Mayor and Commonalty of the City of 
 Philadelphia, they may have perpetual SuccelTion ; 
 and that they and their SuccelTors, by the Name of 
 Mayor and Commonalty of the City of Philadel- 
 phia, be and at all Times hereafter lhall be Perfons 
 able and capable in Law, to have, get, receive, 
 and polTcls, Lands and Tenements, Rents, Liber- 
 ties, Jurifdi6tions, Franchifes and Hereditaments, 
 to them and their SuccelTors in Fee-fimple, or for 
 Term of Life, Lives, Years, or otherwife •, and 
 alfo Goods, Chattels, and other Things, of what 
 Nature, Kind, or Quality foever. 
 
 AND alfo to give, grant, let, fell and aflign 
 the fame Lands, Tenements, Hereditaments, Goods, 
 
 Chattels, 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 265 
 
 Chattels, and to do and execute all other Things 
 about the fame, by the Name aforefaid ; and alfo 
 that they be and lhall be for ever hereafter Perfons 
 able and capable in Law, to fue and be fued, plead 
 and be impleaded, anfwer and be anfwcred unto, 
 defend and be defended, in all or any the Courts 
 and other Places, and before any Judges, Juftices, 
 and other Perfons whatfoever within the faid Pro- 
 vince, in all Manner of Aftions, Suits, Complaints, 
 
 Pleas, Caufes and Matters whatfoever, and of what 
 Nature or Kind foever. 
 
 AND that it (hall and may be lawful to and for 
 the faid Mayor and Comrnonalty of the faid City 
 of Philadelphia, and their Succeifors, for ever here- 
 after, to have and ufe one common Seal for the 
 fealing of all Bufineffes touching the faid Corpora- 
 tion, and the fame from Time to Time at their 
 Will and Pleafure to change or alter. 
 
 AND I do for me, my Heirs and Succeflbrs, 
 give, and by thefe Prefents, grant full Power and 
 Authority unto the Mayor, Recorder and Com- 
 mon-Council of the faid City of Philadelphia, or 
 any five or more of the Aldermen, and nine or 
 more of the Common-Council Men, the Mayor 
 and Recorder for the time being, or either of them, 
 being prefent, on the firfi third Day of the Week, in 
 the eighth Month yearly for ever hereafter, publickly 
 to meet at a convenient Room or Place within the 
 faid City, to be by them appointed for that Pur- 
 pofe, and then and there nominate, eledt and chufe 
 one of the Aldermen to be Mayor for that enfuing 
 Year. 
 
 and alfo to add to the Number of Aldermen and 
 CommoD-Council Men, fuch and fo many of thofe, 
 that by Virtue of thefe Prefents fhall be admitted 
 Freemen of the faid City from Time to Time, a# 
 they the faid Mayor, Aldermen and Common- 
 . Council fhall fee Occafion. 
 
 AND 
 
266 ^he History of the 
 
 AND that fuch Perfon who lhall be fo elected 
 Mayor aforefaid, lhall within three Days next after 
 fuch Eledion, be prefented before the Governor of 
 this Province, or his Deputy for the time beings 
 and there lhall fubfcribe the Declarations and Pro- 
 felTion of his Chriftian Belief, according to the late 
 Adt of Parliament made in the firji Year of King 
 William's Reign, entitled, AH A£l for exempting 
 their Majejlies SubjeSls dijfenting from the Church of 
 England, from the Penalties of certain Laws and 
 then and there the Mayor fo prefented, lhall make 
 his folemn Affirmation and Engagement for the due 
 Execution of his Office. 
 
 AND that the Recorder, Sheriff, Aldermen, 
 and Common-council Men, and all other Officers 
 of thefaid City, before they or any of them lhall 
 be admitted to execute their refpedive Offices, 
 lhall make and fubfcribe the faid Declarations and 
 Profeflion aforefaid, before the Mayor for the Time 
 being, and at the fame Time lhall be attefted for 
 the due Execution of their Offices refpedtively ; 
 which Declarations, Promifes and Atteftations, the 
 Mayor of the faid City for the Time being, is here- 
 by impowered to take and adminifter accordingly. 
 
 AND that the Mayor, Recorder and Aider- 
 men of the faid City, for the Time being, lhall be 
 Juftices of the Peace and Juftices of Oyer and Ter- 
 miner j and are hereby impowered to ad within the 
 faid City and Liberties thereof accordingly, as fully 
 and amply as any Juftice or Juftices of the Peace 
 or Oyer and Terminer, can or may do within the 
 faid Province. 
 
 AND that they or any four or more of them 
 (whereof the Mayor and Recorder of the faid Qty 
 for the Time being, lhall be two) lhall and may 
 for ever hereafter have Power and Authority, by 
 Virtue of thefe Prefents, to hear and enquire into 
 all and all Manner of Treafons, Murthers, Man- 
 
 flaughters, 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c, 
 
 fiaughters, and all Manner of Felonies and other 
 Crimes and Offences, Capital and Criminal, what- 
 foever, according to the Laws of this Province anti 
 of the Kingdom of England, with Power allb to 
 hear and determine all petty Larcenies, Routs, 
 Riots, unlawful Affemblies ; and to try and punifh 
 all Perfons that fliall be convided for Drunkennefs, 
 Swearing, Scolding, breaking the Peace, or fuch 
 like Offences, which are by the Laws of this Pro- 
 vince to be puniffed by Fine, Imprifonment or 
 Whipping; with Power alfo to award Procefs againft 
 all Rioters and Breakers of the Peace, and to bind 
 them, and all other Offenders and Perfons of evil 
 Fame, to the Peace or good Behaviour, as any 
 Juftice or Juftices of the Peace can do, without 
 being accountable to me or my Heirs, for any Fines 
 or Amerciaments to be impofed for the faid Offences 
 or any of them. 
 
 AND I do hereby impower them or &ny four 
 of them (whereof the Mayor and Recorder for the 
 Time being, fhall be two) with the City Sheriff and 
 Town-clerk, to hold and keep a Court of Record, 
 Quarterly, or oftener, if they fee Occafion, for the 
 ^Hiring, hearing and determining of the Pleas 
 and Matters aforefaid ; and upon their own View, 
 or after a legal Procedure in fome of thole Courts, 
 to caufe all Nuifances and Encroachments in the 
 Streets of the faid City to be removed, and punilh 
 the Parties concerned, as the Law and Ufage in 
 fuch Cafes lhall require. 
 
 A N D I do by thefe Prefents affign and ap- 
 point, that the prefent Mayor, Recorder, and Al- 
 dermen herein before-mentioned, be the prefent 
 Juttices of the Peace, and Oyer and Terminer, 
 within the faid City ; and that they and all others 
 that lhall be Mayors, Recorders and Aldermen of 
 the faid City for the Time being, lhall have full 
 Power and Authority, and are hereby impowered 
 
268 
 
 The History of the 
 
 and authorized, without any further or other Com- 
 miflion, to be Juftices of the Peace, and of Oyer 
 and Terminer, within the faid City forever; and 
 fhall alfo be Juftices of the Peace, and the Mayor 
 and Recorder fliall be of the Riorum of the Juftices 
 of the County Courts, Qiiartcr-feflions, Oyer and 
 Terminer, and Goal Delivery, in the laid County 
 of Philadelphia % and lhall have full Power to award 
 Procels, bind to the Peace or Behaviour, or com- 
 mit to Prifon, for any Matter or Caufe, arifing 
 without the faid City and within the Body of the 
 aforefaid County, as Occafion (hall require ; and to 
 caufe Kalcndars to be made of fuch Prifoners, 
 which, together with all Recognizances and Ex- 
 aminations taken before them, for or concerning 
 any Matter or Caufe not determinable by them, 
 ihall be duly returned to the Judges or Juftices of 
 the faid County, in their relpedlive Courts where 
 the fame lhall be cognizable. 
 
 AND that it may be lawful to and for the faid 
 Mayor and Commonalty and their Succeflbrs, when 
 they fee Occafion, to ere£t a Goal or Prifon and 
 Court-houfe within the faid City. 
 
 AND that the Mayor and Recorder for the 
 Time being, lhall have, and by thcfe Prefents have 
 Power to take Recognizance of Debts there, ac- 
 cording to the Statute of Merchants, and of Adion 
 Burnel; and to ufe and affix the common Seal 
 thereupon, and to all Certificates concerning the 
 fame. 
 
 AND that it may be lawful to and for the 
 Mayor of the faid City, for the Time being, for 
 ever hereafter to nominate, and from Time to Time 
 appoint the Clerk of the Market, who lhall have 
 Affize of Bread, Wine, Beer, Wood, and other 
 ' Things'; and to do, execute and perform all Things 
 belonging to the Clerk of the Market within the 
 faid City. 
 
 AND 
 
] 
 
 Five Indian Nations, & c . 
 
 269 
 
 AN D I will that the Coroners to be chofen by 
 the County of Philadelphia for the Time being, 
 lhall be Coroners of the faid City and Liberties 
 thereof ; but that the Freemen and Inhabitants of 
 the faid City lhall from Time to Time, as often as 
 Occafion be, have equal Liberty with the Inhabi- 
 tants of the faid County, to recommend or chufe 
 Perfons to ferve in the refpedive Capacities of Co- 
 roners and Sheriffs for the County of Philadelphia^ 
 who fhall rcfide within the faid City. 
 
 and that the Sheriff of the faid City and 
 County for the Time being, fhall be the Water- 
 Bailiff, who fhall and may execute and perform all 
 Things belonging to the Officer of Water-Bailiff, 
 upon Delaware River, and all other navigable Ri- 
 vers and Creeks within the faid Province, 
 
 A N D in Cafe the Mayor of the faid City for 
 the Time being, fhall, during the Time of his 
 Mayoralty, mifbehave himfelf, or mifgovcrn in 
 that Office, I do hereby impower the Recorder, 
 Aldermen and Common-council Men, or five of 
 the Aldermen and nine of the Common-council 
 Men of the faid City of Philadelphia, for the Time 
 being to remove fuch Mayor from his Office of 
 Mayoralty •, and in fuch Cafe, or in Cafe, of the 
 Death of the faid Mayor for the Time being, that 
 then another fit Perfon fhall, within /o«r Days next 
 after fuch Death or Removal, be chofen m Manner 
 above direfted for eleding of Mayors, in the 
 
 the Difability of fuch eldeft Alderman, 
 
 4 
 
‘The History of the 
 
 next in Seniority, ihall take upon him the faid Of- 
 fice of Mayor, to exercife the fame as aforefaid. 
 
 AND in Cafe the Recorder, or any of the 
 Aldermen or Common-council Men of or belong- 
 ing to the faid City, for the Time being, fhall mif- 
 behave him or themfelves in their relpeftive Offices 
 and Places, they ffiall be removed and others chofen 
 in their Stead, in Manner following, that is to fay. 
 The Recorder for the Time being, may be re- 
 moved (for his Mifbehaviour) by the Mayor, and 
 two thirds of the Aldermen and Common-council 
 Men refpeftively ; and in Cafe of liich Removal or 
 of the Death of the Recorder, then to chufe ano- 
 ther fit Perfon fkilled in the Law, to be the Re- 
 corder there, and fo to continue during Pleafure as 
 aforefaid. 
 
 AND the Alderman fo mifbehaving himfelf, 
 may be removed by the Mayor, Recorder and nine 
 of the Aldermen and Common-council Men ; and 
 in Cafe of fuch Removal or Death, then within 
 four Days after, to chufe a fit Perfon or Perfons to 
 fupply fuch Vacancies *, and the Common-council 
 Men, Conftables, and Clerk of the Market, for 
 ' Mifbehaviour, fhall be removed and others chofen, 
 as is diredted in the Cafe of Aldermen. 
 
 AND I do alfo, for me and my Succeflbrs, by 
 thefe Prefents, grant to the faid Mayor and Com- 
 monalty, and their SuccelTors, that if any of the 
 Citizens of the faid City, fhall be hereafter nomi- 
 nated, eledted, and chofen to the Office of Mayor, 
 Aldermen and Common- council Men as aforefaid, 
 and having Notice of his or their Eleftion, fhall re- 
 fufe to undertake and execute that Office to which 
 he is fo chofen, that then, and fo often it fhall and 
 may be lawful for the Mayor and Recorder, Aider- 
 men and Common-council Men, or the major Part 
 of the Aldermen and Common-council Men for the 
 Time being, according to th^ir Diferetion, to im- 
 
Five Indian Nations, (Sel 
 
 pofe fuch moderate Fines upon fuch Refufers, fo as 
 the Mayor‘s Fine exceed not. forty Pounds, the Al- 
 derman’s five and thirty Pounds, and Common- 
 council Men twenty Pounds, and other Officers pro- 
 portionably, to be levied by Diftrefs and Sale, by 
 Warrant under the common Seal, or by other law- 
 ful Ways,' to the Ufe of the faid Corporation. 
 
 A N D in fuch Cafes it (hall be lawful to chufe 
 others to fupply the Defedb of fuch Refufers, in 
 Manner as is as above diredled for Eleftions. 
 
 AND that it lhall and may be lawful to and for 
 the Mayor, Recorder, and at leaft three Aldermen 
 for the Time being, from Time to Time, fo often 
 as they lhall find Occafion, to fummon a Common- 
 council of the faid City. 
 
 AND that no Affembly or Meeting of the faid 
 Citizens, lhall be deemed or accounted a Common- 
 council, unlefs the faid Mayor and Recorder, and 
 at leaft three of the Aldermen for the Time being, 
 and nine of the Common-council Men be prefent. 
 
 AND alfo that the faid Mayor, Recorder, Al- 
 dermen and Common-council Men for the Time 
 being, from Time to Time, at their Common- 
 council, lhall have Power to admit fuch and fo many 
 Freemen into their Corporation and Society as they 
 lhall think fit. 
 
 A N D to make (and they may piake, ordain, 
 conftitute and eftablilh) fuch and fo many good and 
 reafonable Laws, Ordinances and Conftitutions (not 
 repugnant to the Laws of England and this Go- 
 vernment) as to the greater Part of them at fuch 
 Common-council alfembled (where the Mayor and 
 Recorder for the Time being, are to be always pre- 
 fent) lhall feem necelTary and convenient for the 
 Government of the faid City. 
 
 AND the fame Laws, Ordinances, Orders and 
 Conftitutions fo to be made, to put in Ufe anji Ex- 
 ecution accordingly, by the proper Officers of the 
 ' faid 
 
^be History of the 
 
 faid City, and at their Pkafure to revoke, alter, 
 and make anew, as Occafion Ihall require. 
 
 AND alfo impofe fuch Mulfts and Amercia- 
 ments upon the Breakers of fuch Laws and Ordi- 
 nances, as to them in their Difcretion fliall be 
 thought rcafonable ; which Muldls, as alfo all other 
 Fines and Amerciaments to be fet or impofed by 
 Virtue of the Powers granted, Ihall be levied as 
 above is directed in Cafe of Fines, to the Ufe of 
 the. faid Corporation, without rendering any Ac- 
 count thereof to me, my Heirs and Succeflbrs ; 
 with Power to the Common-council aforefaid, to 
 mitigate, remit, or releafe fuch Fines and Mulcts, 
 upon the Submiflion of the Parties. Provided al- 
 ways, That no Perfon or Perfons hereafter, fliall 
 have Right of elcAing or being- elefted, by Virtue 
 of thefe Prefents, to any Office or Place judicial or 
 minifterial, nor fliall be admitted Freemen of the 
 faid City, unlefs they be free Denizens of this Pro- 
 vince, and are of the Age of twenty-one Years or 
 upwards, and are Inhabitants of the faid City, and 
 have an F.ftate of Inheritance or Freehold therein, 
 or are worth jifty Pounds in Money, or other Stock, 
 and have been refident in the faid City for the Space 
 of two Years, or fliall purchafe their Freedom of 
 the Mayor and Commonalty aforefaid. 
 
 AND I do further grant to the faid Mayor and 
 Commondty of the City of Philadelphia, that they 
 and their SuccclTors, fliall and may for ever here- 
 after hold and keep within the faid City, in every 
 Week of the Year, two Market-days, the one upon 
 the fourth Day of the Week, and the other upon 
 t}ae feventh Day of the Week, in fuch Place or 
 Places as is, Ihall, or may be appointed for that 
 Purpofe, by the faid Commonalty or their Succef- 
 fors, from Time to Time. 
 
 AND alfo two Fairs therein every Year, the 
 one of them to begin on the fifteenth Day of the 
 
 third 
 
F'ive Indian Nations, 
 
 ttird Month, called yearly, and fo to be held 
 in and about the Market-place, and continue for 
 that Day and two Days next following^i and the 
 other of the faid Fairs to be held in the aforefaid 
 Place on the ftxt tenth Day of the ninth Month 
 yearly, and for two Days next after. 
 
 AND I do for me, my Heirs and Afllgns, by 
 Virtue of the King's Letters Patent, make, creft 
 and conftitute the faid City of Philadelphia, to be 
 a Port or Harbour for difcharging and unlading of* 
 Goods and Merchandize out of Ships, Boats, and 
 other Veflelsj and for landing and (hipping them in 
 or upon fuch and fo many Places, Keys and Wharf? 
 there, as by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common- 
 council of the faid City, (hall from Time to Time 
 be thought mod expedient for the Accommodation 
 and Service of the Officers of the Cuftoms, in the 
 Management of the King’s Affairs and Prelervation 
 of his Duties, as well as for Conveniency of Trade. 
 
 AND I do ordain and declare, that the faid 
 Port or Flarbour (hall be called the Port of Phila- 
 delphia, and (hall extend and be accounted to extend 
 into all fuch Creeks, Rivers, and Places within this 
 Province, and (hall have fo many Wharfs, Keys, 
 Landing-places and Members belonging thereto, 
 for landing and (hipping of Goods, as the faid 
 Mayor, Aldermen, and Common-council for the 
 Time being, with the Approbation of the chief 
 Officer or Officers of the King’s. Cuftoms, (hall 
 from Time to Time think fit to appoint. 
 
 AND I do alfo ordain, that the Landing-places 
 now and heretofore ufed at the P enny-pot-houfe and 
 Blue-anchor, faving to all Perfons their juft and le- 
 gal Right and Properties in the Lands fo to be 
 open }, as alfo the Swamp between hud'& Buildings 
 and the Society-hill, (hall be left open and common 
 for the Ufe and Service of the (aid City and all 
 others, with l.iberty to dia: Docks and make Har- 
 
 T hours 
 
274 
 
 ^be History of tit 
 hours for Ships and Veffels, in all or any Part of tKtt 
 faid Swamp. 
 
 AND I do hereby grant, that all the vacant 
 Land within the Bounds and Limits of the faid 
 City, lhall remain open as a free Common of Paf- 
 ture, for the Ufe of the Inhabitants of the faid 
 City, until the fame (hall be gradually taken m, in 
 order to build or improve thereon, and not other- 
 wife. Provided always^ That nothing herein con- 
 tained, lhall debar me or my Heirs in Time to 
 come, from fencing in all the vacant Lands that 
 lie between the Center Meeting-houfe and the Scbuyl- 
 kily which I intend lhall be divided from the Land 
 by me allotted for Delaware Side, by a ftrait Line 
 along the Broad-Jlreet from Edward Shippen'^ Land 
 through the Center Square by Daniel Pegg*& Land ; 
 nor lhall the fencing or taking in any of the Streets, 
 happening to be within that Inclofure on Skuylkily 
 be deemed or adjudged to be an Incroachment, 
 where it fhall not interfere or flop any of the Streets 
 or Paflages leading to any of the Houfes built or to 
 be built on that Side, any Thing herein conuined 
 to the contrary notwithftanding. 
 
 A N D I do grant, that this prefent Charter, 
 lhall, in all Courts of Law and Equity, be con- 
 ftrued and taken moft favourably and beneficially, 
 for the faid Corporation. 
 
 IN WITNE.SS whereof, I have hereunto 
 fet my Hand, and caufed my great Seal to be af- 
 fixed. Dated at Philadelphia thtjive and twentieth 
 Day of Odlober, Anno Domini one Thoufand /even 
 Hundred and One^ and in tht thirteenth Ytax oi the 
 Reign of King IV ILL I AM the Lhird, over 
 England^ &c. and the one and twentieth Year of 
 
 my Government. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 fbe 
 
1 
 
 Five Indian Nations, 
 
 CHARTER PRIVILEGES 
 granted by William Penn, Efq-, to the 
 Inhabitants oj Penfylvania and Territories. 
 
 W ILLIAM PENN, Proprietary and Go- 
 vernor of the Province of Penfylvania, and 
 1 erritories thereunto belonging. To all to whom 
 thefe Prefents lhall come, fendeth Greetino- 
 WHEREAS King CHARLES 
 by h.s Letters Patents, under the Great Seal of 
 England, bearing Date the fourth Day of March 
 in the Year one Thoufand fix Hundred and Eirhty 
 was graciouny pleafed to give and grant unto me 
 ^d my Heirs and Affigns for ever, this Province of 
 Pe^ylvanta, with divers great Powers and Turif- 
 didtions for the well Government thereof. 
 
 AND WHEREAS the King’s deareft Bro- 
 ,ther, JAMES Duke of YORK and ALBANY 
 &c. by his Deeds of Feoffment, under his Hand 
 and Seal duly perfefted, bearing Date the twenty^ 
 fourth Day of Auguft, one Yhoufand fix Hundred 
 Eighty and Two, did grant unto me, my Heirs and 
 ^.gns, all that Traft of Land, now ^called the 
 Territories of Penfylvania, together with Powers 
 and Jurilcii(5lions for the good Government thereof 
 AND WHEREAS for the Encouragement 
 ot all the Freemen and Planters, that mitrht' be 
 concerned in the faid Province and Territories, and 
 for the good Government thereof, I the laid Wil- 
 liam Peni^ in the Year one Thoufand fix Hundred 
 Eighty and Three, for me, my Heirs and Alliens, 
 did grant and confirm unto all the Freemen, Plant- 
 ers and Adventurers therein, divers Liberties, Fran- 
 chifes and Properties, as by the faid Grant, enti- 
 tuled. The FRAME of the Government of the 
 Province of Penfylvania, and Territories thereunto 
 
 T % belonging. 
 
 275 
 
fhe HistoRV of the 
 
 helonging, \n America, may appear-, '^hich Charter 
 or Pfame being found in fome Parts of U, not fo 
 fuitable to the prefent Circumftances of the Inhab 
 tants, was in the third Month, in the Year one 
 
 ^Thoufand /even Hundred, delivered up to me, by> 
 
 Parts of /even of the Freemen of this Province and 
 Territories, in general Affembly met, Prov, lion be- 
 ing made in the faid Charter, for that End and 
 
 WHEREAS I was then pleafed to 
 oromife. That I would reftore the faid Charter to 
 them ao^ain, with neceffary Alterations, or in Lieu 
 thereofr give them another, better adapted to an- 
 fwer the prefent Circumftances and Conditions of 
 the faid Inhabitants ; which they have now, by 
 their Reprefenutives in general Affembly, met at 
 Philadelphia, requefted me to grant. 
 
 know YE THEREFORE, Thatforthe 
 further Well-being and good Government of the 
 faid Province, and Territories -, and in Purfuance 
 of the Rights and Powers before-mentioned, 1 the 
 faid William Penn do declare, grant and connrm, 
 unto all the Freemen, Planters and Adventurers, 
 and other Inhabitants in this Province and Territo- 
 ries, thefe following liberties, Franchifes and Pri- 
 vileges, fo far as in me lieth, to be held, enjoyed 
 and kept, by the Freemen, Planters and Adven- 
 turers, and other Inhabitants of and in the faid Pro- 
 vince and Territories thereunto annexed, tor ever. 
 
 FIRST. 
 
 because no People can be truly happy, 
 though under the greateft Enjoyment of civil Li- 
 berties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Con- 
 fciences, as to their religious Profeffion and Wor- 
 ftiip : And Almighty God being the only Lord of 
 Confcience, Father of Lights and Spirits, and the 
 
 Author as well as Objcdl of all divine Knowlwge, 
 
 Faith 
 
Five Indian Nations, 
 
 Faith and Worfhip, who only doth enlighten the 
 Minds, and perfuade and convince the Ujiderftand- 
 ings of People, I do hereby grant and. declare. 
 That no Perfon or Perfons, inhabiting in tliis Pro- 
 vince or Territories, who fhall confefs and acknow- 
 ledge One Almighty God, the Creator, Upholder 
 and Ruler of the World ; and profefs him or chenj- 
 felves obliged to live quietly under the civil Go^^ 
 vernment, lhall be in any Cafe molefted or preju*- 
 diced, in his or th^ir Perfon or Eftate, becaule of 
 his or their conlaentious Perfuafion or Praftice, 
 nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any reli- 
 gious Worfliip, Place or Miniftry, contrary to his 
 or their Mind, or to do or fuffer any other A6l or 
 Thing, contrary to their religious Perfuafion. 
 
 AND that all Perfons who alfo profefs to believe 
 in JefusCbrift^ the Saviour of the World, lhall be 
 capable (notwithftanding their other Perfuafions 
 and Praftices in Point of Confcience and Religion) 
 to ferve this Government in any Capacity, both le- 
 gifiatively and executively, he or they folcmnly 
 promifing, when lawfully required. Allegiance to 
 the King as Sovereign, and Fidelity to the Pro- 
 prietary and Governor, and taking the Attefts as 
 now eftablilhed by the Law made at Newcajlle in 
 the Year one Tboufand and /even Hundred^ entitled, 
 Jn A£t dire£ling the Attefts of fever al Officers and 
 Minifters, as now amended and confirmed ^ this pre^ 
 fent Alfembly. 
 
 II. 
 
 FOR the well governing of this Province and 
 Territories, there lhall be an Aflcmbly yearly cho- 
 ftn, by the Freemen thereof, to confift of four 
 Perfons out of each County, of moft Note for Vir- 
 tue, Wifdom and Ability, (or of a greater Num- 
 ber at any Time, as the Governor and Alfembly 
 lhall agree) upon the firft Day of Oldober for ever j 
 and lhall fit on the fourteenth Day of the fame 
 
 T 3 Month, 
 
History of the 
 
 Month, at Philadelphia, unlefs the Governor and 
 Council for the Time being, (hall fee Caufe to ap< 
 point another Place within the faid Province or Ter- 
 ritories: Wh ch Affembly fhall have Power tochufe 
 a Speaker and other their Officers ; and fhall be 
 Tudges of the Qualifications and Ele«5lions of their 
 own Members •, fit u{3on their own Adjournments j 
 appoint Committees •, prepare Bills in order to pafs 
 into Laws •, impeach Criminals, and rcdrefs Griev- 
 ances •, and fhall have all other Powers and Pnvile- 
 cres of an Affembly, according to the Rights of 
 the free-born Subjedts of Ettflatid, and as is ufual 
 in any of the King’s Plantations in America. 
 
 A N D if any Cou^-.ry or Coimties, fhall refufe 
 or negleft to chufe their refpedive Reprefentatives 
 asaforefaid, or if chofen, do not meet to ferve in 
 Affembly, thofe who are fo chofen and met, fhall 
 have the full Power of an Affembly, in as ample 
 Manner as if all the Reprefentatives had been cho- 
 fen and met, provided they are not lefs than two 
 q-hirds of the whole Number that ought to meet. 
 
 AND that the Qualifications of Eleftors and 
 Eledled, and all other Matters and Things relating 
 to Eleftions of Reprefentatives to ferve in Affem- 
 blies, though not herein particularly expreffed, fhall 
 be and remain as by a Law of this Government, 
 made at New-Cajtle in the Year one Thoufand /even 
 Hundred, entitled. An ASt to afcertain the Number 
 of Members of Affembly, and to regulate the EleShons, 
 
 III. 
 
 THAT the Freemen in each refpeftive Coun- 
 ty, at the Time and Place of meeting for elefting 
 their Reprefentatives to ferve in Affembly, may 
 often as there fhall be Occafion, chufe a dou e 
 Number of Perfons to prefent to the Governor tor 
 Sheriffs and Coroners, to ferve for three Years, it 
 fo long they behave themfclves weU \ out of 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 
 
 refpedUve Eleftions and Prefen tments, the Gover- 
 nor fhall nominate and commiffionate one for each 
 of the faid Offices, the third Day after fuch Pre- 
 fentment, or elfe the firft named in fuch Prefent- 
 mcnt, for each Office as aforefaid, fhail {land and 
 ferve in that Office for the Time before refpeijlively 
 limited ; and in Cafe of Death or Default, fuch 
 Vacancies lhall be fupplied by the Governor, to 
 ferve to the End of the faid Term. 
 
 PROVIDED ALWAYS, That if the faid 
 Freemen, lhall at any Time negleft or decline to 
 chufe a Perfon or Perfons for either or both the afore- 
 faid Offices, then and in fuch Cafe, the Perfons 
 that are or lhall be in the refpedive Offices of She- 
 riffs or Coroners, at the Time of Eledlion, lhall re- 
 main therein, until they lhall be removed by ano- 
 ther Eleflion as aforefaid. 
 
 AND that the Jufticcs of the refpeftive Coun- 
 ties, lhall or may nominate and prefen t to the Go- 
 vernor three Perfons, to ferve for Clerk of the 
 Peace for the faid County, when there is a Vacancy, 
 one of which the Governor lhall commiflionate, 
 within ten Days after fuch Prefentment, or elfe the 
 firjl nominated, fhall ferve in the faid Office during 
 good Behaviour, 
 
 ^ IV. 
 
 .THAT the Laws of this Government lhall be 
 in this Stile, viz. By the Governor^ vtith the Con- 
 fent and Approbation of the Freemen in General Af 
 fembly met i and fhall be, after Connrmation by the 
 'Governor, forthwith recorded in the Rolls-office, 
 and kept at Philadelphia^ unlefs the Governor and 
 Affembly fhall agree to appoint another Place. 
 
 V. 
 
 THAT all Criminals fhall have the fame Pri- 
 vileges of Witneffes and Coujncil as their Profe- 
 cutors, 
 
 T4 
 
 VI. 
 
j8o 
 
 ^he History of the 
 
 VI. 
 
 that no Perfon or Perfons fhall or may, at 
 any Time hereafter, be obliged to anfwer any Com- 
 plaint Matter or Thing whatfoever, relating to 
 Property, before the Governor and Council, or in 
 any other Place, but inordinary Courfe of Juftice, 
 unlels Appeals thereunto ftiall be hereafter by Law 
 
 appointed. 
 
 THAT no Perfon within this Government, 
 fhall be licenfed by the Governor to keep an Ordi- 
 nary. Tavern, or Houfe of -publick Entertainment, 
 but fuch who are firft recommended to him, under 
 the Hands of the Juftices of the refpedive Coun- 
 ties, figned in open Court*, which Juftices are and 
 lhall be hereby impowered, to fupprefs and torbid 
 any Perfon, keeping fuch Publick-houfe as afore- 
 faid upon their Mifbehaviour, on fuch Penalties 
 as the Law doth or (hall dircft *, and 
 others from Time to Time, as they (hall fee Oc- 
 
 calion. VIII. 
 
 I F any Perfon, through Temptation or Me. 
 
 lancholy, (halldeftroy himfelf, his Eflate, real and 
 perfonal, (liall notwithftanding defcend ro his Wife 
 Ld Children, or Relations, as if he had died a r\^- 
 tZ\ Death*, and if any Perfon (haU be deftroyed 
 or killed by Cafualty or Accident, there (hall be no 
 Forfeiture to the Governor by Reafon thereof. 
 
 AND no A^s Uw or Ordinance whatfoever, 
 (hall at any Time hereafter, be made or done, to 
 alter, change or diminifh the Form or EfFedt of this 
 Ster, or of any Part or Claufe therein, con- 
 trary to the true Intent and Meaning th^eof with- 
 out the Confent of the Governor ^r^e TTu^e be- 
 ing, and fx Parts of /even of the AITembly met. 
 
 BUT 
 
Five Indian Nations, &c. 281 
 
 BUT becaufe the Happinefs of Mankind de- 
 pends fo much upon the enjoying of Liberty of 
 their Confciences as aforefaid, I do hereby folemnly 
 declare, promife and grant, for me, my Heirs and 
 Affigns, that the firft Article of this Charter re- 
 lating to Liberty of Confcience, and every Part and 
 Claufe therein, according to the true Intent and 
 Meaning thereof, fhall be kept and remain without 
 any Alteration, inviolably tor ever. 
 
 AND LASTLY, I the faid William Fentiy 
 Proprietary and Governor of the Province of ?en~ 
 fylvaniat and Territories thereunto belonging, for 
 myfelf, my Heirs and Afligns, have folemnly de- 
 clared, granted and confirmed, and do hereby fo- 
 lemnly declare, grant and confirm, That neijer I, 
 my Heirs or Afligns, fliall procure or do any Thing 
 or Things, whereby the Liberties m this Ch^ter 
 contained and exprefled, nor any Par^hereoh ftall 
 be infringed or broken : And if any Thing fhall be 
 procured or done, by any Perfon or Perfons, con- 
 trary to thefe Prefents, it fhall be held of no Force 
 
 °*^I^^WITN ESS whereof, I the faid William 
 Penn, at Philadelphia in Penfylvania, have unto 
 this prefent Charter of Liberties, fet my Hand and 
 broad Seal, this twenty-eighth Day of Odiober, m 
 the Year of our Lord, one T'houfand /even Hundred 
 and One, being the Year of the Reign of 
 King WILLIAM theThird, owet England, Scot- 
 land, France, and Ireland, &c. and the twenty-firji 
 Year of my Government. u 
 
 AND ^NOTWITHSTANDING the 
 Clofure and Teft of this prefent Charter as afore- 
 faid, I think fit to add this following Provifo there- 
 unto, as Part of the fame, Lhat is to fay. That 
 notwithftanding any Claufe or Claufes in the above- 
 mentioned Charter, obliging the Province and 
 Territories, to join together in Legiflation, I am 
 
 4 
 
 
^82 Ti&e- History ^ 
 
 content, and do hereby declare. That if the Repte* 
 fentatives of the Province and Territories (hall not 
 hereafter agree to join together in Legiflation, and 
 that the fame fhall be fignified unto me, or my De* 
 puty, in open AlTembly, or otherwife, from under 
 the Hands and Seals of the Reprefentativcs, for the 
 Time being, of the Province and Territories, or 
 the major Part of either of them, at any Tinie 
 within three Years from the Date hereof, that in 
 fuch Cafe, the Inhabitants of each of the three 
 Counties of this Province, fhall not have lefs than 
 eight Perfons to reprefent them in Aflembly, for 
 the Province ; and the Inhabitants of the Town of 
 Philadelphia (when the faid Town is incorporated) 
 two Perfons to reprefent them in Aflembly ; and 
 the Inhabitants of each County in the Territories, 
 fhall have as many Perfons to reprefent them, in a 
 diftinfl Aflembly for the Territories, as fhall be by 
 them requefted as aforefaid. 
 
 notwithstanding which Separa- 
 tion of the Province and Territories, in Refpeft of 
 Legiflation, I do hereby promife, grant and de- 
 clare, That the Inhabitants of both Province and 
 Territories, fliall feparately enjoy all other Liber- 
 ties, Privileges and Benefits, granted jointly to 
 them in this Charter, any Law, Ufage, or Cuflom 
 of this Government heretofore made and praftifed, 
 or any Law made and pafled by this General Af- 
 fembly, to the contrary hereof notwithftanding. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 7'HIS CHARTER of PRIVILEGES 
 being diJtinSlly read in Ajfetnbly^ and the whole 
 and every Part thereof^ being approved of and 
 agreed to, by us, we do thankfully receive the 
 fame from our Proprietary and Governor, at 
 Philadelphia, this twenty-eighth Day of Oc- 
 tober, 
 
 4 
 
Five Indian Nations, '283 
 
 tober, one Thoufand feven Hundred and One. 
 
 Signed on Behalf, and by. Order of the /IJfembly, 
 
 per Jofeph Growdon, Speaker. 
 
 "[proprietary and Gover- 
 j nor’s Council. 
 
 J 
 
 Edward Shippen, 
 Phineas Pemberton, 
 Samuel Carpenter, 
 Griffith Owen, 
 Caleb Pufey, 
 ‘Thomas Story, * 
 
 FINIS. 
 
This Day ispuhlijhedf 
 
 A LETHI A : Or, A General Syftem of Mo* 
 ral Truths and Natural Religion. Contained 
 in the Letters of SELIM A, Emprefsof the Turks, 
 to her Daughter ISABELLA, at Grand Cairo. 
 With Hiftorical and CriticaTNotes. 
 
 By Richard Murray, A.<M. and J.U. B. 
 
 ^id verum atque decens. Cure, (if Rozo. omnis in 
 hoefum. 
 
 Printed for T. Osborne, in Gray’s-Inn. 
 
 This Day is puhlijhedy 
 
 Beautifully printed^ in a neat Pocket Volume^ Price 
 2 s. few'dy or 2 s. 6. d. bounds 
 
 A JOURNEY through Part of England 
 and Scotland along with the Army, under 
 the Command of his Royal Highnefs the Duke of 
 Cumberland. Wherein the Proceedings of the 
 Army, and the happy Suppreffion of the Rebel- 
 lion in the Year 1746, are particularly deferibed; 
 As alfo, the Natural Hiftory and Antiquities of 
 the feveral Places pafled through. Together with 
 the Manners and Cuftoms of the different People, 
 efpecially of the Highlanders. By a Volunteer. 
 Comprifed in feveral Letters to a Friend in 
 London. 
 
 Printed for T. Osborne, in Gray’s-Inn. 
 
J’^'7 
 
 
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Golden, Cad-wallader* The History of the Five Indian Nations of 
 Canada, Which are dependant On the Ihrovinoe of New York in /uner- 
 ioa,2 parts in l.With an engraved map.Svo, oontemp.browi calf 
 with gilt lettered red label on back. London, 1747. 1st. edition. 
 
 $ 80 . 
 
 Of. Tremaine 220, Gagnon, vol .i, 92 8 and Field 342. All 2nd. editions. 
 Sabin 14273 Ist.ed. 
 
 This copy was the property of Wilberforce Fames (1855-1937) and 
 bears his autograph. 
 
 Fames was the famous American bibliographer and was bom in 
 Newark, N.J. He joined the staff of the Lenox Library in 1885 and 
 was its librarian in 1895 when it became part of the New York 
 Public Library .After 1911 he was bibliograhrr of the N.Y.P.L.The 
 soolarliness of his work on Americana and North American Indian 
 Literature was recognized by honorary degrees from many univer- 
 sities. He edited vols.X7-XX(l885-92 ) of Sabin's Dictionary of 
 Books Relating to America and resumed v/ork on it in 1927. He taught 
 himself many languages, ancient and modern.