BROWNE (Sir Thomas) 1605-82. 
 
 4416. MSS. in English, on paper : written by 
 Sir Thomas Browne about 1659-82 : 
 various sizes, viii + 20 leaves : collected 
 by Sir W. Osier and recently bound. 
 
 i (foil. 1-2). Autograph letter (3 pp.), 
 dated July 6 [c. 1680], beg. ' The Kidneys 
 are not only different ' ; signed YLF TB ; 
 addressed to his son, ‘ For Dr Edward 
 Browne in Salisbury court . . . London ' ; 
 and stamped IY 9. 
 
 Unpublished. He quotes Ruini (no. 918) on the 
 comparative anatomy of the kidney ; and sends 
 a piece of lizard's skin to be shown under the 
 microscope. On the spinal cord in a “ tabid con- 
 sumed person " he quotes Pauw’s Observationes 
 and says, " I do not see how you can showe the 
 medulla spinalis of a man butt by figures, or how 
 you can take it out of the dissected body." The 
 letter ends : " Bee temperate at eat[ing] of feasts 
 . . . indeed there is no such pittifull thing as a 
 Guttling. Tom [Edward's son, 1673-1710] holds 
 well though hee toyles & moyles at all sorts of 
 playe after schoole. Wee . . . haue sober stayd 
 little girles for his playfellowes that hee maye 
 imitate them ..." 
 
 ii (fol. 3). Autograph notes headed 
 ‘ pericardium and a Latin distich on the 
 diaphragm. 
 
 Unpublished. One of the notes reads : “ Few 
 vses it surely hath out of the body. Only ... as 
 mens hearts are commonly in their purses, so many 
 of the countrie people, taking aduantage of the 
 figure & toughnesse of this part, make little purses 
 hereof and carry their money in it." 
 
 iii (foil. 4-5). ‘ D r Browns discourse 
 
 concerning the fishe bone found at Con- 
 ington/ Undated letter (3 folio pp.) beg. 
 ‘ S r I cannot sufficiently admire the In- 
 genuous industrie of S r Robert Cotton ' ; 
 with autograph subscription, ‘ Sr, your 
 seruant to my power, Tho. Browne/ and 
 corrections. 
 
 In this letter, belonging to his correspondence 
 with Sir Wm. Dugdale, and written probably in 
 
 59 , he discusses the significance of a cetacean 
 vertebra found inland. Formerly in the collections 
 of Arthur Preston (sold in 1888) and J. Eliot 
 Hodgkin (Sotheby's, 23 Apr., 1914, lot 31 1), it was 
 first printed in ‘ Eastern Counties Collectanea 
 Norwich, 1872-3, and largely reprinted by South- 
 well in no. 4517 a, pp. 91-4. Monro, no. 4520, 
 has recently published another letter of the series 
 with extracts from this one and a r6sum£ of those 
 printed in nos. 4512 and 4524 (i, pp. 380-93). 
 See also art. vi ; and no. 4520 a. 
 
 iv (fol. 6). Autograph fragment (lower 
 part of a leaf). Ends ' America might haue 
 been a perpetuall terra incognita & neuer 
 arose unto us \ The same passage is re- 
 written on the verso. 
 
 v (fol. 7). A page of autograph comments 
 on a new translation of Plutarch. 
 
 Probably sent in 1682 to his son Edward, who 
 wrote to him on Feb. 9, " I am desired to translate 
 the life of Themistocles " (Wilkin, i, p. 329). The 
 new Plutarch was published in 1683. 
 
 vi (foil. 12-20). Typed transcripts of arts, 
 i-ii, iv-v; MS. notes by Hodgkin (?) on 
 art. iii and a pr. description of that letter 
 (Hist. MSS. Comm., 1897, xv, pt. 2, p. 294) ; 
 and a letter from Dr. Keynes on these MSS. 
 
 

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 See the 
 
 Edward, in • 
 pp, S5-&* 
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 Sir !• 
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 seel lith; 
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 vi (#8071 
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"Ostrich's head within" (#4416, foil. 8-11) 
 
 This item was not noted in the printed catalogue, because 
 at the time I was doubtful whether it belonged to W. 0. or had 
 been borrowed from an unknown lender. 
 
 See the correspondence between Sir T. B. and his son, 
 
 Edward, in Feb. 1682 in Wilkin's ed. of the Works, #4524, i, 
 pp. 325-51. The King of Morocco had sent some ostriches to 
 London and apparently 3d ward had the care of one or more of them. 
 
 Sir T. B. to E., Feb. 5: "I have enclosed these two heads 
 of ar. ostridge which Franck c his daughter Frances 3 suddenly drewe 
 out: figure 1 is the head, as I find it in Rellonius 'De la nature 
 des oyseaux,' in French, which booke perhaps you cannot easily 
 meet with; mine was printed at Paris, 1555. 1 doubt it will not 
 
 well answer the head of yours. That of figure 2 is the head of 
 one in Mr. Wil lough bye's ^rnithologia, for. Raye's c #971 , tond., 
 1678], which many have. The heads are different ... " 
 
 Edward to Sir T. B., Feb. 9: "Ours died of a soden ... 
 
 Fe gave it a peece of ix-on which weighed two ounces and a half, 
 which we found in the first stomack again not at all altered ..." 
 
 I compared these 2 figures with the sources Sir T. B. gives, 
 and they correspond. Fig. 2 here is a tracing of Frank's sketch 
 which is still with the original letter in MS. Sloan. 1847 in the 
 British Museum. Keynes reproduces it in his ed. of the Yorks, 
 vi (#8078), p. 239. Fig. 1 is evidently Frank's original, not 
 "Sir T. Browne fee." as someone has written on it. 
 
 
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 A.aC i 
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 ( Copy ) . iy t7 f] - 
 
 July 6. [5.1680 
 
 nicneys are not only different in seur^^cill 
 
 c, ; uraa Is Due t also in the sate aninal as is observable in 
 
 t.ie Kianey 8 of aa horse aaa tJiat nut only in position the 
 
 one being higher seated the other lower butt also in 
 
 j.orr;te or iigure the right Kidney being of a triangular forne 
 
 u • 1 e l e ft of Sn oblong anc plane according to the obseruetion 
 
 o. C?rlo Ruiru in his Anatomia del cstrrllu rno )^his fi ure La 
 
 csfiione della dluerslts de/la figura, puote esser crv.s: ta^ 
 
 deila capacita et figura del luogo nel quale 'e^no sto il 
 
 Kognone et la .liuersita della quantita del maggeor bisogno 
 
 deiiu scolamentu deilw vtnc- pfi^il la'Jfco del ma ior Kognone 
 
 cne del latu del mi no re . you may translate it as you see 
 
 send 
 
 cause, tne figures I shall goo willing sac. by my daughter 
 Fairfax. I a. sorry the pericardium was mistaken, 
 
 whi ch I thought to haue sent I snail haraly fine. I 
 
 3 
 
 . 4. 
 
 1st leaf 
 so j 
 
 have a peece of lizaras skinne twice or more as large as 
 what was sent for the lizard cast it by peaces, butt if 
 the same by a microscope were drawne unon a paper and shown© 
 it wouliJ afford content arm delight. You may obserue how 
 tne exuuium of the litle snake showes in a micro scone; which 
 I sent you before. Perhaps different from this. I do not 
 see how you ca.. showe the raedugila spinalis of a man butfby 
 figures, or how you can take it out of the dissected body. 
 
 • I find butt short di^ourses of it in A^tiiofrs.partholinus cent. 
 3 cap. 1^ hath a prettie gooa account thereof - the 3u and 
 4th centuries are jma together mtm is swx*«- 
 
 auiexed Anatomicall obseruations of Petrus Pauius or Paw 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 1 -iln examinate. in hoc suoiectu obseruaf(l extremam 
 
 membranara spatio vacuo interrnfcio diFtrre a suoiectis vtfc 
 
 m ct-reoro membrana dura: ex quo suspicio mihi est, moueri et 
 
 ; ’’ V ' J . iaedullam. eauem s- kl ilia d ita, earn 
 
 aoliaam intus, nec vlio modo bifidam esse vidimus perhaps 
 
 a.or the great drynesse contraction aa-e- arid conglutination 
 _ x. j. ^ pafCtT ^cUr-iaL t - 
 
 oj. uno3© -e^nH m a lr eux - u consumed pergwu. Our bisnop I wntt 
 
 you woru is curne to Norwich and tnere intenas to resiae till 
 
 © parliament as I wrltt you woru. : r . hitefoots heap© i: 
 
 in London but I doubt hee will not oreacn yc .r lorfolk sernon. 
 
 I do not rememuer any piiysitian of Norfolk butt Dr. Witherley 
 
 and yourself. Dr. Short I thinck is of Suffolk, butt there 
 
 may bee Lawyers good store ether of youg or old. remember me 
 
 «- <£• 
 
 to Hr. Scuttowe Mr. Hyng my Cos;n anc all fnenus which 
 
 you shall see at the feast, bee temperate at eat of feasts | 
 especially this hott weather if you haue any care of your 
 health and a comfortaole life to yourself anjQiJ others, and 
 lndeea there is no sucn pittifull thing as a Guttling. Tom 
 ^olds well though he toyles and moyles at all sorts of play 
 ^ after g Cn0 ole. Wee take all care we can to make him sitt 
 still and spare himself ana bee a little more composed and 
 
 attentive to inatruotiona *„e Harn.^dc. nil «• 
 haue 80u er atayu lltle elrlea for his playfallowes that hee 
 
 , naie imitate them. Ooa hlasa. you all. 
 
 yif y -tL.f-. t b 
 
 *JT 
 
 
 I ir' reaseu) For Br . Edward Brow... in flail aoury court »»*. the 
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 pericardium. 
 
 ia%e to find tnis part deficriant . Columbus 
 rued A- ^Ody ' ,+ i • 
 
 tne sa ‘ e person “"’3 very much subject to swounding of 
 which bee at last dyed. ^ 
 
 ( olurnbi i , . ips ouaej .. An atom! a 
 
 contingunt. Dr. Lower hath also writt well de pericardif*. 
 
 fatvtoA- ' 
 
 And if he® hath not obserued whether +>»« „i .. -~-i- — — therein being 
 heatea aud a little euanorateu will cuagulate anu gelli^ lixe 
 that from blistering plasters in the sKinne, you nay trie it. 
 
 Ih 
 
 
 
 Deatn is expressed by- ex-iiration, auo men are sayd 
 
 to expire when they dye, because Spiratiori or breathing 
 
 begins by inspiration, ana enaetn by expiration, this may 
 
 haid in naturali deaths: butt in suspension cnoaxing ana 
 
 ✓ 
 
 violent strangling^ of animals it may happen otherwise, for 
 
 v' 
 
 they may bee surprized and their breath stopped up, ether in 
 or at the ena of their inspiration or drawing in of tneir 
 oreatn anu when it so falletn out, tnere may bee also great 
 contention ana lauour in the oooy dying and probauly somewhat 
 
 different then in the common way. 
 
 ( verso ) 
 
 pericardium. 
 
 AftPr the vses deliuered of it in tne body, few vses 
 it g >jre ly hath out of tne oooy. only it may be obeerueo 
 tnM es S1 ens hearts are commonly in then purslee, so many of 
 tH e couritrie people taxing aduantage of the figure a„c 
 Lj&mU. of thl. port Mb little pursee hereof and carry 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Concerning the mption hereof, I 
 distich for my memories 
 
 bju fayne to majce this 
 
 Coiitranit, 
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 }ieXn C ,?*° - 1Ctun est * duri spiritus int: 
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 ( ^u yk«yj^. JVj. >, . .. jw- •>•• » ■»• 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <*>/<■ 
 
Sir Wnu Osier collection . 
 
 [Mt.W fC ° Py) 
 
 j Fragment] 
 
 '"‘ e cone short not only 
 
 xp£ectation] . . . our present computation. It 
 
 hr: "been a fancy for me to think of Plntoes 
 
 yeare and the revolution j$Ler the heavens Vnto iher first 
 place t _e_r ixo iiwi +1 ' , e heavens themselves h a ri not continued 
 so long to weare v ,+ like a garment the earth had been 
 destroyed before it had been ar> widely discovered America 
 might haue a peroetuall terra i^po^-nita and never 
 
 arose yuto us. 
 
 'verso) 
 
 Qbuch c o - 
 
 rected and 
 in parts 
 illegible] 
 
 tL £. 
 
 h. 
 
 0 
 
 \ 
 
 . . . it ■»« not to your that hi* e-oodnesse his 
 
 patience hath thus «o long continued it. How that carried 
 the earth in the early dayes of the first man drowned the same 
 before 16 hundred yeares should still deferre + >e last flames 
 yad should still contend with itt and yet the last 
 
 flame 8 And surely if the patience of heauen were not 
 proportionable vnto + '>'e provocations fro:, e,- rth theer needed <X. 
 ot onlv . . . since bvtt the d ur ation of the world?) at 
 
 ( . V |^ - j* ^ I a a f v 
 
 mediator : or it:: o ration as ell a ^transgression he-th^the 
 
 - (. *»■ 
 
 duration of it andythe world Jhad come short oi our 
 
 dXT 
 
 present confutation < It had he*n a chy meric.- 11 phancy to haue 
 
 dreampt of Platoes yeare the north starve had not stood _ithin 
 
 2 degrees and half of the yole and the stopois of the sane 
 
 had never attained unto c.™.r the earth would haue been 
 
 destroyed before It had been descoyered America had been a 
 y^M JW ‘~ c 
 
 
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 . i, 414 A>-»--' ■ t -'-' , .^H. \ 
 
V 
 
 7 
 
 SIR THu. BRoVinL 
 Osier i.'IGS . 
 
 
 copiea by Hiss t. G. Parker, 
 Oxford, Kay 1921. 
 
 Pag 27 
 
 tt th® e T«tf»\S Ue8 * ocreon . The English hath it 
 Greek do Latin ho epee algnifieth both, butt imvos the 
 ^ " :i CO mo nly signii'ie a stranger or guest. 
 
 Pag 32, 
 
 U^Th'Tv f< "“ ^ X “ A *' 7 » V lowni sh and morose. the 
 
 t the' Tnt«i 0m - lt if d th ® 8 ® two woras and not translated them, 
 butt the Latin hath asper£ et atroces. 
 
 t ^ours, that never any one sees them* 
 u>s v»o oe«cre*< r ^ Mr - Horths Lnglish 
 
 Chat no man ever seeth them abroad. That none a dr o ad ever 
 8 e ®th them. Yours seems to omttt £rr»f 
 
 ptahejiteo % 
 
 and persecuted ^tyw*** 5tusX* t, s (written over 
 ) yours le v -d . 
 
 dyyilors * i ftfotj x,atiu - f flG has vt aa eura 
 
 internundjje . yours yours Gucjhff the mftster of the guests 
 Whether you may bee so particular or not, butt perhaps you 
 may especially if any other translation doth t..e like. 
 
 

 
 
 Sik Thomas Browne, M.D., to 
 
 [ ]• Letter touching the petrified bone of a fkh . 
 
 underground, neare Cunnington,” which had been sent to f ?" nd 
 
 by his correspondent, and coneludino' with th„ sent to the physician 
 
 :: M 
 
 * «»P* »P in the horned bide of an o“e"f S *bS,7" w " T 
 “ (.be memorie heernf is past, how this my ta^^eoi&'uS 
 
 initial leal _Di . Browne s discourse concerning the fishe-bone at 
 
 ^Ef epistle seems to have been written' Wore the pScinn 
 
 is radSS ed ‘^L n ThomrB InS °’ f ® somewhat l*ter period the* paper 
 s endorsed Sir J homas Brown’s discourse about the fishbone found 
 
 at Gomngton com. Hunt. Shown to Dr. Tanner.” 
 
 HUA' (!ryvi , /S' f 7, XV, 
 
 K--2 ('toSS. 4 J.fh> WedgtCK’J^.if-y. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 $ 
 
 I 
 
 From W. O.'s MS. record of his dr^airs jfc>«an «. , r , 
 
 suppressed till the year 1970) It r If Pr I t V’ nf* jo4_ "' 5 ° ( a v ^l. 
 letter, item iii (foil. 4-5) L llil lll. ^ " FiShe bone " 
 
 the'aucU^oneer'at is P^able Tom Hodge, 
 
 15 months later,' in Connecticut t0 hiai .f wake , 
 
 note to *552 in the "Bibliotheca”. ° f GaJ9n? See 1 * °* s 
 
 Vf. W. F. 
 
 1942 . 
 
 April 25th, 1914. On the 2ord Quaritch bought for a MS. of 
 Si f Tnos. Browne for £20 (with E. B.'s money). I was greatly inter- 
 ested as Browne MSS. are very rare. It came yesterday, and last ~~ 
 evening I was showing it to Revere. I dreamt that I was at the sale 
 w..ich was m a oig room in a private house, beautifully furnished, 
 ana all the documents were put out on different tables, to which the 
 auctioneer went in turn. He had come to a long table at which only 
 ; or ° P® r30ns were seated, I among them and young Quaritch. Mr. H. 
 the auctioneer, took his seat at the head and said, "Not much of inter- 
 est here, except that Browne MS. You will want that of course, Professo " 
 I had it in Jay hand* It was beautifully bojnd in old piyskin and, 
 
 inside, c itj had^number of descriptive printed slips — .just as the 
 original one has. Mr. H. said, "Ho/ much offered?" I said "£1". "All 
 right", he said, "that seems all right. Nothing else offered? Going, 
 going . .Just at this moment young Quaritch, who had bee-n at the 
 
 other side of the table, started up — "Wait a minute, wait a minute! 
 
 I must bid on this for a customer." And he came round to my side of 
 the table, greatly excited, with his hands through his hair*, picked up 
 the MS. and said, "£2". Then began a lively contest between us. Three 
 ladies at the table were very interested. 1%), up went the price — 40 , 
 50, 60, and at £64 it was knocked down to Quaritch. I was very disap- 
 pointed and evidently showed it. One of the ladies came over, patted 
 my hand, and said it would be all right. When I got to the Club in the 
 evening I found a note from Mr. Quaritch saying he had bought the MS. 
 for me, but it had gone up beyond his expectation, as there was a 
 gentleman very keen for it. All the time I wa3 bidding against my 
 own order to Quaritch! 
 
 
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By Samuel Graveson, of the Postal History Society 
 
 s^t- P • 'X Hctr.t^. 
 
 By contrast with that on the opposite page, this article indicates how students of 
 postal history are piecing together quaint fragments from the time when letter- 
 carrying was in its infancy. It makes reference to simple early postmarks, but has 
 little to say about stamps, and for the sufficient reason that its concern is with an 
 age in which letter-writing was an unusual accomplishment. 
 
 I 
 
 has been acquired by the Union of Post 
 Office Workers, and now forms the 
 nucleus of the collection housed at Bruce 
 Castle Postal Museum, Tottenham. Mr. 
 Morton’s collection is rich in paintings 
 and prints of the mail coach era, and 
 these in themselves are worth a visit 
 to Bruce Castle, which was once the 
 home of that great postal reformer 
 Rowland Hill. 
 
 The private collector of postal 
 history items has a long period 
 of history on which to draw. 
 
 If, like many collectors, he 
 confines himself to stamps 
 and postmarks, his re- 
 searches will take him back 
 to 1660. when the Monarchy 
 was restored and Charles 
 II. appointed Henry Bishop, 
 of Henfield, in Sussex, to 
 farm the Post Office on his' 
 undertaking to pay to the 
 Crown £21,000 of the 
 revenue he received. 
 
 Bishopmarks 
 
 Emblems of Speedier 
 7 ransit 
 
 Henry Bishop did not find 
 his task as Postmaster- 
 General, an easy one. Com- 
 plaints of the slowness and 
 uncertainty of the service 
 poured in, and there was 
 considerable opposition 
 from carriers and unautho- 
 To make the Government 
 post more efficient, and to aid in the de- 
 tection of letters conveyed by other 
 means, Henry Bishop i ntr oduced t he 
 first postmark in "f66L 
 
 Bishopmarks, as they have come to 
 be called, are now much sought after 
 by collectors; a study of them and of 
 the other postmarks with which they 
 are sometimes found associated has 
 brought to light much that is interesting 
 concerning the posts of the 17th 
 century. 
 
 Another innovation of the reign of 
 Charles II. was the first penny post ser- 
 vice for the cities of London, Westmin- 
 ster and the borough of Southwark. Mr. 
 William Dockwra, a merchant, was re- 
 
 ting machine. 
 
 rised posts. 
 
 i 
 
 sponsible for the setting up oi this post, 
 and to-day he is recognised as the 
 inventor of the first British postage 
 stamp, which was struck on letters in 
 the same way as the Bishopmark. 
 Only a few examples of Dockwra stamps 
 have survived; those known are in the 
 British Museum. Collectors have to be 
 content with examples of the Govern- 
 ment Dockwra-type stamps which were 
 introduced in 1683, after William 
 Dockwra had been deprived of the 
 benefits of his invention. 
 
 Not only did Dockwra invent stamps, 
 but his stamps prepaid postage, one 
 
 penny being all that was charged for 
 a letter- or parcel up to a pound in 
 weight. The triangular stamps con- 
 tinued in use in London uiitil 1794. 
 To-day they are popular items for col- 
 lectors, and superb specimens 
 will fetch invariably higher 
 prices at auction. 
 
 sought after by collectors to-day. These 
 documents are usually found with the 
 signature of some important State 
 official, such as Winchester, Burleigh, 
 Mainwaring. They give an account of 
 the journeys undertaken by messengers 
 and the places visited. Horses for these 
 messengers were provided at the post- 
 houses, or by the constables of the towns 
 en route. 
 
 Ship letter stamps take the collector 
 back to the early days of British 
 
 I 
 
 Ost Haste 
 
 Elizabethan Express 
 Letters 
 
 A rare form of letter that 
 passed through the post is the 
 express or “ post haste ” letter 
 of the reign- of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 Such letters were usually “ On 
 Her Majesty’s Special Affairs,” 
 and the courier, or post-boy, was 
 enjoined to “’haste, haste, post 
 haste,” whilst on some letters 
 the words “ for life, for thy life ” also 
 appear as an additional stimulant for 
 fast riding. 
 
 At each stage of the journey the letter 
 was endorsed at the local posthouse 
 with the time it was received, and the 
 courier was then urged forward on a 
 fresh steed. In the famous collection 
 of Cecil letters at Hatfield House, there 
 are a number of these “ post haste ” 
 letters. On two or three the sender has 
 
 Henry Bishop , one of the first Postmasters-General , 
 referred to in this article , and to the right Sir Roivland 
 II ill, the “ father ” of penny postage. 
 
 Colonial history. Up to the time of the 
 introduction of steam packet boats in 
 the ’thirties of last century letters from 
 the remote corners of the Empire were 
 usually carried by any British ship that 
 was homeward bound. The only stipu- 
 lation made by the General Post Office 
 was that the letters be handed over at 
 the port of arrival in this country* As 
 an inducement, the captain of the vessel 
 was paid a penny for each letter handed 
 over. Mr. S. R. Turner, who has made a 
 special study of ship letter stamps, and 
 
 BEFORE 
 
 THE 
 
 AGE 
 
 staM/ 
 
 fit 
 
 sketched a gibbet on the address side 
 of the letter, not as a threat to Sir Robert 
 Cecil, to whom the letter was addressed, 
 for he was the Queen’s Secretary of 
 State, but apparently as an extra prick 
 of the spur to horse and rider. 
 
 Exchequer warrants for the “ charges 
 and pains ” of Royal messengers riding 
 post in the service of the Privy Council 
 in the 16th century are among the items 
 
 Here is an early form of postmark 
 — t h e Bi ‘mop- 
 
 mark. Its *nven- 
 tor, Henry 
 Bishop, was 
 Farmer of the 
 Posts under 
 Charles 11., or, 
 more politely, 
 P o s t m aster- 
 General. The 
 triangular em- 
 b I e m is a 
 Dock w r a 
 stamp, used 
 when William Dockwra, soon after 
 Bishop’s time, gave London a 
 penny post. These interesting speci- 
 mens are reproduced by courtesy 
 of Mr. Robson Lowe. 
 
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 ir^n cri tion bdot. : 
 
 OsJ -*r Library 
 
 kcGili University 
 
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