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“Government must be kept open. If we intend to rebuild
confidence in the government process itself, policy must be
shaped through the participation of Congress and the American
people.”
Jimmy Carter
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PREFACE
This booklet provides a reference which identifies the requirements for citizen participation
in Federally assisted programs. It has been published in response to the Administration’s
desire to assist citizens in learning how, when, and where to go to participate in and influence
the many government decisions which affect their lives, as well as to improve government
efficiency at all levels. The booklet should assist State and local officials in understanding
the mandated requirements for citizen participation by providing a convenient summary of
those requirements.
A guide of this nature is a digest of information contained in Public Law and the Code of
Federal Regulations. New laws and revised regulations may supersede this information. Also,
capsule statements such as those provided in this publication cannot begin to convey the full
details of the codes upon which they are based, nor can they be expected to describe more
than legislative and regulatory intent. Use of the Federal Register and consultation with the
responsible agency is recommended.
The Community Services Administration has served as lead agency within the Federal
Regional Council structure to coordinate this effort. In addition to the support received
from the staff of the agencies whose programs are listed in this booklet, and public review
and comment, the Community Services Administration has been assisted in the preparation
of this manual by the Citizen Participation Task Forces of the Federal Regional Councils in
Region I, New England; Region II, New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands; and Region III, the Mid-Atlantic area. We would also like to thank W. Astor Kirk,
Chairman of the Citizen Participation Task Force of the Mid-Atlantic Federal Regional
Council, and Director of CSA Region III; Ivan Ashley, Director of CSA Region I; and
William A. White, Director of CSA Region II, for making available staff and resources
needed to accomplish this task. The Community Services Administration Task Force has
been responsible for the final form and content of the booklet. We acknowledge with appre-
ciation the work of its members: Charles D. Friou, Nevin Greene, Dennis Hendrickson, and
Mary Hill, Task Force Chairperson.
It is our hope that this booklet on citizen participation will be a useful tool for all those
persons who believe in an open and responsive government.
cº- 22. 2
Director
Community Services
Administration January 7, 1978
INTRODUCTION
The decade and a half preceding our Bicentennial celebration of the establishment
of representative democracy in this country witnessed the emergence of participatory
democracy, referred to as “citizen participation.” Today virtually all programs in
which Federally appropriated funds are used require citizen access to the decision-
making process. With respect to these programs, citizens are defined as those
persons whose membership in a population served or affected by a specific Federal
program entitles them to assist variously in designing, operating, and evaluating the
program. The nature of such participation is varied and is established by Statute or
administrative regulation.
A brief survey of citizen participation elements in various Federal programs reveals
a wide range of options for action open to citizens and an equally wide range of
tasks for local governing officials responsible for compliance with the legal require-
ments of the statutes and regulations. The effectiveness of citizen participation is
enhanced when both the citizen and the elected official is cognizant of the benefits.
One such benefit is, of course, the expertise which citizens can bring to local govern-
ment planning in technical areas, such as the environment, education, health,
transportation, service delivery, etc. Technical advice, however, as valuable as it
may be, is not the only benefit to flow from citizen participation. Most elected
officials understand the need to keep in touch with their constituents. This need
becomes particularly evident when resource allocation decisions must be made for
which there may be competing but equally legitimate demands. Enabling the citizen
to voice his concerns, preferences, and needs, allows the elected official to learn his
constituents’ feelings, while at the same time allowing the constituents to see that
the official elected to represent them is indeed concerned to make choices which will
best serve the community.
Granting the values of citizen participation, there is still many “a slip tº wixt the
cup” of desiring “and the lip” of achieving participatory democracy. There are
chapters in this booklet to assist in avoiding these slips, which describe techniques
and tools to bring about successful public meetings and hearings. Other chapters
discuss frequently occurring problems and some possible solutions, and Some factors
to consider in evaluating the citizen participation process.
The bulk of the booklet, of course, is devoted to descriptions of various Federal
assistance programs and their requirements for citizen participation. These programs
are listed by Agency, and each program is designated by title and number assigned
to it in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA), a listing of all
domestic programs involving Federal grants and financial assistance, published by
the Office of Management and Budget. Readers requiring more information on
either program content or regulations can use the OMB number to locate the pro-
gram in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance.
A bibliography has also been included which identifies readings in the literature —
the philosophy, and the art – of citizen participation.
It is the hope of all those who have contributed to the development of this booklet
that the application of the techniques and methods described will help both the
elected official and the concerned citizen work together to realize the potentials
of participatory democracy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Citizen Participation and the Administrative Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Evaluating Citizen Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Questions and Answers About Citizen Participation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
National Level Citizen Advocacy
The Federal Register. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
National Advisory Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
j
|
f
Other Avenues of Citizen Participation
Sub-state Districts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
: Office of Management and Budget Circular A-95. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Revenue Sharing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
N Freedom of Information Act. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Citizen Participation Requirements
~ ACTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appalachian Regional Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Agriculture, Dept. of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Commerce, Department of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
~’ Community Services Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 > Environmental Protection Agency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Federal Energy Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Health Education and Welfare, Dept. of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
--> Housing and Urban Development, Dept. of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
-* Interior, Dept. of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Justice, Dept. of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Labor, Dept. of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Transportation, Dept. of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Techniques and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION AND
THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS
There are many means by which citizen participation can be built into the administrative process of gov-
ernment. These range from opinion sampling and surveys to the use of independent boards with defined
membership and responsibilities. A review of pertinent legislation and regulations shows that four basic
mechanisms are required more often than others: advisory boards, planning boards with clearly defined
authority, the use of published materials to secure public comment, and public meetings and hearings.
Frequently combinations of two or more of these mechanisms are required or emphasized.
Advisory committees and planning boards are usually composed of citizens representing a defined group
or groups of citizens. In the regulations summarized in this booklet, requirements range from “broadly
representative” to rather detailed identification of the interests to be represented. When requirements
for the composition of the advisory committee or planning boards have been determined, a procedure for
selecting members is needed. While some program requirements provide clear, specific direction, often
the requirements are general. The procedure for securing names of nominees and making appointments
is vital for public officials with appointment authority. Frequently names are proposed by individual citi-
zens and various civic and special interest organizations. It is important in this process to assure that a
variety of points of view, especially those of the groups impacted by the programs or policies being devel-
oped, are represented. Often, to assure good representation, special consideration must be given to the
needs of particular representatives--such as transportation for elderly and handicapped, child care for
parents, and time factors related to travel problems, student schedules, etc.
The actual work of either an advisory committee or a planning board begins with a briefing on the back-
ground of the program to date, an explanation of constraints, such as time (application deadlines), fiscal
considerations, and other factors. A discussion of the perceived alternatives and the establishment of
operational procedures are also necessary. The board or committee itself, in its discussions and deliber-
ations, may generate new ideas and alternatives to be considered. To be of greatest value, they should be
encouraged to do so.
While there are numerous similarities between advisory committees and planning boards, the differences
are significant. The scope of advisory committee responsibility can be broad, as suggested in the list of
key points for consideration which appears later in this chapter. Generally, every advisory group has
several options, including proposing a course of action, or commenting on proposals submitted to it. Final
decisions, however, are not theirs to make. An advisory committee may influence policy decisions, but
does not make them. It may review resumes and recommend applicants for a staff job, but it does not
control final selection. An advisory group can express its priorities, but does not determine the final order-
ing of tasks. It behooves decision makers to give careful consideration and thoughtful attention to the
advice of such groups. The weight of their advice is often a reflection of the care and thoroughness of their
work. Unlike a planning board, they have the option of proposing alternative courses of action, or majority
and minority reports. These options should be a last recourse, and generally an advisory committee
should seek resolution of differences so that a single course of action or policy can be recommended which
best meets the needs of the population to be served, as well as those of the larger community. An effective
advisory committee will usually need assistance in securing the information needed to generate informed
and valid recommendations. The extent and type of this assistance depends largely on the nature and
complexity of the issues and programs. This assistance can be secured from such sources as paid or volun-
teer consultants (including members of the community who have awareness and expertise), staff assigned
to the project, and staff assigned specifically to support the committee’s work.
In contrast to advisory committees, planning boards generally exercise greater authority. Such authority
ranges from requiring several agencies to reconcile differences before a proposal is approved, to inclusion
or exclusion of particular activities in a plan. Indeed, under existing laws and regulations, certain plan-
ning agencies have clear authority to approve or disapprove proposals within their assigned area. This
authority is usually defined in detail in legislation, and frequently, there are clearly defined provisions
regarding size, composition and procedure for their establishment. In some cases, planning is established
as one of several functions of these agencies, while in other cases they may be limited to deal only with
planning issues.
The extent of responsibility of planning boards in planning and program implementation is illustrated in
three planning groups currently operating or being formed: Area Agencies on Aging, Health Systems
Agencies, and Community Action Agencies. Membership requirements for the governing bodies of each
of these structures are defined in legislation and regulation, as are also responsibility and authority. The
governing bodies of these agencies are provided with resources with which to carry out their planning
functions.
Current CETA manpower programs and Community Development Block Grants are two programs which
require the use of published summaries of plans (usually in conjuction with other provisions) with the
opportunity for timely citizen review and comment on the full proposal. The regulations call for the use of
publications with general circulation and readership in the areas to be served by the programs. There are,
however, supplementary methods which can be used to encourage public review and response. In fact,
under HUD guidelines considerably more is required than simply the publication of the plans. To aug-
ment the officially required publication, news announcements regarding features of the plans, television
news, newspaper reviews, interviews, mailings and the use of a “hotline” telephone arrangement are
urged to provide information to citizens and to encourage citizen interest and response.
Public meetings or informal hearings at which appropriate officials can be involved directly with citizens
in discussing ideas and concerns that need consideration in preparing plans are a further way of involving
citizens in a useful and meaningful process. For example, HUD guidelines require citizen participation in
the formation of Community Development plans, and the public meeting is often incorporated as one part
of that process. The public meeting should not be confused with official hearings, which also may be re-
quired. This is the case with plans developed by Area Agencies on Aging and Community Development
plans, for example. Official hearings are subject to a variety of local, State and Federal regulations and
unfortunately, often provide little opportunity to exchange views and information and virtually no oppor-
tunity for working out program and policy concepts. Official hearings, however, are an essential process
because they provide a means of receiving the considered views and prepared position papers of those
who testify and often result in revisions to proposals being considered which reflect the views articulated
at the hearing.
To assist the various officials and others who have responsibility for the administration of citizen partici-
pation, a series of five review lists follow which outline considerations for effective planning and imple-
mentation of citizen participation procedures. The use of these checklists may contribute to carefully
planned and effective procedure. At a minimum, they help those responsible for administering the
mechanisms to avoid pitfalls.
I. Key points for planning participation by citizens
Citizen participation serves government and citizens best when it is a carefully planned and integral part
of the public administration process. Critical points at which the administrative process needs to account
3
for the role of citizens include:
Development and review of needs studies and assessments
Development of priorities within the total program and budget as well as specific programs
Policy development
Planning programs and services, etc. within specific program areas
Budgeting
Explicit or mandated requirements of Federal, State or other programs
Implementation of programs
Planning and participation in monitoring and evaluation
Development of recommendations for modification or continuation of programs
II. Factors to be considered in effective planning for citizen participation
While the following factors are generally applicable to all situations calling for citizen involvement, speci-
fic requirements and needs will vary from program to program.
The organizational authority for the participative process
The defined responsibilities of the participating citizens
Procedures for the selection of citizens
The staff and budget support needed both for the process of selecting citizens to participate and for
their efforts when selected
• A procedure to review or investigate complaints or grievances about the selection of citizens and the
operation of committees, councils, etc., including the process for response after a review is
completed
The means by which information is to be made available to participants
The role of citizens in the development of a citizen participation plan or process
III. Components of a specific plan for Citizen Participation
Either with reference to an overall plan or a specific component, a plan for citizen participation should
include:
A statement of the project goals and the goals of participation
A statement delineating responsibilities, including the relationship of the program to the organiza-
tion and the roles of participating citizens, staff and the department or unit to which it relates
• Identification of constraints which need to be considered - time, budget, etc.
• A statement identifying provisions of pertinent local, State and Federal codes, including procedures
for filing citizen complaints and requests for review
4
A statement of the procedures to be followed for establishing dates of meetings, hearings, etc., how
they get on the master calendar, and who disseminates information
Definition of procedure for reports and recommendations, -- when, who should receive, etc.
A plan for dissemination of information
IV. Activities which encourage and support citizen participation
Meetings with Citizens
An open door policy which provides for the accessibility of officials to the citizenry
Office meetings of officials with individuals or small groups for discussion of public policy, pro-
grams, etc.
Meetings with Community Organizations
Use of Citizen’s Committees, Advisory, Planning and other councils
Public hearings
Informal briefings and discussions of priorities, goals, programs, budget, etc.
Provision of bilingual services where appropriate
Provision of Information
Provide timely and accurate answers to queries
Provide announcements of plans, programs, hearings, etc., through new and public service pro-
grams of the media (bilingually where appropriate)
Have copies or summaries of reports, proposed legislation and other materials available (bilingually
where appropriate) for those interested
Have outlines of public procedures available for distribution to the public on planning, budget, leg-
islative procedures, etc., including identification of key stages and timetables and how and when to
make best input
Provide easy access to available background materials
Release and keep available the evaluative standards and procedures for each program
Prepare and provide adequate background material for public hearings together with clear inform-
ation on the steps to take when testifying at the hearing or filing written testimony
Periodic programs and legislative briefings for community leaders and staff of consumer-oriented
organizations
V. The Public Hearing
The public hearing is a basic procedure in American government. Hearings range from informal pro-
cedures, with a minimum of standards specified by law, to formal hearings for which detailed rules have
been established governing their conduct. In general, the following checklist can be applied to any public
hearing. This list has been developed to suggest steps which maximize the value of the public hearing
process as a means of securing broad and germane expression of public viewpoints.
In addition to the use of this checklist, the parties responsible for the conduct of a public hearing must
consult and comply with appropriate local, State and Federal codes. Federal codes frequently include pro-
visions which must be followed when local regulations do not apply or in addition to the rules of the af-
fected jurisdiction.
PUBLIC HEARING CHECK LIST
PRE-HEARING PREPARATION
Do hearing plans conform to applicable local, State and Federal codes?
Do public notices cover the 5 W's - Who, What, When, Where, and Why, and include the pro-
cedure to be followed by a person who wants to testify?
Has notice been given to parties of known or presumed interest in the subject of the hearing?
Have news and public service announcements been made - especially for hearings on subjects
which should be of concern to the larger community or significant population groups?
Has notice been provided to social Service, educational, and public interest groups and other
agencies which work with people who will be affected by the subject of the hearing?
Has the hearing been timed so that results of the hearing can realistically be included in the re-
vised program, the amended or substitute application or the legislation and budgets?
Is there enough lead time for adequate notice so that people who may want to participate can
prepare well?
Are briefings planned to give the media the substance of the issues in addition to the notice
itself.
Have sufficient pre-hearing discussion and information sessions been carried out to provide in-
formation to the community and to focus attention on the issues involved?
Have complex issues been converted to clear briefing packets or memoranda to assist the public
in dealing with the subject?
Are information, packets, charts, etc. clear, concise and accurate?
Based upon an assessment of the subject and probable interest, have plans been made for suf-
ficient space, enough materials, etc.?
Have bilingual services been arranged where appropriate?
6
PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENTS
Is the location of the hearing convenient for and accessible to the public?
Is the room adequate for the anticipated attendance and any special exhibits needed?
Do room arrangements meet the needs of hearing officials, staff and the public (including those
with special needs, such as the elderly and handicapped when testifying)?
Are arangements such as to minimize confusion, commotion, and embarrassment as people
arrive and leave and as people are called upon to testify?
AT THE HEARING
Has provision been made for necessary stenographic or other recording services as required
by law or desired for purposes of record?
Has enough time been allocated to hear all those who wish to speak?
Are hearing officers prepared to deal with questions related to clarification of issues, positions
or correction of erroneous information or assumptions?
Is back-up personnel available to deal with technical questions in “layman’s” language?
EVALUATING CITIZEN
PARTICIPATION \
Essentially, all evaluation consists of measuring performance against standards. This allows the evaluator
to determine how well the performance meets standards which have been agreed upon.
In discussing the Standards governing citizen participation, it is important to understand the basic purposes
of citizen participation. There are several accepted purposes. The first and perhaps the clearest purpose is
to comply with the laws that require citizen participation. Thus, if the law or regulation demands that citi-
Zen representatives be residents within a certain target area, it is clear that compliance with that law, and
thus for the evaluator, acceptable behavior, requires that the credentials of the citizen representatives be
in order.
Another purpose of citizen participation, and thus another source of the standards for evaluating citizen
participation, is to inform citizens of the decisions that will affect them, and to allow them to participate
in the making of those decisions. From this purpose flow several standards, two of which are that “ade-
quate information is provided to citizens on the issues and the content of decisions to be made,” and that
“citizens are given adequate time to study proposals before losing the opportunity to voice their opinions.”
By reviewing the purposes of citizen participation anyone can develop the standards against which to mea-
sure acceptable or adequate citizen participation. The following is a listing of suggested standards. The list
should not be considered exhaustive and other standards can be added as seems reasonable.
Standards for Evaluating the Adequacy of Citizen Participation
1. Adequate notification of public meetings given, with full use of the media to assure widest publication.*
2. Spokespersons and representatives of interest groups meet the criteria established by Federal or State
regulations.
3. Persons are selected who are genuine representatives of their interest groups, and not simply the most
vocal advocates.
4. Citizens are given timely access to issues, information, and critical areas for decision making so that
their deliberations can be fully informed.
5. The opinions, positions, expressed needs and desires of the citizens form a part of the deliberations and
decision making of the local government in the spirit as well as the letter of the laws and regulations.
From each of these standards will flow quite naturally questions and points of analysis. The responses to
these questions should then be analyzed to reveal the extent to which the citizen participation behavior
reaches the standards set by the evaluators. The following are examples of questions which might be asked
of both local elected officials, as well as citizens, to determine whether the standards described in numbers
2 and 3 above are met.
1. How many members of a constituency does the spokesperson(s) represent?
2. In what neighborhoods do most of the constituents and spokesperson(s) live?
3. What are the characteristics of the constituents in terms of race, sex, age, ethnic identity, economic
status? Are there disabled and handicapped people or veterans among the constituents? Are there any Seg-
ments of the constituency which the group does not represent?
Point of Analysis (for questions one through three)
How do these responses compare to the legislative or regulatory requirements?
4. Are there one or more additional groups who claim to represent the same constituency or overlapping
constituencies?
5. Are the spokespersons for the group selected in accord with required procedures? Was there an oppor-
tunity for all of the constituents to participate in their Selection?
Point of Analysis (for questions four and five)
Do selection procedures conform to the Federal/State mandates?
6. Do spokespersons have the authority to speak for the group? Do the spokespersons reflect the view-
point of those they represent? Are the spokespersons effective in communicating the group's position? Do
the group’s spokespersons have a mechanism for keeping in touch with the opinions of the constituents?
Point of Analysis (for question six)
Is it certain that our procedures have provided for citizen access and participation in a fair way?
These questions should serve as examples of questions which one would ask for each of the standards cited
above, or for any additional Standards which may seem reasonable. By analyzing the responses to the ques-
tions the evaluators can determine the adequacy of the citizen participation mechanisms or processes. In-
dividual needs will determine how exhaustive the evaluation must be, but these principles should serve as
guidelines for any evaluation effort undertaken.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
Q. What are the values of citizen participation?
A. The values of citizen participation fall into three broad categories:
“1. A means of mobilizing unutilized resources -- a source of productivity and labor not otherwise
tapped.
2. A source of knowledge -- both corrective and creative -- a means of securing feedback regarding
policy and programs, and also a source of new, inventive and innovative approaches.
3. An end in itself--an affirmation of democracy...”
There are other values which should be considered. Citizens, for their part, benefit from a program which
is sensitive to their concerns. An administrator or an agency may often find that the process creates awareness
of the programs and the constraints within which they are administered. Frequently citizens who have par-
ticipated in the process are in a unique position to interpret the need for a program or to support continu-
ation or modification of a particular program.
Q. There are many organizations in our community which are usually active in citizen participation. In
what ways can our government work more successfully with these groups?
A. By keeping them all fully informed of plans, programs and decisions affecting them and their consti-
tuents and by actively soliciting their advice, counsel, and feedback before plans and decisions are made
final. It is equally important to deal fairly with all groups having an interest in the development of a par-
ticular program or community project. Playing one group off against another, will, in the long run, weaken
community support,
'Cahn, Edgar S. and Passett, Barry A., ed. Citizen Participation; A Case Book in Democracy; New Jersey Community Action Train-
ing Institute; May 1969, p. 14.
10
In the preface to a series of pamphlets on Community Development prepared in 1960, the U.S. Chamber
of Commerce made these observations:
“No single organization in any community -- including the local government and chamber of com-
merce -- has within itself all of the resources required to accomplish balanced community deve-
lopment.
“The methods and procedures now being used by communities have not proved to be wholly ade-
quate for solving many of the complicated and controversial community development problems.
“Some procedure to ensure broader and more effective citizen participation will be required for
dealing with many of these problems.
“Existing community organizations and institutions, with coordinated leadership and widespread
citizen understanding and support, can find ways to develop acceptable local Solutions to even the
most difficult problem.”
y
.*
*
& Q. There are many groups and individuals who are usually “silent” in spite of our efforts at citizen par-
ticipation. How do we get these people motivated and involved?
A. First determine why they do not participate. If you can pinpoint that, you have come a long way to-
ward determining how to overcome their apathy. Involvement and participation should be Solicited in
terms of their own self-interest or that of their constituents. The most difficult task in some instances is
that of convincing citizens of the potential impact of their interest and involvement in the programs in their
communities which affect their lives -- of cutting through the skepticism which has been built up -- thereby
letting the people know that they will be “listened to.” This is especially difficult in those instances where
citizen participation has not been established as an effective force in a particular community. Most citizens
are willing to respond, however, when they are made aware that they do, in fact, have a meaningful role
fo play.
*/Q. How can we be certain that the groups and individuals involved in the citizen participation process are
representative of the entire community?
A. If you know your community, the people in it, and its leaders, you will know whether an organization
is a splinter group, a group that genuinely represents a special interest within the community, one that has
broad support, etc. In some instances claims of representation seem acceptable because in reality a vacuum
exists -- no one is really representing certain groups or interests. Get out into the community and do your
own checking.
11
Q. Some of the “middle managers” in our government have a tendency to avoid citizen involvement.
What should we do?
A. Making citizen participation a matter of administrative policy with set procedures should minimize
this tendency. Moreover, as this booklet points out, a large part of citizen participation is prescribed by
Federal statutes and regulations. Therefore, “middle managers” do not have the option of “avoiding”
citizen involvement. Middle managers should also be made to realize that they carry a large part of the res-
ponsibility for the success of the programs which they administer -- and that a large part of that success will
be realized through citizen participation. -
Q. Is confrontation part of the citizen participation process?
A. Sometimes. One of the best ways to reduce the number and seriousness of confrontations is to have
a systematic citizen participation process. When confrontations do occur, it will often be possible to use
regular citizen participation procedures in such a way that confrontation can be “de-escalated” to more
constructive interaction.
Q. Will citizen participation strengthen or weaken intergroup relations in our community?
A. It may do both. Weak relations will certainly be made weaker if there is a suspicion that government
is playing one group off against another, even though some groups will be willing to play that game be-
cause they feel they can benefit. On the other hand, improved relations may result if citizen participation
is seen as being open equally to all organizations and segments of the community.
Q. How can we avoid conflicts and bad publicity regarding citizen participation?
A. De Tocqueville said: “Leave ten people alone in a room and they’ll pick a chairman, select a by-laws
committee and argue about the name of their newborn group.”
With citizen participation there is inevitably going to be conflict or disagreement. It can be minimized,
however, by encouraging questions and giving relevant answers, by providing sufficient information with
which citizens can make reasonable decisions; by using recommendations made by citizens in the decision-
making process, by avoiding the use of people as rubber stamps for decisions which have already been
made, and by ensuring that meetings are not turned into vehicles for one-way communication.
Concentrate on keeeping your citizen participation process an effective one that is open to all citizens.
Where there is conflict, it is inevitable that there will also be acounts of that conflict in the media. If the
system is open you will not need to worry too much about “bad” publicity.
12
Q. We have had disappointing results in our efforts to increase attendance at public meetings. What can
we do to improve this situation?
A. Review your citizen participation procedures. Are they organized and systematic? Is notification of
public meetings, as well as location, time and subject matter widely disseminated early enough to allow
people to plan to attend? Or is dissemination done on a sporadic, helter-skelter, last minute “we’d better
get some kind of word out about this” basis? Are the physical arangements and procedures for participa-
tion clearly organized to invite participation, or are they ignored, poorly designed, haphazard, and perhaps
even calculated to discourage people from attending a meeting? Is adequate information being dissemi-
nated about the importance and nature of the meeting, or is a simple notification of time and place the
order of the day? Overcoming citizen apathy requires long-term efforts. Between public hearings, time
and effort must be spent on keeping the public informed and interested if attendance is to be improved.
Q. Giving notice of public meetings through advertising is expensive. Are there other, more economical
approaches?
A. Keep in mind that not all notices of public meetings have to be made through commercial advertising.
Some media outlets operate under licenses requiring a certain number of public service announcements.
Check your local radio and television stations regarding the use of their free public service and public af-
fairs announcements. Networks of community organizations can also be used to inform their own consti-
tuents of your plans. In addition, take advantage of community newspapers and other inexpensive, grass-
roots outlets on a non-advertising basis.
Q. Why do citizen participation requirements vary from program to program?
A. Because the programs are different and the goal of citizen participation is significantly different from
program to program, and because the general philosophy, reflected in legislation and policy, has changed
Over a period of time. Some of the varied goals have been: (1) building a political power base -- Farm Ser-
vices Administration in the 1930s; (2) gaining popular acceptance for a program -- Selective Service; (3)
program maintenance -- early Urban Renewal Programs; (4) institutional reforms -- some of the juvenile
delinquency programs of the late 1960s; and (5) attempting to deal with the structural causes of poverty
and minority group inequities -- Community Action Programs.
Q. Citizens often have difficulty in determining the citizen participation opportunities which apply to the
various programs. How can we help?
A. Encourage wide distribution of public information concerning citizen participation requirements and
entitlements (including this booklet) and be sure program managers are fully informed themselves.
13
Q. How can we stay up-to-date regarding Federal regulations on citizen participation?
A. This is probably best accomplished through close liaison with the regional offices of the Federal de-
partments and agencies funding programs in your community and with the Federal Regional Council in
your region. The Federal Register (discussed elsewhere in this booklet) also provides current, detailed
information on such requirements. - -
|
14
NATIONAL LEVEL
CITIZEN ADVOCACY
The Federal Register
The Federal Register is a legal newspaper in which the Executive Branch of the government publishes regu-
lations, orders, and other documents. The Administrative Procedures Act of 1946 (5 U.S.C. 551 et Seq.)
provides that the departments and agencies of the government must publish proposed rules and regulations
in the Federal Register prior to the issuance of final regulations. Properly promulgated, regulations pub-
lished in the Federal Register have the force and effect of law.
Prior to the establishment of the Federal Register, Congress would often pass legislation which contained
both the broad policies of the law and specific conditions under which the laws were to be carried out. How-
ever, as Congress found itself dealing with more complex legislation and with complicated social, economic
and technical issues, it delegated authority to the executive and independent agencies to issue specific re-
gulations under which the laws would be implemented. In this respect, therefore, regulations may be viewed
as “delegated legislation.”
Issues of the Federal Register have four sections: Presidential documents, Rules and Regulations,
Proposed Rules, and Notices of general interest, including hearings and meetings which are open to the
public. Individuals or organizations with an interest in certain government activities, or regulations,
should carefully follow the Proposed Rules section of the Federal Register. This section contains the
public notice of regulatory action being considered by a Federal agency before it becomes final. At this
point, the public is invited to comment – either by letter or at a hearing. The comment period is usually
between 30 and 90 days. The Federal Register gives detailed instructions on how, when, and where a view-
point can be expressed. The Federal Register, therefore, not only provides an opportunity for the citizen
to be informed of his/her rights, obligations, and often, the benefits of government, but also the opportunity
to participate in Federal rulemaking decisions.
The Federal Register is issued daily, Monday through Friday, with issues running between 150 and 300
pages. Many public libraries and all Federal Depository Libraries have copies of the Federal Register on
15
file. (Your local librarian can direct you to the nearest Federal Depository Library.) Subscriptions are
available at rates of $5 per month or $50 per year, and may be obtained by writing the U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
The staff of the Federal Register presents an educational workshop at its Washington office each Wednesday
at 9:00 a.m. entitled “The Federal Register: What It Is and How To Use It.” This workshop is open to
members of the public who are interested in learning to use the Federal Register. Reservations to attend
may be made by calling 202-523-5282. When this program is given outside of Washington, D.C., it is
announced in advance in the Federal Register.
National Advisory Bodies
The Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972, P.L. 92-463, provides for the creation of national advisory
bodies to be established by statute, Presidential directive, or at the discretion of an individual Federal
agency. They are created to advise and make recommendations to both the President and the agencies and
officers of the Federal government. National Advisory Committees can be an important means through
which the Federal government can secure expert advice, ideas and diverse opinions. They also provide
opportunities for the public to further participate in the governmental decision making process.
National Advisory Committees are responsible to the President or to the head of individual agencies or de-
partments, and work under the general guidance of the Office of Management and Budget. Each agency
head is required to establish uniform administrative guidelines and management controls for the advisory
committee(s) established for that agency.
Such committees are required to submit at least one annual report to the President or his delegates on their
activities, including recommendations. The Executive Branch in turn reports to the Congress, submitting
proposals for action with respect to the recommendations contained in the reports.
Membership on National Advisory Committees is by appointment, and is required by statute to be
“fairly balanced in terms of the points of view represented and the functions to be performed by the ad-
visory committee. . . .” The authorizing legislation also contains provisions to assure that the advice and
recommendations of the advisory committee will not be inappropriately influenced by the appointing
authority or by any special interest, but will instead be the result of the advisory committee’s independent
judgment.
Each committee meeting is required to be open to the public, with timely notice of each meeting published
16
in the Federal Register. Regulations also provide for other types of public notice to insure that all interested
persons are notified in advance of such meetings. In addition, it is required that records, reports, tran-
scripts, minutes, etc., be made available for public inspection.
The Administration is reviewing all National Advisory Committees to assure the continuation of active
committees that provide talent and balanced opinions and contribute to open, effective government.
A partial listing of these may be found in the U.S. Government Manual, published annually by the
Government Printing Office. A comprehensive list is available in the Encyclopedia of Government
Advisory Organizations, published by the Gale Research Company and available in most libraries.
17
OTHER AVENUES OF
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
Sub-State Districts
Most citizens are served and affected by at least four types of traditional local government: country, muni-
cipality or township, school district, and one or more special districts or public authorities. Increasingly,
citizens are served and affected by newer instruments of governance -- generally called sub-state districts
(SSDs).
Sub-state districts, usually operating semi-autonomously in county-wide or multi-county jurisdictions, are
concerned with area-wide planning, development and administration -- concerns which cannot be met by
local government. The development of the sub-state district generally has been the result of area-wide
planning incentives provided under the Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, the 1965
amendment to Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1934, area-wide review requirements under Section 204
of the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966, and Title IV of the Intergovern-
mental Cooperation Act of 1968 (implemented by OMB Circular A-95).
In most States, governors and legislators have created the sub-state district systems, either by building on
previously identified program planning and operation districts (e.g., Economic Development Districts)
or by creating new ones after studies and consultation with the appropriate units of general purpose govern-
ment. While SSDs are essentially aggregates of local jurisdictions, the States play a critical role in boun-
dary designation and technical assistance. As SSDs grow in experience and the concept grows in acceptance
by the Congress and State legislators, it is possible that SSDs will be used increasingly as the coordinating
unit for the planning and deliverance of Federal and State funded services.
SSDs are generally supported by multiple Federal program funds, many of which are specifically program
oriented (e.g., HUD, LEAA, EPA). Many SSDs receive flexible administrative funds from the Economic
Development Administration (EDA), while some Regional Commissions also provide flexible funds to
SSDs in States they cover. Additionally, SSDs receive funds from State governments and from assess-
ments of local member governments.
18
SSD governing bodies are usually composed of elected officials from those local governmental jurisdic-
tions included in the SSD, but there may be provisions for more general citizen participation. For example,
EDA requires minority representation, proportioned to the population, up to 25%, on the boards of EDA-
recognized SSDs. In addition, some States provide for broad citizen participation in their SSD governing
bodies. Interested citizens should contact their State planning offices for more information on relevant
statutes and regulations.
Office of Management and Budget Circular A-95
Another mechanism which may provide opportunity for citizen input into the planning and development
of Federally supported programs derives from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-95.
OMB Circular A-95 encourages the establishment of a project notification and review system at the State,
sub-state and local levels, to facilitate coordinated planning on an intergovernmental basis. Such a review
system also furnishes guidance to Federal agencies for achieving added cooperation with State and local
governments in the evaluation, review and coordination of federally assisted programs. The review func-
tion is carried out by clearinghouses, usually established by the sub-state planning district (SSD).
With the exception of certain specifically identified programs, OMB Circular A-95 requires agencies of
State or local governments and any organizations or individuals applying for Federal funds to initiate,
modify, or renew a project to notify the State and area-wide clearinghouse in the jurisdiction in which the
project is to be located, of their intent to apply for such assistance. These clearinghouses then are respon-
sible for disseminating project notifications to appropriate State agencies for their review and for coor-
dinating the comments received.
It is the policy of OMB to urge clearinghouses to give widespread circulation, within the area affected, of
Such notifications of intent to apply for Federal project assistance. Thus, opportunity for public comment and
reaction to such applications is available in many SSDs through the advisory committee framework. In addi-
tion, many clearinghouses routinely distribute lists of such notifications to appropriate groups and adopt a
policy of making copies of all applications available for review by interested persons in the clearinghouse
office. The A-95 process also provides public agencies charged with enforcing or furthering the objectives
of State and local civil rights laws with the opportunity to review project proposals for violations of those laws.
The intent of the A-95 review process is to reduce program duplication, provide for increased project effec-
tiveness and efficiency, address the appropriateness of land uses, the wise development and conservation of
natural resources, balanced transportation Systems, etc. As a result, proper coordination and public com-
ment is made possible at an early stage in the planning process.
19
Revenue Sharing
On October 13, 1976 the Congress passed the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Amendments of 1976,
P.L. 94-488. This legislation extended the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act of 1972, P.L. 92-512,
which provides for a redistribution of tax monies to State and local units of government for the purpose
of meeting locally established priorities. While these priorities are generally set by local officials, the 1976
Amendments provide for citizen involvement in the process of determining uses for their government’s
revenue sharing monies.
Recipient governments desiring to appropriate revenue sharing funds are required to conduct two public
hearings prior to any such appropriation action. The first hearing is known as the “proposed use hearing.”
Its purpose is to provide the public with an opportunity to suggest or comment on possible uses of revenue
sharing funds. The second public hearing is called the “budget hearing.” At this time citizens are to be
afforded an opportunity to comment and ask questions concerning the entire budget and the relationship
of revenue sharing funds to the entire budget. Each recipient government is required to make special
efforts to inform senior citizens and the news media (including minority and bilingual news media) within
its geographic area of the public hearings.
Public notice announcing both the proposed use hearing and the budget hearing is to be published in a
newspaper of general circulation serving the geographic area of the recipient government. Within thirty
days of enactment the recipient government must also publish notice of the availability of the enacted
budget for public inspection. A report indicating the specific amounts and purposes for which revenue
sharing funds are spent must be submitted to the Secretary of the Treasury by each government. The
availability of this information for public inspection must be published by the recipient government in a
newspaper of general circulation within ten days of the submission to the Secretary.
The use of revenue sharing money must conform with provisions of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of
1964. Under this law no person shall, on the ground of race, color, national origin, or sex, be excluded
from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under, any program or
activity funded in whole or part with entitlement funds made available pursuant to the State and Local
Fiscal Assistance Act. Provision is made for complaint procedures and appeal rights. Recently several
adjudications have been pronounced by the courts resulting in funds having been withheld from govern-
ments failing to conform to this legislation.
Protection from discrimination is also afforded by the provisions requiring compliance with guidelines
issued under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (29 CFR Part 1607). In addition, recipient govern-
ments are expected to conduct a continuing program of self evaluation of their employment recruitment
20
practices. Federal regulations require the scheduling of selective compliance reviews of these practices by
the Office of General Revenue Sharing.
Freedom of Information Act
The Freedom of Information Act (P.L. 93-502) and amendments thereto require each Federal agency to
make its records available to any member of the general public upon request except, of course, Such records
as may fall within the several categories specifically exempted from the provisions of this Act. An indivi-
dual citizen requesting records need not show need or purpose but must “reasonably describe” Such in-
formation.
The Amendments, enacted in November 1974, require, among other things that: agencies shall respond to
requests for information within ten working days of receipt of such requests; an appeal procedure shall be
instituted; should an Agency fail to respond to such a request, the requester may by-pass the Agency’s ad-
ministrative process and go directly into court to sue for production of the requested record. Disciplinary
action can be taken against agency employees where appropriate. The name and title of each employee or
officer denying records and/or information and the number of denials attributable to each shall be in-
cluded in an annual report to the Congress.
Explicit guidance on obtaining information under the Freedom of Information Act is available both from
the text of the amended Act and in the “Attorney General’s Memorandum on the 1974 Amendments to the
Freedom of Information Act,” including the appendices.
21
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
REQUIREMENTS
ACTION
CFDA #72.001
Foster Grandparent Program (FGP)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, Title II,
Part B, Section 211(a), P.L. 93-113; 42 U.S.C.
4951, et seq.
Program Description
Provides grants to public or private non-profit
agencies or organizations to provide part-time
(20 hours per week) volunteer service opportuni-
ties for low-income persons age 60 and over, and
to render supportive person-to-person services in
health, education, welfare and related settings to
children having special or exceptional needs.
This is done through the development of com-
munity oriented, cost-shared projects.
Citizen Participation
The Sponsoring agency or organization is required
to establish a Foster Grandparent Advisory
Council to advise and assist the sponsor on
matters concerning planning, community parti-
cipation, financial support, project policies, and
operational issues. One-fourth of the members
are required to be low-income older persons,
or their representatives, and may include Foster
Grandparents.
New grant applications are required to identify
members of the community planning committee.
Applications for funding of on-going projects
must identify the participating members of the
Advisory Council. The application must also
establish that the members are broadly repre-
sentative of the community and are aware of

22
their responsibilities.
ACTION monitors on-going projects to assure
that the Advisory Council is active and function-
ing in accordance with regulations.
CFDA #72.002
Retired Senior Volunteer Program (RSVP)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Services Act of 1973, Title II,
Part A, as amended, P.L. 93-113; 42 U.S.C.
4951, et seq.
Program Description
Provides grants to public or private non-profit
community service organizations to develop a
wide variety of community volunteer Service
opportunities for persons 60 years of age and over.
These service opportunities are developed through-
out the community, in hospitals, Schools, courts,
day care centers, libraries, etc., and make possi-
ble a recognized role in the community and a
meaningful life in retirement for the volunteers.
Local programs also arrange for transportation
for the RSVP Volunteers as needed.
Citizen Participation
Applications for grants are developed by ad hoc
community advisory groups. Upon receipt of the
initial grant award, an RSVP Advisory Council
must be formed by the sponsor, with the advice
of the advisory group that developed the
application.
The Advisory Council provides the sponsor
with advice and assistance on selection and dis-
missal of the project director, project develop-
ment, community and financial support, formu-
lation of policies, resolution of basic issues,
enrollment and withdrawal of Senior Volunteers,
and other significant matters.
Membership on the Advisory Council shall be
broadly representative of the community and
shall include senior volunteers. Community
representatives may be from voluntary organiza-
tions, industry, labor, government, volunteer
stations, minority groups, and persons capable
of making significant contributions to the project.
One-fourth of the members of the Advisory
Council must be age 60 or over.
CFDA #72.003
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, Title I,
Part A., P.L. 93-113; 42 U.S.C. 4951, et seq.
Program Description
At the request of community groups, VISTA
provides full-time volunteers to assist in the
mobilization of community resources and to
Supplement the efforts of such groups to eliminate
poverty and poverty-related human, social and
environmental problems. This program enables
persons from all walks of life and all age groups
to perform meaningful and constructive service
as Volunteers in situations where the application
of human talent and dedication may help the
poor to overcome the handicaps of poverty and
to Secure opportunities for Self advancement.
Citizen Participation
Section 106 of the legislation requires meaningful
participation of project beneficiaries in the
planning, development, and implementation of
project activities. ACTION regulations require
23
that prior to the submission of an application to
ACTION for volunteers by a potential project
sponsor, such sponsor shall establish an advisory
group, the membership of which must include a
substantial number of project beneficiaries.
The advisory group is required to assist the
sponsor in the initial planning of a new project
proposal, in the development of applications for
refunding of on-going projects, and in reviewing
and providing written comments on the applica-
tions prior to submission to ACTION. The
advisory group is required to meet with the staff
of sponsoring organizations at periodic intervals
(no less than twice per project year) for the pur-
pose of reviewing and commenting on the de-
velopment and implementation of the project.
Such project review and commentary is to assure
the adequacy of the project in meeting the
identified needs of the project beneficiaries.
CFDA #72.004
University Year for ACTION (UYA)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, Title I,
Part B, P.L. 93-113; 42 U.S.C. 4951, et seq.
Program Description
Provides grants to institutions of higher learning,
or associations of such institutions, to expand
the use of full-time university undergraduate and
graduate student volunteers, faculty assistance,
and other university resources, in problem Solving
projects in poverty communities.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #72.003.
CFDA #72.005
National Student Volunteer Program (NSVP)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Act of 1973, Title I, Part B,
Section 114, P.L. 93-113; 42 U.S.C. 4951, et seq.
Program Description
Provides assistance to secondary and post-
secondary institutions to endorse, support and
promote the concept of service-learning programs
which enhance learning while enabling students
to participate in responsible and productive
community service efforts. Such efforts are
designed to eliminate poverty and poverty-related
human, social and environmental problems.
Citizen Participation
Each service-learning program is locally sponsored
and supported. Program goals, objectives,
activities and procedures are developed and
carried out in accordance with needs of the
local community and the interests and abilities
of the student volunteers themselves.
CFDA #72.008
Senior Companion Program (SCP)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973, Title II,
Part B, Section 211 (B), as amended, P.L. 93-113;
42 U.S.C. 4591, et seq.
Program Description
Provides grants to public or private non-profit
agencies or organizations to make available part-
time (20 hours per week) service opportunities
for low-income persons age 60 and over, and to
provide supportive person-to-person services to
24
persons (other than children) with special or
exceptional needs. This is done through the
development of community oriented, cost-shared
projects.
Citizen Participation
The sponsoring agency or organization is required
to establish a Senior Companion Program Advi-
sory Council which shall advise and assist the
sponsor in planning, support related project oper-
ations, and conduct an annual appraisal of the
local program. One-fourth of the members are
required to be low-income older persons, or their
representatives, and may include Senior
companions.
Also subject to requirements under CFDA
#72.001.
CFDA #72.009
Youth Challenge Program (YCP)
Authorization
Domestic Volunteer Act of 1973, Title I, Part B,
Section 114, P.L. 93-1 13; 42 U.S.C. 4951, et seq.
Program Description
Provides grants to high Schools, community or
junior colleges, colleges, or other public or pri-
vate, non-profit organizations to create and expand
opportunities for young people age 14 to 21 to
help solve poverty and poverty-related human,
social and environmental problems while pursuing
personal, career, and educational growth.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #72.003.
25
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL
CONMNMISSION
CFDA #23.001
Appalachian Regional Commission
Authorization
Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965;
P.L. 89–4 as amended by P.L. 90–103; P.L. 91-123;
P.L. 92-65; and P.L. 94-188: 40 App. U.S.C.
1-405.
Program Description
The Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC)
is a joint effort in cooperative development and
Federal-State coordination. Its partnership with
Federal, State, and local levels of government
includes specific responsibility being assumed at
each level: all formal actions of the Commission
require an affirmative vote from the Federal Co-
chairman and a majority of the States; all pro-
ject proposals and development programs must
be submitted from the State level; and all programs
must be coordinated with multi-county local
development districts (LDDs) to reflect local prior-
ities. Together, these requirements have estab-
lished a coordinated system for undertaking a
large and diversified development program for
the benefit of the Appalachian region.
ARC’s objectives and development efforts are
to stimulate substantial public investments in
public facilities that will start the region toward
accelerated social and economic development; to
help establish a set of institutions in Appalachia
capable of permanently directing the long-term
development of the region; and on a joint Federal-
State-local basis, develop comprehensive plans
and programs to help accomplish the overall goals
of Appalachian development, including meeting
the special demands created by the nation’s energy
policies.
26
Citizen Participation
Public participation is required by the 1975 amend-
ments to the Appalachian Regional Development
Act. Section 107(b) of 1975 Amendments states
that, “Public participation in the development,
revision, and implementation of all plans and
programs under this Act by the Commission, any
State or any local development district shall be
provided for, encouraged, and assisted. They
shall develop and publish regulations Specifying
minimum guidelines for such public participation,
including public hearings.” In accordance with
this Section of the Act ARC developed regulations
and guidelines assuring public participation in
the State and regional planning process. These
regulations (Resolution 417) require that each
State and each LDD develop and implement pro-
cedures that will assure an adequate opportunity
for the affected public to participate in the State
and regional planning process.
Statements showing compliance with Resolu-
tion 417 have to be submitted to ARC by each
State prior to preparing their next annual State
Appalachian Development plan and Annual Im-
plementing Investment program. Such statements
must include a description of provisions for public
participation in meetings, hearings, committee
sessions, public forums, work sessions, advisory
groups, and so forth. In addition the Statements
are required to include a description of the use of
news media, reports, surveys, and other methods
that will be used to inform the public and obtain
responses.
Each State has some flexibility in developing
its procedures to conform to State laws and the
preferences of their citizens but, at a minimum
they must ensure: (1) that earliest practicable
notice is given to the public of the fact that Appa-
lachian plans and programs, including contribu-
tions to any such plan or program, are to be
developed, together with the address to which in-
quiries and recommendations can be directed;
(2) that the public be informed in a timely fashion,
of the availability of copies of draft plans and
programs material, the dates, places and agenda
of hearings or meetings; (3) that reasonable public
opportunity to inspect draft material is provided
before hearings or meetings; (4) that such number
of hearings or meetings as will assure, considering
the size and dispersion of the population, an ade-
quate opportunity for public participation in the
development of plans and programs; and (5) that
steps are taken to prepare a record of the Substance
of such hearings or meetings, including minutes,
reports, summary statements, submission of for-
mal statements by participants, and So forth.
At the local level, the Appalachian development
districts through their enabling legislation and
by-laws have practices and procedures for public
participation in all aspects of their development
programs. Citizens are involved in setting goals,
objectives, policies, and priorities, as well as iden-
tifying projects and programs for funding in each
LDD’s annual development program. The public
hearing is the most common LDD practice for
obtaining citizen input throughout the Appala-
chian region. Citizens, however, also make up
advisory committee and Special ad hoc committees
when the need arises. The committee structure
is perhaps the most frequently used forum for
continuous citizen participation. Once citizens,
through the committee structure, have determined
what they consider important to the development
27
of the LDD, their recommendations are reviewed
and approved by the district’s Board of Directors.
LLD Board membership is made up of elected
officials and citizens from each member govern-
ment that participates in the LDD program. The
citizen member is a voting member of a district's
Board. In addition, representation from local
public and private organizations is solicited.
Note: Other regional commissions are administered
under the Department of Commerce. Seepage 51.
28
DEPARTNMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY SERVICE
CFDA #10.475
Assistance to States for Intrastate Meat and
Poultry Inspection
(Meat and Poultry Inspection State Programs)
Authorization
Wholesome Meat Act, P.L. 90–201; 21 U.S.C.
601-624, 641–645, 661, 671-680; Federal-State
Cooperative Act, P.L. 87-718; 7 U.S.C. 450;
Wholesome Poultry Products Act, P.L. 90–492;
U.S.C. 451-469.
Program Description
It is the intent of the program to assure the con-
suming public that meat and poultry, and meat
and poultry products, are wholesome, unadulter-
ated, and properly labeled. The Department co-
operates with appropriate State agencies in devel-
oping and administering State meat and poultry
inspection programs in any State which has enacted
a State meat and poultry inspection law imposing
mandatory antemortem and postmortem inspection,
reinspection, and sanitation requirements.
Citizen Participation
The Secretary is authorized to appoint an advisory
committee in each cooperating State, consisting
of representatives of appropriate State agencies,
to consult with him concerning State and Federal
programs for meat and poultry inspection.

29
AGRICULTURE STABILIZATION AND CONSERVATION SERVICE (ASCS)
CFDA #10.054
Emergency Conservation Measures
Authorization
P.L. 85-58 (Third Supplemental Appropriation
Act, 1957); 16 U.S.C. 590(h).
Program Description
Provides cost-sharing assistance to farmers to
enable them to perform emergency conservation
measures needed to solve new conservation pro-
blems created by natural disaster. Cost-sharing
is used to correct problems which are unusual in
character, and, except for wind erosion, are not
the type which would recur frequently in the same
area. The damage is normally so costly to reha-
bilitate that Federal assistance is required to return
the land to productive agricultural uses.
Citizen Participation
Requirements are not specifically defined by statute
or regulation. The ASC county committees, which
are elected by the farmers in the area, are respon-
sible for the administration of the program.
CFDA #10.062
Water Bank Program
Authorization
Water Bank Act, P.L. 91-559
Program Description
The purpose of the program is to conserve surface
water, preserve and improve migratory waterfowl
habitat and wildlife resources, and secure other
environmental benefits and agricultural produc-
tion limitations. Annual payments are made to
farmers in exchange for which farmers agree not
to burn, drain, fill or otherwise destroy the wetland
character of such areas and not to use areas for
agricultural purposes. Agreements for a period
of ten years are signed with farmers at a specified
cost per acre under agreement.
Citizen Participation
Program regulations are published in the Federal
Register, but do not specifically address citizen
participation requirements. Many interested wild-
life groups participate in developing areas which
are designated as waterfowl flyways. The program
is administered by ASC county committees. Note
requirements under CFDA #10.054.
CFDA #10.063
Agricultural Conservation Program
Authorization
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act,
P.L. 74–46, Sections 7-15, 16(a) and 17, as amend-
ed; P.L. 74–46; 16 U.S.C. 590(d), 590(g), 590(O),
590(p)(a) and 590(q). i
Program Description
The program stimulates and helps farmers,
ranchers and woodland owners, through cost-
sharing, to carry out approved soil, water, wood-
land and wildlife conservation practices, assure
wise use and adequate protection of the nation’s
agricultural lands, and improve man’s total environ-
ment, with direct benefits to the public.
Citizen Participation -
Program regulations are published in the Federal
30
Register, but do not specifically address citizen
participation. Program development groups at
local, State and national levels invite input from
many interested groups and organizations. Pro-
gram is administered by ASC county committee.
CFDA #10.064
Forestry Incentives Program
Authorization
Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973,
P.L. 93-86, Title X, Sections 1009 and 1010.
Program Description
The program is designed to increase the supply of
timber, primarily to meet the demands for con-
struction materials. This is done through a com-
bination of public and private investments on the
most productive sites on eligible individual or
consolidated ownerships of efficient size and
Operation.
Citizen Participation
Program is announced through news media and
notices to all applicants and private forest Owners
on record, and to all interested agencies and agri-
cultural organizations. Program is administered
through ASC county committees. Note require-
ments under CFDA #10.054 regarding ASC
committees.
COOPERATIVE STATE RESEARCH SERVICE
CFDA #10.202
Cooperative Forestry Research
Authorization
Cooperative Forestry Research Act of 1962, P.L.
87-788; 16 U.S.C. 582a-582a-7; Educational
Amendments of 1972, P.L. 92-318; 16 U.S.C.
582a-7.
Program Description
The program’s purpose is to encourage and assist
land grant and other publically supported forestry
Schools to conduct research and train scientists
in the area of forestry. Funds are provided on a
formula basis to State schools of forestry cooper-
ating in the program.
Citizen Participation
The Cooperative Forestry Research Act requires
citizen participation in the formula fund program
at the Federal level by providing for the establish-
ing of a National Advisory Board and an Advisory
Committee. The composition of the Board con-
sists of not less than seven officials of the forestry
schools of the State-certified eligible colleges and
universities chosen by a majority of these schools.
The Advisory Committee, appointed by the
Secretary, is constituted to give equal representa-
tion to Federal-State agencies concerned with
developing and using the nation’s forest resources
and to the forest industries. The Secretary is
required to consult with the Advisory Committee
at least once a year.
31
FARMERS HOME ADMINISTRATION (FmHA)
CFDA #10.405
Farm Labor Housing Loans and Grants
(Labor Housing)
Authorization
Housing Act of 1949 as amended, Sections
514 and 516; Public Laws 89-117 and 89–754; 42
U.S.C. 1484 and 1486.
Program Description
Labor housing loans are made by FmHA to indi-
vidual farm owners, associations of farmers, State
or political subdivisions, or non-profit organiza-
tions of farm workers. Loans are made to pro-
vide decent, safe, and sanitary low-rent housing
and related facilities for domestic farm labor
when there is a pressing need for such facilities in
the area. Labor housing project grants can be
made in connection with labor housing loans when
there is reasonable doubt that the housing can be
provided without grant assistance.
Citizen Participation
Requirements are not specifically defined by statute
or regulation. However, experience indicates that
for projects of 25 units or more, public involve-
ment normally occurs through the OMB Circular
A-95 review process.
CFDA #10.418
Water and Waste Disposal Systems for Rural
Communities
Authorization
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act,
P.L. 92-419, Section,306; 7 U.S.C. 1926.
Program Description
Provides project grants from FnBA to assist
municipalities, counties, and other political sub-
divisions of a State, such as districts and authori-
ties, associations, cooperatives, non-profit organ-
izations, and Indian tribes on Federal and State
reservations and other Federally recognized Indian
tribes. Grants are used for water and waste dis-
posal projects serving the most financially needy
communities to reduce user costs to a reasonable
level. Funds may be used for the installation,
repair, improvement, or expansion of such pro-
jects. All facilities financed shall be for public
use, however, such facilities shall primarily serve
rural residents.
Citizen Participation
Requirements are not specifically defined by
statute. However, borrower officials are expected
to organize and manage the facility for which
funds have been approved by FnBA. Citizens
in a community would also normally be involved
relative to determining the need for a water or
waste disposal system.
CFDA #10.420
Rural Self-Help Housing Technical Assistance
(Section 523 Technical Assistance)
Authorization
Housing Act of 1949, P.L. 89-117, as amended;
and P.L. 89-754; 42 U.S.C. 1490c.
32
Program Description
This program provides project grants from FnBA
to aid low-income families in carrying out mutual
self-help housing efforts in rural areas. Grants
are awarded to qualified States or political Sub-
divisions, or non-profit corporations having the
financial assistance necessary to pay part or all of
the cost of development, administering, or coordi-
nating effective programs of technical and Super-
visory assistance.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.405.
EXTENSION SERVICE
CFDA #10.500
Cooperative Extension Service
Authorization
Smith-Lever Act, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 341-349;
District of Columbia Public Post-secondary
Education Reorganization Act, D.C. Code Sec-
tion 31-1719; Rural Development Act of 1972;
7 U.S.C. 2661-2668; Farmer-to-Consumer Direct
Marketing Act of 1976; 7 U.S.C. 3001-3006.
Program Description
Grants are made to land-grant institutions which,
through State and county extension service per-
sonnel, provide educational and technical assis-
tance to (1) farmers, producers, and marketing
firms on how to apply new technical developments
emanating from agricultural research; (2) com-
munity organizations to develop natural, econo-
mic, and human resources; (3) homemakers and
youth in the areas of food and nutrition, home
management, family economics, child develop-
ment, and parent education; and (4) 4-H youth
in the areas of leadership development and career
guidance through work projects, demonstration
projects, camping, and achievement programs.
Citizen Participation
Except for programs carried out under Title V of
the Rural Development Act of 1972, and the
Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing Act of
1976, citizen participation in Extension Service
programs is not specifically defined by Statute or
regulation. However, Extension Service programs
are designed and priorities are established through
a high degree of involvement of local people with
Extension Service staff in determining programs
to meet local needs. Local leaders who serve on
Extension program and advisory committees are
usually active participants in a variety of other
organizations and Special interest groups on a
local, State, regional, and national basis. Through
such participation private interests have a direct
impact in determining State and national Exten-
Sion policies and program priorities.
For those Extension programs carried out under
Title V of the Rural Development Act of 1972,
the statute requires that a State Rural Develop-
ment Advisory Council be appointed consisting
of not more than 15 members. At least ten mem-
33
bers will include persons representing farmers,
business, labor, banking, local government, multi-
county planning and development districts, public
and private colleges and federal and State agencies
involved in Rural Development. The function of
the Council is to review and approve annual pro-
gram plans and to advise on matters pertaining
to the programs authorized.
The Farmer-to-Consumer Direct Marketing
Act of 1976 requires that the Secretary of Agri-
culture shall take into account consumer prefer-
ences and needs which may bear upon the estab-
lishment and operation of arrangements for direct
marketing from farmers to consumers. State
Departments of Agriculture or State Cooperative
Extension Services should be contacted for details
on specific projects. Information may also be ob-
tained by contacting the USDA’s Agricultural Mar-
keting Service, or Extension Service, Washington,
D.C. 20250.
FOOD AND NUTRITION SERVICE
CFDA #10.550
Food Distribution (Food Donation Program)
Authorization
P.L. 320, as amended; et seq., 7 U.S.C. 612(c).
Program Description
Grants are allocated on the basis of need to assist
States in meeting operating expenses incurred in
distributing food to needy families. Budgets are
submitted annually by the appropriate State dis-
tributing agency.
Citizen Participation
Regulations governing the operation of the pro-
gram are published in the Federal Register with
a time period for public comment before the
issuance of the regulations in final form. Any
member of the public may provide comments and
recommendations for modification of proposed
regulations.
Significant proposed regulations with summaries
are submitted in advance to the Advisory Com-
mission on Intergovernmental Affairs.
CFDA #10.553
School Breakfast Program
Authorization
Child Nutrition Act of 1966, as amended, 4
U.S.C. 1773a. -
Program Description
State agencies are reimbursed at legally specified
rates for breakfasts served in schools free, at
reduced price, or at full price to paying children.
Breakfasts in especially needy schools are reim-
bursed at a higher rate. Rates are adjusted to re-
flect changes in Consumer Price Index (CPI) for
cost of food away from home.
Citizen Participation
The National School Lunch Act provides a mech-
anism for citizen participation in the form of the
34
National Advisory Council on Child Nutrition.
The Council has 15 members, appointed by the
Secretary of Agriculture, and is composed of per-
sons from all organizational levels of child nutrition
programs, including experts in nutrition. The func-
tion of the Council is to make a continuing study
of the operation of programs carried out under
the National School Lunch Act, the Child Nutri-
tion Act of 1966, and any related Act under which
meals are provided for children. The Council sub-
mits an annual report of the results of the study
with recommendations for administrative and legis-
lative changes. Members serve for a term of 3 years.
Regulations governing the operation of the child
nutrition programs are published in the Federal
Register with a time period for public comment
before issuance in final form. Any member of
the public may provide comments and recommen-
dations for modification of proposed regulations.
Significant proposed regulations are submitted in
advance to the Advisory Commission on Inter-
governmental Affairs.
CFDA #10.554
Nonfood Assistance for School Food Service
Programs
Authorization
Child Nutrition Act of 1966, as amended, 42
U.S.C. 1774a.
Program Description
Grants are made to State agencies to aid schools
drawing attendance from areas in which poor
economic conditions exist, to purchase equipment
needed to establish, maintain, and expand food
Service. One-third of the funds are reserved for
schools without the facilities to prepare or receive
hot meals. The funds are apportioned to the
States on the basis of the number of children to
be affected, and may be used to pay up to 75 per-
cent of the cost of the equipment. For especially
needy Schools, the matching requirement is waived.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.553.
CFDA #10.555
National School Lunch Program
Authorization
National School Lunch Act of 1946, as amended,
42 U.S.C. 1752 and 1759(a).
Program Description
Funds are made available to States to reimburse
public and non-profit private schools for lunches
Served free, at reduced price, or at full price to
paying children. Meals are reimbursed at rates
Set by law which are adjusted twice a year to re-
flect changes in the cost of food away from home.
All participating schools must agree to serve free
and reduced price meals to eligible needy children.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.553.
CFDA #10.556
Special Milk Program For Children
Authorization
Child Nutrition Act of 1966, Section 3, 42 U.S.C.
1772.
Program Description
Funds are made available to States to reimburse
participating schools and child care institutions
35
for milk served to eligible children. The reim-
bursement rate is set by law and is adjusted
annually to reflect changes in the Consumer Price
Index for the cost of food away from home. Milk
served free to needy children is reimbursed at
full price.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #10.553.
CFDA #10.557
Special Supplemental Food Program for Women,
Infants and Children (WIC)
Authorization
Child Nutrition Act of 1966, Sec. 17; 42 U.S.C.
1771.
Program Description
Grants are made to State Health Departments to
make nutritionally desirable foods available to
pregnant or lactating women, infants, and chil-
dren, through local public or non-profit private
health agencies. Funds must be expended to pur-
chase supplemental foods for participants or to
redeem vouchers issued for that purpose. A por-
tions of the funds may be used for State and local
agency administrative costs, which must be de-
scribed in approved budgets.
Citizen Participation
The Child Nutrition Act establishes the National
Advisory Council on Maternal, Infant, and Fetal
Nutrition. The Council has 15 members, appoint-
ed by the Secretary of Agriculture. Its member-
ship is composed of persons from all of the organi-
zational levels of the program, including recipients,
an obstetrician, a pediatrician, and other experts
in matters relating to maternal, infant, and fetal
nutrition. The function of the Council is to make
a continuing study of the operation of the special
supplemental food program and related programs
with a view toward determing how such programs
may be improved. The Council submits an annual
report on its study, with recommendations for
administrative and legislative changes.
Regulations governing the operations of the
special supplemental feeding program are pub-
lished in the Federal Register with a time period
for public comment before issuance in final form.
Any member of the public may provide comments
and recommendations for modification of pro-
posed regulations.
In addition, although not required by statute,
a nationwide series of public hearings was held
during which the Department’s program officials
received testimony from program recipients, State
and local officials, project directors, welfare
organizations, and health professionals, on the
program’s effectiveness. Recommendations for
program improvement resulted from these
hearings.
CFDA #10.558
Child Care Food Program
Authorization
Section 17 of the National School Lunch Act as
amended, 42 U.S.C. 1766.
Program Description
Funds are made available to State agencies to
reimburse eligible public and non-profit private
day care centers and similar child care institutions
for lunches, suppers, breakfasts and snacks, at
rates set by law. Rates vary for meals served free,
at reduced price, or at the full price. Financial
36
assistance is also given for purchase of equipment.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.553.
CFDA #10.559
Summer Food Service Program for Children
Authorization
Section 13 of the National School Lunch Act as
amended, 42 U.S.C. 1761.
Program Description
Funds are made available to State agencies for
disbursement to eligible service institutions which
conduct a regularly scheduled program for chil-
dren from areas in which poor economic condi-
tions exist. Lunches, breakfasts, suppers and
Snacks are reimbursed for the full cost of food
service operations, except that certain cost per
meal rates cannot be exceeded. States are also
granted funds for their administrative expenses
in the amount of 2 percent of program funds. All
meals are served free.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.553.
FOREST SERVICE
CFDA #10.651
Forestry Cooperative Research
Authorization
Forest Research Act of May 22, 1928, P.L. 70–466
(45 Stat. 699), as amended and supplemented;
16 U.S.C. 581 a-l.
Program Description
Co-Op aid agreements are used to support in-
house Forest Service Research in the fields of
timber management, watershed management,
forest range management, wildlife and fish habitat
management, forest recreation, forest fire pro-
tection, forest insect and disease protection and
control, forest products utilization, forest en-
gineering, forest production economics, forest
products marketing, forest survey, and surface
mining area rehabilitation.
Citizen Participation
The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources
Planning Act of 1974, as amended by the National
Forest Management Act of 1976, requires public
participation in the development, review and
administration of land management plans and
programs, and requires procedures to give Federal,
State and local governments, and the public, ade-
quate notice and an opportunity to comment on
the formulation of Standards, criteria and guide-
lines applicable to Forest Service programs. Al-
though not required by the Resources Planning
Act, Forest Service policy has been to formulate
its long-range program every five years for Na-
tional Forest System, Research, and State and
Private Forestry activities as an environmental
impact statement. The National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) (see p. 57) requirements
for public involvement are exceeded in preparing
these statements. NEPA procedures are also fol-
lowed in all Forest Service actions of a major or
controversial nature, allowing extensive involve-
Inent.
37
Forest Service cooperative forestry programs are
reviewed by the Advisory Committee for State
and Private Forestry. The committee is appointed
by the Secretary of Agriculture and its member-
ship provides a public forum for discussion of
major matters related to the nation’s non-Federal
forest land and resources. Its fifteen members
represent a broad spectrum of interests, which
may include State forestry organizations, small
woodland owners, forestry educators, garden
clubs, women’s groups, timber industry and urban
leadership. The membership, however, is not
limited to these interests.
It is the policy of the Forest Service to inform
the affected public and interested individuals and
groups to every extent possible. This is accom-
plished through mass mailings and extensive media
coverage. The public is also given an opportunity
to impact the Forest Service decision-making
process by means of participation in workshops,
public meetings, hearings, charettes, etc., arranged
and conducted by Forest Service officials in affect-
ed areas. Input from the public is analyzed, eval-
uated and made available to all affected and
interested individuals and groups. Views received
are taken into consideration in the formulation
of Forest Service policy in developing and imple-
menting Forest Service programs.
CFDA #10.652
Forestry Research
Authorization
Basic Research Grants, P.L. 85–934; 42 U.S.C.
1891-1893; Basic and Applied Research Grants,
Public Law 89-106, Section 2; 7 U.S.C. 450i; 79
Stat. 431. -
Program Description
Grants are used for research in the fields of tim-
ber management, watershed management, forest
range management, wildlife and fish habitat
management, forest recreation, forest fire pro-
tection, forest insect and disease protection and
control, forest products utilization, forest engi-
neering, forest production economics, forest
products marketing, forest survey, and surface
mining area rehabilitation. Grants are awarded
primarily to non-profit institutions of higher
education, but also to other institutions and
organizations engaged in scientific research.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #10.651.
CFDA #10.655
Assistance to States for Tree Improvement
Authorization
Agriculture Act of May 28, 1956, 70 Stat. 207;
16 U.S.C. 568e - 568g.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist States in under-
taking needed programs of tree improvement
activities. New or expanded projects are funded
under this program in cost-sharing arrangements.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #10.651.
CFDA #10.656
Cooperative Forest Fire Control
Authorization
Clarke-McNary Act of June 7, 1924 as amended;
46 Stat. 1200; 43 Stat. 653; 43 Stat. 1127; 44 Stat.
242; 61 Stat. 449; 58 Stat. 736.
Program Description
Formula grants are provided for the permanent
protection of non-federal timberlands, potential
timberland and certain non-forested watershed
lands to extent needed to hold fire damage below
the levels at which it would seriously interfere with
expected yield of timber products and other public
benefits from these lands.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.651.
CFDA #10.657
Cooperation in Forest Management and
Processing
Authorization
P.L. 81-729 as amended, P.L. 92-288; 16 U.S.C.
568(c), 568(d).
Program Description
This program provides grants on a formula basis
for on-the-ground assistance by State personnel
to private non-industrial woodland owners, log-
gers, wood-using industries, communities, and
Organizations. Assistance is limited to private
landowners and certain non-federal public lands.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #10.651.
CFDA #10.658
Cooperative Forest Insect and Disease
Management
Authorization
Forest Pest Control Act of 1947 (61 Stat. 177),
as amended by the Act of June 20, 1975 (89 Stat.
224), 16 U.S.C. 594-1 through 594-5.
Program Description
Provides project grants for technical assistance
in prevention, detection, valuation, and suppres-
sion of forest insect and disease outbreaks on
State and private lands. The program also has
similar responsibilities on all Federal lands.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #10.651.
CFDA #10.659
Cooperative Production and Distribution of
Forest Tree Planting Stock
Authorization
Section 4, Clarke-McNary Act of June 7, 1924,
as amended; 16 U.S.C. 567.
Program Description
Project grants to assist the States in producing,
purchasing and distributing planting stock or seeds
for forest windbarrier or watershed plantings.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.651.
CFDA #10.660
General Forestry Assistance (GFA)
Authorization
Annual Appropriations Act in the Agriculture
Act of 1862 (Rev. Stat. 520).
Program Description
Provides project grants for highly specialized
forestry assistance to and through State Forestry
Agencies to woodland owners, associations, and
the wood industry in Natural Resources and
39
Forestry activities. GFA funds are used primarily
for Forest Service Specialists.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 10.651.
CFDA # 10.662
Rural Community Fire Protection
Authorization
Title IV, Rural Development Act of 1972; Public
Law 92-419; 86 Stat. 670, Sec. 401, as amended.
Program Description
Provides for project grants to protect lives and
property by providing technical, financial and
Other assistance to State Foresters who, in turn,
provide assistance in training, organizing and
equipping rural fire fighting forces. Funds may
be used on a project basis to organize fire pro-
tection districts, to train firemen in wild land and
Structural fire suppression in fire prevention
activities.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #10.651.
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) gives techni-
cal assistance regarding soil conservation and
water resources to individuals and both public
and private sector organizations. Participation
by the public is an essential and prominent fea-
ture of SCS assistance programs. This assistance
is provided through a soil (and water) conserva-
tion district -- a special purpose unit of government
created under State enabling legislation. The soil
conservation district policy board adopts long
and short term plans for conserving soil and
water resources, setting general priorities and
conservation assistance activities in the district.
Membership of the district boards is composed
of district residents.
Membership on such policy boards and involve-
ment in soil conservation district activities pro-
vides opportunities for citizens to take part in
formulating policies, setting goals, selecting
courses of action, and implementing soil conser-
vation district programs for local areas.
The nature and areas of assistance rendered
by the SCS is described in the following programs.
CFDA #10.901
Resource Conservation and Development
(RC & D)
Authorization
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act
of 1935, P.L. 74-46, as amended by P.L. 87-703;
Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act, P.L. 75-210,
as amended by P.L. 89-796; P.L. 91-343; and P.L.
92-419.
Program Description
Provides technical and financial assistance to
40
local people who are participating in a long-range
program of resource conservation and develop-
ment to achieve a dynamic rural community with
a pleasing environment, satisfactory levels of in-
come, and a favorable investment climate for
private capital. Leadership for this program is
assigned to the Soil Conservation Service. Aid is
given for such purposes as flood prevention,
sedimentation and erosion control, public water-
based recreation, fish and wildlife development,
and soil and water management for control of agri-
culture-related pollutants.
Citizen Participation
Note introductory paragraphs on SCS relationship
to soil conservation district boards. With specific
reference to RC & D activities, soil conservation
district board members and county government
officials and other local officials sponsor the
RC & D area program. The RC & D area Council,
composed of these officials and other citizens,
provides leadership and coordinates RC & D acti-
vities. Citizen advisory committees help plan
RC & D action. The governor (or designee) en-
dorses the application for RC & D assistance and
the subsequent plan. Local groups may add their
endorsements. Sponsors of RC & D areas are
required to provide for citizen advisory committees
in planning RC & D action.
For RC & D measures or projects involving
Federal cost sharing, sponsors always involve
Other interested groups and individuals in planning.
Procedures provide for public meetings, announce-
ments, and additional opportunities for citizen
participation when environmental impact State-
ments are needed. The program calls for a com-
prehensive public information program in each
RC & D area to assure high levels of awareness by
groups and individuals.
CFDA #10.904
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention
Authorization
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act,
Public Law 83-566, 68 Stat. 666; et seq.
Program Description
Provides technical and financial assistance to local
Organizations in upstream watershed areas to
reduce erosion, siltation, and flooding; to supply
water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial
needs; to improve fish and wildlife resources
and recreation opportunity; recharge groundwater
reservoirs; and improve water quality. Sponsors
are public bodies with financial and implemen-
tation authorities. They must provide all land
rights and assume a portion of construction costs
and all operation/maintenance costs. Advances
or loans for meeting local expenses are available.
Citizen Participation
Since watershed projects are local projects with
Federal assistance, Sponsoring groups are required
to provide for citizen participation in each step
of the planning process -- based on an information
and education program to inform all interested
individuals and groups about the scope and status
of the projects.
Soil Conservation Service regulations, other
Federal and State regulations, and the U.S. Water
Resources Council’s “Principles and Standards”
covering all Federally assisted water projects
41
have detailed requirements for assuring citizen Public awareness and each local sponsoring
participation, including public hearings and group’s willingness to carry out responsibilities
meetings, notice of environmental impact state- in the project are prerequisites for approval of
ments, publication in the Federal Register, etc. Federal grants, cost sharing, or loans.
42

DEPARTNMENT OF CONMNMERCE
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (EDA)
EDA approval of an Overall Economic Develop-
ment Program is a prerequisite for the official
designation of an area as a development district or
redevelopment area. That designation is the step
which makes the area eligible for the public works,
business development and planning programs des-
cribed under CFDA numbers #11.300, #11.301,
and #11.302 below. The Overall Economic De-
velopment Program is a locally initiated planning
process designed to create employment opportuni-
ties, foster more stable and diversified local eco-
nomies, and provide a mechanism for guiding and
coordinating the efforts of local individuals and
organizations concerned with the economic develop-
ment of their area.
The OEDP document examines the problems,
needs, and resources of the area and sets forth the
goals of the development program, together with the
strategy devised to achieve these goals. The docu-
ment, updated annually, must be reviewed by ap-
propriate governmental bodies and all organized
interest groups, and dissenting opinions or com-
ments from the groups must be submitted to EDA
as attachments.
The district organization or area committee which
develops the Program and the OEDP document is
required to be broadly representative of the principal
economic interests of the district, including business,
labor, agriculture, minority groups and representa-
tives of the unemployed and underemployed. It
must include elected officials representing the coun-
ties and major cities in the area. The organization
may be a public body, established under State law,
or a private, non-profit organization.
CFDA #11.300
Economic Development - Grants and Loans for
Public Works and Development Facilities.
Authorization
Public Works and Economic Development Act of
43
1965, P.L. 89-136, as amended by Public Laws 90–
103, 91-234, 91-304, 92-65, 93-46, and 93-234; 42
U.S.C. 3131, 3132, 3135, 3141, 31.53, 3171.
Program Description
Provides loans or matching grants from the Eco-
nomic Development Administration (EDA) to State
and local governments, Indian tribes, or non-profit
organizations to assist in the construction of public
facilities to initiate and encourage long-term eco-
nomic growth. Grants are specifically designed to
benefit the long-term unemployed and members of
low-income families in accordance with the objec-
tives of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964.
Citizen Participation
EDA regulations provide that these public works
grants and loans may be made if it is determined
that the project is “consistent with a currently ap-
proved” Overall Economic Development Program
(OEDP) for the area involved. The organization
which prepares the OEDP is required to be represen-
tative of the community so that all viewpoints are
considered in discussion and decision making.
CFDA #11.301
(Economic Development - Business Development
Assistance)
Authorization
Public Works and Economic Development Act of
1965, P.L. 89-136, as amended by Public Laws 90–
103, 91-123, 91-304, 92-65, 93-46, 93-423, and
94–487; 42 U.S.C. 3151, 3152.
Program Description
Provides long-term business development loans up
to 65 percent of cost for projects which cannot be
financed through banks or other lending institu-
tions. These investments are to encourage industrial
and commercial expansion in designated areas to
create new, permanent jobs.
Citizen Participation
EDA may approve business development assistance
projects in designated areas when the projects are
consistent with the Overall Economic Development
Program for the area involved. The organization
which prepares the OEDP is required to be repre-
sentative of the area and the program must be re-
viewed by organized interest groups and govern-
mental bodies.
CFDA #11.302
Economic Development - Support for Planning
Organizations (Development District Program;
Redevelopment Area Program).
Authorization
Public Works and Economic Development Act of
1965, P.L. 89-136, as amended by Public Laws
90-103, 91-123, 91-304, 92-65, 93-46, 93-423, and
94-487; 42 U.S.C. 3151, 3152.
Program Description
Grants are designed to develop multi-county district
and redevelopment area planning capability and
thereby assure effective utilization of resources in
creating full-time, permanent jobs for the unem-
ployed and the underemployed. Grants are used for
planning, staff salaries and other expenses of the
area or district economic development organization.
Citizen Participation
The district or area economic development organ-
ization is required to be representative of the princi-
44
pal economic interests in the area, including busi-
ness, labor, agriculture, minority groups and re-
presentatives of the unemployed or underemployed.
It must include local elected officials from the coun-
ties and major cities involved. The required Over-
all Economic Development Program document
must be approved by EDA after review and com-
ment by organized interest groups and governmental
bodies in the area.
CFDA #11.305
Economic Development - State and Local Economic
Development Planning (State and Local Planning
Program).
Authorization
Public Works and Economic Development Act of
1965, P.L. 89-136, as amended by P.L. 93-423 and
P.L. 94–487;42 U.S.C. 3151.
Program Description
Provides project grants designed to develop the cap-
ability of State and local governments to carry out
a comprehensive economic development planning
process.
Citizen Participation
The statute provides that the planning for cities and
other sub-state political Subdivisions and organiza-
tions “shall be a continuous process involving public
officials and private citizens in analyzing local eco-
nomics, defining development goals, determining
project opportunities, and formulating and imple-
menting a development program.” Regulations re-
quire that where the grantee is a State, the develop-
ment planning process must allow for the expression
of private views. Where the grantee is a city or
county, the planning must involve both public offi-
cials and private citizens.
EDA recommends that such involvement be ac-
complished through the establishment of an advi-
sory group. Special emphasis is placed on business
sector participation to encourage private commit-
ment to the achievement of economic development
goals. EDA reviews the grantee’s reporting docu-
ments to assure adequate and substantive public
participation has occurred.
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
CFDA #11.418 -
Coastal Zone Management Program Development
Authorization
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, P.L. 92-
583, as amended by P.L. 94-370, 16 U.S.C. 1454.
Program Description
Provides National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
ministration (NOAA) grants to assist coastal States
plan and develop a Coastal Zone Management
Program. Grants provide up to eighty per cent
of the total cost of the development programs.
Citizen Participation
Public participation is an essential element of de-
velopment and administration of a coastal zone
management program. Through citizen involve-
ment in the development of a management pro-
45
gram, public needs and aspirations can be reflected
in use decisions for the coastal zone, and public
Support for the management program can be gen-
erated. Regulations specifically require that parti-
cipating States should seek to obtain extensive pub-
lic participation in the development and adminis-
tration of such programs.
The legislation requires that public hearings be
held in the development of the management pro-
gram. Regulations direct that notification of pub-
lic hearings should provide the public the longest
period of notice practical, with a 30-day statutory
minimum required. Announcement of the hear-
ings should be through media designed to inform
the public - not merely to provide “technical no-
tice.” Therefore, in addition to any publication
of legal notice as required by State law, reasonably
informative news releases should be made avail-
able to the news media in the affected communities.
At the time of announcement all agency materi-
als pertinent to the hearings including documents,
studies, the agenda for the hearings, and other data,
must be made available to the public for review
and study in the locale where the hearings are to be
conducted. Where a State has determined that a
public hearing or hearings will be held only on the
entire plan, regulations require that it shall be as-
sured that the public is afforded an adequate Op-
portunity to participate in the hearings. In review-
ing the plan submitted by a State, the Secretary of
Commerce shall not approve any plan unless there
has been a full and effective opportunity for pub-
lic involvement in every portion of the plan.
Regulations require that hearings should be held
in those geographic areas principally affected by
the decisions on issues under consideration at the
hearing, that is, establishment of priority uses for
a given geographic area. Hearings on the total man-
agement program should be held in places within
the State where all citizens of the State may have an
opportunity to comment. A transcript of the hear-
ings need not be prepared, but a comprehensive
Summary should be prepared and made available
to the public within 30 days after the conclusion
of the hearing. :
In addition to formal public hearings, efforts
should be made to encourage discussion in various
forums to insure that the public is heard during the
development of the program. Among the steps
which are suggested by the regulations to accom-
modate increased public participation are: 1) ar-
rangements for exchanging information, data, re-
ports, among State and local government agencies,
citizen groups, etc.; 2) citizen involvement in the
development of the goals and objectives; 3) citizen
appointment by the agency to a citizen advisory
committee; and 4) a process whereby selected citi-
Zen groups and the general public may review com-
ponent elements of the management program.
CFDA #11.419
Coastal Zone Management Program Adminis-
tration
Authorization
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, P.L. 92-
583, as amended by P.L. 94-370, 16 U.S.C. 1455.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist States in admin-
istering approved Coastal Zone Management Pro-
grams. Grants provide up to eighty percent of to-
tal project costs.
Citizen Participation
Regulations set forth an intent for each State to
46
develop its own methods for “accommodating, as
appropriate, the varying, often conflicting inter-
ests of local governments, water and air pollution
control agencies, regional agencies, other State
agencies and bodies, interstate organizations, com-
missions and compacts, and Federal government
and interested private bodies.” The State must as-
Sure, in developing its management program, that
it is aware of the full array of interests represented
by such organizations, that opportunity for parti-
cipation was provided, and that adequate consul-
tation and cooperation with such bodies has taken
place and will continue in the future.
The management program must show evidence
that the State has notified and provided an oppor-
tunity for full participation in the development of
its management program to all public and private
agencies and organizations which are liable to be
affected by, or may have a direct interest in, the
management program.
Statutory and regulatory requirements exist di-
recting that the management program must show
evidence that the State has held public hearings
during the development of the management pro-
gram following not less than 30 days notification,
that all documents associated with the hearings
are conveniently available to the public for review
and Study at least 30 days prior to the hearing, that
the hearings are held in places and at times conveni-
ent to affected populations, that all citizens in the
State have an opportunity to comment on the to-
tal management program, and that a report on
each hearing be prepared and made available to
the public within 45 days.
CFDA #11.420
Coastal Zone Management Estuarine Sanctuaries
Authorization
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, P.L. 92-
583, as amended by P.L. 94-370, 16 U.S.C. 1461.
Program Description
Provides project grants (on matching basis) to as-
sist coastal States in the acquisition, development
and operation of estuarine sanctuaries for the pur-
pose of creating natural field laboratories. These
laboratories are to be established to gather data
and make Studies of the natural and human proces-
Ses Occurring within the estuaries of the coastal zone.
Citizen Participation
Citizen participation is required by both the legisla-
tion and regulations. It is considered an essential
factor in the selection of estuarine sanctuaries. In
addition to participation during the application
development process, public participation is a re-
quirement as a result of the National Environmen-
tal Protection Act (NEPA) processes, and by pub-
lic hearings, where desirable, subsequent to the
NEPA process. Such public hearings shall be held
by the Office of Coastal Zone Management in the
area to be affected by the proposed sanctuary no
Sooner than 30 days after it issues a draft environ-
mental impact statement on the proposal. It is the
responsibility of the Office of Coastal Zone Man-
agement, with the assistance of the applicant State,
to issue adequate public notice of its intention to
hold a public hearing. Such notice shall be distri-
buted widely, especially in the area of the proposed
Sanctuary. Affected property owners and those
agencies, organizations or individuals with an identi-
fied interest in the area or estuarine sanctuary pro-
gram shall be notified of the public hearing.
The approved Sanctuary boundaries, manage-
ment policy, including permissible and prohibited
47
uses, and research program may only be changed
after public notice, and the opportunity of public
review and participation such as outlined above.
All information and reports, including annual
reports, relating to estuarine sanctuaries, shall be
part of the public record and available at all times
for inspection by the public.
CFDA number not yet assigned.
Coastal Energy Impact Program
Authorization
Coastal Zone Management Act Amendments of
1976, P.L. 94-370 incorporated into the Coast-
al Zone Management Act of 1972, P.L. 92-583.
Program Description
Provides financial assistance to State and local
governments in the coastal zone to minimize the
adverse consequences resulting from energy activ-
ity. Under the Coastal Energy Impact Program
(CEIP) four forms of aid are available:
1. Grants to plan for the social, economic and
environmental effects of energy activity;
2. Loans and bond guarantees to provide for
public facilities and services required by the
population growth resulting from energy
activity;
3. Loan and bond repayment assistance to
communities which are unable to meet fi-
nancial obligations under the program be-
cause anticipated revenues did not
materialize;
4. Grants to prevent, reduce or repair un-
avoidable loss of valuable environmental
or recreational resources.
The Coastal Energy Impact Program is in-
tended to balance the need for more energy
resources with the need to preserve coastal areas
for other uses.
Citizen Participation
The States are required to develop a process for
allocating funds to local jurisdictions on the basis
of need. Public notification and public access to
information is required by regulation throughout
the allocation process in States which receive at
least $250,000 in grants and allotments, or
$2 million in credit assistance. Public parti-
cipation requirements in Fiscal Year 1977 cov-
ered 10 states receiving 85 per cent of the CEIP
funds: Louisiana, Texas, Alaska, California,
New Jersey, New York, Washington, Maryland
and Georgia.
A project undertaken with CEIP funds will also
be reviewed by the Office of Coastal Zone Manage-
ment for its affect on the environment of the coastal
zone. Environmental assessment is conducted
which includes a process of public notice through
the Federal Register and the area newspapers and
generally allows at least 15 days for public comment
on the proposed project. If it appears that there
may be significant environmental affects, a formal
Environmental Impact Statement will usually be
prepared. There are opportunities for public parti-
cipation throughout the process of preparing the
statement. Public hearings are required and public
comments collected must be addressed in the state-
ment and attached to it.
Finally, the moneys available for CEIP must be
used in a manner which is consistent with the State's
Coastal Zone Management Program. Program
Development and Administration participation
requirements are described under CFDA #11.418
and 11.419. -
48
TITLE V REGIONAL COMMISSION PROGRAM
CFDA #28.001 through #28.003
Coastal Plains Regional Commission
(Designated counties in North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Virginia.
CFDA #38.001 through #38.003
Four Corners Regional Commission
(Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah)
CFDA #48.001 through #48.003
New England Regional Commission
(Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hamp-
shire, Rhode Island and Vermont)
CFDA #52.001 through #52.003
Ozarks Regional Commission
(Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, Okla-
homa)
CFDA #63.001 through #63.003
Upper Great Lakes Regional Commission
(Designated counties in Michigan, Minnesota and
and Wisconsin)
CFDA #75.001 through #75.003
Old West Regional Commission
(Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Da-
kota, Wyoming)
CFDA #76.001 through #76.003
Pacific Northwest Regional Commission
(Idaho, Oregon, Washington)
Southwest Border Regional Commission
(Designated counties in California, Arizona, New
Mexico and Texas.) This Commission was recently
designated and is in the initial stage of planning and
program formulation as of publication.
(Note: The Appalachian Regional Commission is listed
separately. It was established under the Appalachian
Regional Development Act of 1965 and is not administered
under Department of Commerce authority.)
Authorization
Title V, Section 509 of the Public Works and Eco-
nomic Development Act of 1965; Public Law 89-
136 as amended by Public Laws 90–103, 91-123,
93-423, 94-188, and 94–487; 42 U.S.C. 3188a.
Program Description
Title V Regional Commissions, made up of the
Governors of the participating States and a Federal
Co-Chairman, promote regional economic develop-
ment through a Federal-State partnership. Com-
missions develop long-range comprehensive regional
economic development plans reflecting local, Fed-
eral and State priorities. They provide grants for
planning and technical assistance and carry out
demonstration projects in such fields as energy-
related impacts, transportation, vocational edu-
cation, and health and nutrition. All findings re-
Sulting from research or demonstration projects
must be made available to the general public. Com-
missions also may provide grant-in-aid supplements
to Federal programs when local matching shares
are not available. When other Federal funding is
not available, Commissions may provide all or part
of the Federal contribution for approved projects.
49
Citizen Participation
There are no citizen participation requirements in
the law or Federal regulations which govern the
Title V Commissions. However, each Commission
has developed by-laws or guidelines which provide
for public involvement in planning and project
decisions.
Typically, the Commissions establish advisory
committees on program areas such as energy, edu-
cation, business development, water resources and
the environment. These committees offer project
proposals for Commission approval and frequently
act as monitoring committees of program perfor-
IIlan Ce. -
Most Commissions sponsor individual State-
wide “Futures Programs” to contribute to the de-
velopment of regional plans and program objectives.
“Futures Programs”, such as “Alternatives for
Washington”, “Idaho Tomorrow” and “Goals
for Georgia”, have included state-wide conferences,
sub-state citizen meetings and public opinion sur-
veys. -
Finally, quarterly Commission meetings, during
which the Governors and Federal Co-Chairman
carry out Commission business and make program
decisions, are generally open to the public.
50
CONMNMUNITY SERVICES
ADMINISTRATION
CFDA-49.002
Community Action
Authorization
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964; as amended
by Community Services Act of 1974, Title II, P.L.
93-644; 42 U.S.C. 2790, et seq; Stat. 2294 as a-
mended.
Program Description
Provides grants to approved State and local pro-
grams of community action. State and local pro-
grams are planned, conducted or administered by
State agencies and local community action agencies
recognized by the Community Services Admin-
istration. v. Such programs are designed to stimu-
late a better focusing of all available local, State,
‘private, and Federal resources upon the goal of
enabling low-income families, and low-income
individuals of all ages, in rural and urban areas,
to secure the skills, knowledge, motivations, and
opportunities needed for them to become fully self-
Sufficient.
Citizen Participation
Authorizing legislation requires maximum feasible
participation of the poor in the planning, conduct,
and evaluation of programs authorized under the
Economic Opportunity Act, as amended. Parti-
cipation is generally through boards, both govern-
ing and administrative, and advisory committees
composed of democratically selected representa-
tives of the poor, the private sector, and public
elected officials, or their designees. Boards are
required to be constituted in such a way that at
least one-third of the members are representatives
of the poor, one-third elected officials, or their
designees, and no more than one-third represent-
atives of other major groups or interests in the com-
51
munity. Involvement of the poor in the develop-
ment of plans and priorities of the agencies is re-
quired.
CFDA #49.005
Community Food and Nutrition
Authorization
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended
by Community Services Act of 1974, Title II, Sec.
222 a(5); P.L. 93-644; 42 U.S.C. 2809.
Program Description
Provides grants to community action agencies or
local public or private non-profit organizations
or agencies. A major emphasis of this program is
to facilitate necessary changes to improve or a-
chieve fuller utilization of existing food and nu-
trition programs by creating opportunities for com-
munity action and institutional change. The Com-
munity Food and Nutrition Program concentrates
on short-term solutions to the problems of hunger
and malnutrition, supplementing, extending and
broadening the assistance provided by other Fed-
eral programs.
Citizen Participation
A program advisory committee is required, com-
posed of at least fifty percent democratically selected
representatives of the poor being served by an in-
dividual program area.
CFDA #49.010
Older Persons Opportunities and Services
Authorization
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended
by the Community Services Act of 1974, Title II,
Sec. 222a(7), P.L. 93-644; 42 U.S.C. 2809.
Program Description
Provides funds to public or private non-profit a-
gencies for pilot projects which aid elderly persons
to achieve greater self-sufficiency. Emphasis is
placed on development and provision of new em-
ployment and volunteer services; referral to exist-
ing services, such as health, welfare, housing, etc.
Attention is given to deficiencies in existing Services,
modification of existing procedures, eligibility re-
quirements and program structures to facilitate
the greater use of, and participation in, public Ser-
vices by the poor.
Citizen Participation
Older Persons Programs require the development
of advisory boards composed of a majority of dem- .
ocratically selected older persons. Other members
of the boards may be individuals having experience
in advocacy for older, low-income persons, per-
sons serving on community action agency boards,
and representatives of public and private agencies.
The advisory boards have responsibility for advis-
ing grantees in planning and evaluation of pro-
grams, recommending policy for program admin-
istration, determining standards of eligibility for
participation, selection of project staff, and mo-
bilization of resources for programs. Priority shall
be given to employment of older persons in all
phases of these programs.
CFDA #49.011
Community Economic Development
Authorization
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended
by the Community Services Act of 1974, Title VII,
52
Sections 701, et seq., P.L. 93-644; 42 U.S.C. 2981b.
Program Description /*
Provides grants to private community economic
development corporations and affiliated groups,
special rural programs, and supportive programs
and activities, such as training and technical assis-
tance, evaluation and research, and planning grants.
Programs are directed at the solution of critical
economic and social problems in urban and rural
communities having high concentrations of pover-
ty, and are designed to have an appreciable and
lasting impact in arresting tendencies toward de-
pendency, chronic unemployment and community
deterioration. g
Citizen Participation
Grantees funded under this legislation must be pri-
vate, non-profit or for-profit organizations con-
trolled by and responsible to low-income residents.
Grantees mobilize other community resources and
carry out self-help efforts in partnership with busi-
ness and financial communities.V.Governing boards
must be composed of at least fifty-one percent low-
income residents or their representatives, chosen
through a direct or indirect election process. Addi-
tional representation on governing boards must
come from local businesses and financial institu-
tions. -
CFDA #49.014
Emergency Energy Conservation
Authorization
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended
by Community Services Act of 1974, Title II, Sec.
222 (a) (12); P.L. 93-644, 42 U.S.C. 2790; 88 Stat.
2294.
Program Description
Provides grants to public and private non-profit
Organizations for Emergency Energy Conservation
projects. VThe major goal of the program is to en-
able low-income individuals and families, includ-
ing the elderly and near poor, to participate in en-
ergy conservation programs designed to lessen the
impact of the high cost of energy on Such individ-
uals and families and to reduce individual and fam-
ily energy consumption. A major component of
the program is to support weatherization activities
which will increase the thermal efficiency of the
homes of the poor and the near poor. Another
goal is that of assuring the participation of those
persons in the decision-making processes relative
to efforts to determine pricing structures and avail-
ability of Scarce energy resources. Also serves proj-
ects of crisis intervention to restore utility service
or prevent cut-offs, provide emergency fuel deliv-
eries or support other activities which assist those
Suffering serious hardship which endangers their
health.
Citizen Participation
Local administering agency is required to have a
project advisory committee composed of at least
fifty-one percent poor persons. Remainder of board
will include representatives of local governments
and Other resource agencies within the community
Served, as well as a representative(s) of the local
public utility and local fuel dealers.
The role of the project advisory committee shall
be to recommend to the grantee board policies for
guiding the development of appropriate local re-
Sponses to energy problems of the poor, including
policies for Selection of dwellings to be weatherized
53
and households eligible for crisis intervention as-
sistance.
CFDA #49.015
Summer Youth Recreation Program
Authorization
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, as amended
by the Community Services Act of 1974, Title II,
Sec. 222 (a)(13), P.L. 93-644; 42 U.S.C. 2809.
Program Description
Provides project grants to prime sponsors and other
agencies designated under Title I of the Compre-
hensive Employment and Training Act of 1973
(see CFDA #17.232). The Summer Youth Recrea-
tion Program is designed to provide recreational
opportunities for low-income children, between the
ages of eight and thirteen, during the summer
months.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements set forth under CFDA
#17.232 regarding Prime Sponsor’s Planning
Councils. Additional citizen participation is pro-
vided for by regulations which require that CAAS
(see CFDA #49.009) determine how much and
how effectively assistance is being provided to
the Summer Youth programs. CAAs are also
required to monitor and evaluate such programs
Serving within their jurisdictions.
54
s &
NZ
2. cº
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&
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) requires Federal agencies to include
with every recommendation for a major Federal action significantly affecting the quality of the
human environment a detailed statement on the environmental impact of the proposed action.
Each Federal agency has issued regulations and procedures for implementing the requirements of
NEPA. EPA’s regulations for NEPA compliance under the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act (FWPCA) Amendments of 1972 are published in Chapter 40 of the Code of Federal Regula-
tions, Part 6 (40 CFR 6). The two major FWPCA actions requiring EIS’s are the issuing of National
Pollution Discharge Elimination Permits for new sources of pollution and making of grants for
sewage treatment plant construction.
Under these regulations, EPA must perform an environmental review of actions which may signi-
ficantly affect the quality of the human environment. If significant adverse impacts are surfaced,
the agency issues a notice of intent to prepare an EIS and invites public participation. When
adverse impacts are eliminated by modifying the project during the environmental review, the
agency issues a negative declaration with an environmental appraisal explaining why an EIS was
not prepared. Public comments are invited in response to the negative declaration, and if significant
environmental issues are raised, an EIS may be prepared.
55
In addition to FWPCA actions, EPA prepares EIS’s on its major regulatory actions (vehicle
emission standards, noise standards, air pollution control, new source performance standards for
industrial activities, pesticide cancellations, drinking water standards, etc.). EIS’s on these actions
are not required by law. While these actions are not grant related, they frequently have major
environmental and economic impacts which effect the average citizen. The public is encouraged
to review EIS’s on these actions and to forward comments to the Agency office designated as
responsible for the EPA action.
Under the agency’s regulations for NEPA compliance, all EPA programs may be seen as having
citizen participation as an integral part of the decision-making process. Programs included in this
section, however, are limited to those which appear in the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance,
and which have requirements for participation by the public in the agency’s decision-making process.
For additional information regarding EPA’s EIS activities contact the Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Federal Activities, 401 M St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, phone number:
AC 202 755–0790.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act enter the Nation’s waters through an outfall pipe,
Many of EPA’s programs are a result of the Fed- sewer or other conduit. The Act also authorizes
eral Water Pollution Control Act amendments of major research and demonstration programs to
1972. The primary aim of this legislation is to re- work toward the goal of eliminating pollutants from
store and maintain the chemical, physical and bio- runoff, acid mine drainage and other non-point
logical integrity of the Nation’s waters. Among SOUl I CCS.
the goals of the Act are that, wherever possible, This legislation requires EPA to publish pro-
water quality is to be suitable for recreational con- cedures and regulations to be followed by States,
tact and for protection and propagation of fish and local authorities, grantees and all others affected
wildlife. To achieve this goal, an expanded System by the Act. EPA, through its ten regional offices,
of Federal grants has been developed to plan and must also approve and periodically review State
construct publically owned water treatment plants. permit programs and plans. The Federal Water
Additionally, the Act provides for a permit pro- Pollution Control Act requires the States to de-
gram geared to restricting pollutant discharges from velop water quality Standards for all interstate and
point sources, e.g., from factories, municipalities intrastate Surface waters and to develop a continu-
and large agriculture operations where pollutants ing planning process. Working under Federal and
56
State supervision, local water pollution control
authorities have primary responsibility for plan-
ning and management of wastes. Plans require
that waste control systems account for land use
priorities, provide economic incentives and serve
other environmental purposes, such as recreation
shoreline protection and wildlife enhancement.
Limitations on discharges are to be determined
by EPA, with different limitations applying to mu-
nicipal treatment plants and industries. The water
quality standards program will include intrastate
standards as well as those for interstate waters.
The major mechanism to regulate discharges is the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). The NPDES requires that all such
sources obtain a permit from EPA or a Federally
approved State program. These permits contain
compliance schedules and provisions for monitoring
and for reporting on discharges on a continuing
basis.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act in-
cludes an implied guarantee for public participa-
tion in the “development and enforcement of stan-
dards and limitations.” When a State applies to
EPA for a final permit authority, its entire pro-
posed NPDES program will be subject to public
comment. The EPA Regional Administrator is
required to hold a public hearing on the applica-
tion, following at least twenty-one days notice.
The hearing will provide for: written comment by
citizens; full, open discussion of the issue; dis-
cussion between witnesses and the hearing panel;
a transcript to be submitted to EPA along with the
application; and five days for submitting addition-
al statements or rebuttals. Before participating
in the hearing, the citizen may check his State’s
proposed permit plan against such Federal require-
ments as membership of the State permit board,
procedures for public notification and hearings,
provisions for public access to NPDES forms and
documents, monitoring and enforcement proce-
dures, procedures to control subsurface disposal
of water, etc.
Once its NPDES program is approved, the State
can Start to issue permits, subject to procedures
established by EPA regulations. Whether a State
actually holds a hearing on a specific issuance of
a permit will depend upon the interest expressed
by private citizens or organizations. EPA regula-
tions call for hearings on individual permits if there
is “significant public interest.” Citizens may ei-
ther petition for a hearing or submit an individual
written request, stating clearly why a hearing is
warranted.
Notice for public hearings must be given at least
thirty days prior to the hearings in the local news-
paper, at the post Office, and near the applicant’s
plant or facility. The State must send notices of
all permit applications, hearing notices and fact
sheets to interested persons or groups. Those wish-
ing to receive this information should request that
the State permit agency place them on the mailing
list. Active citizen involvement in permit hearings
is essential to insure that Stringent compliance sched-
ules and monitoring requirements are written into
the permits and that these assure compliance with
all applicable effluent limitations, including water
quality standards.
Citizens may have a difficult time keeping abreast
of the many thousands of permits issued in their
States. Equally difficult is the job of seeing that
permit terms and conditions are carried out by per-
mit holders. Citizens can focus on permit viola-
tors by requesting copies of the State's quarterly
57
report to EPA listing each permit holder failing
to meet its nine-month interim compliance require-
ment. Particular attention can be focused on those
sources which have been repeatedly delinquent.
The citizen may bring suit against any party who
is alleged to be in violation of: 1) any effluent stan-
dard or limitation promulgated under the Act, in-
cluding compliance Schedules; or 2) any order or
permit issued by the Administrator of EPA or a
State. The citizen must give sixty-days notice to
both the State and to the violator, in order to al-
low voluntary compliance or the initiation of en-
forcement action by the State. In the interim, citi-
zens may seek temporary restraining orders to halt
serious pollution. The sixty-day waiting period
may be waived for the violation of “new source”
or toxic standards, or in the case of danger to pub-
lic health and welfare or where EPA fails to en-
force a standard in another State. Citizens filing
suit under either of the first two conditions are still
required to inform EPA of their actions by for-
mal notice.
Citizens may go to court to seek judicial review
of EPA’s actions regarding: 1) approval or de-
nial of individual permits; 2) establishment of stan-
dards and limitations; and 3) approval or denial
of State permit programs.
Interested citizens may obtain information on
EPA reports or publications through the Citizens
Bulletin, which may be ordered from the Public
Affairs Office of EPA.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY PROGRAMS
CFDA #66.001
Air Pollution Control Program Grants
Authorization
Sections 105 and 106, Clean Air Act of 1963; P.L.
88-206, as amended by P.L. 91-604; 42 U.S.C.
1857c.
Program Description
The EPA develops Federal regulations and ap-
proves State regulations to control air pollution.
EPA also grants funds to assist State and inter-
state agencies in planning, developing, establishing,
improving and maintaining adequate programs
for prevention and control of air pollution.
Citizen Participation
States are required to conduct hearings on: 1) des-
ignation of non-degredation regions where devel-
opment may be restricted; 2) air quality mainte-
nance areas and plans for controls over develop-
ment; and 3) transportation control programs.
Comments from municipal governments are of
key importance in formulating State policy.
Variances granted to power plants and other
pollutors are subject to control under State imple-
mentation plans. EPA also holds hearings and/or
invites written comments whenever a regulation
is adopted by a State, is approved or adopted by
EPA, or revised by either. This includes the grant-
ing of variances to pollutors.
58
CFDA #66.418
Construction Grants for Wastewater Treatment
Works
Authorization
Federal Pollution Control Act amendments of
1972, P.L. 92-500, Title II, 33 U.S.C. 1281 (g) (i).
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist and serve as an
incentive in construction of municipal sewage treat-
ment works which are required to meet State and
Federal water quality standards.
Citizen Participation
Public hearings are required on facilities plans and
environmental assessments showing location and
general design of sewage treatment works and col-
lection systems. In some instances an Environmental
Impact Statement is required, subject to public
approval. (Also note provisions for citizen parti-
cipation set forth in introductory paragraphs.)
CFDA #66.419
Water Pollution Control-State and Interstate
Program
Authorization
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments
of 1972, Sec. 106, P.L. 92-500, 33 U.S.C. 1256.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to assist State and inter-
state water pollution control agencies in establish-
ing and maintaining adequate measures for the
prevention, reduction and elimination of water
pollution.
Citizen Participation
See introductory paragraphs to this section relating
to citizen participation in water pollution control
efforts. Also subject to requirements under CFDA
#66.4.18.
CFDA #66.426
Water Pollution Control-Areawide Waste Treat-
ment Management and Planning Grants
Authorization
Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments
of 1972, Sec. 208; P.L. 92-500, 33 U.S.C. 1288.
Program Description
Provides for management planning grants to en-
courage and facilitate the development and im-
plementation of area-wide waste treatment man-
agement plans in designated areas. Also provides
project grants to designated planning agencies for
development and implementation of initial area-
wide waste treatment management plans at local
levels in designated areas. State certification of
final plans and development of environmental as-
Sessment is required. -
Citizen Participation
See introductory paragraphs to this section relat-
ing to citizen participation in water pollution con-
trol efforts. Also subject to requirements under
CFDA #66.4.19.
CFDA #66.432
State Public Water System Supervision Program
Authorization
Sections 1443(a) and 1450 of the Public Health
Service Act as amended by the Safe Drinking
59
Water Act, P.L. 93-523, 88 Stat. 1660, 42 U.S.C.
300J-2 and 300j-9.
Program Description
Provides project grants to State agencies to foster
the development of State program plans and pro-
grams to assist in implementing provisions con-
tained in the Safe Drinking Water Act. This
legislation gives EPA the responsibility for setting
minimum national drinking water standards for
all public water systems throughout the United
States. The States play the lead role in enforcing
these standards -- as well as supervising drinking
water sources and public systems. If a State is
negligible in administering the law, EPA may take
legal action. If public water systems cannot
reasonably meet the standards, provision is made
for States to grant variances and exemptions.
EPA Standards became effective in June, 1977.
Citizen Participation
The introductory paragraphs of this section out-
line citizen participation in water pollution con-
trol efforts. As under the FWPCA, this legisla-
tion allows any citizen to sue anyone he feels is
violating this Act. It also allows the citizen, in
the case where a public water system is violating
the Act, to petition for, and participate in, a
public hearing aimed at bringing the utility into
compliance. A public hearing must also be held
before any public water system is granted a vari-
ance or exemption from requirements of the Act.
CFDA #66.433
State Underground Water Source Protection
Program
Authorization
Sections 1443(b) and 1450 of the Public Health
Service Act, as amended by the Safe Drinking
Water Act, P.L. 93-523, 88 Stat. 1660, 42 U.S.C.
300j-2 and 300j-9.
Program Description
Provides project grants to State agencies to foster
development of underground injection control
program plans and programs to assist in imple-
menting the Safe Drinking Water Act. A State
plan is required. (Also note program description
in CFDA #66.432.)
Citizen Participation
The introductory paragraphs of this section out-
line citizen participation in water pollution control
efforts and generally apply to this program. Also
subject to requirements under CFDA #66.432.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PROGRAM
CFDA numbers for the following Solid Waste
Disposal Programs are currently being reassigned.
Note that citizen participation requirements appli-
cable to these programs are set forth following
the program descriptions.
State Solid Waste Management Planning Grant
Program
Authorization
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 4008, as
amended by the Resource Conservation and Re-
covery Act of 1976; P.L. 94-580; 42 U.S.C. 6948.
Program Description
EPA will develop guidelines to assist States in
developing State and Regional Solid Waste Man-
agement Plans. EPA will provide financial assis-
tance to States, counties, municipalities, and inter-
municipal agencies and State and local public
solid waste management authorities for imple-
mentation of programs to provide solid waste
management, resource recovery, resource con-
servation services, and hazardous waste manage-
ment.
Rural Communities Assistance Program
Authorization
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 4009, as amend-
ed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976; P.L. 94-580; 42 U.S.C. 6949.
Program Description
EPA is authorized to make grants to States to
provide assistance for solid waste management
facilities necessary to meet the Act’s prohibition
against open dumping or restrictions against open
burning or other requirements under the Clean
Air Act or the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act.
Full-Scale Demonstration Facilities Program
Authorization
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 8004, as amend-
ed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976; P.L. 94-580; 42 U.S.C. 6984.
Program Description
EPA is authorized to enter into contracts with
public agencies, or authorities, or individuals, for
the construction and operation of a full-scale
demonstration facility, or to provide financial
assistance in the form of grants to a full-scale
demonstration facility for solid waste management.
Resource Recovery Systems – Improved Solid
Waste Disposal Program
Authorization
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 8006, as amend-
ed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976; P.L. 94-580; 42 U.S.C. 6986.
Program Description
EPA is authorized to make grants to any State,
municipal, or interstate or intermunicipal agency
for the demonstration of resource recovery systems
or for the construction of new or improved solid
waste disposal facilities.
Training Projects
Authorization
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 7007, as amend-
ed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976; P.L. 94-580; 42 U.S.C. 6977.
Program Description
EPA is authorized to award grants or contracts
to any eligible organization to pay all or part of
the costs of any project which is designed to de-
velop, expand or carry out a program for training
persons for Occupations in the field of solid waste
disposal. These occupations include the manage-
ment, Supervision, design, operation or mainten-
ance of Solid waste disposal and resource recovery
61
equipment and facilities, or the training of in-
structors and supervisory personnel in Occupations
involving the design, operation, and maintenance
of solid waste disposal and resource recovery
equipment and facilities.
Research, Demonstration and Training Programs
Authorization
Solid Waste Disposal Act, Section 8001, as amend-
ed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act of 1976; P.L. 94-580; 42 U.S.C 6981.
Program Description
EPA is authorized to conduct and encourage,
cooperate with, and render financial and other
assistance to appropriate public (Federal, State,
interstate, or local) authorities, agencies, and insti-
tutions, and individuals in the conduct of and to
promote the coordination of, research, investi-
gations, experiments, training, demonstrations,
surveys, public education programs, and studies
relating to solid waste management.
Citizen Participation
Solid Waste Disposal programs are subject to
regulations developed by EPA in response to re-
quirements for citizen involvement set forth in
the legislation. Efforts are made to assure public
participation in the development and revision of
these regulations. It is the policy of EPA that
participation of the public is to be provided for,
encouraged, and assisted, to the fullest extent
practicable and where consistent with other legis-
lative requirements, in all Federal and State waste
management control activities.
EPA’s objectives include increased responsive-
ness of government to public concerns and prior-
ities, improved understanding of the Agency’s
programs, and involvement of the public at the
earliest possible point in the decision-making
process. Guidelines have been designed to foster
a spirit of openness and a sense of mutual trust
between the public and Federal, State and local
agencies in efforts to promote the protection of
public health and environment and conservation
of valuable material and energy resources.
The Act contains several provisions which re-
quire EPA to produce valid scientific and tech-
nical data, creating a technical data base on the
environmental effects of solid waste disposal, to
disseminate such data widely and quickly, and to
develop public education programs that ensure
the public has full access to this data.
Regulations and guidelines address themselves
to specific ways in which public participation is
to be sought. Among the means provided for
are the following:
1) Public meetings, hearings, conferences, and
workshops held throughout the country
are intended to involve the public in the
development, planning and implementation
of the Act’s key provisions.
2) Formation of review groups and ad hoc
committees which may meet periodically
and which may be called upon to review and
comment on major programs and plans
being developed by EPA. Membership on
these committees should include represen-
tatives from groups identified in Section
249.1(b), civic, environmental, health, indus-
trial, labor, neighborhood, and ethnic groups.
3) Development of educational programs so
that all levels of government and the public
have the opportunity to become aware of
the significance of the technical data base
and the issues which emerge from it.
4) Use of all other appropriate mechanisms to
to ensure public involvement. Citizens may
bring suit against any person, including the
United States and any other governmental
instrumentality or agency, to the extent
permitted by the 11th Amendment to the
Constitution, where there is alleged to be a
violation of any public participation require-
ment of this Act. The citizen must give 60
days notice to the Administrator of EPA,
the State and the alleged violator in order to
allow voluntary compliance or the institu-
tion of an enforcement action by the State.
63
FEDERAL ENERGY ADMINISTRATION
The Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 (P.L. 95-91) transfers functions of FEA to the new
Department of Energy. 4.
The Federal Energy Administration (FEA) oper-
ates under the five laws discussed below as both
a regulatory and advisory agency. FEA authority
and responsibility has a wide impact on the Ameri-
can public and its energy resources, and both
statutory and regulatory requirements exist which
provide an opportunity for citizen participation
in decisions made by the Agency.
Federal Energy Administration Act
Authorization
Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974,
P.L. 93-275, 15 U.S.C. 761.
Program Description
Purpose of legislation was to create a body which
would address “. . . the need to conserve scarce
energy supplies, to insure fair and efficient dis-
tribution of, and the maintenance of fair and rea-
sonable consumer prices for such supplies, to pro-
mote the expansion of readily usable energy
sources, and to assist in developing policies
and plans to meet the energy needs of the Nation.”
Citizen Participation
FEA has established mechanisms whereby persons
who are impacted by major FEA sponsored legis-
lation, regulation, policy, decision or program
action have an opportunity to comment on the
subject before a decision is reached and provides
for consideration of these views in the Agency’s
decision-making process.
FEA is assisted in the decision-making process
by numerous advisory committees. Each advisory
committee is composed, where practicable, of
ten percent consumer representatives. FEA main-
tains regular contact with consumer groups at
both the national and regional levels. On the
national level, the Consumer Affairs/Special
Impact Advisory Committee is structured to pro-
vide a balanced representation of consumer and
special impact groups, as well as diverse regional

64
and income groups. On the regional level, Con-
Sumer Affairs/Special Impact Officers coordinate
and aid citizen groups who are planning consumer
energy workshops, meet with citizen groups on a
continuing basis, and forward information con-
cerning citizen concerns to the appropriate FEA
Office.
FEA tries to ensure adequate notice of proposed
changes in rules, regualtions and orders by pro-
viding the maximum possible notice of public
hearings in the Federal Register and providing
notices to national and local press in the form of
news releases. When feasible, hearings are sched-
uled outside of Washington. Special mailings are
also used to solicit written testimony from interest-
ed citizens.
Energy Petroleum Allocation Act
Authorization
Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act of 1973,
P.L. 93-159.
Program Description
Allocation of crude oil, residual fuel oil, and re-
fined petroleum products to deal with existing or
imminent shortages and dislocations in the nation-
al distribution system which jeopardize the public
health, safety, or welfare.
Citizen Participation
Regulations provide for adequate notice to be pro-
vided for public hearings, both in the Federal Reg-
ister and national and local press and periodicals.
Energy Policy and Conservation Act
Authorization
Energy Policy and Conservation Act, P.L. 94–163,
Sec. 253, 42 U.S.C. 6263, and Sec. 337, 42 U.S.C.
6307.
Program Description
This Act consists of five Titles:
Title I Domestic Supply Availability
Title II Standby Energy Authorities
Title III Improving Energy Efficiency
Title IV Petroleum Pricing Policy
Title V Energy Data Base and Other Information
Under Title III, above, FEA administers the State-
Federal energy conservation program. The pro-
gram provides a framework within which each par-
ticipating State will collect energy use data; project
future energy use; identify and analyze potential
conservation actions; Set energy conservation goals;
announce and implement through its governor an
action plan for the State; and monitor, evaluate,
and modify the plans as necessary. FEA will aid
the States in collecting data and will provide tech-
nical assistance in projecting trends and analyzing
costs and benefits of possible actions. FEA will
also provide a network for the transfer of techni-
cal information from the Federal government to
the States.
Citizen Participation
Sec. 253, 42 U.S.C. 6263 provides that advisory
committees established at the discretion of the Ad-
ministrator shall include representatives of the pub-
lic. Meetings of such advisory committees shall
be open to the public. Transcripts shall be kept of
Such meetings and shall be made available for pub-
lic inspection.
Sec. 337, 42 U.S.C. 6307 provides that the Ad-
ministrator shall, in close cooperation and com-
65
munication with the Federal Trade Commission
and appropriate industry trade associations and
industry members, including retailers, and inter-
ested consumer and environmental organizations,
carry Out a program to educate consumers and oth-
er persons with respect to certain aspects of energy
conservation.
Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination
Act
Authorization
Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination
Act of 1974, P.L. 93-319.
Program Description
Prohibits any power plant or other major fuel burn-
ing installation from burning natural gas or petro-
leum products as their primary energy source if
FEA determines the plant or other installation has
the capability and necessary plant equipment to
burn coal and that it will be able to comply with
applicable air pollution requirements.
Citizen Participation
Regulations provide for adequate notice to the pub-
lic and afford interested persons an opportunity
for oral and written presentations of data, views
and arguments. Draft Environmental Impact State-
ments or negative declarations that an Environmen-
tal Impact Statement is not required will be made
available to the public by means of notice of avail-
ability for review in the Federal Register.
Energy Conservation and Production Act
Authorization
Energy Conservation and Production Act, P.L.
94-385.
Program Description
This legislation amends the Federal Energy Admin-
istration Act of 1974 to extend the duration of
its authorities. It also provides an incentive for
domestic production, for electric utility rate
design initiatives, for energy conservation stand-
ards for new buildings, for energy conservation
assistance for existing buildings and industrial
plants, and for other purposes.
Title IV, Part A, authorizes FEA to make grants
to States for the purpose of insulating the dwellings
of low-income persons, particularly the low-income
elderly and handicapped.
Citizen Participation
Title II, Section 205, authorizes the Administra-
tor to make grants to States to provide for the
establishment and operation of Offices of Con-
sumer Services. These Offices will assist consum-
ers in their presentations before utility regulatory
commissions; assess the impact on consumers of
proposed changes in rates or other proposed regu-
latory actions; and advocate positions determined
to be the most advantageous to consumers. This
Section also provides that such Offices may make
funds available to a consumer group for the pre-
paration of testimony and written submissions,
legal services, and expert witnesses in utility rate
presentations before a State utility regulatory
commission.
Guidelines for Title IV, Part A, the low-
income weatherization program, provide for one
or more public hearings on the proposed State
plan and the publication of the proposed plan
before the hearing(s). The guidelines further
require that prior to the expenditure of any grant
66
funds a State policy advisory council shall be
established with responsibility for advising the
appropriate official or agency administering the
allocation of financial assistance in the State or
area with respect to the development and imple-
mentation of a weatherization assistance program.
Membership of such State Policy Advisory Coun-
cils shall be broadly representative of organiza-
tions and agencies including consumer groups
representing low-income persons, particularly
elderly and handicapped low-income persons,
and low-income Native Americans.
67
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION
AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE (PHS)
The National Health Planning and Resources Devel-
opment Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-641) authorized a pro-
gram of health planning and resources development.
The program combines and redirects the efforts of
a number of Federally supported State and local
agencies that have been performing health planning
and resources development activities for their com-
munities. These programs, with different histories
and responsibilities and some overlap in their ef-
forts, had the common goal of improving the health
of the American people. The new authority attempts
to build on the experience of those programs and
seeks to combine their best features into one new
health planning and resources development pro-
gram.
Under this new Federal health planning program,
consumers can participate in local and State efforts
to correct many deficiencies and inequities in the
delivery of health care. The National Health Plan-
ning and Resources Development Act of 1974
provides for a majority of consumers (51 percent
to 60 percent) to serve on two major planning bod-
ies - Health Systems Agency and the Statewide
Health Coordinating Councils. These bodies, to-
gether with the State Health Planning and Develop-
ment Agencies, have broad authority over the al-
location and development of health resources,
including manpower, facilities and services.
Virtually everyone is a “consumer” of health
care--if not of personal medical services then cer-
tainly of those preventive services which help us
stay healthy. As used here, “consumer” refers to
an individual who has not been a provider of health
services for the preceding 12 months. These are the

68
persons who are eligible to serve as consumers on
the governing bodies of Health Systems Agencies
and on Statewide Health Coordinating Councils.
CFDA #13.294
Health Systems Agency (HSA)
HSA is the local or regional planning agency under
P.L. 93-641. A health service area is a geographic
region appropriate for the effective planning and
development of health services, designated by the
Governor on the basis of such factors as popu-
lation and the availability of resources to provide
necessary health services for the residents in the area.
Each HSA gathers and analyzes health data and
prepares a Health Systems Plan or detailed state-
ment of goals for improving the health of its resi-
dents and increasing the accessibility, acceptability,
continuity, and quality of health services, while re-
Straining costs. In addition, it must develop an an-
nual implementation plan setting forth its objectives
for obtaining those goals and priorities among those
objectives.
HSA must review the appropriateness of services
provided by hospitals nursing homes, and other
health institutions with the area. It also recommends
approval or disapprovals of applications for new
health service or medical facilities projects. HSA
also reviews and approves or disapproves proposed
projects within the health service area under several
Federal health programs.
A majority (between 51 percent and 60 percent)
of the governing body of an HSA must be con-
sumers, with the remainder being providers as de-
fined by the law. Based on information they have
acquired concerning health resources within their
area, these board members will decide how health
services are to be delivered and how facilities are to
be placed to provide the highest quality care at the
most appropriate costs. Currently there are 20
HSAS.
CFDA #13.293
State Health Planning and Development Agency
(SHPDA)
SHPDA, selected by the Governor, administers
the State program of health planning. SHPDA
prepares and revises, as necessary, a preliminary
State Health Plan and State Medical Facilities Plan.
It conducts the health planning activities and imple-
ments the parts of the plans which relate directly
to the State government. It will also review and ap-
prove or disapprove applications for new institu-
tional health services proposed to be offered in the
State, and periodically review the appropriateness
of existing institutional health services. There are
56 SHPDAS.
Statewide Health Coordinating Council (SHCC)
Each SHPDA will have an advisory group called
SHCC. The Governor appoints 60 percent of this
SHCC from persons who are nominated by the
HSAS. Each HSA can nominate at least five persons
and is assured at least two representatives on the
SHCC. At least half of the members of the SHCC
must be consumers who are not also providers. The
Governor may appoint additional persons, but these
additional members cannot make up more than 40
percent of the total membership of SHCC. Each
SHCC must review and coordinate the plans of all
HSAS in the State. At least once a year it must pre-
pare or revise the State Health Plan. The SHCC
reviews the budget of the HSAS and comments on
each HSA application for Federal funds for plan-
ning and development. It must also review and ap-
69
prove or disapprove State plans for Federal money
under the Public Health Service Act and other speci-
fic legislation. Currently, there are 41 SHCCs.
Consumer Participation
It is not necessary to become a member of an HSA
or an SHCC to participate in the planning for health
care in your community. There are many ways of
influencing the work of these planning bodies. You
can, for example:
• Make your views known to consumer and pro-
vider members of planning agencies.
• Work with or serve on a sub-area advisory
council that may be established in your health
service area.
• Speak out at the public hearings and meetings
Of the HSA.
• Speak out at public hearings on renewal of the
designation of the HSA.
• Become a member of a local consumer Organ-
ization.
• Serve on an ad hoc committee or task force on
health care.
To succeed, the health planning program needs
active and widespread participation by consumers.
Review and Approval of Proposed Uses of Federal
Funds By HSAs and SHCCs
Scope of HSA Reviews
Section 1513(e) of the PHS Act requires HSA to
review and approve or disapprove proposed uses in
its health service area of funds authorized under
four acts: The PHS Act, the Community Mental
Health Centers Act, Sections 409 and 410 of the
Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act, and the
Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of
1970. These proposed uses may be in the form of
grants, contracts, loans and loan guarantees, and
are reviewable if they are for the development, ex-
pansion, or support of health resources. The HSA
is also required to review and approve or disapprove
proposed uses in its health service area of funds
made available by the State from allotment grants
under these acts for the same purposes.
Scope of SHCC Reviews
In a parallel manner, section 1524(c)(6) of the PHS
Act requires the SHCC to review annually and im-
prove or disapprove any State plan and application
submitted to the Department as a condition to the
receipt of any funds under allotments made to the
States under three acts: The PHS Act, the Com-
munity Health Centers Act, and the Comprehensive
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention, Treat-
ment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970.
Exceptions
Section 1513(e) of the PHS Act provides for a gen-
eral exception to review in the case of proposed uses
of funds appropriated for grants or contracts under
Title IV (National Institutes of Health and its com-
ponents), Title VII (Health Research and Teaching
Facilities and the Training of Health Personnel),
and Title VIII (Nurse Training) of the PHS Act.
However, uses of funds authorized under these
titles are reviewable if the grants or contracts sup-
port (a) the development of health resources in-
tended for use in the health service area; or(b) the
delivery of health services.
In the case of proposed uses of PHS funds for
projects located on a Federally recognized Indian
reservation, or certain Indian-owned lands and land
areas held in trust in Oklahoma or in the native
70
villages in Alaska, HSAs may not review or com-
ment.
HSA is allowed 60 days for its review. In the
event of a disapproval of an application, the appli-
cant has 30 days to request the Department to make
funds available, notwithstanding the HSA disap-
proval. When the Department considers such a re-
quest, it is required to give the SHPDA in the State
in which the HSA is located 30 days to consider
the HSA decision and submit its comments. If the
Department still wishes to fund the project, the
decision must be reached within another 30 days,
and a detailed statement of reasons must be given
both to the HSA and the State agency concerned.
Review Activity by the SHCC
Section 1524(c)(6) requires the SHCC to review
annually and approve or disapprove any State plan
and application (and any revisions of a State plan
or application) submitted to the Department as a
condition to the receipt of any funds under allot-
ments made to States. These are sometimes refer-
red to as “formula grants.” The grants covered are
those authorized by the PHS Act, the Community
Mental Health Centers Act, and the Comprehen-
sive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Prevention,
Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act of 1970. the
SHCC is allowed 60 days to make such reviews. In
the event of a disapproval, the Governor, or another
agency of the State, may request the Department
to review the SHCC decision. The Department may
make the Federal funds available, notwithstanding
the SHCC disapproval.
Publication of the Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (NPRM)
The Department is presently drafting an NPRM
for regulations dealing with HSA and SHCC re-
views of proposed uses of Federal funds. During
the preparation of the specifications for the NPRM,
extensive participation was obtained from repre-
sentatives of the public, of professional, provider
and consumer organizations, and from all agencies
of PHS. Issue papers were disseminated to their
representatives, and suggestions from them were
incorporated into the specifications.
The Department expects to publish the NPRM
in the Federal Register by early 1978. Publication
will include an invitation to interested persons and
organizations to submit comments on the proposed
rules.
Notice of Programs Subject to Review and
Approval
To facilitate implementation of these provisions,
the Department will publish a list of programs which
will be subject to such reviews, as well as a list of
those programs for which review and comment have
been requested by agencies not subject to P.L. 93-
641. The list will be published in proposed form with
the NPRM, and as a Notice at the time the final
regulation is published.
For further information regarding this law and
its implementation, particularly with regard to the
HSA serving your area, and further information
on the review of Federal funds, you may write to
the Regional Health Administrator in the HEW
Regional Office nearest you. These offices are listed
below:
Region I
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hamp-
shire, Rhode Island, Vermont
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Government Center
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
71
Region II
New York, New Jersey, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands
Federal Building
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10007
Region III
Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West
Virginia, District of Columbia
3535 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19108
Region IV
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
50 Seventh Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30323
Region V
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio,
Wisconsin
300 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Region VI
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma,
Texas
1200 Main Tower Building, Room 1100
Dallas, Texas 75202
Region VII
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska
601 East 12th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Region VIII
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Utah, Wyoming . .
1961 Stout Street
Denver, Colorado 80202
Region IX
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, Trust
Territory of Pacific Islands, American Samoa
Federal Office Building
50 Fulton Street
San Francisco, California 94102
Region X
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington
Arcade Plaza
1321 Second Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
CFDA #13.400
Adult Education-Grants to States
Authorization
Adult Education Act, Title III of P.L. 91-230, as
amended; 20 U.S.C. 1201-1213.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to designated State Educa-
tional agencies for the purpose of expanding educa-
tional opportunity and encouraging the establish-
ment of programs of adult education to the level of
completion of secondary school, and to make avail-
able the means to secure training which enables adults
to become more productive and responsible citizens.
Citizen Participation
The legislation requires a State plan be submitted
annually to the Office of Education, HEW. Regu-
lations require input from State advisory commit-
tees and local advisory committees. State plans may
call for use of para-professionals.
CFDA #13.403
Bilingual Education
Authorization
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,
Title VII of P.L. 89-10, as amended by Education
Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-380; 20 U.S.C. 880b.
Program Description
Provides project grants to develop or operate new
or proven bilingual education programs, services
and activities to meet needs of limited English speak-
ing children.
Citizen Participation
Requires a community advisory committee com-
posed of parents of children of limited English-
speaking ability, and high school students if the
program is operating in secondary schools.
CFDA #13.405
Civil Rights Technical Assistance & Training
Authorization
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title IV, Sec. 403, 404,
405, P.L. 88-352; 42 U.S.C. 2000c 2-4.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist School systems and
school personnel in the solution of problems rela-
ting to educational desegregation.
Citizen Participation
Requires public hearings on the use of such funds.
Hearings to be conducted by the Community Rela-
tions Service.
CFDA #13.410
Dropout Prevention
Authorization
Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments
of 1967, P.L. 90-247; Titles I, VII, Sections 172-
702; 20 U.S.C. 887; P.L. 93-380, Title IV-c.
Program Description
Provides project grants to develop educational
practices for reducing the number of children who
fail to complete their elementary and secondary
education.
Citizen Participation
Regulations require that special emphasis be given
to plans for the participation of dropouts and stu-
dents in the program. Opportunities must be given
for the youth to have a voice in planning, imple-
menting, and evaluating the experiences and pro-
grams in which they participate. Youth must also
have the opportunity to share responsibility with
adults and to work with their peers in a variety of
relationships in efforts which will reduce student
alienation from the schools.
Each program must have a project board com-
posed of teaching staff, parents, and members of
73
the community at large. A Parent Advisory Coun-
cil (PAC) is required in each Title I School, as well
as a district-wide PAC. A majority of members
must be parents of participating children. All proj-
ect-area parents are eligible to participate in the
Selection of council members. The local education
administration must establish procedures to iden-
tify parents eligible for council membership. Dis-
tricts with one school, or less than 1,000 students,
are required to have only one district council.
CFDA$13.418
Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants
Authorization
Educational Amendments of 1972, P.L. 92-318;
20 U.S.C. 1070b.
Program Description
Provides project grants to enable students of ex-
ceptional financial need to pursue higher educa-
tion by providing grant assistance for educational
expenses.
Citizen Participation
Regional panels of educational consultants are in-
volved in the application process. These consultants
include Financial Aid Officers of the institutions
applying for grants.
CFDA #13.420
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention
Authorization
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Act, P.L. 93-
422.
Program Description
Develops local capacity to solve problems in the
area of alcohol and drug abuse prevention through
training and technical assistance.
Citizen Participation
Citizens participate in formulation of plans, and
lay school board members may serve on training
teams. Program involves dissemination of inform-
ation and other kinds of outreach to local commun-
ities.
CFDA #13.427
Educationally Deprived Children-Handicapped
Authorization
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,
Title I, P.L. 89-10, as amended by Public Laws
89-313, 93-380, and 92-142; 20 U.S.C. 241c (a)(5).
Program Description
Provides formula grants to extend and improve
comprehensive educational programs for handi-
capped children enrolled in State-operated or State-
supported schools.
Citizen Participation
Members of Project Board must include represent-
atives of teaching staff, involved parents, and mem-
bers of the community at large. A Parent Advisory
Council (PAC) is required in each Title I School,
as well as a district-wide PAC. A majority of mem-
bers must be parents of participating children. All
project area parents are eligible to participate in
the selection of council members. The Local Edu-
cation Agencies (LEAS) must establish procedures
to identify parents eligible for council membership.
Districts with one school, or less than 1,000 students,
are required to have only one district council.
74
CFDA #13.428
Tºducationally Deprived Children - Local Educa-
tion Agencies
Authorization
Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965,
Title I, P.L. 89-10, as amended by P.L. 93-380;
20 U.S.C. 241a - 241m.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to expand and improve
educational programs to meet the needs of educa-
tionally disadvantaged children in low-income areas.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.427.
CFDA #13.433
Follow Through
Authorization
Headstart-Follow Through Act, P.L. 93-644, Title
V, Part B; 42 U.S.C. 2929.
Program Description
Provides project grants to sustain and augment in
primary grades the gains children from low-income
families make in Head Start and other quality pre-
school programs.
Citizen Participation
Requires policy advisory committee composed of
educational system representatives, residents of
the target area, with more than one half low-income.
Follow Through parents must be elected or re-elec-
ted by such parents at least annually. Preference
should be given to low-income parents in hiring
for non-professional and paraprofessional posi-
tions in the program.
CFDA #13.443
Handicapped Research and Demonstration
Program
Authorization
Education of the Handicapped Act, Title VI, Part
.E, P.L. 91-230; 20 U.S.C. 1441.
Program Description
Provides project grants and contracts to improve
the education of handicapped children through
research and demonstration projects including
physical education and recreation.
Citizen Participation
In local programs directly impacting on handicap-
ped children, parental consultation and involvement
is to be expected.
CFDA #13.444
Handicapped Early Childhood Assistance
Authorization
Education of the Handicapped Act, Public Law
91-230, Title VI, Part C; 20 U.S.C. 1423.
Program Description
Provides project grants to support experimental
pre-school and early childhood programs for handi-
capped children.
Citizen Participation
Regulations require that each recipient shall esta-
blish an advisory council. At least one-fourth of the
membersip of such council shall consist of parents
living in the geographic area to be served by the
activity being carried out.
75
CFDA #13.446
Handicapped Media Services and Captioned
Films
Authorization
Education of the Handicapped Act, Title VI, Part
F, P.L. 91-230; 20 U.S.C. 1352.
Program Description
Provides direct payments and research contracts
to maintain a free loan service of captioned film
and instructional media for the educational and
cultural enrichment of the deaf.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.443.
CFDA # 13.449
Handicapped Pre-School and School Programs
Authorization
Education of the Handicapped Act, Title VI, Part
B; P.L. 91-230, as amended by P.L. 93-380 and
P.L. 94-142; 20 U.S.C. 1411–1418.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to assist States in the initi-
ation, improvement and expansion of educational
and related services for handicapped children.
Citizen Participation
The legislation requires a State advisory panel con-
sisting of one representative of each of the follow-
ing: handicapped individuals, teachers of handi-
capped children, parents of handicapped children,
and administrators of State and local educational
programs. Appointment is made by the Governor.
The advisory panel serves to develop the State plan,
required by the legislation, and advises and assists
the State in the implementation of its program.
CFDA #13.450
Handicapped Regional Resources Center
Authorization
Education of the Handicapped, Title VI, Part C,
P.L. 91-230; 20 U.S.C. 1421.
Program Description
Provides project grants and contracts to establish
regional resource centers for the purpose of giving
advice and technical assistance to educators for
improving education of the handicapped.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.443.
In addition, with respect to programs operated by
local agencies, regulations require that applications
must contain evidence that such parents have had
an opportunity to present their views.
CFDA #13.454
Strengthening Developing Institutions
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, Title III, as amen-
ded, Section 301-306, P.L. 89-329; 20 U.S.C. 1051-
1056.
Program Description
Project grants are awarded to developing institu-
tions of higher education to help them improve the
quality of their teaching and administrative staff
and student services. Grant monies may be used to
finance part of the cost of planning, developing
and carrying out cooperative arrangements with
other institutions of higher learning for activities
such as faculty exchange, administrative improve-
76
ment programs, introduction or adoption of new
curricula and curricula materials, and teaching
fellowships.
Citizen Participation
The Advisory Council on Developing Institutions
is responsible for assisting the Commissioner of
Education in identifying developing institutions
which would benefit by receiving assistance under
Title III, Higher Education Act programs, and for
making recommendations as to the priorities and
criteria to be used in making grants under this Title.
The Council is composed of nine individuals, ap-
pointed by the Commissioner and approved by
the Secretary of HEW.
CFDA #13.455
High Education Academic Facilities - State
Administration
(State Administrative Expenses)
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended by P.L.
92-318; P.L. 89-329; P.L. 89-752; P.L. 90-575;
P.L. 90-247; 20 U.S.C. 715.
Program Description
Provides formula grants for funds to the State com-
missions on higher education facilities for ad-
ministering the State plans approved under Title
VI-A and Title VII-A of the Higher Education Act
of 1965, as amended.
Citizen Participation
State commission is required, composed of repre-
sentatives of the institutions of higher education
and the public, to advise and consult the edcational
agency in the implementation and administration
of the State plan.
CFDA #13.463
Higher Education Work-Study Program
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965; Title IV, Part C,
P.L. 89-329; U.S.C. 2751-2756a; P.L. 92-318.
Program Description
Provides direct payments to promote the part-time
employment of students, particularly those with
great financial need.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.418.
CFDA #13.464
Library Services - Grants for Public Libraries
Authorization
Library Services and Construction Act, P.L. 84-597
as amended.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to assist in improving and
extending public library services, and establishing
and expanding State institutional library service
and library Services to the handicapped.
Citizen Participation
Requires State advisory council composed of repre-
Sentatives of public school, academic, institutional
and Special libraries and of library users. Council
members have input into state-wide library plans,
Local projects funded may also have advisory coun-
cils. Local library boards of trustees are citizen
participants in local grant administration.
CFDA #13.465
Library Services -- Inter-Library Cooperation
Program
77
Authorization
Library Services and Construction Act, P.L. 84-597,
as amended.
Program Description
Provides formula grants for the systematic and
effective coordination of the resources of school,
public, academic, and special libraries.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.464.
CFDA # 13.469
National Defense Education Act-Loans to Insti-
tutions
Authorization
National Defense Education Act of 1958; Title II,
P.L. 85-864; 20 U.S.C. 421; P.L. 92-318.
Program Description
Provides direct loans to supplement the institutional
National Defense Student Loan fund whenever
the participating institution cannot initially deposit,
and maintain in its fund, an amount equal to at
least 1/9 of the Federal capital contribution.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.418.
CFDA #13.471
National Direct Student Loan
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, P.L. 89-329, Title
IV, Part E; 20 U.S.C. 1087aa-1087ff; P.L. 92-318.
Program Description
Provides direct payments to establish loan funds
for eligible higher education institutions to permit
needy undergraduates to complete their education.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.418.
CFDA #13.478
School Maintenance and Operation
Authorization
Federally Affected Areas, P.L. 81-874, Titles I &
IV, P.L. 81-874, as amended by P.L. 93-380; 20
U.S.C. 236-241-1, 242-245.
Program Description
Provides formula grants for projects to aid school
districts on which Federal activities or disasters
have placed a financial burden.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.512
with respect to low-rent housing and Indian
provisions.
CFDA #13.482
Special Services for Disadvantaged Students
Authorization
Higher Education Amendments of 1968, P.L. 90–
575; 20 U.S.C. 1101; P.L. 92-318; P.L. 93-380;
P.L. 94-482; 20 U.S.C. 821.
Program Description
Provides grants to institutions of higher educa-
tion to assist low-income and physically handi-
capped students enrolled or accepted for enroll-
ment by providing counseling, tutoring, financial
aid information, and other services.
Citizen Participation
Although there is no formal requirement, most
78
projects have informal advisory committees made
up of students, parents, and representatives of
the education community.
CFDA #13.488
Talent Search
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, Title IV-A, 89-
329, P.L. 90-575; 20 U.S.C. 1101; P.L. 92-318;
P.L. 94-482.
Program Description
Provides project grants to create educational
opportunity for those young people who have
been by-passed by traditional educational pro-
cedures and to offer them options for continuing
their education.
Citizen Participation
Requires board of directors, responsible for over-
seeing all activities, composed of one-third mem-
bers of target community, one-third target stu-
dents, and one-third educational community.
CFDA #13.489
Teacher Corps-Operations and Training
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended;
P.L. 89-329, Title V; P.L. 90-35; P.L. 90-575,
Title II; P.L. 91-230, Title III; P.L. 92-318, Title
I; P.L. 93-380; and P.L. 94-482.
Program Description
Provides project grants and contracts to strengthen
educational opportunities available to children in
areas having concentrations of low-income fam-
ilies, and to encourage college and universities to
broaden and improve programs for teacher
preparation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.482.
CFDA #13.491
University Community Service - Grants to States
(Community Service and Continuing Education
Programs)
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, Title I, P.L.
89-329; 20 U.S.C. 1001, as amended by P.L.
90-575; 20 U.S.C. 1001, 1005 and 1006; et seq.
Program Description
Grants are made to States to strengthen college
and university community services and continuing
education programs designed to provide com-
munities with problem-solving assistance.
Citizen Participation
The National Advisory Council on Education
and Continuing Education advises the Commis-
Sioner of Education in the preparation of general
regulations and with respect to policy matters
arising in the administration of the University
Community Service program. The Council con-
sists of the Commissioner of Education, who
serves as Chairman, and representatives of each
of the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce,
Defense, Labor, Interior, Housing and Urban
Affairs, Community Services Administration,
and 12 representatives of the public sector who
are knowledgeable in the fields of extension and
continuing education.
79
CFDA #13.492
Upward Bound
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, Title IV-A, P.L.
89-329; P.L. 90-575, 20 U.S.C. 1101; P.L. 92-318;
P.L. 94-482.
Program Description
Provides project grants to support year-round
intensified academic programs to help high school
students prepare for college or other post-sec-
ondary training.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.443.
In addition, there is heavy parental involvement
in the projects, in which transportation and accom-
modation costs for parents to visit the projects
on campus are paid.
CFDA #13.493
Vocational Education - Basic Grants to States
Authorization
Vocational Education Act of 1963, as amended
by Title II of the Education Amendments of
1976, Public Law 94-482; U.S.C. 2301-2461; 90
Stat. 2168-22.13.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to assist in conducting
vocational programs for persons of all ages in
all communities.
Citizen Participation
Requires State advisory council whose members
must include individuals familiar with vocational
needs, representatives of all levels of the voca-
tional education community, representatives of
local educational agencies, manpower and voca-
tional education programs, and of the general
public. The Council assists the State in the
development and implementation of the State
plan, which is required by the legislation.
CFDA #13.494
Vocational Education-Consumer and Home-
making Program
Authorization
Vocational Education Act of 1963, as amended
by Title II of the Education Amendments of 1976,
Public Law 94-482; U.S.C. 2380; 90 Stat. 2196.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to assist States in con-
ducting training programs in consumer and home-
making education.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.493.
CFDA #13.498
Vocational Education-Program Improvement
Projects
Authorization
Vocational Education Act of 1963, Title I, Part
B, Subpart 2, Section 171, as amended by Title
II of the Education Amendments of 1976, Public
Law 94-482; 20 U.S.C. 2401.
Program Description
Provides project and formula grants for research,
training, and experimental programs designed to
meet the special vocational needs of youths.
80
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.493.
CFDA #13.499
Vocational Education - Special Needs
Authorization
Vocational Education Act of 1963, as amended
by Title II of the Education Amendments of 1976,
Public Law 94–482; 20 U.S.C. 2370; 90 Stat. 2195.
Program Description
Formula grants to provide vocational education
program for people unable to participate in the
regular vocational education program.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.493.
CFDA #13.500
Vocational Education - State Advisory Councils
Authorization
Vocational Education Act of 1963, as amended
by Title II of the Education Amendments of 1976,
Public Law 94-482; 20 U.S.C. 2305; 90 Stat.
2174–2176.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to advise the State board
of vocational education on the development and
administration of State plans.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.493.
CFDA #13.510
Higher Education - Cooperative Education
(Cooperative Education Program)
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, Title VIII; P.L.
89-329, as amended, P.L. 90-575; P.L. 92-318;
P.L. 94-982; 20 U.S.C. 1087a.
Program Description
Provides project grants to support cooperative
education programs in institutions of higher
learning.
Citizen Participation
Requires advisory board composed of one-third
students, one-third parents, and one-third repre-
sentatives of the education community, to advise
on program development, coordination of activi-
ties, and provide input on policy decisions.
CFDA #13.512
Educationally Deprived Children - Special
Incentive Grants (Title I ESEA - Part B)
Authorization
P.L. 91-230, Part B, Section 121, 122, 123, as
amended by P.L. 92-380; 20 U.S.C. 241c.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to create an incentive
for an increase in State and local funding for
elementary and secondary education.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.443.
CFDA #13.522
Environmental Education
Authorization
Environmental Education Act, P.L. 91-516,
Section 3.
81
Program Description
Under this program grants are made to educational
institutions, research organizations, and to non-
profit agencies and Organizations to support re-
Search, demonstration, and pilot projects designed
to educate the public on the problems of environ-
mental quality and ecological balance. Projects
which are supported by this Act include: (a) the
development of curricula in the preservation and
enhancement of environmental quality and ecolo-
gical balance; (b) dissemination of environmental
education; (c) environmental education programs
at the elementary, Secondary, and/or adult educa-
tion levels; (d) pre-service and in-service training
programs for educational and non-educational
personnel; (e) planning environmental educa-
tional centers; (f) community education; and (g)
preparation and distribution of materials suitable
for use by the mass media in dealing with environ-
ment and ecology.
Citizen Participation
The Advisory Council on Environmental Educa-
tion consists of twenty-one individuals representing
both the public and private sector, having
displayed an area of expertise in environmental
matters. Its membership must include at least
three ecologists and three students. Appointment
to the Council is made by the Secretary of HEW.
The Council is charged with the responsibility
of advising the Commissioner with respect to the
promulgation of rules and regulations governing
the Environmental Education Act. It also makes
recommendations with respect to the expenditure
of appropriated funds and the criteria to be used
in approving grants and contracts authorized
under the legislation.
CFDA #13.525
Emergency School Aid-Basic Grant to Local
Education Agencies
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII-Emer-
gency School Aid Act, P.L. 92-318; Title 45 CFR,
Part 185-Emergency School Aid, Subpart B 86,
Stat. 354.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist the project of elim-
inating, reducing or preventing minority group
isolation and aiding school children in overcoming
the educational disadvantages of minority group
isolation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.482.
CFDA #13.526
Emergency School Aid - Pilot Programs
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII-Emer-
gency School Aid Act, P.L. 92-318, as amended
by P.L. 93-380; 45 CFR Part 185 - Emergency
School Aid; Subpart C.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist the process of
eliminating, reducing or preventing minority group
isolation and aiding School children in overcoming
the educational disadvantages of minority group
isolation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.482.
82
CFDA #13.528
Emergency School Aid-Bilingual Education
Projects
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII-Emer-
gency School Aid Act, P.L. 92-318, as amended
by P.L. 93-390; Title 45 CFR, Part 185, Subpart F.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist the process of elim-
inating, reducing or preventing minority group
isolation and aiding school children in overcoming
the educational disadvantages of minority group
isolation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.443.
CFDA #13.529
Emergency School Aid - Special Programs
& Projects
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII-Emer-
gency School Aid Act, P.L. 92-318, 45 CFR, Part
185, Subpart G.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist the process of elim-
inating, reducing or preventing minority group
isolation and aiding school children in overcoming
the educational disadvantages of minority group
isolation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.482.
CFDA #13.530
Emergency School Aid Act-Educational TV
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII-Emer-
gency School Aid Act, P.L. 92-318, as amended
by P.L. 93-380; 45 CFR, Part 185, Subpart H.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist the process of elim-
inating, reducing or preventing minority group
isolation, and aiding school children in overcoming
the educational disadvantages of minority group
isolation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.482.
CFDA #13.532
Emergency School Aid-Special Programs
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title VII-Emer-
gency School Aid Act, P.L. 92-3 18, as amended
by P.L. 93-380; Title 45 CFR, Part 185, Subpart J.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist the process of elim-
inating, reducing or preventing minority group
isolation, and aiding school children in overcoming
the educational disadvantages of minority group
isolation.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA # 13.482.
83
CFDA #13.533
Right to Read - Elimination of Illiteracy
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-380,
Title VII, National Reading Improvement Pro-
gram; 20 U.S.C. 1901; as amended by P.L. 94-194.
Program Description
Provides grants and contracts to stimulate im-
provement and expansion of reading-related acti-
vities to meet the needs of pre-elementary and
elementary school children, youths, and adults.
Citizen Participation
Requires various forms of parents and community
involvement in the planning, development, imple-
mentation, and evaluation of all projects. Pro-
jects for State leadership and pre-elementary
and elementary school children must have State
or local advisory councils on reading which are
representative of the cultural and educational re-
sources and the general population of the State
or community, including parents. Adult reading
improvement projects must have task forces con-
sisting of representatives from the applicant
agency, youths and adults from the target pop-
ulation to be served, and wherever possible and
appropriate, representatives from community
groups, other Federal or State programs, and
business and industry.
CFDA #13.534
Indian Education - Grants to Local Educational
Agencies
Authorization
Public Law 92-318, Title IV, Part A, as amended;
20 U.S.C. 241aa.
Program Description
Provides financial assistance to local educational
agencies to develop and implement elementary
and secondary school programs designed to meet
the special educational needs of Indian children.
Citizen Participation
As a condition for approval of applications,
the law requires that the application must have
been developed: 1) in open consultation with the
parents of Indian children, teachers, and where
applicable, secondary School students, including
public hearings at which such persons have had
a full opportunity to understand the program for
which assistance is sought and to offer recommen-
dations on the proposed program; and 2) with
participation and approval of a committee com-
posed of, and selected by, parents of children
participating in the program for which assistance
is sought, teachers, and where applicable, secon-
dary school students, of which at least half of the
members shall be such parents.
The law also requires that the application set
forth such policies and procedures as will insure
that the program for which assistance is sought
will be operated and evaluated in consultation
with, and the involvement of parents of the chil-
dren and representatives of the area to be served,
including the parent committee described above.
CFDA #13.535
Indian Education - Special Programs and Projects
Authorization
Public Law 92-318, Title IV, Part B, as amended;
20 U.S.C. 887c.
84
Program Description
Provides project grants to plan, develop and im-
plement programs for the improvement of educa-
tional opportunities for Indian children.
Citizen Participation
The law requires as a condition for approval of
an application that the application show there
has been adequate participation of tribal com-
munities and the parents of the children to be
served in the planning, development, operation
and evaluation of the project. This applies to
subsection (b) grants to SEA’s and LEA's,
Federally supported elementary and secondary
schools for Indian children, and to Indian tribes,
organizations, and institutions to support plan-
ning, pilot and demonstration projects which are
designed to plan, test and demonstrate the effect-
iveness of programs for improving educational
opportunities for Indian children. It also applies
to subsection (c) grants to SEA’s and LEA's
and to tribal and other Indian community organ-
izations to assist and stimulate them in develop-
ing and establishing educational services and
programs specifically designed to improve educa-
tional opportunities for Indian children.
The law also provides for review of applica-
tions and recommendations for approval or dis-
approval to the Deputy Commissioner for Indian
Education by the National Advisory Council on
Indian Education. This Council consists of fifteen
members who are Indians and Alaska Natives.
Members are appointed by the President of the
United States.
CFDA #13.536
Indian Education - Adult Indian Education
Authorization
Public Law 92-318, Title IV, Part C, as amended;
20 U.S.C. 1211a.
Program Description
Provides project grants to plan, develop, and
implement programs for Indian adults, to Stimu-
late the provision of basic literacy opportunities
for non-literate Indian adults and high School
equivalency opportunities in the shortest period
of time feasible.
Citizen Participation
The law requires as a condition for approval of
an application that the application show there
has been adequate participation of tribal com-
munities, and of the individuals to be served,
in the planning and development of the project,
and that there will be such participation in the
operation and evaluation of the project.
This program is also subject to requirements
under CFDA #13.535 regarding the National
Advisory Council on Indian Education.
CFDA #13.540
Veterans’ Cost of Instruction Payments Program -
Higher Education
Authorization
Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended by
P.L. 92-318, Title X, Sec. 420; P.L. 93-380,
Section 835; P.L. 94-482, Section 126.
Program Description
Provides direct payments to encourage colleges
and universities to serve the special needs of Viet
Nam era veterans.
85
Citizen Participation
Regulations require an advisory committee, com-
posed of Veterans Administration staff, higher
education institution officials, community and
business leaders. This committee shall serve as
an on-going evaluative mechanism for on-going
programs, and to broaden and strengthen the
base of the programs.
CFDA #13.543
Educational Opportunity Centers
Authorization
Section 417A-417B, Title IV of the Higher Edu-
cation Act of 1965, P.L. 89-329, as amended by
Section 131(b) of Title I, P.L. 92-318; P.L. 94-
482.
Program Description
Provides grants to set up centers which provide
educational services, such as academic and career
counseling, admissions assistance and information
on financial aid, to persons living in areas with
major concentrations of low-income families.
Citizen Participation
An advisory board is required at each center,
composed of interested community members,
community leaders, student representatives from
education institutions, and directors from Upward
Bound, Talent Search, or Special Services for
Disadvantaged Students Projects.
CFDA #13.549
Ethnic Heritage Studies Act
Authorization
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title
IX, as amended by P.L. 92-318 and P.L. 93-380.
Program Description
Provides grants at all levels of education designed
to develop and disseminate curriculum, and
train persons about the cultural heritage of
Americans.
Citizen Participation
All projects must be designed and implemented
in conjunction with a local advisory council. At
least half of the council membership should be
recruited from persons belonging to the ethnic
group(s) under study. . This program requires a
State commission “broadly and equitably repre-
sentative of the general public and private non-
profit and proprietary institutions of post-second-
ary education.” In addition, a 15 member Na-
tional Advisory Council, appointed by the Secre-
tary of HEW, provides overall program guidance.
CFDA #13.550
Post-Secondary Education Statewide
Comprehensive Planning Grants Program
(State Planning Commission Program)
Authorization
Section 1203 of the Higher Education Act of 1965,
as amended, P.L. 89-329.
Program Description
Provides project grants to provide comprehensive
planning for post-secondary education so that all
persons who desire and can benefit from post-
secondary education may have an opportunity
to do so.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #13.549
regarding State commissions.
86
CFDA #13.551
Indian Education - Grants to Non-Local
Educational Agencies
Authorization
Public Law 92-318, Title IV, Part A, as amended;
20 U.S.C. 241(a).
Program Description
Project grants to provide financial assistance to
non-local educational agencies to develop and
implement elementary and secondary school
programs designed to meet the special educational
needs of Indian children. Non-local educational
agencies are schools on or near a reservation
which are governed by a non-profit institution or
organization of an Indian tribe.
Citizen Participation
The law requires an assurance that the proposed
program or project will be developed, operated
and evaluated in open consultation with the Indian
community, including at least one public hearing
at which all interested community members will
have an opportunity to understand the program
and to offer recommendations thereon.
The law also provides for review of applications
and recommendations for their approval or dis-
approval to the Deputy Commissioner for Indian
Education by the National Advisory Council on
Indian Education. Note requirements under
CFDA #13.535 regarding National Advisory
Council on Indian Education.
CFDA #13.554
Career Education
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1974, Special Projects
Act, Title IV, Section 406, P.L. 93-380, 88 Stat.
551-553; 20 U.S.C. 1865.
Program Description
Provides grants and contracts to demonstrate the
most effective methods and techniques and to
develop exemplary career education models.
Citizen Participation
Grantees must provide specific measures for in-
teraction between world of education and world
of work, including, but not limited to, involvement
of parents, and representatives of business, labor,
industry, government, and professions in the area.
CFDA #13.563
Community Education
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1974, Special Projects
Act, Title IV, Section 405, P.L. 93-380, 88 Stat.
549–551; 20 U.S.C. 1864.
Program Description
Provides grants to set up and improve community
education programs which provide educational,
recreational, cultural, and other related commu-
nity services in accordance with the needs, interests
and concerns of the community.
Citizen Participation
Program must provide for involvement of local
community colleges, social, recreational and health
groups, community representatives, parents, stu-
dents.
CFDA #13.564
Consumer’s Education
87
Authorization
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, P.L.
92-318, Title VIII, Section 811; P.L. 93-380, Part
E, Section 402.
Program Description
Grants are made at elementary, secondary, post-
secondary, and adult education levels, to promote
consumer education through research, demonstra-
tion, and pilot projects.
Citizen Participation
Prospective applicants (Local Education Agencies,
community groups) are required by regulations
to hold open meetings in order to ascertain the need
for a proposed project.
CFDA #13.565
Women’s Education Equity
Authorization
Special Projects Act, Section 408, P.L. 93-380.
Program Description
Grants are made to public and private non-profit
organizations for activities designed to carry out
programs relating to women and to meet their edu-
cational needs.
Citizen Participation
An Advisory Council on Woman’s Education Pro-
gram has been created as a part of the Women’s
Education Equity program. The Council is com-
prised of 17 individuals appointed by the President.
These members broadly represent the general pub-
lic and are versed in the role and status of women
in American society. The Council advises the
Commissioner of Education with respect to gen-
eral policy matters relating to the administration
of this program and makes recommendations on
the expenditure of appropriated funds.
CFDA #13.925
Funds for the Improvement of Post Secondary
Education*
Authorization
Education Amendments of 1972, Title III, Sec.
404, P.L. 92-318; 86 Stat. 328.
Program Description
Awards grants to, and contracts with, institutions
of post-secondary education and other public and
private educational agencies to improve post-
secondary education opportunities.
Citizen Participation
An advisory board is required to advise on pro-
gram development, coordination of activities, and
program decisions. Members of the advisory
board shall include a majority (minimum of 8) pub-
lic interest representatives, and a minority (up to 7)
of education representatives. Section 404(b) of the
legislation provides for comments and recommen-
dations to be made to the Secretary of HEW by
appropriate State Commissions established under
Section 1202 of the Higher Education Act.
*Note: Responsibility for administration of this pro-
gram is assigned to the Office of the Assistant Secre-
tary for Education, rather than the Office of Education.
88
OFFICE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERVICES
CFDA #13.600
Child Development - Head Start
Authorization
42 U.S.C. 2921 et seq; Community Services Act
of 1974; P.L. 93-644, Title V, Part A.
Program Description
To provide educational, health, nutritional and
social services to poor pre-school children and their
families, and to involve parents in activities with
their children which will provide comprehensive
development services for the child, insuring op-
timal development opportunities during the child’s
enrollment (usually for a period of one academic
year) in Head Start.
Citizen Participation
Policy councils, made up of at least a majority of
low-income parents who have children in Head
Start, are to provide policy direction for the pro-
gram. Parents of enrolled children must be given
an opportunity to influence the character of the
program by participating in planning, develop-
ment and implementation of Head Start activities
during the operation of the program. Recipients
of financial assistance for Head Start programs
shall provide maximum employment opportunities
for residents of the area to be served, and to par-
ents of children who are participating in projects
being assisted.
CFDA #13.601
Child Development - Technical Assistance
Authorization
Order of the Secretary July 7, 1969 and August 12,
1969.
Program Description
Program to coordinate, develop and advocate pro-
grams for children, youth and their families.
Citizen Participation
Each local program must establish a Policy Com-
mittee or Council, which is composed of parents
of children in the program as well as local repre-
sentatives of the community. This group formu-
lates policy for program direction.
CFDA #13.603
Administration for Handicapped Individuals
(AHI)
Authorization
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, P.L. 93-112: Title IV,
Section 405; 29 U.S.C. 702; Vocational Rehab-
ilitation Act Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-516,
Title I, Section 109; 29 U.S.C. 701.
Program Description
Serving as an advocacy unit within the Depart-
ment of Health, Education and Welfare, the Ad-
ministration for Handicapped Individuals (AHI)
serves as the focal point for review, coordination
information, and planning related to Depart-
ment-wide policies, programs, procedures and
activities relevant to physically and mentally
handicapped persons.
89
Citizen Participation
The enabling legislation directs AHI to meet the
requirements of Section 405 “. . . with the assis-
tance of agencies within HEW, other departments
and agencies within the Federal government, hand-
icapped individuals, and public and private agen-
cies and organizations . . .” (Section 405(a).)
AHI has a number of mechanisms in place and
planned, including inviting representatives of or-
ganizations of handicapped individuals, and hand-
icapped persons themselves to meet with AHI;
participation in conventions and other meetings
of these groups; and Soliciting opinions and data
from such groups through Surveys and other ac-
tivities. The Clearinghouse in AHI responds to
inquiries on all matters pertaining to the handi-
capped including information on available resources
and services.
CFDA #13.609
Special Programs for the Aging
Authorization
Older Americans Act of 1965, P.L. 89-73, as a-
mended by P.L. 90–42, 91-69, 92-258, 93-29, 93-351
and 93-135. Also note discussion of Titles III and
VII which follow.
Program Description
The Title III program provides funds, on a for-
mula grant basis, for State agencies on aging and
for substate area agencies on aging to develop a
system of coordinated and comprehensive Services
to enable older persons to remain independent and
live in their own homes or other places of residence
for as long as possible.
The State agencies on aging also administer the
Title VII nutrition program, through project awards
to local communities, to provide nutritious meals
and related services to older persons, primarily
in congregate settings.
Citizen Participation
There are requirements for advisory assistance at
both the State and local level for both the Title III
and Title VII programs. Public hearings are re-
quired prior to formal submission of area plans
and State plans.
Additional procedures are employed by State
agencies to assure effective participation of actual
or potential consumers of services under this pro-
gram in implementing the plans.
Title III - State Agency Requirements
Section 903.15
(b) For fiscal year 1975, and for any fiscal
year thereafter, the State agency shall con-
duct, prior to the submission of the State
plan to the governor for approval, a public
hearing(s) on the State plan. The State a-
gency shall give adequate public notice prior
to the conduct of the hearing. The hearing
shall provide the opportunity for the gen-
eral public, officials of general purpose
local government, and other interested
parties to comment on the State plan.
Section 903.50
(b) Participation of Older Americans in
implementation of the State plan -- The
State plan shall provide that procedures
will be developed by the State agency that
will assure effective participation of actual
or potential consumers of services under
this program in the implementation of the
State plan at the State and local levels.
90
These procedures shall provide for periodic
public hearings on concerns of the elderly
in the State with adequate public notice
for such hearings.
(c) Advisory committee -- The State plan
shall provide for the establishment of an
advisory committee to the governor, the
State agency, and the Single organizational
unit on the implementation of the State
plan. At least one-half of the membership
of the committee shall consist of actual
consumers of services under this program,
including low income, and minority older
persons, at least in proportion to the num-
ber of minority older persons in the State,
with the remainder being broadly repre-
sentative of the major public and private
agencies and organizations in the State
who are experienced in or have demonstra-
ted particular interest in the special needs
of the elderly. This committee shall meet
preferably bi-monthly, but at least quar-
terly.
Title III - Area Agency Requirements
Section 903.66(8)
Conduct of public hearings concerning
the needs of the elderly.
Section 903.78
(f) For fiscal year 1975, and for every fis-
cal year thereafter, the area agency shall
conduct, prior to the Submission of the
area plan to the State agency for approval,
a public hearing(s) on the area plan. The
area agency shall give adequate public no-
tice prior to the conduct of the hearing.
The hearing shall provide the opportunity
for older persons, the general public, of
ficials of general purpose local government,
and other interested parties to comment
on the area plan.
Title III - Nutrition Requirements
Section 909.20 Advisory Assistance
(a) The State plan shall provide that the
State agency shall obtain advisory assis-
tance from consumers of Service under this
part, including members of minority
groups, and persons knowledgeable in the
provision of nutrition services.
(b) The State plan shall provide that advi-
Sory assistance will be obtained by the State
agency on all aspects of the nutrition pro-
gram within the State and will include re-
view of and advice on the annual State op-
erating plan.
(c) The State plan shall set forth the method
by which such advisory assistance shall be
Obtained.
(d) The advisory assistance for this pro-
gram must be functional prior to the ap-
proval by the State agency of awards un-
der this part.
Section 909.37 Project Councils
The State plan shall provide that:
(a) Each project shall have a project coun-
cil. It shall be the responsibility of the
council to advise the recipient of a grant
Or contract on all matters relating to the
delivery of nutrition services within the
project and to approve all policy decisions
91
related to:
(1) The determination of general menus
to meet the cultural and other dietary pref-
erences of participants;
(2) The establishment of suggested fee
guidelines;
(3) The days and hours of operation;
and
(4) The decorating and furnishing of
the meal site.
(b) More than one-half of the membership
of this council shall be actual consumers
of the nutrition services of the project.
Consumer members shall be representative
of congregate meal sites and be elected by
participants in such sites. Other members
of the council shall include persons com-
petent in the field of service in which the
nutrition program is being provided and
persons who are knowledgeable with re-
gard to the needs of elderly persons.
(c) The State agency shall develop formal
procedures regarding the tenure of mem-
bers, responsibilities and operations of
the project council prescribed in this sec-
tion, in keeping with guidelines established
by the Administration on Aging.
Section 205(d) (6)
The Older Americans Act requires that the
Federal Council on Aging shall:
provide public forums for discussing
and publicizing the problems and needs
of the aging and obtaining information
relating thereto by conducting public hear-
ings, and by conducting or sponsoring con-
ferences, workshops, and other such
meetings.
CFDA #13.612
Native American Programs
Authorization
Community Services Act of 1974, Title VIII, as
amended; P.L. 93-694, Title II, 42 U.S.C. 2991
36 seq.
Program Description
Provides project grants to support self determin-
ation programs aimed at improving the health,
education and welfare of Native Americans, both
on and off reservations, Native Hawaiians, and
Alaskan Natives. Available to governing bodies
of Indian tribes, Alaskan Native villages, and re-
gional corporations, and other public or non-profit
organizations.
Citizen Participation
Indian tribes which are recipients of Federal grants
under this Act are provided an opportunity to par-
ticipate in the direction of educational and other
Federal services to Indian communities. Qualified
persons from Indian communities shall be given
an opportunity to fulfill meaningful leadership
roles with assistance from services provided by the
Act. Members of tribal organizations are given
the opportunity to serve on advisory committees
to projects sponsored under the Act.
CFDA #13.623
Youth Development (Runaway Youth)
Authorization
The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Act, Title III, P.L. 93-415; 42 U.S.C. 5701.
92
Program Description
Provides project grants to develop local facilities
to address the immediate needs of runaway youth
in a manner which is outside the law enforcement
and juvenile justice systems.
Citizen Participation
In order to qualify for assistance under this pro-
gram, each applicant shall submit a plan to the
Secretary of HEW which indicates (among other
requirements) that each facility shall be located
in an area which is demonstrably frequented by
or easily reachable by runaway youth, and that
the applicant shall develop adequate plans for con-
tacting the child’s parents or relatives (if such ac-
tion is required by State law) and assuring the safe
return of the child according to the best interests
of the child, for contacting local government of-
ficials, etc. Each local program must establish
policies and procedures which will insure the ac-
tive participation of youth within the decision-
making processes of the facility.
Vocational Rehabilitation
CFDA #13.624
Basic Support Program
CFDA #13.625
Beneficiary Rehabilitation Program
CFDA #13.626
Rehabilitation Services Projects
CFDA #13.627
Rehabilitation Research
CFDA #13.629
Rehabilitation Training
Authorization
Rehabilitation Act of 1973, P.L. 92-1 12, 87 Stat.
355; and P.L. 93-112, as amended, Title I, Part A,
Sec. 101 (a) 18, and Title I, Part B, Sec. 112.
Program Description
The Act authorizes Federal assistance to States to
provide vocational rehabilitation Services to dis-
abled people to enable them to enter or return to
gainful employment. Other activities include re-
Search and demonstration, training and evaluation
projects, innovation and expansion projects, and
demonstrations for special disability groups.
Citizen Participation
The Act requires that State agencies take citizens’
views into account in connection with matters of
general policy development arising in the admin-
istration of the State plan. Individuals and groups
identified among those whose counsel should be
Sought are recipients of service (or their represen-
tatives), providers of vocational rehabilitation Ser-
vices, and others active in the field of vocational
rehabilitation.
Federal regulations require each State to estab-
lish in writing and maintain a description of the
methods used to obtain and consider these views.
These descriptions are to be available to the public.
In providing vocational rehabilitation services
under Title I, an individualized written rehabili-
tation program is required in the case of each hand-
icapped individual. It must be developed jointly
by the rehabilitation counselor and the handicap-
ped individual, or his parent or guardian, if ap-
propriate. Such a written program must set forth
the terms and conditions, as well as the rights and
remedies under which goods and services will be
provided to the individual.
93
CFDA #13.707
Child Welfare Services
Authorization
Social Security Act, Title IV -B, Sections 420–425;
P.L. 90–248, Section 240(c); 81 Stat. 911; 42 U.S.C.
620-625; P.L. 92-603, Sec. 412.
Program Description
Provides funds to establish, extend and strengthen
public Social services which supplement or substi-
tute for parental care and supervision in prevent-
ing the neglect, abuse, exploitation, or delinquency
of children. Also intended to protect and promote
the welfare of children and strengthen family life.
Citizen Participation
The Social Security Act mandates an advisory com-
mittee to advise the State public welfare agency
on the general policy involved in the provision of
day care services. The committee shall be com-
posed of representatives of other State agencies
concerned with services, representatives of pro-
fessional, civic or other public or private organ-
izations, private citizens interested and experienced
in Service programs, and recipients of assistance
or services or their representatives. The latter cate-
gory shall constitute at least one-third of the mem-
bership of the committee. Such recipients or their
representatives must be selected in a manner which
will assure the participation of the recipients in the
selection process and that they are actually repre-
sentatives of those receiving assistance or Services.
The State plan must provide for financial arrange-
ments where necessary to make possible the par-
ticipation of recipients in the work of the commit-
tee Structure.
The legislation also mandates that the State plan
shall provide for the use of paid sub-professionals
On the Staff, with particular emphasis on the em-
ployment of persons of low income as community
service aides, and for the use of volunteers in as-
sisting the advisory committee. Employment of
Such sub-professionals shall include part-time or
full-time employment of recipients and other per-
Sons of low income. A career service plan must
be developed which permits such persons to en-
ter employment at the sub-professional level and
progress to positions of increasing responsibility
and remuneration. Also required is an organized
training program, supervision and supportive as-
sistance for such staff, and annual progression in
the utilization of increasing numbers of sub-pro-
fessional staff until there is optimum use of such
staff in achieving the service goals for families
and children.
CFDA #13.714
Medical Assistance Program (Medicaid - Title XIX)
Authorization
Title XIX, Social Security Act as amended; P.L.
89–97; P.L. 90-248; P.L. 91-56; 42 U.S.C. 1396
et seq.; P.L. 92-223; P.L. 92-603; P.L. 93-66; P.L.
93-233.
Program Description
Provides grants to States for medical assistance
on behalf of eligible families and individuals whose
income and resources are insufficient to meet the
cost of necessary medical services, and rehabilita-
tion and other services to help such eligible fam-
ilies and individuals attain or retain capability for
independence and self-care.
94
Citizen Participation
The legislation requires that each State plan pro-
vide for the effective use of non-paid or partially-
paid volunteers in providing services and in assist-
ing any advisory committee established by the
State agency.
Regulations require that there will be an advi-
sory committee to the State agency director for
health and medical care services, appointed by the
director of the State agency or a higher State au-
thority. The medical care advisory committee will
include: board certified physicians and other repre-
sentatives of the health professions who are fam-
iliar with the medical needs of low-income popu-
lation groups and with the resources available and
required for their care, members of consumers
groups (including Title XIX recipients); and con-
Sumer organizations, such as labor unions, cooper-
atives, consumer-sponsored prepaid group prac-
tice plans, etc.; and the director of the public wel-
fare department or of the public health department,
whichever does not head the single State agency
for the Title XIX plan. The medical care advisory
committee will have adequate opportunity for mean-
ingful participation in policy development and pro-
gram administration, including the furtherance
of recipient participation, in the program of the
agency. The committee will be provided with fi-
nancial arrangements, where necessary, to make
possible the participation of recipients in the work
of the committee. Federal financial assistance is
available for up to fifty percent of the support of
the activities of the committee.
CFDA #13.748
Work Incentive Program (WIN)
Authorization
Social Security Act, Title IV-A, Sec. 402(a)(19);
42 U.S.C. 602(a)(19); Title IV-C, Sec. 430-443;
42 U.S.C. 630-644, added by P.L. 90-248 and a-
mended by P.L. 92-223.
Program Description
Provides grants to State agencies for necessary child
care and supportive services in order that WIN
registrants may be employed, trained for employ-
ment or placed in on-the-job training or public
service employment.
Citizen Participation
The Social Security Act provides for a Labor Mar-
ket Advisory Council which shall be composed of
representatives of industry, labor, and public Ser-
vice employers from the area to be served by the
Council.
Federal regulations further provide that the
Council shall be composed of not more than 18
members and may include individuals from other
groups which the Secretary of Labor may deem
advisable (29 CFR 56.16).
CFDA #13.754
Public Assistance - Social Services (Day Care)
Authorization
Title I, P.L. 87-543; 42 U.S.C. 301-306; Title IV,
P.L. 90–248; 42 U.S.C. 602-3; Title XVI, P.L. 87-
543; 42 U.S.C. 1361-71; P.L. 93-647, Title XX,
42 U.S.C. 1797.
Program Description
Formula grants to provide potential and current
recipients of public assistance an array of services
which will effectively assist these persons in at-
95
taining or retaining the least level of assistance.
Day Care assistance can be provided under
Title XX.
Citizen Participation
Day Care programs funded under this legislation
have Substantial requirements for citizen involve-
ment. Whenever an operating or administering
agency provides day care for forty or more children,
a policy advisory committee is required. The com-
mittee membership should include not less than
fifty percent parents or their representatives (who
must be chosen by the parents). This portion of
the committee membership must be selected in a
democratic manner by the parents or their chosen
representatives. Other members should include
representatives of professional organizations or
individuals who have particular knowledge or skills
in children and family programs. The functions
of the policy advisory committee will vary depend-
ing upon the administering agencies and facilities
involved. These committees must, however, per-
form productive functions including, but not limited
to, the following:
1) Assisting in the development of the programs
and approving applications for funding;
2) Participating in the nomination and selection
of the program director at the operating and/or
administering level;
3) Advising on the recruitment and selection of
Staff and volunteers;
4) Initiating suggestions and ideas for program
improvement;
5) Serving as a channel for hearing complaints
about the program;
6) Assisting in organizing activities for parents;
and
7) ASSuming a degree of responsibility for com-
municating with parents and encouraging their
participation in the program.
Opportunities must be provided parents at times
convenient to them to work with the program and,
whenever possible, observe their children in the
Day Care facility. Parents must be given the op-
portunity to become involved themselves in the
making of decisions concerning the nature and
operation of the Day Care facility.
CFDA #13.761
Public Assistance-Maintenance Assistance
Authorization
For the fifty States and the District of Columbia:
Social Security Act, Title IV-A, Sec. 401–409;
42 U.S.C. 601-609 as amended by Public
Laws 92-233; 92-512; 93-647; 94-88.
For Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands:
Social Security Act, Title IV-A (see above),
Title I, X, XIV, and original Title XVI (P.L.
87-543); also Title XI, selected sections.
Program Description
For the fifty States and the District of Columbia:
to assist States in furnishing financial assistance
to needy families with children.
For Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands:
for financial assistance and services encouraging
rehabilitation and Self-care (aid to the aged, blind
and disabled).
Citizen Participation
There is no statutory or regulatory mandate for
the use of volunteers or advisory groups for the
fifty States or the District of Columbia.
96
With regard to Guam, Puerto Rico and the Vir-
gin Islands, the Social Security Act mandates the
use of volunteers. Federal regulations (45 CFR 222)
mandates the use of advisory committees.
CFDA #13.771
Social Services for Low-Income and Public
Assistance Recipients
Authorization
Social Security Act, Title XX, Part A, Social Ser-
vice Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-647; 42 U.S.C.
1397.
Program Description
Provides Federal block grant funding (providing
reimbursement up to allowable limits) to encourage
provision of social services by States to eligible
low-income individuals and families. The legis-
lation specifies five national program goals toward
which all Title XX funded services are to be directed.
These goals are:
1) Achieving or maintaining economic self-
support to prevent, reduce or eliminate depen-
dency;
2) Achieving or maintaining self-sufficiency,
including reduction or prevention of dependency;
3) Preventing or remedying neglect, abuse or
exploitation of children and adults unable to
protect their own interests or preserving, rehab-
ilitating or reuniting families;
4) Preventing or reducing inappropriate insti-
tutional care by providing community-based
care, home-based care or other forms of less
intensive care; or
5) Securing referral or admission to institutional
care when other forms of care are not appropri-
ate, or providing services to individuals in in-
Stitutions.
States are required to view their Title XX re-
Sources in relation to other social service programs
in ways which promote services coordination and
a more comprehensive approach to service delivery.
Title XX funds may not be used to substitute for
existing support to other human service programs
already funded by State and/or Federal resources.
Citizen Participation
Under this legislation there is an increase in the
authority and responsibility given to individual
States for decision making with regard to estab-
lishing service priorities and determining how re-
Sources will be allocated. The governor of each
State must designate an agency of State govern-
ment as the Title XX agency. The designated agen-
cy shall either administer the program directly, or,
if the program is administered at the county or
other sub-state level, assume Supervisory respon-
sibility for the program.
It is the responsibility of this agency to develop
and implement a Comprehensive Annual Services
Program (CASP) plan. The CASP plan must in-
clude: Specification and definitions of all services
to be offered and methods of delivery; Specifica-
tion of the categories of eligible individuals to whom
each Service is to be provided and the geographic
areas of the State within which each service will
be available; and the relationship of each service
to one or more of the Title XX program goals. The
plan must describe how the needs of the Title XX
target groups were taken into account in establish-
ing priorities, how existing service resources were
inventoried, etc. The CASP plan becomes, there-
fore, the primary vehicle for establishing the stan-
97
dard against which the results of Title XX programs
can be monitored and evaluated.
Regulations require that a proposed CASP plan
be published and made available to the public at
least 90 days before the final plan becomes effective.
The following procedures are to be used in this
process:
1) A news release announcing the proposed plan
is to be issued prior to its publication;
2) A Summary description of the plan is to be
published as a display advertisement in the news-
paper of widest circulation in each geographic
area described in the plan;
3) A copy of the complete proposed CASP plan
is to be made available to the public for inspec-
tion or purchase at a reasonable cost at a local
public office (at least one in each county) and
retained and made accessible to the public
throughout the program year;
4) A detailed Summary must be made available
to the public (without charge) upon request; and
5) A toll-free or local telephone number must
be publicized for the purpose of informing the
public of the availability of the detailed sum-
mary.
Written comments from the public are to be
accepted by the Title XX agency for a period of
at least 45 days from the date of initial publication.
States or counties also may schedule public hearings
to receive and record comments from various in-
dividuals and special interest groups. All of the
comments related to the proposed CASP plan are
to be retained and available for inspection by the
public and Federal officials for a period of at least
three years.
After the minimum 45 days required for public
review and comment, the final CASP plan must
be published, following essentially the same pro-
cedures as outlined for the proposed plan. Both
the newspaper display and the final CASP plan
must include an explanation of the differences be-
tween the proposed and final plans.
While the legislation does not mandate the use
of volunteers, it does require that those States
choosing to use volunteers include in their CASP
plan a description of the role which volunteers will
play in the provision of services and in the overall
organizational structure of the State plan.
SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
Authorization
Social Security Act, Title II (Survivors and Dis-
ability Insurance Programs); Title XVI (Sup-
plemental Security Income Program - Aid to the
Aged, Blind and Disabled); Title IV-A, Sec.
401–409; 42 U.S.C. 801-609 and amended by
Public Laws 92-233; 92-512; 93-647; 94-88 (Pub-
lic Assistance Programs for the 50 States and the
District of Columbia); Title IV-A (see above),
Title I, X, XIV, and original Title XVI (P.L.
87-543), also Title XI, selected sections (Guam,
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands); Title XI,
Sec. 1113, Social Security Act and P.L. 86-571,
Repatriate Program; P.L. 87-510, Cuban Refugee
Program.
98
Program Description
The Social Security Administration (SSA) ad-
ministers a contributory insurance program to
protect the income of workers and their families
in case of retirement, disability or death. It also
administers the Supplemental Security Income
Program of Federally financed assistance to the
needy aged, blind and disabled. It provides
grants to States for the Federal share of State
programs for financial assistance to needy fami-
lies with children in the 50 States, District of
Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin
Islands. It also administers similar grants to
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands to
provide financial and services assistance to needy
aged, blind and disabled. It provides temporary
assistance for U.S. citizens returned from foreign
countries who are destitute or mentally ill.
Citizen Participation
Section 706 of the Social Security Act requires
the formation of an Advisory Council on Social
Security. A Council is appointed by the Secre-
tary of HEW every four years and serves until
its mission is completed and reports are submitted.
The statute requires that members shall represent
organizations of employers and employees, the
self-employed and the public. With respect to
the Guam, Puerto Rico and Virgin Island Public
Assistance programs for financial assistance to
needy aged, blind and disabled and for needy
families with children, the Social Security Act
mandates the use of volunteers and the Federal
regulations (45 CFR 222) mandate the use of
advisory committees.
The SSA seeks citizen input into the adminis-
tration of its programs through publication of
regulations in the Federal Register, provision of
proposed regulations to groups and individuals
demonstrating an interest in the subject, and an
active publication information program. Atti-
tudinal Surveys, public meetings, conferences with
interest groups are “outreach' techniques employ-
ed by SSA to determine public concerns, atti-
tudes and recommendations. Liaison is maintained
with many of the organizations which have a pro-
fessional or consumer interest in programs
administered by the Agency.
SSA is presently conducting a series of Regional
Forums designed to communicate with a cross-
section of the public. Regional advisory com-
mittees design, conduct, and support these forums
which give people the opportunity to express
their interest and concerns regarding the Social
Security programs.
SSA is also in the process of conducting a one-
year demonstration program to study the need
and feasibility of using ombudsmen to serve
individuals who have difficulty pursuing their
rights through the system as it is presently designed.
99
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DEPARTNMENT OF HOUSING AND
URBAN DEVELOPMENT
CFDA #14.146
Public Housing - Acquisition
(Turnkey and Conventional Production Methods)
Authorization
U.S. Housing Act of 1937, as amended; P.L. 75-
412; 42 U.S.C. 1401-1435.
Program Description
Provides funds to local housing authorities estab-
lished by local governments in accordance with
State law, authorized public agencies, or Indian
tribal organizations to provide decent, safe and
sanitary low-rent housing and related facilities for
low-income families.
Citizen Participation
Requires the development and maintenance of
tenant organizations which participate in the man-
agement of low-income housing projects; the train-
ing of tenants to manage and operate Such projects
and the utilization of their services in project man-
agement and operation.
CFDA #14.147
Public Housing Home Ownership for Low-Income
Families
Authorization
Housing Act of 1937, as amended; P.L. 54-412, 42
U.S.C. 1401-1435.
Program Description
Provides funds to assist local housing authorities
in providing housing purchase opportunities for
low-income families by crediting amount budgeted
for routine maintenance (performed by tenants)
to family equity accounts. Family income increase
and/or increase in equity accounts may result in
ownership passing to family. Mutual Help Pro-
gram for Indians allows families to contribute la-
bor on construction of homes.
Citizen Participation
Home Ownership Associations must be formed to
make decisions on the development of applica-
tions for such assistance.
100
CFDA #14.203
Comprehensive Planning Assistance
Authorization
Housing Act of 1954, Sec. 701, as amended; P.L.
83-560, 68 Stat. 590-640; 42 U.S.C. 461.
Program Description
Project grants for planning and management ac-
tivities. Eligible applicants include State agencies
(designated by governor), area-wide planning a-
gencies, counties, and cities. Plans must include
comments on possible effects of plan implementa-
tion on the environment.
Citizen Participation
Advisory involvement of citizens in the develop-
ment of comprehensive plans is required. Such
requirements may be satisfied using technicques
which the applicant determines to be appropriate.
However, the techniques used must satisfy the fol-
lowing criteria, which will serve as a measure of
citizen involvement: extent of interaction and in-
volvement, access to the decision-making process,
and adequate and timely information to give cit-
izens the opportunity to review and react to pro-
posals. Each applicant must also include a State-
ment of citizen involvement in its progress report
identifying specific activities undertaken to meet
the above requirements.
The policy board of the planning agency must
contain two-thirds locally elected officials. Citizen
representation is provided for by means of board
membership or through a separate structure or
process which allows citizens to have access to the
decision-making process. Citizen involvement is
also required where major plans, policies, priori-
ties or objectives are being developed.
CFDA # 14.218
Community Development Block Grants -
Entitlement Grants
Authorization
Title I of the Housing and Community Develop-
ment Act of 1974, P.L. 93-383, 42 U.S.C. 5301-
5317.
Program Description
Provides block grants to local governments to de-
velop viable urban communities, including decent
housing and a Suitable living environment, and
to expand economic opportunities, principally for
persons of low and moderate income. This pro-
gram replaces Urban Renewal, NDP, Model Cities,
Neighborhood Facilities, and others.
Citizen Participation
Citizens must be provided with adequate informa-
tion concerning the amount of funds available for
proposed community development and housing
activities, the range of activities which may be un-
dertaken, and other important program require-
ments. A minimum of two public hearings are re-
quired for the purpose of obtaining the views of
citizens on community development and housing
needs. Citizens must also be given adequate op-
portunity to articulate needs, express preferences
about proposed activities, assist in the selection
of priorities and otherwise participate in the de-
velopment of the application.
Upon receiving advice from the Department
of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) that
the application has been accepted for processing,
the applicant shall make reasonable efforts to in-
form citizens involved in or affected by the local
community development programs that the ap-
101
plication has been submitted and is available to
interested parties upon request. Notice to that ef-
fect shall be published in a periodical of general
circulation in the jurisdiction of the applicant. Any
person desiring to assert that any portion of an
application is plainly inconsistent with generally
available facts and data (other than Federal Cen-
SuS data) may submit such documentation to HUD.
Specific time limits are prescribed for submitting
such data. Final authority for the development
of the application and execution of the community
development program rests with the applicant.
The grantee must develop and make public a
plan to implement the citizen participation require-
ments. Residents of treatment areas may be pro-
vided resources with respect to planning and exe-
cution of community development activities.
CFDA #14.219
Community Development Block Grants -
Discretionary Grants
Authorization
Title I of the Housing and Community Develop-
ment Act of 1974, P.L. 93-383, 42 U.S.C. 5301-
5317.
Program Description
Provides project grants with objectives similar to
those described in CFDA #14.218.
Citizen Participation
Requirements are the same as those described in
CFDA #14.218, with the exception that citizen
participation requirements must be met prior to
Submission of the pre-application for funds.
CFDA #14.607
Public Housing - Modernization of Projects
Authorization
Housing Act of 1937, as amended; P.L. 75-412;
50 Stat. 888; 42 U.S.C. 1401.
Program Description
Provides loans and annual contributions to bring
existing public housing projects up to present-day
physical standards, and to involve tenants in man-
agement, including planning and implementing
of modernization programs, developing manage-
ment policies and practices, expanding services
and facilities and providing employment oppor-
tunities.
Citizen Participation
Requires the involvement of tenants in the plan-
ning and development of programs for the mod-
ernization of housing projects and for the expan-
sion of Services and facilities. Provides for citizen
involvement in management policies and practices.
Participation is advisory only.
102
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
The Department of the Interior administers a
broad range of programs which have both direct
and indirect, immediate and long-term impacts
upon the individual citizen. Programs and poli-
cies involving the parks, refuges, public lands,
American Indians, and reclamation projects are
among those which have immediate and direct
consequences. The management, study and in-
ventory of natural resources, as carried out by
the Department and its agencies, have social,
economic and environmental impacts which are
significant both to the standard and quality of
living in the near and distant future.
Most legislated authority for Department of
the Interior missions preceded the existing citizen
participation requirements of other Departments
and Agencies. Consequently, provision for citi-
zen participation in the Department of the In-
terior programs has been largely a result of ad-
ministrative policy and tirective. Where basic
legislation or regulation refers to citizens, the
reference in the past usually has been to specific
user groups, such as water conservancy districts
in the West.
As the public has become more aware of the
significant effects on the quality of their lives
which flow from decisions made in the Depart-
ment, the Department, in turn, has become more
responsive to public needs for Specific informa-
tion, and for the opportunity to participate in
the making of significant decisions. Public hear-
ings or forums and workshop sessions are being
held in increasing numbers.
The Department’s policy is to provide individual
citizens and a broad range of public interest
groups a ‘good faith’ opportunity to understand
and contribute to making decisions which will
affect them. Specific procedures have been
adopted by the Secretary to assure public involve-
ment in his decision process. It is the policy of
the Department that before major decisions are
made, concerned individuals and groups are con-
tacted in an appropriate manner, that input from
these persons has been received, and that related
testimony and evidence has been analyzed.
Notices of Departmental proposals for major

103
action or proposed rulemaking appear routinely
in the Federal Register. Inquiries can be made
by citizens to the Office of Public Affairs, De-
partment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. 20240.
In addition, inquiries may be made directly to a
specific Bureau within the Department by con-
tacting the Communications | Public Information
Offices in that Bureau. The Communications/
Public Information Offices endeavor to reach
those concerned with particular kinds of issues
through such means as advertisement or informa-
tional release in trade journals, commercial pa-
pers, newsletters, or other special interest publi-
cations, and direct mail to known user or interest
grOupS.
Among the information available to interested
citizens from the Communications/Public In-
formation Offices of the individual Bureaus or
the Secretary’s Office are: 1) the membership
and procedures of the numerous official advisory
boards and committees established to counsel
Department officials in various functional areas;
and 2) the public interest groups, special interest
groups, user groups, etc., all of which are in-
formed and active in the concerns of the Depart-
ment Of the Interior.
The following programs represent those Interior
programs having broad concern to the general
public. They also reflect the broad areas of
Department responsibility. Additional specific
activities are listed in the Catalog of Federal Do-
mestic Assistance.
BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS
CFDA #15. 100 - 15.140
Indian Affairs - Programs and Services
Authorizations:
The Snyder Act of November 2, 1921, 42 Stat.
208, 25 U.S.C. 13; Public Law 93-638; et al.
Program Description
The Bureau of Indian Affairs is the agency of the
Federal government which administers, for the
Secretary of the Interior, the trust responsibility
vested in the United States for Indian tribes. The
Bureau also provides a variety of services to tri-
bal members living on or near Indian reservations,
and acts as advocate for Indian people in dealing
with the Federal government. The Bureau pro-
vides resources for tribal government programs,
under a variety of authorities. Other agencies
of the Federal government also have special
Indian programs, in addition to the range of
Federal programs available to Indians as to all
U.S. citizens.
Citizen Participation
Direct participation in the work of the Bureau
of Indian Affairs is limited to its constituency of
recognized tribes and their members living on or
near the reservation. Because of the unique
Federal-to-tribal relationship, that is government-
to-government, the Bureau deals with elected
officials of tribal governments. Indian people,
including Alaska natives, participate in this pro-
cess through the election of their officials. Tribal
governments participate for their members in the
budget process, in program administration, and
in the services delivery systems of the Bureau.
104
With passage of the Indian Self-Determination
and Education Assistance Act of 1975, many
tribes currently are contracting with the Bureau
of Indian Affairs to deliver these programs and
services directly to their people. The Bureau
has field offices or agencies on or serving Indian
reservations and communities. Its Regional or
Area administrative offices are in Portland, Ore-
gon; Sacramento, California; Phoenix, Arizona;
Gallup and Albuquerque, New Mexico; AnadarkO
and Muskogee, Oklahoma; Billings, Montana;
Aberdeen, South Dakota; Minneapolis, Minne-
Sota; and Washington, D.C. for the Eastern Area.
Inquiries may be addressed to these Area offices,
or to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Washington,
D.C. 20240.
BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
CFDA #15.400
Outdoor Recreation - Acquisition, Development
and Planning
Authorization:
Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Organic Act;
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act and
Amendment, 16 U.S.C. 1-4 et seq.
Program Description
Provides project grants for financial assistance
to the States and their political subdivisions for
the preparation of comprehensive state-wide out-
door recreation plans and acquisition and develop-
ment of outdoor recreation areas and facilities
for the general public.
Citizen Participation
Public participation is required in the planning
process and in project formulation. Policy for
such citizen involvement is established at the
State level, and as result varies from State to
State. The Environmental Impact Statement
process, where applicable, also provides oppor-
tunity for public comment.
Individuals or groups may request technical
assistance through the Bureau of Outdoor Recrea-
tion. Printed information available to the public
includes subjects pertinent to citizen involvement,
Such as material on how to conduct a recreational
“needs survey.” The Bureau of Outdoor Recrea-
tion has regional Offices, and a State Liaison
Officer is designated by the Governor of each
State to coordinate the State’s participation in the
program. The State Liaison Officer is the best
Source of information as to State planning and
priorities.
Trails, Wild and Scenic Rivers, and other
types of recreation areas of wider than local interst
are studied by the Bureau. The Bureau is re-
Sponsible for a Nation-wide Outdoor Recreation
Plan, a new plan being required at five-year
intervals. Citizen involvement in the development
of the plan is solicited, where appropriate, through
newspaper advertising or release, special interest
groups and direct mail, public hearings, and
workshops.
Bureau regional offices are located in San Fran-
cisco, California; Seattle, Washington; Denver,
Colorado; Albuquerque, New Mexico; Ann Arbor,
Michigan; Atlanta, Georgia; and Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
105
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
CFDA #15.501 - 504
Bureau of Reclamation Programs.
Authorization
Federal Reclamation Laws; Act of June 17, 1902,
Public Law 57-161, and acts amendatory thereof
or supplemental thereto; 43 U.S.C. 391.
Program Description
The Bureau of Reclamation constructs and man-
ages water resources facilities in Western States,
to control and maximize use of water supplies
in the relatively arid sections of the country.
Regional offices are located on the basis of geo-
graphical, Specifically watershed, patterns: Sacra-
mento, California; Boulder City, Nevada; Salt
lake City, Utah; Boise, Idaho; Billings, Montana;
Denver, Colorado; and Amarillo, Texas.
Citizen Participation
Although the Bureau deals with public, non-
Federal entities, such as water-users organizations,
it is sensitive to individual citizen concerns about
its activities. Each Regional Director has a des-
ignated consumer, or citizen, contact. “Con-
Sumers” are defined as individuals whose interests
would be substantially impacted by Bureau de-
cisions, actions, or programs. Each Regional
Director is responsible for informing consumers
about proposed actions which may impact them,
and for obtaining citizen input before final
decisons are made. Regional offices keep lists
of concerned groups and individuals, in addition
to normal media distribution of information.
It is left to each Regional Director to provide
appropriate, open and effective mechanisms for
citizen input, and to provide feedback as to
decisions made. Besides the Regional Directors,
citizens may address the Commissioner, or the
Chief, Office of Public Affairs, Bureau of Recla-
mation, Department of the Interior, Washington,
D.C. 20240.
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
CFDA #15.600 - 611.
Fish and Wildlife Management - Protection.
Restoration, Technical Study and Information
Authorization:
Federal Advisory Committee Act, P.L. 92-643.
Program Description
The Fish and Wildlife Service provides grants,
technical assistance, training, research and dis-
semination of technical information related to
fish and wildlife management and protection.
Grants are made to, or coordinated through,
States. Eligible recipients of most non-grant
services include a range of State and local offices,
including universities.
Citizen Participation
Public comment is solicited on regulations through
official notice in the Federal Register. Comments
of individuals are also sought through articles
and advertisement in trade papers, special interest
106
magazines and newsletters, and by direct mail
to a variety of organizations and individuals.
Citizen participation also takes place through
advisory councils which are based on geographical
areas. Such councils cover a number of Special
areas of concern, for example, “Migratory Shore
and Upland Game Birds.” Membership on such
councils is sought through contact with organiza-
tions and groups known to be actively interested
in a particular problem or area.
Technical assistance in the form of printed
material or consultation on such subjects as fish
and wildlife habitat, concerns for local planning,
etc., is available upon request from the Regional
Directors’ offices of the Fish and Wildlife
Service: Portland, Oregon; Denver, Colorado;
Twin Cities, Minnesota; Albuquerque, New
Mexico; Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts.
THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
CFDA #15.800 - 804.
Geological Survey - Resource Surveys and
Mapping Programs. Water Resources
Investigations.
Authorization:
Act of March 3, 1879, 43 U.S.C. 31, 48, 49, 50.
Program Description
Three major programs are Federal-State coopera-
tive programs contributing to production of tech-
nical information: Geological and Mineral Re-
source Surveys and Mapping; Topographic Sur-
veys and Mapping; and Water Resources In-
vestigations.
The technical information produced provides
the physical basis for effective planning of
programs for development and management of
natural resources and efficient operation of in-
terrelated projects at Federal, State and local
levels. Private groups of individuals are not
eligible, but States, political subdivisions of States
and other State instrumentalities may write to the
*.
Geological Survey describing the problem. This
leads to personal discussions and mutual planning
of a program which will meet the local need,
and at the same time contribute to the overall
national objectives of the Geological Survey.
Citizen Participation
Individual citizens can acquire further information
on Such surveys done or planned for their area
of interest by contacting their appropriate State
office (State Geologist, State Planning Office,
et al.) or the Interior Department for referral.
Available to the general public is information
about maps, charts, geodetic control, aerial and
Space imagery, and related cartographic data
generated by Federal, and ultimately, State, local
and private sources. Orders for such material
can be accepted by the Geological Survey and
forwarded to participating data repositories.
A series of nontechnical publications on a wide
range of earth Science subjects is available for
public distribution. Films and exhibits are also
made available for public meetings.
107
The Geological Survey has numerous field
offices for its various missions. Citizens may
obtain information or appropriate references from
the Western Regional Office, Menlo Park, Calif-
ornia, the Central Regional Office, Denver,
Colorado or the National Center, Reston, Virginia.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
CFDA #15.900 - 15.912.
National Park Service - Program and Services
National Historic Landmarks
Authorization:
Act of August 25, 1916; Historic Sites Act of
August 21, 1935; National Historic Preservation
Act of October 15, others; 16 U.S.C. et seq.
Program Description
The National Park Service administers National
Parks, Monuments and other installations of Na-
tional historic or natural interest. It provides tech-
nical assistance to State and local agencies in fur-
thering park and recreation programs, and studies
and encourages the inventory and preservation
of historic properties.
Grants are made to States for Historic Preser-
vation through programs administered by State
Historic Preservation Officers.
Citizen Participation
A national level advisory body serves to advise
the National Park Service on overall park policy.
Also, major national parks and recreation areas
have advisory boards representative of a variety
of interests in the region of the park. Membership
on these boards is solicited by the Park Service
from groups and organizations known to be actively
interested.
Citizen participation is administratively man-
dated in the process of preparing or revising
General Management Plans for new parks, or
for changes proposed for existing parks. Public
notice, public hearings, and workshops are among
those means used to solicit the participation of
citizens in the surrounding areas.
Visitors to parks are encouraged to comment
on potential as well as existing uses and pro-
grams. Private citizens and groups may request
by letter information as to listing of significant
historical and natural areas, and information
related to preservation, restoration or the re-
covery of archeological remains, the recording of
historic buildings and sites, and grants to be
used for relevant projects.
State and local units of government, and
Indian tribes, may apply to National Park Ser-
vice Regional Offices by letter explaining the need
for technological assistance in such areas as
operation and maintenance of park systems,
historical and archeological programs. State
Historical Preservation Offices are the best source
of information about historical activities in a
particular State.
Park Service regional offices are located in
San Francisco, California; Seattle, Washington;
Santa Fe, New Mexico; Denver, Colorado;
Omaha, Nebraska; Atlanta, Georgia; Washington,
D.C.; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Boston,
Massachusetts.
108
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
CFDA # Not Applicable.
Bureau of Land Management - Programs and
Services
Authorization:
Taylor Grazing Act of 1934, Federal Land Policy
and Management Act of 1976, other applicable
laws, administrative policy.
Program Description
The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) admin-
isters 473 million acres of Federal land and
related resources. BLM is the Federal govern-
ment’s leasing agent for coal, oil, gas and other
leasable minerals, and the official surveyor for
all Federal lands. Public land resources managed
by the Bureau include: livestock forage; timber;
wildlife habitat; watershed; cultural and historic
values; outdoor recreation; and lands and minerals,
including oil and gas leasing on the outer con-
tinental shelf. Through its recreation and public
purposes programs, the Bureau can sell land at
minimal cost to local governments and entities
for recreation areas, sanitary landfills, and other
public needs.
Citizen Participation
Citizen participation in developing decisions con-
cerning the public lands and their resources has
long been a part of the Bureau's land use planning
process, by express provision in the Bureau’s
Administrative Manual. Additional participation
was called by the Federal Land Policy and Man-
agement Act. Under the Bureau’s planning
System, public participation in inventorying re-
Sources, developing alternative uses, and resolving
conflicts regarding possible uses are integral to
the land use planning process. Public meetings,
public announcements of proposals with requests
for comments, and other mechanisms offer the
interested citizen opportunity to understand the
options and make his opinion known.
The Bureau of Land Management has had
advisory councils at the national, State and local
level since shortly after passage of the Taylor
Grazing Act of 1934. The Federal Land Policy
and Management Act of 1976 authorizes the
Secretary of the Interior to establish advisory
councils of not less than 10 and not more than
15 members, appointed by him from among
persons who are representative of the various
major citizens’ interests concerning the problems
relating to land use planning or the management
of the public lands located within the area for
which an advisory council is established. At
least one member of each council shall be an
elected official of general purpose government
Serving the people of such area. The 1976 Act
also authorizes establishment of a California
Desert Conservation Area Advisory Committee,
and local grazing advisory boards.
The Bureau of Land Management has district
offices and State Directors’ offices in the capitals
of western States where the Bureau has juris-
diction.
109
OFFICE OF OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF LEASING
CFDA # Not Applicable.
Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Leasing
Authorization:
Administrative policy.
Program Description
Provides avenues for State and local officials
and the general public to be informed and to
express opinions on the sequence of decisions
leading to additional production of oil and gas
from the Outer continental shelf.
Based on information acquired throughout the
leasing process, the Secretary of the Interior
decides whether or not to hold a lease sale
leading to exploration and possible drilling, pro-
duction, transportation and refining of oil and
gas from offshore tracts. The OCS leasing
process includes data survey, baseline studies,
resource reports, calls for nomination of specific
tracts for further study, and specific tracts for
exclusion from further process; tract selection;
draft Environmental Impact Statement; and Secre-
tarial decision on whether or not to proceed
with the sale. OCS orders governing exploration
and production activities for each lease area are
tailored to environmental and safety concerns
which have surfaced in the leasing process.
Citizen Participation
Governor’s offices, State Geologists, and numer-
ous other State and local officials are consulted
throughout the process. The OCS program is
advised by two bodies each having State repre-
sentation designated by the Governor. The OCS
Advisory Board provides policy advice on all
aspects of exploration and development of OCS
resources. The OCS Environmental Studies
Advisory Committee provides technical advice
on the design and implementation of environ-
mental studies related to oil and gas exploration
and development on the OCS. Notices of meetings
are published in the Federal Register.
A tentative lease sale schedule is published.
Federal Register notices are issued at periodic
stages through the leasing process - a significant
one for interested citizens being the request for
nominations.
Public hearings are held as called for by the
laws, regulations and guidelines covering the
Environmental Impact Statement process. Addi-
tional public hearings or forums are held when
called for by the level of public concern, com-
plexity of information to be considered, etc.
Tentative sale schedules and other information
can be found in public libraries and other
customary repositories, through State and local
officials, or by contacting regional officials of
the Secretary’s office, the Bureau of Land Man-
agement, or the Office of Public Affairs, Wash-
ington, D.C. 20240.
1 10
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
LAW ENFORCENMENT ASSISTANCE ADMINISTRATION
CFDA #16.500
Law Enforcement Assistance - Comprehensive
Planning
Authorization
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968, 42 U.S.C. 3701, et seq., as amended by Public
Laws 90-351, 93-83 and 93-415.
Program Description
Planning block grants are provided to the States
for the establishment and operation of State law
enforcement and criminal justice planning agencies
(State Planning Agencies) for the preparation, de-
velopment, revision, and administration of a com-
prehensive state-wide law enforcement and criminal
justice plan. The State Planning Agency is created
under the jurisdiction of the chief executive of the
State. Regional planning units assist the State Plan-
ning Agency in carrying out the State Planning
Agency functions.
Citizen Participation
The supervisory boards of the State Planning Agen-
cy and regional planning units are required to in-
clude representatives of citizens, professional, and
community organizations, including organizations
directly related to delinquency prevention. The
Supervisory boards of regional planning units must
be comprised of a majority of local elected officials.
The State Planning Agency and any other planning
organization, including regional planning units,
are required to hold public meetings with prior
public notice given if final action is to be taken on
the comprehensive State plan or any application
for funds which have been awarded to the State
Planning Agency by LEAA. The public has access

1 11
to records relating to State Planning Agency and
any other planning organization functions carried
out under the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe
Streets Act of 1968, as amended, with the excep-
tion of any records that are required to be kept
confidential by the provisions of local, State, or
Federal law.
CFDA #16.501
Law Enforcement Assistance - Discretionary Grants
Authorization
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 3701, et. seq., as amended
(Public Law 90–351, as amended by Public Law
93-83 and Public Law 93-415).
Program Description
Discretionary grants are provided according to the
criteria and on the terms and conditions LEAA
determines consistent with the Omnibus Crime
Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended,
for the purpose of reducing and preventing crime
and juvenile delinquency and insuring the greater
safety of the people. Some of the areas of program
emphasis include the Victim/Witness Assistance
Program, the Citizen Participation Program, the
Crime Prevention Program, the Juvenile Delin-
quency Prevention Program, the Community Cor-
rections Program, and the Indian Criminal Justice
Program. Programs and requirements are fully
described in LEAA Manual M-4500. IE, the Guide
to Discretionary Programs.
Citizen Participation
Projects normally must be endorsed by the State
Planning Agency of the State in which it is to be
located. (Note requirements under CFDA #16.500
regarding State Planning Agencies.)
CFDA #16.502
Enforcement Assistance - Improving and
Strengthening Law Enforcement and Criminal
Justice
Authorization
Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of
1968, 42 U.S.C. Sec. 3701, et seq., as amended
(Public Law 90–351, as amended by Public Law
93-83 and Public Law 93-415).
Program Description
Action block grants are provided to the State Plan-
ning Agencies to implement the comprehensive
state-wide law enforcement and criminal justice
plan developed by the State Planning Agency and
approved by LEAA. The State Planning agency
receives applications and disburses funds to the
applicant upon a determination that the applica-
tion is in accordance with the purposes stated in
Section 301 of the Omnibus Crime Control and
Safe Streets Act of 1968, as amended, and is in con-
formance with the approved comprehensive State
plan.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #16.500.
CFDA #16.516
Law Enforcement Assistance - Juvenile Delinquency
Prevention - Allocation to States
Authorization -
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
of 1974, 42 U.S.C., Sec. 5601 et seq. P.L. 93-15.
Program Description
Formula grants are provided to State and local
governments to assist in planning, establishing,
112
operating, coordinating, and evaluating projects
directly or through contracts with public and pri-
vate agencies for the development of more effective
education, training, research, prevention, diversion,
treatment, and rehabilitation programs in the area
of juvenile delinquency and programs to improve
the juvenile justice system. State plans are required
to be developed and administered by the State Plan-
ning Agency, which is created by the Chief Execu-
tive of the State, to perform the duties required by
the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act
of 1968, as amended.
Citizen Participation
An Advisory group is required to be appointed by
the Chief Executive. The legislation requires that
an advisory group be appointed by the Governor
of the State to advise the State Planning Agency
and its supervisory board in approval of the State
plan. Membership of the advisory group shall con-
sist of not more than thirty-three persons who have
training, experience or special knowledge concerning
the prevention and treatment of juvenile delin-
quency or the administration of juvenile justice.
Among the membership shall be representatives
of units of local government, juvenile justice agen-
cies, private organizations concerned with the qual-
ity of juvenile justice, education or social services
for children, citizen volunteers who work with de-
linquents or potential delinquents, community based
delinquency prevention or treatment programs,
and organizations which represent employees af-
fected by this Act. Also subject to requirements
under CFDA #16.500.
113
DEPARTNMENT OF LABOR
CFDA #17.200
Apprenticeship Outreach Program
Authorization
Title III of the Comprehensive Employment and
Training Act of 1973, P.L. 93-203, 87 Stat. 839.
Program Description
Provides project grants and contracts to seek out
qualified applicants from minority groups in or-
der to motivate, guide and assist their entrance
into registered apprenticeship programs.
Citizen Participation
(Refer to CFDA #17.232) Additionally, to the
extent possible, Outreach Programs should co-
operate and coordinate their activities with the U.S.
Employment Service Apprenticeship Information
Centers (AICs). Reporting systems for AICS pro-
vide for referrals from AICs to Apprenticeship
Outreach Programs. Where AICs and Appren-
ticeship Outreach Programs exist in one locality,
advisory board requirements call for overlapping
or reciprocal membership.
Members of AIC local advisory committees are
appointed by local officials or governors, and in-
clude representatives from organized labor, man-
agement, education, minority communities, and
women’s groups, along with other broad-based
groups, including governmental units. Such ad-
visory committees are required to work closely with
other outreach organization in their communities,
coordinating the work where possible.
CFDA #17.207
Employment Service
Authorization
The basic mandate for the establishment of the
U.S. Employment Service is the Wagner-Peyser
Act of 1933, P.L. 73-30, as amended. Twenty-
two additional pieces of legislation affect the re-
sponsibilities and assignments of Employment Ser-
vice offices. Some of the more significant pieces
of legislation are: Comprehensive Employment
and Training Act of 1973, P.L. 93-203; the Social
Security Act of 1935, P.L. 74–271 as amended;
the Vietnam Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance
Act of 1974, Title IV, P.L. 93-508; the Trade Act

1 14
of 1974; and Rehabilitation Act of 1973, P.L. 42-
1.12; and the Emergency Jobs and Unemployment
Assistance Act of 1974, P.L. 93-567.
Program Description
Provides grants to States for a national system of
public employment service offices. Refers indi-
viduals seeking employment opportunities to job
openings listed by employers. Provides counsel-
ing, testing, labor market information, assistance
on filing complaints and other services related to
seeking and obtaining employment.
Citizen Participation
Regulations governing the operation of the Em-
ployment Service are published in the Federal Reg-
ister for public comment within thirty days, prior
to their becoming final. Any member of the pub-
lic may provide comments and recommendations.
CFDA #17.219
Employment and Training Institutional Grants
Authorization
Title III of the Comprehensive Employment Train-
ing Act of 1973, P.L. 93-203, 29 U.S.C. 801 et seq.,
87 Stat. 839.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist academic insti-
tutions in strengthening their activities in the man-
power field.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #17.232.
CFDA #17.221
Employment and Training Research Small
Grants Projects
Authorization
Title III of the Comprehensive Employment and
Training Act of 1973, P.L. 92-203; 29 U.S.C. 801
et seq., 87 Stat. 839.
Program Description
Provides project grants to broaden and strengthen
national and local employment, training research,
and operating programs. Grants are made to pub-
lic and private non-profit academic institutions
and research organizations.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #17.232.
CFDA #17.226
Work Incentive Program (WIN)
Authorization
Social Security Act as amended, P.L. 90–248, and
92-223; Revenue Act of 1971, P.L. 92-178.
Program Description
Provides project grants to move men, women and
out-of-School youth, 16 years or older, from Aid
to Families with Dependent Children rolls to mean-
ingful, permanent and productive employment
through appropriate training, social Services, job
placement and other services.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #17.232.
115
CFDA #17.228
National On-the-Job Training
Authorization
Title III of the Comprehensive Employment and
Training Act of 1973, P.L. 93-203.
Program Description
Provides project grants to provide occupational
training for unemployed and underemployed per-
Sons who cannot reasonably be expected to other-
wise obtain appropriate full-time employment.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #17.232.
CFDA #17.230
Migrant and Seasonal Farm Worker Program
Authorization
Title III Section 303 of the Comprehensive Em-
ployment and Training Act of 1973, as amended,
P.L. 93-203, 87 Stat. 839.
Program Description
Project grants or contracts to provide services ne-
cessary to assist the families of migrant and Sea-
sonal farmworkers find economically viable al-
ternatives to agricultural labor by placing persons
in suitable employment and rendering other Sup-
portive services.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #17.232.
CFDA #17.232
Comprehensive Employment and Training
Programs
Authorization
Titles I and II of the Comprehensive Employment
and Training Act of 1973, P.L. 93-203, 89 Stat.
839. Also the Emergency Jobs and Unemploy-
ment Assistance Act of 1974, P.L. 93-567, 88 Stat.
1845 which amends P.L. 93-203 by adding a new
Title VI. -
Program Description
Provides formula grants for units of State and lo-
cal governments having populations of 100,000
or more, and to groups of general purpose local
governments, at least one of which has a popu-
lation of 100,000 or more. Units of government
receiving such grants are designated as “prime
Sponsors.” Grants are intended to provide job
training and employment opportunities for eco-
nomically disadvantaged, unemployed and under-
employed persons to assure that training and other
Services lead to maximum employment opportunity,
and enhance Self-sufficiency by establishing a flex-
ible and decentralized system of Federal, State and
local assistance.
Citizen Participation
Title I, Sec. 104 - Prime Sponsor’s
Planning Councils
Each prime sponsor is required to establish a plan-
ning council consisting of members who are repre-
sentative of the client community and of commun-
ity- based organizations, the employment service,
education and training agencies, institutions, busi-
ness, labor, agriculture (where appropriate), and
veterans (as temporary members). It is the respon-
sibility of the planning council to recommend pro-
gram plans and goals, policies and procedures; and
also to monitor and evaluate the progress of such
116
programs. Final decisions are to be made by the
prime sponsors.
Each prime sponsor shall publish a summary of
the grant application package, including the pro-
posed allocation of funds, in a newspaper or news-
papers (including minority newspapers, where fea-
sible) which will provide for a general circulation
throughout the area to be served by the prime spon-
sor’s plan. Such publication shall be for three con-
secutive issues. Such publication shall be made
thirty days prior to submission of application.
Title I, Sec. 107 - State Manpower
Services Councils
States designated as prime sponsors are required
to establish a manpower services council. Appointed
by the governor, one-third of its membership shall
be representatives of prime sponsors within the
State. The remainder of the council shall include
representatives of organized labor, business and
industry, the general public, community-based
organizations, and the population to be served (in-
cluding representation of women, persons of limited
English-speaking ability and other minority groups
when such persons represent a significant portion
of the client population).
The Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933, P.L. 73-30 re-
quires the establishment of a Federal Advisory
Council, composed of men and women representing
employees and employers, in equal numbers, for
the purpose of formulating policy and discussing
problems relating to employment and training
grants, and the organization of similar councils at
the State level. State level councils are designated
as advisory boards.
Youth Employment and Training Programs
CFDA numbers not yet assigned for following
programs:
Authorization
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of
1973, as amended, Titles VIII and III Part C.
Program Descriptions
Youth Adult Conservation Corps - employing
youths age 16 through 23 in conservation projects.
Administered through interagency agreement with
the Secretaries of Agriculture and Interior.
Youth Incentive Entitlement Projects - to demon-
Strate the efficacy of guaranteeing employment and/
or training to economically disadvantaged youths
age 16 through 19. Provides funds to selected prime
Sponsors.
Youth Community Conservation and Improvement
Projects - to provide youth age 16 through 19 with
employment, work experience, skill training and
opportunities for community services. Projects de-
veloped by State and local governments and agen-
cies, and other organizations.
Youth Employment and Training Programs - pro-
vides funds for state-wide programs and for those
developed by prime sponsors (funds distributed on
a formula basis). Secretary of Labor is also given
authority to carry out innovative and experimental
programs. Among these are programs for in-school
youth, for native American youth, and for migrant
and Seasonal farmworker families. Special funds
are set-aside or earmarked for these programs.
Citizen Participation
These programs are subject to requirements for
117
Prime Sponsors Planning Councils and State Man-
power Services Councils established under Title I.
(Note CFDA #17.232.) In addition, a Youth Coun-
cil must be established under each Prime Sponsor’s
Planning Council consisting of members who are
representative of the client community, educational
agencies and institutions, business, labor, and public
employment service, local government and agencies,
and organizations serving youth. It is the responsi-
bility of the Youth Council to make recommenda-
tions to the Planning Council with respect to the
planning and review of Youth Employment and
Training Programs.
CFDA #17.234
Indian Manpower Programs
Authorization
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
of 1973 as amended, Titles II, III, and VI, P.L.
93-203, 29 U.S.C. 801 et seq. 87 Stat. 839; P.L.
93-567, 29 U.S.C. 981 et seq., 88 Stat. 1845.
Program Description
Provides project grants to Indian tribes or other
groups for the purpose of providing training and
Support services to reduce the economic disadvan-
tages and to advance the economic and social de-
velopment of Indians and others of native Amer-
ican descent, wherever they reside.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #17.232.
118
NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON
THE ARTS AND HUNMANITIES
Authorization
National Foundation on the Arts and Humanities
Act of 1965, P.L. 89-209, as amended; 20 U.S.C.
951.
The National Foundation on the Arts and Hu-
manities was created to encourage and assist the
Nation’s cultural resources and includes both the
National Endowment for the Arts and the National
Endowment for the Humanities. Both the Na-
tional Endowment for the Arts and the National
Endowment for the Humanities receive annual
appropriations from the Congress, as well as pri-
vate donations, and are each advised by a National
Council. The membership of these Councils is ap-
pointed by the President, with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate. They are composed of the two
Chairmen of the National Endowments and pri-
vate citizens who are widely recognized for their
broad knowledge of or expertise in, or their pro-
found interest in, the arts and humanities. In mak-
ing his appointments to the Councils, the President
considers recommendations made to him by a vari-
ety of leading national organizations.
NATIONAL ENDOWNMENT FOR THE ARTS
Programs administered by the National Endow-
ment for the Arts are aimed at three basic goals —
availability of the Arts, cultural resources, develop-
ment, and support of the advancement of the Na-
tion’s cultural legacy.
These goals are sought through fellowships
awarded to individuals of exceptional talent, and
matching grants to non-profit organizations in-
volved in such areas as architecture, environmental
arts, crafts, dance, education, literature, museums,
music, theatre, etc. Grants are also awarded to
State agencies for the Arts and regional arts groups
who work closely with the Endowment in develop-
ing arts programs in their areas.
Two programs administered by the National
Endowment for the Arts which seek the widest pos-
sible citizen and community-wide support are the
City Spirit program and the Expansion Arts pro-
gram.
(CFDA # not applicable)
City Spirit Program
City Spirit is a program to stimulate and encourage
many local citizen interests to come together to
plan for ways in which arts resources can be uti-
119
lized and supported throughout the community.
Preliminary assistance is provided by the visit of
a facilitatorſ consultant to aid citizen groups and
Organizations in working cooperatively to identify
local arts resources, priority needs, and new sources
of leadership and support for the arts.
Applicants for facilitator/consultant assistance
must demonstrate that circumstances in the com-
munity indicate the need for a broad-based cooper-
ative arts planning effort, and that representatives
of interested groups are prepared to participate
and benefit from such assistance. To qualify for
further assistance, many citizen interests must be
involved in a community-wide planning effort.
Opportunities for citizen participation must exist
at all levels of planning, through advisory com-
mittees, task forces, public hearings, etc.
Although no percentage formulas for partici-
pation of Specific groups are required, representa-
tion is expected to include such areas as the arts,
government, business, labor, religious, educational,
social welfare, media, and civic interests.
Subsequent grant assistance to support ongoing
efforts is provided to communities demonstrating
significant level of interest, support and need.
CFDA #45.010
Expansion Arts Program
The Expansion Arts program provides funds to
urban, Suburban and rural community arts organ-
focus is neighborhood arts programming, that is,
arts programs based in their neighborhoods, rather
than outreach programs to certain neighborhoods.
Its constituency is the people of the neighborhood,
whether they live in an inner city block district or
a region of many miles. Applications for Expan-
sion Arts funds must include evidence of commu-
nity support and the opportunity for citizen input,
involvement, and direction regarding the artistic
nature, administration and development of such
projects.
Expansion Arts projects often serve people de-
nied access to cultural events and facilities due to
economic, geographic or physical restraints. Pro-
grams are usually directed by professionals who
have chosen to remain and work in their commun-
ities, and who are deeply involved in the cultural
expression and traditions of their neighborhoods,
communities and regions. Organizations and ac-
tivities funded by this program include those which
provide performances, exhibitions and festivals
for the community; projects which specialize in
workshops and classes; State arts agencies having
demonstrated a commitment to neighborhood arts
programming; community institutions which of-
fer training and participation in several arts forms,
as well as performing and exhibiting opportuni-
ties; and service organizations which provide ad-
ministrative and programmatic services to com-
munity arts groups. In addition, the program pro-
izations with proven professional direction. Its vides free technical assistance to such organizations.
NATIONAL ENDOWNMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES
The National Endowment for the Humanities sup-
ports projects of research, education, and public
activity in the humanities. As defined in the en-
abling legislation, the humanities include, but are
not limited to, history, philosophy, languages, li-
terature, linguistics, archeology, jurisprudence,
120
history and criticism of the arts, ethics, compara-
tive religion, and those aspects of the social sciences
employing historical or philosophical approaches.
This last category includes cultural anthropology,
sociology, political theory, international relations,
and other subjects concerned with questions of
value. The basic mission of the Agency is to pro-
mote broad public use of the humanities.
Citizen participation in the decision-making
processes of the National Endowment for the Hu-
manities is significant, and takes place at various
levels and stages in the funding, development and
administration of humanities projects.
In every State a volunteer committee of citizens,
drawn from every region of the State, acts as the
State’s Humanities Committee. Membership in-
cludes representatives from such groups as busi-
ness, civic organizations, labor, museums, insti-
tutions of higher education, libraries and historical
organizations, agriculture, and the professions.
Each Humanities Committee applies to the Endow-
ment for funds which it uses, in turn, to make grants
in support of humanities projects in its State.
Each committee creates its own grant-making
program, designed to serve the unique needs of
its State. By law, these committees must have a
membership policy which assures regular rotation
of members and officers, and a nomination process
which “assures opportunities for nomination to
membership from various groups within the state
. . . and from a variety of segments of the popu-
lation.” In addition, each State Humanities Com-
mittee provides easy public access to information
relating to its programs, through periodic news-
letters, news releases, and annual reports. Each
committee also must periodically evaluate itself
by soliciting public comment on its activities. In
these ways, each State Humanities Committee con-
tinually receives fresh points of view from the pub-
lic as it shapes its unique, grass-roots humanities
program.
Most applications for funding are first examined
and rated by 2 or 3 — sometimes even a dozen —
independent reviewers outside of the Federal gov-
ernment, who have volunteered their services. All
applications — together with the written comments
of these reviewers — are brought before panels
of other private citizens (the applicant’s peers, in
effect) who review them in competition and make
recommendations on funding. They represent a
wide Spectrum of interests and expertise and range,
for example, from young people — in and out of
School — to media professionals and members of
the academic community. Final decisions on all
applications for funding are made by the Chair-
man, after receiving the recommendations of the
National Council on the Humanities.
The Endowment pursues humanistic projects
through libraries, historical organizations, and
museums; in newspapers; on television and radio;
through professional organizations and community
groups, and Of course, in the classroom. Most of
these projects call for the active participation of
many individuals and groups, many not routinely
involved in the humanities.
121
NATIONAL SCIENCE
FOUNDATION
Authorization
National Science Foundation Act of 1950, P.L.
87-507, as amended.
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an in-
dependent agency within the Executive Branch of
the government. It is advised in policymaking func-
tions by the National Science Board, composed of
24 part-time members and the Director of the Foun-
dation. Members of the Board are appointed by
the President, with the advice and consent of the
Senate. They are selected because of their distin-
guished services in the scientific community and
in such a way as to be representative of the scienti-
fic leadership in all areas of the Nation, including
industrial leaders, educators, public administra-
tors, etc.
The Director of NSF and his supporting staff
are advised by the National Science Foundation
Advisory Council. The Council consists of ap-
proximately 25 members appointed by the Director
and selected for their demonstrated or potential
ability to address broad issues relating to the Fed-
eral support of science. Membership represents
a cross section of the scientific disciplines and pro-
grams supported by the Foundation and include
non-scientists as well. Membership is reasonably
balanced in terms of geographic distribution, size
and type of organizations represented, ethnic mi-
norities, and sex. • *
The Foundation’s basic responsibility is to ini-
tiate and support basic scientific research and pro-
grams to strengthen scientific research potential
and science education programs at all levels in the
mathematical, physical, biological, engineering,
social, and other sciences. It is charged with fos-
tering the interchange of scientific information
among scientists in the United States and foreign
countries, fostering and supporting the develop-
ment and use of computer and other scientific meth-
ods and technologies, and evaluating the status
and needs of the various sciences. In carrying out
these responsibilities, NSF awards grants, con-
tracts, and renders other forms of assistance. Schol-
arships and graduate fellowships are awarded in
the mathematical, physical, biological, engineer-
ing, social, and other sciences. Among research
efforts receiving such support is that of indepen-
dent research by individuals. y
NSF is currently engaged in two efforts which
will expand the areas from which it receives input
for work undertaken by the Foundation. The first
such effort is that being addressed by a recently
formed subcommittee of the National Science Foun-
dation Advisory Council. This subcommittee has
as its task to “Identify and review the ways non-
122
scientists now participate in the formation of the
nation’s science policy, the present arrangements
for involving the public in development of Foun-
dation policies, and suggest possible new approaches
or improvements in NSF practices.”
The second effort is in the nature of regional
forums which are being held under the auspices
of the National Science Board. These forums are
held in response to language in the NSF authorizing
legislation for Fiscal Year 1976 which directed the
Foundation.
. . . “To prepare a comprehensive plan to fa-
cilitate the participation of members of the
public in the formulation, development and
conduct of the National Science Foundation’s
program, policies, and priorities.”
The primary objective of the forums is to en-
courage the expression of views by the general pub-
lic on scientific and science education issues. Sev-
eral members of the National Science Board parti-
cipate in each forum; senior NSF staff are also
present.
Participation is invited from business, State and
local government, educational institutions, public
interest and citizen groups, and the community
at large. Ideas exchanged at the forums help the
Board expand its information base and assist in its
policy-making role.
The NSF Science for Citizens program was de-
veloped to improve the public understanding of
Science, engineering, and technology and their im-
pact on public policies. “Public service science,”
for the purpose of this program, means participa-
tion in activities contributing to the develop-
ment and dissemination of facts, issues, and argu-
ments relevant to public policy issues having signi-
ficant scientific and techological aspects. These
activities are directed toward enabling citizens to
reach informed decisions on issues affecting their
daily lives, as consumers, workers, family mem-
bers, and community residents, as well as on mat-
ters of public policy in broader social and political
aSpectS.
Under the Science for Citizens program, residen-
cies and internships are awarded to facilitate the
participation of scientists and engineers and of
students of science and engineering in public service
science activities. Appropriate projects may in-
clude (but are not limited to) research, writing,
expert advice and other activities addressed to the
needs of citizens, and informal educational acti-
vities for adults, such as Seminars, workshops, and
public lectures. Residents and interns must associ-
ate themselves with any of a wide range of host
Organizations, including, for example, educational
institutions, State and local government agencies
and offices, professional associations and societies,
trade unions and trade associations, citizen organ-
izations and other groups serving important pub-
lic purposes. Priority is given to applications from
residents and interns proposing to associate them-
selves with host institutions that do not normally
have access to scientific expertise.
Applicants are required to state clearly the con-
tributions they expect to make to improving public
understanding of science, engineering, and tech-
nology and their impact on public policies. Ap-
plications are encouraged from persons who wish
to seek out information and make independent
appraisals on Science-oriented policy issues sub-
ject to public debate and of concern to citizen
groups. Materials produced by residents and in-
terns during their tenures are expected to be avail-
able to the public.
123
DEPARTNMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
U.S. COAST GUARD
CFDA #20.004
Boating Safety - Financial Assistance Program
Authorization
Federal Boat Safety Act of 1971, as amended, P.L.
92-75, P.L. 94-340, Sec. 25-31; 46 U.S.C. 1474-
1480.
Program Description
The program consists of formula grants in the form
of financial assistance to State boating safety pro-
grams. The purpose of the program is to encourage
greater State participation and consistency in boat-
ing safety efforts, particularly in safety patrol and
enforcement activities. The program also provides
project grants to encourage national non-profit
public service organizations to undertake boating
safety activities and studies that are national in
scope and benefit.
Citizen Participation
The Federal Boat Safety Act requires no direct citi-
Zen participation in the financial assistance pro-
gram at the Federal level. The terms and criteria
under which financial assistance funds are alloca-
ted are largely fixed in the Act. The Act does pro-
vide a mechanism for citizen participation in Coast
Guard administration of the provisions of the Act
in the form of the National Boating Safety Ad-
visory Council (NBSAC). NBSAC is a twenty-
One member advisory committee composed equal-
ly of State boating safety officials, boat and as-
Sociated equipment manufacturers, and members
of the general public. The Coast Guard is required
to consult with NBSAC in formulating boating
Safety regulations and on other major boating safe-
ty matters. NBSAC meetings, usually held three
to four times each year, are open to the public.
FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION
CFDA #20. 102
Airport Development Aid Program
Authorization
Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970,

P.L. 91-258; 49 U.S.C. 1701, as amended by P.L.
92-174, P.L. 93-44, and P.L. 94-353.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist public agencies
in the development of public airports adequate to
meet the needs of civil aeronautics. Grant can be
made for: (1) land acquisition; (2) site prepara-
tion; (3) construction, alteration, and repair of
runways, taxiways, aprons and roads within air-
port boundaries; (4) construction and installation
of lighting utilities, navigational aids, and cer-
tain off-site work; (5) safety equipment re-
quired for certification of airport facility; (6)
security equipment required of the sponsor by the
Secretary of Transportation by rule or regulation
for the safety and security of persons and property
on the airport; (7) snow removal equipment; (8)
noise suppressing equipment, construction, land-
scaping and land acquisition for noise compati-
bility; and (9) terminal development. Technical
advisory services are also provided.
Citizen Participation
An opportunity for a public hearing must be of-
fered for airport development projects involving
the location of an airport, an airport runway, or
a runway extension. Publications explaining citi-
zen participation policies in FAA programs are
available from the Office of Public Affairs, Federal
Aviation Administration, 800 Independence Ave-
nue, Washington, D.C. 20591.
CFDA #20.103
Airport Planning Grant Program
Authorization
Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970,
P.L. 91-258; 49 U.S.C. 1713, as amended by Air-
port and Airway Development Act Amendments
of 1976, P.L. 94-353.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist public and plan-
ning agencies in the planning of a nationwide sys-
tem of public airports adequate to meet the needs
of civil aviation. State, county, municipal govern-
ments, and other public and planning agencies,
may obtain grants to develop airport master plans
and system plans.
Citizen Participation
Citizen participation is not mandatory at the time
of application, but FAA policy encourages the es-
tablishment of advisory committees and citizen
participation groups as the work plan is established.
Also note the requirements under CFDA #20. 102.
FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION
CFDA #20.205
Highway Research, Planning and Construction
Authorization
Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973, P.L. 93-87,
Title 23 U.S.C. as amended; Federal Aid Highway
Amendments of 1974, P.L. 93-643; Federal Aid
Highway Act of 1976, P.L. 94-280.
Program Description
Provides formula grants and/or project grants to
assist State highway departments in planning, con-
structing or rehabilitating the interstate highway
System and for planning, building or improving
primary, Secondary, and urban system roads and
Streets. Also provides aid for their repair follow-
ing disasters, to foster safe highway design and
to replace unsafe bridges.
Citizen Participation
Any State highway department which submits plans
for a Federal Aid Highway Project involving the
bypassing of, or going through any city, town, or
village shall certify to the Secretary of Transporta-
tion that it has held public hearings at a convenient
location for the public. Regulations require a sec-
ond set of hearings in many cases. In urbanized
areas a continuing, cooperative, and comprehen-
sive transportation planning process, which in-
cludes provisions to ensure involvement of the pub-
lic, is required. Opportunities for public partici-
pation are also required in the assessment of the
environmental, social and economic impacts of
highway plans. The 38 member National Safety
Advisory Committee provides advice to the Secre-
tary on highway safety matters. Publications ex-
plaining citizen participation policies are available
from the Office of Public Affairs, Federal High-
way Administration, 400 Seventh Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20590.
FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION
CFDA #20.305
Local Rail Service Continuation Payments
(Title IV Service Continuation Grants)
Authorization
Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, Sec-
tion 402, P.L. 93-236, as amended by the Rail Re-
vitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976,
P.L. 94-210, 49 CFR Part 225.
Program Description
Formula grants to provide assistance toward main-
taining a program of rail service continuation in
the Northeastern and Midwestern States.
Citizen Participation
In order to be eligible for program grants, the ap-
plicant State agency must develop a State Rail Plan.
This plan must be developed with opportunity for
participation by public and private agencies having
authority and responsibility for railroad activity
in the State, and adjacent States where appropriate.
Provision shall be made for affording interested
persons, such as users of rail transportation, labor
organizations, local governments, environmental
groups and the public generally, timely opportu-
nity to express their views in the development of
the State Rail Plan. Provision shall also be made
for updating, revising, and amending the Plan.
CFDA #20.308
Local Rail Service Assistance National Program
Authorization
Department of Transportation Act. 49 U.S.C.
1654, as amended by Railroad Revitalization and
Reform Act of 1976, Section 803, P.L. 94-210,
49 CFR 266 Proposed Regulations at 41 FR 33354.
126
Program Description
From July 1, 1976 to April 1, 1978, this program
is applicable to all States outside the Northeastern
and Midwestern United States that are not covered
by programs under CFDA #20.305. After April 1,
1978 this program will extend to all States. Grants
are available for rail service continuation payments,
rail property acquisition, rail property rehabilita-
tion and improvements and minimization of costs
arising from lost rail service.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #20.305.
In addition, 49 CFR 266.9 procedures shall be
established to provide a public hearing on the con-
tents of the plan prior to final adoption of the plan
by the State.
URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ADMINISTRATION
CFDA #20.500
Urban Mass Transportation Capital Improvement
Grants
Authorization
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, P.L.
88-365, as amended through Feb. 5, 1976; P.L.
93-87, 49 U.S.C. 1601, et seq.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist in financing the
acquisition, construction and improvement of fa-
cilities and equipment for use, by operation, lease,
or otherwise, in mass transportation service and
in coordinating service with highways and other
transportation.
Citizen Participation
Any application for a capital grant or loan under
the Mass Transportation Act must include certi-
fication that the applicant provided adequate op-
portunity for a public hearing with prior notice
and has held such hearing. 49 U.S.C. 1602(d) and
49 U.S.C. 1604(i) and UMTA External Operating
Manual (August 1962), Program Information for
Capital Grants and Technical Studies Grants.
CFDA #20.501
Urban Mass Transportation Capital Improvement
Loans
Authorization
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, P.L.
88-365, as amended through Feb. 5, 1976; P.L.
93-87, 49 U.S.C. 1601(d), et seq.
Program Description
Provides loans to finance the acquisition, con-
struction, reconstruction and improvement of fa-
cilities and equipment for use by operation, lease,
or otherwise, in mass transportation service in ur-
ban areas.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #20.500.
CFDA #20.505
Urban Mass Transportation Technical Studies
Grants
127
Authorization
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, P.L.
88-365, as amended through November 26, 1974;
P.L. 91-453, 49 U.S.C. 1601 et seq., as amended
through February 5, 1976, P.L. 93-503.
Program Description
Provides project grants to assist in planning, en-
gineering and designing of mass transportation
projects, and other technical studies in a program
for a unified or officially coordinated urban trans-
portation system.
Citizen Participation
The Joint UMTA/FHWA planning regulations
require the local urban planning process to include
provisions to ensure involvement of the public.
CFDA #20.506
Urban Mass Transportation Demonstration Grants
Authorization
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 9164, P.L.
88-365, as amended through November 26, 1974;
P.L. 93-503; 49 U.S.C. 1601 et seq; 49 CFR 601.
Program Description
Provides contract and project grants to demonstrate
new facilities, equipment, techniques, and methods
in an operational environment that will reduce ur-
mum feasible community participation in the crit-
ical urban transportation decisions made in the
community. The goal is considered in evaluation
of grant applications.
CFDA #20.507
Urban Mass Transportation Capital and Operating
Assistance
Authorization
Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964, P.L.
88-365, as amended through November 26, 1974;
P.L. 93-87; 49 U.S.C. 1601 et seq., as amended
through February 5, 1976; P.L. 93-503.
Program Description
Provides formula grants to assist in financing the
acquisition, construction and improvement of fa-
cilities and equipment for use by operation or lease,
or otherwise in mass transportation service, and the
payment of operating expenses to improve or to
continue such service by operation, lease, con-
tracts, or otherwise.
Citizen Participation
Subject to requirements under CFDA #20.500.
NATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETYADMINISTRATION (NHTSA)
CFDA #20.600
State and Community Highway Safety
Authorization
Highway Safety Acts of 1966, 1970 and 1973, Pub-
lic Laws 86-564, 91-605, 93-355, and 93-643; 23.
U.S.C. 402, as amended; 23 U.S.C. 120.
Program Description
Provides grants on a formula basis to States and
their political sub-divisions through State Highway
Safety Programs. The purpose of the program
is to provide a coordinated national highway safety
program to reduce traffic accidents, deaths, in-
juries, and property damage.
Citizen Participation
In NHTSA’s grant program to the States, there
is no mandated citizen participation requirement.
However, a National Highway Safety Advisory
Committee, consisting of thirty-eight representa-
tives from the Federal, State, local and private com-
munities, is appointed by the President for the pur-
pose of consulting with, and making recommenda-
tions to the Secretary of Transportation on mat-
ters relating to activities and functions of the High-
way Safety Program.
(CFDA # not assigned)
Financial Assistance to Participants in Adminis-
trative Proceedings - Demonstration Program
Authorizaiton
Department of Transportation Act, 49 U.S.C.,
1651 et seq. and related statutes, such as National
Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 15 U.S.C.
1381 et seq; the Motor Vehicle Information and
Cost Savings Act, 15 U.S.C. 1901 et seq; and the
Highway Safety Act of 1966, 23 U.S.C. 401 et seq.
Program Description
This is a one-year demonstration program, launched
January 13, 1977 (Federal Register, pg. 2864),
which provides financial assistance to qualified
applicants wishing to participate in selected ad-
ministrative proceedings of the National Highway
Safety Administration (NHTSA) that substantially
affect consumers’ interests. Funds are available
for reimbursing qualified applicants who could
not afford to participate without this financial
assistance.
Citizen Participation
The program is open to any individual, group, as-
Sociation, partnership, or corporation which sub-
mits an application for participation in selected
proceedings announced in the Federal Register.
Further information is available from the Office
of the Administrator, NHTSA, Washington, D.C.
20590.
129
TECHNIOUES AND DEFINITIONS'
The matrix presented on the following page deals primarily with functions which participation techniques
perform for administrators and public officials; however, the functions that these techniques perform for
citizens do not differ significantly. Where differences between administrators and citizens do occur is in
the ‘use’ of the various techniques.
For example, an urban manager may wish to ‘develop support’ for a specific program, while citizens may
wish to ‘generate alternatives’ to that program. Both groups would agree that “developing support’ and ‘gener-
ating alternatives’ are functions important to them. The problem arises when techniques are chosen with the
functional interests of only one group in mind.
The techniques chosen for inclusion in the matrix come primarily from the study Effective Citizen Partici-
pation in Transportation Planning, published by the Federal Highway Administration. The study is a com-
prehensive compilation, description, and analysis of a large number of participation techniques, and is an
invaluable resource for those interested in citizen participation.
The matrix by no means includes all participation techniques, functions, or literature sources. Rather, it is
an attempt to encourage viewing participation in a new context. In order to simplify its use, only the func-
tions felt by the author to be best performed by a given technique have been checked in the matrix.
A warning must be sounded to those who would use the matrix indiscriminately. Timing, cost, the kind and
complexity of issues, the quality and quantity of available resources, community characteristics, the poli-
tical climate, and other factors contribute considerably to the possible success or failure of any specific tech-
nique. Thus, the decision to employ any technique, or combination of techniques, must be accompanied by
an appraisal of the context within which the participation will take place.
*From, “A Cafeteria of Techniques and Critiques,” by Judy B. Rosener, Graduate School of Administration, University of California
at Irvine. Reprinted from the December 1975 issue of Public Management magazine by special permission. C 1975, The International
City Management Association.
130
TECHNIOUE
TECHNIQUE/FUNCTION MATRIX
FUNCTION

Arbitration and Mediation Planning
Charrette
Citizen's Advisory Committee
Citizen Employment
Citizen Honoraria
:
Citizen Referendum
Citizen Representatives on Policy-Making Bodies
:
X
Citizen Review Board
Citizen Surveys
Citizen Training
X
X X
Community Technical Assistance
X
X
X X
Computer-based Techniques
Depends on
specific technique chosen
Coordinator or Coordinator-Catalyst
X
Design-ln
X X
Drop-In Centers
X
X
Fishbowl Planning
:
:
Focused Group Interview
i
X
X
X
X
Game Simulations
Group Dynamics
Hotline
X
Interactive Cable TV
Media-based issue Balloting
Meetings—Community-Sponsored
X
Meetings–Neighborhood
:
X
i
Meetings—Open informational
X
:
i
X
Neighborhood Planning Council
X
Ombudsman
X
X
X
Open Door Policy
Planning Balance Sheet
Policy Capturing
Policy Delphi
Priority-Setting Committee
:
Public Hearing
Public information Programs
Random Selected Participation Groups
X
Short Conference
Task Forces
Value Analysis
Workshops
:
Public Management/December 1975
131
GLOSSARY
Description of Functions
Identify Attitudes and Opinions: determine community
and/or interest group feelings and priorities.
Identify Impacted Groups: determine which groups will
be directly or indirectly affected by policy and planning
decisions.
Solicit Impacted Groups: invite the individuals and
groups thought to be impacted by the program to parti-
cipate in the planning process.
Facilitate Participation: make it easy for individuals and
groups to participate.
Clarify Planning Process: explain or otherwise inform
the public on planning, policies, projects, or processes.
Answer Citizen Questions: provide the opportunity for
citizen or group representatives to ask questions.
Disseminate Information: transmit information to the
public; includes techniques which provide access to in-
formation.
Generate New Ideas and Alternatives: provide the op-
portunity for citizens or group representatives to suggest
alternatives or new ideas.
Facilitate Advocacy: provide assistance in developing
and presenting a particular point of view or alternative.
Promote Interaction between Interest Groups: bring
interest group representatives together for exchange of
views.
Resolve Conflict: mediate and resolve interest group
differences.
Plan, Program, and Policy Review: provide an oppor-
tunity for policies to be reviewed.
Change Attitudes toward Government: makes indivi-
duals or groups view government differently.
Develop Support/Minimize Opposition: explain the
costs, benefits, and tradeoffs to the public, thereby de-
fusing possible opposition and building support.
Participation Techniques
Arbitration and Mediation Planning:
Utilization of labor-management mediation and arbi-
tration techniques to settle disputes between interest
groups in the planning process.
Charrette:
Process which convenes interest groups (governmental
and non-governmental) in intensive interactive meetings
lasting from several days to several weeks.
Citizen Advisory Committees:
A generic term used to denote any of several techniques
in which citizens are called together to represent the
ideas and attitudes of various groups and/or communities.
Citizen Employment:
Concept involves the direct employment of client repre-
Sentatives; results in continuous input of clients’ values
and interests to the policy and planning process.
Citizen Honoraria:
Originally devised as an incentive for participation of
low-income citizens. Honoraria differs from reimburse-
ment for expenses in that it dignifies the status of the
citizen and places a value on his/her participation.
Citizen Referendum:
A statutory technique whereby proposed public mea-
Sures or policies may be placed before the citizens by a
132
ballot procedure for approval/disapproval or selection
of one of Several alternatives.
Citizen Representation on Public Policy-Making Bodies:
Refers to the composition of public policy-making boards
either partially or wholly of appointed or elected citizen
representatives.
Citizen Review Board:
Technique in which decision-making authority is dele-
gated to citizen representatives who are either elected or
appointed to sit on a review board with the authority to
review alternative plans and decide which plan should be
implemented.
Citizen Surveys of Attitudes and Opinions:
Only technique other than talking with every citizen that
is statistically representative of all citizens; allows for no
interaction between citizens and planners.
Citizen Training:
Technique facilitates participation through providing
citizens with information and planning and/or leader-
ship training, e.g., game simulation, lecture, workshops,
etC.
Community Technical Assistance:
A generic term covering several techniques under which
interest groups are given professional assistance in de-
veloping and articulating alternative plans or objections
to agency proposed plans and policies. Some specific
techniques are:
D Advocacy Planning
Process whereby affected groups employ professional
assistance directly with private funds and consequently
have a client-professional relationship.
D Community Planning Center
Groups independently plan for their community using
technical assistance employed by and responsible to a
community-based citizens groups.
D Direct Funding to Community Groups
Similar process to Advocacy Planning, however, fund-
ing comes from a government entity.
D Plural Planning
Technique whereby each interest group has its own
planner (or group of planners) with which to develop a
proposed plan based on the group's goals and objectives.
Computer-based Techniques:
A generic term describing a variety of experimental tech-
niques which utilize computer technology to enhance
citizen participation.
Coordinator or Coordinator-Catalyst:
Technique vests responsibility for providing a focal
point for citizen participation in a project with a single
individual. Coordinator remains in contact with all
parties and channels feedback into the planning process.
Design-In:
Refers to a variety of planning techniques in which citi-
zens work with maps, Scale representations, and photo-
graphs to provide a better idea of the effect on their
community of proposed plans and projects.
Drop-In Centers:
Manned information distribution points where a citizen
can stop in to ask questions, review literature, or look at
displays concerning a project affecting the area in which
the center is located.
Fishbowl Planning:
A planning process in which all parties can express their
Support or opposition to an alternative before it is adop-
ted, thereby bringing about a restructuring of the plan
to the point where it is acceptable to all. Involves use of
Several participatory techniques—public meetings, pub-
lic brochures, workshops, and a citizen's committee.
Focused Group Interviews:
Guided interview of six to 10 citizens in which indivi-
duals are exposed to others’ ideas and can react to them;
based on the premise that more information is available
from a group than from members individually.
Game Simulations:
Primary focus is on experimentation in a risk-free envi-
roment with various alternatives (policies, programs,
133
plans) to determine their impacts in a simulated envi-
ronment where there is no actual capital investment and
no real consequences at Stake.
Group Dynamics:
A generic term refering to either interpersonal techni-
ques and exercises to facilitate group interaction, or
problem-Solving techniques designed to highlight sub-
Stantive issues.
Hotline:
Used to denote any publicized phone answering system
connected with the planning process. Hotlines serve
two general purposes: 1) as an avenue for citizens to
phone in questions on a particular project or policy
and receive either a direct answer or an answer by return
call; or 2) as a System whereby the citizen can phone and
receive a recorded message.
Interactive Cable TV-based Participation:
An experimental technique utilizing two-way coaxial
cable TV to Solicit immediate citizen reaction; this tech-
nique is only now in the initial Stages of experimentation
on a community level.
Media-based Issue Balloting:
Technique whereby citizens are informed of the exis-
tence and Scope of a public problem, alternatives are de-
scribed, and then citizens are asked to indicate their
views and opinions.
Meetings—Community-sponsored:
Organized by a citizen group or organization; these
meetings focus upon a particular plan or project with
the objective to provide a forum for discussion of vari-
ous interest group perspectives.
Meetings—Neighborhood:
Held for the residents of a specific neighborhood that
has been, or will be, affected by a specific plan or pro-
ject, and usually are held either very early in the plan-
ing process or when the plans have been developed.
Meetings—Open Informational (also “Public Forum”):
Meetings which are held voluntarily by an agency to pre-
Sent detailed information on a particular plan or project
at any time during the process.
Neighborhood Planning Council:
A technique for obtaining participation on issues which
affect a Specific geographic area; council serves as an
advisory body to the public agency in identifying neigh-
borhood problems, formulating goals and priorities,
and evaluating and reacting to the agency’s proposed
plans.
Ombudsman:
An independent, impartial administrative officer who
Serves as a mediator between citizen and government to
Seek redress for complaints, to further understanding of
each other’s position, or to expedite requests.
Open Door Policy:
Technique involves encouragement of citizens to visit
a local project office at any time on a “walk in” basis;
facilitates direct communication.
Planning Balance Sheet:
Application of an evaluation methodology that provides
for the assessment and rating of project alternatives
according to the weighted objectives of local interest
groups, as determined by the groups themselves.
Policy Capturing:
A highly sophisticated, experimental technique invol-
ving mathematical models of policy positions of parties-
at-interest. Attempts to make explicit the weighting and
trading-off patterns of an individual or group.
Policy Delphi:
A technique for developing and expressing the views of
a panel of individuals on a particular subject. Initiated
with the solicitation of written views on a subject, suc-
cessive rounds of presented arguments and counter-
arguments work toward consensus of opinion, or clearly
established positions and supporting arguments.
Priority-setting Committees:
Narrow-scope citizen group apppointed to advise a pub-
lic agency of community priorities in community devel-
134
opment projects.
Public Hearings:
Usually required when Some major governmental pro-
gram is about to be implemented or prior to passage
of legislation; characterized by procedural formalities,
an official transcript or record of the meeting, and its
being open to participation by an individual or repre-
sentative of a group.
Public Information Program:
A general term covering any of several techniques utili-
zed to provide information to the public on a specific
program or proposal, usually over a long period of
time.
Random Selected Participation Groups:
Random selection within a statistical cross-section of
groups such as typical families or transit-dependent in-
dividuals which meet on a regular basis and provide
local input to a study or project.
Short Conference:
Technique typically involves intensive meetings organi-
zed around a detailed agenda of problems, issues, and
alternatives with the objective of obtaining a complete
analysis from a balanced group of community repre-
Sentatives.
Task Force:
An ad hoc citizen committee sponsored by an agency in
which the parties are involved in a clearly-defined task
in the planning process. Typical characteristics are small
size (8–20), vigorous interaction between task force and
agency, weak accountability to the general public, and
specific time for accomplishment of its tasks.
Value Analysis:
Technique which involves various interest groups in the
process of subjectively ranking consequences of pro-
posals and alternatives.
Workshops:
Working sessions which provide a structure for parties
to discuss throroughly a technical issue or idea and try
to reach an understanding concerning its role, nature,
and/or importance in the planning process.
Reprinted from the December 1975 issue of Public Management by special
permission G) 1975 The International City Management Association.
135
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION
A Selected Bibliography
The following bibliography contains selected references concerning the participation of citizens in decision
making on Federal, State and local levels. The bibliography is included for those readers who may wish to
pursue in detail the history and development of citizen access to governmental decision making. This listing while
not comprehensive reflects the variety, scope and depth of the massive literature on citizen participation. A
list of publishers is included to aid in locating the cited material.
BACKGROUND AND THEORY
Alinsky, Saul D. Reveille for Radicals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946.
Arnstein, Sherry. “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” Journal of the American Institute of Planners,
Vol. 35 (July 1966), pp. 216-224.
Baer, Michael A. and Jaros, Dean. “Participation as Instrument and Expression: Some Evidence from the
States.” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18 (May 1974), pp. 365-383.
Bell, Daniel and Held, Virginia. “The Community Revolution.” Public Interest, No. 16 (Summer 1969),
pp. 142-177.
“Citizen Participation and Local Government in the United States.” Studies in Comparative Local Govern-
ment, Vol. 5 (Winter 1971), pp. 74-97.
Kotler, Milton. Neighborhood Government: The Local Foundations of Political Life. Indianapolis: Bobbs-
Merrill, 1969.
Shalala, Donna E. Neighborhood Governance: Issues and Proposals. New York: American Jewish Commit-
tee, 1971.
Steggert, Frank X. Community Action Groups and City Government: Perspectives from Ten American
Cities. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger, 1975.
Stenberg, Carl W. “Citizens and the Administrative State: From Participation to Power.” Public Ad-
ministration Review, Vol. 32 (May-June 1972), pp. 190-198.
136
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN FEDERAL PROGRAMS
Cahn, Edgar S. and Passett, Barry A., eds. Citizen Participation: Effecting Community Change. New
York: Praeger, 1971.
Mogulof, Melvin B. Citizen Participation: A Review and Commentary on Federal Policies and Practices.
Washington: Urban Institute, 1970.
. Citizen Participation: The Local Perspective. Washington: Urban Institute, 1970.
Spiegel, Hans B.C. “Citizen Participation in Federal Programs: A Review,” Journal of Voluntary Action
Research, Monograph No. 1, 1971.
. Citizen Participation in Urban Development; Vol. 1: Concepts and Issues. Washington:NTL In-
stitute for Applied Behavioral Science, 1968.
CASE STUDIES
“Citizen Action in Model Cities and CAP Programs: Case Studies and Evaluation.” Public Administra-
tion Review, Vol. 32 (September 1972), Special Issue.
Kramer, Ralph. Participation of the Poor: Comparative Community Case Studies in the War on Poverty.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1969.
Marris, Peter and Rein, Martin. Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in the U.S.
Second Edition. Chicago: Aldine, 1973.
Moynihan, Daniel P. Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty.
New York: Free Press, 1969.
Spiegel, Hans B.C., ed. Citizen Participation in Urban Development; Vol. II: Cases and Programs. Was-
hington: NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 1969.
137
ACTION GUIDES ---,
Federal Register. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1936- Published daily. Contains rules and
regulations of Federal departments and agencies. A codification of these rules is found in the Code of
Federal Regulations, also published by the Government Printing Office.
Izaak Walton League of America. A Citizen’s Guide to Clean Water. Prepared for U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Arlington, Virginia, 1973.
Planalysis, Inc. MML Citizen Participation Manual: A Guide for More Effective Citizen Involvement. Pro-
duced with the cooperation of the Community Services Administration. Jefferson City, Missouri: Mis-
Souri Municipal League, n.d.
Thompson, David S. and Hauge, Ann B. A Guide to Meeting Citizen Participation Requirements for Com-
munity Development. Washington: National Model Cities Community Development Directors Asso-
ciation, 1975.
U.S. Citizen’s Advisory Committee on Environmental Quality. Citizen Action Guide to Energy Conser-
vation. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Clean Air: It’s Up to You, Too. Washington: Government Prin-
ting Office, 1973. -
. Don’t Leave It All to the Experts: The Citizens Role in Environmental Decision Making. Was-
hington: Government Printing Office, 1972.
U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Highway Administration. Socio-Economic Studies Division.
Effective Citizen Participation in Transportation Planning, Volumes I & II. Prepared under contract by
Arthur D. Little, Inc. Washington, 1976.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Draper, Diana. Public Participation in Environmental Decision-Making. Exchange Bibliography No.396.
Monticello, Illinois: Council of Planning Librarians, 1972.
Hutcheson, John D., Jr. and Steggert, Frank X. “Organized Citizen Participation in Urban Areas: A Bib-
liography.” In Organized Citizen Participation in Urban Areas, pp. 139-172. Atlanta, Georgia: Center
for Research in Social Change, Emory University, 1970.
Pierce, Milo C. Participation in Decision-Making: A Selected Bibliography. Exchange Bibliography No.
258. Monticello, Illinois: Council of Planning Librarians, 1972.
138
Pike, Mary L. Citizen Participation in Community Development: A Selected Bibliography. Washington:
National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials, 1975.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Citizen and Business Participation in Urban Af-
fairs: A Bibliography. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1970.
Yin, Robert K., et al. “Bibliography on Citizen Participation.” In Citizen Organizations: Increasing Client
Control over Services, pp. 111-195. Prepared for U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Santa Monica, California: Rand Corporation, 1973.
PERIODICAL PUBLISHER'S ADDRESSES
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JOURNAL OF VOLUNTARY ACTION RESEARCH, Association of Voluntary Action Scholars, Box
G-55, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02167
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, American Society for Public Administration, 1225 Connec-
ticut Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036
PUBLIC INTEREST, National Affairs, Inc., Box 542, Old Chelsea Post Office, New York, New York
1001 1
STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT, International Union of Local Authorities,
45 Wassenaarseweg, The Hague-2018, Netherlands
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AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE, 165 East 56th Street, New York, New York 10022
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Setts O2138
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CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN SOCIAL CHANGE, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
139
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