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THE MIND OF A WOMAN
BY THE SAME AUTHOR
THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND
FUNCTIONAL NERVE DISEASES
NERVES IN DISORDER
THE GOAL OF THE RACE
THE BORDERLANDS OF SCIENCE
THE MIND OF
A WOMAN
A T. SCHOFIELD, M.D.
VICE-PRESIDENT VICTORIA INSTITUTE, ETC.
'yvôOi geavtóv'
NEW YORK
E. P. DUTTON AND COMPANY
PUBLISHERS
HO
13.06
.5 37
Nahr
7725
Eaue.
9-22-1922
4..
PREFACE
I HAVE in the text explained why I have
attempted this brief study of a great sub-
ject. What one really wants is an able
work by a woman; for since I can practi-
cally only give an exoteric view of the
subject, I should never have attempted
even this small monograph, were it not for
the somewhat special opportunities I have
had for gaining some esoteric knowledge
from women themselves.
• A certain amount of repetition in such
a many-sided subject, where the same point
has to be considered in different connexions
and in various lights, is inevitable. This
will also account for some apparent contra-
dictions.
In conclusion, I wish to take this oppor-
:::::
i
I-classed
407503
vi
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
tunity of offering my grateful thanks to
those distinguished women who have most
kindly helped me in my work.
ALFRED T. SCHOFIELD, M.D.
Michaelmas 1919.
10 HARLEY ST., LONDON.
CONTENTS
CHAP.
PAGE
I. THE PROBLEM ATTACKED
II. WOMAN IN THE OLDEN TIME
III. THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF MIND
IV. WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT .
.
.
V. A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES
.
.
VI. BRAIN POWER IN THE SEXES
VII. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN
VIII. THE MODERN OUTLOOK
.
.
.
IX. WOMAN--THE COMING MAN?
INDEX
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
117
yü
'O wasteful woman-she who may
On her sweet self set her own price
(A man, he cannot choose but pay),
How has she cheapened Paradise.
How given for nought her precious gift,
How spoiled the bread, and spilt the wine ;
Which spent with due respective thrift,
Had made brutes men, and men divine.'
COVENTRY PATMORE.
'Love is all happiness, love is all beauty,
Love is the crown of flaxen heads and hoary.
Love is the only everlasting beauty,
Love is chronicled in endless story
And kindles endless glory.'
viji
- THE MIND OF A WOMAN
THE PROBLEM ATTACKED
'As unto the bow the cord is,
So unto the man is woman ;
Though she bends him, she obeys him,
Useless each without the other.'
LONGFELLOW
WOMAN'S mind remains the greatest
M mystery of the race.'1 Here is the
most recent pronouncement on the sub-
ject, and as it is probably true, it may
comings in the present book. The mystery
There can be no doubt, however, of the race.
that a consideration of the subject is loudly
called for; and it is mainly for this reason
1 Science of Power, p. 198. Benjamin Kidd. 1918.
1
2
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
that this introductory study has been
essayed. For, though some sort of stock-
taking is now required of the assets of the
better half of humanity, it is surely a bad
time to attempt it, when women are scrapp-
ing their old stock, and eagerly acquiring
new, before even its price is finally fixed.
Our concept of the subjects, hazy enough
before, becomes hopelessly nebulous amidst
A dissolving such changes. We are like spec-
view.
tators at the old dissolving views
where half the picture we know is already
being replaced by dim outlines of great
promise. One thing at least is certain, the
new picture when complete will be better
than the old.
It is only a few years ago, and yet how
distant we are already from the period
when woman was no more than man's toy
and chattel. She existed mainly for his
pleasure and convenience, and had always
done so.
Only yesterday a wife's property became
her husband's when she married ; and she
could not, of her own initiative, raise any
action-at-law in regard to it. And the cele-
TTY
VA
THE PROBLEM ATTACKED
3
brated Jackson case was needed to decide
that a man might not lock up his wife in
his house.
It is, moreover, doubtful if the law en-
abling a man to inflict' moderate chastise-
ment' on his wife has ever been repealed;
at any rate, the practice is still recognized in
certain circles. A woman cannot Wife.
yet divorce a drunken, dissolute beating.
husband unless he ill-uses her physically ;
for the law, that will not recognize she has a
soul, is unable to deny she has a body. But
enough has been said (especially as this will
form the subject of a future chapter) to show
the gulf between the old and the new, which
is widening every day. We have stated
that some present solution of the problem,
however hard it may be, of the mind of a
woman, is loudly called for, and indeed
may hereafter prove of some historic value,
as showing the concept of the subject when
it was in its early transition stage. · The
'loud call' comes entirely from the intrinsic
and growing importance of the subject,
and not in any way from the women them-
selves.
4
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
It is undoubtedly of the greatest import-
ance to them, if the old adage, ' Know thy-
Women's self,' has any real authority in
lack of in- +
terest in their the twentieth century ; but, on
own minds. the other hand, it is very doubt-
ful whether women have generally evinced
any deep interest in the subject of their
own minds. Their bodies, their clothes,
their works, and their prospects—yes; but
mind and spirit, being alike invisible, are
not such generally available assets, and
are therefore, to a certain extent, still negli-
gible. The movement of the last twenty
years, to say nothing of the stimulus of the
late war, has not called that attention to
the subject that one would expect. Even
the vote, with the prospects it opens of
attaining to the dignity and responsibility
of M.P., has not awakened the psychological
interest it deserves. This statement is not
mere surmise or guess-work.
The general interest in any subject may be
very fairly gauged by the output of litera-
ture on it; and I find neither in publishers'
circulars nor in the current subject-index
of the British Museum any indication what-
THE PROBLEM ATTACKED
5
ever of interest in feminine psychology. I
can discover no books upon it,1 and the
only writer that even touches the No books on
fringes of the subject is Ellen the subject.
Key—that wonderful Swedish woman who
has done so much for her sex.
Failing her, one has to fall back on such
books as Mill's Subjection of Women, and
Schopenhauer's diatribes, which are admit-
tedly out of date.
I have been very much impressed with
this lack of interest in their higher selves
on the part of women. It may be possibly
because they are at present so concerned
in the active evolution of their own minds
that they have had no time to write about
them. Later on probably we shall get a
crop of books on the subject, of which the
present monograph may be the small fore-
runner.
To many men, the mind of a woman pre-
sents a problem not only unsolved but in-
1 The sole exception, The Psychology of Women, by
Laura Markholm (1899), is a remarkable example of
how little connexion a book may have with its title !
Mr. Benjamin Kidd's Science of Power appeared since
the above was written.
6
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
TI
of the
soluble. In certain parts of the world to-day,
such as in Central Africa, the mere posses-
sion of a mind is still stoutly denied by
the women themselves, as well as gene-
rally discredited by the men; while even
in cultured circles and clubs, the feminine
mind is regarded by most men as of purely
academic interest.
No graver mistake could be made ; for
ignorance by men on the subject leads to
serious results, and to great in-
Importance
justices. To England the mind
subject.
of a woman to-day is an asset
of untold and increasing importance. She
can no longer be regarded merely as a neces-
sary factor in the population problem, and
in that glory of the nation-an English
home; but she is also an important help in
National Councils, and a keen adviser in
all economics and Home Administration.
At the present crisis in our history (remem-
bering how the very character of the coming
race specially depends on the quality of
its motherhood), the subject of this mono-
graph has a national value hardly equalled
by any other, and yet of all subjects it is
THE PROBLEM ATTACKED
og
YYY
the one on which it is so very hard for a man
to write.
While the casting is still in the crucible,
it is not easy to say what the molten metal
will look like when cold, even though the
mould be already prepared to shape it.
Still harder, therefore, must it be to fore-
tell the ultimate result when the supreme
powers of women are yet in the melting
pot under the fierce fires of evolution.
These may be the reasons why there are
so few writers on the subject; and it is only
to be hoped that this work by Reasons for
a man, on a subject avoided by writing.
women, may not be one more sad illustra-
tion of the old proverb that 'Fools rush in
where angels fear to tread.'
The present writer has fortunately a two-
fold excuse for attempting this difficult
subject. As a physician occupied almost
exclusively for some thirty years with
nervous diseases, he has become intimately
acquainted with women's minds, at any.
rate in a pathological state.
His second excuse is that for the same
term of years he has been an ardent apostle
8
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
of mental and physical hygiene, and worked
as either lecturer or examiner, or both, for
various learned bodies, and thus has been
brought in contact with thousands of women's
minds.
With these pursuits and opportunities he
has become intimately acquainted with the
Source of psychology of women, — both
knowledge. normal and unsound—and while,
naturally, he will make no reference to
particular cases, it is the knowledge thus
obtained, and the observations thus made
during these many years, that have enabled
him, even in an elementary way, briefly to
present his subject.
This inquiry into feminine psychology
may be roughly divided into two parts :
First, a presentation of a woman's mind as
it now is, as far as can be ascertained; and
second, a consideration of its powers and
capacity of future development.
II
WOMAN IN THE OLDEN TIME
O woman ! lovely woman! nature made thee
To temper man: we had been brutes without you.
Angels are painted fair to look like you :
There's in you all that we believe of heaven-
Amazing brightness, purity, and truth,
Eternal joy, and everlasting love.
What mighty ills have not been done by woman !
Who was’t betrayed the Capitol ? a woman !
Who lost Mark Anthony the world ? a woman !
Who was the cause of a long ten years' war
And laid at last old Troy in ashes ? Woman!
Destructive, damnable, deceitful woman!'
OTWAY
I will be master of what is mine own;
She is my goods, my chattels ; she is my house ;
My household stuff, my field, my barn,
My horse, my ox, my ass, my anything.'-
Taming of the Shrew,
SHAKESPEARE
T.
THESE are old time views of women
and are fairly representative. She
was generally regarded as a being made
for man's use and enjoyment, Old-time
and from different standpoints, views.
as we see above, regarded as a blessing or
a curse, but always as real property.
IO
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
Euripides regarded one man as worth
more than a thousand women, and all
through Pagan Civilization woman had, with
a few brilliant exceptions, a very low place.
Christianity greatly ennobled women, and
entirely altered their position from that of
pagan times. Not only as the Blessed
Virgin was she exalted to an unique posi-
tion, but the risen Christ in appearing to a
woman before any of the apostles, as well
as by His words to Mary of Bethany,
honoured the two as women had never
been honoured before. But as time went
on there was considerable retrogression. It
was at the period of the Renaissance that
women again obtained a better status and
came more to the front.
Under Luther, however, there was a set
back. The first protestant idea of marriage
was crassly utilitarian, and dragged woman
down once more from the pinnacle to which
the Renaissance had raised her; but in
England this view was greatly modified,
and woman had some right to the expres-
sion of her mental powers.
In the early Victorian era Walter Besant
WOMAN IN THE OLDEN TIME II
laws.
says in 1837, “There was a general belief
that woman was a creature in-
Early
capable of argument, or of reason, Victorian
or of connected thought. It was
no use saying anything about the matter,
for the Lord had made them so.'
The first Women's Rights Convention of
the World was held in New York in 1848,
and marked the real rise of the women's
movement; although in Paris in 1786 a
Women's Lyceum had been founded ; and
we must not forget that under Rousseau
a second Renaissance brought a greater
freedom and emancipation to women. The
Rights of Woman as well as the Rights of
Man were brought forward at the French
Revolution.
From the garden of Eden to Ibsen is un-
doubtedly a far cry, but it was left to the
great Scandinavian dramatist really to open
women's eyes to their false status. And
this is probably the reason why he was
greeted by male critics with such howls of
execration.
They saw the foundations of the old order
at last being sapped. Man had appealed
12
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
so far to woman's vanity, and consequently
had developed it enormously; but the man's
Ibsen. motive in this was little higher
than that which inspires the male baboon
when he goes courting. Ibsen showed
woman the result of her submission.
But as yet she was hardly able to bear
the message ; for the education of women
was then only commencing, and still had
far to travel. Since then, things have
marched so rapidly, and the Great War
has so accelerated the pace, that it is with
considerable difficulty that the former posi-
tion can be visualized. No cycles, no tennis,
tion.
no prospects.
Now there is almost complete emanci-
pation ; entire freedom in dress, in career,
Emancipa in domicile, in religion; in the
world at large, to say nothing of
the brilliant prospects ahead—an endless
vista of increasing position and power. For
women, indeed, old things have in a very real
sense 'passed away, and all things become
new. And yet, in a sense, they have not.
The laws of Eden are still with us, spite of
T7
WOMAN IN THE OLDEN TIME 13
Ibsen. Motherhood and home life still
remain the premier profession for women.
In England the other day, out of seven
thousand women to whom the question
was put, one-third wished to become men
(for greater freedom and power
One-third
-the new note) ; but two-thirds wish to be
elected to remain women (so as men.
to become mothers—the Eden echo).
In J. Stuart Mill's day the light was dawn-
ing. He writes, 1 'Human beings are no
longer born to their place in life, and chained
down by an inexorable bond to the position
they were born in.'
In short, the great law of caste, that
stupendous bar to all progress for men and
women, was already broken in England ;
though in India to-day it still successfully
dams the progress of millions.
Of all castes, however, the woman caste
has been hardest to break. It is an isolated
and unparalleled fact that womanhood is
the only disability the law makes from birth
from many honourable positions, which are
all open to men.
1 J. S. Mill, The Subjection of Women, p. 296.
14
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
YYT
In 1911, only two women in the United
Kingdom were professors at universities.
We must not forget, however, that women
have a noble revenge in the thousands of
great men who occupy all the seats of learn-
ing; for, according to Starkweather's law
( Sex is determined by the superior parent,
who produces the opposite sex '), these pro-
fessors owe their seats and their talents
to their mothers.
It is, of course, in their intellectual quali-
ties that women, through no fault of theirs,
mostly failed.
One marvels at the short-sighted effron-
tery that could allow men to gibe at a sex
Effrontery to whom they themselves had
of man. denied the springs of learning.
Kant declares Women will never learn
geometry,'—a statement hardly worth a
pained smile at Girton to-day
When De Lamennais says, “I have never
met a woman who was competent to follow
a course of reasoning the half of a quarter
of an hour,' one can only assume deafness.
The worst was that women, until recently,
tacitly encouraged this verdict by combing
WOMAN IN THE OLDEN TIME 15
their hair over their foreheads, to destroy
any suggestion of intellect, and by other
silly antics.
I have not touched on the economic
reason for the old-time attitude, for alas !
it has not yet disappeared ; and that is that
most women are financed by men. The
economic dependence of women on men
necessarily still modifies the whole outlook
of the sex. The opening of all professions
to women has relieved some of the financial
pressure, and in the ideal married life it dis-
appears in a happy union.
All this is to the good; and there can be
no doubt there is still better coming, and
that the next few years will be
Opening of
the opening of the Golden Age the Golden
for women. Of this, full account nge
will be taken in this book, which will, with
all sincerity, welcome the coming of age of
the better half of the race.
But, before it is too late, may we not be
allowed to drop some silent tears of regret
to the fragrant memory of the unemanci-
pated yet gentle and lovable early Victorian
woman; and is not this the appropriate
16
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
place to shed them ? Join with me then,
oh my friends, in a few moments' meditation
But what on those graces, those sweet ways,
have we lost? those quaint sayings, that prim
picturesqueness now for ever lost in the
world's onward rush. How much has gone
with the samplers, the lavender bags, and
potpourri bowls, the still-room, the worked
and warmed slippers, the dear poke bonnets
and tippets of our grandmother's youth.
We still study those precious flies enshrined
in the amber of Cranford' and 'Our Village,'
in the writings of the Brontës, Mrs. Gaskell,
George Eliot, Thackeray, and the delightful
Anthony Trollope.
Have we indeed lost an indescribable some-
thing; or is it rather that men have lost,
and women have gained in the disappearance
of the old, domestic, Dickens ideal ?
Or perhaps our feelings about it and its
modern substitute may be on a par with the
artist's adoration of the old low enterical and
aguish, but picturesque, thatched cottage,
and his contempt for its sanitary, hideous,
red-brick successor, and may thus be purely
æsthetic.
WOMAN IN THE OLDEN TIME 17
Our only comfort is that the dear old
mellowing hand of time will doubtless in
succeeding years cast a similar glamour
even on the utilitarian days of our prac-
tical present (by that time become archaic),
that will excite an admiration for the
twentieth-century woman not far short of
that which I have tried to express for our
early Victorian grandmothers.
III
THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF MIND
'For she that out of Lethe scales with man
The shining steps of Nature, shares with man
His nights, his days, moves with him to one goal;
Holds all the fair young future in her hands.
If she be small, slight-natured, miserable,
How shall men grow?'
T WAS present at one of our Govern-
ment Offices the other day as mem-
ber of a commission on a subject of
national importance; and amongst our
speakers, who were mostly of episcopal
Handicapped and professorial rank, was one
by physique. woman. She was probably the
most learned person there, if one may judge
from the awe-inspiring letters that followed
her name. I believe what she said was
sound and good, though not I think particu-
larly original or striking. All was, however,
severely handicapped by her puny physique,
18
PHYSICAL BASIS OF MIND
19
The
mind
her high and weak voice, and her general
appearance, and, shall I venture to add-
her clothes. I won't use the word ' dress.'
I know perfectly well that as a psychologist,
one who sees more in the invisible than the
visible, such trifles should have been beneath
my notice—but they were not, either to
myself or to others. On the contrary,
they carried me away in a long
train of thought as to the subtle affects the
and yet indissoluble connexion mi
between mind and body, between the
spiritual and the material, the invisible and
visible, that indeed I had had already im-
pressed upon me during thirty years of
close study of that very subject. For in
neurasthenia and its allies, the alliance of
mind and body is so close and so obvious,
and both seem so essentially one, that it is
often a vain task to try and decide whether
the disease be mainly mental or physical.
And yet as I sat in Whitehall, pondering
already the subject of the present work,
it flashed upon me afresh, how a woman's
physique must inevitably affect not only
her mental expression, but the mind itself.
20
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
This preamble may therefore serve as a
sufficient excuse for devoting this chapter
portance to a brief consideration of a
of physique. woman's physique as a necessary
preliminary to an examination of her mind ;
and although some of the details may appear
trivial, none may be dismissed as entirely
irrelevant, in days when it is still believed
that a man's character and career may be
connected in some subtle way with lines on
his hand, the size of his nose, the shape of
his chin, or the print of his thumb.
In comparative anatomy it has long been
noticed that the young ape is much more
human in its characteristics than
The young
and the the adult, and that as age goes
adult.
on, a distinct retrogression can
be seen in these animals, from what seems
physically almost human to that which is
purely bestial.
Now man differs physically from other
primates in various ways; notably in the
size of the head in relation to the body,
and in the smallness of the face in relation
to the head, in the smallness of the bones,
particularly of the lower jaw, in the hairless-
PHYSICAL BASIS OF MIND 21
ness of the body, and in the general con-
figuration necessary to the upright position.
Now in all these respects (excepting the
last), it is most remarkable that they are
much more conspicuous in the infant than
in the adult.
So far from a man becoming more human
in his physique as he grows up, he becomes
distinctly more animal. His face Animality
gets larger in proportion to the of man.
head, and his jaw heavier; his skeleton
becomes coarser, his body more hairy, and
the whole physical aspect more animal.
The lower the scale of civilization, the
more markedly is this the case, the more
intellectual and highly civilized the man,
the less so.
The town dweller, for instance, is physi-
cally in this way more human than the
countryman.
While, however, the physique is most
pronouncedly human in infancy, the brain
and mind are most highly de- Mind pro-
veloped in adult life; and in gre
body retro-
this respect only it is the child gresses.
that is most animal, and the grown man
es as
22
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
the further removed from all other animals.
Thus, from infancy, while the mind pro-
gresses, the body retrogresses (with the
exception of the early acquirement of the
upright position).
Turning now to the physique of women
specially, we find that the above holds true,
but to a less degree. Women
Woman
physically preserve a modified child-type
more human.
retrogress physically towards the animai
in a lesser degree. This may be shown
Birth
Women Men

Pubertyl (Animal Line
А
Humani
Line
\c\B
Maturity
diagramatically.1 Here it is seen that up
to puberty, both sexes are physically alike
in their humanity, but that after puberty
1 Adapted and altered from diagram in Dr. H.
Campbell's Difference of Nervous Organization of Men
and Women, p. 153.
Page Missing
in Original
Volume
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in Original
Volume
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in Original
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in Original
Volume
PHYSICAL BASIS OF MIND
27
In this connexion one may note that each
T
other, which, seeing the sex is not pronounced
till the fifth week of uterine life, is not
remarkable.
The most feminine woman has colourless
hair on the chin and upper lip, and the most
masculine man glandular tissue connected
with the nipples. Of course, all distinctive
characteristics are modified by the life.
The Japanese women coalers are stronger
than many men, as are the fishwives of
Northern France and Aberdeen. A woman
can carry a child in her arms long after a
man has collapsed.
To some extent all the differences are
sexual. Havelock Ellis shows sex influ-
ence on the skin, blood, red Sexual
corpuscles, and body cells; while differences.
Steenstrup asserts that everything is male
in a man, and in a woman the smallest
part is female. There can be no doubt that
the internal secretions of the sexual glands
produce the distinctive features of puberty.
To return; women are more frequently
bow-legged than men, and sway their hips
28
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
sive
more in walking Delauney 1 says men's
movements are mainly centrifugal, i.e. left
to right, those of women chiefly centripetal,
i.e. right to left; and this accounts for
the remarkable difference in buttoning
their outer garments, all men's coats button-
veing over to the right, all women's
and defen- to the left. The aggressive
sive.
attitude is male, the defensive
female, as is shown in the statues of
Apollo and Venus.
We now come to the physical organ of
mind. There is a difference of about five
ounces between male and female brains.
When they are carefully examined, how-
ever, it is not found that a man's brain
is proportionately heavier. In relation to
The brain. stature, it is an ounce heavier
than woman's; in relation to bulk it is
equal; in relation to weight it is an ounce
lighter. Tiedemann, however, who has care-
fully investigated the whole subject, has no
doubt that woman's brain is relatively
larger than man's. Of course we must
remember the proportion between the sexes
1 Delauney, Revue Scientifique, Dec. 1880.
PHYSICAL. BASIS OF MIND 29
is that seven men equal ten women.1
Havelock Ellis says,2 ' There is therefore no
doubt ... that women possess a relatively
larger mass of nerve tissue (brain) than men.'
In France the brains of men and women are
most nearly alike in size.
It has been thought, and statistics have
been adduced to prove, that the frontal
lobes, roughly associated with the intel-
lectual powers, are markedly smaller in
women, while the occipital lobes, con-
nected more with sensations and emotions,
are larger.
The circulation of the blood in the grey
matter of the brain is quicker in women
than in men, and indeed the Nervous
whole circulation is less stable system.
owing to the greater sensitiveness of the
vasomotor and sympathetic nerves in
women. In a woman the heart beats faster
more markedly than in man. She is more
subject both to palpitation and fainting,
also to flushing, blushing, and blanching.
i Recently the proportion is nearly eight men to
ten women.
2 H. H. Ellis, Man and Woman, p. 101.
30
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
more
In fact, the whole nervous system is less
under voluntary control.
In the special senses man is far more
liable to colour-blindness. The proportion
Special at Chicago was forty men to one
senses.
woman. Out of 14,000 boys
215 were colour blind; but out of 14,000 girls
only bobo.1 Of course it must be remem-
bered that women spend a good propor-
tion of their lives in matching and choosing
colours.
Touch is keener in women. A woman
can detect a counterfeit bank note by touch,
after several skilled men have passed it as
genuine.2
Sense of smell is also more acute in women,
that of taste in men ; while in hearing, and
sexes are about equal.
On the whole, the most marked difference
in the special senses is in the discernment of
colour. Perhaps I have said enough to
give a general idea of the physique of woman
as compared with man.
1 Popular Science Monthly, vol. xix. p. 567.
2 Gamble, Evolution of Women, p. 50.
IV
THE MIND AND SPIRIT OF WOMAN
'A Being breathing thoughtful breath,
A Traveller between life and death;
The reason firm, the temperate will,
Endurance, foresight, strength, and skill,
A perfect Woman, nobly planned,
To warn, to comfort, and command;
And yet a Spirit still, and bright
With something of angelic light.'
WORDSWORTH
M ANTEGAZZA asserts that the mind
IVT or soul has a sex just like the
body, which Mirabeau denies. Here, as else-
where, the truth lies somewhere between the
two extremes. Writers like Havelock Ellis,
Otto Weininger, and Schopen- Sex in the
hauer see sex in every physical mind.
cell, and in every thought; while it appears
to the writer that much is common ground,
both physically and mentally; and that
while the sex characteristic may be taken
: 32
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
as a broad general and fundamental truth,
it cannot be pressed to account for each
detail.
If we consider the two paths of life as
exhibited in the vegetable and animal worlds,
in the anabolic, or building up of
Anabolism
and kata- life and force on the one hand
bolism.
by the vegetable, and the kata-
bolic, or the throwing of it down on the
other by the animal, we can see that, as
I maintain, only in very general terms can
it be said that the former is the woman's
rôle, and the latter the man's.
Men are characterized by the rapid break-
ing down of molecules and the liberation
and expenditure of energy, women rather
(though with large exceptions) by build-
ing them up, and corresponding passivity.
This picture, of course, is already rapidly
changing, and is not so true to life as it was;
thus, though some may now regard the dis-
tinction as entirely sexual and permanent,
it may not in reality prove to be so.
No doubt owing to the great fact of
motherhood, the building up of life will ever
remain pre-eminently with the woman, but
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 33
in other respects her increased activity
renders the passivity of which we have
spoken sometimes difficult to trace.
Women have been handicapped in so
many directions that in this attempted
outline of a woman's ways we Women
cannot be dogmatic. Another handicapped.
point connected with sex (considered in the
last chapter) is the physique of woman,
which renders prolonged strain of the mental
powers more unsafe than in man.
Dr. Fordyce Baker, in America, says
that the effects of over brain pressure in
girls is deplorable. The Prin- Overstudy.
cipal of the New York State Normal School
says, 'I have been compelled to the con-
clusion (not founded, be it observed, on a
priori reasoning, but upon actual experi-
ment) that the sexes cannot be educated
on the same system with advantage; and
that the physical disadvantages under which
the female labours, render it necessary
that a system be devised so elastic, and
with so much optional work, that the
female may rest, at least as the occasion
requires.'
34
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
There can be no doubt that here in
England we should have had a serious
breakdown during the recent great advance
in the brainwork of women, were it not
for the happy introduction, almost simul-
taneously, of lawn tennis and cycling, which
have strengthened the physique so as to
make it better able to bear the increased
mental strain.
So far the sex differences do not involve
any general inferiority of women to men in
inferiority. hardly need combating. We have
seen that, physically, the frailer body of the
female is, in many ways, of a higher human
type than that of the more animal male ;
while as to the mind, though as yet we can
reach no sure results, owing to the rapid
changes in the status of women, we already
recognize many qualities which transcend
in practical value those possessed by men.
One point that stands out very promi-
nently in the mind of a woman is her dislike
and distrust of the abstract in all reasoning;
with which goes an incapacity and a fear
of generalizing.
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 35
I have been much struck with this in
discussing the subject of woman's mind
with various feminine leaders of
Women
thought. They all seemed to dislike
abstractions.
shrink from any abstract general
conclusions, and only appeared safe when
stating facts, or speaking of concrete in-
stances. I have no doubt myself that this
is a leading, and, I would suggest, a more
or less fundamental characteristic of the
feminine mind. I don't know whether, as
a rule, girls prefer arithmetic to algebra, but
I should judge so. The same principle is
seen in a woman putting benefits to indi-
viduals far before benefits to the race. She
is in a way supposed to be more visionary
than man, though in the character of her
thoughts she is more defined and concrete.
Things are more black or white with her
than grey ; she recognizes the natural and
supernatural, but little between the two.
The doctrine of averages does not appeal
to her.
Women are thus, on the whole, more im-
pressed by facts than by laws, by the
particular than by the general. Some time
36
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
ago fifty students of each sex wrote out
the first hundred words that came into
their heads, making 10,000 words
The par-
ticular and in all. Of these 10,000, 6000
the general.
were pairs, showing possibly
that the thoughts of the sexes are more
alike than different. Out of the remainder
it was found that the men used more
different words of an abstract nature, and
largely connected with animals; while the
words of the women were more concrete, and
connected with dress and food. There can
Emotion. be no doubt that emotion is, and
probably will continue to be, the dominant
force in the mind of woman, and intellect
in that of man; but as we shall fully go
into this great subject later on, we will not
dwell upon it now. Here doubtless, in this
difference, sex plays its part; though it
may not be the sole source of the distinction.
Again, I would repeat, we must regard with
distrust all sweeping assertions, strong dog-
matism, and epigrammatic statements in
view of the changing nature of our subject.
Even if made by the writer, they must be
examined with care before acceptance;
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 37
as he claims no ex cathedra authority upon
the subject.
Intuition, instinct, and tact are far
greater in women than men. They are all
three qualities of the unconscious Instinct.
mind. The result of their action suddenly
appears in consciousness, the antecedent steps
lying buried in the unconscious. A woman
will know instinctively the right course to
adopt, though quite unable to say why it
is so ; while a man is laboriously trying to
reason out the pros and cons.
Instinct, moreover, when not perverted,
is generally a true guide, and can attain
results with a celerity and certainty of
unconscious mind action that far outstrips
the steps of conscious reason.
It is the high development of this gift
that makes women often such helpful
counsellors in cases of difficulty; and it is
because of their right but probably un-
conscious estimate of the superior value of
instinct that women are so often impatient
of argument. Even when women take the
trouble to reason a ºmatter out, they will
often reject the conclusions they arrive at
38
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
in favour of a solution suggested intuitively.
Here, then, is a great difference in the
mental characteristics of the sexes, and the
whole character is swayed by it. Men also
have intuition, and far more than they
think, but they do not trust it, nor use it
nearly so much. Instinct and intuition
Intuition not from mere impulse, and especi-
impulse. ally as women are so often called
'creatures of impulse.' Intuition may often
counsel an action the direct reverse of what
impulse would suggest. The greater the
this accounts for the sharpness' of women.
Lecky says (Hist. of European Morals) : 'In
the two great departments of virtue, the
intuitive and the reasoned), I imagine, in the
first, women are superior to men.' It is
somewhat to be regretted that now, with
increased education, women tend to despise
instinct and to prefer reason--often to
their own loss. The above facts account
for much misunderstanding of the mind
of woman.
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 39
IY
I do not pause to explain fully my use
of the term 'unconscious mind,' by which
I mean what is generally called—I believe
erroneously—the subconscious; but may
say that to me the unconscious mind is that
psychical district that is never within con-
sciousness, whereas the subconscious, like
the tidal strand on our shores, is sometimes
visible and sometimes not.
Passing on to the general qualities of a
woman's mind, before going into small
detail, we may briefly point out w.
that, historically, they are often mind.
historically.
seen to be of considerable value,
and sometimes, indeed, appear in the first
rank.
Of course, in considering mental power,
we must remember that for a long time this
has been repressed in women, while fostered
in men. In early days, however, women
had a decided advantage. The man often
could not read, and indeed despised all book-
lore and clerkly pursuits, devoting all his
time to fighting, labour, and sport, while
the woman sat at home, acquired what know-
ledge she could from her books, and taught
40
THE MINI
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
WO
her children. Women have also been for a
much longer time physically handicapped
by indoor life and want of athletic exercises ;
while men have been most favourably
placed in both respects. Conditions are,
however, so rapidly changing that all con-
clusions, as we have said, based on present
facts, will probably soon require revision.
In ancient history Aspasia was one of
the most remarkable women that ever lived.
Distin. She had the teaching of Sophocles
guished
and Pericles; Euripides, Phidias,
early times. Plato, Anaxagoras, and Socrates
were constantly with her. Hypatia (A.D.
400) was a great geometer, and wrote on
conic sections and astronomy St. Hilde-
garde was mistress of natural history and
minerals ; but it was six hundred years
before another woman was equally distin-
guished in natural science-a noted physi-
cian. In 1718, Maria Gaetana Agnesi wrote
on the differential and integral calculus, and
was an accomplished mathematician.
Mrs. Somerville's work on astronomy was
adopted by Dr. Whewell as a textbook for
Cambridge, and her bust is in the Astro-
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 41
1
nomical Society's Hall. Only fifty years ago
Strousberg declared that a female In modern
professor of mathematics was a times.
monstrosity; while to-day they are found
in every civilized country. In astronomy
the Clerkes (ladies), Caroline Herschel, and
Lady Huygens were pre-eminent. Laura
Bassi (1750) was one of the first philosophers
of her age, and this not at the expense of
her sex, for in all respects she was regarded
as a perfect woman nobly planned. In
chemistry Mesdames Lavoisier and Curie are
most celebrated. The standard of measure-
ment of radium emanations is called the
Curie, after the latter. Both Mrs. Ayrton
and Madame Curie were admitted members
of the Royal Society, and of the Academy
of France (where previously no woman had
been admitted). Miss Ormerod was pre-
eminent as an entomologist. Dr. Blackwell,
Mrs. Garrett Anderson, and Mrs.
Development
Jex-Blake were prominent in in spite of
medicine. Mrs. Lewis noted in em
archæology. From ten to twenty thousand
women are patentees, a testimony to their
inventive genius.
Y
ment.
42 THE MIND OF A WOMAN
All this is in defiance of woman's
cramped environment, and by no means is
a result of it; showing clearly women have
been obscure, rather from lack of oppor-
tunity than of ability. There can be no
doubt that originality goes with an inde-
pendent position, and this woman has not
had until now; though by this I do not
imply that such is the main reason of her
apparent inferiority in this respect. Her
creations are really far more wonderful than
man's ; though she does not put her name
to them as he does.
To resume: In literature we recall the
names of Madame de Staël, George Eliot,
Literature the Brontës, and many more.
and science. In painting, Rosa Bonheur and
Lebrun, and in poetry, Sappho, Elizabeth
Barrett Browning, Christina G. Rossetti,
and others.
Sonia Kovalevsky and Margaret Dunlop
Gibson must be added to the list of distin-
guished scientists. Helen Bradford Thomp-
son of Chicago, the well-known doctor of
philosophy, published a most elaborate book
in 1905.
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 43
This list, which is merely an enumeration
of a few women geniuses, has a pathos of
its own that certainly does not
redound to the credit of man. treatment
of women.
For although it can be very
largely extended, it is still pitifully small and
this is largely, as I have said (though not, I
think, entirely), owing to the inferior posi-
tion in which man has placed woman.
Lombroso, however, does not believe that
the disabilities of women, to which I have
alluded, with all their disadvantages, account
for their lack of genius; while Sir Alm-
roth Wright thinks that woman is incapable
of great intellectual development on account
of her sex. A list is merely given here to
show that in various directions a woman's
brain has displayed the highest powers of
mind: This, of course, is easily accounted
for by postulating with Otto Weininger and
others that all is due to the proportion of
masculine that is mixed with the feminine.
But such a theory is only surmise, and
cannot be proven.
Turning to details, in memory woman's
brain is very good. Jastrow and others
44
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
have made many experiments with mixed
Memory and classes. He wrote some words
conscience. on the blackboard, and the
pupils wrote others. After two days they
were required to rewrite them. The men
recalled 35 per cent., the women 45 per
cent. This is an important result, for a good
memory is of great practical value in life.
Closely connected with intuition, on which
I have touched, is the voice of conscience,
whose home is, as we know, in the uncon-
scious, and whose range is greater in the
woman, though often more easily disre-
garded. Men are, in a sense, more con-
scientious; that is, though their conscience
may not speak so often, they often heed it
more when it does.
The standard by which it speaks is not
the same in both sexes; for while the right-
Women's ness of the end is more prominent
morality. before a woman than the justice
of the means, in the man there is more
consideration about the means than about
the end. To attain a truly desirable and
legitimate end, a woman may use means
that would offend the conscience of a man ;
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 45
but, on the other hand, a man is often less
pure in his aims and more selfish, though
at the same time more scrupulous about the
means used that they do not offend his con-
science. In short, in this he 'plays the game.'
Speaking more broadly, the standard of
morality in the sexes is not exactly alike,
being higher for women than men.
Men attain moral victory by a struggle; in
women morality is more intuitive. Hence,
man is often more of a hero, even when he
has to overcome no more than a woman.
Moral character has more weight with
women than intellectual power.
Men are more mobile and progressive,
women (till recently) more stable and con-
servative. Women are more plastic within
fixed limits, men more so outside them.
Men have greater originality, women
more common sense. (This latter state-
ment is only made suggestively.)
Common sense, by the way, is not a
reasoned quality, but rather the result of
the unconscious balance of in- Common
tellect by emotion. Men think sense.
more, women feel more. Man specializes in
46
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
arts, crafts, and professions, and heads them
all, being more original in these directions.
The fine division of labour is (at present
only) a male characteristic..
Pursuing our subjects into the higher
regions of the spirit, it is clear that a woman
The spirit naturally is more religious than
of woman. a man. There is more of the
emotional and the mystic. The passivity
of the woman's nature favours the latter.
. She is also more superstitious, and forms
by far the majority of those who are swayed
by the successive forms of imposition that
have deluded the credulous.
But all this does not really account for
her pre-eminence in true religion. There
are two other reasons for this. True reli-
gion, while not ignoring the intellect and
indeed surpassing all its powers, is primarily
connected with the emotions. Thou shalt
love the Lord thy God with all thy heart'
is put before the soul or mind. 'My son,
give me thine heart' is the request. There
Love in is none for the head. Women,
being more emotional than men,
are thus pre-eminent in the spiritual life,
women.
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 47
for love is her nature more than it is that
of man. Love is indeed the fulfilling of
the whole law; and the Bible is the story
of its Divine expression to man. The other
reason lies in woman's moral nature. She
is not only more easily moral, but is more
altruistic in her nature. This is a distinct
sex characteristic derived from her maternal
cares. This predisposes her to understand
the story of God's unselfish love to man,
and to accept a Christianity based upon it.
It is not a little remarkable to note in
the Gospel story that while the enemies
of Christ were ever men, women Women in
n
one feels instinctively how much more they
often cared for Him than even His own
disciples. While the world lasts, it will
ever be remembered that when all men
(His disciples) forsook Him and fled, that
there 'were standing by the cross of Jesus
four women-His mother, and His mother's
sister, Mary the wife of Cleophas, and Mary
Magdalene. Though the Christian char-
can be no doubt that in its highest aspects
48
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
it is, if anything, more of a feminine than
a masculine type, which must be the case
if the feminine be the highest form of
humanity.
It must ever be remembered that a good
deal of the masculine character is still
derived from ancient savage life, and is
frequently more animal than human. The
Character of character of our Lord, carefully
Christ. studied, seems rather to repre-
sent humanity perfectly than either sex
exclusively; for though a man, and a
leader of men, many distinctive character-
istics were what we call feminine. This is
no suggestion of weakness, but shows that
our ideal of perfect manhood requires as
much revising as our presentment of the
typical John Bull. The latter has now no
longer (as perhaps once he had) the least
resemblance to the typical Englishman.
Our ideal of mankind is undoubtedly
slowly changing into a higher and more
Changing refined type, and there can be
ideals. no doubt that in the highest
development of life (as in that of Christ)
distinctions of sex, masculine and feminine,
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 49
tend to disappear. Indeed Christianity in
the main makes no such distinction. (In
it 'there is neither male nor female.')
Paganism and (as we shall see later)
Darwinism both emphasize the masculine,
and the doctrine that might is right;
while Christianity, and, as we have seen,
its Founder, emphasize the feminine. "Be
strong in the Lord and in the power of His
might'-but His might is love, not force.
Force is the muscular strength of Samson.
Love, the spiritual strength of Christ. It
is the sword versus sacrifice, and it will be
indeed a great world lesson if the Great War
teaches (at least all who are willing to learn)
the supremacy of right over might, of
Christianity over Paganism.
The psychic game of chess is even still
being played on a tremendous scale-the
checkmating of black by white, Psychic
evil by good, and thus restoring chess.
a measure of health to a sick world. This
spiritual hygiene is the coming 'science of
power of which we speak in the last
chapter, and is essential in any higher
education of humanity. I have shown how
TY
50
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
this evangel is akin to the nature of women.
In their greatest pagan glory Rome and
Greece were most corrupt, and woman
most degraded; but they are past and
gone, for it is only the things that are
unseen which are eternal. H. Ward Beecher
declares that women are a new race, re-
created since Christianity. Well would it
be for the world if this were wholly true!
We stand indeed at the beginning of the
end of the rule of force, and at the beginning
of the rule of spirit and right; which also
is coincident with the entire emancipation
of women.
There can be no doubt that the wonderful
psychic force of the character of Christ,
Women and and the quiet harkening to the
the Divine. voice of God ( He wakeneth me
morning by morning '), are conditions
necessary for the complete development and
perfection of Christian womankind. It is,
of course, possible that although character-
istically woman is more spiritual than man,
the greatest height may after all be reached
by the latter; for it took the chief of
sinners - to make the greatest Apostle.
O
1
WOMAN'S MIND AND SPIRIT 51
Emotionalism is often mistaken for spiritu-
ality, but one is soul and the other spirit;
and the word of God is sharp enough to
distinguish between the two.
There can be no doubt that even in its
commencement the emancipation of women,
so far as it has gone, has increased the soul-
power of half mankind, which is all for good.
The glory of a woman's life is the harmony
between the two fundamentals of conquest
and devotion, self-assertion and Conquest
self-denial; formerly there was and devotion.
no such harmony, for all her life was
centred in the latter. There is therefore a
to woman's spiritual state are premature and
self-condemned. We can, however, clearly
see that, though it may not be in our power
to forecast the height to which she will
attain, woman will ever be on the side of
right and Christianity, as opposed to
might and paganism.
We must defer further consideration of
the wonderful rôle of woman to our closing
chapter.
JU
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES
'The woman's cause is man's ; they rise or sink
Together, dwarfed or godlike, bond or free.
For woman is not undevelopt man
But diverse : could we make her as the man,
Sweet love were slain ; his dearest bond is this,
Not like to like, but like in difference.
Yet in the long years liker must they grow;
The man be more of woman, she of man;
He gain in sweetness and in moral height,
Nor lose the wrestling thews that throw the world ;
She mental breadth, nor fail in childward care,
Nor lose the childlike in the larger mind;
Till at the last she set herself to man,
Like perfect music unto noble words;
And as these twain, upon the skirts of Time,
Sit side by side, full-summ'd in all their powers,
Dispensing harvest, sowing the To-be,
Self-rev'rent each, and reverencing each,
Distinct in individualities,
But like each other ev'n as those who love,
Then comes the statelier Eden back to men ;
Then reign the world's great bridals chaste and calm;
Then springs the crowning race of human-kind.
May these things be!'
D VEN in the briefest attempt to com-
pare the powers of man and woman,
we have to reckon with the most extreme
52
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES 53
views on the subject. Schopenhauer, I
think, reaches the abyss when in his 'hymn
of hate' of woman, he regards her in-
herently as a creature of evil.
Woman a
Otto Weininger declares a woman creature of
has no soul. He says, 1 'It has evil.
been exhaustively proved that the female is
soulless and possesses neither an ego nor
individual personality. It is hardly sur-
prising that a man with such views com-
mitted suicide at twenty-two! Otway sings
O woman, lovely woman,' and then of the
' mighty ills' she has done, in almost the
same breath.
At the other extreme we have Benjamin
Kidd's new book, in which he says, 2 'It is
in woman that we have the w
Woman the
future centre of power in civi- centre of
Power.
lization. 'The mind of a woman
... has in reality outstripped that of man
development of those characteristic qualities
upon which power now rests. Such whole-
1 Otto Weininger, Sex and Character, 1906, p. 207.
? Benjamin Kidd, The Science of Power, 3rd edit.,
1918, pp. 195, 204-5.
54
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
sale statements are surely subject to a large
discount, and even then seem difficult of
acceptance, and impossible to be wholly true.
We will examine them more fully later on.
Of course Otto Weininger's position is
that men and women are only ideal types of
humanity which do not actually exist (save
perhaps in rare specimens). ‘Absolute male
and absolute female,' he says, 'do not exist,
but may be postulated for comparisons.
Existing men and women are varying mix-
tures of the masculine and feminine.'
He states that the more feminine a woman
is, the less will she understand a man, but
the more will she attract him.
Masculine
and
Also many men only know how
feminine.
C. to deal with women after long
experience. The woman's demand for man's
position in public life he finds to be directly
proportionate to the amount of masculinity
in her.
He absolutely asserts that even the
most masculine woman is only 50 per cent.
male; and it is only to that masculine
part of her that she owes whatever import-
ance she may eventually gain.'
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES 55
Assertions like these, while they obvi-
ously account for much if true, are equally
obviously incapable of proof. It is a case
of post hoc, ergo propter hoc, and is an argu-
ment in a circle. In Weininger's hands it
eventually proves that all in woman that
is good and great is masculine, and all that
is weak and base is feminine ; conclusions
that justify us in setting aside his whole
argument in these pages.
It is quite possible, nay probable, that it
contains some truth, but as even this cannot
be proved, we will not use it in our com-
parisons.
We have said in the last chapter that as
we reach the higher types, sex distinctions
are greatly modified; and it Humanity
seems probable that the many of before sex.
the future will be human before he is a male ;
and the woman human before she is a
female; and thus common humanity will
prevail over sex. W. L. George I believes
that differences of intellect are superficial
and temporary, and tend to vanish. As
7
1 Intelligence of Women. Boston, 1906.
56
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
much that is now diverse in mind in man
and woman tends to disappear; and this
suggests that the minds of the two sexes
are becoming more and not less similar.
In discussing sex equality we must under-
stand that it is not equivalent to sex
pendent propositions.
We have already physically compared
the sexes in Chapter III., but we may add
here that in some savage tribes the women
are even physically stronger than the men.
.. In munition work it has been recently
found that though on the whole the man is
stronger on account of his superior muscular
development, in manual dexterity both
sexes are equal. In all work, however,
in art, men are required.
In comparing minds, the same question
inevitably comes to the fore. Havelock
Mind and Ellis says, and doubtless with
sex. truth, that as long as woman
conceives and bears children, so long will
she remain unequal to man in the highest
psychic processes. Practically and kineti-
sex.
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES 57
cally this is so, but goes far to prove that
potentially (as we shall see in the next
chapter) much of the inequality disappears.
For a true estimate we must study the
latent as well as the patent in women; and
here is a suggestive fact. Under twelve
(before sex dominates) girls are cleverer,
taller, and heavier than boys; afterwards
a great deal more of intellectual force in
women is diverted by sex specialization
than in man. Another impressive proof of
woman's intelligence before sex is dominant,
is that, according to Dr. Sophia Bryant, you
can teach boys by rote, but not girls. They
must be taught through their intelligence.
Again, in the university of Michigan,
which for many years has averaged some
1300 girl and boy students, women come
out first in mathematics, Greek, and general
science.
When women were admitted to medicine,
at the first competition between the sexes
at the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland,
women carried off the highest prizes in
zoology, botany, physiology, chemistry, and
mathematics.
58 THE MIND OF A WOMAN
Pursuing the subject, we note in the sex
corpuscles that the female cell is large,
Germinal immobile, anabolic, and con-
cells.
servative of force; while the male
is small, agile, and mobile, and katabolic
in the expenditure of force. Woman inte-
grates and is continent, stable, and patient;
though, her nervous system being more
sensitive, she has keener senses, and quicker
reflexes. This is the theoretical idea of the
sex difference. Intuition, as we have already
shown, in women takes somewhat the place
of reason in men. The former reach their
concepts of right more by instinct than logic.
Ruskin, Romanes, and many others point
out that, as we have seen, as original creators
Concrete and in the arts and crafts women
abstract. came far behind men; and this,
I think, is more or less generally recognized
by women themselves.
Jastrow remarks that women have more
interest in the concrete than in the abstract;
and an illustration may be found in the fact
that they make good sanitary inspectors and
but poor social reformers. Bacon points
out, though with doubtful truth, that
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES 59
inductive reasoning is purely masculine,
This, as well as several statements we have
noted, will certainly have to be modified
before long.
Man's intellect seems detached, non-
moral, and independent of individual char-
acter; while woman's is subservient to her
character, more personal, and less abstract.
As a result woman is less tolerant than man.
Tolerance and sound judgment generally
go with breadth rather than with depth or
keenness of vision.
Woman's words and actions are often
warped by her character, and are Woman's
not therefore as true reflexes of emotions.
her thoughts as man's, which are more
independent of character.
Passing on to the emotions no one will
dispute what we have stated more than
once, in other words, that instinct and
emotion are stronger in woman, reason and
intelligence in men.
In women the smooth flow of intellectual
discussion or logical argument is constantly
obstructed or capriciously diverted by
emotional objections or principles in a way
60
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
most irritating to men, and most disastrous
to any useful result.
In the pursuit of a good ideal, women
care little about conflicting interests, and
are often unscrupulous in the use of means.
It is said that with women, thinking and
feeling are in conjunction; in men they
Thinking are more often in opposition,
and feeling. or it may be more accurately
said, his thoughts are not so much at the
mercy of his feelings.
Women are more tortuous and complex
than 'men in their mental action, owing to
the characteristic I have just pointed out.
Two mental evils are somewhat more com-
mon in women than men-self-pity and
jealousy. Self-pity making the true sub-
jective into a false objective is wholly evil ;
and one cannot say much less of that which
is 'cruel as the grave.'
Dr. Clouston points out that self-control
is weaker in women. Also in General Para-
Dr. Clouston lysis of the Insane the delusions
on women. in men are mostly those of
grandeur, opposition, and possessions; while
in women they are those of personal vanity,
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES 61
and often uncontrolled affection. Man is
said to live more consciously, and woman
more unconsciously.
The former has been described as the will
and intelligence of humanity, the latter as
its soul and heart; but as is ever the case
with these showy epigrams, they leave much
to be desired on the score of accuracy.
With regard to the will of men, the 'will
power' of Schopenhauer is that of the fight-
ing male; knowing no author but its own
will, and no morality but its own present
advantage. This has been exhaustively
illustrated for us by the Germans.
Women live more for the home than for
the world or country, which is fully accounted
for by their sexual responsibilities, and is
greatly to their honour.
Women's sense of justice, as we have
said in other words, is greatly marred in
practice by secondary considera- Sense of
tions due to emotion. Amiel justice.
has a pretty, if rather obscure, epigram that
I may quote here : 'Woman preaches love
in the ears of justice, man justice in the
ears of love:
62
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
It is said that in women the race is always
more than the individual, and the future
greater than the present, though to her own
consciousness the reverse often appears to
be true.
Apart, however, from her own children
a woman is more for individual than social
interests, and hence women's labour unions
are often failures and contain many black-
legs. Men, on the other hand, can be most
unselfish in public interests, and most
selfish in private ones. We have pointed out
in a previous chapter at some length, that
in nearly every art and science woman has
at times most markedly distinguished herself.
I did not, however, at the time point out
how completely she had failed in entering
the first rank in three distinctively feminine
arts; in which her confined life, far from
hindering as in other sciences, has really
tended to help. I personally cannot see
what reason can be given to account for
the unnatural pre-eminence of
Dress,
cookery, and man in dress, cookery, and music,
music.
apart from mind capacity. And
what makes this the more remarkable is that
A COMPARISON OF THE SEXES 63
all three are more or less the province of
women. It is to me another clear proof
that the mind of man is undoubtedly more
original in the arts than that of women.
Of course it will be said that such has ever
been the teaching of psychology. But up
to now all psychologies have been written
by men only; and therefore it is of great
value to have its theory supported by the
three remarkable facts I have adduced.
I believe, with regard to psychology, the
attempt is made by psychologists to present
the normal mind of humanity-neither of
male nor female, which, as Mrs. Bosanquet
points out, both deviate from it in certain
have to write on the mind of a man' as a
companion to this monograph.
VI
BRAIN POWER IN THE SEXES
'So absolute she seems,
And in herself complete ; so well to know
Her own, that what she wills to do or say,
Seems wisest, virtuousest, discreetest, best!
All higher knowledge in her presence falls ·
Degraded ! ...
Authority and reason on her wait,
As one intended first, not after made
Occasionally; and to consummate all,
Greatness of Mind and Nobleness their seat
Build in her, loveliest, and create an awe
About her, as a guard angelic placed.'
JOHN MILTON
CO far we have shown many ways in
which, from sex causes, from differ-
ences in physique and life, from arbitrary
limitations of all sorts, great inequalities
exist between the mind of a woman and
that of a man.
This, however, is apparently contradicted
by the great German manifesto (now over
twenty years old) issued to show the equality
YA
64
BRAIN POWER IN THE SEXES 65
in spite of the Great War, we must ask
some attention. In one sense German
Germany is the last country from manifesto.
which we should expect such a manifesto,
for the proverbial hausfrau of that country
has but small leisure for intellectual achieve-
ments; and women are, as a class, despised
in a way little seen among other nations.
Nevertheless, in 1897, Professor A.Kirchhoff
collected opinions from over one hundred
leading German professors on Kirchhoff
the capacity of women for in- on women.
tellectual science, and published the result
in a volume of four hundred pages.1 The
professors said they were perforce obliged
to admit the intellectual equality of the
two sexes. They declared they were un-
able to detect any difference in brain
organism as in intellectual capacity. In
things of the mind they state broadly there
is perfect equality between the sexes :
a dictum so remarkable that it may well
require careful investigation. What most
impressed the professors was the marked
1 A. Kirchhoff, Die Akademische Frau. Berlin, 1897.
66
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
talent and love of women for higher mathe-
matics, for the abstract and abstruse sciences.
Dr. Bernstein. Dr. Julius Bernstein, Professor
at the University of Halle, says, “ After re-
flection on this subject, I am convinced
that neither God nor religion, neither custom
nor law, and still less science warrants our
maintaining any essential difference in
intellect between the male and female sexes.'
And this from the country of Schopenhauer
and Otto Weininger! The report proceeds
to say that the theory of the mental in-
feriority of woman is not supported by
fact, with which we agree, while totally
disagreeing with the statement that the
intellects are alike. Difference by no
means implies inferiority as seems to be
here assumed. Kirchhoff goes on to say that
subsequent experiments everywhere have
proved that the superiority of men's intellect
is a myth. Possibly so, but its difference
Difference
in character from women's is
is not not. He says, ' The controversy
inferiority.
of centuries is now settled about
women's intellect.' One can only reply
that if women have conquered in Germany,
BRAIN POWER IN THE SEXES 67
they have indeed conquered everywhere.
In conclusion he states that man's intellect
is so sluggish that it has taken five hundred
years for Christine de Pisa's words to be
accepted : 'I say to them again, and doubt
never the contrary, that if it were the
custom to put the little maidens to school,
and they were made to learn the sciences,
as the men children are, that they would
learn as perfectly, and they would be as well
entered into the subtleties of all the arts
and sciences as men be.'
It may be that here Christine has given us
the key to the whole problem : for if the
professors were instructors of Girls not
girls, as they appear to have women.
been, it accords with what we have already
stated with regard to the young university
students of Michigan and Ireland (Chapter
V.), that before full growth, and the advent
of the sexual life of womanhood, in many
intellectual studies girls are not only the
equal but the superior of boys of their age.
This is accounted for by the slower develop-
ment of the male brain. When all, however,
is said and done, Dr. Kirchhoff's report is
68
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
very remarkable, and especially, as we have
said, coming from such a quarter. As an
attempt to show that women's brains are
not inferior, we accept its conclusions with
pleasure; but it is impossible to believe
they are not different.
Much that I have adduced tends to show
that once we adopt the extended views of
Unconscious mind which I have successfully
mind. advocated elsewhere 1 — that
more than half the mental force of the indi-
vidualis outside consciousness,'—it is readily
understood that in woman a large amount
that in man shows itself consciously in intel-
lectual power is spent by women uncon-
sciously in sexual function; and that before
the advent of this, and making allowances
for differences of physique and environment,
there is not much difference between the
brain power of the two sexes.
All, however, that I advance in this book
as to the difference in mind is with reference
to the full-grown woman, and not school or
college girls; and if she be less original, less
capable of abstract thought or of sustained
1 The Unconscious Mind. Hodder and Stoughton.
BRAIN POWER IN THE SEXES 69
argument, we now see that the reason is
mainly because in the reproduction of the
race and in its upbringing (to men but an
incident in life, though in women an
absorbing function) she is doubtless using
her brain force to better advantage than
in chopping logic and other intellectual
diversions.
Miss Maud Royden 1 believes men will
always create more than women (who create
human life), but these will yet rise far in
arts and sciences.
For these and other reasons man is pre-
eminent in imagination, as shown
Less
in music (which is in time), and imagination
in women.
architecture (which is in space),
and in the highest fiction.
Dr. Harry Campbell goes perhaps a little
too far in asserting that genius of the
highest order is practically confined to men.
If he had said 'mainly confined,' it would
have been true to-day, but I doubt if even
this will be true fifty years hence. Havelock
Ellis, too, says, “It is unthinkable that a
woman could have discovered the Coper-
1 V. Gollancz, The Making of Women, p. 50.
YO
70
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
nican system.' Even this will be easier
to imagine in a few years' time.
Man is the better law maker and gener-
Will-power. alizer, but I am doubtful if it
is true, as asserted, that will-power is
stronger in man.
All will agree that if there be a sense (as
I believe) in which the man is the head of the
woman, it is perhaps still more true that the
woman is the heart of the man; and beyond
all this there is little doubt that much of the
patient endurance, self-sacrifice, and love of
home seen in men is directly due to their
mothers. Schopenhauer goes so far as to
say he believes that many intellectual quali-
ties also in man are a maternal heritage.
To whomsoever due, the highest types of
genius seem confined at present to men ;
and this not on account of better education
though its powers are consciously exercised,
their source is hidden from their possessor.
We have seen that men are at present
more selfish and egoistic than women ; but
that they will remain so is by no means
BRAIN POWER IN THE SEXES 71
certain. A man talks about himself far
more constantly than a woman, Men more
though at times capable of selfish.
sublime unselfishness. Man is undoubtedly,
on the whole, the more self-centred.
He is also capable (at present) of combin-
ing for a common object for pleasure or
business far better than woman. Needless
to say, he has had far more practice at it.
This, indeed, is one of the chief hindrances to
advancement in the female labour markets.
That he is often paid a higher price for
doing the same work does not in the least
prove that he does it always better ; but he
cannot afford to work for as little as a
woman; as in most cases he has to support
one or more. He has less emotions than a
woman, but, like an animal, is more violent
in their expression. He works longer at
high pressure on account of his superior
physique; and for the same reason does
all the more arduous work of the world.
He is more variable than woman, both
more brilliant and more worthless; and, as
we have seen elsewhere, he makes the
greater sinner and the greater saint.
VII
SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
WOMAN
'She who knows not, and knows not that she knows
not, is a fool :
Shun her.
She who knows not, and knows that she knows not,
is simple :
Teach her.
She who knows, and knows not that she knows, is
asleep :
Wake her.
She who knows, and knows that she knows, is wise :
Follow her.'
D EFORE entering directly upon our
D subject we will first glance at the
position of women in the social world. It
appears that in the earliest times the social
The 'gens.' unit was the gens ; the union
of several of these (gentes) forming eventually
a tribe. Now this gens consisted of a female
ancestor, all her children, and all her
daughters' children: the sons' children
72
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN 73
Ons.
TTT
going off to form a part of their wives' gens.
The family (prior to the establishment of
monogamous marriage), as we now have it,
was then unknown.1
Kinship in the female line was the rule
in the earliest ages, and for obvious reasons.
From these instances it is clear Early status
that women had at this early of women.
period a very different position from that
which they held later in history. Many
traditions and myths support this view of
the early and more important status of
women. The transition appears to have
taken place gradually as the permanence
of the marriage tie was recognized; but
the reckoning of descent and kinship in the
male line was probably due to other causes.
According to Bachhofen it was in Greece
the descent was changed from the female
to the male line, owing to the
Pneuma
theory that the ‘pneuma' or from the
spirit was derived from the male male.
and not the female. Henceforth in Greece
the descent was in the male line, and Rome
soon followed.
i C. S. Wake, Kinship and Marriage, p. 16.
nale
74
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
It is often thought that polygamy every-
where preceded monogamy, as well as being
the law in the animal world. Such, how-
ever, is far from being the case. Early
savage life (where not corrupted by con-
tamination with civilization) is largely
monogamous and pure, due to the influence
of woman.
Amongst animals monogamy is widely
spread. J. C. Wood tells us 1 of a couple
Monogamy of golden eagles who lived to-
in animals. gether in the same nest for one
hundred years; a pattern of fidelity that
most couples at the present day will regard
with mixed feelings.
Woman has been the greatest civilizing
agent in the world, and has always formed
and dignified the family and home, even
when she was the slave of man. Man
indeed, though ostensibly the ruler, is every-
where, to a large extent, ruled (even in the
East) by woman; and the highest mental
qualities are transmitted to man by the
mother rather than by the father.
When woman has her true place, society
1 J. C. Wood, Natural History, p. 262.
I
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN 75
invariably improves and rises in tone. A
home can be conceived of without a man,
but is impossible without a woman. .
Among animals, the female always chooses
her mate; and hence is ever the cause of
the variations, and the progress Mating in
of the species. The male adorns animals.
himself therefore in various ways with
gorgeous colours to attract the female ; and
in lower animals, at any rate in the verte-
brate, is always the more conspicuous.
With human beings, owing largely to the
false economic position of women, man, at
any rate apparently, is the chooser of his
partner; and the woman adorns herself
cunningly enough, very often with the
distinctive decorations of male birds and
insects.
There can be no doubt, from the analogy
in the animal world, that the woman should
be the selector; and it would be better for
the race, in my opinion, if it were so. But
women are still mostly dependent upon their
fathers until they change this for depend-
ence on their husbands. It is no wonder
they retain many of the virtues and vices
76
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
characteristic of slavery. The endowment
of motherhood is one solution of this financial
injustice. Once a woman is not dependent
upon man for subsistence, and has an equally
assured economic position, she
The
economic would probably select her mate ;
handicap. son
* . and seeing that she is the mother
of the race, it seems reasonable she should
do so. One thing is certain, that a large
number of degrading unions that now take
place under the sacred name of marriage,
would at once cease, and the whole char-
acte:" of the marriage bond would be raised
to a higher level.
'Never,' says Mantegazza to women, allow
yourself to be able to say, “ You bought me,”
or," I sold myself;"' words, alas ! too often
true now; but that would be impossible
were the economic position of woman assured.
This economic question is of such supreme
importance to the future of women, and thus
to the advancement of mankind, that it is
well to know, until it is settled, woman is
still most unfairly handicapped. It is for
the good of man, of the race, and of civi-
lization, that the financial position of women
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN 77
be as assured as that of men. The era of
freedom has doubtless begun; but it is in
vain to strike other shackles off one by one,
if we retain the strongest of all—financial
dependence of woman upon man.
The voice of nature respecting the rela-
tive value of men and women, and indeed
the male and female of all species, Births-male
speaks with no uncertain sound and female.
ever in favour of the female. Ploss 1 first
pointed out that most girls were born in
times of prosperity; and that the birth-
rate of boys rose with the price (i.e. the
scarcity) of food. Geddes 2 observes that
when food is scarce the male always pre-
dominates. In the insect world starved
caterpillars become male butterflies, while if
well fed they become female. Tadpoles as
a rule breed 57 per cent. females. If fed
with frogs and other highly nutritious food,
according to Tung, this rate may be in-
creased to 96 per cent.
Professor Brooks points out that a favour-
able environment means more females, an
1 Traill, Sexual Physiology, p. 166.
? Gamble, Evolution of Woman, p. 33.
78
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
unfavourable more males born. This was
shown at the siege of Paris; when in time
of starvation and the people lived on cats
and rats and dogs, the births were nearly
all boys. Nature refuses to make a woman
without good material, but it appears she
can make a man almost out of any-
thing.
than the male is clearly seen in botany,
a science that gives us so many
Higher
development hints as regards sexual life. The
of female.
staminate flowers (male) open
before the pistillate flowers (female), but are
much nearer in character to leaves, and
more abundant, and show less complex
formation. In conifers the most perfect
trees are the female.
More boys are born than girls, but men
are shorter lived (by an average of some two
years) than women, having less physical
resisting power, though greater physical
strength; and being more prone to organic
Death-rate disease, and also to reversion to
at all ages. lower types. The following table
shows the comparative death-rate of male
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN 79
and female per 1000 per annum at various
ages through life :-
ove are 1-4 5-12 13-20 21-34 | 35-54|55-74|75-90
Male. | 71 | 6 | 5 8 | 18 | 19 | 229

Years
of Age.
I-4
3-20
Male.
71
18
| 229
Female.
13
210
We may well repeat that the special
characteristics of woman clearly show how
woman's mind is not creative nor inventive,
it is because she has to create the next
generation. If women cannot do much in
architecture, nevertheless they Architects
are the architects of humanity. of humanity.
If her ideas are not so original as man's,
it is because she originates the race; and
this not as an incident in her life, but as the
main function of her existence, for, as we
shall see in the last chapter, she is the maker
not only of the race, but of its future.
Her tremendous maternal emotions, in-
stincts, and functions have no counterpart
whatever in man; and for this reason, if
for none other, he can make a much greater
show of his intellect and originality in other
-
80
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
spheres. Of course, sex goes much further
than child-bearing. In woman it also con-
notes physical weakness, a different moral
outlook, a greater nervous sensibility, and
many other things.
In spite, however, of so much mental
vigour being set aside for sex purposes,
in some qualities woman is undoubtedly
pre-eminent. These are chiefly, as might
be expected, more connected with emotion
than intellect. Perception and appercep-
tion (or the linking of perceptions together)
are far stronger in women than men.
They are much keener and quicker, and
their rapidity of observation and retention is
Quick
remarkable. Houdin has known
perception. ladies, passing each other at
full speed in carriages, who could analyse
each other's dress, bonnets, etc., as to
fashion, colour, quality, and even detect
the difference between hand and machine-
A slight difference in appearance is far
more readily detected by a woman than by
a man. Women are much quicker in
thought. They can use their brains more
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN 81
rapidly within a limited range. Women,
are easier to educate and train than men.
They are quicker in mind as well as more
diligent. Women are quicker at conclusions,
but men perhaps more sure.
Women, in virtue of their sex, are also
more passive and receptive in life generally.
They are also more patient; a
Women are
virtue which indirectly has re- more patient
than men.
tarded the advancement of the
women for ages. They are more cautious,
and are said to 'hasten slowly.' Women
are always labelled mystics, dreamers, and
visionaries; and if a man shows such
tendencies he is said to be just like a girl ;
but there is a very real sense in which
women are the true materialists, for they
like and understand what they can touch
and taste and handle; in short, the concrete.
Thinking with woman is after all a form of
feeling, i.e. is emotional rather than intel-
lectual. They are said to be essentially
conservative.
Women are more sociable and domestic, as
may be supposed. Men may be more club-
bable, but there is very little sociability
F
82
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
at clubs. Society itself is made, and ruled,
Women more and maintained by women, not
sociable. men. Sociability is quite differ-
ent from powers of combination for special
purposes.
J. S. Mill considered women naturally
as better fitted for politics than men. This
I should doubt, and I expect others would
also, in spite of the parliamentary vote and
the last election. Women are good in fiction
and drama, though never first in power or
originality.
Women are more flexible than men,
though when rigid they are more rigid.
A woman has greater adaptability in new
surroundings and circumstances, and can
ascend and descend the social scale with
greater ease and a surer step than a man.
In work women are more persevering, and
excel in mechanical work at low pressure.
More
At the post office women do
persevering. light work more quickly than
men. Women can express their thoughts
better, and are good letter writers. Women
are more conventional than men, and are
readier to accept artificial standards in
CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMAN 83
1
conduct, in dress, and in ethics than men.
They are also more secretive.
Women are more resourceful. In all the
movements of the mind as of the body they
are more graceful, if less powerful, and
quicker, if not so solid.
Woman is more steadfast, more trustful.
Her best work is called out by a clear and
well understood ideal. In an Women more
impartial study of women,1 Dr. truthful.
Heymans finds women, on the whole, more
truthful and trustworthy than men. She
is often called less selfish, but she is more
selfish to her true and highest interests.
Such selfishness is higher than selflessness.
In fact, the terms ‘selfish and unselfish'
are often dangerous and misleading.
But it is love that is the glory of woman,
which she gives, alas! often without return
and without repentance. We
Love, the
can best describe this character- glory of the
istic by saying it is a dog's love.
It was Ruth, a woman, who first voiced this
love in the immortal words: 'Whither
thou goest, I will go ; and where thou
1 G. von Heymans (1910), Mind, vol. xx. p. 419.
84
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
lodgest, I will lodge : thy people shall be my
diest, will I die, and there will I be buried :
the Lord do so to me, and more also, if
ought but death part thee and me.'
The highest description of the love of
David and Jonathan was that it 'passed
the love of women.'
Man may be the high priest of intellect,
but woman is of love.
Man serves love only in matrimony ;
woman in three ways—in mating, in child-
bearing, and in the sustenance and care of
her offspring. Such is a brief summary
of some of the more distinctive qualities
of the mind of a woman.
VIII
THE MODERN OUTLOOK
'A self-poised soul, brave, wise and tender,
No longer blind and dumb;
A human being of unknown splendour
Is she who is to come.'
A S we meditate upon this glorious vision,
11 we must not fall into the mistake of
imagining that the advancement of this
wondrous being is entirely modern.
Since the first woman reached out for
the fruit of the tree of knowledge, this in a
wider and deeper sense) has been, Turning to
consciously and unconsciously, the light.
her attitude ever since; not now in dis-
obedience, but in fulfilment of the will of
God. Some have actively sought out know-
ledge; others, more passive, with flower-
like love of the sun, have instinctively
turned their souls toward the light.
1
86
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
Ibsen (now some time ago) wrote, “The
social revolution which is impending in
England is chiefly concerned with the future
of the woman. It is for this that I hope to
write, and for this will work with all my
powers. But ages before this the advance
of woman had begun. Women doctors date
back as far as the ninth century in Spain.'
In 1897 Walter Besant writes, 'Woman
has proved her capacity to take her place
with the young men who stand in first-class
honours at Oxford and Cambridge, now
over sixty years ago.'
In America and, remarkable to say, in
Russia, women's brain power has advanced
for many years.
The rate of progress in the past is not,
however, the slightest guide as to the future.
No forecast Already, while still only at the
possible. threshold of changes that no one
can yet forecast, music, art, drama, painting,
literature, sculpture, medicine, science, and
politics are as freely open to women as to
men; and other professions seem about to
follow suit. The fastest type-writer to-day
is a woman : and, stranger still, the records
THE MODERN OUTLOOK - 87
ment.
for roping cattle and for casting a fly are
held by women.
It is said that the new ideal of the rela-
tions of husband and wife was the funda-
mental reason for the middle-class woman's
movement, which then became an active
propaganda for the first time.
At the outset women scorned the idea that
her feminine qualities would be in any way
altered by business and profes-
Character
sional life, but already they see and environ-
that all human soul life is sub-
ject to change from environment. Curiously
enough, however, though the advance is now
universal, the new woman (i.e. the man-
woman) has quite disappeared save for her
cigarette and occasional stand-up collar.
The exigencies of war work has required
in many cases a masculine dress, which how-
ever, as a rule, seems only to underline the
femininity of its wearer.
The question of the permanence of woman's :
present advance has been raised. Permanence
Personally I have no doubt of of advance.
its stability ; but some thinkers regard it
only as a passing phase,
88 THE MIND OF A WOMAN
A much more burning question that is
debated to-day by women workers wherever
they forgather, is that of equal wages with
men. Curiously enough the women them-
selves are by no means unanimous that this
should be so. The first point is to ascertain
in what occupation men and women turn
out the same amount of work in the same
time; and the next is, as long as men have
so largely to support a wife and family, how
far such an arrangement is possible or fair ?
The other day Lady Frances Balfour said
'that for the first time in the industrial
Lady Frances history of women were they being
Balfour. paid a fair or living wage. They
were not being paid an equal wage for equal
work with that which was paid to men. That
was too much for the community to swallow,
but it was coming. The instinct of financial
independence is a sound one; and as I have
said, until it is secured, woman is not free
from her bonds, her future is insecure, and
her position still dependent.
Turning to objections to the general
advance of women, many hard things have
been said, and a few real evils have been
THE MODERN OUTLOOK
89
pointed out; but none, as far as I can
judge, are of great or funda- Objections
mental importance, for I think to advance.
most will adjust themselves. I will repeat
a few current strictures.
It is said that matrimony is wrecked when
the woman of to-morrow mates with the
man of yesterday. Possibly so.
It is said that wives of to-day succeed
better in asserting their own personality than
in pleasing their husbands; and that their
demands often exceed their gifts. Silence
is best here.
all that a wife should be to a husband, a
mother to a child, a woman to
Wife,
her home, and a worker to her mother,
worker.
work, for it's a large order; and
I have had tears in my eyes when I have
watched the gallant struggles to achieve the
hopeless task. One of a woman's noblest
traits is the frequency with which her heart
forces her to attempt the impossible, and
sometimes I think her failures may be her
best record.
Home life in moderation is an admirable
90
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
mental balance to intellectual life, and a com-
bination of the two within limits is possible.
But the home itself is fast changing.
The fresh air of modern progress too often
domestic circle. The more advanced woman
too often repudiates not only home life but
marriage itself as a bar to her new-found
freedom.
That such women often spend a quarter
of their time in telephoning where to spend
the remaining three-quarters in pleasure,
simply repeats in up-to-date language a
practice as old as the hills.
Still, on the whole, we must be prepared
to lose in the present woman's Pilgrim's
Progress some of the distinctive feminine
traits that we much valued.
In my own profession I must say, with
one or two brilliant exceptions, the study and
Women in practice of medicine has dis-
medicine. tinctly hardened women to such
an undesirable and unnecessary degree, as
almost to constitute a third sex. Intel-
lectual culture seemed to banish feininine
grace and tenderness; and a good man is
: THE MODERN OUTLOOK 91
a much better physician than a hard woman
even to her own sex.
Many have experienced, to their surprise,
how rough a woman's hands can be, how cold
her eyes, and how needlessly cruel some of
her ways. It is only fair to say that those
I meet now are of a different type, and I
feel hopeful that before long these strictures
will be quite unwarranted.
A great experiment is being tried, and we
cannot give reliable opinions upon it until its
results have stood the test of time. For my
part, I have no doubt of its ultimate success.
But there are indirect results from
woman's intellectual development that are
of the greatest value.
J. S. Mill points out 1 that 'one benefit to
be expected from giving to women the free
use of their faculties . . . would Value of
be that of doubling the mass of advance.
mental faculties available for the higher
service of humanity.
Mrs. Bryant declares that if girls would
study mathematics, many of their difficulties
would disappear!
? J. Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women, P. 153.
92
THE MIND OF A WOMAN.
It is stated by other authorities that the
higher cultivation of the intellect in woman
is highly eugenic; and, so far, the recent
advance of woman has tended to support
this. It is amazing to see how quickly
women have already adapted themselves
One phenomenon is that a cheerful and
contented asexual race is being evolved, far
Asexual
different from the acid spinsters
women.
of a bygone age. Women under-
stand too, much better, the sexual char-
acteristics of men, and are thus better able to
bridge the sex chasm. As women advance in
mind, the natural result is that, intellectu-
ally, the two sexes get more alike in many
points. I believe, however, as I have said,
that some differences are fundamental. It
is found that when women pass the same
examination as men, the result is often very
different in after life. In men it is more fre-
quently the stepping-stone to original work.
Turning to the domestic effects of woman's
advance, we note that the joint social work
of young people nowadays, which is so
common, is most beneficial to them.
THE MODERN OUTLOOK
93
In the home it is noted that in the ad-
vanced woman the man gets a friend and a
more equal companion ; but the The shaft-
attraction of opposites is largely horse.
lost, and the man has not infrequently to
be the shaft-horse in the matrimonial tan-
dem. Scientific training has undoubtedly
a tendency to relegate motherhood to a
lower plane. The development of the
mother instinct of woman into true
motherliness is one of the greatest achieve-
ments of feminine culture and the root of
altruism in her. The amaternal woman
now evolving is its greatest danger and
enemy, and may yet become a problem to
the race.
It is stated that no single passage in any
book by women shows that the best women
are the mothers of the future race. Modern
women often consider child-bearing' as
'doing nothing. Nevertheless, though be-
fore and after child-bearing women can
perform industrial work, it is during that
period that they are doing the most im-
portant work of humanity.
Ellen Key, the woman's pioneer in
94
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
Scandinavia, says 1 : 'Only new. mothers
Mother- guided by evolutionary ideas,
hood. penetrated by the love of life,
will be able to impart to the new genera-
tion an even deeper veneration for the work
of intellectual and mature culture, an ever
more burning hatred of the waste of life,
the devastation of culture, the degrada-
tion of souls which, latent as well as acute,
war still forces upon mankind.'
· The question of the decreasing birth-rate
seems to demand a word here, especially as
I have been engaged in its investigation
for some years; but the subject is too great
for these pages, though so closely related
to the advance of women. I will content
myself with quoting some wise words of
Race Lady Warwick’s in Race Suicide.
suicide. She says, speaking for a family:
'We earn between us by hard labour from
day to day between four and five pounds a
week. It has taken many years to reach
that figure, and there is no chance of passing
beyond it. What we have endured on the
road to this comparative comfort we alone
1 Ellen Key, The Younger Generation, p. 102.
C
Page Missing
in Original
Volume
Page Missing
in Original
Volume
THE MODERN OUTLOOK
97
are increasing faster than Marys. Here
again, however, as everywhere throughout
this book, inasmuch as all is in the melting
pot and the feminine product is not even
yet cast, much less had time to cool, we can
only surmise what the evolved product will
be like.
I believe finally it will be satisfactory,
not only individually, but to the race. In
short, with regard to the questions before us,
including even that of motherhood, I am,
I think not without reason, a moderate but
confirmed optimist.
IX
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ?
My own, see where the years conduct !
At first, 'twas something our two souls
Should mix as mists do; each is sucked
In each now: on, the new stream rolls,
Whatever rocks obstruct.
Oh, I must feel your brain prompt mine,
Your heart anticipate my heart,
You must be just before, in fine,
See and make me see, for your part,
New depths of the divine !'
ROBERT BROWNING
To enter on the rôle of a prophet is
I a doubtful experiment; but some
essay must be made to look into the future
position that woman will command in virtue
Prophecy. of her mental powers, freed at
last from the shameful shackles and restric-
tions that have so long held these powers
in bondage. Numerous forecasts have, of
course, been made-mainly optimistic. The
most important of these, to which allusion
88
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ? 99
TI
will be made throughout this chapter, is
undoubtedly Benjamin Kidd's The Science
The Science of Power — a book of Power.
published first in 1918, which has passed
through many editions since.
The fearful set-back of the Great War, and
the recrudescence of elemental savagery in
the midst of high civilization, not as an
accident but as a principle, might indeed
well make even the optimist despair of
human development; or if not absolutely
despair, at any rate predict with extreme
caution and diffidence any advance in mind
and morals. Not so with the author we have
alluded to. With the utmost assurance he
forecasts a golden future where woman will
be everywhere supreme.
No doubt, to some extent we move in cycles
of forty or fifty years' duration, and the very
reaction after a carnival of besti- A doubtful
ality and carnage, may lift civi- theory.
lization-at any rate for a time to a higher
plane; but that it will really move along
the lines of Mr. Kidd's beautiful theory
(with which he fascinates his reader), with
the ease and certainty suggested, we cannot
1
100
THE MIND OF A WOMAN.
believe. History speaks with no uncertain
sound on the impossibility of forecasting our
future civilization.
The discovery of America and the entrance
of Europeans into that enormous country
gave an absolutely unique opportunity for
working out the most wonderful theories of
human progress, thus producing a trans-
atlantic Utopia. But what has been the
fact ? No theory, good, bad, or indifferent,
has been worked out at all; and the American
people have become what they are to-day
by processes so complex and beyond our
explanation, much less our predictions, as
to appear absolutely fortuitous.
The Americas of to-day, North and South,
and their civilization is the result of no
human plan or theory, fulfils no forecast,
and is extremely difficult of logical explana-
tion, and certainly would discourage any
prophecy under similar circumstances.
Nevertheless, we are supposed by some at
the close of this Great War to occupy some-
onstruc- what similar vantage ground,
tion. with a vast blank canvas of a
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ? IOI
with a higher civilization, evolved along
lines of our own choosing, and reaching a
predestined goal. I venture to think, if
past experience is to teach us anything,
that whatever progress is made will be
entirely different in its character and man-
ner from anything we can now forecast, or
the wisdom of Paris suggest; and as im-
possible to predict as the arrangement of
fallen leaves upon the lawn to-morrow
morning. It is not in the least that either
are really fortuitous, but that the laws
that govern the results are in both so incon-
ceivably complex as to be wholly beyond
our ken or powers. However, let us see
what the prediction is in Benjamin Kidd's
remarkable book.
It is that the dynamic centre is going to be
shifted from man, with his intellect, his
fighting force, his egoism, his Woman, the
individualism and obsession with coming man.
the present, to woman, with her emotional
ideal, her altruism, her social instincts, and
her vision of the future.
'The future centre of power in civilization,'
he says, 'is not in the fighting male of the
102
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
race, it is in woman' (The Science of Power,
P. 195). Again: 'It is woman who by the
necessities of her being has carried within
her nature from the beginning, in its highest
The mind of potentialities, the ruling principle
woman leads. of the new era of power. The
driving principle of woman's nature has ever
been, by force of physiological necessity, the
mind of woman has in reality outstripped
that of man by an entire epoch of evolu-
tion in the development of these character-
in the social integration” (p. 204).
Truly this is a wondrous outlook, and
might go far towards securing the Millen-
nium so long expected by man;
The beatific
vision of but even if every premiss were
woman.
true, the conclusion that such a
goal will be reached is wholly fallacious,
owing to the perverse and incalculable
factor called human nature. Ruskin, in
incomparable English, traced out faultless
lines of human progress, and broke his great
heart because he could find no one to
advance along them. The vision held out
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ? 103
to us in The Science of Power is equally
enthralling and entrancing, and entirely
captures the imagination, and one hopes
and wishes that it might prove true. It
is only as we read the future in the light of
the past that we are reluctantly forced to
doubt the possibility of its fulfilment, apart
from a radical change in the nature of man.
Mr. Kidd lays great stress on the obsession
of Western civilization with the laws of
Darwin's evolution. He con- Bestial
siders it was a leading factor in evolution.
the Great War, and stimulated the cult of
fighting individualism. But, as pointed out
in Huxley's never-to-be-forgotten Romanes
lecture, while the law of physical and
bestial evolution depends on egoism, in-
dividual force and the survival of the
fittest' in combat, moral, that is human
evolution depends on the opposite principle
of social sacrifice and altruism.
The law of progress for body and soul,
for beast and man, are therefore entirely
opposed. This, however, has Human
been completely ignored by the evolution.
Central Powers in the Great War in their
104
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
fundamental confusion of animal with
human civilization, of the non-moral with
the moral. It is seeing this, and that on
the whole the cult of Darwin is represented
by the male, and that of social progress by
the female, that Mr. Kidd makes his glowing
predictions and places the sceptre of civiliza-
tion in the hands of woman.
There can be no doubt whatever that, as
we have seen, the laws of evolution for the
beast and for man are diametrically opposed,
and also none that the confusion of the
two is largely responsible for the terrible
drama of the war.
But when it dawns upon us that man
after all is not a beast, nor governed by
Humanity is bestial laws, and that only in
not governed our Western civilization was such
by bestial
laws. an outrageous idea possible, we
turn with new interest to the East, and there
discover in the higher ideals of the ancient
religions, dimly foreshadowed, the loftier con-
cepts that are clearly taught in that Chris-
tianity (also from the same quarter) which
we have in practice so largely forsaken. The
wise men once more come from the East.
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ? 105
We discover that to fight for his own
supremacy is after all not the highest duty
of human progress, which after all sacrifice.
is that of Christian progress, is the law of
sacrifice, and the good of the race rather
than that of the individual.
It is also incontestable that in Darwin's
egoistic struggle for survival, man is and
must be foremost, while woman, on the
contrary, instinctively subjects the present
to the future, and in her emotions and
power of sacrifice far exceeds the man.
Perhaps here we may point out that man's
forceful spirit is by no means wholly evil.
It is he who was called to subdue the world,
and all his conquests have been made un-
aided and alone. No doubt as we ascend in
the scale this brute force falls into the back-
ground; and it is its sudden recrudescence
in the midst of our most advanced civiliza-
tion that has so checked humanity.
Once, therefore, that Darwin's Law is
discarded as the watchword of progress,
and ‘might' for ever ceases to be 'right
or the code of humanity, the 'Pale Galilean,
106
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
so flouted and despised by Germany, appears
once more (as ever) the Leader and Example
of the eternal law of human progress (which
is also Divine) in His Supreme Sacrifice ;
and in this once again, as of old, women, not
men, are His closest followers in spirit and
in truth.
That right rests on any application of
force is pure paganism, and is gone, we
hope, for good. We cannot, how-
Right does
not rest on ever, forget that we had this
same hope only a few years ago.
The concept of right in the spiritual advance
of mind is beyond all dispute superior to all
selfish interests, however enforced.
It was this concept that led the Allies to
victory; it is this faith that overcomes the
powers of evil; it is this ideal that can
alone prove the power of true civilization ;
and it is ever to the honour of Huxley,
though to the consternation of his friends,
that he clearly stated in the Romanes
lecture that the only law of progress for the
soul was that of sacrifice.
Now ideas and concepts are the visions by
which men live; and it was because when
WOMAN-THE COMING MAN ? 107
O
the war-cloud burst we already had, perhaps
dimly, but firmly enough, the concepts of
the supremacy of right, whatever sacrifice
was involved, that we are alive to-day.
The war has indeed been a conflict between
the two laws of bestial and human evolution,
and the latter has triumphed. In view of all
this, Mr. Kidd's strong language is better
understood, and his vision of woman on the
throne of power is at any rate intelligible.
It is clear that all those who hold that the
Darwinian struggle for survival is the law
of human progress, must embrace Haeckel's
the pagan monistic theories of monism.
Haeckel —- So popular to-day; for these
alone, by denying the spiritual, make this
law possible.
The essential distinction of spirit and
matter-dualism, in short-is accepted by
all Christians, and is the foundation of the
law of sacrifice for right. This, which Mr.
Kidd terms 'the emotion of the ideal,' is
the power of Christianity and of progress,
and, as we have said, reaches its highest
concept in the Cross.
If with this ideal we couple the supremacy
108
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
of the rights of the race over those of the
individual, we see clearly that woman
comes to the front rather than man; or at
any rate that the feminine type of mind
most closely approximates to these ideals.
There is, of course, an element of the
impossible, if such ideals are carried out to
.. their fullest extent; but it has
The pursuit
of the ever been the pursuit of the
a impossible which has been the
advance of the possible, as well as the
death of pride. Browning nobly expresses
this in the well-known lines :-
ble.
'That low man seeks a little thing to do,
Sees it and does it;
This high man, with a great thing to pursue,
Dies ere he knows it.
"That, has the world here, should he need the next,
Let the world mind him !
This, throws himself on God, and unperplexed,
Seeking shall find Him.'
Those who have followed the study of
woman's mind thus far, and observed how
Changing clearly she is stronger in emotion
ideals.
than intellect, will begin to per-
ceive that if our Western ideals are changing,
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN? 109
and if this Great War has shown us how far
we had left the real path of progress, this
fact may tend more and more to bring the
feminine mind to the front.
We have indeed already shown that in
the great Archetype of humanity—the Son
of Man–the perfect human char- The Great
acter was far from our idea of Exemplar.
male perfection, and represented rather the
mean between our concepts of the male and
female. It is therefore no matter of surprise,
if indeed we are advancing, that the mind
of a woman should become an absorbing
study. The side of this problem, which is
here considered in its outlook for the future,
is not so much its relation to man's, but that
of both to society. To Mr. Kidd the problem
is already solved. He says, 'Power has
always had its chief and deepest expression
in the mind of woman. She has already
influenced the world to an extent of which
it is quite unconscious. Woman is indeed
the actual prototype of all the great systems
of religion, of morality, of law upon which
integrating civilization rests in her struggle
for the interests of the future against the
110
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
27
forces of the present, seeking to overwhelm
them' (The Science of Power, p. 199).
To me the problem is not so simple, nor
is this the solution. No doubt, as I have
The race said, the character of woman's
more than
mind in many respects coincides
the indi-
vidual. more closely to our highest ideals,
as set forth by our Great Exemplar, than
man's; and in many ways, owing to her
physiological powers and her motherhood,
the future of the race is more to her than
the present and the individual. But this
has ever been so, and yet women have not
led humanity; and we are doubtful whether
even the immense revulsion from brute
force, and the proved supremacy of the
unseen and abstract as embodied in right,
honour, and sacrifice, over the seen and
concrete as embodied in might, lust, and
selfishness, even when enforced by the eman-
cipation of woman, will suffice to inaugurate
the feminine Millennium of Mr. Kidd's
beautiful vision.
When he proceeds to assert (p. 215) that
woman's instinct takes the side of principle
rather than that of self-interest, and that
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ? III
interest.
S
this is one of the strongest and most
fundamental traits of her nature, we must
absolutely dissent. For a woman
Principle
to do this, must set the abstract and self-
before the concrete, the general
before the personal, which, as we have seen,
is contrary to her whole bias. Mr. Kidd
quotes a statement (with no proof beyond
Schopenhauer's ipse dixit) to the effect that
'in the recesses of her heart, woman lives
always and altogether more in the race than
in the individual' (pp. 210, 211). If this be
true, it is because to her the race is her own
offspring, and the future, of which Mr. Kidd
makes so much, is not to her any remote
period in which the race will reach some
loftier height, but the immediate prospect
before her own children. This, of course, is
the ethic of the married woman. To the
unmarried we very much doubt that the
race comes before the individual or the
future before the present. It certainly
does not to the extent to make her on
this account the leader in the coming
civilization.
It seems rather a pity to the writer that
112
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
II2
Mr. Kidd should have so overstated the
A common drift of woman's mind-but it
fault.
is a very common fault. There
are few good things that are not damaged
by over-praise; and it is no pleasant task
to the writer, who sees so much in woman's
mind and would fain enlarge upon it, to
find that its powers have already been so
· magnified that he is compelled to write in
another strain.
For instance, Mr. Kidd's foundation-
stones are, first, that the future of civiliza-
tion is the collective emotion of
Emotion
the ideal, and, second, that the
Reason.
principal instrument for this is
the mind of woman, which is destined to
take the lead in the future of civilization as
the principal instrument of power (p. 230).
His reason for this is that power in civiliza-
tion rests ultimately on knowledge con-
veyed through emotion and not through
reason.
Truth, he points out, is the science of
power, and does not make its way by con-
troversy or reason, but by intuitive instinct.
Power therefore centres in emotion; and
versus
WOMAN–THE COMING MAN ? 113
a high civilization depends upon the right
control of emotion and not its absence.
But, again, Mr. Kidd goes too far when he
asserts that men's emotions are short-
focussed and are concerned with the present
only, while women's are far-sighted and are
concerned with the future.
The altruistic, social emotion of the future
ideal is by no means as Mr. Kidd would have
us believe, the exclusive property Priests of
of women. Men are also priests the ideal.
of the ideal, as Stephen Graham shows, and
are much more concerned with the far
future than women, although in emotion
Reason, also, and emotion are not two
opposite and mutually destructive qualities.
When God said, “My son, give me thy
heart,' He by no means implied' and throw
away thy reason. The two are needed
both in religion and in the progress of
civilization, and we thus reach the delightful
conclusion that menrand women will equally
co-operate, as they are each specially gifted,
in the science of power.
No doubt we get more drama in strong
H
114
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
contrasts; and it is very attractive to
Dramatic portray man as the egoistic
contrasts. fighter for his own survival,
occupied solely with the individual and his
present, and entirely oblivious of the future
of the race; while as a figure of light on the
opposite side is the woman, wrapt in the
emotion of the ideal, high priestess of
humanity, caring only for the race and its
future in a manner far beyond the ken of
the fighting male.
But these strong contrasts are for literary
effect rather than in the interests of truth.
The ideals of good men and women are
not so far asunder; and if we may refer
Good men once more to our Divine Pattern,
and good
are combined in one in His
women not
far apart. Person, so that in all advance
men and women, each in their sphere, may
move together.
Without an ideala vision, as we have
seen—the people perish; and an ideal is not
subject to the slow growth of heredity, but
may be revealed to be realized by a single
generation.
If men indeed have, as our study seems to
WOMAN—THE COMING MAN ? 115
show, more grasp of the abstract, more
power of synthesis, more intel- Co-operation.
lectual vigour to reach the highest goal,
the stronger emotions, the future outlook,
the supreme power of sacrifice of the woman
are absolutely needed.
There can be no doubt, therefore, that
man, in co-operating (late in the day, it is
true) with woman, in removing the age-long
shackles from her mind, is setting free an
immense power for good; a power indeed
absolutely essential for the true progress
of humanity and the attainment of the
highest goal.
I would close with a few noble words
lately spoken at the Victoria Institute 1 by
a noble woman :-
'Man is the best General, Admiral,
Legislator, Magistrate, Lawyer, Explorer,
and Inventor. Man rows, but Woman
steers. Man shapes and governs, but
Woman moulds the men who rule. We
may indeed say that Man has what is, but
Woman has what will be. ...
1 The Influence of Christianity on the Position of
Women, by Constance L. Maynard (late Principal,
Westfield College).
116
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
'Here, then, we stand to-day and our
position is noble. We were created by God
to be the exponents of all love and patience
and fidelity; enfranchised by Christ to take
our due share in His work, gifted with the
set free that all the work we can do, we may
do. We are one with men in the world
in soul, and yet we so differ in mental
structure that we are the complement the
one of the other, like the two halves of a
bivalve shell, and they look to us to lead
towards the ideal. Our cause is not two,
but one; for, in the sight of our Maker, we
stand and fall together.'
INDEX
| Browning, Mrs. E. B., 42.
- Robert, on women, 98, 108.
Bryant, Dr. S., on women, 57,91.
Bull, John, to-day, 48.
Buttons on women's dress, 28.
CAMPBELL, Dr. H., on women,
22, 69.
Caste and women, 13.
Changing ideals, 48, 108.
- views of women, 2.
Character and environment, 87.
- of Christ, 48.
Chess, psychic, 49.
Christ, character of, 48.
Christianity and women, 10.
Clerke, the Misses, 41.
Common sense of women, 45.
Comparison of the sexes, 52.
Concrete and abstract, 58.
Conquest and devotion, 51.
Conscience and memory, 44.
Contrast, dramatic, 114.
Cookery, dress, and music, 62.
Curie, Madame, 41.
DARWIN, 104, 105.
Darwinism and Paganism, 49.
Death-rate at all ages, 78.
Delauney on women, 14, 28.
Denial of woman's mind, 6.
Details of physique, 23.
Devotion and conquest, 51.
Dickens ideals, 16.
Difference is not superiority, 66.
Disabilities of women, 13.
Dislike of abstracts, 34.
Divine in women, 50.
Divorce, 3.
Doubtful theory, a, 99.
Dramatic contrasts, 114.
Dress, cookery, and music, 62.
117
ABSTRACT and concrete, 59.
87.
Æsthetic ideas, 16.
Agnesi, Maria, 40.
Amber, flies in, 16.
Anabolism and katabolism, 33.
Anderson, Mrs. Garrett, 41.
Animality of man, 21.
Animals, mating in, 75.
Animals, monogamy of, 74.
Apollo and Venus, 28.
Architects of humanity, 79.
Artificial sterility, 95.
Asexual woman, 92.
Aspasia, 40.
Austen, Dr., on women, 60.
Ayrton, Mrs., 41.
BACHHOFEN on women, 73.
Baker, Dr. F., on women, 33.
Balfour, Lady Frances, 88.
Beatific vision of women, 102.
Beecher, H. Ward, on women, 50.
Bernstein, Dr. H., on women,65.
- Walter, on women, 86.
Bestial evolution, 103.
- laws and humanity, 104.
Bird, Mrs., on women, 24.
Birth-rate in women's hands, 96.
Births, male and female, 77.
Blackwell, Mrs., 41.
Blood and breath of women, 25.
Body affects the mind, 19.
Bonheur, Rosa, 42.
Brain power in the sexes, 64.
the, of women, 28.
Brontës, the, 42.
Brooks on females, 77.
118
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
77.
6.
Ear of a woman, 24.
| Higher development of females,
Early status of women, 73.
- Victorian era and women, Hildegarde, 40.
10.
Historic value of book, 3.
-
grandmothers, 17. Home administration of women,
Economics and women, 15, 76.
Eden, laws of, 12.
Human evolution, 103.
Effrontery of man, 14.
Humanity and bestial laws, 104.
Eliot, George, 42.
architects of, 79.
Emancipation of women, 12.
before sex, 55.
Emotionalism, 51.
Huygens, Lady, 91.
Emotion of women, 59.
versus reason, II2.
IDEALS are changing, 48, 108.
Environment and character, 87.
Importance of physique, 20.
Euripides on women, I0.
- of women's mind, 6.
Exemplar, the Great, 1og. Impossible, pursuit of the, 108.
Impossibility of forecast, 86.
FEELING and thinking, 60. Index finger of women, 24.
Feminine and masculine, 54.
Instinct, 37.
Few writers on women's mind, Intuition of women, not im-
2.
pulse, 38.
Fishwives, 27.
Flies in amber, 16.
JAPANESE women, 25.
Force, right does not rest on,106.
Jastrow on women, 43, 48, 108.
Jex-Blake, Mrs., 41.
Future M.P.'s, 4.
KANT on women, 14.
GAMBLE on women, 30, 77.
Key, Ellen, on women, 93.
Geddes on women, 77.
Kidd, B., on women, I, 53, 99,
George, W. L., 54.
101, 103, 104, 107, 109, 110,
German manifesto on women, 65.
II2, II3.
Germinal cells, 58.
Kirchhoff on women, 65, 66, 67.
Gibson, Margaret Dunlop, 42.
Kovalevsky, 42.
Girls not women, 6%.
under twelve, 56.
LAVOISIER, Mme., 41.
Glory of women, 83.
Laws of Eden, 13.
love, 83.
and sacrifice, 105.
Golden age, opening of, 15. Lebrun, Mme., 42.
Gollancz, Sir V., 69.
Lecky on women, 38.
Good men and women, 114. Less imagination in women, 69.
Gospels, women in the, 46. Lewis, Mrs., 41.
Great Exemplar, 109.
Locking up the wife, 3.
Great War and women, 12, 81. Love in women, 40.
the glory of the woman, 83.
HAECKEL's monism, 107. Luther and women, 10.
Handicapped by physique, 18.
Havelock Ellis on women, 27, MALE and female births, 77.
29, 56, 69.
Manifesto, German, on women,
Height and weight of women, 25. - 65.
Herschel, Caroline, 41.
Mantegazza, 31, 76.
INDEX
119
91.
Markholm, R., a woman, 5. Permanence of advance, 87.
Masculine and feminine, 54. Physique, importance of, 20.
Mating in animals, 75.
Picturesqueness of women, 20.
Maynard, Miss C., on women, Pilgrim's Progress, woman's, 90.
115.
Pisa, Christine de, 67.
Meehan, T., on women, 25. Pneuma from the male, 73.
Memory and conscience, 44. Priests of the Ideal, 113.
Men most selfish, 71.
Principle of self-interest, III.
Medicine, women in, 9.
Problem attacked, I.
Michigan, University of, 57. Profession for women, the pre-
Mills, J. S., on women, 5, 13, 82, mier, 13.
Professors and women, 14.
Milton, John, 64.
Power of will, 70.
Mind and sex, 56.
Psychic chess, 49.
and spirit of women, 31. | Psychical basis of mind, 18.
- progresses, body retro Psychology of women, 5.
gresses, 20.
Pursuit of the impossible, 108.
Mirabeau on women, 31.
Modern outlook of women, 85. QUALIFICATION of author, 7.
Monism of Haeckel, 107.
Quick perception of women, 80.
Monogamy, 74.
Morality of women, 44.
Race more than the individual,
Mother, wife, and worker, 89. IIO.
Motherbood, 94.
Race Suicide, 94.
Mystery of the race, 1.
Reason versus emotion, 112.
Reasons for writing, 7.
NATIONAL Councils and women, Reconstruction, 100.
6.
Renaissance and women, Io.
- value of women's mind, 6. Right does not rest on force, 106.
Nervous system of women, 29. Romans on women, 58, 103.
Neurasthenia, 19.
Rossetti, C. G., 42.
No books on women's mind, 5. Royden, Miss Maud, 69.
No forecast possible, 86.
Ruskin on women, 58.
No general inferiority of women, Ruth, 83.
34.
SAPPHO, 42.
OBJECTION to advance, 89. Schopenhauer, 31, 66.
Old-time views on women, 9. Science of Power, 99.
One-third of women wish to be Self-interest and principle, III.
men, 12.
Selfishness of man, 71.
Opening of the Golden Age, 15. Sense of justice in woman, 61.
Ormerod, Miss, 41.
Sex and mind, 56.
Otway on women, 9.
Sexes, brain power in, 64.
Overstudy, 33.
- comparison of, 51.
- differences in, 27.
PAGANISM and Darwinism, 49. | Sex in the mind, 31.
Particular, the, and the general, Shaft-horse, the, 93.
36,
Shakespeare on women, 9.
Pelvis, female, 26.
Skin of a woman, 24.
120
THE MIND OF A WOMAN
el
Sociability of women, 82. Woman, a creation of evil, 53.
Somerville, Mrs., 40.'
and the beatific vision, 102.
Special characteristics, 72.
and the Divine, 50.
senses of women, 29.
and the Great War, 81.
Stability of woman's mind, 96. asexual, 92.
Staël, Mme, de, 42.
common sense, 45.
Starkweather's law, 14.
disabilities of, 14.
Steenstrup on women, 27.
dislikes abstraction, 35.
Stocktaking, 2.
early status of, 73.
Strousberg on women, 41.
emancipation of, 12.
Subjection of Women, J. S. emotion of a, 59.
Mill's, 5.
handicapped, 33.
Suicide of race, 94.
in early times, 40.
Sword versus sacrifice, 49.
in medicine, 90.
in modern times, 41.
TEETH of women, 34.
in the Gospels, 47.
Thinking and feeling, 60.
love in, 46.
Thompson, Miss H. B., 42.
Lyceum for, II.
Toe of a woman, 24.
man's toy, 2.
Town dwellers, 21.
more persevering, 82. .
Traill on sex, 77.
special characteristics of,
Treatment of women, unfair, 43. 72.
Truthfulness of women, 83.
- sociable, 82.
Tung on frogs, 77.
- truthful, 83.
Turning to the light, 85. Woman's hands, birth-ratein, 96.
- mind historically, 39.
UNCONSCIOUS mind, 68.
leads, 102.
Unemancipated women, 15.
- stability of, 96.
Unfair treatment of women, 43. - morality, 44.
the coming man, 98.
VICTORIA institute, 15.
Women, no interest in mind, 4.
Victorian women, 15.
- professors, 14.
Vote, 4.
- spirit of, 46.
the centre of power, 53.
WAKE, C. S., on women, 73. Women's Rights Convention, II.
Warwick, Lady, on women, 94. sense of justice, 61.
Weininger, Otto, on women, 43, Wood, Rev. J. C., 74.
Wordsworth on women, 31.
Wife-beating, 3.
Worker, wife, and mother, 89.
Wife, mother, and worker, 89. Wright, Sir Almroth, 43.
Wife, property of, 2.
Will-power, 70.
53, 54, 66.
TY
| Young and adults of women, 20.
Printed by T. and A. CONSTABLE, Printers to His Majesty
at the Edinburgh University Press
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
DATE DUE
DECO 3 1987
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